PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA

1866.

PHILADELPHIA:

I" F. I NT ED FOR THE ACADEMY.
1866.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

With references to the several Articles contributed bij each.

Allen, Dr. H. Notes on the Vespertilionidae of Tropical America 279

Berthoud, E. L. Description of the Hot Springs of Soda Creek, their
location, number, temperature and altitude, and the Geological
features of the surrounding locality ; together with the remarkable
discovery of a human skeleton and a fossil Pine Tree in the Boulder
and Gravel Formation of Soda Bar, Oct. 13, 1860 342

Cassin, John. A study of the Icteridae 10

Fasti Ornithologist No 2 35

A second study of the Icteridae 403

Cope, E. D. Fourth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America 123
Remarks on the remains of a gigantic extinct Dinosaur, from the creta-
ceous green sand of New Jersey 275

Third Contribution to the History of the Balamidse and Delphinidse 293

On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran Province of the Nearctic

Region

Fifth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America 317

Coues, Dr. Elliott. A critical Review of the Family Procellariida?, Part

III., embracing the Fulmarese 25

List of the Birds of Fort Whipple, Arizona; with which are incor-
porated all other species ascertained to inhabit the Territory ; with
brief critical and field Notes, descriptions of new species, &c 39

A critical Review of the Family Procellarhdae, Part IV., embracing the

iEstrelateae and the Prionese 134

Critical Review of the Family Procellariidse, Part V., embracing the

Diornedeiuse and the Halodroininse, with a general Supplement 172

Daniell, Dr. W. C. On the introduction of the American Shad into the

Alabama River 236

Horn, Dr. Geo. H. Descriptions of some new Cicindelidse, from the

Pacific Coast of the United States 394

Descriptions of some new genera and species of Central American

Coleoptera 397

/ S-3 J3

IV. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Lea, Isaac. Description of twelve new species of Unionidse, from

South America 33

Notes on some members of the Feldspar Family 110

Description of five new species of the Genus Unio 133

Description of two new species of the Genus Lithasia 133

Le Conte, Dr. J. L. List of Coleoptera collected in the Mountains of

Lycoming County, Pa 346

List of Coleoptera collected near Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr. Elliot

Coues, U. S. A., in 1864-65 348

Revision of the Dasytini of the United States 349

Additions to the Coleopterous Fauna of the United States. No. 1 361

Lincecum, Dr. G. A History of the "small bl ick erratic Ant" 101

On the Agricultural Ant, (Myrmica Molefaciens) 323

Meehan, Thos. On the Period and Ratio of the Annual Increase in the

Circumference of Trees 292

On the Consumption of Force by Plants in overcoming Gravitation 401

Meek, F. B., and A. H. Worthen. Contributions to the Palaeontology of

Illinois and other Western States 251

Meigs, J. Aitken. Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American
Aborigines, based upon specimens contained in the Collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences 197

Reakirt, Tryon. Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal Lepidop-

tera 238, 331

Rominger, Dr. Carl. Observations on Chsetetes and some related Genera,
in regard to their Systematic Position ; with an appended descrip-
tion of some New Species 113

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA

1866.

January Id.

The President. Dr. Isaac Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty-two members present.

Dr. Leidy called the attention of the members to the greater part of a human
skull, and a shell medallion, presented this evening by Col. A. W. Putnam, of
Nashville, Tenn. The specimens were obtained frcm one of the so-called pigmy
graves of an ancient aboriginal cemetery near the mouth of Stone River,
Davidson Co., Tenn.

The part of the skull consists of nearly the entire cranial portion, and does
Dot differ in general form, proportions and size, from that of the usual North
American Indian skulls. The occipital region is high, somewhat compressed,
and laterally deformed. The medallion is a circular piece of shell, about two
inches in diameter, and is much eroded. It appears to have been covered with
some pigment. One side is plain ; the other is marked with cross bars con-
tained within a linear circle. The upper edge is perforated with two holes.

Dr. L. read an extract fiom an article by Col. Putnam, in relation to the
specimens and the so-called pigmy race of Tennessee, published in the Nash-
ville Dispatch, Dec. 12, 1865. The substance of the extract is as follows :

The ancient cemeteries in middle Tennessee are peculiar from the construc-
tion and small size of the graves, which have given rise to the idea that they
belonged to a people of small stature. The graves are near the surface, and
so far as examined by Col. Putnam, or observed by the owners of lands on
which they are situated, and where the plow has uncovered them, are of quite
uniform structure. A few flat stones at the bottom, generally a single one at
the bead and foot, and a variable number at the sides. The grave thus pre-
pared, after receiving the human remains, was filled wi'h earth to the depth of
one or two feet, and was then covered with one or more flat stones, though
not in all instances. Col. Putnam supposes that recent dead bodies were not
deposited in their graves, but were exposed, according to the custom of some
of the later Indian tribes, on high scaffolds, or suspended to trees, in the open
air, until the soft parts had decayed, after which the bones were collected and
deposited in the stone graves. This would explain the reason of the small
size of the latter in comparison with the length of the entire skeletons con-
tained therein, and appears to receive confirmation from the fact that these
graves, notwiihstanding their very superficial position, never appear to have
been disturbed by wild animals, which they likely would have been had the
bodies been buried in the fresh condition.

1866.] 1

Z PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The following deaths were announced : — Col. J. D. Graham, U. S. A.,
Dec. 29, 1865, and Hon. Henry Winter Davis, Dec. 30, 1865, Corres-
pondents, and Adolphus L. Heermann, M. D., Member, Sept. 2, 1865.

January 9th,.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Twenty-one members present.

Dr. Slack directed the attention of the members to some interesting
specimens of fossils, and chalk of the cretaceous period, from Smoky
Hill River, Colorado Territory, presented this evening by Mr. D. C.
Collier.

January ~[Qth.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Twenty-one members present.

January 23d.
Mr. Yaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Seventeen members present.

The following deaths were announced : — Mr. Robt. Pearsall, Member,
January 25, 1866 ; and Dr. John L. Riddell of New Orleans, and Dr.
John L. Lindley, of London, Correspondents.

January 30th.

Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirty members present.

A letter to the President was read, as follows:

Philadelphia, January I9lh, 1866.

The President of the Academy of Natural 1
Sciences of Philadelphia. /

Sir, — I am prepared to pay a legacy of ten thousand dollars, (less U. S. tax )
left to the above Institution by the will of my late brother, Thomas B. Wilson,
deceased, and have enclosed herewith a release, to be signed and acknowledged,
&c, before a Commissioner of the State of Delaware ; when executed, please
advise me where and when we can meet to close the transaction.

Yours, respectfully,

Rathmell Wilson, Exc'r.,
of Thomas B.Wilson, Deed.
Address 919 Clinton street.

The death was announced of Mr. George Ord, Jan. 23, 18 .6, formerly
President of the Academy.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Academy :
Mr. Edwin L. Reakirt, Mr. Robert Frazer, Mr. Jas. H. B. Bland,

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Mr. George W. Childs, Mr. George M. Woodward, Mr. Thomas Guil-
ford Smith, Mr. William Forster Jones, and the Rev. E. R. Beadle.

Pursuant to the By-Laws, an election of members of the Standing
Committees for the ensuing year was held, as follows :

ETHNOLOGY. BOTANY.

J. A. Meigs, Elias Durand,

S. S. Haldeman, C. H. Parker,

F. V. Hayden. C. E. Smith.

CO MP. AN AT. AND GEN. ZOOLOGY.
H. Allen,

W. S. W. Ruschenberger,
J. H. Slack.

MAMMALOGY.

J. H. Slack,
E. D. Cope,
H. Allen.

ORNITHOLOGY.
J. Cassin,
S. F. Baird,
Henry Bryant.

IIERPETOLOGY AND ICHTHYOLOGY.
E. D. Cope,
Th. Norris,
Robert Bridges.

CONCH OLOGY.
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,
Isaac Lea,
T. A. Conrad.

ENTOMOL OGY AND CR US TA CEA.
Jno. L. Le Conte,
J. H B. Bland,
H. C. Wood, Jr.

GEOLOGY.
Isaac Lea,
J. P. Lesley,
F. V. Hayden.

MINERALOGY.

W. S. Vaux,

J. C. Trautwine,

J. A. Clay.

PALAEONTOLOGY.

T. A. Conrad,
Joseph Leidy,
F. V. Hayden.

PHYSICS.

Robert Bridges,
R. E. Rogers,
Jacob Ennis.

LIBRARY.
Joseph Jeanes,
Joseph Leidy,
John Cassin.

PROCEEDINGS.
Joseph Leidy,
W. S. Vaux,
John Cassin,
Robert Bridges,
Oeo. W. Tryon, Jr.

February Qth.

Mr. Vaux, Vice President, in the Chair.
Twenty-eight members present.

The following was presented for publication : " A Critical Review of
of the Family Procellaridas," by Elliot Coues, M.

D., U. S. A.

Prof. E D. Cope presented to the Academy a specimen of Nautilus, obtained
by him from the owner of " Heritages," Marl Pits, Glassboro, New Jersey, who
stated to him that it had been found in those diggings. The identity of the
matrix with that surrounding specimens of Teredo tibialis, and Terebratula

1868.]

* PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

fragilis and Harlani, taken from that bed by Prof. C.r seemed conclusive on
this point. The species is an Aturia, and the first found in the cretaceous for-
mation of New Jersey, though W. M. Gabb had discovered one perhaps the
same in the cretaceous of California. It, has some resemblance to the zic-zac,
but presents fewer and more diftant septa, longer chambers, and the parietal
processes of the septa more divaricate and less dorsally situate. It differs
from the A. Alabamensis (Morton) by the same features, and in the smaller
siphuncle and much less parallel septa. The following are its characters :

Uncovered chambers nine ; septary process elongate, acuminate, shallow,
diverging outward from a spiral line joining their bases ; well separated from
the succeeding septa; dorsal portions of the septa short, very excentric as
regards each other; ventral portions opposite them, forming nearly a right
angle with the ventral outline. Siphuncle smnll, more dorsal than the end of
the dorsal fourth of the diameter. Ventral face broad rounded; septal
processes scarcely visible on the ventral view. Diameter of the l*st chamber
o in. 111.; of first visible (at siphuncle) 22 1. Median diameter (from penul-
timate chamber) 8 inches.

This species most resembles Nautilus Parkinsoni, which cannot be far re-
moved from Aturia. In it the septary process approaches closely the succeed-
ing septum ; while in the A. pancifex they fall far short of the latter, and are
more divaricate; the siphuncle is less dorsally situate, measuring one-fourth
the diameter in the former. In A. Agustata, Conrad, from the Eocene of
Oregon, there is much resemblance, but that animal is much more like the zic-
zac ; its septary processes are not divaricate and but little separated; the
dorsal portion of the septary wall instead of being opposite its ventral portions
is opposite that of the septum next anterior. The nearest ally i3 the A.
Mathewsonii Gabb. It appears to differ in the small siphuncle, and obliquely
truncate and divaricate septary processes, and the relatively much shorter
median or central portion of the septary margins. My friend T. A. Conrad's
opinion as to the peculiarities of this species is confirmatory of my own.

Dr. Leidy read several extracts from a letter of Dr. Gideon Lin-
cecura, addressed to Mr. Durand, dated Long Point, Texas, Dec. 24,
1865. One of the extracts related an interesting account of an ant
battle, witnessed by Dr. Lincecum, as follows :

"The large, black tree ants have exceedingly destructive wars sometimes with
their own species. Like the honey bee, they maintain separate and distinct
governments, or hives, and between these, as far as my observation goes, there
is no commerce or intercourse of any description. But they have territorial
claims and quarrels ; and these quarrels are occasionally decided on the battle
field. As they are equal in physical strength and the science of war, the
amount of life that is destroyed in one of their national conflicts is sometimes
very great. I have seen left on one of their battle fields at least a gallon of
the slain. Th*-y were not dead, but they were in a far more lamentable con-
dition. Their legs having been all trimmed off; they lay on the ground amongst
the scattered fragments of their dissevered limbs, wallowing and writhing their
legless bodies, in an agony of sullen, mad, hopeless despair.

This disastrous engagement took place in the little front yard of my office, on
the eveuing of the 10th of July, 1855. There were considerable numbers en-
gaged in battle when I first observed them. They were madly fighting in a
hand to hand conflict, and reinforcements were momentarily arriving to both
armies. The battle had now become general, and was raging over an area of
15 to 20 feet in diameter. It was 4 P. St., and placing a chair in a convenient
situation for observation, I seated myself, for the purpose, if possible, of ascer-
taining the cause of the difficulty, and to note their mode of warfare. I was
not present at the commencing of the battle, and now, while it was wildly
raging, could not find out the cause of it. It was not long, however, until I

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5

discovered that the belligerent parties were the subjects of two neighboring-
kingdoms, or hives, each of which, as I could distinguish, by the arrival of
their reinforcements, were coming from two different post-oak trees, which
were standing about fifty yards apart, and the office-yard being very nearly the
half-way ground, afforded me good opportunity to determine that the contend-
ing parlies belonged to distinct communities, and not to the same hive.

The battle continued unabated, until the darkness of the night prevented
further observation. I left them to their fate, with my feelings so highly excited
that I did not rest well that night. Before sunrise the next morning I visited
the battle field, and found it thickly strewed with the legless, hapless warriors, as
described above. There could not have been less than 40,000 left on the ground
who were utterly incapacitated to help themselves. A few of them had a single
leg left. "With this they made shift to pull themselves incessantly around in a
very limited circle. The larger proportion of them lay prost'ate, writhing and
doubling, and vainly straining their agonized, limbless bodies in a stateof mental
■abandonmentand furious desperation. Few were dead. All the dead ona8 that I
saw, did not exceed perhaps a hundred ; and these were found universally in
pairs, mutually grappling each other by the throat. With a few of these pa'rs of
unyielding warriors, life was not entirely extinct. My sympathies being painfnlly
excited, 1 made an effort, where there were signs of vitality, to separate them.
In this ! did not succeed. On closer scrutiny, I found that they had fixed their
caliper-like mandibles in each others throat, and were gripped together with
such inveterate malignity, that they could not be separated without tearing off
their heads.

I had swept them up in a heap, and as the most humane method of curtailing
the wretched condition of the poor, ruined victims of the bloody strife I couid
think of, was making a bole in the ground, with the intention of entombing
the whole of them, Whig and Tory together, and by filling the grave with water,
drown them. But before I had completed ray arrangements, there came a heavy
shower of rain, which soon overwhelmed them with mud and water, thereby
relieving me from the painful task.

It is perhaps nothing amiss to state here, that among the slain — the van-
quished— I saw no type of the species, except the neutrals, or working type.
As on the ensanguined fields of the arrogant genus homo, the conjuring priests
and better bloods of the self-created nobility, after raising the/«*s, had found
it convenient to have business in some safer quarter.

This ant dwells in live trees, in large swarms, or more properly communities,
and feeds principally on insects. On this account he is useful. It is a fortu-
nate thing for any family to have a large tree netr their dwelling that contains
a community of this civil but warlike species of ant.

Near the western corner of my dwel.itig, for eight years, stood a post oik
tree — Quercus obtusiloba — which contained a quite populous community of the
black tree ant in question. During the eight years that the tree survived, it
was the custom of these ants to visit every portion of the house, every night in
warm weather; search out all hidden cracks and crevices, in walls, bedsteads,
and furniture, in fact, travel over every thing about the house, except the
clothing; upon any woven texture they do not travel. In all that eight years,
we had no fleas, bed bugs, or any other insect annoyances. But when the tree
died, \r which they had their home, they went away, and we have missed them
much, as, since their departure, we have been forced to scald and wash out the
house often, to clear it of annoying insects. We should be happy in the ac-
knowledgment of our dependence on the services of another such community.

This species of ant is the largest that is found in Texas. He is quite black,
and disdaining the grovelling habits of the burrowing tribes of the genus, he
constructs his habitation in the live trees. As far as my observation goes,
however, he dwells only in the cedars and post oaks. Very seldom found
in a tree that has been long dead. In the construction of the habitation for the

1866.]

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY 0?

accommodation of the community, be displays a degree of forethonght, skill
and ingenuity, which is arrogantly claimed to belong only to the genus homo.
In the first place, a single female winged ant selects a live tree, in a locality
favorably situated for the peculiar habits of the species, and the growth of the
insects upon which it feeds mainly. She now seeks out some small crevice,
dead limb, or wind crack in the tree, and cutting off her wing3, which are no-
longer useful, but in the way, she commences the work of boriog and chisel-
ing out suitable apartments for the coming community. This she accomplishes-
by cutting away the firm, sound wood of the growing tree, until she has com-
pleted a sufficient number of apartments, or cells, in which to deposit her eggsr
and this ends her labors. Very soon — 12 days — she has produced a swarm of
neutrals, who go to work collecting food and extending the cells to suit the
growing population, until, as I have often witnessed, the inner portion of the
tree will be cut into singularly constructed cells to the extent of 6 or 7 feet,,
without greatly diminishing its strength."

Other extracts from the letter, in relation to certain speeies cf grapes
of Texas, are as follows :

" I am familiar with Buckley's V. monticola, and am pleased that it has
at last been named, and placed in scientific classi6cation. I am not right sure-
that all the Texas grapes have yet been noted. I think it quite probable that
future industry and close scientific scrutiny will deveb pe other species and;
varieties, particularly when the investigator penetrates the valleys and gulches
of our exceeding rough mountain ranges."

" la reference to the Post oak grapes, there are two species here that are-
known among the people as the ' Post oak grape.'1 They are found in the Post
oak lands. The one I sent you flourishes best in the very sandy elevations,
with the bitter- fruited Post oak. This species does not rise exceeding four
or five feet ; it is more of a bush than a vine. The berry is large and sour, but
its odor is very fine. The other species is sometimes found in the same soil,
alongside of the first, but more frequently in better soil, always, however,,
in Post oak lands, which as a general thing, are more or less sandy. This
species is a climbing vine, running over the tops of the trees, bearing heavy
crops of large grapes. These are also too sour for a table grape ; they pro-
duce a very palatable wine, which, very probably, might be greatly improved
by cultivation."

"Mr. G. J. Durham, (my son in-law,) examined your description of the
Vitis monticola to-day. He says Buckley is right about it being the best
American grape, but has never seen such large clusters as you describe ; has
eat of the fruit, which he describes as maturing in September ; that the berry
when ripe, is of a medium siae, bright green, sprinkled with black dots, very
sweet, and that the vine sometimes attains to the height of ten or eleven feet.
It is almost universally found among, and clambering on the rocks, on dry
limestone elevations. That it is not very abundant, &c, all of which I know
to be correct. The other small mountain black grape is more abundant, and is
also quite sweet. It occupies lower grounds than the V. montic(.lar being found
mostly in the heads of the ravines, runniugon the dogwood trees in such quan-
tit es, that he, Durham, has seen them, towards the latter part of September,
when the leaves had all shed off, and in many places where the vines had mat-
ted the tops of the dogwoods, impart a blue caste to the whole scenery, even
at a mile's distance. Companies of soldiers have been known to subsist upon
them alone, two or three days at a time, and no ill results arose from it. This
last grape is called by the people of that country, ' sugar grape,' and is highly
esteemed by all who have a knowledge of it. They will travel a great way at
1he proper season to procure them. The soldiers who are stationed in or near
the mountains will go 30 or 40 miles after them. And yet, I have never heard
of an attempt to domesticate either of the mountain species.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

It is at least 150 miles from my place to where they are found in any degree
plenty. The excursions I have made in that direction have always been during
the summer months, consequently I have only seen them in about a half-grown
state. All the mature fruit I have seen were brought by travellers from that
country."

February 13 th.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirty-four members present.

The following deaths were announced :

Mr. Charles A. Poulson, Feb. 8, Member. Dr. William P. Grier,
U. S. A., Jan. 28, Member. Mr. Lovell Beeve, of London, Corres-
pondent

February 20th.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair,
Twenty-five members present.

February 27th.
Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty members present.

The Committee on Proceedings placed on the table the fifth number
of the published Proceedings, for November and December, 1865.

The following gentlemen were elected members of the Academy:
Mr. William E. White, Mr. John E. Graeff, Mr. William Evans, Jr.,
Mr. Edward R. Wood, Mr. Philip C. Garrett and Mr. Charles Harts-
home ; and Mr. Geo. W. Clinton, of Buffalo, N. Y., was elected a
Correspondent.

March Qlh.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Sixteen members present.

March loth.
Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-four members present.

Mr. Lea read an extract from a letter of Prof. Courtland, on the
gradual extinction of the western Unionidse.

A paper was presented for publication, entitled " A List of Birds of
Arizona, &c," by Elliot Coues, M. D., U. S. A.

Prof. E. D. Cope exhibited a cranium of a Black Fish (Globicephalus) found
on the western shore of Delaware Bay by Cornelius Gregory. Comparison

I866.3

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

with an example of the same genus from Cape Cod, revealed differences which
must probably be regarded as distinctive of two species. The latter is
apparently identical with the known species G. melas (or sivineval),
and agrees with Harlan's description of G. intermedins, and in locality ; the
Delaware specimen is of much broader and shorter proportions than any known
species, exhibits a narrower supraorbital roof and shorter tooth line. The in-
termaxillaries dilate and entirely cover the maxillaries at tbe basal two-fifths
of the muzzle, which then rather abruptly contracts to the tip.

G. ? sp. nov. G. melas.

End of muzzle to end malar to length End of muzzle to end malar to length as

cranium, 2 to 4.5. 2 to 4 5.

Width at basal fourth equal from notch Width do. four fifths from notch to sup-
to supraoccipital and 5-6ths length of raoccip. crest,
muzzle.

Outlines begin to contract at basal Outlines continuous, nearly parallel.
2-5ths.

Width at distal fourth equal § length WTidih do. less than half length,
muzzle.

.Supraoccipital everted to foramen mag- Supraocsipital straight to foramen mag-
num, num.

Longitudinal width supraorbital roof, Longit. width supraorb. equal width.,

I width muzzle at basal third. muzzle at basal third.

Length of alveolar series scarcely more Length do. equal width, muzzle at 7tb

than half width of muzzle at seventh tooth.
tooth.

Teeth above, six. Teeth abover ten.

Dr. Gray (Catal. Cetaceous Brit. Mus.,) describes a specimen from Guada-
loupe in Mus. Paris, which has the maxilla; similarly concealed by the pre-
maxillaries. The present individual is an adult male, with the ligamentous
attachments on tbe muzzle, a^d muscular insertions largely developed. Total
length 25 in. 6 lin. ; postorbital width (above.)

The whale alluded to (Proceedings, 1865, p. 168) as having been seen in
Mobjack Bay, Virginia, was stated to have been captured by Dr. P. A. Talia-
ferro and Prof. E. Taliaferro, of William and Mary College, Williamsburg, and
prepared and set up. It is a short- finned Megaptera, probably of the species
M. o s p h y i a. Prof. T. has kindly furnished me with the following details as
tj its structure, carefully drawn up by himself.

Length from end of muzzle over convexity of back, forty-three feet nine
inches ; girth about nineteen feet ; length from end of muzzle to axilla (ex-
ternal measurement) fifteen feet; breadth of head across inferior margin of
jaws, eight feet. Length of the pectoral extremity four feet; greatest breadtb
fifteen inches ; they were situated close behind the angle ot the mouth. There
were three hundred and sixty lamiuie of baleen, extending on either side of
the mouth about six feet along the jaw, the longest about eighteen to twenty
inches. The bead was acute. The folds of the throat many and capacious.
The dorsal fin was represented by a conical mass covered by horny integu-
ment, without any membranous appendage, situated well posteriorly. The
body near the tail very slender. Tbe flukes suddenly expand to a breadth of
ten foet. The cervical vertebrae were all distinct. Color: jet black above,,
white on the belly; sides beautifully marbled by the combination of the two
colors.

The most striking feature in this specimen is tbe shortness of the pectoral
limbs, being relatively nearly half less than in the specimen of the o s p h y i a
at Niagara, one- half the length of the cranium, and only one-tenth the total.
This is very different from any of the hitherto known species, and without
doubt distinct.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9

March 20th.

Mr. Cassin, Vice-President in the Chair.

Twenty-seven members present.
The following were offered for publication :

" List of the Birds of Port Whipple, Arizona." By Elliot Coues, M.D.
" Description of twelve Unionidae from South America." By Isaac
Lea.

" Fasti OrnithologijB, No. 2." By John Cassin.

Dr. Leidy directed the attention of the members to the specimen of a large
phalanx of an extinct reptile, presented this evening by Dr. W. Spillman, of
Columbus, Mississippi. It was derived from the cretaceous formation in the
vicinity of the latter place, and is remarkably well preserved. It is a first
phalanx, and in general form resembles the corresponding phalanges of the
Alligator, but is proportionately more robust. The proximal articular surface
is moderately concave, somewhat uneven ; and in outline is transverse oval
with the lower side flat. The distal extremity is provided with a trochlear
articular surface, and deep pits laterally for ligamentous attachment. The
animalto which the bone belonged is unknown ; it may be conjectured to
have appertained to the fore foot of Hadosaurus. The measurements are as
follows: Length in the axis 5 inches 8 lines ; length laterally ft inches ; trans-
verse diameter of proximal end 2 inches 11 lines ; vertical diameter of do. 2
inches 5 lines; transverse diameter of distal end inferiorly 2 inches 5J lines;
vertical diameter at middle of trochlea 1 inch 6 lines.

Dr. Leidy next directed the attention of the members to a specimen of the
liver of a turkey suspended in alcohol, containing half a dozen cream-colored
tumors, from the size of a pea to that of a nutmeg. The tumors examined
microscopically appear to have the structure of soft cancer, as usually described,
being composed of large nucleated cells in great variety of form. Dr. L.
stated that, after having dined on part of the turkey, on making inquiry for
the missing liver, the cook had given information, that in consequence of the
" white lumps in it, it had not been cooked." On procuring it from the slops,
it was found to be in the condition described. Dr. L. took the opportunity of
expressing the opinion that an unnecessary degree of alarm had been created
in the community in relation to what were considered to be diseased meats,
especially such as are infested with parasites. While he most decidedly re-
commended the avoidance of the flesh of diseased or unwholesome animals,
he thought that all parasites would be destroyed by thorough cooking.

In answer to a question from one of the members, whether he had noticed
Trichina in pork, Dr. L. observed that he had been the first to discover this
parasite in the hog ; the discovery having been made twenty years ago, as may
be seen by referring to the Proceedings of this Academy for October, 1846,
page 107 — 8. This notice had attracted the attention of the German helmin-
thologists, as proved by reference to Diesing's Systema Helminthum, vol. ii.
page 114, and Leuckart, Untersucbungen ii. Trichina spiralis, pages 6, 18.

The circumstances under which the Trichina had been first detected in pork,
was on an occasion when Dr. L. had dined on part of the infested meat. While
eating a slice of pork, he noticed some minute specks, which recalled to mind
the Trichina spots seen in the muscles of a human subject only a few days
previously. Preserving the remainder of the slice, on examination of it mi-
croscopically, he found it full of Trichina spiralis, but the parasites were all
dead from the heat of cooking. In conclusion, Dr. L. observed that all meats
were liable to be infested with parasites, but that there was no danger from
infection if the meats were thoroughly cooked, for he had satisfied himself by
experiment that entozoa are destroyed when submitted to the temperature of
boiling water.

1866.]

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

March 27th.
Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-four members present.

The following gentlemen were elected members :

J. A. Heinrzelman, Amos It. Little, James C. Parrish, Clemmons
Hunt, R. Shelton Mackenzie, Charles B. Durborrow, John Turner,
Samuel E. Slayraaker, William E. Kehmle, Alfonso de Figaniere,
Thomas C. Stellwagen, M. D., and Charles S. Westcott.

The following were elected correspondents :

Robert Gray and William Sinclair, of Glasgow, Scotland; D. C.
Collier, of Central City, Colorado; and Rev. Joseph Blake.

On report of the respective committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published :

A STUDY OF THE ICTERIDAE.
BY JOHN CASSIN.

1. Sub-family Agelaiinae.
1. Genus AGELAIUS, Vieillot.
(Genus Agelaius, Vieill, Analyse, p. 33, 1816.)
1. Agelaius.

1. Agblaids phceniceus (Linnaeus.)

Oriolus phceniceus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 161, (1766.)

Sturnus praedatorius, Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p. 30, (1811.
Wilson Am. Orn. pi. 30. Aud B. of Am. pi. 67, Oct. ed. iv. pi. 216.
An abundant and well known species, diffused throughout the whole of
temperate North America. It is nearly related to the two species immediately
succeeding, from whicb it is, however, generally not difficult to distinguish,
though all of them much resemble each other whea in young plumage.
Numerous specimens are in the Acad. Museum, and in the Museum Smithsonian
Institution, Washington. Specimens from Yucatan, in the Smithsonian Museum,
have the bill more slender and present some other slight differences, and may
be distinct or referable to A. assimilis, Gundlach.

2. Agelaius tricolor, Audubon.

Agelaius tricolor, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. p. 1. (1839.)

Aud. B. of Am. pi. 388, Oct. ed.. iv. pi. 214.

Numerous specimens in the Academy Museum, and in that of the Smithsonian
Institution. Resembles the preceding but is quite distinct specifically, and can
be distinguished readily by the different red of the shoulders, less rounded tail
and more slender bill, in the present bird. Abundant in the western countries
of North America.

3. Agelaius assimilis, Gundlach.

Agelaius assimilis. " Gundl. MSS.," Lembeye, Aves Cuba, p. 64, (1850.)
Agelaius assimilis, Gundl. Cabanis Jour. 1856, p. 12.
Lembeye, Aves Cuba, pi. ix. fig. 3.

Restricted apparently to the Island of Cuba, but in the adult male much re-
sembling specimens from Yucatan. In this species the female is totally black
in which respect it differs from the two preceding species, though the adult
male is very similar to that of A. phceniceus. The young male resembles the
female, bnt is usually recognizable by the presence of more or less of the scarlet
of the shoulders.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11

Specimens in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and in the collection
of Mr. Lawrence of New York. The females and young males are uniform
brownish black, not in the smallest degree mottled, as in the two preceding
species and in A. Gubernator. >

4. Agelaius Gdbernator, (Wagler.)

Psarocolius gubernator, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 281.

Aud. B. of Am. pi. 420, Oct. ed. iv. pi. 215.

Easily distinguished when adult from either of the preceding by its shoulders
being uniform rich crimson, without paler margin, though the young much
resemble each other. Abundant in western North America.

Numerous specimens in Academy Museum and Museum Smithsonian Institu-
tion.

5. Agelaius humeralis, (Vigors.)

Leistes humeralis, Vig. Zool. Jour. iii. p. 442, (1827.)
La Sagra Cuba, Ois. pi. 5.

Now well known as a bird of the Island of Cuba. This species is smaller
than either of the preceding, and not quite strictly of the same subgroup,
having the tail proportionally rather longer and general form apparently more
slender. Common in Cuba. Numerous specimens in the Academy Museum,
and Museum Smithsonian Institution, and in Mr. Lawrence's collection.

In this species the females and young males are stated to be black, (as in A.
assimilis, alsj of Cuba.) A specimen in Mr. Lawrence's collection, which I regard
as a young male of this species, is clear uniform black, the rufous of the shoulder
beginning to appear.

2. Xanthocephalus.
(Genus Xanthocephalus, Bonap. Consp. Av. 1. p. 431.)

6. Agelaius xanthocephalus, (Bonaparte.)

Icterus xanthocephalus, Bonap. Jour. Acad. Philad'a. v. p. 223, (1827.)

Agelaius longipes, Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, p. 436.

Psarocolius perspicillatus, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 753.

Icterus icterocephalus, Bonap. Am. Orn. 1. p. 27, (supposed by Bonaparte,

to be Oriolus icterocephalus, Linn.)
Icterus frenatus, Licht., Isis, 1843, p. 69.
Bonap. Am. Orn. 1. pi. 3. Aud. B. of Am. pi. 388, Oct. ed. iv. pi. 213.
In my judgment this species is properly to be arranged as an Agelaius It
is an abundant bird of the central and western countries of North America,
and specimens are in all collections in this country, though formerly scarce and
highly valued. Straggling specimens, generally of young birds, have occasionally
been obtained in the States on the Atlantic, several having occurred, within
my knowledge, in the vicinity of Philadelphia.

This species does not resemble any other sufficiently intimately to render
close comparison necessary, and can usually be recognized quite readily. It
is handsomely figured by Audubon, and by Bonaparte as above.

3. Apfrobus. •

(Genus Aphobus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein, i. p. 194.)

7. Agelaius chopi, Vieillot.

Agelaius cbopi, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 537, (1819.)

Icterus unicolor, Licht. Verz. p. 19. (1823.)

Icterus sulcirostris, Spix. Av. Bras. i. p. 67, (1824.)
Spix Av. Bras. i. pi. 64. Hahn Voeg. pt. xvi. pi. 2.

Specimens obtained by Mr. John G. Bell, at Mazatlan, Mexico, have the bill
larger and in general stature are rather more robust than in specimens labelled
as from various parts of South America, but otherwise are quite identical.
Easily identified in this group by the sharply lanceolate and acuminate form
of the feathers of the bead and the oblique grooves at the base of the lower
1866.]

12 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

mandible. My impression at present is, that this bird is properly to be
arranged here as a subgenus of Agelaius.

Numerous specimens in the Academy Museum. In general appearance and
in the pointed feathers of the head this bird resembles Leistes curaeus (=Curneus
a(errimus) with which it has been sometimes confounded, though much smaller
and not, in my opinion, belonging to the same genus.

4. Agelasticus.

(Genus Agelasticus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein, i. p. 188.)

8. Agelaius thilius, (Molina.)

Turdus thilius, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, (1782.)
Xanthornus chrysocarpus, Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 3.
Thilius major, Bonap. Corapt. Rend. 1853, p. 833.
Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp. Chili, Birds, pi. 16.

Numerous specimens from Chili in the Academy and Smithsonian Institution .
So far as I can see, this bird is an Agelaius, presenting only somewhat greater
attenuation of form than in the more typical species, and in my judgment it is
the type of a subgeneric group quite identical with Neopsar, Sclater. This
species intimately resembles the next succeeding but is larger.

9. Agelaius xanthocarpus, Bonaparte.

Agelaius xanthocarpus, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 430, (1850.)
"Icterus chilensis, Kittlitz." Bonap. Compt. Rend. 1853, p. 834.

This is a black species with yellow shoulders, much resembling the preceding
(.4. thilius) and apparently to be distinguished mainly by its smaller size. It
is scarcely to be recognized from the Prince Bonaparte's description in Consp.
Av., as cited above, but is clearly indicated by the same distinguished Natural-
ist in Comp. Rend. 1853, p. 833. This bird seems to be constantly smaller
than the preceding, with the bill disproportionately more slender, the wing
shorter and the proportionate lengths of the quills different.

Specimens of this species in the Mus. Smiths. Inst., from Capt. Page's
La Plata Expedition, were obtained at Buenos Ayres and Santa Fe, Argentine
Republic.

(Genus Neopsar, Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 139 )

10. Agelaius nigerrimus, (Osburn.)

Icterus nigerrimus, Osburn, Zoologist. 1859, p. 6662.

Neopsar nigerrimus, (Osburn,) Sclat. Cat Am. B. p. 139.
An entirely black species, apparently of frequent occurrence in the Island of
Jamaica, from whence numerous specimens have been received at the Smith-
sonian Institution. Specimens in the Academy Museum, also from Jamaica.
Structurally I cannot see that this bird is anything else than an Agelaius, and
of the same subgroup as the preceding. It is more nearly related to the species
immediately succeeding, which is also entirely black, from which, however, it
can readily be distinguished on examination, by its being rather smaller, the
bill more slender and the tarsi shorter, but the most reliable character is the
different color of the plumage at the ba'se of the feathers. In the present bird
the feathers are dark ashy or nearly black at their base, and in the next (.4.
cyanopus,) they are light ashy, abruptly tipped with black. The female in this
bird is stated to be black, in which respect it seems to differ from the suc-
ceeding.

11. Agelaius cyanopus, Vieillot.

Agelaius cyanopus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 552, (1819.)
This apparently little kaown species is in structura exceedingly like the
species immediately preceding (A. nigerrimus=yeopsar nigerrimus) and the adult
males, at least, of both being glossy black, the general resemblance also is very
strong. In fact, I had always supposed the two to be identical until I had un-
dertaken the present more extended examination, an impression which, though

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 13

I have never printed, I may have expressed verbally and epistolatorially, and
beg now to correct, both for myself and others contingently interested.

The males only of the two species are alike in color, the female of the present
species being strictly as described by M. D'Orbigny in Guerin's Magazine,
Zool. 1838, p. 5, and previously by Azara and Vieillot; reddish chestnut,
with longitudinal central stripes of black on the back and dullish yellow on
the under parts of the body. In the Jamaica species {A. nigerrimus) both sexes
are st.ted to be black. The present bird is slightly the larger, with the bill
rather the thicker and the tarsus longer, but the most decisive and reliable
character is that in this species the entire plumage of the body above and
below is light ashy at the bases of the feathers, easily seen in raising them, es-
pecially on the rump and lower part of the back. On those parts, in fact, the
feathers are, almo t throughout their length, light ashy, being only rather
narrowly and abruptly tipped with deep black. In A. nigerrimus this is not
the case, the feathers being, throughout, much darker and in fact nearly black,
widely tipped with deep black. Both birds are strictly of the subgroup
Neopsar.

This bird is accurately described by Azara, Apuntamientos, i. p. 313,
(Walckenaer's French edition, iii. p. 190) whose description is copied by Vieillot,
Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 552. It is also sufficiently described by D'Orbigny,
Guerin's Magazine, Zool. 18C8, Syn. Av. p. 5. The sexes, as given somewhat
provisionally by these authors, are so labelled in the fine collection made by
Mr. Christopher J. Wood, while attached to Capt. Page's Expedition, which
surveyed the Rio La Plata and Rio Parana, which collection is now in the
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. The female, and probably the young
male, are entirely different from the male in colors, in which respect this species
apparently differs in a singular manner from its near relative, Agelaius or
Neopsar nigerrimus, numerous specimens of which, labelled as both males and
females, are in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, and are entirely
black. One of M. D'Orbigr.y's specimens in the Academy Museum is probably
that of a young male, but differing only from the female in having the black
stripes of the under parts more numerous and the throat less conspicuously
mottled with black.

This species seems to be of rather wide diffusion, though apparently but in-
differently known to naturalists. Specimens in Academy Museum, labelled
" Bolivia," from M. D'Orbigny's collection, and others received from Mr. John
G. Bell of New York, in " Bogota" collections. Specimens in Capt. Page's
La Plata collection are labelled, undoubtedly correctly, by Mr. Wood, " Para-
guay."

The points of distinction between the two closely allied species here men-
tioned, and especially the infallible character, as I regard it, to be found in
the difference of the colors at the bases of the feathers, I am happy to ac-
knowledge were first pointed out to me by Miss Grace Anna Lewis, most favora-
bly known, and deservedly so, as a lecturer and teacher of Ornithology and
General Natural History. Miss Lewis is one of several accomplished ladies who
have most diligently studied in the Library and Museum of this Academy during
the present winter, and not only successfully, but have contributed also in
the highest degree to the general agreeableness of the similar pursuits of
their fellow students of the stronger sex.

5. Macroagelaius.

2. Agklaius subalaris, (Boissoneau.)

Quiscalus subalaris, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 70.
Specimens in the Academy Museum labelled " Bogota." Though usually
rated as a Quiscalus, this bird, in my opinion, is more properly to be regarded
as an Agelaius, though differing from the typical subgroups in having a longer
and more Quiscalus-like tail. It is not an uncommon bird in collections from
the northern countries of South America.

1866.]

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

II.— Genus LEISTES, Swainson.

(Genus Leistes, Swains. Zool., Jour, ii., p. 191.)

1. Leistes.

1. Leistis militaris, (Linnseus.)

Emberiza militaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 178, (1758.)
Oriolus guianensis, Linn. Syst Nat. i. p. 162, (1766.)
Oriolus americanus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 386, (1788.)
Xanthornus rubricollis, Hahn, Voegel, pt. v. (1819.)
Buff. PI. Enl. 236, fig. 2. Edwards' Birds, pi. 82. Vieill. Gal. ii. pi. 88.
Hahn, Voegel, pt. v., pi. 2.

Numerous specimens of this well known species are in the Academy Museum,
labelled as from Brazil and Guiana, and in the Museum Smithsonian Institution
from Trinidad.

2. Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte.)

Trupialis superciliaris, Bonap., Consp. Av., i. p. 430, (1850.)
Resembles the preceding, but rather larger and easily distinguished by its
conspicuous superciliary stripe of white. Specimens in the Academy Museum,
labelled Cayenne, and in Smithsonian Museum from Buenos Ayres, and Ceara,
Northern Brazil.

2. Gymnomystax.

(Genus Gymnomystax, Reichenbach.)

3. Leistes melanicterus, (Vieillot.)

Agelaius melanicterus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 544, (1819.)
Icterus citrinus, Spix. Av. Bras. i. p. 69, (1824.)
Psarocolius gymnops, Wagl., Syst. Av., p. (not paged, 1827.)

Spix, Av. Bras., i. pi. 66.

Specimens in Academy Museum from Cayenne and Brazil.

3. Xanthosomus.

(GeDUS Xanthosomus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 189.)

4. Leistes icterocephalus, (Linnreus.)

Oriolus icterocephalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 163, (1766.)
Edward's Birds, pi. 323. Hahn, Voegel. pt. v., pi. 6.
Numerous specimens in Academy Museum, from Guiana and Trinidad.

5. Leistes flavus, (Gmelin.)

Oriolus flavus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 389, (1788.)
Psarocolius flaviceps, Wagler, Syst. Av., p. (not paged, 1827.)
ChrysomuB xanthopygius, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 345, (1838.)
Voy. Beagle, Birds pi. 45.

Specimens in Academy Museum from Brazil and other countries of South
America. This bird presents some variations in size, but nothing of specific
value in the specimens under examination.

4. Fseudoleistes.

(Genus Pseudoleistes, Sclat. Cat. Am. Birds, p. 137.)

6. Leistes viridis, (Gmelin.)

Oriolus viridis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 395, (1788.)
Agelaius Guirahuro, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv., p. 545, (1819.)
Leistes Suchii, Vigors, Zool. Jour, ii., p. 192, (1825.)
Xanthornus Gasquetii, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Ois. p. 110, (1824.)
Leistes Orioloides, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 303, (1838.)
Leistes brevirostris, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 304.
Zool. Jour. Supp. pi. 10. Voy. Uranie Ois. pi. 24. PI. Enl. 236, fig. 1.
Specimens from Brazil in Museum Academy. This species is nearly allied to
the next succeeding, but seems to be larger, and has the under parts clear
yellow.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15

7. Leistes virescens, (Vieillot.)

Agelaius virescens, Vieill. Nour. Diet, xxxiv., p. 513, (1819.)

Icterus anticus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 19, (1823.)

Leistes tenuirostris, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 304, (1838.)

" Oriolus Draco." Label in Massena collection.
Resembles the preceding, but is very probably quite distinct, being smaller,
and has the bill more slender. In this species the yellow of the abdomen is
restricted to a medial space, the sides being dark brownish olive, uniform with
the upper parts of the body. Numerous specimens from Brazil in Academy
Museum.

5. Curaeus.

(Genus Curaeus, Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 139.)

8. Leistes cdraeds, (Molina.)

Turdus curaeus, Mol. Sagg. Hist. Nat. Chili, 1782. (2d ed. p. 211, 1810.)
Sturnus aterrimus, Kittl. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1834, p. 467.
Leistes niger, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 304, (1838.)
Agelaius pustulatus, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 303 ?
Gillis U. S. Exp. to Chili, Birds pi. 15. Kittl. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.
Voeg. pi. 2.

Specimens from Chili in the Academy Museum, and two specimens in the
Massena collection labelled " St. Dominique," which if intended for the Island
of St. Domingo or Hayti, is very probably erroneous. A large black species,
with the feathers of the head rigid and pointed, well known as a bird of Chili
and other countries of western South America. Resembles, especially in the
pointed feathers of the head, Agelaius chopi, but is much larger. Sturnus
aterrimus, Kittlitz, seems to be the young of this species.

III.— Genus DOLICHONYX, Swainson.
(Genus Dolichonyx, Swains. Zool. Jour, iii., p. 351.)

1. Dolichonyx.

1. Dolichonyx oryzivora, (Linnaeus.)

Emberiza oryzivora, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 31 1. (1766.)
Icterus agripennis, Bonap. Comp. List, p. 24, (1827.)
Psarocolius caudacutus, Wagl. Syst. Av. p. (not paged, 1827.)
Catesby Carolina, pi. 14. Edwards' Birds, pi. 291. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pi.
12. Aud. B. of Am., pi. 54, Oct, ed. iv. pi. 211.

Numerous specimens in Academy Museum from various localities in Eastern
North America, and two specimens labelled "Rio Negro." Specimens in
Museum Smithsonian Institution from Cuba, Jamaica, and from Capt. Page's
La Plata collection. The specimens from the " Rio Negro," in the Academy
Museum seem to be rather large, but are not in adult plumage, and I find no
reliable characters for distinction. Precisely similar specimens from the Rio
Napo are in Mr. Lawrence's collection. This species is, assuredly, a great
wanderer, but very probably the same in all localities on the continent of
America.

2. Agelaioides.

2. Dolichonyx badius, (Vieillot.)

Agelaius badius, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 535, (1819.)
Icterus fringillarius, Spix, Av. Bras, i. p. 68, (1824.)
Spix, Av. Bras. i. pi. 65.

Tail black, or brownish black. Quills red, tipped with brownish black.
Lores black, which color extends slightly under and behind the eye ; entire plu-
mage of the head and body dark cinereous, with an olivaceous tinge on the top of
the head and on the back, much lighter and generally with a tinge of dull
yellow on the under parts. Primaries and secondaries bright reddish, with
their tips brownish black, (easily seen on the under surface of the wing.) ter-

1866.]

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

tiaries and greater coverts of the wing brownish black, widely tipped and
edged with ferrugineous red. Bill black, feet brown. Sexes very similar,
though the female is less tinged with gray on the head and back.

Total length about 8 inches, wing 3f, tail 3^ inches. Female smaller.

Ilab. — Brazil, Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, Southern Brazil, exclusively?

Having before me two species which to some extent resemble each other, and
both of which 1 suspect are known by the names cited above, I have given this
short description of the bird, which is apparently that described by both
Vieillot and Spix, and figured, rather unsuccessfully, by the latter. The present
species seems to inhabit Southern and South-eastern Brazil, and adjacent
countries, but the only authentic specimens to which I have access are in Capt.
Page's collection, in Smithsonian Museum, and labelled " Buenos Ayres,"'
which locality agrees sufficiently with those authors who have described this
bird.

In this species the tail is black, usually with a tinge of brown, and much
darker than the back, while in the species next described it is much
lighter and exactly of the color sometimes called " hair brown," but little
darker than the upper parts of the body. The quills are red on both webs for
about two- thirds to three-fourths of their length, with the terminal one-third
or one-fourth brownish black. The entire plumage is darker than in the
species immediately succeeding. The description and figures of Spix, cited
above, seem to be clearly from birds of this species, though perhaps not fully
adult. Vieillot describes this species also. I do not regard it as possible that
either this bird or the next succeeding is the young or female of any black
species, as sometimes suspected by authors.

3. Dolichonyx fuscipennis, nobis.

Tail light brown, quills light brown, primaries narrowly edged on their outer
webs, secondaries and tertiaries widely edged on their outer webs, with bright
ferrugineous red. Lores black, which color extends behind the eye, and be-
comes paler. Entire plumage of the head and body light reddish cinereous,
with a tinge of grayish olivaceous on the upper parts, much lighter on the
under parts, and strongly tinged with dull pale ochre yellowish. Greater
coverts of the wings ferrugineous red, with paler edges, which is the color of
the external edges of the wings, (but not of the quills, as in the preceding
species.) Bill and feet brownish black.

Total length about 7 inches, wing 3J, tail 3 inches. Female rather smaller.

Hub. — Cearu, N. E. Brazil. Specimens in Museum Smithsonian Institution,
Washington.

The bird now described is clearly distinct from that immediately preceding,
and is easily distinguished by its lighter and different colors generally, and
especially by its light brown tail, and by its quills being light biown also,
edged only with red. In the preceding the tail is black or brownish black,
and the quills are red on both webs for more than two-thirds of their length,
and brownish black at their ends or terminal one-fourth to one-third.

The only specimens that I have seen of this species are in the collection of
the Smithsonian Institution, and are labelled as male and female, and are
undoubtedly from Cearii, Northern Brazil. This bird and the immediately pre-
ceding D. badius, present some structural characters, which entitle them to be
arranged with nearly equal propriety in either Agelaius or in Dolichonyx, but I
think not in Molothrus*

* DOL1CHONTX MELANCHOLICUS, (LinnfCUS.)

Oriolus melancholicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 180, (1758.)

Edwards' Birds, pi. 85.

Judging from the figure and description of Edwards, I suspect that this is a third species of the
same subgroup of Dolichonyx as D. badius and D. fuscipennis, (above described,) and at present
unknown to naturalists. It is peculiar in having not only the sides of the head, but the throat
dear black, which is not the case in either of the others just mentioned, but otherwise it resem-
bles them. It is stated by Kdwaids to be from the " Spanish West Indies," which now properly
means those islands that were Spanish in 1743.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17

3. Erythropsar.

4. DOLICHONYX FRONTALIS, (Vieillot.)

Agelaius frontalis, Viell., Nouv. Diet., xxxiv. p. 545, (1819.)
Chrysotuus et Xanthosomus frontalis, Auct.

Gray, Gen. Birds, i. pi. 86.

This is a well known and apparently abundant species of the northern coun-
tries of South America, briefly and by no means sufficiently described by Vie-
illot as above, but very accurately and handsomely figured by G. R. Gray in
his great woik, " The Genera of Birds." The locality given by Vieillot is Cay-
enne, and on that account, in a greater degree than on any peculiar applica-
bility of his description, I am induced to conclude that this is the species en-
titled to the name as above given. The description is short, but, in my opin-
ion, can safely be assumed as intended for this bird.

Head above to near the occiput, and neck before, reddish chestnut or bay
color, which extends and widens on the breast. All other parts of the plu-
mage glossy black. Lores and sides of the head black, which color is restricted
to a very narrow line over the eye. Bill and feet black. Total length about 7
inches.

Hab. — Cayenne; Ceara, Northern Brazil.

Numerous specimens of this species are in the Acad. Mus. and in Mus. Smiths.
Inst. It differs from that immediately succeeding (D. ruficapillus,) in having
the red or bay colors on the head, neck and breast in front much more ex-
tended and ot a different color, reddish chestnut in the present bird, dark chest-
nut in the next succeeding species. The two species are very nearly of the
same size. Both are, in my opinion, most properly to be arranged as a sub-
group of the genus Dolichonyx.

5. Dolichonyx ruficapillus, (Vieillot.)

Agelaius ruficapillus, Vieill., Nouv. Diet., xxxiv. p. 536, (1819.)
Del Corona de canella, Azara, Apuntamientos, i. p. 315, (1802.)

This species is described as from Paraguay, by Azara, whose description is
copied by Vieillot as above, and is, in my opinion, distinct from that immedi-
ately preceding (D. frontalis,) though usually regarded as the same. The only
specimens that I have seen are in Capt. Page's La Plata collection now in the
Mus. Smiths., and are from Paraguay.

In this species the head above and neck before are dark chestnut, and on
both parts that color is more restricted than in the preceding, but especially on
the neck in the present bird, in which it is narrower and does not extend to
the breast. All other parts glossy black, on the sides of the head the black
space is wider over the eye than in the preceding. In a young bird, also in
Page's collection and from the same locality, Paraguay, the chestnut color of
the neck in front is only beginning to appear, but is the same dark chestnut as
in the adult, and quite different in shade from that of the preceding bird.

Although I regard the present and immediately preceding species as differ-
ent, yet if they were the same, the name here given would be entitled to adop-
tion, being the first given by Vieillot, though usually cited erroneously by
authors. In nearly all late works, when the two names A. frontalis and A. ru-
ficapillus are given, the pages cited in Nouv. Diet, are transposed.

IV.— Genus MOLOTHRUS, Swainson.

(Genus Molothrus, Swains., Faun. Bor. Am., ii. p. 277.)

1. Molothrus.

7. Molothrus pecoris, (Gmelin.)

Oriolus ater, Bodd., Tab. PI. Enl., p. 37, (1782.)

Oriolus fuscus et minor, Gin., Syst. Nat., i. pp. 393, 394, (1788.)

Fringilla pecoris, Gm., Syst. Nat., i. p. 910, (1788.)

1866.] 2

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Icterus Emberizoides, Daud., Traite d'Orn., ii. p. 350, (1800.)
Buff., PI. Enl. 606. Wilton, Am. Urn., ii. pi. 18. Aud., B. of Am., pi. 99.
Oct. ed., iv. pi. 212.

One of the most common birds of North America, migrating in the winter to
Mexico, Central America and probably into the northern countries of South
America. Specimens are in the Museum of the Philada. Acad, from Mexico,
and others labelled Central America and South America. The first name for
this species is that of Boddsert as cited, who applies it to the bird figured by
Buffou, as above.

Total length 7 to 7£ inches, wing 4J to 4£, tail 2| to 3 inches.

2. Molothrcs OBScuRrs, (Gmelin.)

Sturnus obscurus, Gm., Syst. Nat , i. p. 804, (1788.)

Sturnus junceti, Lath., Ind. Orn., i. p 326, (1790.)

Sturnus Novae Hispaniae, Briss. Orn., ii. p. 448.
Numerous specimens in the Smithsonian Museum, to which I ascribe this
name, are from Mr. Xantus' collections at Colima and Manzanillo, Western
Mexico, and from Mira Flores, Lower California. This species is distinct from
the preceding, but much resembles it in colors and form also, having the same
long wings and proportionate lengths of quills, the first quill being usually
longest. It is smaller and has the bill much more slender ; the wing is shorter
and all other measurements less than those of the preceding well known spe-
cies, except the tail, which is comparatively longer. In colors it is very nearly
the same, but in form it is more slender and smaller, with the tail rather longer.
One specimen from Lower California has the first quill shorter than the second,
but otherwise is quite the same as those from Manzanillo.

Total length about 6£ to Of inches, wing 4, tail 2f to 3 inches.

2. Callothrus.

.3. Molothrus .sneus, (Wagler.)

Psarocolius aeneus, Wagl., Isis, 1829, p. 728.

Molothrus robustus, Cab., Mus. Hein, i. p. 193, (1851,) Jour. Ore, 1861, p.
81.
.Specimens in the Smithsonian Museum from Yucatan, Costa Rica, and vari-
ous parts of Mexico, and it is evidently an abundant species. Those from Ma-
zatlan and Manzanillo seem to have the bill larger than others, and in some
specimens this is so much the case as to suggest a doubt of specific identity.

This bird presents such very considerable changes in the shades and lustres
of its plumage, that it might readily be mistaken for several species. The adult
has the entire plumage of the head and body of the rich silky metallic yellow-
ish-green, which characterizes the species, the upper and under tail coverts,
wings and tail being lustrous green and blue. Singularly enough, in younger
specimens the back and a large space on the abdomen are fine deep lustrous
blue and violet, having so much the appearance of adult plumage, that series
of specimens are necessary to determine their really intermediate character.
Nearly all specimens brought in collections are of this intermediate description,
and in a younger plumage there is a trace of blue, violet and purple lustre on
nearly the entire plumage. The youngest in the large collection now under
examination are dull brown, with a Taint trace of greenish lustre on the wings
and tail only, and of blue on the back. Forty-two specimens are now before
me, twenty-four of which are from the Smithsonian collections, others are from
the fine collection of my friend Mr. Lawrence, of New York, and in the Acad-
emy Museum. The Academy specimens are from Panama, (Mr. J. G. Bell's.)
Nicaragua, Xalapa, Mazatlan, (Dr. Gambel's,) and various specimens received
from Europe, labelled "Mexico."

.4. Molothrus Armenti, Cabanis.

Molothrus Armenti, Cab., Mus. Hein., i. p. 192, (1851,) Jour. Orn., 1861,
,p. 82.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 19

One specimen in adult plumage kindly lent to me for examination with other
interesting birds of this group, by my friend Mr. Lawrence, of New York.
Another specimen, which I suppose to be this species, is in quite young plumage,
and was received at the Academy in a collection from Demarara. The latter
appears to be younger than those described by Dr. Cabanis in Mus. Hein, as
above.

This species can only be identified from Dr. Cabanis' note in Jour. Orn., 1861,
p. 82, the previous descriptions by him being only applicable to young plu-
mages. It resembles and is allied to the preceding, but is smaller, and the
lustre of the head and body is quite different, being silky yellowish broivn, not
green as in M. seneus. This brown lustre is darker than in the head of M.peco-
ris, but if restricted to the head might readily suggest a comparison with that
species, as is done by Dr. Cabanis in Mus. Hein,, as above. It is a beautiful
species.

Adult. Smaller than M. seneus, bill more slender, wing with the third quill
slightly longest, first shorter, tail rather short. Entire plumage black, the head
and body with a rich silky yellowish- brown lustre 5 upper and under tail coverts,
wings and tail with rich purplish blue and green lustre, the blue prevailing on
the tail coverts and shorter quills. Bill black, feet brownish black.

Total length about 7£ inches, wing 4, tail 2f inches.

Ilab. — Savanilla, New Grenada. Collection of Mr. George N. Lawrence, New
York.

Young? Entire plumage dull brown, lighter on the under parts, and with a
faint trace of green on the wings and tail, and blue on the back. First quill
shorter than the third, and about equal to the fourth. Total length about 6
inches.

Hah. — Demarara. Mus. Acad., Philada.

Mr. Lawrence's specimen is the only adult of this species that I have seen,
and, so far as I know, the only adult specimen known in any collection. It is
a species with very fine rich lustre and perhaps the most handsome bird of this
group.

3. Cyanothrus'.

5. Molothrcs BONARtENSi?, (Graelin.)

Tanagra bonariensis, Gin., Syst. Nat., i. p. 898, (1788.)

Buff., PI. Enl. 710. " Le Tangavio de Buenos Ayres," Buffon.

Specimens, undoubtedly of the bird figured and named as above, are in the
Smithsonian Museum, from the same locality as that given by Buffon, (Buenos
Ayres,) and are peculiarly valuable in the recognition of this species. They
were obtained by the expedition under Capt. T. J. Page, U. S. Navy, which
surveyed the Rivers La Plata and Parana, and are quite reliable in point of local-
ity.

This bird is rather the smallest of four species nearly allied and resembling
each other, which I am about to enumerate. My opinion is that there are at
least this number of species of these nearly related birds, and I suspect that
there are more of which I have only seen immature specimens.

Bill in adult, moderate or rather slender, with the upper mandible narrower
than the under viewed laterally, and slightly curved ; wing long, second quill
longest ; tail moderate or rather short, composed of wide feathers, slightly
rounded at the end.

Plumage black, the entire upper and under parts of head and body having a
uniform purple violet lustre, differing in shade in different specimens, but always
uniform above and below. Shoulders also with purple lustre. Wings and
tail with green lustre, not very brilliant, but easily distinguished ; under tail
coverts also with green lustre. In fine adult specimens there is a tinge of pur-
ple lustre on the wing coverts and on the shortest quills. Bill and feet black.

Total length about 8 inches, wing 4£ to 4J, tail 3\ inches.

Hob. — Southern and southeastern South America, Buenos Ayres, Rio Para-

1866.]

20 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

na, Paraguay, Brazil. Spec, in Smithsonian Museum, Washington, and Acad
Mus., Philada.

About the size of, but scarcely recognizable from Buffon's figure. The spe-
cies is, however, entirely respectable, and entitled, by all the laws of ornitho-
logical genealogy, to bear the name here given. A female or young male
from Buenos Ayres, in Capt. Page's La Plata collection, is nearly uniform dark
grayish fuscous, darker and nearly black on the back, and lighter on the under
parts of the body. Quills and wing coverts edged very distinctly with pale
gray, nearly white on the edges of the quills. Bill and feet black.

6. Molothrus discolor, (Vieillot.)

Passerina discolor, Vieill., Ency. Meth., iii. p. 939, (1823.)
Molothrus atronitens, Cab., Sehotnbg. Guiana, iii. p. 682, (1848.)

Specimens from the Island of Trinidad, and one from Cuba, in the Academy
Museum, seem to be the bird described by both the authors cited above. These
specimens are undoubtedly authentic, the former having been collected under
the direction of Mr. J. G. Bell, of New York, in Trinidad, and most kindly fur-
nished by him for examination, and the specimen from Cuba, collected by the
late Mr. R. C. Taylor of this Academy, in the northern part of that Island,
(Port Gibara, province of Holguin.)

This bird is exceedingly like the preceding, though it is rather larger and
has especially large legs and feet. The color and lustres are nearly the same,
though the present bird seems always to have a large space on the lower abdo-
men, green, uniform with the under tail coverts. My opinion is that it is a
distinct species, though requiring further investigation. I have never seen an
authentic female specimen.

Resembling 31. bonariensis, but larger. Bill rather long, upper mandible
slightly curved, wing long, second quill longest, tail moderate, rounded, feet
strong. Entire plumage black, the head and body above and below with an
uniform purple violet lustre, except on the lower abdomen or ventral region
and the under tail coverts, which have green lustre. Shoulders with purple
lustre. Wings and tail with green lustre not very strong, but very similar to
that of same parts in 31. bonariensis.

Total length 8£ to 9 inches, wing 4j to 4J, tail 3i inches.

Hub. — Trinidad, Cuba, Northern South America? Spec, in Mus. Acad.,
Philada.

Scarcely to be distinguished from 31. bonariensis, but is larger in all its
measurements, and especially in total length and in the bill and feet. Possibly to
be regarded as a variety of the same species. This bird has not previously
been noticed under any name, to my knowledge, from the island of Cuba.

7. Molothrus purpurascens (Hahn).

Xanthornus purpurascens, Hahn, Voeg. As. Af., &c, pt. v. pi. 4, 1819.

Hahn, Voeg. As. Afr., &c, pt. v. pi. 4.

Specimens from Callao, Peru, collected by the late Dr. Gambel, others
labelled as from Callao and Lima, and others labelled " Mexico " in Acad.
Museum. This is a species about the size of the two preceding, but readily
distinguished from them by its large strong bill, and the golden yellowish-
purple lustre of the under parts of the body. It is a clearly distinct species,
and appears to be the bird figured by Habn, as above cited, whose figure is
rather too short, but in form generally, and especially the thick strong
bill, and the color of the upper parts, is a fair representation. The immature
plumage is entirely different from that of either of the preceding.

Rather larger than 31. bonariensis, and about the size of 31. discolor, and
easily distinguished by its stronger bill and the golden purple lustre of the
plumage of the under parts of tbe body. Bill rather long, strong upper man-
dible slightly curved, wing long, with the third quill longest, tail moderate,
not so much rounded as in the preceding species.

Entire plumage black, head above and upper parts of body with a violet

[Mavch,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21

purple lustre, under parts with a rich golden purple lustre, most conspicuous
on the breast and neck in front ; under tail coverts with green lustre. Shoulders
purple, wings and tail with green lustre.

Total length about 8 to 8} inches, wing 4\ to 4|, tail 3\ to 3£ inches.

Young. General colors "light yellowish and dull brown, much like young
Plocei or Xanlhorni. Upper parts dull light brown, plumage edged with dull
yellow, under parts pale dull yellow, with longitudinal stripes of pale brown.
Bill very strong.

Ilab. — Western South America, Pern, Mexico? Spec, in Mus. Acad.,
Philadelphia. Probably peculiar to the countries of Western South America,
and an entirely respectable species.

8. Molothrus sericeus (Swainson).

Scolecophagus sericeus, Swains. Cat. Cy., p. 301, (1838).

Molothrus brevirostris, Swains. Cat. Cy., p. 305, (1838) ?

Icterus sericeus, Licht. Verz. Doubl., p. 19, (1823)?
Specimens from Bahia, from which locality this bird is commonly brought,
and is apparently the common species of Eastern South America. Rather
larger than, but difficult to distinguish from, the species immediately preced-
ing, (M. purpurascens,) and has the same golden purple lustre on the plumage
of the under parts of the body. The bill is straighter, and not so strong, and
the second and third quills nearly equal.

Though commonly brought from Bahia in collections, I have not a sufficient
aumber of specimens in adult plumage for a satisfactory examination of th'S
bird, though I am inclined to the opinion that it is not quite identical with
either of the preceding. Specimens that I regard as M. brevirostris appear to
me to be the same as others also from Bahia, which I regard as M. sericeus,
probably differing only in age. This seems to be rather the largest species of
this group, though, perhaps, little larger than M. seneus or M. purpurascens, and,
though my opinion is favorable, I am under the necessity of regarding it as a
species of but imperfect respectability. It is certainly, I think, the bird
described by Swainson, as above, and probably also by Lichtenstein under the
same name.

4. Cyrtotes.

(Genus Cyrtotes, Reiehenbach.)

9. Molothrus maxillaris, (D'Orbigny et Lafresnaye).

Icterus maxillaris, D'Oib. et Lafres. Mag. Zool., 1838, p. 6.

D'Orb. Voy. Am. Mer. Ois., pi. 52, fig. 3.

Two specimens from M. D'Orbigny's collection are in the Academy Museum.
This curious bird, in color and general characters, intimately resembles the
last four species above given, but also much resembles the birds of the group
Lampropsar. Of the species here given as Molothri, it approaches most
closely M. bonariensis and M. discolor, and has the lustres of the plumage very
similar, but is larger than either, and, in fact, is rather larger and with longer
wings than either of the preceding species in this memoir. It is, in my judg-
ment, entirely a peculiar bird, and described, entirely judiciously, by the dis-
tinguished authors above cited as a distinct species.

The peculiar character of this bird is the singular lobe on the cutting edge
of the upper mandible, as stated by M. D'Orbigny, near the point, and which,
if met with in a single specimen, might readily be suspected of being a
deformity, as intimated by the greatest of European Ornithologists now living:
" rostro deformi?" This suspicion and general view of the case is, however, to
me rendered less cogent by the fact that I have before me two of M. D'Orbigny's
specimens, and they are like each other with much exactness ! In both the
adult specimens, this curious lobe is more strongly developed than as repre-
sented in M. D'Orbigny's figure above cited.

This bird is accurately described by M. D'Orbigny, as above cited, and also

1866."]

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

in Voy. Am. Mer. Ois., p. 36?. It is with doubt that I arrange this bird as
representing a subgroup, and am not without a suspicion that it is more
properly to be placed in the group Lampropsar. The only specimens that I
have seen are those of M. D'Orbigny, above alluded to, and this species seems
to be little known to naturalists.

5. Lampropsar.

(Genus Lampropsar, Cabanis, Schombg. Guiana, iii. p. 682.)

10. MOLOTHRUS TANAGRINUS, (Spix).

Icterus tanagrinus, Spix, Av. Bras., i. p. 67, (1824).

Icterus violaceus, De Wied, Beitr. Naturg : Bras., iii. p. 1212, (1831).

Spix, Av. Bras., i. pi. 64, fig. 1.

Total length about 1h inches, wing 4, tail 3 to 3A inches. Entire plumage
black, with a nearly uniform purplish blue lustre on the head and body, above
and below, wings and tail with a green lustre. Bill and feet black.

The smallest of several species of this genus, and brought abundantly io
collections from Brazil. In the various specimens now before me, this bird
presents a uniform purplish blue lustre, by which it can be easily distinguished
from either of the two species immediately succeeding. It has not quite the
fine purple and violet lustre of either of them. Numerous speeimens in the
Academy Museum.

11. Molothktjs gcianenbis, (Cabanis).

Lampropsar guianensis, Cab. Schombg. Guiana, iii. p. 682, (1848).

Total length about 8 inches, wing 3f to 4, tail 3i inches. Rather larger
than the preceding, with the wing rather shorter, comparatively, and third
quill slightly longest. In the specimens before me, this species is easily dis-
tinguished from the preceding by the violet purple lustre of the head and of the
upper and under parts of the body. Wings and tail with greenish lustre,
darker than in the preceding. In colors, this species resembles the nest suc-
ceeding, though scarcely more than half the size. It appears to be from
Northern South America.

Specimens of this species are in the Academy Museum, and in the collection
of that distinguished and excellent Ornithologist, Mr. George N. Lawrence, of
New York.

12. Molothrus Cabanisii, nobis.

Lampropsar dives, Cab. Mus. Hein., p. 194? (nee Bonap.)
Total length about 10 inches, wing 5 to 5^, tail 4| inches, bill strong,
though of the same general form as in both the preceding. Entire plumage
black, head and body, above and below, with a fine violet purple lustre, and
having a golden tinge on the under parts. Wings and tail with a dark green
lustre, bill and feet black, claws ratber long and slender, but very sharp.

Easily distinguished from the two preceding species by its much larger size,
and, in the specimens now at my disposal, the plumage is the most lustrous,
the golden violet purple in the present bird being especially a distinguishable
feature. I am not confident that this is the bird alluded to by Dr. Cabanis as
Lampropsar dives, as above cited, but regard it as probable. It is smaller than,
and generically distinct from the bird which seems to be L. dives, Bonap.
Comp. Av. i. p. 425, now well known as a bird of Mexico and Central
America, (and which I regard as the same as Quiscalus sumichrasti, De
Saussure).

One specimen in the Acad. Mus. is from Guiana, and another in the col-
lection of my friend Mr. Lawrence, is from Santa Martha, New Grenada;
others in Acad. Mus. are without indication of locality, though the species is
singularly uniform in characters in all the specimens now under examination.
To this handsome species I have taken the liberty of applying the name of my
excellent friend and correspondent, Dr. Cabanis, of Berlin, not so much

[March

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 23

because I suspect that this is the bird alluded to by him, as to avail myself of
an opportunity to express my high appreciation of his great merits and
acquirements as an Ornithologist.

13. MoLOTHRUS RUFO-AXILLARIS, nobis.

With a part of the axillary feathers clear reddish chestnut color.

Entire plumage black, head and body, above and below, with a bluish purple
lustre, wings and tail with an obscure greenish lustre or nearly plain black.
Bill and feet black.

Total length about 8| inches, wing 4|, tail 3h inches.

Hab. — Buenos Ayres. Spec, in Smithsonian Mus., Washington. .

Uue specimen only of this curious bird is in the Museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, and seems clearly to belong to this group, though not presenting
such highly lustrous plumage as either of the preceding. It is apparently
quite adult, and easily recognized by the reddish che3tnut-colored axillary
feathers, to be seen at once by raising the wing at the shoulder.

Though having all the characters of an adult bird, the plumage in this
specimen has but slight lustre, inclining to bluish purple on the head and
body, and greenish on the wings and tail. The only specimen that 1 have
se*n is in the fine collection made by Mr. Christopher J. Wood, while attached
to Capt. T. J. Page's La Plata Expedition, which is now in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution.*

V.— Genus STURNELLA, Vieillot.
(Genus Sturnella, Vieill. Analyse p. 34.)
1. Sturnella.

1. Sturnella ludoviciana, (Linnaeus.)

Sturnus ludovicianus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 290, (1766.)
Alauda magna, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 167, (1758.)
Cacicus alaudarius, Daud. Tr. D'Orn. ii. p. 325, (1800.)
Sturnella collaris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 203, (1819.)
Catesby, Carolina, pi. 33. Buff. pi. Enl. 256. Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 90.
Wilson Am. Orn. iii. pi. 191. Aud. B. of Am. pi. 136. Oct. ed iv. pi. 223.

An abundant bird of Eastern North America, carefully described by the
authors cited above, and by Prof. Baird in Birds of N. A. p. 535, and accu-
rately figured as above given. The specific name " magna," has undoubted
priority for this species, and I only object to it and do not use it at present on
account of its singular inappropriateness to this bird as a species of the genu9
Sturnella or Little Stare. Sturnella magna, or Great Little Stare, strikes me as
approaching absurdity, if that is possible, or any fault in ornithological nomen-
clature ! I will in no wise molest scientific persons whose tastes may be differ-
ent in this matter, however, and so promise.

This bird is nearly related to all of the next four species of this genus,
equally in structure and in colors, and it would be difficult to describe by
positive characters either spf-cies of this group, so as to insure recognition
absolutely, or without comparative characters being given. All the species
can be identified from the excellent descriptions in Ibis, 1861, p. 179, by Dr.
Sclater of London, and the best descriptions of the two species of the United
States are by Prof. Baird in Birds of N. A. p. 535. No other genus or sub-
genus of this family presents so many spec:es of such uniformity of structure
and similarity of colors, and there are, assuredly, few such in the entire king-
dom of birds.

2. Sturnella neglecta, Audubon.

Sturnella neglecta, Aud. B. of Am. Oct. ed. vii. p. 339, (1844.)
Aud. B. of Am. Oct. ed. vii. pi. 489.
An abundant bird of Western and Central North America. Generally paler

* Lampropsar Warczewiczi, Cab. Jour. Orn., 1861, p. 83, may be another species of this gruip.

1866.]

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

colored than the preceding, and with the transverse markings of the upper
parts narrower, and, as pointed out by Prof. Baird, (B. of N. A. p. 538), the
yellow of the throat seems generally to extend around under the eye and at
the base of the under mandible in this bird more than in S. ludovieiana. The
two species are about the same size.

Numerous specimens in the Academy Museum and in the Museum Smithso-
nian Institution. In the central regions of North America it is possible that a
hybrid race between the two species may be produced, to be referred with
about equal propriety to either. Usually, and having some degree of experi-
ence with these two species, it is not difficult to distinguish them at sight,
though such consummation to be surely brought about, would require elabo-
rate descriptions in words.

:!. Stursella hippocrepis, Wagler.

Sturnella hippocrepis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. '281.

Smaller than either of the preceding, and having the pectoral black collar
much more narrow. This species is very nearly related to the next succeed-
ing (S. mexicana,) and can scarcely be distinguished from it by any characters
which seem to be reliable. It is, howerer, in my opinion, clearly distinct from
S. ludovieiana and S. neglec/a, and all the characters are present in the speci-
mens before me, which are stated with his usual great clearness and accuracy
by Mr. Lawrence, in an interesting memoir on the birds of Cuba, in Annate
N. Y. Lyceum, vii. p. 266. In the present species the tertiaries are nearly or
quite equal in length to the primaries, while in S. ludovieianus they are much
shorter, which character is especially stated by Mr. Lawrence and seems to be
quite correct.

Numerous specimen? from Cuba are in the Museum Smithsonian Institution,
and this bird seems to be peculiar to that island. The peculiarities pointed
out by Mr. Lawrence stand good in all specimens of this bird now under
examination.

4. Sturnella mexicana Sclater.

Sturnella mexicana, Sclat. Ibis, 1861, p. 79.
Very nearly related to the preceding, (S. hippocrepis,} if distinct, and I give
it, at present, as a species provisionally only. Smaller than 5. ludovieiana and

5. neglccta, but perhaps rather more closely resembling the latter in colors.
Pectoral black collar narrow. The colors of the upper parts seem to be less
clearly defined, and of a slightly different style and pattern from the preceding,
and it may bear about the same relation to that species (S. hippocrepis} that
5. neglecta does to &. ludovieiana. Such relation I hold to be rather probable
from the specimens now at hand.

Specimens from Mexico in Academy Museum, and in Museum Smithsonian
Institution from Mexico and Guatemala.

5. Sturnella meridionals, Sclater.

Sturnella meridionalis, Sclat. Ibis, 1861, p. 79.
Quite distinct, in my opinion, from either of the preceding. Fu)ly as large,
apparently, as S. ludovieiana, with the tarsus slightly longer, and larger toes and
claws, bill longer and more pointed. Black pectoral collar narrow as in

5. hippocrepis and S. mexicana, but with tertiaries short as in S. ludovieiana.
One specimen from Brazil, in Museum Smithsonian, and others of doubtful

locality, but South American, in Museum Academy. This species seems to be
the peculiar South American form, and is apparently rather the largest bird of
this closely allied group. Its characters are carefully and accurately stated by
Dr. Sclater of London, as above cited, though the species seems to be little
known to ornithologists.

2. Trupialis.

(Genus Trupialis, Bousp. Consp. Av. i. p. 429.)

6. Sturnella militaris, (Linnaeus.)

Sturnus militaris, Linn. Mant. p. 527, (1771.)

[March ,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25

Well known as a bird of Chili and other countries of Western South America.
In this species the under wing coverts are white, and the fine scarlet of the
throat and breast extends over the abdomen.

Numerous specimens in the Academy Museum, and in Museum Smithsonian
Institution.

7. Sturnella loyca, (Molina.)

Sturnus loyca, Mol., Dizz. Stor. Nat. Chili, (1782,) 2d ed. p. 212, (1810.)

Sturnella bellicosa, De Filippi.

Pezites brevirostris, Cab., Mus. Hein., p. 191, (1850.)

Leistes albipes, Philip, et Landb. Trosch. Archiv., 1863, p. 128?
This is apparently a smaller bird than the preceding, with a shorter and
thicker bill, and the scarlet of the under parts is restricted to the throat, neck
and breast, not extending on the abdomen as in the preceding. One fine ap-
parently adult specimen now before me has the tibise clear white on their inner
surfaces, mottled with black on their outer, in which plumage it seems to be
Leistes albipes, Philip, et Landb., as above cited. The under wing coverts are
white, as in the preceding.

The synonymy of this species I find to be difficult, but it is not improbable
that it was first described by Dr. Cabanis as above cited, authors to the con-
trary notwithstanding. Specimens in Mus. Acad.

8. Sturnella De Filippii, (Bonaparte.)

Trupialis defllippii, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 429 (1850.)
Easily distinguished from either of the two preceding by its black under wing
coverts. Specimens from Brazil in Museum Academy.

3. Amblyramphus.
(Genus Amblyramphus, Leach, Zool. Misc. p. 81, 1815.)

9. Sturnella holosericea, (Scopoli.)

Xanthornus holosericeus, Scop. Flor. et Faun. Insub. p. 88, (1786.)
Oriolus ruber, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 388, (1788.)
Amblyramphus bicolor, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 82, (1815.)
Sturnus pyrrhocephalus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 18, (1823.)
Sturnella rubra, Vieill. Ency. Meth. ii. p. 635, (1823.)
Leistes erythrocephalus, Swains. Cab. Cy. Birds, ii. p. 275, (1837.)
Leach. Zool. Misc., i. pi. 36.

Numerous specimens of this apparently common species are in the Academy
Museum from Brazil. Easily recognized when adult, by its brilliant scarlet
head, and tibiae and black body. The young is nearly uniform dull black, the
scarlet generally first appearing on the throat and forehead.

This species ends the subfamily Agelaiinae, but I am not quite confident
that the genera or subgenera Creadion, Vieillot, and Amblycercus, Cabanis, do
not belong here. Such may be the case also with Hypopyrrhus, Bonaparte.
At present, however, my impression is, that all of these have greater affinities
in other groups of the family Icteridce.

A Critical Review of the Family PROCELLARIID.E :— Part III ; embracing

the FULMARE.E.

BY ELLIOTT COUES, A. M., M. D.

[Continued directly from page 144 of these Proceedings for 1864.*]

The Fulmarece, as I would define them, form a group of the Procellarina
represented as far as is now known by only three genera. These are Fulma-
rus, Thalassoica and Ossifraga ; all closely allied in general form and propor-

* The writer's protracted residence in Arizona, where books and specimens were alike unat-
tainable, has unavoidably delayed until now the continuation of the series of papers begun in
1864. Efforts will now be made to finish the subject.

1866.]

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

tiona, though presenting considerable diversity in coloration. The genus
Adamas'or which has been placed among the Fulmars by Bonaparte, seems,
as I have attempted to show in a previous paper,* to fall mo -t naturally among
the Puffin fee ; being not widely separable from Majaqueus, which Bonaparte hini-
se'f (C«ms;). Av. ii. p. 200) places among the Shearwaters. The position of the
somewhat anomalous genus Daption is a little uncertain ; possessing, as it
does, some of the characteristics of the present group. I am of opinion, however,
that it is most naturally to be included with the sEstrelatece, uuder which
section I shall hereafter consider it.

The section Fulmar e<e then, as thus constituted, is composed of large or
moderate sized species, having a form very stout, compact, and robust, and
being nearly always very light colored. It is apparently the section of Petrels
most closely allied to the Laride, and forming the connecting link between
the two families. Particularly in the genus Tkalassoica U the Laridine
aspect very marked.

The bill is always large and robust. The unguis of the upper mandible
is strong, very convex in profile, and much hooked at the extremity. That of the
lower mandible is never much attenuated nor decurved, with the outline of
the gonys decidedly concave ; hut is short, stout, obtuse, with a straight as-
cending gonys. The nasal tubes are prominent, wide, long, vertically truu-
cated, usually emarginated at their end ; the nasal septum very thin and deli-
cate. The wings are of mo lerate length, reaching when folded about to the end
of the tail ; the primaries are very broad. The tail is short ; more or less
rounded ; of 14 to 16 feathers, all of which are broad and subtruncated at their
extremities. The feet are comparatively small and weak. The tarsus is
slender, compressed, reticulated, shorter than the middle toe. The outer toe
is as long or longer than the middle one. The tip of the inner claw about
reaches to the base of the middle.

Of the three genera which I regard as the components of this section, Ossi-
fraga has 16 rectrices, while Fulmarus and Tkalassoica have but 14. Of Ful-
marus we at present know three species ; of Tkalassoica, two ; while Ossifraga
has but a single representative. The section is cosmopolitan.

FULMARUS Leach.

Procellaria sp., Auctorum ; nee Linn.

Fulmarus, Leach, Stephen's Gen. Zool, 1825, xiii. p. 233. Type Proc. glacialis L.

Rhantistes, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, p. 37. Same type.

Gtn. Ckar. Bill about two-thirds as long as the head, three-fourths as long
as the tarsus ; short, very stout, exceedingly robust at the base, where it is
higher than broad ; the lateral laminae of the upper mandible especially large,
and swollen ; the unguis short, very stout, convex in outline, commencing to
rise almost from the nostrils; commissure greatly curved; the outline of
inferior mandibular rami a little concave ; the gonys ascending ; the sulci of
both mandibles deep and distinct ; the nasal tubes long, nearly half the cul-
men, prominent, inflated, their dorsal outline about straight, their apex emar-
ginate, vertically truncated ; the nasal septum very thin. Wings of moderate
length ; reaching when folded about *o end of tail ; the primaries very broad
at their bases, somewhat rapidly tapering to their rounded tips. Second pri-
mary nearly as long as the first. Tail of 14 rectrices, all broad, subtruncated ;
the lateral ones somewhat graduated. Feet rather small and weak ; the
tibiae exposed for a short distance ; the tarsi slender, moderately compressed,
about three fourths as long as the middle toe and claw. Outer toe and claw
about equal to middle toe and claw ; the toe alone longer than the middle
without its claw. Inner toe very short, the tip of its claw barely reaching to
the base of the middle claw. Hallux short, only observable as a stout obtuse
subcorneal claw.

* Vide Pr A. N. S I'h. f -r April, 1864, p. 117.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 27

Large in size, and very robust in form. Colors white and light pearl blue,
with darker primaries.

As above defined, the genus Fulmarus is restricted to its type glacialis,
and tlie two other closely allied species pacificus and Itodgersii.

As is the case with all the genera of the family, the name Procellaria has
been applied to the present genus. As I have already indicated,* I consider P.
pelagica and its congeners as typical of the genus Procellaria. Fulmarus appears
to be the first distinctive appellation of the present group ; having priority
over Rhantistes of Kaup.

The type of this genus is subject to variations in size, etc., remarkable even
in this variable family. In consequence, several races or varieties have been
described aud named ; which I think are properly to be included under glaci-
alis. 1 recognize as valid the three following species.

Fdlmarus glacialis (Linn.) Steph.

Procellaria glacialis, Linn., S. N. 176(3, p. 213 ; et auct. nee Pall., nee Forst.
Fulmarus glacialis, Stephens, Gen. Zool. 1826, xiii. p. 234, pi. 27. Bona-
parte, Consp. Av. ii. 1856, p. 187 ; et al. auct. recent.
Fulmarus glacialis, var. Audubonii, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1856, ii. p. 187.
Fulmarus glacialis var. minor, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1856, ii. p. 187.
"Procellaria minor, Kjaerb," fide 13p.
"Procellaria h!/emalis,,' Brehm.

Habitat. North Atlantic Ocean.

This species has served as the basis of so many nominal species, caused by
its great variations, that, although no description of it is needed, it may bo
well to notice the differences to be found whenever large series are compared.

Examination of numerous specimens convinces me that the differences in
color are those of age and season chiefly if not wholly ; since the species passes
very gradually from the uniform dull greyish brown of youth to the pure white
and pearly blue of the adult condition. There do not seem to be any very
well defined stages during this transition. Birds of the year, before the autum-
nal moult, are entirely fuliginous gray, lighter beneath, with darker margins to
the feathers of the back and wing coverts. The tail is about concolor with
the rest of the plumage. There is an angular anteocular black spot. The bill
and feet are of a dull yellowish or ashy brown. After the moult, the pearly
blue of the back extends upon the nape and head ; (just as it does in Rissa
tridactyla ;) and the upper tail coverts, and the rectrices are of the same color.
The primaries are colored the same as in the mature bird. Spring and summer
adults have the pearl blue restricted to the back and wing coverts ; other parts
of the body being pure white. The distribution of colors is then just as in
Larus canus, argentatus, etc. The dark anteocular spot however seems perma-
nent. The bill is wholly yellow ; the feet yellow with a bluish tint.

The variations in size are carefully to be noted ; since, taken in connection
with a varying length and robustness of bill, they have given rise to nominal
species. The average length appears to be about 16'5 inches; there is how-
ever a margin of one or even two inches both above and below this standard
to be allowed. The wing measures from the carpal joint to the tip of the
longest primary, from rather less than 11 to 12-5 inches. The average length
of the bill (chord of the culnien) is 1*5 ; but it may be l-33 or 1-66, with a
corresponding difference in robustness. Young birds are always weak-billed.
The tail ranges from about 4 to about 5 inches. The average of the tarsus is
about 2 inches : of the middle toe without its claw, 2*25 ; both varying to
the extent of a fourth of an inch or rather more. The feet however as a general
rule differ less in dimensions than other parts.

The synonomy of this species is very brief and uninvolved ; the points re-

• Proc. A. N. S. Philad'a. March, 1864, p. 79.

1866.]

I

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

quiring considerations being hardly more than those relating to the varieties
or supposed species which have been separated from it.

I have before me a rather small and weak-billed specimenfrom Greenland,
which appears to be an example of what was called P. minor by Kjserb, or P.
glacialis var. viinor by Bonaparte. It has no claim that I can discover to be
considered as even a variety ; as the difference in size from the ordinary
standard is by no means uusual. In the var. Audubonii of Bonaparte — based
upon the bird used for the figures in Audubon's works — there is exhibited a by
no means unusual variation in size, or in strength of bill.

While I would thus consider the Atlantic Fulmars as representing but a
single species, nothing that I have found in an extensive series tends to invali-
date the claims of F. pacijicus to specific distinction.

Fdlmakus pacificus (Aud.) Lawr.

Procellaria glaciulis, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. ii., 1811, p 312.. Sed non Linn.

nee auct.
Procellaria pacijica, Audubon, Orn. Biog. v. p. 331. Id Bds. N. Amer. vii.

1844, p. 208.
Procellaria (Fuhnarus) pacifica, Lawrence in Baird s B. N. A. 1858, p. 826.
Fidmarus glacialis var. pacijicus, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. ii. 1856, p. 187.
? Procellaria glacialis (juniores), Kuhl, Beit. Zool., 1823, p. 141.

This species, though very closely allied to glacialis, and requiring a rather
careful comparison to distinguish it, yet appears to differ by constant char-
acters. It is nearly or quite as large as that species ; but the feet are, per-
haps, a little shorter and weaker. There seems to be a constant difference in
the shape of the bill ; which, though not much shorter, is considerably
weaker, more compressed, and more attenuated and decurved at the tip. The
inferior mandibular rami divaricate at a more acute angle. But I have not
been able, in examining quite a large series, among which is one of Audu-
bon's types, to find any distinctive characters in the nasal tubes ; the dorsal
outline of which does not appear to be straighter than that of the Atlantic
bird. In fact, one example of pacificus has a more concave tube than one of
glacialis, now before me ; nor can I discover that the carination of the tubes
is more marked in one species than in the other. One example of pacificus
shows no trace of any carination.

Some features of coloration are, perhaps, most distinctive of this species.
The upper parts are much darker in pacificus than in glacialis ; inclining to a
bluish cinereous rather than a pearly blue. The rump and upper tail
coverts, in lieu of being nearly pure white, are concolor with the middle of
the back, or even darker than it. The bend of the wing, and the secondaries
and tertials are somewhat deeper-colored than those of glacialis. The bill is
bright yellow, lightest on the unguis ; the root of which latter is bluish
horn-colored. The feet are bright yellow, only slightly obscured on the
outer aspect of the tarsus, and on the outer toe. The anteocular spot is
smaller and more indistinctly marked than in glacialis.

Young birds have the yellow of the bill obscured by brownish or greenish,
the unguis especially being quite dark, as are also the feet and toes. The
entire plumage is fuliginous grayish brown ; deepest on the side of the head ;
lighter on the under parts of the body, where there is considerable of a smoky
cinereous tint. Most of the feathers of the upper parts have cinereous or
pearly tips. Some of the tertials are more or less distinctly tipped with
grayish white. The remiges and rectrices are brownish black ; the former
lightest, inclining towards their tips to grayish. The primary shafts are
light brown, deepening in color at their apices. The under surfaces of the
primaries are cinereous gray.

I thus detail the differences I have been able to find between the two sup-
posed species, considering them as sufficient to establish a species ; though

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29

with equal reason they might be held as indicative of the extreme of varia-
tion of a single changeable type, and thus forming only a local race or geo-
graphical variety.

The Procellaria glacialis of Pallas in all probabilty refers to this species
rather than to the'true glacialis of Linnaeus. I also think that the "Procel-
laria glacialis, juniores ex America Septentrionali allatre, colore cineraseenti-
fuliginoso tincta) " of Kuhl's "Beitrage," p. 141, belongs here rather than to
the Thalassoica glacialoides to which Dr. Schlegel has referred it.

Fulmarus Rodgersii Cassin.

Fulmarus Rodgersii, Cassin, Cat. Birds North Pacif. U. S. Expl. Exped., in Pr.
A. N. S. Ph. 1862, p. 290.
Habitat. — North Pacific Ocean.

I have before me Mr. Cassin's original and type specimen. With exactly
the size and very nearly the form of F. glacialis, it differs from the latter
very decidedly in color, as will be seen by the following comparative de-
scription :

The bill is bright yellow, except the base of the unguis of the upper man-
dible, which is bluish black. The middle of the back, the scapular feathers
and some of the lesser wing coverts are a rather dark grayish ash, approach-
ing the hue that is most distinctive of pacijicus. The rump and upper tail
coverts are pure white. The rectrices are fuliginous grayish ash ; their inner
webs and their extreme apices whitish, their shafts wholly yellowish. The
whole of the tertials and the greater wing coverts are pure white ; the lesser
wing coverts and edge of the wing of the same color, but marbled with the
ashy hue of the back. The secondaries are white with yellow shafts; the
terminal half of their outer webs grayish brown. The primaries are dull
brownish black, their entire shafts yellow, their inner webs to within an
inch of their tips white. These markings of the primaries are much like
those of Thalassoica glacialoides. All the rest of the body is white. The
legs and feet are bright yellow ; the outer aspect of the tarsus, aud the outer
toe somewhat obscured by dusky. The nails are ochraceous brown.

Bill along chord of culmen 1*50 inches and hundredths ; from feathers on side
of lower mandible to its apex 140; nasal tubes *60 ; height of bill at base *80 ;
width about the same ; wing from the carpus 1225 ; tail 5*50 ; exterior
rectrices -75 shorter; tarsus 2-00 ; middle toe and claw 2-60 ; inner do. 220.
Some differences in the shape of the bill of this species are readily recog-
nizable. It is even stouter than that of glacialis, being at the base fully aa
wide as high ; and the lateral lamina? of the upper mandible is bulging and
convex rather than straight. The nasal tubes are larger, broader, more
depressed, with no traces of median longitudinal carination. Independently
of these discrepancies, it is to be distinguished from glacialis by the restric-
tion in extent and deep hue of the color of the back ; by the white tertials
and coverts, dark rectrices, yellow primary shafts, amount of white on inner
webs of primaries, etc.

But a single specimen is known to exist in any collection. No. 21304 of
the Smithsonian Register. From the North Pacific, the precise locality not
known.

THALASSOICA Reich.

Procellaria sp. auctorum.

Thalassoica, Reichentiach, Syst. Av. Type P. glacialoides, Smith.

Priocella, Homb. et Jacq. Same type ; fide Gr. R. Gray.

Gen. char. Bill slightly shorter than the head, or tarsus, about three-
fifths the middle toe and claw ; higher than broad at the base, compressed,
not very robust, its sides regularly tapering to the rather thin tip. Unguis
attenuated and only moderately hooked ; commissure a little curved, outline
of inferior mandibular rami, and of gonys, both slightly concave. Nasal

1866.]

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

tubes two-fiftlis as long as the culmen, basally wide and depressed, termin-
ally high and compressed. Feet rather small ; tarsus much compressed, as
long as the inner toe without the claw ; about three-fifths the middle toe.
Wings and tail as in Fulmariis.

This genus differs from Fulmarus in little except the bill ; in which, how-
ever, the distinction is well marked. The bill has, notwithstanding the
presence of the nasal tube?, an aspect which is Laridine to a degree not
found in any other genus of the family ; and the pattern of coloration in the
type of the genus is almost precisely that of a Larus.

Two species are known to compose the genus. Intimately allied in form,
thair colors are more widely diverse than is usually found to be the case in
congeners of this family.

Thalassoica glacialoides (Smith) Reich.

Procellaria glacialis, Forster, Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. 1844, p. 25, No. 21.

Nee Linn., nee auct. al.
Procellaria glacialis, Var. B., Gm. S. N. i. 1788, p. 563. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

1760, p. 823.
Procellaria glacialoides, Smith, Illust. S. Afric. Bds. t. 51.
Thalassoica glacialoides, Reich. Syst. Av. Bonaparte Consp. Av. 1856, ii.

p. 192.
Thalassoica glacialoides var. polaris, Bp. Consp. Av. 1856, ii., p. 192.
Thalassoica glacialoides var. tenuirostris. Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1856, ii.

p. 192.
Procellaria tenuirostris, Audubon, Orn. Biog., 1839, v., p. 333. Id. Birds

North Amer. vii. 1844, p. 210, (fig. nulla.) Lawrence, in Baird's

B. N. A., 1858, p. 826.
Procellaria Smithi, Schlegel, Monog. Proc. Mus. Pays Bas, 1863, p. 22.
Priocella Garnoti, Homb. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, pi. 32, fig. 43 ; fide G. R. Gray.
Habitat. — Southern hemisphere generally, apparently replacing the F.
glacialis. Columbia River and whole Pacific Coast of North and South Ame-
rica. Cape Horn. Cape of Good Hope. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Africa.
Not in the North Atlantic?

The sulci on the 6ides of the bill, uniting the lateral laminae with the un-
guis, are remarkably narrow, shallow, and indistinct ; and the bill in other
respects calls forcibly to mind that of a small Larus argentatus. The colors of
the back, and of the primaries even to the white spaces on their inner webs,
and the size and shape of the feet and tail are rather those of a Laridine than
& Procellaridine bird.

Nasal tubes a third the length of the culmen, basally broad and depressed :
terminally narrower and elevated ; their dorsal outline concave, subcarinated,
their tip deeply emarginated ; nasal septum very thin, and so short as not to
reach the end of the nasal tube. Culmen flattened from tube to unguis ; latter
much elevated and very convex. Shape of lower mandible that of Larus.
Tarsus much compressed, shorter than middle toe without its claw ; hardly
exceeding the inner toe alone. Outer toe without its claw longer than the
middle. Folded wings reach to end of tail. Primaries broad, tapering rather
suddenly to their rounded apices. Tail contained 1\ times in the wing from
the carpal joint.

Bill yellow ; nasal tube, unguis and sometimes basal portion of superior
lateral mandibular laminae, bluish horn. Feet yellow. Upper parts uniform
clear pearl blue ; exactly the shade that obtains in some species of Larus.
This color begins as a faint wash or shading on the nape, deepening as it pro-
ceeds backwards until on the interscapular region it has gained its full inten-
sity ; which continues undiminished over the whole back, rump, wing coverts,
tertials and tail coverts, to the tips of the rectrices themselves. The feathers
just along the edge of the wing, however, are grayish slate. Primaries black,

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31

their shafts yellowish white at the base, changing to black towards their apices ;
their inner webs pearly white near their tips. This white on the first primary
extends to within two inches of the tip ; on the rest successively extends nearer
the tip of each, till on the innermost it occupies the whole web. Secondaries
slaty black on their outer, white on their inner webs. Elsewhere the bird is
pure white ; except a small anteocular dusky spot ; and a faint shade of pearl
gray on the sides of the breast and body, and on the flanks.

Dimensions. Length 18 to 19 inches, extent of wings about 36. Bill along
culuien 2, from feathers on side of lower mandible l-75 ; its height or width
at base '70; nasal tubes *66. Wing from the carpus 13. Tail 5-25. Tarsus 2 ;
middle toe and claw 2*60 ; outer 2-70 ; inner 2*25.

There is no other species towards which the present bears an intimate re-
semblance. Th. antarctica is exceedingly dissimilar in color, though so nearly
the same in form. The generic peculiarities — especiallyof the bill — of Fuhna-
rus glacialis er pacificus at once distinguish the latter.

Synonymy. The Proc. glacialis of Forster's Descriptiones Animalium is un-
doubtedly this species. The expressions regarding the nasal tube — " coerules-
cens in rostro incarnato,*— apice uigro"; and regarding the primaries — " fusco-
nigrae, margine interiore albido, " are quite inconsistent with the true glacialis.
This is the only instance I have met with of the application of the name " gla-
cialis " to this species.

The Procellaria tenuirostris Audubon is most certainly this species. I have
compared Audubon's type specimen with specimens of undoubted ghcialoides
from various localities. Mr. Cassin has shown (U. S. Expl. Exp. 1858, Birds,
p. 409) that possibly Audubon's designation lias priority over that of timith.

I do not suppose that the var. polaris of Bonaparte's Couspectus is in any
way diverse fr- m the true glacialoides.

I hardly know upon what grounds Dr. Schlegel has laid aside the prior names
of this species to give it the appellation " JSmithi."

Thalassoica Antarctica Reich.

Procellaria antarctica, Gmelin, S. N. 1788, i. p. 565 ; et auct.
Thalassoica antarctica, Reicheubach, Syst. Av. t. 22, fig. 790. Bonaparte,
Consp. Av. 1856, ii. p. 192.

In this species there is the same general character of the nasal tube as in
T. glacialoides ; though it is comparatively a little broader and shorter, and
somewhat less carinated on the median dorsal line. The sulci uniting the
different laminae of the bill are ratber deeper and more distinct, taking away
something of the Laridine aspect, so marked in the other species. The lateral
rostral lamina is wider at its base, and tapers more rapidly to the acute apex
by which it is united to the unguis. The tip of the lower mandible is more
decurved, and the gonys is a little concave.

The coloration of this species is so peculiar, and so widely dissimilar from
any other Procellaridian, that it is needless to give any description here. The
species has I believe no important synonyms.

OSSIFRAGA Hombr. et Jacq.

Procellaria sp. Gmelin, et auct.
Ossifraga, Hombron et Jacquinot.

Char. Tail of 16 recti ices, moderately long, rounded. Win2;s rather short,
and not very pointed. Tarsi short, much less than the middle toe without ita
claw ; compressed, stout, reticulated. Bill as long or rather exceeding the
tarsus, very robust ; the nasal case very long, depressed, carinated, the aper-
ture small. Of immense size and powerful organization.

• "Bill black and flesh-colored, the latter hue f>ding to whitish on drying," I find on the
label of a specimen collected by the North Pac fie Exploring Expedition. I note this her*
became the bill is generally described as ''yellowish" and to sh^w how pertinent is forater'e ex-
pression •' incarnato, apice nigro."

1866]

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEM1 OP

But a single species of this genus is known ; which in size vastly exceeds
all other Procellarince, and is only itself surpassed by the Diomedince.

Ossifraga gigantea (6m.) Reich.

Procellaria gigantea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 563. Lawrence, Birds N. A.

1858, p. 825, et al. auct.
Ossifraga gigantea, Reichenbach, Syst. At. t. 20, fig. 332. Bonaparte, Consp.

Av. 1855, ii. p. 186.
? Procellaria brasiliana, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 821, No. 2. Gm. S. N.

i. 178, p. 564.
Procellaria ossifraga, Forster, Descr. Anim Ed. Licht., 1844, p. 343.
" Quebranthuesos ; '' " Bonebreaker." Vdlgo.
Habitat. Chiefly the Southern Seas. Has been taken off the Coast of Oregon.
Bill exceedingly robust, compressed, higher than broad at the base ; longer
than the head, rather longer than the tarsus (chord of the arc of the culmen
about equal to the tarsus ;) sulci separating the rostral laminae very distinctly
defined. Nasal case very long, more than half the length of the culmen* ;
basally exceedingly broad, being nearly as wide as the bill ; narrowing ante-
riorly to the small nearly circular apical orifice ; on the upper surface so flattened
as to be a little concave ; the median carination strongly marked, though the
ridge is rather broad than sharp, and more elevated anteriorly than at the
base ; the apex of the case vertically truncated, not emargined. The frontal
feathers extend in an obtuse angle a little way upon the root of the case.
Uuguis large and strong, its dorsal outline very broad and not sharp ; regularly
decurved, its tip rather obtuse. Commissure much sinuated for its whole
length. Gape of mouth moderate, the angle of the commissure falling far
short of the eye. Outline of lower mandibular runi about straight: angle of
gonys obtuse, its dorsal outline straight, ascending. Feathers of the chin ex-
tending quite to the symphysis. Feet very large and stout. Tibia? bare for
a considerable portion of their extent. Tarsus short, stout, much compressed,
reticulated : the plates minute posteriorly and superiorly ; larger and trans-
versely very broad on the infero-anterior aspect. Toes very long ; the outer
with its claw as long as the middle ; its claw alone shorter than that of the
middle toe. Webs full. Hallux a very stout, nearly straight, subcorneal,
obtuse claw. Wings short ; not very pointed : when folded falling considerably
short of the end of the tail. Tail of moderate length, or rather short for this
group ; much graduated ; of 16 instead of as usual 14 feathers.

Dimensions. Averasing about 3 feet in length by 7 in extent. Bill 3^
to 4 inches. Tarsus 3 \. Middle toe and claw 5| : outer do. about the same ;
inner do. 4^. Wing from the carpal joint about 20 inches.

The species is found in quiie diverse states of plumage. The upper parts are
of a varying shade of brown, and more or less mottled with dull white, the
edges and tips of many of the feathers being thus colored. Often however there
are no traces of this white mottling, and the dorsal plumage is of a uniform
sombre fuliginous. The wings and tail seem to be nearly always plain dark
brown. In adult birds the under parts, and a portion of the neck in front are
white. The amount of this white varies with age ; and young or immature
birds have the whole under parts similarly colored with the rest of the body ;
though tiie hue is usually rather lighter and duller. The gradations in color
between old and young are very gradual ; scarcely any two specimens, not
perfectly mature, being found exactly alike. The feet of some specimens are
yellowish, more or less obscured by dusky ; of others are uniform fuliginous
brownish black. The bill is yellow in all the specimens I have seen. As a re-
markable state of plumage which I do not recollect to have seen given, I may in-
stance a specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, which is pure white, all over,

• But its length seems liable to Home c msiier.ible variation. I believe it always extends nearly
or quite to the root of the ungu.s.

[ March .

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33

even to the wings and tail ; the continuity of the white only interrupted by a
few isolated brown feathers sparsely scattered at irregular intervals over the
body. Other specimens in the Academy Museum are in very nearly the
plumage described by Gmelin and Latham as P. Brasiliana ; so that there can
be little doubt of the propriety of referring the latter to tbis species.*

The species and genera treated of in this paper are so few and so well known
that an analytical synopsis does not seem to be required.

(To be continued.)

Description of twelve new species of TJNIONIDJi: from South America.

BY ISAAC LEA.

The species described and figured in this paper were procured in South
America by Don Patricio M. Paz, of Madrid, and very obligingly submitted to
me. Some of them fortunately were in alcohol, thus preserving the soft pans,
which are of great interest. These have been carefully examined and described,
and it will be observed that the South American characteristics of the outer
hard parts, as well as the included soft parts, which seem to pertain to the
Uniones of that continent, are here exhibited. I allude more particularly to the
round palpi, or mouth lips, and the divergent folds of the tips of the beaks, neither
of which have I observed in our North American species. Very little atten-
tion, heretofore, has been given to the soft parts of the Unionidce of South
America, and none to the embryonic shell, except by myself. M. d'Orbigny, in his
Voyage dans V Amerique 3Ieridional, has imperfectly described and figured the
soft parts of some of the genera. Spix, in his Testacea Fluviatilia Braziliensia,.
takes no notice of the soft parts of the species, which he describes and figures
with much accuracy.

Unio pecdliaris. — Testa laevi, quadrata, compressiuscula, ina?quilaterali,
postice obtuse angulata, antice rotunda : valvulis crassiusculis, antice aliquantc
crassioribus ; natibus subprominentibus, ad apices divaricati uudulatis ; epi-
detmide virido-fusca, eradiata; demibuscardinalibus parviusculis, compressis,
obliquis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis curvis-
que ; margarita crerul -o-alba et iridescente.

Embryonic Shell subtriangular, light brown ; dorsal line rather long and
straight ; side margins irregular and unequal — one being a segment of a
circle, the other an irregular curve line — forming an obtuse angle at the base ::
basal margin obtusely angular and furnished with hooks ; granulate over the
whole surface.

Bab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

This very peculiar and unique form is now for the first time observed. Its-
unequal lateral margins give it an abnormal and lapsided appearance, totally
differing in this from any other species known to me.

Unio firmus. — Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, valde inaequilaterali, postice
et antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice aliqnanto crassioribus;
natibus prominulis ; epidermide viiidi-fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardiualibus
subcrassis, compressis ; in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus longis,
lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita argentea et valde iridescente.

Ilab. — South America, Don Patiicio M. Paz.

Unio rtgososolcatus. — Testa sulcata, triangulari, subinflata, subequila-
terali, postice biangulata, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis percrassis,
antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus ; epidermide olivacea, ruyoso sul-
cata, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, rugosis, elevatis ; later-

* Bonaparte (Cunsp. Av. ii. p. 172) makes tne ProceUaria brasiliana Gm. Lath, to be the bird
now known as Graculus or Phulacrocorax brasilianus.

1866.]

34 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

alibus sublongis, subcrassis, lamellatis subcurvisque; margarita argentea
et iridescente.

Hab. — Central America? Don Patricio M. Paz.

Unio appkimus. — Testa laevi, elliptica, inflata, inaequilaterali, postice emar-
ginata, obtuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis percrassis, antice crassi-
oribus ; natibus subprominentibus, ad apices divaricate undulatis ; epidermide
castanea, micanti, substriata, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus grandi-
bus et valde partitis ; lateralibus praelongis, lamellatis, curvatis et decore
grannlatis; margarita argentea et iridescente.

Hab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

Unio locellus. — Testa lsevi, elliptica, valde inflata, inaequilaterali, postice
subrotundata, antice subtruncata; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus subprominenti-
bus, tumidis, ad apices divaricate undulatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca,
obsolete radiata, antice striata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, valde compressis,
valde obliquis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus parviusculis, lamel-
latis; margarita caeruleo-alba et iridescente.

Ilab. — Butnos Ajres, South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

Unio parous. — Testa laevi, late elliptica, subinflata, valde inae^uilaterali ;
postice subrotundata, antice roiunda; valvulis subtenuibus, antice aliquanto
crassioribus ; natibus prominulis, ad apices divaricate undulatis; epidermide
polita, tenebroso-oliva, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, obliquis
lamellatisque ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita caeruleo-
alba et iridescente.

Hab. — South America, Don Pntricio M. Paz.

Unio acotirostris. — Testa laevi, oblonga, ad latere compressa, valde inae-
quilaterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice truncata ; valvulis crassiusculis,
antice crassioribus ; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, nigris-
cente, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus, parviusculis, in utroque valvulo sul-
cato divergente; lateralibus praelongis aliquanto curvatis granulatisque ;
margarita alba et valde iridescente.

Hab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

Unio ampuli.aceus. — Testa lsevi, suboblonga, valde inflata, inEequilaterali,
postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice cras-
sioribus; natibus subprominentibus, inflatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca,
rugoso- striata, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis, lamellatis
corrugatisque; margarita alba et iridescente.

Ilab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

Unio Paraguayensis. — Testa laevi, elliptica, inflata, sublenticular!, valde
inasquilaterali, postice et antice rotundata; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassi-
oribus; natibus vix prominentibus ; epidermide viridi-fusca, obsolete radiata ;
dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, obliquis, compressi3, in utroque valvulo
duplicibus; lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis curvisque; margarita argentea
et valde iridescente.

Hab. — -Paraguay, South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

Monocondyloia LENTiFOKMis. — Testa laevi, rotundata, lenticulari, valde inas-
quilaterali, postice rotundata, antice curta rotundaque ; valvulis subcrassis,
antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus, ad apices acuminatis, retusis ;
epidermide tenebroso-oliva, striata, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvius-
culis, tuberculatis ; margarita albida et valde iridescente.

Hab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Paz.

Monocondylosa Pazii. — Testa laevi, obovata, inflata, valde inaequilateraM,
postice rotundata, antice curta rotundaque ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice ali-
quanto crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, tumidis, retusis ; epidermide

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35

tenebroso-oliva, striata, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, com-
presso-tuberculatis, subelevatis ; margarita alba et valde iridescente.
Hab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Pas.

Anodonta Pazii. — Testa laevi, subrotunda, valde inflata, ineequilaterali,
postice et antice rotundata^ valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus subprominentibus,
acuminatis; epideraaide tenebroso-rufo-fusca, eradiata, striata; margarita,
punicea et formossissime iridescente.

Hab. — South America, Don Patricio M. Paz,

FASH ©RNITHOLOGI.E.

BY JOHN CASSIN.

Woe be to the man who reads but one book 1 — Rev. George Herbert.
My starvling bull,

Alack for me,
In pasture full
How lean is hel

Rev. Thomas FuUer.

No. 2.

Bes Naturforschee.

A Journal for Natural History^ edited by J. C. D, Schreber and J. E. J. Walck,

" Der Naturforscher " was published at Halle from the year 1774 to 1804,
that is to say, during a period of thirty years, one part or volume every year,
though it is usually bound in fifteen volumes, octavo. Each of the thirty parts
is, however, separately paged and has a title page and date of its own, and must
be considered and treated as a volume for all practical purposes. The first thir-
teen volumes are edited by Walch, the last seventeen by Schreber, both of whom
■are contributors of a large number of papers in various departments of the Zoo-
logical and Botanical Sciences. In Zoology the papers of both are mainly on
groups of the Invertebrata, but the latter occasionally has a valuable article on
other subjects and higher orders of animals, and is the eminent and successful
author of sta«dard and elaborate work3 on Mammalogy.

The illustrations in this Journal are generally very superior, many of the
colored plates, of Insects and Shells especially, being much above the average
of those of a similar description to be found in books of the last century, and
all of them seem to be quite sufficient for the easy recognition of species.
There are about one hundred and fifty plates in the series, nearly all of which
are carefully colored, those of Insects being the most numerous, but of Shells,
also, there are a very considerable number. Special allusion will be made to
the plates of Birds towards the end of this paper. Of the contents of the en-
tire work as published, Indices and " Registers" are given at the end of every
tenth volume, apparently very copious and accurate, and from which it appears
that no less than sis hundred and four memoirs in all departments of Natural
History are contained in these thirty volumes. In Ornithology the contribu-
tions are not numerous, and contain but few descriptions of species, but of those
few descriptions, nearly all the names proposed would stand good were it not
for the recently exhumed names of Prof. P. L. S. Miiller. The authors of these
contributions are, for the greater part, quite unknowa in modern times as or-
nithological writers.

" Der Naturforscher " seems to have been a very considerable journal in its
day, and names amongst its contributors many naturalists of standard and de-
servedly 'nigh reputation. The memoirs on Conchological and Entomological
subjects are apparently the most valuable, and are certainly the most numerous
and most carefully illustrated. For better or worse it happens that compara-
tively few of its many papers are devoted to Ornithology, and a large majority

1866.]

36 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

of those are of a general or local character, relating mainly to European birds,
though several of them are highly interesting. In the entire series of .thirty
volumes, there are on'y seven descriptions of species presumed to have been
previously unknown, and which we give in a succeeding page of this article ;
and, also, we propose to give an inventory or general reckoning of the entire
ornithological contents of this periodical, not premising in the least that it is
either an extended or difficult enterprise. But as we have frequently seen this
Journal cited by the older authors, and even occasionally in books of recent
formation, (mostly conglomerate,) we have looked up these ornithological ar-
• tides to the end that hereafter they shall be seen truly, not only by ourselves,
but also by such others who, like us, may have found out that there i3 a differ-
ence between hearing and believing, and even between looking and seeing1.
Any one can look, but comparatively few, see, and, at least, light shall no longer
be wanting on " Der Naturforscher."

The words of our choice text for this interesting occasion, beloved brethren,
we shall not dwell upon nor enlarge upon, even not so much as might conduce
to solid profit in a moral sense; both somewhat of time and inclination being
wanting, and an homily, fortunately perhaps, not necessary. Who has suffered,
beloved, not for his fault, but thine ? And in the vast affluence of the field of
study and solid acquirement spread before thee, not only in the libraries and
museums established by the governments of all civilized nations, but in our
own times, in the countries of our native language and by our own contempo-
raries, such high souled and ever memorable men as Thomas B. Wilson and
Henry Bryant, John Henry Gurney and Osbert Salvin, art thou indeed but a
siarvling? We wait not for answer, but proceed about our business with some
soberness of thought, (and with recommendatory suggestion.)

Here follows a list of all the memoirs relating to Ornithology in this Journal,
and, at the end of that, a list of the species of Birds therein described, as cer-
tainly intended and supposed by the authors (but generally erroneously,) for
the first time.

List of memoirs on Ornithology in "Der Naturforseher" alphabetically arranged,
after a fashion, so far as relates to the writers of them.

Bechstein, J. M. Bergrath.

1. Bemerkungen uber die Motacillen, vol. xxvii. p. 38, (1793.)

Beckmans, Johann, Professor zu Gcettingen.

1. Linneische Synonjmie zu Kleins verbesserterHistorie der Voegel, vol. l.
p. 65,(1774.)
Bocks. Consistorialrath zu Kcenigsberg.

1 Preussiche Oruithologie, vol. viii. p. 39, (1776) ; ix. p. 39, (1776) ; xii.
p. 131, (1778); xiii. p. 201, (1779); xvii. p. 66, (1782.)

Gotz Georg Friedrich. Candidatus in Hanau, Lehrer der Durchlauchtigsten
Prinzessinnen zu Hessen-Cassel.

1. Anmerkungen zu des Herrn Professor Sanders zweytem Beytrag znr
Geschichte der Vogel im 13 ten Stuck desNaturforschers, S. 179, vol. xv.
p. 157, (1781.)

2. Forgesetzte Beytriige zur Ornithologie, vol. xix. p. 78, (1783.)

3. Ueber die anomalisch weissen Vogel, vol. xvi. p. 37, (1781.)

4. Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte des Mauerspechts, Certhia muraria, Linn,
vol. xvii. p. 40. (1782.)

5. Naturgeschichte des Silber und weifsen Phasans, vol. xvi. p. 122, (1781.)

6. " des Goldphasans, vol. xiv. p. 204, (1780.)

7. " des Kronvogels, Columba coronata, Linn., vol. xvii.
p. 32, (1782.)

Grillo, F. Professor.

1. Ornithologtsche Bemerkungen auf Veranlassung des Naturforschers be-
kannt gemacht, vol. xxii. p. 127, (1787); xxv. p. 13, (1791.)

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37

Giinthers, D. Friedrich Christian, Herzogl. Sachsen Coburgischen Hofraths und
Leibarztes zu Cahla.

1. Von der anomalisch-weissen Farbe der Voegel, vol. i. p. 54, (1774.)

2. Von der anomalisch-schwarzen Farhe der Voege', vol. ii. p. 1, (1774.)

3. Vom Creuzvoegel, dessen Nest und Eyern, vol. ii p. 66, (1774.)
Kuhn.

1. Von dem Gesange der Voegel, vol. xxi. p. 195, (1785.)

2. Von dem Kriinitz oder Krumschnabel (Loxia curvirostra,) vol. xxi. p.
197, (1785); xxii. p. 142, (1787.)

3. Von dem Nachtschatten, Ziegen-Meloker (Caprimulgus,) vol xxi. p. 199,
(1785.)

Leske.

1. Von den Jymphitischen Gefassen in den Vogeln, aus dem 58 Band der
philosophischen Transaction, vol. v. p. 188, (1775.)

Murr, Christian Gottleib, von.

1. Best'hreibung des Patagonischen Pinguins, aus dem 58 Band der
philosophischen Transactionen, vom Jahre 1769, vol. i. p. 258 (1774).

2. Von der beaten Art, Vogel in Sarumlungen aufzubehalten aus dem
Gentlemen's Magazine vom J. 1772. vol. i. p. 262.

3. Beytriige zur Thiergeschichte von Gstiudien, aus Pennant's Indian
Zoology, vol. i. p. 265.

4. Von den Nestern und Eyern der Vogel. Ein Auszug aus Herrn Thorn.
Pennant's Genera of Birds, vol. i. p. 284.

5. Vom Flitg der Vogel, vol. i. p. 291.

6. Von Ornithologischen Systemen, vol. i. p. 292.

Nau, B. S. Professor der Cameralwissenschaften zu Mainz.

1. Beitrage zu nahern Kenntniss der Naturgeschichte einheimscher
Voegel, vol. xxv. p. 7 (1791).

Otto, Doctor und Adjunct.

1. Abhandlung von den Abartender Kreutzschnabel, vol. xii. p. 92 (1778).

Pacius, Georg Friedrich.

1. Zwo vortheilhafte Arten Voegel und kleine vierfussige Thiere auszus-
topfen, vol. ii. p. 87 (1774).

Sanders, Professor zu Carlsruh.

1. Beytrage zur Geschichte der Voegel, vol. xi. p. 11 (1777), xiii. p. 179,
(1779), xviii. p. 232 (1782).

2. Beobachtes Gewicht einiger Vogel-Eyer, vol. xiv. p. 48 (1780).

Schrank, Franz von Paula, Kurpsalzbaierschen geistlichen Rathe.

1. Zoologische Beobachtungeu, vol. xviii. p. 66 (1782).

2. Ueber die anomalisch weisse Farbe der Voegel, vol. xxiii. p. 138

(1788).

Schreber, J. C. D.

1. Beytrage zur exotischen Ornithologie, vol. xvii. p. 12 (1782), xviii. p. 1.
(1782.)

Walch, J. E. J. Hofrath.

1. Von der anomalish-weissen Farbe der Voegel, vol. iv. p. 128 (1774).

2. Beytrage zur exotischen Ornithologie, vol. xi. p. 1 (1777), xiii. p. 11,
(1779), xvii. p. 12 (1782).

The following are the species described as previously unknown : —

1. Trogon fasciatus, Schreber, Naturforscher, xvii. p. 17 (1782).

Pencant Ind. Zool. p. 15, pi. 5.

Trogon fasciatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 405 (1788).

Harpactes fasciatus (Schreber) ! 1
1866.]

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

This name happens to be the same as that of Gmelin, but Schreber is tbe
first to apply it, and is, therefore, to be cited as authority. It is given by both
authors to the bird figured by Pennant as cited, but what that is cannot be so
easily settled.

2. Todus cristatus, Schreber, Naturfors. xvii. p. 21 (1T82).

Buff. PI. Enl. 289. Der Naturforscher, xvii. pi. 7.
Up to Gmelin, the synonomy of this species stands:

Muscicapa coronata, Muller, Syst. Nat. Supp. p. 168 (1776).
Todus cristatus, Schreb., Der Naturfors. xvii. p. 21 (1782.)
Todus regius, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 445 (1788.)
Muscivora coronata (Muller)! !

3. Xauthornus virens, Schreber, Naturfors. vol. xviii. p. 1 (1782.)

Buff. PL Enl. 328, Der Naturf. xviii. pi. 1.
The synonymy of this species is :

Oriolus viridis, Miiller, Syst. Nat. Supp. p. 87 (1776.)
Xanthomas virens, Schreb., Der Natuifors. xviii. p. 1 (1782.)
Oriolus viridis, Boddaert, Tab. PI. Enl. p. 20 (1783.)
Cassicus viridis, Vieill. Nour. Diet. v. p. 364 (1816.)
Oassicus viridis (Muller) I !
Muller comes in again several lengths ahead of Schreber and Boddaert.
and Vieillot is nowhere, though currently reported for about fifty years as
having won, by error of the judges. Both of S-chreberrs plates above cited
are recognizable and, in fact, much better than usual at the date of tbe per-
formance. This is the same Schreber famous as a Mammalogist, but the
papers here referred to are his only attempts at Ornithology, so far as I knowP
and so successful that bis three species here mentioned would have s-tood, but
for Prof. Miiller's long-neglected names.

4. Scolopax punctata, Nau, Naturfors. xxv. p. 1 (1791.)

" Scolopax rostro arcuato, gula rufescente, dorso fusco, punctis albis^
pedibus nigris.'' Hab. — Europe.
Probably the young or a seasonal plumage of Totanus ochropm, and also
probably the same plumage subsequently described as Tringa liltorea, Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 731. A full description is given in German, which seems
applicable, as we have stated. Professor Nau is or was well known as a.
Botanist, but this is his first and only appearance as an Ornithologist.

5. Motacilla longirostra, Bechstein, Naturfors. xxvii. p. 43 (1793.)

Quite an extended description of this species is given by Bechstein, but I
fail to recognize it, and do not find it again alluded to in the works of that
author. It is given as an European bird.

6. Motacilla Sibilatrix, Bechstein Naturfors. xxvii. p. 47 (1793.)

Sylvia sylvicola, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 53 (1801.)
Phjllopneuste sibillatrix (Becbst.) Brehm I

7. Motacilla Fitis, Bechstein, Naturfors. xxvii. p. 50 (1793.)

Motacilla Trochilus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 338 (1766)?
Phyllopneuste fitis (Bechst.) Brehm 1 I
The plates of birds are as follows :

Pipra rupicola, Linnaeus, vol. xL pi. 1.
Gracula carunculata, Gmelin, vol. xi. pi. 2.
Picus miniatus, Gmelin, vol. xiii. pi. 4.
Muscicapa coronata, Muller, vol. xvii. pi. 1.
Oriolus viridis, Mtiller, vol. xviii. pi. 1.

[Mai-el^

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

List of the BIRDS of Fort Whipple, Arizona : with which are incorporated

all other species ascertained to inhahit the Territory ; with brief

critical and field Notes, descriptions of new species, etc.

BY ELLIOTT COUES, A. M., M. D.
(Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army.)

The Territory of Arizona comprises that portion of what was formerly the
vast Territory of New Mexico lying west of the 109th meridian; together with
an extensive tract obtained from Mexico, known as the " Gadsden purchase."
As at present bounded, Utah and Nevada form its northern limit, while its
southern border is contiguous in its whole extent to the Mexican State of
Sonora. The Colorado River separates the greater portion of its western
border from California ; the extreme southwestern corner of the Territory
being at the junction of the Gila with the Colorado River.

The extensive area thus bounded, constitutes, in connection with New Mex-
ico, what is known, in relation to its Faunal characteristics, as the " South-
ern Middle Province" of the United States.* It possesses marked features
whereby it is distinguished from the western littoral Province, or Pacific
region proper, as well as from the Eastern Province. Most of the character-
istics of the Arizonian Avifauna are shared to a considerable degree by that
of New Mexico; the main points of discrepancy being those few wherein the
valley of the upper Rio Grande differs from that of the Colorado. It does
not appear that the difference between the two slopes of the main chain of
the Rocky Mountains is in this region very strongly marked. In general
terms it may be affirmed that the Ornis inclines in character decidedly to-
wards that of the Pacific region proper, as might be expected from the posi-
tion of Arizona relative to the main chain of the mountains just named. But
still notable differences from the truly littoral Fauna are apparent ; and there
can be little doubt that the presence of so extensive a desert just west of the
Colorado exerts much influence in producing this result. At certain points
however in this desert, some species, respectively typical each of its own
habitat, are known to meet.f The features, dependent upon latitude, which
separate Arizona from adjacent regions, to the north or south, are by no
means so marked as those which distinguish it from the countries lying east
and west, and mainly consist in the introduction into the lower warmer parts
of the Territory, from Sonora, of several Mexican and subtropical species. A
"wedge," so to speak, of these types is pushed a little northward of Mexico,
and they are readily recognizable as a somewhat prominent element among
the birds of Southern Arizona, and of the Colorado valley for a considerable
distance. Perhaps this is more deciedly the case here than at other points
on our southern border. A considerable number of species properly belong-
ing to the United States Fauna, and generally distributed throughout Ari-
zona, retire in winter beyond the Sonoran border ; while at the same time it is
interesting to note that some speciesj breed quite high up in Arizona, or even
further north, which are at the same time summer residents of the table lands
of Mexico. To the northward, neither the climate nor physical geography of

* See the American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xli., Jan. and March, 18fi6 ; " On the Dis-
tribution and Migration of North American Birds, by Spencer V. Baird," where the several pro-
vinces into which North America is divisible are characterized, and the peculiarities of their Avi-
faunae indicated.

■\ E. g. The Lnphortyx Gambeli and L. Californicus, and very probably also some species of
Jays; along theMojave River, which rises in the San Beinadino Mountains, and flows eastwanlly
towards the Colorado River, affording a degree of fertility which is an inducement to the species
just named and to others.

% E. g. Hesperiphona vespeitina, Carpodacus Cassinii, Curvirostra americana, Plectrophants
melanomus,etc.

1866.]

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Arizona are sufficiently diverse from those of adjacent Territories to produce
any special differences in their Avifaunae; unless indeed the apparent absence
of one family* can be substantiated as a marked peculiarity.

Some facts of physical geography have a marked influence upon the birds.
From the dearth of water throughout almost every portion of the Territory
tbere results, as a natural consequence, a great paucity of Grallatorial and
Natatorial forms ; so much so, that with a few prominent exceptions, a list of
the Water Birds of the Territory is little more than an enumeration of those
of the Colorado and Gila Rivers. There is also to be noted, as an interesting
fact, the effect of the hot, arid, desert wastes of the region of the Gila, and
Southern Arizona generally, upon the colors of the species found there. A
light, dull, apparently faded condition of plumage, in which some shade of
gray is a predominant tint, and all lines and streaks are more or less obsolete
in character, is met with in numerous instances, forming true local races or
varieties. In other casesj- the specific characters which distinguish birds of
this middle southern province from other closely allied species, partake in a
measure of this peculiarity.

Our knowledge of the Ornis of Arizona has been hitherto chiefly obtained
from the collections made by the naturalists attached to several of the United
states Government Surveys of various regions of the West. The expeditions
along the 35th and the 32d parallel passed through different portions of the
Territory; the Mexican Boundary Survey along its southern border; that of
the Colorado passed up the river to the head of navigation. The first men-
tioned of these, under Capt. A. W. Whipple, with Dr. C. B R. Kennedy and Mr.
H. B. Mollhausen as naturalists, passed very near the present site of Fort
Whipple; and its collections agree most closely with my own. Collections
of some private individuals have added materially to the results of these Ex-
plorations ; especially those of Dr. J. G. Cooper, who spent several months at
Fort Mojave, on the Colorado River, in latitude 35° N. To the observations and
collections of this gentleman I shall have frequent occasion to allude ; and I
am indebted to him for free access to his MSS. notes, which are of special in-
terest and value, not only as adding some species to my list, but as affording
an opportunity of comparing the birds of Fort Whipple with those of a point
in the Colorado valley, at nearly the same latitude ; whereby the effect of the
differences in physical geography is finely elucidated. My own observations,
made during the sixteen months I resided in Arizona, extend over the Ter-
ritory from east to west, chiefly near the line of the 35th parallel; and along
the valley of the Colorado from Fort Mojave to Fort Yuma. It was chiefly
at Fort Whipple, and the mountainous region of that vicinity, that my collec-
tions were made. This particular locality possesses a rich and varied Avi-
fauna; numerous features of which are quite peculiar, as might be expected
from the following facts regarding its situation and relations.

Fort Whipple is very nearly in latitude 34° 30/ N.. longitude 112° W. (from
Greenwich.) It is difficult to give an estimate of the altitude of the vicinity
with anything more than approximate accuracy, in consequence of the broken
and varied nature of the surface. It may be stated, in round numbers, as be-
tween 4000 and 5000 feet ; but in several directions, and more particularly
to the southward, there are confused masses of short mountain ranges or ab-
rupt isolated peaks, which rise far above the level indicated by the preceding
figures. The altitude of the San Francisco mountains, about sixty miles a
little east of north of Whipple, has been fixed at about 12,000 feet. The main
point of interest which attaches to this particular locality — Fort Whipple —

* The Telraoiiidie. I have never seen nor heard of a finale species of grouse in Arizona. But
the northern portions of the Territory are so imperfectly explored that it is not safe to assert their
entire absence. Dr. J. G. Cooper has seen the Centrocercus urophasianus ou the Mojave Kiver;
the southernmost point, 1 believe, from which it has thus far been recorded.

t Of which Ilarparhynchus Ltcontzior criisaiis, as distinguished from H. redivivus of the Pacific
coast, is a go.id example.

fMarch,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 41

is that it is nearly upon the dividing line between two tracts of country quite
diverse from each other in those points which chiefly affect the distribution
and migration of species. A single day's journey to the southward gives us
changes in the birds, so great, that I do not hesitate in comparing the differ-
ence to that which exists between the Middle Atlantic and the Gulf States, in
the eastern Province. Very numerous species,* not detected at any season at
Fort Whipple, are yet found abundantly within fifty miles to the south and
southwest. At the same time the locality is a true component of the eleva-
ted and cold regions to the northward, and assimilates in this respect to Utah
and Nevada. Intermediate in situation between the two great valleys of
southwestern United States — those of the Rio Grande and Colorado Rivers, — it
draws tribute in a measure upon each of them, though, as might be supposed,
vastly more from the latter than the former. In this connection I may advert
to an interesting point, which I consider as quite probable, though contrary
to the usual laws of migration ; viz., that many of the birds of the Colorado
vallej, which are there winter residents, instead of migrating far to the north
in spring, by turning simply to the eastward, find in the region of which
Fort Whipple is the southern limit the conditions necessary for breeding
grounds. That such is a fact would seem to be indicated by comparing the
forms common to both Mojave and Whipple; the summer residents or spring
migrants of the latter place being usually winter residen's at the former
locality ; but can only be incontrovertible* proven by showing that some
species wintering at Mojave are not found directly north of that point in
summer ; and that they do breed in the Whipple mountains.

The seasons are well pronounced at Fort Whipple, and do not differ nota-
bly from those of the Middle Atlantic States. This enables us trenchantly to
divide those of its birds which are not permanent residents, into summer and
winter residents, and migratory species passing through in the spring and
autumn. And I have noticed in many instances that the times of arrival and
departure of non-residents are strikingly similar to those of the migratory
species passing through Washington, D. C. Quite the reverse is the case in
southern Arizona ; where the protracted heat and drought of a long summer,
which encroaches on intermediate seasons, disturbs the regularity of migra-
tion ; or even entirely takes away from some species the migratory impulse.

The immediate vicinity of Fort Whipple is admirably adapted to ornitho-
logical pursuits in the very varied character of surface presented within the
compass of a day's walk. Pines constitute the main feature of the Sylva,
covering all the mountains down to what may be considered as the average
altitude of the locality. .An extensive undulating plain stretches to the north-
ward, partially grassy, partially covered with the characteristic shrubs of
the country. Ranges of broken low hills, sparsely covered chiefly with sev-
eral species of dwarf oak, or so nearly naked as to be little more than huge
masses of metamorphic rocks, attract their share of species. The head of
one of the forks of the San Francisco River flows past; at times a considera-
ble stream, but usually dry. The vegetation along this, as well as all other
water courses of the Territory, has as its most prominent element the ever
present Populus moniliferus ; together with species of Salix, Primus, Castanea,
etc., the bases of which trees are as usual tightly sewn together by a tangled
matted network of rank undergrowth ; the whole forming a tract peculiarly
yielding, as every ornithologist knows, of variety and value in specimens. A
small rather open swamp near by affords several species, which, but for its
presence, would not form a part of the birds of the locality.

By adding to the species observed at Fort Whipple, and characteristic of
that locality, such others as have been ascertained to inhabit any portion of
the Territory, the subjoined list becomes an exposition of the present state of

* For example: Chordeiles texensis, Pyrocepho.lus mexicanus, Catherpes mexicanus, Vireo pusillus
(a. sp.,) Pipilo Abertii, P. mesoleueus, etc., etc.

1866.]

42 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

our knowledge of tbe Arizonian Ornis. I have included no species in the
list which has not actually been detected in the Territory, or which must
necessarily be found there, from the known range of its habitat ; but frequent
reference is made to species, not yet recognized as components of the Arizo-
nian Avifauna, which in all probability are hereafter to be detected. In view
of the favorable circumstances attending the preparation of the list, I do not
think that very many species remain to be added to it. Still, as my opera-
tions were conducted at the most imminent personal hazard from the con-
tinued presence of hostile Indians, — the wily and vindictive Apaches — which
always cramped, and at times necessitated entire cessation of investigations,
it maybe perhaps that some species have been overlooked ; and I have only
the same excuse to offer, for some other shortcomings, of which no one can
be more fully aware than myself. I have taken care to eliminate the Whip-
ple birds, as contradistinguished from all others of the Territory, in order
that attention may be drawn to their peculiarities ; considering the Fauna of
any natural geographical region as more interesting and instructive than that
comprised within arbitrary political boundaries, since the latter almost al-
ways include fragments of two or more diverse Faunas ; of which fact the
very region now under discussion affords an example. The Whipple species
are preceded by an uninclosed number ; all others have their number in pa-
renthesis. It has been my aim merely to add to the remarks elucidative of
the distribution of the species, such purely technical observations, compari-
sons of closely allied forms, descriptions of immature or little known states
of plumage, as seemed quite pertinent to the subject. In a few cases syno-
nymy is introduced for reasons which will be obvious. Except in a few in-
stances of special interest I have nottouched upon the natural history proper of
the species, reserving for future elaboration the mass of ornithobiographical
notes which I have taken care to accumulate. All remarks are to be under-
stood as referring to the species as observed at Fort Whipple, and by myself,
except when the contrary is explicitly stated.

VULTURID.E.

1. Cathartes aura (L.) Illig. ^

Summer resident ; abundant. Arrives last week in March ; remains until
latter part of October. Resident in the southern portions of the Territory.

(2.) Cathartes Californianus (Shaw,) Cuv.

Resident in Southern Arizona. Individuals observed at Fort Yuma, in
September, 1865.

FALCONWsE.

3. Falco (Tinnunculus) sparverics L.

Resident ; very abundant. In highly-plumaged spring birds, the cere, the
feet and the edges of the eyelids are bright vermilion, not yellow: the claws
and bill bluish black.

4. Falco (Hypotriorchis) columbarius L.

Common ; resident. " A specimen taken by me at Fort Mojave is remark-
able for its light colors " (Cooper). A light, dull, faded condition of plumage
has been already adverted to as characterizing, in many instances, birds from
the Gila and Colorado Valleys.

In the immense series of " Pigeon "-Hawks which I have examined from
all parts of the West, I find a few specimens which constantly differ, to a
marked degree, from any and all of the exceedingly diverse plumages under
which the typical F. columbarius presents itself. These specimens are inva-
riably much larger than any others in the series ; are much lighter colored,
(yet not dull or faded,) and differ constantly in the increased number of
light and dark bars on the tail. Compared with a European specimen of

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

Falco xialon, they agree in every particular. I think it most probable that
future careful research will demonstrate satisfactorily the existence of a
species hitherto usually confounded with some of the protean plumages of
F. columbarius; but quite distinct from the latter, and doubtless referrible to
the European type above mentioned. In fact, a Falco sesalon has been quoted
by Townsend and Nuttall as from the northwestern portions of the United
States ; though not usually recognized by later ornithologists.

(5.) Falco (Hypotriorchis) femoralis Temm.

South Arizona, near the Sonoran border. Specimens were obtained by
Lieut. J. G. Parke's Expedition along the 32d parallel ; and by the Mexican
Boundary Survey.

It is quite possible that the F. aurantius Gm. extends northward through
Sonora into the southern portion of Arizona.

6. Falco polyagrus Cassin.

? Falco mexicanus* "Licht. Mus. Berol.," Schlegel, Abhandl. Geb. Zool.
u. Vergl. 1841, p. 15. Schlegel, Falcones, Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Pays-
Bas, 1st, 1862, p. 18.
Falco (Gennaia) polyagrus, Cassin, Birds N. A. 1858, p. 12.
Sparingly distributed throughout the Territory. Not observed at Whipple,
though doubtless to be found there. Colorado Chiquito River, Kennerly.

o'

(7.)Accipiter Cooperi Bon.

This generally distributed species is found throughout the Territory.

8. Accipiter Mexicands Swains.

Common, resident. Iris, cere, legs, and feet light yellow. Bill bluish
black. Claws black.

I have seen young birds of this species, reared by hand from the nest, so
thoroughly domesticated as to come to their master on being whistled for,
and perch upon his shoulder, or follow him when shooting small birds for
their food. They were allowed entire liberty. Their ordinary note was a
shrill and harsh scream ; a low, plaintive, lisping whistle was indicative of
hunger. •

The shape of the tail of this speeies is decidedly less rounded than that
of Cooperi, and is a feature of considerable value in distinguishing the
female Mexicanus from the male Cooperi.

9. Accipiter fuscus (Gm.) Bon.

Resident. Abundant throughout the Territory.

10. BOTEO " MONTANUS" Nuttall.

B. montanus, Nuttall, Manual, 1840, i. p. 112; and of later American

writers generally : equals B. borealis from Western North America.
B. borealis, (Gm.) Gray, Genera, i. 1849, p. 11. Bryant, Remarks on

Variations of Plumage of Buteo borealis, etc., in Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat.

Hist, for 1861 : considers montanus Nutt., calurus Cass., and probably

also Cooperi Cass., as referrible to borealis.

*I think it very likely that polyagrus is not the first distinctive name this Hawk has received.
The description of Falco mexicanus by Schlegel, as above cited, is substantially as follows: —
•'Wing 11.50 to 13; tail 6.50 to 7 50; legs finely scaled, feet yellow; above brown, paler on the
tail; head and nape edged with rusty brown; quills with rust-colored spots; stripe through the
eye, spot on nape, and middle of auriculars whitish; beneath white, each feather with a Darrow
blackish drop-shaped spot; large lateral feathers covering flanks brown, with some rust-colored
transverse spots. The young bird has the edges of the feathers above light, the spots below
larger, and the feet greenish yellow." A fuller description is in the first number of Dr. Schlegel's
Catalogue of the Pays-Bas Museum, above cited. These descriptions are pertinent to F. polyagrus
in most respects; but, in view of some discrepancies, {color of the legs, which, in polyagrus, are
light dull blue, etc.,) I do not wish, at present, at least, to make the change of names, though
such a procedure may hereafter he considered necessary. Mr. Cassin himself refers (B. N. A.,
1868, p. 12,) to this name of Dr. Schlegel's, as very probably the first designation of the species.

1866.]

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

B. Swainsoni, Bonaparte, Conspectus, i. p. 19. Cassin, Birds Cal. and

Tex. i. p. 98 (1853) ; but not of Cassin, B. N. A. (1858).
Falco buleo, Audubon, Orn. Biog. ; Sw. & Rich. F. B. A., according to
Cassin.

The most abundant and characteristic species of the larger Hawks; resi-
dent, but particularly abundant during the winter months. It may be
readily recognized at any distance, when flying, by the very dark-colored
area presented by the lesser under wing coverts, sharply contrasted against
the very light colors of the rest of the under surface of the wings. The iris
is clear light brown ; the bill bluish black ; the cere, legs and feet light
yellow.

In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History for 1861,
appeared a paper by Dr. Henry Bryant, on the variations of the plumage of
Western North American Buleones ; in which facts are elicited tending to
demonstrate that nearly all the species enumerated as valid by Mr. Cassin, in
1858, may be reduced to two. One of these, of which borealis Gm may be
taken as the type or parent stock, and for which the name must stand, is
large and muscular, with a strong bill, long stout tarsi, and a rounded
wing. Here Dr. Bryant would range montanus Nutt., calurus Cass., and pro-
bably also Cooperi Cass. ; together with a specimen in the Philadelphia
Museum, which has been labelled and usually called Ifarlani. The other
species is distinguished by its smaller size, more slender form, longer and
weaker tarsi, and more pointed wing. Harlani* Aud. is considered as the
first name of this species ; and to it are referred Swainsonii,f Bairdii of Hoy %
and of Cassin; insignatm,?^ Cassin, and oxypterus || Cassin. Dr. Bryant gives
careful measurements of these supposed species, having access to the types
of many of them, and fiuds that, if we are to take size and proportions
alone as indicative of specific validity, we can admit but the two species he
characterizes ; while, if we are to be guided by color, we cannot avoid still
further increasing the number of species to be recognized to such an extent,
that (together with the other undoubted species, such as linea/as, pennsyl-
vanicus, etc.,) we should have a total of twenty- three inhabiting North
America.

It cannot be denied that our constantly increasing knowledge of the dis-
tribution of North American Buteones, and of the "theory of variation"
which is applicable to them, decidedly tends towards a confirmation of Dr.
Bryant's views. Nevertheless, I am by no means prepared to accept with-
out reservation the extreme conclusions arrived at. I prefer, at present, to
enumerate the species — or varieties, if they are only such — as determined by
Mr. Cassin ; considering the names given as at least indicative of strongly
marked, and apparently geographical, though perhaps not permanent,
varieties.

11. Buteo "calurus" Cassin.

B. calurus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1855, p. 281 ; and B. N. A. 1858, p. 22.

" B. borealis Gm." Bryant, 1. c.
Resident at Fort Whipple, and by no means rare. Specimens taken in the
winter of 1864—5, and in April following. Orig. No. 1246; $. Length
23'75; extent 55'50. Iris light yellow. Bill dusky bluish horn. Cere dull
yellowish green. Mouth livid flesh color. Legs and feet chrome yellow.
Claws black.

*"Harlani Aud.," of which the type is in the British Museum, is given by Cray (Cat. Brit.
Mus. Accipitres) as borealis. If such be the truth, that Audubon's species was founded upon the
fuliginous state of plumage of borealis, then Swainsoni Bp. is the first distinctive name of the
smaller of the two species recognized by Dr. Bryant.

+ 0f Bonaparte, Comp. List, 1838, p. 3, as defined by Cassin, B. N. A., 1858, p. 19.

IB. Bairdii, Hoy, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. vi. 1853, p. 451.— Cassin, B. of Cal. and Tex. pi. 41.— Idem, B.
N. A., 1858, p. 21.

$ B. insignatus, Cass., B. of Cal. and Tex., 1854, p. 102, pi. 31.— B. N. A., 1858, p. 23.

11 B. oxypterus, Cass., Pr. A. N. S. Ph. vii. p. 282— Id. B. N. A., 1858, p. 30.

[Ma-ch,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 45

My specimens have a large pectoral area dark chestnut brown, not very
different in color from the superior aspect of the tail. I have seen other
specimens from Fort Tejon, Cala., in which the breast is still brighter
chestnut, in marked contrast to the fuliginous brownish black of the rest of
the plumage. Utah, New Mexico, Arizona and California seem to constitute
the special range of this species or variety.

B. " Cooperi" has only been taken from Southern California, (Santa Clara
County, Cooper,) and, as but a single specimen is known, it is impossible to
decide with certainty upon its relations to borealis.

(12.) Buteo "Harlani Audubon."

Individuals identified with this supposed species of Audubon by Mr. Cassin
and Mr. Lawrence are from New Mexico and California ; so that the bird
necessarily ranges over the intermediate ground of Arizona.

Dr. Bryant considers that the specimens thus identified present nothing
incompatible with their being regarded as a variety of borealis. And it is
quite probable that the specimen upon which Audubon himself based the
name " Harlani1' is really referrible to a state of plumage of borealis. This
must be finally determined by examination of the type in the British Museum.
But the name " Harlani Aud." is employed by Dr. Bryant in his paper to
designate a species radically distinct from borealis in all its variety, and is
the one to which the three following names are by him referred.

13. Boteo " Swainsoni " Bonaparte.

B. Swainsoni, Bp. Comp. List, 1838, page 3. Cassin, 1. c.

B- vulgaris, Audubon ; Swainson & Richardson ; but not of European

authors.
B. Harlani, Bryant, 1. c. (Provisionally adopts the name, proposing to
accept that of Swainsonii Bp. in event that Harlani Aud. proves to be
a variety of borealis.)
A species or variety of extensive distribution throughout the West.
Colorado Chiquito River, Ariz., Dr. G. B. R. Kennerly. I never met with it at
Fort Whipple, though, beyond a doubt, it is to be found there.

Some of the states of plumage of this bird are so exceedingly similar to
those of B. vulgaris of Europe, that it has been thus malidentified by certain
American writers. See Cassin, B. N. A., pp. 19, 20, 21, for elucidation of
changes of plumage, geographical distribution, and synonymy.

(14.) Buteo " oxypterus " Cassin.

B. oxypterus, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. vii. 1855, p..282.- Idem, B.N. A. 1858, p. 30.
B. Harlani Bryant, 1. c.
Not actually detected within the limits of the Territory ; but the original
locality whence the type of the species was described is so near the borders
of Arizona as to render it most probable that the species will be here-
after detected. (Fort Fillmore, N. M., Dr. T. C. Henry.)

(15 ) Buteo "insi«natus" Cassin.

B. insignatus, Cassin, B. of Cal. and Tex., 1854, p. 102, pi. 31. Cassin,

B. N. A., 1858, p. 23.
B. Harlani, Bryant, 1. c.
The known range of this species or variety includes Arizona.
The bird first characterized by Hoy and subsequently by Cassin as B.
Bairdii (by Dr. Bryant also referred to " Harlani Aud.,") has not, to my
knowledge, been taken as far south as Arizona, though detected at various
other points in the West.

16. Buteo elrgtns Cassin.

Rare ; and only known as an inhabitant of Arizona from a single specimen
taken on the Colorado Chiquito by Dr. Kennerly. I am informed by Dr.
Cooper that it is an abundant bird in Southern California. It will doubtless
be hereafter found at Whipple.

18rj6.]

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

This fine species is radically different from any of the foregoing Buteones,
belonging to a group subgenerically distinct, partially characterized by a
different amount of feathering of the tarsi. Among North American species
it is only intimately related to lineatus, from which species the study of its
neossology readily enables us to distinguish it.

(17.) Bctko zonocercus Sclater.

B. zonocercus, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 263.

A single specimen, procured on the Gila River, Sept. 24, 1864. The species
is doubtless restricted in its northern range to the warm valleys of the Gila
and Lower Colorado.

This interesting Mexican species was first found within the limits of the
United States by the indefatigable Cooper, who procured a specimen in Santa
Clara County, California. Without being aware of this at the time, I redis-
covered it myself in Arizona ; an additional example of what has occurred in
several instances in our operations in the West, during the greater part of
which each was ignorant of the other's exact whereabouts and labors. I
must yield to my friend the priority of discovery, although I have the pleas-
ure of first presenting the species in an American publication as an addition
to the United States Fauna.

18. Archibuteo PERR0GINED3 (Licht.) Cassin.

Buteo ferrugineus, Lichtenstein, Trans. Acad. Berlin, 1838, p. 428.
Archibuteo ferrugineus, Cassin, B. N. A. 1858, p. 34.
Archibuteo regalia, Gray, Genera, i. pi. vi. (desc. nulla.)
Buteo Calif or nicus, A. J. Grayson, Hutchins' Cal. Mag. 1857.

This large, noble, and by far the handsomest of our Falconines, hitherto
only known from California, is found quite abundantly about Fort Whipple,
especially in winter. It is probably a permanent resident there. It chiefly fre-
quented meadows, plains and more open woods. 1 observed it to be quite numer-
ous on the dry, level, grassy plains of Southern California. I usually found the
stomach filled with Geomys, Arvicola, or Hesperomys. In life it may always be
readily recognized by its conspicuously white under parts, contrasted with its
dark chestnut tibiae and reddish back.

No. 1114, taken Dec. 2, 1864. Male. Length 22-50; extent 54-50; wing
16-25; tail 9-50 ; tibia 4-80; tarsus 3-25; middle toe 125; its claw -75; outer
toe -85; its claw -55 ; hallux 1-00; its claw 1-00; bill along culmen 1-50;
along gape 2-00; its depth at base -90. No. 1115, taken Dec. 6, 1864. Fe-
male. Length 23-25 ; extent 56-50 ; wing from carpus 46-75 ; tail 10-00 ;
tarsus 3-40 ; the other measurements not differing notably from those of the
male above given.

When perfectly adult, the whole under parts, from chin to under tail cov-
erts, inclusive, are pure white. In the majority of specimens, however, there
will be found a few slender, sharp, shaft lines of black on the chin; which,
as they pass down the breast, become broader, and tinged with chestnut.
Usually, also, the feathers of the flanks have small, isolated, interrupted and
incomplete bars of chestnutand black. Less mature specimens exhibit a con-
tinuation of these bars quite across the lower part of the abdomen, and they
are so broadened as to form somewhat hastate spots. Some of the feathers
of the flanks are tipped with chestnut. The chief other variations in adult
birds seem to be a greater or less intensity of the deep color of the tibiae, a
lighter or darker shade of ferrugineous on the back, and a fainter or more de-
cided wash of pearl grey on the superior surface of the tail.

The bill is dark leaden bluish black. The mouth is light purplish flesh
color, becoming livid bluish on the corneous portions. The cere, edges of
the commissure, tarsi and toes are bright chrome yellow. The claws are
black. The naked skin just over the eye is greenish, tinged with crimson
posteriorly. The iris of adult birds is fine light yellow ; of young ones
brown, more or less ochraceous with increasing age.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 47

The following brief anatomical notes maybe of interest, as the species has
not hitherto been dissected. They relate chiefly to the alimentary canal :

Anatomical Notes. On the roof of the mouth a narrow but prominent me-
dian ridge runs from the very apex of the upper mandible to the fissure of
the posterior nares, widening, becoming less sharply defined, and more ob-
tusely papillated towards its posterior extremity. At a point about a third of
its length from its termination it is crossed at right angles by a very short,
transverse ridge, which connects it on either side with a lateral ridge. These
lateral ridges run parallel with each other as far back as the Eustachian ori-
fice, and are papillated for their whole length, which papilla? are anteriorly
sparsely distributed, short, stout and obtuse ; posteriorly gradually becoming
thick-set, long, soft and acute. The ridges themselves terminate abruptly in
the smooth, soft, mucous membrane of the posterior portions of the palate,
measuring 1-60 inches in length. That portion of the palate between these
ridges and the nasal fissure is roughened by numerous short, blunt tubercles.
From the extremity of that portion of the nasal fissure which has soft, ele-
vated, approximate ridges, there runs outwards on either side a fringe of
delicate papilla;. Rather more than the posterior third of the nasal fissure
stands broadly open, and has hard, immobile, bony edges, over which the
mucous membrane is tightly and smoothly stretched. The nasal aperture
measures in total length 1-25. Just posterior to it, on the median line of the
palate, is the opening of the Eustachian tube, situated in the centre of a smooth,
somewhat vaulted space. In shape it is oval, and its edges, though somewhat
mobile, are not completely approximable. From its posterior extremity, on
either side, a fringe of soft papilla? curves obliquely outwards and forwards.
The rest of the palate is not noticeable. Posteriorly it is very soft, and nu-
merous vessels may be seen ramifying beneath its mucous membrane. An-
teriorly it becomes harder and more fibrous, and finally, towards the tip of
the bill, quite corneous.

The tongue is large and fleshy, its tip obtusely rounded, its lateral outline
convex, its dorsum with a median furrow, its under surface with a corres-
ponding ridge, its posterior extremity deeply bifid, the edges of the fork
corneous, and armed with stiff, hard, papillae. The outermost of these pa-
pillae is greatly developed, forming a large, strong, acutely pointed spine.
The tongue is -75 long ; its laryngeal fissure '50. The elevated space
just posterior to the rima glottidis is pure white, and thickly beset with
stiff, acute papillae, some of which have black tips.

On the floor of the mouth, on either side of the frenum linguae, at the apex
of the angle formed by the divergence of the inferior maxillary rami, lies a
thin, flattened, broadly oval gland, a third of an inch long, of a deep pur-
plish red color. Its surface is studded with numerous depressed puucta,',the
orifices of the emunctory ducts.

The trachea is 5-50 inches long, and -45 wide at its superior extremity ;
rings about 90 in number. It is broad and much flattened superiorly, but
towards the lower larynx becomes more cylindrical. The lateral muscles are
well developed. The lower larynx, as usual in this order, is quite simple.
The bronchial half-rings are 15 in number, all small, soft and weak.

The oesophagus is extremely capacious and dilatable. The distended crop
is irregularly ovoid in shape ; 3-50 long by about 2-25 wide.

The proventricular glands form a complete zone, with a uniform width of
1-25. The proventricular parietes is about one-twelfth of an inch in
thickness. The individual glands are large enough to be readily discernible
to the naked eye ; closely aggregated in the parenchyma of the parietes. Their
orifices are plainly visible, thickly studding the whole internal surface of the
organ ; and during active digestion the mucous membrane is covered with
their thick, glairy, viscid secretion.

The fully distended gigerium occupies about three-fourths of the abdominal
cavity. It reaches within an inch of the rectum, inclining towards the left

1866.]

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

side of the abdomen, with the internal parietes of which it is in close ap-
proximation. The intestines all seem crowded backwards, downwards and to
the right. There is no apparent constriction between the proventriculus and
gigeriuin ; but from the termination of the oesophagus proper the calibre of
the canal regularly increases, so that the two stomachs together form a pyri-
form mass, its large end directed backward. The walls of the gigerium are
thin ; the mucous membrane quite smooth. The pylorus is nearly circular in
shape ; i's aperture quite open and direct. It is guarded by elevated folds
of mucous membrane, forming partial valves. The opening is situated about
the middle of the right side of the gizzard.

The duodenal fold is between three and four inches in length. It curves
around the right side and fundus of the gizzard, separating the latter from
the rectum, and thence returns upon itself to its point of departure.

The intestine then curves around the dorsal aspect of the gizzard until near
the median line of the body, whence it descends nearly in a straight line, in
the right iliac fossa, almost as far as the rectum. After numerous short con-
volutions in this region, it again ascends, on the right of the spine, till it re-
gains the dorsal aspect of the gizzard near the origin of the duodenal fold.
It then traverses the gizzard from right to left, and descends in the left iliac
fossa, half way to the rectum, when abruptly returning on itself along the
left side of the spine, it forms a loop about an inch long. Here, after again
abruptly reversing its direction so as to point directly backwards, it termi-
nates, at the coeca, in the colon.

There are two cceca, each about one-eighth of an inch long, very small,
perfectly straight, obtusely rounded at their extremities, and closely adherent
by cellular tissue to the walls of the colon.

The colon is very short, being less than two inches in length. It is a per-
fectly straight tube, running directly backwards along the median line of the
sacrum. Its diameter does not exceed the average of the "small" intestines,
and is less, in fact, than that of the duodenum. Between the ischia it ex-
pands into a large, nearly globular, though somewat pyriform rectum, about
an inch in length. A spincter partially guards the recto-colal passage.

The pancreas in the specimens examined was not, as usual, slender and
elongated, and received in the fold of the duodenum ; but was short, thick
and obtuse, and closely applied to the right side of the gizzard.

The spleen measures a third of an inch in length, and is of a flattened,
ovoid shape, and dull reddish purple color. It rests on the dorsum of the
gizzard, a little to the right, and high up near the proventriculus.

The liver is large, and its two lobes are of about equal size. They lie one
on each side of the abdomen, their commissure being directly on the median
line of the body. Their superior concave surfaces combined are in apposi-
tion with the gizzard and intestines ; their convex inferior surfaces are accu-
rately moulded to the thoracic parietes. Anteriorly they diverge to receive
the apex of the heart between them ; posteriorly they are in close mutual
apposition.

The total length of the alimentary canal from pylorus to anus is about 40
inches.

19. Archibdteo lagopus (Briinn.) Gray.

Rare. A single specimen taken in winter. None others met with.

(20.) Elanus LEucuRtrs (Vieill.) Savigny.

The known range of this Hawk includes Arizona : though I am not aware
that any examples have actually been brought from the Territory.

(21.) Nauclerus furcatus (L.) Vig.

I have been on several occasions assured of the existence of this Kite in
Arizona, by reliable if unscientific observers. I have myself never seen it.

Numerous facts regarding the geographical distribution of this species in-

[ March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49

dicate that it is one of several, which, as noted by Mr. Cassin, (B. N. A., p.
37,) range much farther norih in the western than in the eastern portions of
the continent. I have met with it as high up as Fort Leavenworth, on the
Missouri River.

{22.) Ictinia Mississippiensis (Wils. ) Gray.

As a bird of New Mexico, this species is doubtless to be detected in south
-eastern Arizona.

It is probable that the Asturina nitida remains to be discovered near the
Sonoran border.

23. Circus hudsonicts {Linn.) Vieill.

An abundant species throughout the Territory, chiefly in its more watered
portions.

24. Halijetus letjcocephalus (L.) Savigny.

Bald Eagles were frequently observed at different seasons in the vicinity of
Fort Whipple.

25. Aquila canadensis (Linn.) Cassin.

Rare ; but occasionally observed at different seasons : warranting the belief
that it is a permanent resident of the mountains around Fort Whipple.

(26.) Pandion Carolinensis (Sm.) Bonap.
Observed on the Colorado River.

{27.) Polvborus Audubonii Cass.

P. Audubonii, Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1865, p. 2, which see for syno-
nymy and specific characters.
Apparently not a rare bird of the southern and western portions of the Ter-
ritory. " Rio Gila and Colorado, near Fort Yuma; abundant ; " Heermann*

{28.) Craxirex unicinctus (Temm.) Cass.

Taken by Kennedy and Mollhausen on the Colorado River. (See P. R. R.
Survey, Vol. x. pt. iv. p. 20.) Probably a permanent resident of southern
Arizona.

[Note. — The following extract from my Journal may be of interest : " Camp
on San Francisco River, near mountains of same name, July 13, 1865. A
pair of exceedingly large rapacious birds sailed over camp this evening. Their
Slight was easy, graceful, firm, and sustained for a long time with no visible
motion of the wings, which latter were exceedingly long, pointed and acutely
angulated at the carpal joint. In size they about equalled Bald Eagles ; but
the shape of the wings and mode of flight were very different and intimately
resembled those of the Turkey Vultures. The entire under parts of these
birds were pure white; their upper parts were not visible." I could not pro-
cure a specimen, nor can I now refer the birds to any species known to me,
unless, possibly, they were the Sarcorarnphus papa ; a species which may be
included hereafter in our Fauna, though its presence within our limits has not
yet been positively substantiated.]

STRIGIDJSL

29. Strix pratincola Bonap.

Common. Resident. One of the most abundant Owls of the Territory. 1
have frequently observed it at midday ; on one occasion it was preying upon
Black-birds in the middle of a small open reed swamp.

30. Bubo virginianus (Sm.) Bonap.

Common ; resident. My specimens incline towards Mr. Cassin's variety
pneificus; which was also taken on the Colorado Chiquito, by Dr. Kennerly.

31. Scops McCalli Cassin.

Taken at Fort Mojave by Dr. Cooper, who thinks it is scarcely distinct from

1866.] 4

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

»*•>. asio. The latter species is doubtless distributed throughout the Territory.
I have not personally met with it. Dr. Kennedy procured MeCalli on the
Colorado Chiquito River. It is therefore to be enumerated among the Whipple
birds.

32. Otus Wilson-anus (Lesson.)

Sparsely distributed throughout the Territory. Colorado Chiquito, Ren-
tierI ' y.

33. Brachyotps Cassini Brewer.

Common throughout the Territory. I saw a surprising number on differ-
ent occasions along the Colorado River, in the day time.

:?4. Nyctale acadica (Gm.) Bonap.

The known range of this little Owl includes Arizona ; though I have not
seen specimens from within the limits of the Territory.

In addition to the preceding Strigides a species of Athene occurs in Arizona :
but whether h ypogea or cnnicularia I cannot now determine positively. The
Syrnium occidentale Xantus, (Pr. A. N. S., Ph. 1S59, type from Fort Te.jon)
will very probably be found in the Colorado Valley. Dr. Cooper has obtained
Nyctale albifrons on the Sierra Nevada of California, which causes Arizona to
fail within its now known range.

35. Glaucidium gnoma Wagler.

Glaucidium gnoma, Wagler, Isis v Oken, xxv. 1832, p. 275. (Mexico.)

Cassin, in Baird, B. N. A., 1858, p. 62. (Oregon, Cal. etc.)

" Strix passer inoides Temm." Audubon, Orn. Biog. v. p. 271, pi. 432,

fig. 4, 5 ; (not the original species as descr. and fig. by Temm.

Planches Color. No. 344, which is South American, and probably the

same as S. infuscata Temm.)

" Surnia passTinoides Temm." Audubon, B. N. A., 8vo. ed. i. p. 117,

pi. 30.
Glaucidium infuscatum, Cassin, Birds Cal. and Texas, 1853, i. p. 139.
(Name from Strix infuscata Temm., Man. Orn. 1820, i. p. 97 ; which
is S. Amer. species, probably the same as passerinoides Temm.)
Glaucidium californicum, Sclater. P. Z. S., 1857, p. 4; in text ; pro-
posing name if N. Am. species is not true gnoma Wagl.
My numerous specimens present no material discrepancies from Wagler's
original description in the Isis. I think it far best, with our present informa-
tion on the subject, to refer the Oregonian, Californian and Arizonian bird to
this species of Wagler, as Mr. Cassin has done. Should the Mexican bird
ever be found to differ from the North American, the latter is to be called G.
californicum after Sclater, as above quoted.

My citations of Audubon's and Cassin's works, (ut supra) all refer to the
North American bird, though these authors erred in applying to it either of
the names infuscatum or passerinoides, both of which refer to South American
species, in all probability identical with each other, and quite distinct from
our bird. Mr. Cassin himself corrects his error in the " Birds of North
America; " and with this gentleman's later views of the synonymy I entirely
agree.

The sexes of this little Owl differ much in size. A male before me measures
only 5 "50 X 14*50, but the tail feathers are quite imperfect ; had they grown
out fully the bird's lens;th would have been about 7.00. The female is larger,
measuring 7*50 X 15-25. The male is rather darker colored than the female :
t lie spots above more numerous and smaller; the imperfect nuchal collar of
black and white much better defined than in the other sex, where it is almost
obsolete. In both sexes ihe iris is bright yellow ; the mouth light purplish
flesh ; the bill, cere and feet light greenish yellow ; the soles chrome yellow ;
the claws black.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51

A diurnal and crepuscular rather than a nocturnal species. The stomachs
of those individuals examined, contained the remains of orthopterous and
coleopterous insects. A permanent resident at Fort Whipple, but not very
abundant.

MICRATHENE Coues, nov. gen.

Generic Characters. — Bill small and weak, compressed at the base, where it
is densely covered with recurved feathers terminating in stiff bristles ; out-
line of culmen and gonys moderately convex ; lower mandible obsoletely
notched. Facial disk not conspicuously defined, imperfect behind the eye.
Wings exceedingly long ; measuring from the carpal joint rather more than
two-thirds the total length of the body ; much rounded, the exposed portion
of the first primary only two-thirds that of the longest one ; third and fourth
longest, fifth but little shorter, second about equal to the sixth. Tail of mod-
erate length, not graduated : rectrices broad to their very tips. Tarsi of mod-
erate length, feathered only for a short distance below the tibio-tarsal joint ;
the rest of their extent, and the superior surface of the toes, clothed with
bristly hairs. Claws unusually small and weak, moderately curved ; the
outer one reaching a little beyond the base of the middle one ; the inner in-
termediate between outer and middle ones. Middle toe and claw about as
long as the tarsus. Hallux elongated. Of small size, being among the most
diminutive of known Owls.

Type. A'hene Whitneyi, Cooper. *

With the size and general aspect of Glaucidinm, this genus differs greatly
from it as follows: The bill is smaller, weaker, less strongly hooked and den-
tulated. The wings are much longer, and the tail much shorter. The tarsus
is unfeathered except for a short space superiorly. The claws are so small,
and weak as to be hardly more than insessorial rather than raptorial in char-
acter. The proportions of the tarsus and toes differ decidedly. Nor has it
much in common with Athene, except the partially denuded tarsi ; the rela-
tive prop irtions of the tarsus and toes to each other being quite different in,
the two genera ; Athene having the middle toe and claw about two-thirds the-
tarsus, instead of fully as long. The claws of Athene are very long, acute andi
little curved. While both genera are very long winged, there is a decided
difference in the shape of the wing; that of Athene being much the most
pointed, in consequence of the greater elongation of the first and second pri-
maries. I think it more than probable that Micrathene is a truly arboreal,
genus, like GUiacidtKin, thus differing radically in its habits from the species -
of Athene.

In conversation with me Dr. Cooper intimated his belief that the bird was.
not a true Athene ; and my critical examination of his type, made at his own.
request, amply confirms the accuracy of his opinion.

(36.) Micrathene Whitneyi (Cooper.)

Athene Whitnet/i, Cooper, Pr. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1861, p» 118.
For the discovery ot this delicate raptorial gem we are indebted tothe in-
defatigable Dr. J. G. Cooper, so long and well known as an excellent natural-
ist, who procured the only known specimen at Fort Mojave, April 26, 1861.
ft is unnecessary to add anything to the accurate description above cited. It
is one of the most interesting of the recent additions to our westera Avi-.
fauna.

CUCUL1D.E.

37. Geococcyx camfoknianus (Less.) Baird.

Rare and seen on but few occasions at Fort Whipple, which is near its
northern and eastern limits, though specimens have been taken as far north
as the Colorado Chiquito River, by Dr. Kennerly. Very abundant in the
more southern and western portions of the Territory. Known as the " Chap-

1866.1

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

arral Cock," "Road runner" and "Snake killer," to the whites; by the
Mexicans called " Paisano ;" marvellous stories of its powers of killing rat-
tlesnakes and other Ophidians pass current.

Dr. Cooper has found Coccygus Americanus in Southern California, and
thinks it is yet to be detected in the valley of the Colorado.

PICID^E.

38. Picus Harrisii Audubon.

One of tlie most common and characteristic birds in the vicinity of Fort
Whipple.

The iris is brown at all ages ; but varies from a clear light reddish brown to
a dark blackish brown. The bill and feet are horn-bluish black. The speci-
mens from the same locality hardly vary notably in size, though the male is
usually larger than the female. None of my specimens approach in size the
immense race found in Arctic America.

No specimens out of a very large series, exhibit the slightest tendency
towards the smoky brown tinge, or discoloration of the under parts, seen
almost constantly in birds from California and Oregon and Washington Ter-
ritories ; but have the under parts pure white, and usually, too, with no in-
dications of the obsolete lateral and crissal black streaks seen in the race from
the Pacific coast. Specimens not in high plumage frequently have the pri-
maries and rectrices gray instead of black ; and this gray is sometimes so
faded towards the apices of the feathers, as to be almost white.

It is a little singular that in a locality where P. Harrisii is resident, and so
very common, P. Gairdneri should be either not found at all, or so very
rare that I <li I not identify it with certainty during my whole stay ; though I
am under the impression that I once saw a single specimen.

39. Picus scALARis Waaler.

jPjcws scalaris, Wagler, Isis, 1829, v. 511. Bp. C. A. 1850, p. 138. Baird,

B. N*. A., lh'58, p. 94; hut not of Gambel, which is P. nuttalli.
Picus gracilis, Lesson. Revue Zoolog. 1839, p. 90.
Picus parvus, Cabot, Bost. Jouru. N. H., 1845, p. 90.
Fort Whipple appears to be about tb.3 northern limit of this species. It is
not very common there, being only a summer visitant, breeding sparingly ;
further south, through the Territory and in the Colorado Valley, it is abund-
ant. It does not appear to cross the Colorado Desert into California, (whure
the P. Nuttalli replaces it,) but extends far southward into Central America.
A male shot June 5th has the feathers worn off the belly, as if incubating.
Young birds just fledged were taken July 10th. The nest was in the top of a
live-oak tree. The heads of the young at this season have rather more red
on them than those of the adults.

Iris deep reddish brown ; bill dark slaty black ; legs and feet horn bluish.
The average length is 6*50 inches ; some specimens measure nearly 7 inches.
P. Nuttalli seems to be exclusively a toast species, not crossing to the Colo-
rado Valley-

SPHYRAPICUS Baird, 1858.

The genus Splii/rapicus instituted by Prof. Baird, in 1S58, to replace the
preoccupied and therefore untenable Pilumnus of Bonaparte, (type P. t/n/roi-
deus Cass.) is a most natural one, widely separated from other genera by sin-
gular anatomical peculiarities as well as striking external features. Its North
American components are all very closely allied, notwithstanding that Prof.
Baird intimates his doubts as to the propriety of referring P. Williamsani
here, and Prof. Reichenbach has been inclined to consider P. thyroideus as a
Cnlajit s. I am familiar with the habits and anatomical peculiarities of all
our North American Sphyrapiei except 5. ruber, and my study has revealed
points so essentially at variance with other Picida-, that I am inclined to in-
stitute for the reception of the genus a subfamily ■Spliyrapicince.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53

The genus in question is a xylophagous rather than an insectivorous one.
I do not mean that the Sphyrapici never eat insects, for coleoptera and their
larvae may often be found in their stomachs. But their main sustenauce is the
cambrium, or soft, inner, live bark of trees, the succulent juices of which
they appropriate to their ceconomy, rejecting the ligneous, uunutrious fibres
in the ordinary method. They are, in fact, true "Sap-suckers," and it is
their devastations upon fruit and ornamental trees which have brought the
family of woodpeckers into such disrepute among agriculturalists ; a class
not ordinarily observant enough to discriminate between these birds and the
harmless or rather beneficial species of Picus Melanerpes, Centurus, etc In-
stead of simply "tapping" trees, — generally their decayed or dead portions
too, — to extract the injurious beetles and their larvae lurking within, the Sphy-
rapicines denude live branches of their bark, often for an area of several
square inches at a time. I have before me specimens of wood thus a tacked,
from which the bark has been removed from large irregularly shaped spaces ;
and the result, as might be expected, is exceedingly different from that pro-
duced from the simple drilling of little holes by the insectivorous genera. Be-
sides the cambrium, all the species, particularly in the fall, feed extensively
upon ripe fruits and berries of all sorts.

The anatomical peculiarities which produce this remarkable difference in
habits are very striking, and involve to a greater or less extent the whole lin-
gual, salivary and gastric apparatus. In the tongue itself, however, and its
bones, the most remarkable differences are to be seen. The tongue cannot be
protruded, as a dart, far beyond the tip of the bill ; the amount of extension
it is capable of not exceeding a fourth or a third of an inch. This is caused
by the great abbreviation of the apo-hyal and cerato-hyal elements of the hyoid
bone, which do not reach backwards much beyond the tympano-maxillary
articulation, instead, as in Picus, Colaptes, etc, of being produced so far as to
extend over the occiput to the top of the cranium, or even to curve around the
orbit of the eye in an osseous groove formed for their reception. The basi-
hyals which support the tongue are also shorter and somewhat differently
shaped. The tongue itself is short and flattened, with a superior longitudi-
nal median groove, and a corresponding inferior ridge. Its tip is broad and
flattened, and obtusely rounded, and provided with numerous long and soft
bristly hairs. All these features are quite diverse from the long, protruda-
ble, subulate, acutely pointed tongue of Picus, etc., armed near its tip with a
few strong, sharp, short, recurved barbs.

The muscular apparatus for the movements of the tongue differs, of course,
in a degree corresponding to these modifications of the hyoid bone. I am in-
clined to believe, though I have not prosecuted my dissections far enough to
speak positively, that there exist differences in the salivary glands, and,
perhaps, in the gastric mucous membrane, rendered necessary by the radical
diversity of the ingesta.

My attention was first called to these interesting points by a communication
from Dr. P. R. Hoy, of Wisconsin, in one of the newspaper periodicals of
that State ; which I believe was the first published notice of these facts, and
that gentleman's observations I have amply confirmed by my own scalpel and
field studies.

It is unnecessary to detail the external characters of this genus, as they
have already been given in ample detail by Prof. Baird.

40. Sphyrapicus ncchalis Baird.

S. nuchalis Baird, B. N. A. 1858, p. 103, in text under /?. varius. Op.
cit. App. H. p. 921. (New Mexico.)

Permanent resident. Abundant.

In the adult spring male the whole chin, throat and jugulum are bright red ;
this color extending on the sides of the lower mandible so as to interrupt the
black lateral stripe of the jugulum, which in varius continuously borders the

lSlifj.]

54: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

red, and invading to a considerable distance the pectoral spot of pure, deep,
glossy, greenish black. In the adult female the chin is white, bordered pos-
teriorly by a somewhat semilunar patch of red, not so intense in tint as that
of the male, nor so broad. The pectoral black spot, though rather smaller,
is equally pure in color. Both sexes invariably have the red crescentic nuchal
collar, separated from the red pileum by a distinct line of black. Autumnal
birds have the white portions of the upper parts and the belly more or less
strongly tinged with lemon yellow, especially noticeable on the abdomen.
Birds of the year hardly differ from the adults, except that the pectoral spot
is only indicated by a few isolated black feathers scattered through a dull grey
area. Tlie nuchal collar is always observable, though its continuity may not
he perfect. Independently of age, sex or season, there are great variations in
the. size and shape of the bill to be observed in large series from different lo-
calities.

This is to be considered as a thoroughly established species. In an im-
mense series of skins of both species before me from all parts of North
America, there is not one which cannot unhesitatingly be referred to one or
the other species.

41. Sphyrapicus Williamsoni (Newb.) Baird.

Picus Williamsoni, Newberry, 1857, (Oregon.) Melanerpes rubrigularis,
Sclater, 1858, (California.) Sphyrapicus Williamsoni, Baird, 1858.

Resident. Not uncommon. Exclusively pinicoline in the regions where I
have observed it. Ranges from both slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, fiom as far north at least as Oregon. Fort Whipple is probably near
its southern limit.

(No. 844, Oct. 13, 18b'4. rj\) Length 9-5; extent 16-75. Iris dark brown.
Mouth pinkish flesh color. Bill bluish black. Feet dull greenish black.
Claws black.

This species exhibits the anatomical peculiarities noticed under head of the
genus Sphyrapicus, and its habits aie entirely correspondent.

42. Spbyrapjcts thyroideus (Cass.) Baird.
Resident. Very rate. Cliierly pinicoline.

The range of this species is now known to include both slopes of the Rocky
Mountains, from Oregon to the Rio Grande, and probably it extends through
Arizona to the Sonoian border.

Some male specin ens have the grey chin more or less suffused with reddish,
forming a mental spot something like that of Williamsoni. Neither sex ap-
pears to have any red about the crown or nape, a very unusual fact if such
he invariably the case.

This species is strictly congeneric with Sphyrapicus varivs in anatomical pe-
culiarities and in habits, and has nothing in common with Colaptes beyond
some similarity in the pattern of coloration.

Sphyrapicus ruber, as a bird of the whole Pacific Slope of the Rocky Moun-
tains, will most probahly be hereafter detected. It seems chiefly, however, a
coast species. The Uylatomus pileatus is undoubtedly an inhabitant of Ari-
zona.

43. Centueus uropygialis Baird.

1 Rare, and perhaps accidental in the immediate vicinity of Fort Whipple.
A common bird of the Gila and Lower Colorado River valleys. " Abundant
at Fort Mojave," (Cou]>er.) A species remarkable for inhabiting the Giant
Cactuses, (Lepidocerws (jiganteus and/.. Thurberi, of Englemann,) whence
is derived its provincial name of " Suwarrow '' or "Saguaro." Its plumage
is often found stain' d with the juices of these plants. It feeds upon their
fruit, but catches insects as well The female is similar to the male, except
that she wants the quadrate patch of red on the crown. The absence of the

[iMarch,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55

yellow nuchal crescent, and of the yellow at the base of the bill are some of
the features that distinguish hoth sexes from the C. Jiaviventris.

44. Melanekpes fokmicivorus (Sw.) Bp.

Exceedingly abundant, being the commonest Woodpecker, not even except-
ing P. Harrisii. Resident. Found in all situations.

The tongue of this Woodpecker is rather brushed at the tip, like that of a
Sphyrapicus, than barbed, as in Picas, etc. Si ill it is exceedingly protruda-
ble, the hyoid bone being well developed.

This species presents variations in the color of the iris rarely equalled. In
a great many individuals the iris is pure white, and so it is usually described.
But this is not the color in even a majority of instances, for this white is
tinged with various colors, — red, blue, yellow or brown. A greater or less
admixture of red gives every shade from a clear rose pink to the most deli-
cate creamy white, and these tints are usual in adult spring birds of both
sexes. Varying degrees of yellowish or ochraceous are by no means rare.
Young birds are rarely found with pure white irides, for the color is usually
obscnred by a greater or less amount of blue or grey, producing a bluish grey
or a " milk white " tint. Rarely an individual is found with dark brown
irides. The latter seems to be purely accidental ; the admixture of blue to
denote immaturity, and the reddish tinge to indicate high spring maturity, in
each case quite independently of sex.

The moult, which commences in July, continues for an unusually long pe-
riod,— until November, — at least in some instances.

Adult birds are very constant both in size and plumage, but, at the same
time there is an immense variation in the length and stoutness of the bill in
different individuals. The black of the breast, and the lemon yellow on the
jugulum have often a few isolated red feathers among them. Some few spe-
cimens have white tips and inner borders of the secondaries, but this is un-
usual. The pileum of young birds has often a bronzy tint, not seen iu the
adult.

ASYNDESMUS Coues, nov. gen.

Generic Characters. — Bill as long as the head, rather longer than the tarsus,
as high as broad at the base, terminally compressed, somewhat decurved ;
almost colaptine in general aspect. Culmen much curved, tips of bill acute,
gonys straight, lateral outline of bill decidedly concave, lateral bevelling
scarcely appreciable, lateral ridge distinct, superior and inferior ridges but
slightly developed. Wings very long, when folded reaching to near the end
of the long tail ; fourth quill longest, third and fifth about equal to each other
and shorter than the second. Inner anterior claw reaching but little beyond
the base of the outer claw. Feathers of the under parts and of a nuchal col-
lar with the fibres on their terminal portion disconnected, loosened, enlarged
in calibre, stiffened, almost bristle-like, with a peculiar glistening silicious
hardness, destitute of fibrilhe whereby to interlock. Dorsal plumage imbri-
cated, with an intense metallic lustre.

Type. Picas torquatus Wilson.

The bill of this genus is quite peculiar, approaching that of Colaptes in its
length, convexity of culmen, acute tip, and slightly bevelled sides ; and re-
sembling that of Melanerpes in its sharply defined lateral ridge. The nasal*
plumuli are long and bristly but not dense. The length of the wing is ex-
cessive, and the proportions of the primaries peculiar. The most essential
feature is found in the unusual texture of the feathers of the under parts
and nuchal collar, which has thus been described : " The fibres of the feath-
ers are longer than usual and remarkably stiff. Those on the terminal third
of each feather are of the usual character at the base, or provided with fibril-
lar, those of opposite sides interlocking as in feathers generally. The termi-
nal portion, however, of the stem of the fibre is much enlarged and expanded

1866]

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMI OP

laterally to twice or more the diameter at the root, and converted into quite a
stiff bristle, nearly smooth or with slight indications in place of fibrillse. It is-
this portion of the feather that is colored," [Baird.] The feathers of the
nuchal collar also posses these peculiarities. The dorsal plumage is intensely
lustrous. The red about the face has a peculiar velvety aspect.

I do not find any name already proposed for this genus, which seems emi-
nently worthy of separation from Melanerpes. I had long been of this opinion
from examination of skins alone ; and since studying the bird in the field,
have become quite convinced. My name has reference to the disconnection
of the fibres of the feather.

45. AsYNDESMUS TORQUATUS (WilS.)

Picas torquatus Wilson. Melanerpes (orquatas Bonap. et Auct. Asyndesmus
torquatus Coues. Picas montanus Ord. P. Lewisii Drapiez.

Common : resident.

In young birds there is hardly a trace of a nuchal collar, and the upper
parts, especially about the head, have very little lustre. The crimson fore-
head and lores are very illy defined ; nor are they trenchantly divided from
the hoary of the breast by a black area. The blood-red of the under parts
only shows in isolated patches, except perhaps on the abdomen, where it is-
more or less continuous ; the color being of various shades of gray on the
breast and sides. The feathers hardly acquire their peculiar character until
old enough to have their proper color.

46. Colaptes mexicanus Swainson.

Resident ; abundant: found in all situations, and in habits is quite a coun-
terpart of the eastern species it represents in Western North America.

(47.) Colaptes chrysoides Malh.

Gtopicus (Colaptes) chrysoides, Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. N. H. iv. 1852,

553. Monog. Pieidce, ii. p. 262.
Colaptes chrysoides, Baird, B. N. A- 1858, p. 125.

Colaptes Ayresii, Heermnnn, Parke's Exped. 32° parallel, in the P. R.
R. Surv. vol. x. pt. ii. p. 50. Not of Audubon.
This species has been shot at Fort Mojave by Dr. J. G. Cooper, in Feb. 1861,
when it was feeding on the larvae of insects among the Pbpulus moniliferus.
He found it very shy and wary as all the Colaptes seem to be. It doubtless
winters in the Colorado valley, though I do not think it leaves the valley to
the north and east, as I have never found it among the Whipple mountains.

" Geopicus ehrysoides Malh." was given by Prof. Baird in 1858 as a syno-
inyin, with a query, of his C hyridus. At that time there was not sufficient
material available to decide the point ; but the impropriety of the reference
has since become evident.* The bird is now well known as a common species-
of Lower and Southern California, and of the Colorado valley, and has been
brought from the Sonora line. Very numerous examples are in the Smith-
sonian from Cape St. Lucas.

" Colaptes Ayresii Aud." of Dr. Heermann's Report, as above cited, is un-
doubtedly the present species. But the true Ayresii of Audubon is a mixture
of auratus and mexicanus, more recently characterized by Prof. Baird as C.
hybridus.

TROCHILIDJE.

(48.) TrochiI/US alexandri Bo ure. and Muls.

This species has been taken in the Colorado Desert so near the western
boundary of the Territory as to render it exceedingly probable it is a bird
of the Colorado River valley, as well as of the coast of Southern and Lower
California. But I am not aware that it has actually been taken in Arizona.

* See <le.scriptions of ani remarks upau this species by S. F. Baird, in Pr. A. N. S. Ph. for Not-
ember. 1S59.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57

Dr. Cooper tells me that the nests which he found on the Mojave River were
composed entirely of the soft white downy cotton of Platanus and Salix.

(49.) Atthis cost m (Bourc.) Reich.

A species generally distributed throughout the Territory, particularly in its
southern and southwestern portions. Not taken at Fort Whipple, though
observed some fifty miles south. From Bill William's River, Dr Kennerly, in
February ; from Fort Mojave, Dr. Cooper. Doubtless winters withiu the lim-
its of the Territory.

(50.) Selasphorcs platycercus (Sw.) Gould.

Numerous specimens seen on the sumuiit of Whipple's Pass of the Rocky
Mountains in July, feeding among clumps of wild roses. Not observed at
Fort Whipple ; but the range northward of this species, as now known, in-
cludes the whole of New Mexico and Arizona ; and further north, at least,
as far as Fort Bridger, Utah.

51. Selasphorus rpfus Swains.

Very abundant at Fort Whipple, as it is elsewhere along the whole Pacific
slope of the Rocky Mountains, and across their southern extensions into the
Rio Grande valley. Summer resident, breeding abundantly ; arrives April
10 ; remains until middle of September. Found in all situations, particularly
meadows, open copses, ravines, etc., where flowers are most abundant.

CYPSELTD^E.

52. Panyptila melanolefjca Baird.

Acanthylis saxatilis, Woodh. Sitgreave's Expl. Zuiiiand Col. Riv. Birds,

18(33, p. 64. ("Inscription Rock," N. M.)
Cypselus melanoleucu*, Baird, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. vii. 1854, p. 118. (San
Francisco Mts. Ariz.) Cassin, Illust. Bds. Cal. and Texas, i. 1855, p.
248.
Panyptila melanoleuca, Baird. B. N. A. 1S58, p. 141. Coues, Newton's
Ibis., 1865, p.
Rather sparingly distributed throughout the Territory ; chiefly in the
neighborhood of cliffs and precipices, which, I believe, it almost exclusively
inhabits.

I think there can he no doubt that the bird described by Prof. Baird, as
above, is the same as that briefly and somewhat incorrectly indicated by Dr.
Woodhouse. While encamped at Inscription Rock, July 3, 1864, I saw great
numbers of tbese Swifts ; but, as unfortunate as Dr. W., I was unable to pro-
cure a single specimen, though many passed so near me that I could posi-
tively identify them. The cbief point of discrepancy is the white rump
mentioned by Dr. Woodhouse, which does not exist in Prof. Baird's speci-
mens. But I am perfectly satisfied, in my own mind, that Dr. Woodhouse,
from the imperfect observations he was only enabled to make, mistook the
white patches on each side of the rump, which in life often reach nearly or
quite across the uropygium till they coalesce on the median line. There is a
corroboration of this view afforded by the Tachycincta thalassina. Observa-
tions of the latter in life gives the impression of a white rump ; whereas this
species has that part concolor with the back ; but the large white cottony
patches on the flanks are long and loose enough to meet each other on the
rump. Moreover the localities whence the two supposed species come are so
near as to render it unlikely there should exist two such closely allied
Swifts.
From Inscription Rock* to the San Francisco Mountains, I continually met

* Inscription Rock is a huge mass of sandstone protruding from the side of a hill, with a front of
great height perpendicular to the plain below; situate a days march west of Whipple's Pass of
the Rocky Mountains, and rather more than that distance east of the Pueblo of ZuEi. The San
Francisco Mountains are a well known locality.

I860.]

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

with great numbers of these birds ; except along the valley of the Colorado
Chiquito River, where there were no suitable places for their habitation. It
is preeminently a saxicoliue species, and always found congregated in con-
siderable, sometimes in immense numbers, in the vicin ty of huge cliffs and
piles of rocks ; usually associating intimately and peacefully with several spe-
cies of Hirundmidce, especially Hirundo lunifrons. Its flight is very rapid and
vigorous ; similar in character to that of the common Chmtura. Its note is an
often and quickly repeated twitter, loud and shrill, quite different intone from
that of Chce.lv.ra pelasgia. It builds upon the vertical faces of precipitous
rocks.

Notwithstanding the identity of Baird's with Woodhouse's species, I do not
think that the former's name, accompanied by a definite description, should
give way to the brief and incorrect indication of Acanthylis saxutilis.

CAPRIMULGIDJE.

53. Antrostomus Nuttalli (Aud.) Cassin.

This widely distributed species, which extends from Missouri and Kansas to
the Pacific and south into Mexico, is particularly abundant throughout Ari-
zona. At Fort Whipple it is a summer resident, arriving late in April and
remaining until October. So numerous is it in some localities that around
the camp-fires of the traveller a perfect chorus of their plaintive two-s.\llabled
notes is continued all through the night, and some of the performers are usually
so near that the sharp click of their mandibles which follows each cry is distinct-
ly audible. But from the difficulty of observing them, little of their personal
habits, beyond their cries, are known to us. I never saw a single bird in Ari-
zona, though I have listened to perhaps many hundred. Their dissyllabic note
is a peculiarity which well distinguishes them from A. vociftrus.

I have been informed that the trissyllabic notes of A. vociferus have been
heard in Arizona; but I consider the statement as very improbable.

(54.) Chordeiles Henryi Cass.

Abundant throughout the Territory. At Fort Whipple a summer resident,
arriving in April and remaining until October. It is particularly numerous in
August and September.

This species, if it be really one, is not larger than C. popetue, and it otherwise
is so closely allied to the latter, as to render the separation of some specimens
a matter based upon locality rather than upon differences to be found on com-
parison of skins. The western bird presents variations quite parallel with
those of popetue ; but nevertheless the average is much lighter colored and
with more rufous about it, than usually exhibited by eastern specimens.
These remarks are founded upon examination of very extensive series of both
birds which have been at my disposal.

(55.) Chordeiles Texensis Lawr.

Common in the Colorado valley to even further north than the latitude of
Fort Whipple ; but not observed elsewhere further north than some fifty
miles south of the last mentioned locality ; and then only in summer. Ex-
tends from the Rio Grande valley to the Pacific. Numerous specimens are
in the Smithsonian from Cape St. Lucas.

A female procured at Date Creek, June 5, 1865, differs from C. Henryi as
follows : The wing from the carpus measures 7 inches instead of about 8 ;
the tail 4^ instead of 5. The throat, though the specimen is a female, is pure
white ; but there are no white bands on the tail, the lateral rectrices having
very irregular, interrupted bands of rufous, except the middle pair, which are
barred with black and mottled gray, the latter much the widest. The pri-
maries are all basally spotted thickly on both inner and outer webs with bright
rufous, which spots show a tendency to form incomplete bars. On the three
first primaries is a large spot of very light rufous, placed within 2% inches of

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59

the point of the wing. The fork of the tail is less than a third of an inch. In
neither sex of C. Henryi is there any rufous mottling on the primaries ; and
thus one conpsicuous alar spot is white in hoth sexes ; and is moreover much
nearer the bases of the primaries, being 3^ inches from the point of the wing :
so that when the wing is folded the spot is anterior to the ends of the secon-
daries. The reverse is the case in C. Texensis ; and these points will always
separate the two species, even when small female C. Henryi is compared
with large male texensis. I do not know if the female texensis always has a
white throat.

I am unable to discuss the relationship of the C. branliensi* 6m., and in
adopting the name texensis I am following Mr. Lawrence's authority altogether.

HALCYONlDsE.

56. Ceryle alcyon (L. ) Boie.

Common summer resident. Arrives April 10th ; remains until November.
Generally distributed over the various streams of the Territory.

(57.) Ceryle Americana (Gm.) Boie.

Observed at several points on the Colorado River between Forts Mojave and
Yuma, which I believe is the first recorded instance of its occurrence in the
Uuited States elsewhere than in the valley of the Rio Grande.

COLOPTERID.E.
58. Tyrannus vociferans Swains.

Abundant summer resident. Arrives third week in April ; remains until
latter part of Sept. Found in every sort of locality.

Adult individuals of the same sex hardly vary appreciably in size ; and the
colors are exceedingly constant. Males average from 9* X 16-5 to 9"25 X
16-75 ; females measure about 8-75 X 16. Iris brown. Bill and feet black.
Mouth livid flesh color.

The young of the year in July and August differ materially from the adults.
The mouth and some part of the lower mandible are bright yellow. The feet
are light colored instead of black. The primaries are not attenuated near
their tips. There is no trace of the red in the crown. Tue outer web of
the exterior tail feather is barely appreciably lighter than the rest. The wing
coverts are strongly margined and tipped with pale rufous ; the quill feathers
less conspicuously edged with yellowish white. The back is nearly pure dull
brown, concolor with the head instead of being olive gray in contrast with the
plumbeous head. Below the two ages are nearly alike ; but the yellow is
sometimes so pale as to be dull sulphury white ; while the breast is rather
brown than plumbeous. The chin is always conspicuously pure white.

(59.) Tyrannus verticalis Say.

A bird which in its extensive wanderings includes Arizona, though that
country cannot be considered as properly a part of its habitat. Dr. Cooper
has taken it at Fort Mojave, and throughout Southern California. I have
never met with it at Fort Whipple, where vociferans is so very abundant.

60. Myiarchus MExicANCS (Kaup.) Baird.

Common summer resident. Arrives third week in April; remains until
middle of September. Seldom found in the pines, preferring ravines, hill-
sides, creek bottoms, etc. Some winter as high in the Colorado Valley as
Fort Mojave. (January; Cooper.) Iris brown. Mouth livid flesh color. Bill
and feet black. Moult through July and August.

At Fort Whipple .young birds were first observed early in July. Though
not mistakable for any other species, they differ notably from the adults. The
head is clear brown, in tolerably strong contrast to the color of the back, which
latter is lighter and duller than that of the adult. All the wing coverts are
so widely edged and tipped with light rufous as to give the prevailiug color

1866.]

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

to these parts. The reddish edging of the primaries is very broad, and takes
in more of the primaries, but is duller than in the adult. The tail differs
most ; instead of being dimidiated with clear brown and deep pure chestnut,
(the outer webs and tips being of the former color,) the whole tail is light dull
chestnut, more or less obscured by dusky towards the bases of the feathers ;
the central pair having a narrow median shaft line of this color. The under
parts are quite similar to those of the adults ; the yellow being fully as in-
tense. The bill and feet are black, as in the adult ; the mouth, however, is
bright yellow.

The males average 8*50 X 13-25. The females are generaly fully 50 X 1*50
shorter in these dimensions ; a somewhat unusual amount of difference in this
family.

61. Sayornis sayds (Bp. ) Baird.

Common throughout the Territory ; a summer resident at Fort Whipple. Is
the first of the migratory birds in spring, arriving in March ; and it also re-
mains very late, until the middle of October. Winters in the whole Colorado
Valley, and southern portions of the Territory generally. Almost exclusively
frequents open plains in stunted chaparral, sage brush, etc. ; and in some
other points of habit differs remarkably from our other Fly-catchers.

The iris is dark brown ; the bill and feet blaik, the mouth chiefly flesh col-
ored. The moult is not finished until late in September.

There is an interesting parallelism in the migrations of the smaller Fly-
catchers of the eastern and western coasts. Thus the present species arrives
at Fort Whipple among the very first of the spring migrants, just as S.fuscus
does in the middle districts of the Eastern States. Both likewise depart very
late, some remaining through October. Next in order come various species of
Empidonax : — in the East, E. acadicus, traillii, jiaviventris and minimus; in
the West, E. pusillus, difficilis, hammondii and obscurus ; which correspond
very nearly in their times of arrival and departure. Latest of all the Contopi
make their appearance : — C. virens in the East ; C. Richardsonii in the West.

This species does not habitually frequent canons, rocky gorges, secluded
banks of streams, etc., like its congener, S.fuscus; nor yet does it inhabit
forests with the Contopi and Empidonaces.

(62.) Sayornis nigricans Bonap.

A very abundant and permanent resident in the valleys of the Gila and
Colorado, and more southern portions of the Territory generally. " Winters
as high as Fort Mojave, " (Cooper.) Not found at Fort Whipple, though de-
tected a very few miles southward of that locality. On the Pacific coast it has
been found considerably north of the latitude of Whipple ; and will in all pro-
bability be found as at least a summer visitant to the latter place.

63. Contopus pertinax Cab.

Conlopus " borealis exMex." of many authors. Not Tyrannus boreal is
Sw. et Rich.

Contopus pertinax, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. 1859, p- 72.
Very rare summer resident at Fort Whipple. A single specimen, taken
Aug. 20, in good plumage, though most other Fly catchers were in moult.
The bill above was black, the lower mandible and mouth rich orange yellow.
This young specimen differs from adult examples from Mexico in having more
brown rather than pure dark olive in the color of the upper parts, in having
the rump and upper tail coverts margined with dull ferrugineous ; all the
wing coverts and the secondaries broadly edged and tipped with the same,
palest on the secondaries ; and a wash of rufous on the under parts gen-
erally. The tail is less deeply forked.

This is a species to which are to be referred the various citations of " bore-
alts'" from Mexico; which latter species does not appear to include this
country in its range. The differences between the two are more palpable than

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61

is generally the case in this group of birds. There is more of olive, and less
of pure dark brown in the upper parts. The under parts are of a nearly uni-
form soiled dull brownish olive, only a little lighter on the throat, and some-
what tinged with yellowish on the middle of the abdomen, very different from
the streaked brown breast and white throat and abdomen of horealis. The
bill is much longer though not wider than that of horealis ; bright yellow be-
low. The tuft of white crissal feathers is far less conspicuous. In pe.rtinax
the second, third and fourth quills are about equal to each other, and longest ;
the first half an inch shorter than the second ; intermediate in length between
the fifth and sixth. In horealis the second quill is much the longest, the first
and third about equal and -15 of an inch shorter than the second ; the fourth
•50, and the fifth -90 of an inch shorter than the longest. A very differently
shaped wing is thus produced. The tail of pertinax is nearly half an inch
longer than that of horealis.

The present species is one of several Mexican and Peninsular birds which
are found in upper Arizona; doubtless following the course of the Valley of
the great Colorado. It is now for the first time introduced into the Fauna of
the United States.

64. Contoi'DS Richakdsonii (Swains.) Baird.

Exceedingly abundant summer resident. Arrives in spring about May 1st,
the latest of the Fly-catchers, as does C. virens in the Ea?t. Departs third
week in September. Found in all situations, hut especially in open forests.
Iris brown. Bill and feet black; the under mandihle tomewhat lighter col-
ored. Mouth bright yellow.

The plumage of the upper parts of the young of the year is plain dull
brown, with no olive tint ; some of the feathers (chiefly those of the head
and rump) tipped with dull rufous ; which sometimes, especially on the
rump, gives the main color to the part. Below the olivaceous gray of the
adult is every where mixed with considerable dull ferrugineous ; only the
chin and middle of the belly being untinged with this color. All the wing
coverts and the inner primaries are strongly edged and tipped with ferrugine-
ous. The iris is brown ; the bill above and the feet black ; the lower mandi-
ble yellow except at tip ; the mouth orange yellow.

In examining the very lar._e series of skins I have collected on the Rio
Grande in New Mexico, and in Arizona, together with specimens from Colorado
Territory and other parts of the west, there has been made upon me an im-
pression that there are two species. By far the majority of specimens are of
the regulation Richardsonii type. A few others in the series and from very
various and diverse localities, differ in being all over of a more decided and
uniform grayish brown ; with less of olive above and with no trace below of
any sulphury olive on the abdomen ; tnis part with the throat being more
decidedly dull whit.sh than the rest of the series ; and the breast more purely
gray, in contrast to the lighter colored throat and abdomen. The bird may be
well described as a miniature of C. horealis. Prof. Baird has always, to me,
verbis et Uteris, indicated his decided conviction that there are two species in
the collection ; and we have been in the habit of designating these gray speci-
mens as Cvnio/ms Veliei, after Dr. Velie, who sent the first example from the
mountains of Colorado Territory. But the proportions of the birds appear the
same in every specimen ; and I have noticed, too, that all these gray ones are
late summer or early fall birds, and I must candidly confess my inability to
satisfactorily discern in the series a second species.

65. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.) Baird.

Moderately abundant summer resident. None of the several Empidonaces
found at Fort Whipple are very numerous ; and this is perhaps the most char-
acteristic species. Arrives- middle of April ; remains through September.
Several excellent and typteal examples of both old and young are in my col-
lection, which I have no difficulty in identifying by Prof. Baird's superb mo-
nograph.

1866.]

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Iris blackish brown. Legs and feet and upper mandible black ; lower man-
dible dusky flesh. No. 36945, measures 5-9 X 8-7 ; No. 36944, 6-1 X 9-2.

A young bird in my Fort Yuma collection, (Sept. 17, 1865, > differs greatly
from the adult in colors, though the proportions are accurately preserved. It
is everywhere very strongly suffused with olive, becoming olivaceous yellow
beneath, almost like flaviventris or difficilis. The middle of the abdomen, how-
ever, is rhore decidedly whitish, and the sides of the breast somewhat rufous.
The bands on the wings and the edges of the primaries are very strongly
tinged with ferrugineous, especially the former. The tail is margined with a
duller shade of the same color, as is also the under coverts of the wing near
its edge The upper mandible is black ; the lower with the whole mouth
bright yellow. The feet are brownish. But with this similarity of colors the
shape of the bill, and the proportions of some other parts will always readily
distinguish it from flaviventris or diffieilis.

The Platyrltynchus pusillus of Swainson (Syn. Mex. Birds in Phil. Mag.
May, 1827, 366,) is one of several Tyrannince which Dr. Sclater finds it difficult
to determine satisfactorily, (P. Z. S. , 1859, p. 44.) The species is, I thiuk,
most undoubtedly the same as that subsequently described and figured by
Swainson and Richardson, (F. B. A. ii. 1831, p. 144,) which Prof. Baird has
shown quite conclusively to be the species now under consideration. I have
elsewhere (vide infra) shown where I think belongs Tyrannula affinis of
Swainson's Mexican synopsis.

66. Empidonax difficilis Baird.

E. difficilis Baird. B. N. A., 1858, p. 198; name proposed in text of
flaviventris for western specimens.
Rather rare ; summer resident ; arrives middle of April ; remains until lat-
ter part of September.

Iris brown ; feet black ; upper mandible black, lower light yellow.
It is somewhat diffiunlt to distinguish this supposed species from the eastern
flaviventris.

67. Empidonax Hammondii (Xantus) Baird.

Rather rare summer resident. Arrives 1 >te in April ; remains until third
week in October.

A species readily discernible among the little North American Empidonaces
by its diminutive bill, the deep forking of the tail, and the proportions of the
primaries, independently of its peculiar shades of color. The grayish white
tips of the lesser and median wing coverts are very conspicuous. The white
margin of the inner primaries and secondaries are well defined ; but stop ab-
ruptly before reaching the greater coverts, so that a well marked area is thus
left entirely dark colored ; except on a single feather, (the innermost secon-
dary), which is margined for its whole length. Specimens hardly vary in
size ; not more than a fourth of an inch in length, and a little more in extent
The bill is almost wholly dark colored ; the under mandible being only slightly
lighter in color. The legs and feet are black. The mouth at all seasons is
bright yellow.

In the fall, as usual, the whole colors of young birds are tinged more or less
strongly with yellowish olive ; and sometimes on certain parts with pale fer-
rugineons. The back especially towards the rump is quite decidedly olivace-
ous brown ; the head not so purely biown as iu spring. The bands on the
wing, and the margins of the primaries are tinged with rufous olive. The under
parts, especially on the abdomen and flanks, are strongly olive yellow, giving
somewhat the aspect of flaviventris ; but the throat and breast remains much
as in spring.

iW. Empidonax ob^curus (Swains.) Baird.

Tyrannula obscura, Swains. Syn. Mex. Phil. Mag. i. 1827, p. 3(37.
Empidonax Wrightii, Baird, Birds N. A., 185>s, p. 200. (Provisional
name, in text under E. obscuru.i.)

[March

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA; 63

Summer resident ; rare. Arrives early in April : remains until October.
Bill black above ; bright yellow below, except at its extreme tip. Mouth
yellow at all seasons. Iris brown. Subject to only very slight variations in
size.

One of the most strongly marked of our Empidonaces. Its essential char-
acters lie in the much elongated and very narrow bill ; the long tarsi ; the
tail not forked, but rather the reverse ; and the conspicuously contrasted
white outer web of the exterior rectrices. Its colors are almost precisely
those of Hammondii, but the proportions of the two birds are quite different.

There are several discrepancies between the present bird and the brief and
unsatisfactory description of Swainson above cited, as shown by Prof. Baird,
who proposes the name " Wrightii" in the event that the Mexican bird
proves distinct from that of the United States.

[Note. — Dr. J. Gr. Cooper furnishes me with the following: " Empidonax
Traillii. I have found this species west of the Mojave River and Cajou Pass,
and at Santa Barbara, in California. It was abundant at Fort Mojave : a shy
aud retiring species ; keeping in the willow and cotton wood copses of the
river bottom." Though disliking to suppose an error of identification in so
judicious a naturalist, I am of opinion that the note refers to pusillus, and not
to Traillii. Still Traillii is found in Mexico, and may very possibly ascend
the valley of the Colorado.]

MITREPHORUS Scl.

Mitrephorus, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 44; type M. phwocercus Scl.

A genus founded by Dr. Sclater, as above, to receive certain small Tyran-
nuline forms, closely allied to Empidonax, but differing from that genus in
the elongation of the occipital feathers, and a general fulvous or buffy suffu-
sion which tinges all the colors of the species.

To the genus thus based upon M. plueocercus from Central Mexico, also
belongs the Musccapa fulvifrons of Giraud. A third species is one recently
described by Mr. Lawrence,* from Costa Rica, as M. aurantiiventris, differing
from phaiocercus in being rather smaller, the rusty fulvous of the under parts
much lighter, becoming bright orange yellow on the abdomen and sides, etc.

I have the pleasure of introducing this neotropical genus into the United
States Ornis, upon specimens taken at Fort Whipple, of a species I shall
describe as new ; but which is so closely allied to M. fulvifrons that the two
may hereafter prove to be identical.

69. Mitrephorus pallescens Coues, nov. sp.

??Tyr<mnula afftnis, Swainson, f Syu. Mex. Birds, Phil. Mag. i. 1827,

p. 366.
? Muscicapa fulvifrons, Giraud, B. Texas, pi. 2, fig. 2, == Empidonax
fulvifons, Scl. P. Z. S., 1858, p. 301, = Mitrephorus fulvifrons, Scl.
P. Z. S., 1859, p. 45, = Empidonax rubicundus, Cab. Mus. Hein, ii.
p. 70.
Empidonax pygmccus Coues, Newton's Ibis, 1865. (MS. name men-
tioned in text.)
Sp. Ch. — Above plain dull grayish brown, tinged with olive, particularly
on the middle of the back; the head and rump hardly appreciably thus
tinged. Below very pale fulvous, most pronounced across the breast, the
chin and throat being much lighter, and the abdomen almost white. No ful-
vous suffusion about the forehead ; the dark feathers of the crown reaching to
the bill ; the space between eye and bill, the auriculars and sides of the head
generally light brownish olive, with no trace of fulvous. Wings and tail plain

* Annals Lye. Nat. Sci. Hist. New Y >ik, viii. Nov., 1865, p. 174.

t '/'. utfinis aw. I.e. "Olive, beneath pale fulvous; wing coverts and quills with pale margins;
base of lesser quills with a blarkish spot; bill small; under mandible yellow; tail divaricate."

I860.]

61 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

dusky ; the outer web of the external rectrices, the margins of the inner pri-
maries, except just at their base, and the tips of greater and median coverts,
dull white, with no tint of olive or ferrugineous. Iris brown ; upper mandible
and feet black, lower mandible and mouth bright yellow. Length 4-75 ;
extent 7'30 ; wing from the carpus 2-15 ; tail 2#00 ; tarsus -55 ; middle toe
and claw -45 ; bill above -40.

Habitat. — Fort Whipple, Arizona. A summer resident, arriving early in
May. Rare. Found in similar situations with Empidonaces.

I have before me but a single specimen of Mitrephorus fuh'ifrons, which,
judging from the rufous in the white of the wing margins, and general " feel"
of the feathers is probably an autumnal or immature bird. It was received
from Mexico through the Maison Verreaux, and labelled by those gentlemen.
From this specimen, my two examples, taken in May, at Fort Whipple, differ
conspicuously in color ; the upper parts being dull grayish brown, with hardly
a tinge of olivaceous, instead of decided fulvous brownish olive ; the lower
parts being pale fulvous, only well marked on the breast, other portions, par-
ticularly the abdomen, being nearly white ; whereas, in the specimen of fulvi-
frons, the whole under parts are very strongly fulvous, almost ferrugineous,
only a little lighter on the chin and on the abdomen, which latter is rusty
yellow instead of nearly white. The forehead and lores of my specimens
exhibit no trace of the color which has given the other species its distinctive
name.

I can, however, detect no differences whatever in size or form between the
two. I consider it as quite possible that the discrepancies above indicated
may prove to be only those of age or season. Still, a decided difference in
color does exist, sufficient to warrant me in describing the species as distinct,
for the present, at least. The range of habitat of the two is quite diverse.

No comparisons with M. phozocercus or aurantiiventris are needed.

Dr. Sclater, in instituting his species plueocercus, inclines to the opinion
that it may be the species indicated by Swainson as Tyrannula affinis. (See
citation and copy of Swainson's description, antea.) It is quite likely that
Swainson had in view some species of Mitrephorus ; but I think rather the
present species than plueocercus, as the expression "beneath pale fulvous"
hardly applies to the latter, in which the parts are very strongly colored
indeed. However, Swainson's description is so vague and meagre, that it is
hardly worth considering at all, in view of the impossibility of identifying it
positively with any species.

I use another name than that under which I first mentioned the species in
Newton's Ibis, as above ; since the species being not smaller than fulvifrons,
the name pygmceus would convey an erroneous impression regarding it.

(70.) Pyrocephalus mexicanps Sclater.

Pyrocephalus rubineus, Baird, B. N A., 1858, p. 201, (New Mexico and

Arizona,) and of North American writers. Not Muscicapa rubineus

Bodd., nor Muscicapa coronata Qua. Wagier, which refer to the South

American species.

Pyrocephalus nanus, Woodhouse, Sitgreave's Report, 1853, p. 75. Not

the true nanus.
Pyrocephalus mexicanus, Sclater, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 45.
Not found as far north as Whipple, among the mountains, though it
extends up the valley of the Colorado to an equally high latitude. Common
in the valley of the Gila and Southern Arizona generally.

Without the material for forming an opinion of my own, I follow Dr. Sclater
in separating the Mexican bird from that of South America.

TVRDJDM.

71. Tuedus (Planesticus) migratorius Linn.

Abundant ; resident ; a few winter, and fewer still breed ; exceedingly
numerous in spring and fall.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65

72. Tcrdus (Hylocichla *) nanus Andub.

Rare ; spring and autumn migrant ; some breed ? A few probably winter ;
as it certainly does at Fort Mojave, where Dr. Cooper has found it in January.
A shy and retiring species, like T. pallusii.

73. Turdus (Hesperocichla f) irfflvrirs Gmelin.

Was obtained on the Colorado, between Forts Yuma and Mojave, by Lieut.
Ives' Expedition in 1853 ; but this locality must be considered as exceptional.

74. Mimds polyglottus (L.) Boie.

Common summer resident. Arrives third week in April ; remains until
latter part of September. I fouud it more numerous on the Colorado Chi-
quito than among the Whipple .fountains. My specimens from the Rio
Grande are quite like those from Arizona, of the variety cauilatus Baird.

No. 1480, Adult. Iris yellowish green. Bill and feet blackish. No. 392,
adult. Iris ochraceous yellow. No. 560, young. Iris gray, mouth yellow,
feet leaden blue, soles dirty white ; bill above blackish, below chiefly dull
flesh color.

75. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.) Baird.

It is a little singular that I never saw this species about Fort Whipple,
since it is so well known a bird of almost every portion of Arizona.

(76.) Harporhynchus Lecontei (Lawr.) Bp.

On the 30th of September, 186"), I had the pleasure of procuring the second
known specimen of this excessively rare and little known species. I found it
on a dry, barren plain, covered chiefly with mezquite and several genera of
Cactaceie, about fifteen miles from the Colorado River, just above Fort
Mojave. It was very shy and restless, fluttering hurriedly from one cactus
bush to another, till at last I shot it as it fancied itself hidden among the
thick fronds of a large Yucca. Its large strong feet admirably adapt it for
a partially terrestrial life, and it spends much of its time on th« ground,
where it runs rapidly and easily. Its flight is swift but desultory, accom-
panied by continual flirting of the tail. A few days afterward I saw several
more in the same place.

My specimen agrees exactly with Mr. Lawrence's type and description, and
presents all those differences from crissalis detailed by Prof. Baird in his Birds
of North America. Mr. Lawrence's type is from Fort Yuma. The species is
undoubtedly an inhabitant of the whole of the valleys of the Colorado and
Gila, probably not leaving these streams for mountainous regions.

(77.) Harporhynchus crissalis Henry.

Colorado and Gila valleys. Not observed at Whipple. " A few keep about
Fort Mojave." (Cooper.)

The second known specimen of H. crissalis is in the Smithsonian, from
Fort Yuma, the original locality of U. Lecontei. The range of both species is
doubtless quite identical ; and the fact that, though thus associating, they
still preserve intact their distinctive fea ures, is a strong argument in favor
of their separation. I have myself examined Dr. Henry's type specimen of
//. crissalis, and find it sufficiently distinct from Lecontei, whatever may be its-
relations to the coast species rcdivivus. •

The "? Harporhynchus curvirostris " mentioned by Dr. Heermann in his
Report, as having been seen near Tucson, Southern Arizona, was undoubt-
edly either this or the preceding species.

» Hylocichla, Bair.l, Rev. N. A. Birls, 1S64, \>. 12. Subgenus propped for N. Amor. Wood
Th ushrw, as differing from Turdns proper with viscivonm as type, by their shorter, wider and
more depressed bills, length and slenderness of th" booted tarfci, etc.

t Hefjte.rocichhi, Baird, Rev. N. A. Birds, 18t'5, p. 12. Tj pe T. nieviusGw.—lxonus of Tona-
parte prove;, to belong to a different g oup.

LS6ti.] 5

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY Of

CINCLIDjE.

(78.) ClNCLUS MEXICANDS SwainSOU.

The known range of this species includes Arizona.

SAXICOLID^E.

79. Sialia mexicana Swainson. •

Permanent resident. Exceedingly abundant. In its familiarity and other
habits exactly replaces S. sialis of the east.

Specimens vary in every conceivable degree between the dullest colored
young female and the high plumaged spring male. In immature plumage
some examples much resemble S. artica ; but there is always discernible a
dorsal patch somewhat differently colored from the rest of the upper parts.
The shade of blue differs in equally mature males, being sometimes of a pur-
plish tint, and rarely the blue so invades and interrupts the dorsal chestnut as
to render the boundaries of the latter quite undefinable.

80. Sialia arctica Swainson.

Rather uncommon. Noticed only late in the autumn and in the winter ;
not observed to breed at Fort Whipple, and I think it is there chiefly a winter
visitant. Has been taken as far South as Fort Yuma. Audubon s figure of
the female is quite incorrect. The species differs conspicuously from mexi-
cana in its habits.

SYLVUDJE.

81. Regulds calendulas Licht.

Exceedingly abundant ; migrant. In spring, from third week in March to
second week in May. In autumn, from latter part of September to November.
A few probably breed in the neighboring mountains. The species remains in
abundance in the Colorado Valley during the winter, at least as high as Mo-
jave.

82. Regulds satrapds Licht.

Has been taken in the Territory, though I have myself never met with it.

83. Polioptila c^rdlea (Linn.) Scl.

Culicivora mexicana Bonap. Polioptila mexicana Sclater. But not of
Cassin, which is melanura.
Rare; summer resident; first individuals noticed April 25. " Winters in
the Colorado Valley." Cooper.

84. Polioptila plumbea' Baird.

P. plumbea, Baird, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1S54, p. 118. Id. Birds N. A.
1858, p. 382, pi. 33, fig. i. Id. Rev. Amer. Birds, 1865, p. 74, (Ari-
zona.)
Esentially a bird of the Southern Middle fauna, and generally distributed
throughout Arizona, though no where very abundantly. Bill William's River,
Kennerly, (original tv pes of species ;) Fort Yuma, Ives ; Colorado Chiquito,
Fort Mojave, Beale's Springs, Hassayampa Creek, near Fort Whipple, Coues.
At the last mentioned locality it is a summer resident. " Winters in the Co-
lorado Valley." Cooper.

(85.) Polioptila melandra Lawr.

Culicivora atricapilla, Lawrence, olim. Not of SwaiDSon, which is

leucogastra, Maxim.
Culicivora mexicana, Cassin, not of Bonaparte oi Sclater, which is true

ccerulea. A

Polioptila melanura, Lawrence, nuper. Baird, B. N. A., 1858, p. 382.
Id. Rev. 1865, p. 68. Heermann, P. R. R. Survey, x, pt. iv. p. 39,
(Arizona.)
Chiefly a species of the Southern Middle Province ; but extending westward

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES*OF PHILADELPHIA. 67

to the Pacific, in the latitude of San Diego, California. Fort Yuma, lues ;
Pima Villages, Southern Arizona, Heermann. Probably not to be found as
high up as Fort Whipple, being restricted to the Gila and Lower Colorado
Valleys.

MOTACILLIDM.

£6. Anthcs ludovicianus Licht.

Abundant. Winter resident. Arrives late in the autumn, according to
weather, and remains until May. None breed in the vicinity of Fort Whipple.

DACNID^E.

(87.) Certhiola flaveola (L.) Sund.

This species, first introduced into the United States Fauna by specimens
from Indian Key, Florida, has since been found abundantly at Matamoras and
Brownsville, Texas, and also at Cape St. Lucas. It ranges over the interme-
diate ground along the Southern border of the Territory.

SYLVLICOWsE.

88. Dendimeca Graci* Cones.

Dendroica Graciie, Coues MSS., in Baird's Rev. Amer. Birds, Apr.,
1865, p. 210.

Description. (Orig. No. 1293, rj\ Apr. 26, 1865, Fort Whipple.) Bill shorter
than head or tarsus, about equal to the middle toe without its claw ; the cul-
men convex, the gonys very slightly so, the commissure a little curved.
Wings of ordinary length for this genus ; second and third primaries about
equal and longest ; first and fourth about equal to each other, and but little
less than the second or third. Sometimes the first four hardly differ appreci-
ably in length. Fifth -20 of an inch shorter than fourth. Tail of ordinary
length ; a little rounded, the outer lateral rectrices being a tenth of an inch
less than the median pair. Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe and claw.
Lateral toes short, equalling each other in length : the tips of their claws fall-
ing short of the base of the middle claw. Hind claw much longer and mor«
curved than the others ; about as long as its digit.

Adult spring plumage. — Entire upper parts ashy gray, with a tinge of blui-h
slate; the interscapular feathers conspicuously, and the upper tail coverts oh-
soletely streaked with black. A broad stripe of bright yellow passes from the
nostril over the eye, changing abruptly into pure white as it passes over the
posterior eanthus. Edges of upper and lower eyelids yellow ; that of
the latter more or less confluent with a small 'semilunar patch of yel-
low just below the eye. Chin, throat and upper part of the breast broadly
and uninterruptedly bright yellow, bordered on each side by streaks of black,
which separate it from the slaty gray of the sides of the neck ; more anteriorly
a black line cutting off the infra-ocular yellow crescent from the yellow of the
throat. Lores between eye and bill black, and the feathers of the crown
centrally black, most so on the forehead, less so on the occiput, producing an
appearence much like that of Afyiodioctes canadensis. Lesser and median
wing coverts colored like the back, greater coverts like the primaries ; both
median and greater conspicuously tipped with white, the former much the
most broadly. Primaries dusky ; the first three or four with an exceedingly
narrow margin of white ; the rest and the secondaries with somewhat pale
edges. Tail like the wings ; the outermost lateral rectrices white, except
their shafts, and a very small area at the base of the inner web, and the outer
web for half its length from the base ; next feather similar, but the dusky
area twice as large ; the third has only a small, somewhat triangular spot of
white near the end of the inner web. The under parts, from the termination
of the trenchantly defined yellow of the breast, are white ; immaculate on the
centre of the abdomen ; thickly streaked along the sides with large, partially

1866.]

68 PROCEEDINGS OF 7THE ACADEMY OF

blended, black lines. The iris, bill and feet are black ; the soles of the latter
dirty yellow.

Young of the year. The slate gray of the upper parts is strongly tinged with
olivaceous, least marked on the rump. The black streaks of the crown and
interscapular region are so obsolete as to be scarcely discernible. The yellow
of the head and throat has about the same extent as in the adult, but the
tint is much paler, and it is not edged along the sides of the breast and neck
by black streaks. The black lores are poorly defined. The white tips of the
greater and median wing coverts are grayish rather than pure white.
The strongly defined, black, lateral streaks of the adult are replaced by more
or less obsolete and semiconfluent, brownish black ones, and the abdomen,
crissum and circumanal region are rather ochraceous than pure white. The
bill and feet are lighter colored. The white on the tail feathers does not dif-
fer materially from that of the adults. Between the extremes of color, as
thus characterized, are to be found every gradation in amount of slatiness and
olivaceous, of distinctness of the black lateral streaks, and intensity of
yellow.

Variations. In a series of over twenty specimens of all ages and seasons, I
find examples varying from 4'9 to 5-20 in length, and to a corresponding de-
giee in extent of wings. The average dimension is 5*00 X 8-00 X 2*60. In-
dividuals of the same age and season hardly vary appreciably in color ; some-
times the black streaks of the crown show a tendency to become segregated on
each side as a margin to the superciliary streak, leaving the centre of the
crown immaculate, or the black may occupy the whole crown almost to the
exclusion of the greyish slate. The yellow and white are alwnys trenchantly
separated on the breast, and a black border always divides the yellow chin
from the yellow on the side of the head. The interscapular region may vary
in its amount of streaking. The greater coverts are sometimes edged, as well
as tipped with dull white.

Remarks. D. Gracice is exceedingly unlike any other North American
warbler. Its upper parts bear a striking resemblance to those of Myiodioctes
canadensis. It agrees with dominica (= superciliosa) in the yellow throat,
but is otherwise quite different from that species. It is closely allied to Baird's
new Porto Rican species, D. Adf-lu'da-, but this latter has the yellow extended
over the whole under parts, and otherwise differs materially in some points of
form as well as color.

Habitat. First met with July 2, 1864, in the pine woods covering the sum-
mit of Whipple's Pass of the Rocky Mountains. I saw no more on my journey
into Central Arizona, till again among pines at Fori Whipple, where it is a
very common bird, being in fact as abundant as virens or striata in our eastern
forests. It will doubtless be found in the forests of the San Francisco Mount-
ains. Its range seems to include all the pine tracts of New Mexico and Arizo-
na, from near the Valley of the Rio Grande to that of the Great Colorado. It
breeds about Whipple ; how far south it may go in winter into Mexico I am
unable to say.

Arrives at Fort Whipple Apr. 20, and remains until third week in September.
Almost exclusive'y pinicoline. An active, industrious, noisy species, posses-
sing marked muscicapine habits, Hying out from its perch to capture passing
insects. Like many other diminutive birds, it ambitiously prefers to inhabit
the tallest trees. It has several notes, one of which is the ordinary "tsip,"
emitted at all times by both old and young of most small insectivorous birds.
Its song proper, only heard in spring, consists of two or three loud, sweet
whistles, somewhat slurred, followed by several continuous notes resembling
" chir-r-r " in a wiry but clear tone. T^liis note is of much power for the size
of the bird. Another song, uttered when pairing, is much like that of Seto-
l>ha(ja ruticilla. The birds mate as early as May 1st, and doubtless raise two
broods, as I have found newly Hedged young as late as the middle of August.

[.March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA- 69

[Note.— Just as these sheets are passing through the press, I find several
eka'mpVs of this species in a collection made hy Mr. C. Wood, at Belize, Hon-
duras, where it is said to be quite common. They are rather smaller than
iny Arizona specimens, but otherwise quite identical. It is somewhat re-
markable that the species has never been detected in the regions lying be-
tween these two countries.]

89. Dendrosca nigrescens (Towns.1) Baird.

Common ; chiefly spring and autumn migrant ; but a few breed. Arrives
about Apr. 20, remains until late in September. Chiefiv pinicoline, and in
-other habits as well as in voice is exceedingly similar to D. GrdcicB.

This species is by no means so peculiarly a Pacific one as has generally
been supposed.

DO. Dexdrceca occidentalis (Towns. ) Baird.

Very rare. Summer resident. A single specimen of this little known
species, taken early in September in thick scrub oak bushes. It measured
4-9 X 7*7. In this immature state the dusky olivaceous extends over the
whole upper parts, deeply tinging the pure ash of the rump of the adults with
a somewhat lighter" shade of the olivaceous of the back, and extending for-
ward on the crown nearly to the front, where it gradually lightens by becom-
ing more and more mixed with yellow. The sides of the head are clear yellow,
only slightly soiled by olivaceous, and the chin and throat are the same, fad-
ing insensibly on the breast into the dull greyish white of the under parts
generally. The sides show indications of streaks, very obsolete, however, and
have a slight wash of grayish olivaceous. There is no black whatever about
the head or throat, and the back is only very obsoletely streaked with that
color. The greater and median coverts are conspicuously tipped with white.

A suite of specimens illustrating all the changes of plumage of this species,
so closely allied to virens, chrysopareia, etc., is still a great desideratum.

91. Dendececa Auddbonii (Towns.) Baird.

Exceedingly abundant ; spring and autumn migrant. A few possibly breed.
Some remain all winter. "Numerous at Fort Mojave in winter," (C>oper.)
Very numerous from Apr. 20th to May 10th, and during the month of Octo-
ber, in which seasons the cotton-woods and willows of the creek bottoms are
filled with the birds, which are also found in every other situation more or
less abundantly.

Specimens in very high spring plumage have the black of the breast quite
pure, and unmixed with slate in any portion of its extent, contrasting sharply
with the whole width of the posterior edge of the yellow throat. The streaks
on the sides and flanks are very narrow and distinctly defined. The intersca-
pulare is very thickly streaked with black. The greater wing coverts are so
broadly edged with white as to leave only a small space on their inner webs
dusky. The yellow crown is intense in color, small and sharply defined, and
there is much black on the front and lores. For so small a bird, the species
varies much in size. Seasonal and sexual changes of plumage are quite ho-
mologous with those of D. coronata.

92. Dendrozca ^estiva (Gm.) Baird.

Abundant. Summer resident, from April 25th to second week in September.
Most numerous in the willow and cotton-wood copses.

93. Geotiilypis trichas (L.) Cob.

Trichas ddafieldiil Heerman, P. R. R. Surv. x. 1859, p. 40.

Rare; summer resident. Arrives^early in April; remains until October.
Less common than the succeeding species.

Dr. Heerman is mistaken in supposing he saw Trichas delqfieldii Audubon,
in Arizona. This is a syuomym of Geothlypis cequinoctialis, from South
America.

1866.]

70 PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE ACADEMY OP

94. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (Aud.) Baird.

Not abundant. Summer resident. Arrives late in April : remains till late
in September. Exceedingly shy and retiring, keeping in the closest thickets,
and very difficult to procure.

Specimens at all seasons and ages have the white eyelids distinguishing the
species from Philadelphia. Autumnal examples, though possessing the grayish
ash throat just as in spring individuals, have the nape and crown so much
washed with olivaceous as to be nearly concolor with the back. Iris brown-
ish black. Bill black above and at tip of lower mandible, the rest of lower
mandible and feet delicate flesh color. Average dimensions 5.V X 7£.

95. Helminthophaga celata (Say.) Baird.

Not detected at Fort Whipple, though doubtless to be found there in spring
and fall, or possibly breeding. Fort Yuma, Sept. 17. Fort Mojave Oct. 1st.
Headwaters Bill William's River, Oct. 3. Throughout the whole of the middle
and western provinces of North America.

The H. rvficapilla though properly belonging to the eastern Province, has
been recorded from Fort Tejon, California, (Baird B. N. A. 185S, appendix,
p. 923,) and may very probably be hereafter detected in Arizona.

96. Helminthophaga Virginia Baird.

H. Virginia, Baird, Explanation of Plates of B. N. A 1860, ix. pi. 79,
fig. 1. Idem, Rev. Amer. Birds, 1865, p. 177.
Very rare : summer resident. A single immature individual procured
August 15, 1864, making the second known specimen of this excessively rare
species. The type is from Fort Burgwyn, N. M., Dr. W. W. Anderson.

97. Helminthophaga hvcjx Cooper.

H. Lucia, Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc. July, 1861, p. 120, (Fort Mo-
jave.) Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, 1865, p. 178. Coues, Newton's Ibis,
1866. (Fort Whipple.)
This interesting little species, recently described, as above, does not seem
to be very rare in northern and western Arizona ; though so far as I am aware,
five specimens taken by Dr. Cooper, at Fort Mojave, and three by myself at
Fort Whipple, are the only ones known to exist in any collections. At Fort
Whipple it is a summer resident ; arriving the second or third week in April,
and remaining till latter part of September. It mates from the 20th to the
30th of April : the young appear early in May. In habits I think it inclines
toward the Geotklypi rather than to the species of the genus to which it belongs ;
showing a decided preference for thickets and copses rather than for high open
woods ; and also like the Geothlt/pi, it is an exceedingly shy and retiring spe-
cies. The difficulty of observing and procuring it thus caused is doubtless the
reason why it has remained so long undetected. It is in all its motions ex-
ceedingly active and restless ; as much so indeed as a Polioptila, to which its
co'ors bear such an intimate resemblance. The only note I have heard is a
quickly and often repeated " tsip, " as slender and wiry as that of a gnatcatcVer.
But Dr. Cooper tells me he has heard a rich and pleasing song, in the spring,
the little performer being mounted on the top of some mezquite or other bush.
I have never met with the nest ; but I think it will be found, not on the
ground, but in the crotch of a thick busb. Dr. Cooper thinks the bird does
not breed in the Colorado Valley ; but retires to mountainous regions, which
is most probable. I have found it breeding at Whipple. Specimens measure
from 430 to 4-60 in length, and from 7 to 7£ in extent. The iris is black : the
mouth flesh color, the legs and feet duty leaden blue. The young bird, just
fledged, wants the chestnut crown of the adult, and the throat and breast are
pure milk white, being without the faint ochraceous tinge that is just barely ap-
preciable in the adult ; the wing coverts are pale gray, and edged with ochra-
ceous or pale rufous. The chestnut rump is present.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. "I

98. Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.) Bon.

Common. Summer resident. Arrives early in May, and remains through
part of September.

99. Seidrus novjeboracensis (Gm.) Nutt.

The known range of this bird includes the Territory of Arizona. I have
not myself detected the species.

100. ICTERIA LONGICAUDA Lawr.

Common ; summer resident. Arrives April 25, leaves latter part of Sep-
tember. Iris black. Bill horu blue ; most of lower mandible whitish.
Feet leaden blue ; the soles dirty white.

"I procured specimeus at Fort Mojave, with tails no longer than those of
eastern birds ; but they were much grayer above than viridis, and tins latter
feature may be the most important distinction between the two." ( Cooper.)

TANAGRID^.

101. Pyranga estiva (L.) Vieill.

"Fort Mojave, Apr. 26," Cooper. I think I have seen this species at
Whipple ; but the individuals may have been of the succeeding species.

102. Pyranga hepatica Swains.

P. hepatica, Swains. Phil. Mag. i. 1827, p. 43S. Baird, B. N. A., 1858,

p. 302.
P. azarce, Woodhouse, Sitgreave's Expl. Zurii and Col. Rivers, 1853,

Birds, p. 82. Not of D'Orbig.
11 P. dentata, Licht. Mus. Berol." (Sclater.).
Summer resident ; not abundant. Arrives April 25. Found in very
various situations.

Several specimens collected by myself on the Rio Grande, just below
Albuquerque, are quite identical.

Dr. Woodhouse's type of P. azarce, now in the Smithsonian, was from the
San Francisco mountains, a little north of Whipple.

103. Pyranga ludoviciana (Wils.) Bonap.

Summer resident ; rare. Arrives middle of April ; leaves late in Septem-
ber. Iris brown, mouth yellow, legs and feet light blue. This species has an
extensive breeding range, from at least as far north as Laramie Peak.

In high spring plumage, the head and throat become intense scarlet, deep-
est on the crown. The middle of the back is uninterruptedly pure black, and
the rump is bright chrome, rather than gamboge yellow. The median and
greater coverts, however, and the outer edges of some of the inner second-
aries seem always tipped with dull yellow. The extent of red on the breast
varies much. In the female, the head is merely a little more yellowish olive
than the color of the back ; the greater coverts and inner secondaries are
tipped with white instead of yellow.

AMPELW^E.

104. Ampelis garrulus (L.)

A winter visitant from the north, to the more northern portions of the
Territory. " Fort Mojave, Jan. 10, 1861." {Cooper.) I have never detected
it at Fort Whipple, though it is undoubtedly to be found there in winter.

PTILIOGONIDjE.

105. Phjenopepla nitens (Sw.) Sclat.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon in the immediate vicinity of Fort
Whipple. A little further south, however, it is found very abundantly, and
is doubtless a permanent resident in the southern portions of the Territory.
Inhabits rather open country, in preference to densely wooded regions. It is

1866]

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

a shy, wild and restless bird. The fact that it has a superb song, powerful
and finely modulated, may give a hinr as to its proper place in the series. It
seems to me to have little affinity with the forms with which it is usually
grouped.

106. Myiade'stes Towjtsendii (And.) Cab.

Rare summer resident. This species has-, like the Phanopepla nit ens,
eminent vocal powers, producing a rich, sweet, finely-modulated song.

It is an interesting fact, taken in connection with its highly-developed lower
larynx, that the young Myiadestes is spotted all over exactly like a young
thrush. Numerous individuals which I studied several years ago differed from
the adult precisely as a youug Tardus migratorius does. Another marked
Turdine character is seen in the " booted '' tarsi — very different from the
scutellations which obtain in Phcenqpepla, with which Myiadestes is usually
in'imatfly associated in classifications. Whether Phcenopepla is to be grouped
with the Atnpelidee or not, I think there is little doubt that Myiadestes is
typical of an aberrant subfamily Myiadestince, of Turdidee.

HIRUNDINID.E.

107. Progne i-tTBis (Linn.) Baird.

Hirundo suhis, Linn. S. N., 1758. p. 192, (10th ed.)
Pror/iie subis, Baird, Rev. Amer. Bds., 1865, p. 274.
Hirundo purpurea, Linn., 12th ed. Progne purp. auct. Baird, B, N. A..
1858, p. 314.

Exceedingly abundant ; summer resident. Arrives first week in April :
remains till third week in September. Exclusively pinicoline ; eminently
gregarious ; breeds in Woodpecker's holes in company with Tachycinet<t
thalassina.

108. Petrocheltdon lpxikrons (Say.)

Abundant throughout tlie Territory, wherever suitable localities for its nest^
are to be found. Associates freely with Panyp'ila melanoleuca, near the San
Francisco mountains. Especially abundant at several points along the
Colorado, where the river makes it way through precipitous canons. Arrives
at Whipple early in April ; remains until September.

1 109.) HiRrNDo iiokreorfm Barton.

" Numbers seen migrating through Fort Mojave, May 25, 1861." {Cooper.)
I found it one day in great numbers along the Rio Grande, near Albuquerque,
but never detected it at Fort Whipple.

110. Tacuycixeta thalassina (Sw.) Cab.

Very abundant, being the common and characteristic swallow of the pine-
regions of Arizona, as Petrocht-lidon lunifrons is of the canons, precipices, etc
Summer resident at Fort Whipple, arriving about March 20, and remaining
until late in September. See remarks, antea, upon Progne and Panyptila^
Iris brown, bill black, mouth yellow, feet brownish black,

111. Cotyle riparia (L.) Boie.

Rare summer resident. A few observed at Fort Whipple late in April.

112. STELGinoprEjJxx ?s^rrtpennis (And.) Baird,

Summer resident, breeding abundantly. Arrives late in April, and remains
through the greater part of September,

Some young birds, taken early in September, differ from eastern examples
in having the wing half an inch shorter ; the tail a fourth of an inch less.
The bills of both are quite identical, while the feet are even larger and
stouter. The upper parts are of a brighter, clear brown, instead of grayish
brown. The wing and tail coverts, and the outer margins of the secondaries
and inner primaries, are edged and tipped with dull ferru.gineous. The whole

[March,

, NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 73

under parts as far as the abdomen have a rufescent hue. There is, as yet, no
trace of the recurving and serration of the outer web of the first primary.

It is quite possible Uat these specimens should be referred to Dr. Sclater's
Colyle fuloipennis, from Mexico.

LAmiDM.

113. Collyrio bokealis (Vieill.) Baird.

Rare winter resident. A single specimen, taken in February. Iris brown ;
mouth yellowish white ; bill black, except at base of lower mandible ; feet
black.

This is about the southernmost locality whence the species has thus far
been recorded.

114. Collyrio excubitoroides (Sw.) Baird.

Rare. Single and only specimen taken September 4th, 1864. The species
is probably resident in this locality, though far from abundant.

VIREONIDJE.

115. Vireo Swainsoni Baird.

V. Swainsoni, Baird, B. N. A., 1858, p. 336; in text under V. gilvus ;
name suggested, if western species be distinct. Coues, Newton's
Ibis, April, 1865, p. 164.
V. gilvus, Cooper and Suckley, Nat. Hist, of Washington Territory, 1860,
p. 188.

Sp. Ch. — Size and general aspect of V. gilvus. Upper parts olive ash,
decidedly less olivaceous than in gilvus ; so that the back is nearly concolor
with the head. Below whitish scarcely appreciably washed with yellowish,
and only along the sides ; the median portions of the under parts pure white.
Other markings less distinctly defined than in gilvus. Wing more rounded :
fourth primary longest ; third and fifth equal to each other and nearly as
long; second much shorter than the sixth; hardly exceeding the seventh.
First (spurious) primary decidedly longer than in gilvus (-10 to -15 of an
inch.)

Habitat. — Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. Common summer resident at
Fort Whipple, arriving in April and remaining until October.

Comparisons. — All the very numerous specimens of Vireo " gilvus " from the
Pacific slope of the Rocky Mountains constantly differ from the eastern type
by the quite appreciable characters expressed in the preceding diagnosis.
These differences, though slight indeed, are quite tangible, and, in a group
so little liable to variation as the Vireones, are very probably indicative of
specific distinction.

The most notable distinction is found in the proportionate lengths of the
primaries. All eastern gilvus that I have seen have the third quill longest,
or the third, fourth and fifth about equal and longest, the second being equal
to or longer than the sixth. In the present bird the fourth quill is decidedly
longest; the third and fifth successively a little shorter, while the second is
about equal to or but little longer than the seventh, never equalling the sixth.
The spurious primary is from one to nearly two-tenths of an inch longer
than in gilvus. In addition there is a decidedly ashy rather than olivaceous
wash on the upper parts, rendering the crown and back nearly concolor; and
there is less sulphury yellow on the under parts.

Whether these differences be "specific" or not it is certainly well to define
them, and give to the species or race a name by which it may be recognized.
Prof. Baird first called attention to these discrepancies, suggesting the name
I have adopted in thus characterizing the new species.

In the discrepancies in the proportionate lengths of the quills of this
Species and V. gilvus, there is discernible a striking analogy with the dis-
tinctive characters of Carpodacus californicus as compared with C. purpureus.

1866.]

74

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

In both C. californicus and V. gilvus the longest primary is advanced by one
over their eastern representatives, the third and fourth being respectively
longest, instead of the second and third; and in both, the first quill is abbre-
viated.

116. Virzo plombecs Coues, nov. sp.

Sp. Ch — First quill spurious ; second equal to or little longer than sixth ;
third longest: fourth and fifth successively but little shorter. Entire upper
parts, including crown, sides of neck and line from below under eyelid to
bill, uniform pure plumbeous or ashy gray, with no shade of olivaceous
whatever, except a faint wa?h of 1 his color on the extreme uropygium.
Superciliary streak passing from nostrils over and around eye, including
under eyelid; two conspicuous bands on wings; outer margins of all
secondaries and most primaries ; both margins of all rectrices except median
pair ; and entire under parts, pure white. Sides under the wings and inferior
wing coverts faintly washed with light sulphury olivaceous. Lores blackish
ash. Bill and feet bluish black; farmer very robust. Length 5-75 to 6-10
inches and hundredths : extent 9-75 to 10-25 ; wing from carpus 2-90 to 3-10 ;
tail 2-50 ; bill -45 ; tarsus -65 ; middle toe and claw -65 ; exposed portion of
spurious primary -75 ; a third the length of the second primary.

Habitat. — High central plains to the Pacific. Laramie Peak. Especially
abundant in Northern Arizona. By far the commonest Vireo at Fort Whip-
ple ; a summer resident ; arrives April 25 ; remains through September.

Description.— (Ho. 40,703, J\ May 17, 1865, Fort Whipple. Type). The
bill is large and very robust, being especially deep at the base, where it is
compressed and much higher than broad The ridge of the culmen is well
defined; its outline very convex, the tip of the bill being much decurved,
strongly hooked and notched. The commissure is a little curved ; the gonys
slightly convex and ascending. The tarsus is about as long as the middle
toe and claw. The tip of the outer claw a little surpasses the base of the
middle one; which point the tip of ihe inner claw falls a little short of.
The hallux is considerably longer than its claw ; and, with its claw, is about
as long as the middle toe without its claw. The wings are long, reaching,
when folded, a little beyond the middle of the tail. The third primary is
usually longest; but the fourth and fifth are so near it that often there is no
perceptible difference. The second is about as long as the sixth, or inter-
mediate between it and the fifth. The spurious primary is a third as long as
the second. The tail is moderately long ; the rectrices obliquely truncated
and a little pointed at their tips.

The bill is deep bluish black, the posterior half of of the lower mandible
often light bluish horn, in marked contrast ; the feet and claws are dusky
leaden blue. The mouth is livid bluish white; the eyes reddish brown.
The back is plainly plumbeous, like the head ; and only for a brief space on
the rump is there a faint tinge of olivaceous ; the upper tail coverts, again,
being like the back. A pure white streak begins at the nostril, and runs over
the eye as a superciliary line; not extending, however, beyond the eye, but
turning down around it at the posterior canthus, where it is continuous with
the very extensively white under eyel'd ; this white of the under eyelid being
separated at the anterior canthus from the superciliary streak by the blackish
ashy lores. The white lower eyelid is separated from the white of the chin
by an extension forward of the plumbeous of the side of the neck to the
base of the inferior maxilla, where it merges into the dark lores. The lesser
wing coverts are like the back. The median and greater are more like the
primaries in color ; very broadly tipped and more narrowly edged with
pure white. The inner primaries and all the secondaries are edged with
white, except towards the apices of the primaries, and towards their bases,
where the edging is rather olivaceous than pure white. The inferior aspect
of the folded wing shows a white central area, caused by the coalescence of

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. <D

the, quite broad, dull white inner margins of the primaries. The rectrices
are very broadly edged on both their interior and exterior margins with pure
white; which decreases in width on successive feathers till reduced to a
minimum, or almost obsolete on the median pair. The bird is pure white
below, except a faint wash of very pale sulphury olivaceous on the sides and
flanks. The white of the breast is a little encroached on by an extension of
a light shade of the plumbeous of the sides of the neck.

Variations. — Specimens taken in July and August, in very worn and faded
plumage, have the upper parts dull grayish brown instead of clear plumbeous,
the olivaceous of the rump barely appreciable, and that of the sides very
faint. The white margins of the wings and tail are either entirely wanting
or reduced to a minimum. The markings of the sides of the head are more
indistinct. In this state of plumage, however, it. cannot be malidentified ;
for it is even more unlike any other North American Vireo than when in per-
fect condition. Specimens vary to a moderate degree in dimensions, but the
colors of equally mature specimens are remarkably constant.

Remarks — The relationships of this species are decidedly with V. solitarius ;
sharing with that species and flavifrons, etc., the compact stout form, robust
and short bill, etc. The coloration of the head is very similar to that of
solitarius, but the other differences are too great to render necessary any com-
parison between the two. Vireo plumbeus is the plainest-colored species
except V. vicinior, infra, as well as one of the largest and stoutest species of
the United States. The name is peculiarly expressive of its most striking
feature.

This is the species referred to by me in Newton's Ibis for April, 1865, page
164, as " Vireo, most like solitarius."

117. Vireo vicinior Coues, nov. sp.

Sp. Ch. — First primary spurious ; half as long as second ; second very
short, about equal to eighth or ninth ; fourth, fifth and sixth longest; third
but little shorter ; the wing thus being made short and much rounded. Tail
very long ; as long as the wings ; decidedly rounded ; rectrices with rounded,
not acute tips. Bill very short, but robust and deep at base. Tarsus much
longer than middle toe and claw ; toes all short ; the outer about equalling
the inner, much shorter than the middle toe without its claws. Entire upper
parts with sides of head and neck dull plumbeous, gradually gaining a tinge
of olivaceous towards rump. A narrow white ring around eye. No dis-
tinctly defined stripes on side of head, nor dark lores. Wing coverts, quills
and rectrices very slightly, if at all, bordered with white. Below entirely
pure white ; a hardly appreciable tinge of the slightest possible shade of
sulphury olivaceous on sides under wings. Bill and feet horn bluish black.
Length 5-70; extent 8-60; wing from carpus 2-50; tail the same : exposed
portion of first primary -75; of second 1-50; bill -36; tarsus -70; middle
toe and claw -52 ; inner do. -35 ; outer do. *42.

Habitat. Fort Whipple, Arizona. Type and only known specimen No.
1507 of my collections, (40,697 Smithsonian Register,) adult male, May 24th,
1865. Very rare ; probably a summer resident, wintering in the Gila and
Lower Colorado valleys, or in Sonora.

Description. — The bill is short, but quite stout, very deep at the base,
where it is compressed and higher than broad ; the culmen very regularly
convex in outline from the base to the moderately decurved, hooked, notched
tip. The wings are short and remarkably rounded, the spurious primary so
long as to be half the length of the second quill; which latter equals the
eighth ; there is but very little difference in length between the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth ; the first and last named, especially the former, being a little
less than the other two. The tail is very long, equalling the wing from the
carpus, and somewhat graduated ; the lateral rectrices being -20 of an inch
shorter than the median pair; and all are rounded at their extremities. The

1866.]

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

tarsus is of moderate length ; decidedly surpassing the middle toe and claw.
The toes are all rather short. The tip of the outer claw just reaches the base
of the middle. The inner toe is remarkably abbreviated, the tip of its claw
falling much short of the base of the middle one.

Above, the bird is of a dull ashy or leaden gray, like plumbeus, but rather
duller ; which color on the back, and, to a less extent on the wing coverts,
acquires an appreciable tinge of olivaceous, most marked on the rump.
There is a narrow white ring entirely surrounding the eye, formed by the
edges of the eyelids alone. The lores are not dusky, but somewhat lighter
colored than the surrounding parts ; and the sides of the head have no
definite streaks of color. The gray of these parts fades so insensibly into
the white of the chin and throat that it is impossible to appreciate a divid-
ing line ; and the same is the case with the sides of the neck and breast.
Under the wings, the wash of olivaceous on the sides of the body is appre-
ciable, but it is very faint and pale. The greater coverts are narrowly tipped,
and the outer margins of some of the primaries slightly edged with whitish.
There is nothing of the definite white seen in plumbeus, though the whitish
area on the inner aspect of the wing is much the same. The outer edge of
the exterior tail feather is narrowly white, but the others are plain dusky.
The iris is brown; the mouth livid white; the fauces pinkish ; the feet and
bill dark bluish horn.

This is a most peculiar Vireo, totally diverse from all others of North
America. The shape of the wing, character of spurious primary, length of
tail and abbreviation of the inner lateral toe, give it an unusual shape. It will
be noticed that the colors of the species are almost exactly those of
plumbeus; but that in form the two birds are widely diverse. It is a smaller
species than plumbeus, but its greatly elongated tail make the total lengths
of the two nearly the same. The following antithetical diagnoses will
readily separate them : —

V. plumbeus. — Wing (average) 300; tail 2-50. Spurious primary -75; a
third the length of the second primary ; the latter intermediate between
fifth and sixth. Tail about even ; rectrices with obliquely truncated tips.
Tarsus as long as middle toe and claw ("65). Tip of inner claw almost
reaching to base of middle one. Wing coverts, quills and tail feathers
broadly edged with pure white. Sides of head parti-colored, with distinctly
defined stripes. Lores dusky, interrupting the broad white circumocular
ring at anterior canthus.

V. vicinior. — Wing 2-50 ; tail fully as long. Spurious primary -75 ; half
the length of the second ptimary, which latter is intermediate between eighth
and ninth. Tail decidedly graduated, the feathers with broadly rounded
apices. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, (as -70 to *52). Tip of
inner claw falling much short of base of middle one. Wing coverts, quills
and tail feathers very narrowly, if at all, edged with dull white. Sides of
head unicolor, unstreaked; the lores plain grayish white, not interrupting
the continuity of the very narrow circumocular ring.

It is unnecessary to compare vicinior with any other species, it is so very
dissimilar from them all. With but a single specimen, I cannot now give its
variations, though these are doubtless parallel with those of plumbeus. The
species must, I think, be exceedingly rare, or I should have met with others.

(118.) Vireo pusillus Coues, nov. sp.

Sp. Ch.— Amoug the smallest of the genus, in form and general aspect re-
sembling V. Belli. Above grayish ash, becoming more or less ashy olivace-
ous on tbe back ; not more so on the rump than elsewhere. Below pure
white, including under wing coverts; on the breast sometimes a faint suffusion
of the lightest possible shade of brownish gray; sides under the wings mod-
erately tinged with sulphur yellow. A narrow short superciliary streak ; edges
of eyelids, two bands on wings and narrow margins of outer border of wings

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77

and tail, dull white ; on the latter tinged with olivaceous. Bill as in V.' Belli.
Exposed portion of spurious quill about half as long as second. Fourth pri-
mary longest ; third and fifth about equal to each other, and but little shorter
than fourth ; second about equal to eighth. Tail very long, equalling the
wing; rectrices quite narrow, with acuminate tips. Tarsus long, much ex-
ceeding the short toes ; outer claw surpassing, inner about equalling the mid-
dle toe without its claw. Length (approximately correct only) 5-00; extent
•7-25. Wing 2-15 ; tail about the same. Bill -34 ; tarsus -65 ; middle toe and
claw -50 ; outer do. -42 ; inner do. '39.

Habitat — Lower and Southern California, and probably Sonora, at least as
far north as near Fort Whipple. Cape St. Lucas, Xantus. Fort Mojave, Cooper.
Fifty miles south of Fort Whipple, Coues ; breeding abundantly in the last
mentioned locality. Never observed at Fort Whipple.

Description.— (No. 16,954, Smiths. Register, $, Cape St. Lucas.) The bill
is shaped exactly as in V. Belli, and is similarly colored; being light horn
blue, the lower mandible nearly white ; the former color fading into reddish
brown in drying. The iris is brown, the legs and feet dull leaden blue. The
color of the upper parts is a plain dull ashy gray on the head ; tinged with
grayish olivaceous on the rest of the upper parts ; but quite unlike the olive
green of Belli. Below the pure white of the under parts is slightly obscured
by a wash of barely definable grayish brown across the breast ; and a light
shade of sulphury olive tinges the sides under the wings. There is no ap-
proach to the bright sulphur yellow which so strongly tinges the whole under
parts of Belli, especially the flanks and circumanal region ; and invades the
under wing coverts, which in pusillus remain white. The markings on the
sides of the head are quite identical ; and the edging of the wings and tail is
similar in amount and in tint. The following are the differential points in
the diagnoses of the two species, comparison being made with Audubon's
type specimen.

V. Belli. Spurious primary two-fifths the second primary; third longest;
second a little longer than seventh. Wing much longer than tail. Color
above olive green, whole under parts except the throat strongly tinged with
sulphur yellow.

V. pusillus. Spurious primary half as long as the second ; fourth longest ;
second equal to eighth. Wings and tail equal in length. Color above grayish
olive. No sulphur yellow below except a slight wash along the sides under
the wings.

TROGLOD YTID.E.

(119.) Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.) Gray.

Valleys of the Gila and lower Colorado. Common in the southern and
western portion of the Territory. Not observed at Whipple. "Exclusively
a cactus Wren ; " {Cooper.)

It is quite possible that Campylorhy nchus ajfinis Xantus, from Cape St. Lucas,
may be found in the vicinity of Fort Yuma.

120. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say) Cab.

Common at Whipple, though less so there than in the more southern and
western portions of the Territory. Almost exclusively confined to rocky hill-
sides, canons and precipitous gorges or ravines. Restless, shy and noisy;
the note being a very loud and strong whistle. Arrives in spring about
April 25 ; remains until October. The moult is severe, lasting through part
of September.

(121.) Catherpes mexicanus (Sw ) Baird.

Not observed at Whipple ; first noticed a few miles southward from that
locality ; generally distributed over the southern and western portions of the
Territory, as high up the Colorado at least as Fort Mojave ; nowhere very

1866]

78 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

abundant. Rocky precipitous localities, canons, etc. This species has a
laughing whistle, unsurpassed tor oddity as well as for power.

122. Thryothorus Bewickii (Aud.) Bonap.

Troglodytes Bewickii, Audubon, Orn. Biog. i. 1831, pi. xviii. p. 96.
Thryothorus Beicickii, Bonap. List. 1838. Baird, B. N. A. 1858, p. 363.
Troglodytes leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, 89. (Tamaulipas.)
Thryothorus (Thryomanex) Bewickii, var. leucogaster, Baird, Rev. Amer.
Birds, 1864, pp. 122, 126, 127.
The most, abundant and characteristic Wren of Whipple, resident all the
year, and found in all situation's.

The numerous specimens collected are of the var. leucogaster, as defined by
Baird, 1. c. supra. Variety spilurus, Vigors, appears to be a coast tj-pe.

I have never seen the Thryothorus Berlandieri from Arizona ; but think it
probably will be hereafter detected, particularly near the New Mexican boun-
dary of the Territory, in the southern portions of its extent. The types of the
species are described from New Leon, Mexico.

123. Troglodytes Parkmanni Audubon.

" Troglodytes americanus Aud. " ! Heer., P. R. R. Survey, x. pt. iv. p. 41.
Troglodytes tedon, Idem, op et loc. cit.

Very abundant ; summer resident. Arrives April 20 ; remains until Oc-
tober.

Dr. Cooper informs me that so far as he knows this species never recurves
the tail over the back, a habit so characteristic of eedon. I have myself
noticed hundreds of individuals, and do not now recall an instance where
this peculiar attitude was assumed. Parkmanni has always seemed to me to
be a shyer, less familiar, more retiring and wood-loving species than its east-
ern representative; and though the measure of the song is the same, yet in
tone and volume I have often thought it sounded a little different from the
familiar trill of sedon. If some of these points of habit could be substantiated,
they would go far towards eking out the lather slim diagnosis upon which
the species now grounds its claim to recognition.

Dr. Heermann very wrongly says that " T. americanus Aud." is " abundant
in the wooded portions of the country. ,: We might suppose he had mistaken
Parkmanni for this species, did he not also give T. fedon&s being abundant
too.

Troglodytes (Anorthura) hyemalis Vieill., a bird of the eastern province, has
been recorded from Fort Tejon, Cala., (Baird B. N. A. p. 923,) and may pro-
bably be found in Arizona.

124. Cistothokus palustris (Wils.) Baird.

Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris var. paludicola, Baird, Rev. Amer.
Birds, 1864, p. 148.
Very abundant in a small swampy tract near Fort Whipple ; and elsewhere
observed in similar situations. Summer resident. Arriving early in April,
and remaining until November. " Winters in the Colorado Valley, as high
as Fort Mojave." (Cooper.) My specimens are referrible to Baird's var.
paludicola.

CERTHIIDjE.

125. Sitta aculeata Cassin.

Very common, permanent resident. Chiefly pinicoline about Fort Whipple.
I have never seen a specimen out of an immense series which was not readily
distinguishable from carolinensis.

126. Sitta pygm>*;a Vigors.

The most abundant and typical Nuthatch of all the pine regions of Ari-
zona and New Mexico. Resident. Young appear in June. Semi-gregarious
at all seasons. Seems to be exclusively pinicoline. Iris black. Bill bluish

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79

black; hard parts of mouth livid blue, soft parts flesh colored. The color of
the under parts varies greatly from a very pale fulvous, almost white, to a de-
cided ferruginous, almost like canadensis. Sometimes the under parts are
smoky brown, as in Picus Harrisii from California and Oregon.

(129.) Sitta canadensis Linnaeus.

Rare; perhaps only accidental. (Fort Yuma, Ives.) Not met with by me.
Dr. Cooper never saw it at Fort Mojave.

128. Certhia Americana Bonap.

It is a little singular that I never saw a specimen of this species in Arizona,
though it is generally distributed over the Territory. Dr. Kennerly procured
it very near the present site of Fort Whipple.

PARI DM.

129. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.) Cass.

Winter resident chiefly; but some doubtless remain through the year,
breeding in the neighboring mountains. Not very abundant Emphatically
an evergreen oak species, eschewing the pines, and frequenting open hill-
sides.

Iris black. Bill black ; horn blue along its commissural edges and at base.
Feet deep leaden blue.

130. Lophophanes Wollwebkri Bonap.

Permanent resident; common, more so at least than the preceding. Usually
semi-gregarious except when breeding. Found in all situations; but
chiefly affect the oak thickets, and the chaparral of open hillsides. Generally
distributed through the Territory, and extending southward into Sonora.

131. Pcscile montands (Gamb.)

Resident throughout the Territory, more particularly its pine tracts. No-
where very numerous. The only species of black capped and throated Tit-
mouse ascertained by me to inhabit the Territory.

The American black-capped Titmice seem to me generically distinct from
Linnseus' type of Parus ; while they are entirely congeneric with /'. palustri*
of Eutope, Kaup's type of facile.

P. seplentrionalis is recorded from the Southern Rocky Mountains, and may
hereafter be added to the Whipple list. (Fort Massachusetts, Dr. Peters,
U. S. A.)
(132 ) Auriparus flaviceps (Sund ) Baird.

" Abundant in the Colorado Valley, where it is a permanent resident,"
'Cooper.) I do not think it leaves the valley for the mountainous portions of
the Territory.

133. Psaltriparus pi.umbf.us Baird.

Resident and very abundant at all seasons. Decidedly gregarious, and, ex-
cept when mated, always found in '-flocks" of from five or six to as many
as fifty or more; active, restless and noisy, familiar and unsuspicious. Es-
chews pines, and keeps entirely in the thick shrubbery of the hillsides, or the
denser brush of creek bottoms and ravines.

No. 752 and others; iris bright yellow. No. 753 and others; iris dark
brown This difference seems entirely accidental, and not dependent upon
age, sex or season.

The original types of the species described as Psaltria plumMa, by Prof.
Baird, are trom the Colorado Chiquito River.

ALA UDIDJE.

134. Eremophila cornuta (Wils.) Boie.

Common ; permanent resident in all situations adapted to its wants.

1866.]

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

FRINGILLIDJE.

135. Hesperphona vespertina (Cooper) Bonap.

Chiefly a more northern and coast species ; but extending as far south as
the table lands of Mexico. It is undoubtedly a component of the Whipple
Fauoa, though I never succeeded in detecting it in that locality.

136. Carpodacus Cassini Baird.

Common ; resident. A species conspicuously different from purpureus in
habits as well as in form and color. Its range of habitat is quite diverse ;
and I have seen specimens taken during the breeding season, from the Table
Lands of Mexico. "Extends west to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada."
{Cooper.)

The difference in the tint of the red of the males, and its distribution on
the under parts would alone readily distinguish it; independently of its
larger size, large long bill, different proportions of primaries, etc., which lat-
ter features will always serve to separate females and immature birds.

My specimens range from 6-4 x 10*9 to 6 7 X H"4. Iris brown ; legs and
feet brownish black ; bill above deep horn blue, below flesh color more or
less obscured by dusky. Very young birds of either sex have an ochraceous
or light rufous suffusion over the whole body, most noticeable below. The
streaks are more numerous and less sharply defined.

137. Carpodacus frontalis (Say) Gray.

Fringilla frontalis, Say. Pyrrhula frontalis, Bon. Erythrospiza frontalis,
Aud. Carpodacus frontalis, Gray. Baird, B. N. A. 1858, p. 415.

Carpodacus famiiiaris, McCall, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1852, p. 61.

Carpodacus obscurus, McCall, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1851, p. 220.

Carpodacus '' calif or ni cus"! Coues, Newton's Ibis., Apr., 1865, p. 164,
(errore pessimo.)
Very abundant. Permanent resident, but most abundant in spring and fall.
Eminently gregarious. Found in all situations. In spring keep mostly among
thickets of Salix and Populus, on the young buds of which they chiefly feed.

The shade of red in equally adult males differs most remarkably. Immature
males, in the late fall and winter months, show every possible gradation, from
a plumage indistinguishable from that of the female to that of high spring
condition ; in which, also, the color of the throat, breast, crown and rump
ranges from an intense crimson to a light rose red, almost pink ; sometimes a
bronzy tint is quite apparent. Young birds just fiora the nest diffVr in being
much more thickly streaked below, the streaks themselves narrow and quite
sharply defined, contrary to the general rule among young Fringillidse. The
wing coverts, secondaries and tail feathers are broadly edged with dull rufous.
The crown and back are obsoletely streaked. The preceding relates to June
and July birds. A common autumnal condition is to have the whole body,
but particularly the under parts, washed wiih light rufous or ochraceous, in
which the broad streaks are numerous and semiconfluent.

I have shot '• Buriones " all the way from the Rio Grande, through New
Mexico, Arizona aud California to the Pacific coast, and cannot discover the
slightest indication of another species tending toward purpureus or californicus.
The latter species seems to be exclusively a coast bird.* At the same time
frontalis is exceedingly different from the C. Iwmorrhous of Mexico.

138. Chrysomitris (Pseddomitris) psaltria (Say) Bonap.

Fringilla psaltria, Say, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts. ii. 1828, p. 40.
Fringilla (Car duelis) psaltria, Bonap. Am. Orn. i. 1825,54, pi. 6, fig. 3.
Carduclis pxaltria, Audubon's works.

Chrysomitris psaltria, Bonaparte, Corap. list, 1838. Baird, B. N. A. 1858,
p. 422.

* lSy an unfortunate oversight, I gave •'■californicus" as the Arizona species iu Newton's Ibis,
;ts above, instead of frontalis, an error it is quite important to correct.

[March 5

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

Chrysomitris (Pseudomitris*) psaltria, Cassin, Pr. A. N. S., Philadelphia,
1865, p. 93.

Abundant. Summer resident. Arrives last of April, remains until middle
of September. Males are in dull plumage of females in August. Decidedly
gregarious in autumn. Feed almost exclusively on buds and seeds. Probably
less numerous in the southern portions of the Territory.

In typical adult males the pileum is black, but this color does not extend below
*he eyes; the lores and auriculars being olive like the back. Upper parts, ex-
•elusive of the wings, clear olivaceous, somewhat more yellowish, and with con-
cealed white on the rump. The back may be somewhat marked wjth blackish
sp >ts, though rarely to the extent represented in Audubon's plate. The wings
are black, though some of the lesser and median coverts are tipped with olive.
The greater coverts are so broadly tipped with white as to form a conspicuous
transalar fascia, and the secondaries and inner primaries are still more broadly
edged on their outer margins with white. The tail is black, the three outer rectri-
ces white on their inner webs to within a short distance from '.heir tips, the
shafts white along the white portions of the feather. A white spot at the base
of the primaries (except on the first two or three,) is partially concealed by the
bastard quills. Below, with the feathers on the side of the lower mandible,
yellow.

The female has no black pileum, the crown being concolor with the back.
The yellow of the under parts is less pure and bright. The edgings of the
wings and coverts are grayish and narrow. The white on the inner webs of the
lateral rectrices is only indicated by a small, irregular, dull gray spot. The
spot at the base of the primaries is small and inconspicuous.

Young birds in August are above very dull and rather ochraceous olive, not
conspicuously different from the under parts. The edgings of the wings are
tinged with ochraceous. The basal primary spot is very small. There is uo
Judication of white on the rectrices.

Old males changing plumage during both the vernal and autumnal moult,
.-•have the olive of the back dull and obscured by dusky ; the pileum somewhat
variegated with olive. The wings and coverts have scarcely a trace of white
edging. The under parts are quite brightly yellow.

Why I have thus gone into detail in characterizing this species will be evi-
dent from the succeeding article. I wish it to be noted that the diagnostic
points of psaltria, as compared with mexicana, lie in the black pileum definitely
bounded on all sides with olive, not descending on the sides of the head below
the eye ; and in the decided olive of the upper parts. The bill is conical and
quite stout; the gonys straight; the culmen a little convex. The species ex-
tends over the western portion of the continent to the Pacific, and nearly, or
quite, to the Sonoran border.

(139.) Chrysomitris Pseudomitris mexicanus (Swains.) Bonap.

[A. Var. mexicanus Swains.]

Carduelis mexicanus, Swainson, Syn. Mex. Birds, in Phil. Mag. i. 1827, p.

435. (Table Lands of Mexico. Real del Monte. Temiscaltipec.)

Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1831, p. 525.
Chrysomitris mexicanus, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. 1850, p. 516. Baird,

Birds N. A., 1858, p. 423.
Chrysomitris (Pseudomitris) mexicana, Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1865, p. 93.
Astragalinus mexicanus, Cab. Mus. Hein., 185J, p. 159.
Fringilki melanoxantha, "Licht. Mus. Berol." (Quoted by Wagler, Isis,

1831. p. 525, as a syn. of C. mexicana Sw.)
Fringiila texensis, Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Tex. Bds. 1841, pi. v. fig. 1. G's

type examined by me. Belly not white as stated.

* Pseudnmitris, Cass., nov. subg. ut supra. Type Frin. psaltria, Say. Considered as probably
■belonging to subfamily tyanospizinx of Sclater.

1866.J 6

82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

VFringilla catotol, Gmelin. S. N. i. 1786, 914.
fOhrysomitris nana, Bp. C. A. 1850, i. p. 516, fide Baird.
?"Cocozton, Hernand. Thes. p. 52. Cap. 192." (Quoted by Wagler, 1. c.)

[B. Var. columbianus Lafres.]
Chrysomitris columbianus, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 292. (Central

America".) Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 423.
Astragalinus columbianus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, p. 159.
Chrysomitris (Pseudoniitris) columbianus, Cass., Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1865, p. 93.
Chrysomitris xanthogastra, Dubus, Bull. Acad. Belg. xxii. i. 1855, p. 150.

[C. Var. arizoncc Coues.]

Chrysomitris (Pseudomitris) mexicanus Var. arizonce, Coues, MSS.

Synonymy. Swainson's description* is very brief, unsatisfactory, and inac-
curate. Although the tail is not two inches long, (varying from 1-50 to 1"75,)
nor has its three lateral tail feathers (wholly) white, yet the diagnosis may be
accepted as indicative of the bird now well known from all portions of Mexico
as Chrysomitris mexicanus. Wagler's fuller description is quite pertinent. Upon
the latter author's authority, I quote Fringilla melanoxantha of Lichtenstein.
It is probable that Bonaparte's Chrysomitris nana belongs here. I have exam-
ined Mr. Giraud's type of Fringilla texensis. It has not a white belly as stated,
but is absolutely identical with typical Mexican examples.

The synonyms adduced under var. columbianus do not seem to require com-
ment.

Description. (Ad. tf, spring, S. I. No. 4078, Parras, Mex.) Bill a little
elongated, subclinical, culmen slightly convex, gonys a little concave; bluish
lead color. (Sometimes yellowish at base of upper mandible.) Black of up-
per parts quite pure and unmixed with olive, except on the rump, where a
little olive and more white may be seen on parting the leathers. The black
extends on the lores, auriculars, sides of the neck, and to a less extent on sides
of breast ; on the cheeks, between eve and lower mandible, somewhat mixed
with yellow. The under eyelid is yellow, separated from the yellow of the throat
by some black. The basal white spot on the primaries, (exclusive of the two
first,) and the white margins of the outer edges of the secondaries are well de-
fined, but the white tips of the median coverts, which form so conspicuous a
bar in psaltria, are much narrower. The three exterior tail feathers are almost
wholly white on their inner webs to within from a fourth to a third of an inch
of their tips. Below the bird is wholly yellow.

Numerous Mexican specimens hardly differ from the above, except in the
amount of white edging of the wings and coverts. This is so extremely va-
riable, that it cannot be a character of tbe slightest consequence. One (No.
4077, New Leon, Mex.) has some little olive mixed with the black of the back.

Another series of skins, five in number, from Panama, Co.-ta Rica, etc., with-
out exception differ from the Mexican type as follows : — The black on the side
ot the head descends much lower, in fact to the angle of the mouth, com-
pletely occupying the cheeks and auriculars, and the under eyelid shows no
trace of yellow. The under parts are of a much brighter yellow, rathtr
orange than lemon. Moreover, they average less white upon the wings and
tail. In some the white spaces only occupy two rectrices instead of three, only
extend to within half an inch of the tip, and are, in fact, rather small irregu-
lar blotches, than well defined large spaces.

A third series, also from Central America, presents precisely the features last
detailed, but the white on the tail feathers is either entirely wanting, as in No.
1818, or reduced to a minimum as in No. 39791. This form constitutes La-
fresnaye's C. columbianus.

♦"Glossy Mack, beneath yellow, base of quills and lateral tail feathers white. Total length
4i; bill 3-10; wings 24; tail 2; tarsi |."

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 88

Still a fourth series is recognizable in the collections before me, embracing
examples from New Mexico and Arizona; collected by myself near Fort Win-
gate, in New Mexico, and by J. H. Clarke on the Gila River. These exhibit a
remarkable gradation towards the peculiar features of psaltria. The black of
the back is mixed with about an equal amount of olive, the proportions of the
two colors varying from e. g. No. 37088, where there is only a trace of olive,
to e, g. Nos. 37091 — 2, where there is decidedly more olive than black, so
much indeed that this color forms quite a contrast with the black pileum. The
auriculars are black as in mexicanus, but, the yellow lower eyelid, like that of
psaltria, is not disconnected with the yellow of the throat. All three of these
birds i shot out of the same flock at the same time, (June 28, 1864.) The Gil*
birds agree exactly with the most olivaceous of these just described. A spe-
cimen No. 39094, tf, Aug. 18, Fort Whipple,) of supposed psaltria with a pure
olive back, has the auriculars black.

From the above detailed features of large series of skins, representing lo-
calities all the way from Panama to Northern Arizona, it will be evident that
the typical style of mcxicanus from the table lands merges, by insensible degrees,
through Costa Rican examples into an extreme of form which has been desig-
nated as C. columbianus. In like manner, just north of Mexico where the con-,
fines of the species inosculate with those of ■psaltria, we have a race or form-
showing decided gradations towards the characters of the Sa-t named species . .
But still the typical psaltria is so very diverse from mexkanus proper, and the
doubtful specimens incline po very decidedly towards the latter, that, in the
impossibility of uniting psaltria with mexieanus, we must consider them as " va--
rieties" of the latter, unless, indeed, they be hybrids between the two.*

Upon the whole, then, it may be best to refer all the black-backed examples.
to one species, — mexkanus, — recognizing three " varieties;" — columbianus, mex*
icanus and arizonsc, — as at least a convenient mode of indicating the differences,
whatever be their value, which actually do exist.

Regarding the females of the two species and of the varieties, \ confess my
inability to distinguish them with tiny degree of certainty, except by the lo-
calities whence they come, since all are quite similarly colored, and tut re are
no very tangible differences of form.

140. Chrysomitris Lawrencei (Cassin ) Bonap.

Abundant.; probably resident. My numerous examples of this species, so
widely dissimilar from any other, were all taken at Fort Whipple in winter.
Although I never noticed it at any other season, I have little doubt that it is a
permanent resident, breeding in the mountain* of Northern Arizona. I nave
seen summer examples from Fort Tejou, Cal. The differences between winter
and spring or summer specimens, consists in little else than the replacing of
theyellow dorsal spot by olive~gray, either pure or a little mixed with yellowish.
The yellow of the other parts is as bright as in spring, and the black frontlet
remains intact. Females want entirely the black on the head, which is all
around plain olive gray, while the pectoral spot and other yellow parts are dulli
in tint, and restricted in extent, or even, as may be the case sometimes with
the dorsal s<pot, entirely wanting. The iris of both sexes is dark brown. Iq
summer the bill and legs are fledi colored, more or less obscured bv
dusky; in winter the bill is hotn blue, and the legs, feet and claws blackish
liruwn.

The species has been hitherto considered as chiefly a California Coast bird.

141. Chrysomitris pinds (Wils.) Bp.

A generally distributed species, undoubtedly to be hereafter added to the
Whipple list. ' Fort Thorn, N. M , Dr. T. C. Henry, U. S. A.

*"How convenient it would be if we could, with dignified imperturbability, accept a broad theory
of hybridization as the correct solution of these constantly recurring atd vexatious problems !"

1866.]

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

142. CuRVIROSTRA AMERICANA WilsOtl.

If, as is probably the case, the Loxia mexicana of Strickland is rightly to be
referred to C. americana, then this species, being found breeding upon the Table
Lands of Mexico, and so general'y distributed throughout North America, must
be added to the Arizona list. It is doubtless to be found at times at Fort Whipple.

Chrysomitris trislis, Aegiolhus linarius, and, perhaps, Curvirostra leucoptera and
Pinicola canadensis, though not to my knowledge hitherto detected in Arizona,
will most probably be discovered in winter towards the northern boundary of
the Territory.

143. Pi.ectrophanes MF.i,AxoMus Baird.

Resident? Rare. A single specimen taken Oct. 17, 1864, on open, grassy
plains, is rtferrible to this species.

Some interesting peculiarities of the r >nge of habitat of this species assist
the characters presented by the bird in separating it from P. ornatus. It is
known to breed on the Table Lands of Mexico.

(144.) Pi.ectrophanes Maccownii Lawrence.

Extends from the vast arid plains of New Mexico into those of Southern
Arizona. {Dr. Ileermann.)

145. Calamospiza bicolor (Towns.) Bon.

" Abundant near the Pima Villages, A. T.," Dr. A. L. ITeermann. This
gentleman al-o s>iys that he found it in the Mesilla Valley near Fort Fillmore.
In crossing the Great Plains I found it abundant as far as the Raton Moun-
tains, westward of which I have never seen it. In the north its westward
range seems limited, but it extends al^ng the Mexican border, and across the
Southern Rocky Mountains and Valley of the Lower Colorado, and is found
also at Cape St. Lucas. It is not recorded from the coast region of Upper
California.

146. Chondestes grammacus (Say.) Bon.

Chiefly spring and autumn migrant, being very numerous at those seasons.
Many breed, and a few remain all winter. Extends southward to Mexico.
'• Not detected in the Colorado Valley even in winter." (Cooper.)

147. Passercdlcs alaudinus Bonap.

Abundant. Summer resident. My numerous specimens are referrible to
this supposed species, ditfering in some slight degree from the average of east-
ern birds in the grayish rather than decidedly yellow superciliary streak, and
the general paleness of the colors. The bill is perhaps a little slenderer and
more elongated. The differences which separate it from savanna appear to me
no greater than are to be found when large series of the latter are compared
with each other.

For some additional data upon the relationships of the North American Pas-
xercitli, see the London Ibis for 1866.

148. Pooecetes graminecs (Gm ) Baird.

Very abundant. Summer resident. Winters in the Colorado Valley. Arrives
last week in March. Remains till November. I can detect no differences be-
tween eastern and western birds.

149. Coturniculus PASSERiNUS (Wils.) Bon.

Rare. Not observed at Whipple. Bill Williams' River, Kennerly.

150. Zonotrichia Gambeli (Nutt.) Gambel.

Abundant. Resident. First noticed Sept. 15, and at once becoming ex-
c<edingly numerous, they continued so until January ; after which only a few
stragglers were seen until the latter part of April, when they again became
common. By far the greater part go further north to breed. In general hab-
its this species seems to resemble albicollis rather than ;he more closely allied
. leucophys.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85

Iris bright brown. Bill bright lemon yellow, dusky reddish at tip. Feet
brown with a yellowish tinge ; soles pure yellow.

Z. leucophrys is given by Dr. Kennerly as found on Bill Williams' River. It
is well known that occasional specimens are taken in the range of habitat
which belongs especially to Gambeli.

151. Junco hyemalis (L.) Sclater.

Rare and accidental. During the winter of 1864-65, I shot three typical ex-
amples of this species; in each instance iu company with both the succeeding
birds.

152. Jpnco oregonds (Towns.) Sclater.

Exceedingly abundant winter resident. Arrive at Fort Whipple about Oct.
10 ; soon become very numerous and continue so until the second week in
April ; stragglers seen till May * Keep quietly hidden in out of the way
places till cold weather has fairly set in, when they become very familiar, and
are to be seen everywhere.

Both sexes, and at all ages and seasons after the first autumnal moult, are
never without the reddish along the sides of the body ; and the head is never
entirely concolor with back.

Perfectly adult males have the head, neck all around, and breast pure black,
nearly as trenchantly defined against the reddish of the back as against the
white of the belly. The sides are strongly tinged with pinkish rufous. The
dull chestnut or reddish brown of the back extends on the scapulars and outer
edges of the secondaries and greater coverts. This color merges insensibly
into olive gray on the rump. The two outer tail feathers on each side are
pure white ; the third is white with an edging of dusky along its inner web to
near the tip. The bill is flesh colored, or delicate pinkish white; its apex
dusky. The tarsi are dusky flesh color, the feet more obscure.

The young female, early in winter, has the back more dully colored, while
the rufous tinge invades the nape and to some extent the crown ; and the edg-
ings of the wings and coverts are very light, being gray rather than rufous.
The black of the head and breast has a slaty tinge; and is sprinkled with light
grayish or rufous, which interrupts the deeper color, though never to the ex-
tent of making the parts concolor with the back. The wash along the sides is
fainter and duller. There is usually less white in the sides of the tail.

Between these two extremes is to be found every possible gradation. The
great majority of all males have the continuity of the black on the nape inter-
rupted by rufous tips to some of the feathers. A specimen (1138 of my collec-
tion, Dec. 12, 1864,) has a large abruptly denned pure white spot, of an irregu-
lar shape, on the chin. This is a curious example of partial albinism.

153. Junco caniceps (Woodh.) Baird.

Struthus caniceps, Woodhouse, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. vi. Dec. 1852 p. 202. Id.
Sitgreave's Rep. Expl. Zuiii and Col. Rivers, 1853, p. 83, pi. iii.

Junco caniceps, Baird, B. N. A. 1858, p. 468.

Junco dorsalis, Henry, Proc. Acad. Philada. ; Baird, B. N. A.
Numerous examples in my collection, agreeing with Woodhouse's types
from the San Francisco Mountains. A not very abundant winter resident at
Fort Whipple; times of arrival and departure, and general habits those of
oregonus, with which it associates freely.

The red of the back is a subtriangnlar patch of a bright ferrugineous tint
quite different from the chestnut of or eg onus ; its extent is smaller, and it is less
distinctly defined against the gray both of the nape and rump ; and does not at
any age or season invade the wing coverts. The outer edges of the secondaries
are grayish brown, even in full plumaged birds ; but the wing coverts are
purely cinereous gray like the rest of the body. The gray extends along the

* In this there is aa absolute parallelism with J. hyemalis, as observed at Washington, D. C.

1866.]

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OT

sides of the breast and belly ; bat it is much lighter in tint than on the upper
parts ; and lias no very distinct line of demarcation with tbe white of the ab-
domen ; which latter varies greatly in parity and extent. There is never any
trace of reddish or pinkish on the sides; these parts being eoncolor with the
throat and breast, as in hyemalis. The space between the eye and bill, and to a
less extent the immediate circumocular feathers are blackish. The third lateral
tail featbtr has a greater amount of dusky than of white. Females are like
tli e males, except that tbe cinereous gray below is paler, the white abdomi-
nal region larger, and the union of these two colors more gradual.

I have tbtts gone somewhat into detail regarding the characters of oregonus
nnd eankeps, because in my collection are several examples which I regard as
most undoubtedly hybrids between the two. Their general aspect is that of
tanieeps ; ihe head, neck and throat being slate gray, not black ; the lores de-
cidedly blackish, etc. There is a large dorsal area, colored as in orego-
nus, and, most marked feature of all, the sides are strongly tinged with pink-
ish fulvous, exactly as in oregonus, instead of being plain cinereous gray, con-
color with the throat, as in caniceps. Other specimens preponderate still more
towards oregonus. in having the head and neck rather slate black than slate
gray.

The specimens are such palpable hybrids, that they need not in the least in-
validate the specific distinctions between the iwo species. In the case of Co-
Naples auralvs and mexicanus, it has been proven ineontrovertibly tbat such a
thing is entirely possible between closely allied though quite distinct species.

I have examined the type of Dr. Henry's Jwaco dorsalis, from Fort Thorn,
now in the Philadelphia Academy ; and I cannot discern wherein it differs
from tanieeps Woodh. This tatter species however seems quite distinct from the
Mexican cnterevs, in the restriction of the chestnut to a well defined dorsal
area, instead of its extending over roost of the wing coverts and tertials; and
in the wholly white outer tail feathers, whereas in einereus a portion of their
bases, especially on the inner web, are dusky. The range of habitat cf the
two species is also diverse.

154. Poospiza bilineata (Cass.) Sclater.

Rare at Whipple, where the nature of tbe locality is not suited to it. Very
abundant in the southern and western portions of the Territory. Open plains,
grassy or covered with sage brush.

In adult birds the black of ihe upper border of the superciliary streak ex-
tends across the forehead. Sometimes old birds have a decided ferrugineous
tint in the gray of the tipper parts ; but are never streaked. The moult con-
tinues until October.

The young bird differs materially from the adult. There is no black about
the head or throat, arid the white streaks are nearly obsolete. The superciliary
sireak is short and indistinct; ana is not bordered above by black. Thelores
are simply dusky and not pure black. The throat is pure white ; and has a
row of small spots oa each side forming an imperfect maxillary streak, dividing
the white of the throat from thai of the side of tbe lower jaw. The tipper parts
a>e strongly tinged with dull ferrugineous; and are obsoletely streaked in tbe
middle of the back with black. The wing coverts and tertials are strongly
edged with ferrugineous. The breast is white streaked thickly with dusky. The
tail is black as in the adult, and the outer feather is white on its external web ;
but the n< xt three rectrices are not tipped with white. The lower mandible
and the feet are dusky flesh color ; instead of both being, as in the ad alt, bluish
black.

355. Poospjza Belli (Cass.) Sclater.

Rather uncommon about Fort Whipple, for the same reason as mentioned
under head of P. bilineata. Abundant in the sage brush of the Gila Valley.
Keeps much oa the ground, where its motions are very like those of a Pipilo.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87

(156.) Spizella monticola (Gm.) Baird.

Rare and perhaps accidental. Colorado Chiquito River, Kennerly.

S57. Spizella socialis (Wils ) Bonap.

Very abundant summer resident. Arrives third week in March ; remains
until fatter part of November; a few stragglers may possibly winter. For a
month after its arrival it is in large flocks of fifty or more; and chiefly keeps
on the ground in open places, like Passercuhis or Pooecetes. In the fall, again,
•collects in large flocks, associating with Chrysomilres and Pipilones, and with S.
atrigularis. Mates in latter part of April. Remains in moult through greater
part of October.

Numerous specimens shot in the fall presented an aspect so different from
the usual well-known immature style of socialis, that I received the impres-
sion of a distinct species. The color of the crown was more the light ferru-
gineous of monticola, than deep chestnut, as in socialis. A large suite of adult
spring birds i cannot distinguish satisfactorily from the common eastern bird.

858. Spizella Bueweri Cassin.

Emberiza pallida of Audubon's works. Not of Swainson.

Spizella pallida of Kennedy's and Heermann's Reports, and of Coues,

Ibis., April 1865, p. 164, from Arizona.
Spizella Breiceri, Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. viii. 1856, p. 40. Baird, Birds
N. A. 1858, p. 475.

Rare summer resident. A shy and retiring species, keeping mostly in thick
brush near the ground.

This species constantly presents perfectly tangible differences from pallida,
independent of the seasonal changes to which both are subject. In addition
to the general paleness, or, so to speak, obsoleteness of all the markings of the
body, the great differences in the colors and stripes of the head, as detailed
by Cassin and Baird, readily separate them. Breweri has no a«hy collar around
the back and sides of the neck, and the breast; but the small streaks of the
head and back are directly continuous. All the specimens before me measure
rather more in length than those of pallida, due ehiefly to a greater elongation
of the tail. Other measurements do not exceed those of pallida.

Some July specimens, in moult, present a faded and dull gray appearance,
with no signs of ochraceoin on any part; and all the streaks are so narrow
as to be merely faintly pencilled lines.

S. pallida is given by Dr. Kennerly from Bill Williams' River; and by Dr.
Heermann from Tucson and Pima, in southern Arizona. These citations are
doubtless to he referred to Breweri. Pallida is a species of the high central
plains and the region of the Missouri. Breweri ranges through New Mexico,
Arizona and California.

159. Spizella atrigularis (Cab.) Baird.

Spinites atrigularis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein, 1851, p. 133.

Spizella atrigularis, Baird, B. N. A., 1858, p. 476.

Struthus atrimentalis, Couch, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. vii. 1854, p. 67.

Spizella evura, Coues, Newton's Ibis, January, 1865, p 118. Ibid,
April, 1865, p. 104. (A young bird, without black face and throat.)
Rare. Summer resident. Arrives early in April, and mates shortly after-
wards ; remains till middle of October. In small flocks or rather companies,
in the fall associating with Chrysomitris and Spizella. In the spring has a
sweet and melodious song, far surpassing in power and melody that of all
other Spizellce. Young birds want entirely the distinctive facial markings
of the adults. Iris black. Bill dull red. Legs and feet brownish black.
Length 6-GO; extent 7'60; tail 3-10.

During my first autumn at Fort Whipple I shot numerous specimens of a Spi-
zella generally resembling S. atrigularis, but wanting entirely the black face
and chin. The interscapulars are of a quite different shade of chestnut. The

1866.]

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

outer web of the external tail feather, and, to a less degree, the edge of the
inner web of the same, are quite purely white. The bill is dusky brown
above, dusky flesh color below, the feet black. The unusual length of the
tail also attracted my attention.

A fully adult male, procured April 20, has the black face and chin exactly
as in atrigularis. The interscapulars are of a brighter chestnut than in the
fall bird. The slate gray of the head and breast is deeper and purer, and
more markedly contrasted with the also purer white of the middle abdominal:
region.

An adult female in deep moult, procured July 21, has also no trace of black
about the head.

Several specimens from Cape St. Lucas, in precisely the plumage of my
autumnal Whipple examples, I find labelled by Baird with the MSS. name
" S. cana, n. s."

It is just possible that large series may hereafter establish a species from
Arizona and California distinct from the Mexican, both possessing the' black
on the face ; but at present I cannot satisfactorily distinguish two species.
Should they prove identical, they will afford an instance of a degree of sea-
sonal variation quite unusual in the species composing the genus Spizella.

160. Melospiza fallax Baird.

tFringilla melodia, Wilson, Am. Orn. ii. 1810, 125, pi. xvi. f. 4.

Coue% Newton's Ibis, April, 1865, p. 165.
Znnotrichia fallax, Baird, Pr. A. N. S., 1854, 119.
Melospiza fallax, Baird, Birds N. A., 1858, p. 481,
Common ; permanent resident. Habits, manners and voice precisely
those of melodia.

The locality* whence were described the original specimens of " Zonotrichia
fallax" is so near Fort Whipple that, for all practical purposes, it may be-
considered the same. Such differences as exist are detailed by Prof. Baird,.
ut supra, with whose expressed opinion that the species is of doubtful
validity I entirely coincide.

M. fallax occurs throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and part of Southern.
California, and is particularly abundant in the Valley of the Colorado.
Westward of the Colorado Desert M. Heermanni chiefly replaces it. The lat-
ter species is very probably to be found at Fort Mojave.

(161.) Melospiza Lincolnii (Aud.) Baird.

This extensively distributed species, which occurs throughout the United"
States and Territories, and south into Central America, has been taken in the
Territory by Dr. Kennerly. I have not myself met with it.

The following Finches most probably remain to be hereafter added to the
list : Peiic.ira Cassini Baird, and Embernagra rtijirirguta Lawrence, in the-
valley of the Gila and Southern Arizona generally ; Passerculus sehistaceus
Baird, on the upper Colorado. (Specimens of the latter species are recorded
from Fort Tejon, Cala. )

162. Gcikaca cojrulea (Linn.) Swains.

Generally distributed ; nowhere very common. A single specimen taken
near Fort Whipple, Aug. 10, 1865. "Arrives at Fort Mojave May 1st."'
( Cooper.)

163. Guikaca melanocephala Swains.

Abundant. Summer resident. Arrives May 1st ; remains until latter part
of September. Frequents the thick brush of ravines, etc., and the cotton-
wood and willow copses of the creek bottoms. Its ordinary note intimately

*" Pueblo Creek, New Mexico," is now known as " Walnut" Creek, Arizona, anil is hardly a
day's march from Furl Whipple, which lies but a short distance off the trail of Lieut. Whipple's
party, in going from the San Francisco mountains to the Headwaters of Bill Williams' River.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89

resembles that of Lophortyx Garnbeli. Its song is superb ; a powerful but
melodious succession of clear rich rolling notes, reminding one somewhat of
the Icterus buLimore. " Net met with in the Colorado Valley." (Cooper).

164. Cyanospiza amcena (Say,) Baird.

Summer resident ; not abundant. More common somewhat further South.

PIPILO Vieillot.

The genus Pipilo of Vieillot, as now usually defined by ornithologists,
seems to embrace species not strictly congeneric with its type, P. erythroph-
thalmus. The differences lie chiefly in the shape of the wings and tail, and in
the relative proportions of these parts to each otber, as well as in the pattern
of coloration.

In the bird now generally known as Pipilo chlorurus these variations from
the type are most marked. The long wings almost equal the tail, which latter
is scarcely at all graduated. The elongated first primary gives a more
pointed shape to the wing. The pattern of coloration is unusual and quite
peculiar. The genus Kieneria was established by Bonaparte,* with the
Pyrgisoma Kieneri as type ; and under it this author ranges rvfipileus, fuscus,
Abertii, etc. But the P. Kieneri seems quite congeneric with the type of
Pyrgisoma; in which event Kieneria becomes a synonym, untenable for this
or any other group. " Pipilo " chlorurus being generically dissimilar from the
type of Embernagra (Saltator viridis Vieillot,) to which genus it has been
referred, very probably is wanting in a tenable generic application, unless the
name Chlorura f fills this vacancy.

After thus eliminating P. chlorurus, there still remain, in North America,
four species, crissalis X Vigors, mesoleucus § Baird. albigula Baird, and Abertii
Baird ; which agree with each other in differing from the black, white, and
chestnut group of which P. erythrophthalmus is the type, in the proportions of
wings and tail, amount of graduation of the latter, and pattern of coloration.
They should, I am of opinion, constitute a separate generic group, of which
P. Abertii may be considered the type. I believe that this genus has yet to
receive a distinctive name.

165. Pipilo megaloynx Baird.

Very abundant permanent resident. Rather more numerous in spring and
fall than at other times. Shy and retiring, inhabiting the thickest brush. Is
in moult through part of July, whole of August, and half of September.
Ordinary call-note almost exactly like that of Minus carolinensis : the song a
rather harsh and monotonous repetition of four or six syllables, something
like that of Euspiza americana. Females found with mature eggs in ovi-
ducts as early as May -5th.

The female of this species is not brown, conspicuously different from the
male, but only dull brownish black. I think this is the case also with the
other western Pipilos with spotted scapulars ; in which there is to be found
no such sexual difference as is seen in P. erythrophthalmus.

In carefully examining a very large series of Pipilo from Arizona, as well
as from other localities, I find it difficult to discern constant and tangible dif-
ferences between arcticus and megalonyx. My specimens are all referrible to
the latter species, or variety, if it be only one. I prefer now to leave the sub-

* Uomptes Rendus. xl., Jan., 1855, p. 356.

fUsed by Sclater, Cat. Atner. Bds., p. 117, as designating a snbgeneric division.

j Vig. Z iol. Toy. Beechey, v. p. 19, which equals fuscus of Cassin, Baird and other American
writers, but not of Swainson.

\ Which probably is the true fuscus Swains. Syn Mex. Bds. Phil. Mag. i. If 27, No. 46, and Two
Cent., 1838, p. 347, No. 197. See Cabanis, Journ i". Ornith., Nov., 1852, p. 474, for critique upon
synonymy of J ipilones. But Cabanis' statement that P. megalonyx Baird is a synonym of P.
ma'culatus Swainson will require confirmation.

1866.]

90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

ject as Prof. Baird has determined it ; especially as iu his forthcoming
"Review " the matter will be re-examined.

(166.) " Pipilo " Abertii Baird.

One of the most abundant and characteristic birds of the Valley of the
Gila and Colorado. Ranges northward to within a few miles of Whipple, bnt
is not found in the adjacent mountains. Common at Fort Mojave, and par-
ticularly so at Fort Yuma.

(167.) "Pipilo" ME=iOLEcrctJS Baird.

Abundantly distributed throughout the warmer portions of New Mexico
and Arizona, from the Valley of the Rio Grande to that of the Colorado. Not
observed at Fort Whipple, though found breeding some twenty-five miles to
the southward. Associates freely with the preceding, and inhabits the same
regions ; and the two have very similar habits.

This species is permanently and very distinct from crissalis, Vigors, of the
California Coast, or from albigula of Cape St. Lucas ; which species it replaces
in the southern Rocky Mountain region.

168. " Pipilo " chlorura (Towns.)

Spring and autumn migrant ; none breed or remain all winter. Pa=ses
rapidly by Fort Whipple ; being found only during the latter part of April
and beginning of May, and during the month of September. The most silent
and retiring of the " Pipilos " being very difficult to observe or capture.
"Winters sparingly at Fort Mojave," {Cooper).

The species varies a good deal in the color of the iris ; e. g., No. 738, iris
dark red ; No. 739, iris olive brown ; No. 740, iris reddish brown ; all of
which birds were shot at the same time.

(169.) Pyrrhdloxia sinuata Bonap.

This Mexican species, introduced into the United States Fauna from the
lower Rio Grande Valley, has been taken at Fort Yuma. It is now well
known as a common bird of Cape St. Lucas.

The Cardinalis igneus, Baird, (Pr. A. N. S. Ph., Nov., 1S59, p. 10,) very
abundant at Cape St. Lucas, may also very probably be found in the south-
western portions of the Territory.

JCTERID.E.

170. Molotitrits pecoris (Gm.) Swains.

Very abundant summer resident ; arrives middle of April and remains
until October. Vast numbers seen at Fort Yuma in September. Winters
abundantly in the Colorado Valley.

171. Agel^eus phceniceus (Linn.) Vieill.

Common ; resident. Most numerous in October and November. Associates
constantly and intimately with the succeeding spfcies.

A. gubernator is given by Dr. Kennerly from Pueblo Creek, Ariz. He very
probably made an erroneous identification. It is doubtful if either gubernator
or tricolor, so abundant in California, ever cross the desert to the Colorado
Valley, except in isolated and accidental instances.

172. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.) Cab.

Exceedingly abundant ; permanent resident. The typical Blackbird of
Fort Whipple. Comparatively few breed in the immediate vicinity. Towards
the end of September they become very numerous, and continue so until
May, when few are to be observed until the following fall. Congregate in
immense flocks about the clearings, stock corrals, etc., and are tame and
familiar. By no means a uiarsk species, but rather a pini'oline one. Their
note is a harsh rasping or grating squeak, varied at intervals by a rather
melodious ringing whistle.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 91

Male; average 10-00x16-50: iris light creamy yellow. Female; average
9-00x15 '25 ; iris brown. Autumnal males are frequently seen in nearly
complete plumage.

173. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus (Bon.) Baird.

Rather uncommon, being less numerous than at most other localities where
found at all. Chiefly a summer resident. Rather a marsh and prairie spe-
cies, than a bird of mountainous regions.

The variations in the tint, and in the extent or restriction of the yellow, de-
pendent upon age, sex or season, as well as purely accidental, are very great, and
almost interminable. Some immature males have the head saffron or ochra-
ceous, the nape clouded with black, and a distinct median longitudinal black
stripe along the crown. Sometimes very young males show no yellow what-
ever. The size is also liable to great variation ; a female before me being
hardly half the size of an adult male. (Wing 4-25 instead of 550 ; tail 3-25
instead of 4-10, etc.)

174. Sturnella neglecta Audubon.

Rare ; resident. The nature of most of the vicinity of Fort Whipple is not
well adapted to the habits of this species. I never saw a half dozen individu-
als during my whole stay.

175. Icterus Bcllockii (Sw.) Bon.

Common summer resident. Almost exclusively frequents the willows and
cottonwoods of the creek bottoms, to the small twigs of which its pensile nest
is attached. Arrives late in April, and remains through greater part of
September.

The female is plain grayish olive (pure gray on the rump,) brightening into
olive yellow on the nape, upper tail coverts and tail. Forehead, superciliary
streak, sides of head and neck, and a large space on the breast bright yellow.
Space between eye and bill and the whole chin pure white. Rest of under
parts grayish white, tinged with yellow on the under tail coverts. Median
wing coverts broadly edged and tipped with white. Bill and feet similarly
colored with those of the male.

CORVlDsE.

176. Corvds carnivorus Bartram.

Corvus cacalotl, Wagler. Isis. 1831, 527. (Mexico.) Baird, B. N. A.

1858, p. 563. (Colorado Valley.)
Corvus carnivorus, Bartram ; Baird. B. N. A. 1858, p. 560.
Resident. Very abundant, especially about the clearings, cattle enclosures,
etc., where it congregates in immense numbers in the autumn and winter.
During the severe winter of 1864-5 great numbers perished at Fort Whipple
by cold and hunger.

I cannot distinguish the Colorado Raven even as a well-marked variety of
carnivorus. Specimens from all points between the Arkansaw river and the
Colorado desert seem to me quite identical.

177. Picicorvus Coldmbianus (Wils.) Bon.

Abundant at irregular intervals during the winter months ; from the middle
of October till March. High open forests. Restless, shy and noisy.

Iris brown ; bill and feet black; hard parts of mouth livid, fauces pinkish.
Specimens in moult have the plumbeous intercalated with a hoary, almost
ochraceous whitish, produced by the fading of the original colors. Individu-
als vary much in size.

178. Gymnokitta cyanocephala Maxim.

This singular and interesting species has the form of a crow ; but its colors
and its habits are most decidedly garruline. It is a very abundant and
characteristic bird at Fort Whipple, remaining all the year. It breeds in the

1866.]

92

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

retired portions of the neighboring mountains, the young leaving the nest
early in July. During the winter months they collect in immense flocks ;
sometimes, as I witnessed in at least one instance, to the extent of a thousand
or more. These large companies scour the country about, flying restlessly
and noisily from place to place, and generally scattering over a considerable
area. They are shy and wary, so that, notwithstanding their numbers, they
are difficult to shoot. Their food is chiefly seeds, berries and nuts, especially
the nuts of the Pinus edulis, and the berries of Juniperus pachydermia. They
alight much on the ground, where their gait is firm, erect and easy. Their
flesh is quite palatable.

Iris brown. Bill and feet black; soft parts of mouth rose red; corneous
parts black. Males range from 11-50 to 12.00 in length, by from 16-50 to
19-00 in extent ; the females from 11-00 to 11-50 in length, by 1625 to 18-00
in extent. Differences in length are by no means always accompanied by
corresponding discrepancies in extent of wings. The intensity of the blue is
liable to great variation, as is also the distinctness of the white gular streaks.
The blue of the head usually merges quite insensibly into the grayish blue of
the back ; but there is often quite a distinct line of demarcation. Specimens
in poor plumage have frequently light gray primaries.

179. Cyanocitta Woodhousei (Baird.)

Cyanocorax californica, Woodhouse, in Sitgreave's Rep. Expl. Col.

and Zufii R. 1853, p. 77. (San Francisco Mts.)
Cyanocitta Woodhousei, Baird. B. N. A., 1858, p. 5S5.

Resident, and exceedingly abundant, being the most characteristic species.
Found in all situations ; but rather shuns dense pine woods and keeps on the
open hill-sides, among the scrub oaks. etc. In winter collects in rather large
flocks, sometimes as many as fifty ; usually, however, seen in little companies
of half a dozen individuals. A restless, vigilant, shy, and noisy species.

Males average 12-00x16-50; females about 11-25x15-50. In moult, ex-
amples are often seen with gray like that of the dorsal patch intercalated with
the blue of the head. Iris brown ; bill and feet black. Mouth dull bluish
white.

I think there is no doubt of the propriety of separating the southern Rocky
Mountain Cyanocitta from the true californica of the Pacific coast. The
characters as detailed by Baird, ut supra, are very constant and quite
appreciable.

It is very probable that C. californica and C. Woodhousei will be found
associated at certain portions of the Colorado desert, as for example along the
Mojave river.

(180.) Cyanocitta sordida (Sw.) Baird.

Chiefly a Mexican species, but extending northward to the Gila Valley.
Fort Buchanan, Dr. B. J. D. Irwin, U. S. A. Copper mines, J. H. Clark.

181. Cyanura macrolopha Baird.

Common ; resident. Almost exclusively pinicoline. Generally found in
small companies : never congregating to the extent even which C. Woodhousei
does. Very shy, vigilant, noisy and tyrannical.

A very young bird taken July 22, on the San Francisco mountains, besides
being smaller, and having a weaker bill and feet, differs considerably from the
adult in colors. The upper parts are rather smoky brown than blue ; and
this color also invades the rump. Below the colors are also fuliginous ; only
a slight leaden or grayish cast indicating the future bright blue. At the same
time the wings and tail are nearly as bright blue as in the adult ; but the
black bars upon them are very obsolete, or wanting altogether. There is
considerable of a crest, but its color is fuliginous black instead of deep glossy
black ; and there are no traces of the white front and white about the eyes.
The crest is about as long as that of an adult Stelleri.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93

The differences between this species and Stelleri of the Pacific coast, as de-
tailed by Prof. Baird, seem to me quite sufficient to separate them. I may
add, that in macrolopha the bluish white wash on the front occupies,
when the feathers are undistorted, two straight lines, ascending perpendicu-
larly from each nostril, and quite distinct from each other ; while in Stelleri
the tendency is for the whole front to be indiscriminately washed with bluish.
In both species, the colored tips of the frontal feathers have a somewhat dif-
ferent texture and consistence from their dark basal portions.

A large series of specimens, chiefly from the head waters of the Columbia*
have the front washed with dull blue just as in Stelleri; and have also the
white supra-ocular spot of macrolopha. It is quite possible that hybrids of the
two species may occur ; but I am not prepared to say positively that such is
the case in the present instance. Both species are found in the regions above
referred to.

(182.) Pica hudsonica (Forst.) Bon.

Spariugly distributed throughout the Territory. Not personally met with
at Whipple.

Young birds shot in June in the Raton Mountains near Taos, N. M., have
the bill tipped with yellowish. The tail is only about three inches long. But
there is a most remarkable similarity in color to the adults ; almost the only
perceptible differences being a restriction of the white on the primaries, and
rather dull greenish black instead of violet black wings and tail.

The yellow billed P. Nuttallii, so abundant in Southern California, does not
appear to cross the Colorado desert to the river.

COLUMBWsE.

183. Columba fasciata Say.

Summer resident ; very rare ; observed only on two occasions.

184. Melopeleia leucoptera (Linn.) Bonap.

Rare ; summer resident. Young birds, half fledged, taken Aug. 15, 1864.

185. Zenaidura cakolinensis, (Linn.) Bonap.

Abundant summer resident. Arrives last week in April, remains until
middle of October. "Winters at Fort Mojave, and on the Pacific coast as
high as San Fraucisco." (Cooper.)

To the traveller on the dry sandy wastes of Arizona this bird is always a
welcome sight, indicating with certainty the presence of water in the vicinity.
I have never known the sign to fail in my own limited experience. The na-
ture of the food ordinarily taken necessitates an abundant supply of water.
This was satisfactorily demonstrated to me on one occasion, when the crops of
several, shot just as they were coming to drink, were filled with small seeds,
as dry and hard as when first ingested, and totally unassimilable until mace-
rated with water.

186. Cham^epeleia passerina (Linn.) Swains.

A rare and probably accidental visitor to the Valley of the Colorado. (Fort
Yuma, lees, La Paz, Hut.ton. ) Probably goes at least as high as Fort Mojave.
Perhaps variety pallescens Baird, from Cape St. Lucas.

PHASIANIDsE.

187. Meleagris mexicana Gould.

There can be no doubt of the propriety of separating the Western Turkey
from the common species of the Eastern United States. The differences are
very decided, and of such a character as to have an important bearing upon
the question of the origin of the domesticated bird. The latter, as is well
known, usually approaches mexicana rather than gallipavo, in its colors.

*The locality whence came the Gamdus Stelleri of Swainson (F. B. A. 1831, ii. p. 294, pi. liv.)
which is probably rather referrible to macrolopha than to the true SUMeri.

1866.]

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The wild Turkey is a permanent resident of the mountains of the immedi-
ate vicinity of Whipple, but quite rare, so much so that I procured no speci-
mens. In some portions of the Southern Rocky Mountain region it is exceed-
ingly numerous.

I have never detected any of the Tetraonidce in Arizona, though very pro-
bably the Centrocercus urophasianus may be hereafter found towards the Utah
border. Dr. Cooper has seen it on the Mojave River, about the southernmost
point it has yet been observed.

Among the Lagopidce, the Lagopus leucurus has been detected as far south
as Cantonment Burgwyn, in New Mexico, (lat. 37°,) and most probably will
be found in the mountains near the northern border of the Territory.

PERDICIDM.

188. Lophoktyx Gambelii Nuttall.

L. Ganbelii, " Nuttall." Gambel, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1843, p. 260. Baird,
B. N. A. 1858, p. 645. Coues, Newton's Ibis. Jan., 1866, p. 46. (Bi-
ographical.)
" Lophortyx californicus," Coues, Newton's Ibis, 1865, p. 165. (Erro-
neous identification.)

The common and characteristic Quail of the Southern Rocky Mountain re-
gion from the Rio Grande to the Colorado, and south into Mexico. Replaces
the L. californica. The two species have been found associated at Soda Lake,
the sink of the Mojave River.

In my paper, as above, will be found some account of the habits of this
Quail, which I had previously, in the same Journal, (Ibis, 1865, p. 165,)
incidentally mentioned erroneously as L. " calif 'ornicus." From a large
suite of specimens, lean describe the following stages from the callow state to
the fully adult condition.

Downy state, a few days old. — Bill bright reddish above, nearly white be-
neath ; feet dull flesh color. Head yellowish white tinged with grayish brown ;
the occiput with a broad spot of pure brown ; on the centre of the crown
I whence the plume will spring) a few black feathers, each longitudinally
streaked with white. Entire upper parts brownish gray, (color of the lighter
parts of the back of a Sturnella,) mottled with spots of black, and very con-
spicuously streaked with long, sharply pencilled lines of white. Primaries
dusky, their outer vanes marbled with brownish black and grayish white.
Whole under parts from the white jugulum narrowly and semiconfluently
barred with black and ochraceous white, and longitudinally streaked with
short but distinct lines of pure white. This coloration is most marked and
definite on the breast ; on the flanks and under tail coverts the markings are
duller and moie blended. The newly sprouted tail feathers are colored like
the primaries. Length about 3| ; wing 1| ; tail J. This stage may be seen
up to the last of August.

Quarter grown. (Aug., Sep.: length 6 or 7 inches.) The general hue is
dull leaden gray, becoming ochraceous on the scapulars and wing coverts,
which are still a little mottled, as described above. Below the gray is very
light indeed, almost wliitish, especially on the chin and middle of the belly.
Breast obsoletely waved with light and dark shades of gray, with s'ill some
slight traces of the white longitudinal lines ; the crissal and anal regions the
same, but somewhat tinged with brown. On the sides under the wings there
is a slight fulvous or ferrugineous tinge, but nothing like definite strips. Pri-
maries plain dusky ; tail more plumbeous ; very finely marbled with blackish
and whitish. There is a broad superciliary white stripe extending to the ex-
treme occiput.

During first autumnal moult. (Sep., Oct., Nov.) The preceding two plu-
mages are those of chicks, with few true feathers. When the autumnal moult
has made some little progress, the features of the adults begin to appear,
mixed in a varying degree with the preceding downy colors. Some of the

[March

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95

wing coverts and secondaries are still mottled, and the tail is a littled marbled,
but "most of the feathers are clear plumbeous. On the breast, feathers of this
latter color are interspersed with the wavy gray ones. While the faint ferru-
gineoas flush of the sides is retained, there are apparent the definite stripes
of the adult. The crest is now an inch long, but still straight, not recurved,
and rather brown than black. The bill is quite black, and the feet dark
colored. At this season the peculiar head markings begin to appear, so that
the sexual features are quite apparent.

The early age at which the crest begins to be apparent is surprising. Two
or three feathers longer than the rest very plainly indicate it in chicks only a
week or two old. But it does not become black and expanded and recurved
at the tip, till the bird is full grown and has completed the moult.

Adult. Iris clear brown. Bill black. Legs and feet brown, sometimes
with a livid bluish tinge.

(189.) Callipepla squamata (Vig.) Gray.

From the Valley of the Gila and Lower Colorado, as well as that of the Rio
Grande. Not detected as far north as Whipple.

190. Cyrtonyx massena (Less.) Gould.

I had frequently been informed of the occurrence of this species at Fort
Whipple, but I never met with it on but two occasions, when an adult male
and female were procured. It is doubtless a resident, though rare species.

No. 1586. $. Oct. 11, 1865. Length 9-00; extent 17 00; wing 4-80;
tail 2-00; bill -60; tarsus 1-20. Upper mandible dull reddish horn; lower
bluish white. Mouth whitish flesh color. Legs, feet and claws livid white,
with a somewhat yellowish tinge posteriorly. Iris brownish olive. The cut-
edges of the lower mandible are doubly dentated near their end.

[Note. Many of the following Water Birds are really identified with the
Whipple series, but only those actually seen by me in that locality are given
with uninclosed number.]

GRUID^E.

(191.) Grus canadensis (L.) Temm.

Abundant on the Colorado and Gila Rivers.

ARDEID^E.

(192.) Garzetta candidissima (Gm.) Bon.

Very abundant throughout the Valley of the Colorado.

(193.) Herodias egretta (Gm.) Gray.

Abundant along the Colorado. Very probably tbe large variety californica
(Baird B. N. A. p. 667,) may also be found within the limits of the Territory.

(194.) Ardea herodias Linn.

Exceedingly abundant along the Colorado River. The nests of this species
are often seen on some ledge of rock projecting from the precipitous cliffs
which are covered with innumerable nests of Petrochelidon lunifrons.

(195.) Ardetta exilis (Gm.) Gray.

Generally distributed on the streams and cienegas of the Territory. Common
on the Colorado.

(196.) Botaurds lentiginos0S (Mont.) Steph.
Throughout the Territory. Common.

(197.) Butorides virescens (L.) Steph.

Very numerous along the Colorado and other streams of the Territory-

(198.) Nyctiardea Gardeni (Gm.) Baird.

Generally distributed ; nowhere very numerous.

1866.]

96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

TANTALIDjE.

(199.) Tantalus loculator Linn.

Very common on the Colorado, at least as high as Fort Mojave, but especi-
ally abundant on the lower portions of this river and of the Gila. Great
numbers seen at Fort Yuma.

200. Falcinellcs Ordii Bonap.

Sparsely distributed throughout New Mexico and Arizona. I have seen it
at intervals from the Rio Grande to the Colorado. Fort Whipple, Oct. 18,
1864, and at other times during the autumn.

CHARADRIID^E.

201. Aegialitis vociferus (L.) Cass.

The only small wader found in any considerable numbers about Fort
Whipple Summer resident, arriving early in April and remaining until
November.

(202.) Aegialitis semipalmatus, (Bp.) Cab.

Colorado River, September and October, 1865.

The Charadrius virginicus, and the Sguatarola helvetica are both doubt-
less to be found in the Territory, though I have never seen specimens from
within its limits.

PODASOCYS* Coues, nov. gen.

Gh. Gen. Bill two thirds as long as the skull; equal to the middle toe and
claw; but little more than half the tarsus. Wing of moderate length, reach-
ing when folded beyond the taiit ; second primary nearly as long as the fit st.
Tail exceedingly short, contained twice in the length of the wing from the
carpus; square; the rectrices broad to their obtusely rounded tips. Legs
stout and very long; denuded portion of tibia two-thirds as long as the tarsus,
the latter nearly twice as long as the middle toe and claw; tibia and tarsus
entirely covered with small, polygonal, reticulated plates, largest on the ante-
rior face of the tarsus. Tjes very short and stout ; lateral ones unequal in
length : tip of inner claw nearly reaching base of outer lateral one ; tip of the
latter falling short of the base of the middle one. Claws short, obtuse and
little curved. Of moderate size, compact form and dull colors.

Type. Charadrius montanus Towns.

In general form this genus approaches somewhat JEjialitis, especially that
section of which melodus is typical (yEgialeus). But it differs widely in the
very short squire tail, long denuded tibia;, very long tarsi, much abbreviated
toes, etc. It is possible that some genus already founded upon an exotic type
may include montanus, but knowing of none such, I have no other alternative
than to institute a new name, in separating a heterogeneous element from the
genus with which it is usually associated.

203. Podasocys montanus (Towns.)

This species has an extensive range quite from the northern boundary of the
United^States to the Mexican border, and perhaps much farther each way ;
though at the same time it is strictly confined to the western portions of the
continent. It is sparingly distributed throughout Arizona. I have constantly
met with it from the Rio Grande to the Pacific, in all the regions suitable to
its pecultar habits. I believe it is quite confined to dry plains either entirely
bare or covered with straggly brush. In its habits it differs as much from
most other Charadriinx as does its form ; calling irresistibly to mind the
Eremophila cornuta. The stomachs of the specimens examined contained or-
thopterous and coleopterous insects.

* From the Homeric epithet flrcJac e*wc— "swift-footed."

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97

REC UR VIR 0 STRIDE.

(204.) Recurvirostra Americana Gmeliu.

Recurvirostra occidentalis Vigors. Young.
Seen in large flocks on the sand-bars of the Colorado.

(205.) Himantopus nigricolms Vieill.

Common on the Colorado, in flocks, with the preceding.

PRALAROPODIDM.

(20fi.) Steganopus* Wilsonii (Sab.)

A single specimen seen on the Colorado, Sept., 1865. The species is very
generally distributed throughout the interior of North America.

SCOLOPACIDJE.

(207.) Gallinago Wilsoni, (Temm.) Bon.

Sparingly distributed throughout the Territory.

(208.) Macroramphus griseus (Gm.) Leach.

Sparingly distributed througbout the Territory. Perhaps M. scolopacens
may also be found.

(209.) Actodromas Baikdii Coues.

Tringa " Schinzii" Woodhouse, Sitgreave's Expl. Zuni and Col. River,

1853, p. 100. Not of Brehm, nor of authors generally.
Tringa Bonapartei, " Schlegel," Cassin, in Baird's B. N. A., 1858, p. 923.
In part. Of the specimens there enumerated Nos. 4869, 5442, 8800 are>
of this species ; No. 3451 is the true Bonaparlei.
Actodromas Bairdii, Coues, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1861, p. 194.
Very generally distributed throughout the whole interior of North America.
No instances of its occurrence on either the Atlantic or Pacific coasts have
come to my knowledge. Examination of several specimens taken near tha
Pueblo of Zufii, in New Mexico, by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, which were not ac-
cessible at the time of the preparation of my monograph, as above, shows them
to belong to this species, and not to the A. Bonapartei, with which Dr. Wood-
house had identified them under the erroneous name of Tringa Sckinzii. These
specimens are interesting, as extending the range of ihe species west of the-
Rocky Mountains, and causing it to be included in the Whipple avifauna.

This species has been recently referred to A. maculata, and considered as
founded upon a smaller race or upon immature specimens of the latter species,
by Dr. H. Schlegel ;f certainly an unfortunate error, and one well illustrating
how unsafe it is to pass judgment upon a species with which we are autopi-
cally unacquainted. If there be any specimens in the Museum of the Pays-
Bas referrible to maculata in any of its variations of size or colors, they are
by no means examples of the species I have named Bairdii.

(210.) Actodromas minutilla (Vieill.) Coues.

Seen in flocks on Little and Great Colorado Rivers, from July to October.

(211.) Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.) Cass.

Common on the Colorado. It is quite possible that Mr. Lawrence's new,
E. occidentalis may also be found on the streams of the Territory.

212. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.) Hartl.

Sparsely distributed throughout the Territory. Individuals seen Oct. 18th
1864, in a marsh near Whipple.

* The three North American species of Phalaropes are so dissimilar in form as to amply indicate
as many generic types: Steyunopus Vieill. (Wilsonii) ; Lobipes Cuv {hyperboreus) ; and 1'halaro-
pus Briss. (fulicarias.)

t Article Tringx in Cat. Mus. d'llist. Pays-Bas.

lS6t).] 7

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

(213.) Gambetta melanolecca (Gm.) Bon.
Abundant on the Colorado.

214. Rhyacophilus solitabius (Wils.) Bon.

A single specimen taken at Fort Whipple, August, 1864 ; at a small pool in.
high thick pine woods.

(215.) Tringoides macularius (L.) Gray.
Very numerous along the Colorado.

216. Numenius longirostris Wilson.

A single specimen, taken in August, 1864, at Fort Whipple.

Other limicoline Grallas to be found, probably, are Tryngites rufescens and
Limoaa fedoa.

RALLIDJE.

(217.) Rallus virginianus L.

This specie3 has been detected in the Territory.

(218.) Porzana Carolina (Linn.)

Colorado River, A. Schott. I think it probable that one or two other Rails
are to be added to the avifauna of the Territory.

(219.) FULICA AMERICANA, Gm.

Abundant along the Colorado.

ANATIDJE.

(220.) Cygnus americanus Sharpless.
Colorado River. Fort Mojave, Cooper.

221. Anser hyperboreds Pall.
Common on the Colorado. Specimen taken near Fort Whipple, Oct. 17, 1864.

(222.) Anser Gambeli, Hartl.

Anser frontalis, Baird, B. N. A. 1858, p. 762. Young. (Fort Thorn,

n. ii.)

Colorado River. Abundant.

1 am informed by Prof. Baird that he is now satisfied that hi3 A. frontalis is
only an immature stage of plumage of A. Gambeli. An analogous plumage is
known as one of the conditions of the European Anser albifrons.

(223.) Bernicla canadensis (L.) Boie.
Colorado River.

(224.) Bernicla Hutchinsii (Rich.) Bon.

One of the most abundant geese of the Colorado Valley. B. nigricans seems
to be exclusively a maritime species.

225. Dendbocygna fclva (Gm.) Burm.

A pair, taken in November, about twenty miles from Fort Whipple. This is
the only instance in which the species has come under my observation from
Arizona. Dendrocygna autumnalis will also doubtless be found in the Terri-
tory.

22(3. Anas boschas L.

227. Dafila acuta (Linn.) Jenyns.

228. Nettion carolinensis (Gm.) Baird.

These three species are abundant on all the waters of the Territory.

229. Querquedula cyanoptera, (Vieill ) Cass.

Numbers of this Teal were observed in October on the head of the San Fran-
cisco River, near Whipple. At the same season during the following year I
saw them in numbers on the Colorado River.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

The three following Anatinx are also found on the Colorado River :
(230.) Mareca Americana (Gin.) Steph.
(231.) Spatula clypeata (L.) Boie.
(232.) Chaulelasmus streperus (L.) Gray.

(233.) Bocephala albeola (L.) Baird.

This is the only one of the Fuligulime which, so far as I am aware, has been
actually brought from Arizona; though undoubtedly species of Fulix and
Ay thy a are found within its limits.

The same remarks apply to several species of Merginx ; especially to Mcrgus
serrator, and Lophodytes cucullalus.

LARIDJS.

(234.) Larcs delawarensis Ord.

This species I saw on the Colorado in the autumn of 1865. It is very pro-
bable also that the L. californicus may be detected in the same region. Mr.
Xantus has sent it from Fort Tejon, California.

(235.) Chrcecocephalus atricilla (L.) Lawr.

Colorado River, particularly its lower portions. A specimen taken over a
hundred miles from any body of water, near the eastern border of the Territory.

(236.) Chroxcocephalus Philadelphia (Ord.) Lawr.

Very abundant on the Colorado. I am under the impression that I also saw
Ch. Franklinii about twenty miles from the river near Fort Mojave. The Colo-
rado Valley is quite within its known range of migration.

237. Sterna Forsteri (Nuttall) Lawrence.*

S. hirundo, Sw. et Rich. F. B. A. 1831, ii. 412. (Nee. Linn.)

S. Forsteri, Nuttall, Man. Orn. 1834, ii. p. 274. (Iu foot-note under S.
hirundo; name proposed in eveot of " hirundo Sw. Rich." proving
distinct. No full description.)

Lawrence, Ornithological Notes, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of New York,
1852, page 3. Lawrence, B N. A. 1858, p. 862. (Definite characteri-
zation of species, and full description.) Coues, Rev Terns N. A.. Pr.
A. N. S. Ph. 1862, p. 544. (Gives the different ages and stages of
plumage, and compaiisons with hirundo and macrura.)

S. Havelli, Audubon, Orn. Biog., v. 1839, p. 122, and his other works.

Lawrence, Birds N. A., 1858, p. 861. Coues, Rev. Terns N. A., Pr.

A. N. S. Ph. 1862, p. 543. (Considers it as adult winter plumage of

Forsteri.)

This species occurs on the Colorado, as indeed on most other of the large

rivers of the interior.

(238.) Hydrochelidon fissipes (Linn.) Gray.

Sterna fissipes, Linn., S. N., 12th ed., 1776, p. 228.

Hydrochelidon fissipes, Gray, Genera, iii. 1849, p. 660. Coues, Pr. A. N.

S. Ph., Dec, 1862, p. 554.
Sterna nigra, Brisson, Boie, and other authors, but not of Linnaeus,

which is leucoptera auct.
Sterna plumb ea, Wilson; Hydrochelidon plumbe a, Lawrence, and other
American writers. (American bird identical with European.)
Has been taken on the Colorado. " Mojave River," Cooper.

* To Mr. G. N. Lawrence of New York is entirely due the credit of first bringing this species
prominently into notice, so long ago as the year 1852, and of carefully distinguishing it from
hirundo. Nuttall's original notice is so brief and unsatisfactory, that it should hardly be accepted
as the first characterization of the species ; which ought in all propriety to bear Mr. Lawrence's
rather than Mr. Nuttall's name. For further elucidation of this Tern, see my Kev. Terns N. A.,
ut supra.

1866.]

100 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

I have seen Sterna antillarum mihi ex Lesson, (frenata Gamb. argentea Nutt.
nee Maxim, minuta Wils. nee L.) from tbe coast of California, and have little
doubt that it is found on the Colorado River as well.

PELECANIDJE.

(239.) Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gm.

Abundant on the Gila and Colorado Rivers.

It is a question with me whether this species should retain the name above
given by Gmelin ; to the exclusion of the very pertinent " trachyrhynchus "
Lath. The bill is not red at all, but yellow ; and it is the P.fuscus whose bill
really is red. The name thus conveys such an erroneous impression, as should
justify its rejection.

The P.fuscus is essentially a maritime bird, and if found upon the Colorado
at all, is probably only a straggler.

PEA LACRO CORA CIDJE.

(240.) Graculus dilophus (3w.) Gray.

Gulf of California and lower Colorado, Cooper.

COLYMBID2E.

(241.) Colymbus TORQDATtrs Briinn.
Winter resident on the Colorado river. Common.

(242.) Colymbus pacificus Lawr.

C. pacificus, Lawrence, Birds N. A. 1858, p. 889. Coues, Syn. Colymbidx
N. A. in Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1861, p. 223. Coues, Newton's Ibis, 1866.
Much material additional to that possessed by Mr. Lawrence in 1858, or by
myself in 1861, tends to confirm the validity of this species, first described from
young specimens. I have since then seen large suites of adult birds, chiefly
from tbe interior of Arctic America, and am quite confident that my remarks
(1. c.) upon its relations to C. arcticus are pertinent. See also my notes in
Newton's Ibis, as above cited.

PODICIPIDjE.

(243.) Podiceps (Dytes) cornutus Lath.
Colorado River.

(244.) Podiceps (Proctopus) californicus (Heerm.) Coues.

Podiceps californicus, Heermann, Pr. A. N. S. Ph. 1854, p. 179. Young

bird. Lawrence, B. N. A., 1858, p. 896. Young.
Podiceps (Proctopus) californicus, Coues, Syn. Podicipidx, in Pr. A. N. S.
Ph. 1862, p. 231. (Considers it as =P. auritus ex Americd.)
PoDds near Fort Mojave, Colorado River, Cooper.

The original P. californicus, as characterized by Dr. Heermann, is based upon
an immature bird, and its relationships to P. auritus by no means indicated.
It was shown in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for 1862 that
the bird is neither more or less than the young of the American auritus; full
j'lumaged specimens of which I easily distinguished from tbe European auritus.
The name californicus I adopted as obviating the necessity of a new one, al-
though Dr. Heermann's diagnosis gives none of the special points which sepa-
rate the bird from auritus ; but shall claim the species for my own, from the
very different interpretation of it which I have elucidated.

(245.) Podilymbus podiceps (L.) Lawrence.
Colorado River. Abundant.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101

April 3d.

Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty members present.

The following was offered for publication: Observations on Cha>
tetes, etc." By C. Ptominger, M. D.

April 10 th.
Mr. Vaux, Vice President, in the Chair.

Twenty-nine members present.

A letter was read from Dr. Gr. Lincecnm, of Texas; containing a
history of the "small black erratic ant," as follows :

The small black, crooked running ant, socommon in everybody's yard, and
on almost every growing twig in spring time and summer, is called, in my
catalogue of ant species, the erratic, or crazy ant. He is No. 5 in my notes
on the various types of ants. In this species, the formic acid odor is very
strong when the ant is crushed. He is quick in his movements, does not
make paths, but travels in scattered files, in the same direction, sometimes
several hundred yards; moves quickly on a general course, running very
crooked the whole route, giving his path a broad range, travelling two or
three times the distance to his place of destination. All along the range of
their path, at unequal distances, are depots or station-houses, at which they
often call as they pass along, giving the whole affair quite a business aspect.
Or it may be that what I have denominated depots or station-houses, will turn
out, on a more careful investigation, to be a line of regularly constituted and
well organized confederate cities, among which there is carried on a rapid
and extensive commerce. At any rate, there can be no doubt of the fact that
they are engaged in an extensive and well-established, reciprocal intercourse
throughout the entire line of their cities. Cripple one of them on the route
of his travel, and you produce the wildest excitement, and the invalid will be
visited and examined by perhaps 500 of the travelling throng in the course
of two or three minutes. If the case is a curable one they work with him
until he is on foot again, when he moves onward with the crowd as before.
If he dies, they remove him from the range of the great thoroughfare, and
business rolls on again.

They sometimes wage war with the red-headed tree- ant, (he is the No. 4
of my catalogue, and may be fully described in some future article), and the
conflict is generally quite disastrous. Notwithstanding the fact that they are
always able to bring to the field more than ten times the number of their red-
headed foe, they often meet with defeat.

I was spectator to a battle, or rather a field fight, between these two species
of ant, that continued four or five hours. Small parties were engaged in the
deathly conflict at sunrise, when I first observed them. They were fighting
in the wagon road, and their numbers were rapidly increasing. At the time
I was called to breakfast, they were in considerable force on both sides, and
when I returned I found both armies greatly augmented. Reinforcements
were constantly arriving, and the battle was raging over an area of eight to
ten feet in diameter. The discipline and modes of battle of the two species
are entirely different. The method of attack, by the little black ant, is aimed
altogether at the feet and legs of the foe ; and as they greatly outnumber the
red heads, by engaging them two or three to one, they succeed in maiming
and rendering large numbers of them unfit for service. The red heads seem

1866.]

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

to aim only at decapitation, and this they accomplish with dexterity and sur-
prising facility. Reinforcements were momentarily arriving to both armies.
Thousands were already engaged, and the bloody strife was raging over the
entire area of the battle-field.

Being controlled only by two forces, — desperation and death — the scene
was terrific beyond my powers of description. In all directions, everywhere,
were seen the dire effects of relentless war. The battle-field was already
thickly strewn with the dead and dying, over whom, in regardless tramp,
swept the furious antagonism. Here indeed was, for once, at least, full mani-
festations of the unmistakable, genuine " tug of war." Violently struggling
and gnashing their jaws ; clinging together and wallowing on the ground, in
companies, in squads and single combat, the direful contest fiercely raged.
Dispatches had been sent off by the black ants for their entire reserve to be
forwarded immediately, and they were pouring out by the million from the
gates of their great city, — distant about 60 feet, — and hurrying toward the
battle-field. They were evidently making a forced march, and their numbers
were so great, that by the time they had progressed 20 to 30 feet, their line
of march suggested the idea of a broad black ribband trailing on the ground,
mid there seemed to be no end to them, for they were still flowing out from
the city in countless thousands.

At this crisis their army on the battle-field gave way and was routed, and
in a general panic commenced a retreat. Soon, in their disorderly flight, they
met their reinforcements and communicating to the front ranks their total and
disastrous discomfiture, the panic became universal, and reinforcements and
all fled precipitately into the city. In five minutes there were no black ants
to be seen above ground. The news of the great battle and its disastrous
results seemed to have been spread around to those even who had not been
engaged in the battle, but who were busied in their daily avocations. At all
events, from some cause the black ants immediately disappeared entirely from
the top of the earth in that vicinity. Not so on the battle-ground. The vic-
tors occupied the ensanguined field, and were busily employed for several
hours. Many of them were attending to the wounded, which were numerous,
and whom they carried into the shade of a large clod of earth, that had been
turned up by some heavy road wagon, to get them out of the scorching sun-
shine, which was pouring down in great force, it being now nearly 11 o'clock.
Much the larger portion of them were gathering up and packing off the de-
capitated bodies of the black ants, and carrying them up a post oak tree, in
which they had their city, and which also stood near by. Upon these head-
less victims of the bloody strife they intended, as I supposed, to have a grand
feast.

There was a great running to and fro by those who were attending the
wounded. They seemed to exert themselves greatly and to manifest much
sympathy for them. In the course of an hour many of the wounded were so
far recovered as to be able to travel, while those who remained invalid were
carried up the tree by their friends. Although great numbers of the red-heads
were wounded, and some of them seriously, there were but few dead ones,
and these were carried up the tree with the headless trunks of the conquered
foe. After the victorious red-heads had left the battle-field, the only signs
that remained to mark the place of the destructive contest was the dissevered
heads of the vanquished. Of these there were so many that they suggested
the idea of gunpowder strewed along the ground.

The food of this species of insect is various. He is quite fond of vege-
table oils, sweet saps and honey. He collects his sweets from the tender
buds and glands and blooms of plants, and in great quantities from the aphis
— vine fretter or plant louse. These plant lice have their inflected beak in-
serted in the tender bark of the buds and twigs of the growing plants, vines
and the like, where, in dense crowds they cling, sucking the sweet sap.
Among these masses of plant lice is ever found great numbers of the erratic

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

auts, carefully and gently walking through the ranks of the sap-sucking pests ;
busily engaged in licking up the honey dew, which is nothing more than the
transparent excrementitious fluid, that is momentarily dropping from the
countless aphides. To facilitate the process of collecting these precious
sweet drops, the ant caressingly applies its antennae to the bloated sides of
tae plant louse, who obligingly turns up his tail and delivers the sweet little
transparent drop, which is thankfully received and licked up by the polite
little teaser. From observations on this peculiarity in the character of the
erratic ant, have originated the occasional accounts we have seen published
in the newspapers about the ant's milk cows. As far as my observation goes,
the erratic ant is the only one of the genus that visits and collects the excre-
mentitious droppings of the aphis.

Besides the great quantities of food collected from the aphis, or plant lice,
by these courageous and extremely industrious little creatures, the oakfamily
of trees affords them large supplies. The post oak {Quercua obtusiloba) and
the black-jack (Quercus nigra) particularly. They will travel a long distance
from home to visit a thrifty-growing tree of either of these oaks. And. as
these trees yield their supplies all the time of the green foliage, they generally
establish a chain of depots along the line of travel, from their nearest city to
the food-giving tree. Or it may be, that finding the selected tree capable of
supplying food for great numbers, they have, instead of depots, extended
their cities along the range of the great thoroughfare, and thus, by the addition
of city after city, strengthen the confederacy, and increase the faciliities for
procuring provisions for their great and extended realm.

This is no fiction, or fancy sketch, in the history of the contrivances of these
thoughtful little emmets. It is sometimes a hundred yards or more from the
mother hive, or city, to the tree that their commissaries have selected ; and at
various distances along the road, they do erect new establishments, at first,
thinly scattered on the route, which are, however, seen to increase annually
all the way to the tree, if it remains alive, — and these are either depots,
places of deposit for their surplus accumulations of their stores of provisions,
or they are confederated communities. Be it either way, the fact that they
are carrying on a well-regulated and thoroughly-understood system of
friendly, reciprocal intercourse cannot be denied ; that is, as far as any one
line of depots, or cities, as I prefer to call them, are concerned.

Coming across any one of their great thoroughfares we find them streaming
along in both directions. Take either end of this road, and you may trace
it to its terminus. It may be some distance, but you will find it if you per-
severe, either in a terminal city, or a live tree ; and that it is not connected
with any other range of cities, (I prefer the term cities), which, as I think,
further and more careful investigation will decide these peculiar ranges of
ant nests to be.

In large towns and cities constructed by the human species, where they
have cut down and destroyed the forests, these sagacious little ants would have
to evacuate such places, if they possessed no reasoning powers to enable
them to adapt themselves to other conditions and circumstances. The ant
finds that the march of civilization has crushed out and destroyed all his
resources for subsistence ; and viewing arrogant man as the prime cause
of this great loss, he quickly decides to hold him accountable, and force him
to make good the damage. To effectuate this grand retaliative resolve, he forth-
with transports his eggs and young ones, with their nurses and teachers into
the intruder's kitchen, into the little crannies arid cracks, in the timbers about
the dairy and dining apartment, and particularly beneath the hearths in the
dwelling. In these newly-established homes they become more thrifty than
they were while in a natural state. Finding provisions abundant and very
convenient, they are encouraged to labor more, and they increase at a ratio
unprecedented. Soon their numbers are so great that they are to be seen in

1866.]

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

all portions of the house, sucking and carrying away every thing greasy or
sweet that is not hermetically sealed. They cut and destroy window curtains
and articles of clothing that are starched.

One way to destroy the erratic ant, is to lay out a greasy rag or recently
laid aside greasy bone. By either of these experiments multitudes of them
will be attracted, and when sufficient numbers of them have collected on the
bait, hold it in the flame of burning shavings or other quick combustible,
repeating the experiment frequently. But if the bone or rag be left undis-
turbed, it will not be long until they have extracted every particle of the oil
from it ; and should there be any scraps of flesh remaining on the bone
when it is cast aside, it will be found that in a short time, they have cut
the flesh to pieces, and after extracting the oil it may have contained, dropped
it down in the form of dry powder, showing conclusively that they do not
subsist on flesh, or dry food. They treat the kernels of any of the oily nuts
in the same way Hence I conclude that they subsist on a fluid diet, and
that they, like the honey bee, are provided with an internal sack, or pouch,
in which to transport their stores to the cities.

This day, 22d August, I observed the erratic ant in great numbers, carrying
something in their mouths, and, as it was a visible something they were
packing home, I was curious to know what it. might be. So I robbed a couple
of them of their freight, which, on being exposed under the microscope,
turned out to be the carcass of the smallest — almost microscopic — black ant,
the No. 7 of my catalogue. After making this discovery, I examined quite
a number of them, and found the abdomen of all alike torn open and emptied
— disembowelled. They were bringing them from beneath the cook house,
where the poor little fellows had been filling themselves with was'e syrup
that had been spilled there. This circumstance had been discovered by some
of the spies of the erratic ants, and now, as it had been licked np by the little
ants, there was no way left for them to possess themselves of ihe rich treasure
but to wage war upon the smaller ant, and tear it out of their full sack. And
this ihey had already accomplished before I discovered them, and were now
carrying home their lacerated carcasses, to have them sucked and dried of
their blood and other contained fluids.

This type of ants is very numerous, courageous, and exceedingly thrifty
and belligerent. He will engage in battle with any of the other types. They
occasionally succeed in capturing the large, red, agricultural ant. (Myrmka
molefaciens, S. B. Buckley.) I did not know then how they had managed to
take him ; but they had one of these big red fellows very secure when I first
discovered them, and were making a great parade around him. They were
clinging two or three to every leg of the large ant, and great numbers were
parading and ranting on each side of the road, as they slowly and laboriously
moved along with their giant captive, who seemed to be not only in great
distress, but very loathe to be carried in the manner and the direction they
were so unceremoniously dragging him along. The little black warriors had
already deprived him of two or three of his feet, and they were sawing away
at the remainder of his legs and feet, whilst he was clinging with his large
jaws to a piece of oak leaf; and that the little black fellows were hauling
him, leaf and all, to some terrific fate, was manifested by the prisoner in all
his actions. I had not time then to wait and see how the affair terminated.
Since that case, however, I have witnessed a good many similar ones. It
occurs quite frequently.

The agricultural ant, in his foraging excursions, travels over a wide range,
and will not turn his course for anybody. So, when in his course, he falls
into a range of confederate cities of the erratic ant, he walks on as carelessly
among them as if there was no one at home; and, as a general thing, the
sagacious little braves suffer him to pass unmolested, paying but little atten-
tion to him. But sometimes he meddles too much, and, putting on airs, con-
trary to their notions of propriety, they consider it a national insult, and

[April.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105

instantly, all that portion of the confederacy are up in arms. Large com-
panies attack him forthwith. It is, however, always a dangerous experiment,
and very often resulis in failure. At the best, there is to the erratic ant, in
these cases of daring, great loss of life. When they make the attack, the
giant intruder, at first, seems to regard it as an affair of a trifling nature, and
with but little concern, strikes about amongst his diminutive assailants
without any apparent anxiety. He occasionally snatches up one of the most
venturesome, and, as if to frighten the rapidly-increasing hordes, or to show
off his great strength, he breaks the backs or heads of half a dozen or so,
but does not kill near as many as he might.

The news of this giant invader of the confederacy soon spreads to every
city, each of which sends out its quota of warriors ; and it is surprising to
note how promptly and with what haste they stream along on the road to the
troubled city. The field around the red monster begins to blacken with the
accumulating regiments of the invaded nation ; and now, when it is too late,
the great red monster begins in earnest to crush and slay every one that
comes in range of his death-dealing jaws ; and, by means of his great
strength and power to crush and destroy everyone upon whom he can clamp
his ponderous jaws, he often succeeds, with the loss of one or more of his
feet, perhaps, in extricating himself from the dangerous thraldom. But
more frequently, the daring little blacks pitch into the strife in such multi-
tudes, and seizing him by every foot, and leg, and horn, and weighing him
down by their numbers, overturn him, clip off his feet, gnaw at his throat,
saw at his waist, and, finally, in the course of half a day, succeed in render-
ing the giant foe harmless. And now, with a grand display of their numbers,
they drag the now helpless victim about in triumph for a time, and then as
many as can get a hold of the dying red ant pierce him in the joints of his
coat of mail, and suck from his trembling, agonizing, prostrate body all the
vital fluids, leaving the perfectly-dry skeleton on the plain, as a warning to
all such adventurous intruders.

About the first of October, or as soon as the atmospheric temperature
begins gradually to lower, the thoughtful little erratic ant, who is, indis-
putably, a practical meteorologist, goes diligently to work, deepening his
habitation. A knowledge of the meteorological indications obtains with all
the species of the ant genus. Hence, we find that, during the summer sea-
son, they throw out from their cells only black dirt — soil; then they are ex-
cavating apartments near the surface, both for convenience to the foraging
laborers, whose duty it is to bring in the supplies, and to obtain a higher
temperature for the purpose of hatching and nurturing the young. But, as
soon as the signs of approaching winter supervene, we see them throwing up
(day, and, among the larger types of the genus, borings of the limestone
rock, even. Thus we learn that they are preparing cells or apartments at a
greater depth. With a perfect knowledge of their physical powers of resist-
ance to the atmospherical changes which are to take place during the winter,
they construct their winter quarters. Accordingly, if we take pains to
ascertain the truth by examining the facts for ourselves, we shall fiud them
excavating their winter apartments at a depth below the line of change — to
where the temperature is uniform at about 48° Fahrenheit. Here, with the
addition of the vital warmth of the swarm, the temperature of their winter
quarters maintains an uniform heat of about 69°. In this the community
remains comfortable and active throughout the season of inclement weather.

16th March, 18G2. This was quite a gala day with this species of ant. At
all their holes everywhere in this vicinity, might be seen great numbers of
their diminutive, white-winged queens frisking about, around the entrance to
their cities, in a very antic style. All the drones, or male ants, were out, too,
running very rapidly to and fro, chasing the queens, who suffered themselves
to be overtaken, receiving the embrace of their lovers quite naturally and
very often. Many of the neutrals were out also, who were engaged in trans-

38(J6.]

106 t PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

porting their eggs and young ones, in all stages of growth, from one hole to
another, running rapidly with the tender, maggot-like looking things, to
prevent them, as I thought, from being injured by the sun, which was hot
for the season. Others, again, who were not carrying the young, would dash
up behind the nearest queen, and, in a playful manner, seize her by the
extreme tips of her folded white wings with his calliper-like mandibles,
raise her from the ground, and rush headlong into the nearest hole with her.
The queens did not seem to relish this piece of rudeness, but they submitted
to it with good grace, and soon came frisking back to their lovers again.
I saw hundreds of them carried forcibly into their holes, in the same
playful style, by the workers, who, not unfrequently, snatched them rudely
from the embrace of the males. The males or drones of the erratic ant, un-
like most of the other species, have no wings; on which account it becomes
necessary for the queens to receive their embraces previous to taking their
flight, which they all do instantly, after they are satisfied with their lovers.

The queens or mother ants of this species are not more than half the size
of the workers and nurses of the cities to which she belongs. She is not so
large as a small flea, and yet she takes her aerial voyage alone, and, if the
wind is strong, she may continue her flight many miles. When she descends
to earth again, she immediately cuts off her wings, which are no longer use-
ful, and goes to work to establish a new city.

Just think of the great powers possessed by this small, almost microscopic
insect. Let us recount some of her known attributes. Poised on her tiny
white wings, all alone, and charged as she is, in embryo, with myriad nations
and kingdoms of her species, destined to flourish and perform their parts on
the future life stage, in the grand conflict for subsistence, confidently com-
mits herself to the swift winds, and, while in search of her new home, she
continues her aerial flight, perhaps, for hundreds of miles. She lights at
last, however, and, cutting away her wings, which are no longer necessary,
commences the work of excavating and preparing cells and apartments for
the coming generations. And now, supposing it to be true, that this is the
only ant of that species on the face of the globe, such is her wonderful pro-
lific powers, that it would require but very few short years for her to re- pro-
duce, and fill our yards, and paths, and hearths, and sugar barrels, as thickly
with the countless millions as we now find them.

The deaths were announced of the following members : Mr. Augus-
tus Fiot, of Bethlehem, April 5th, and Mr. Robert E. Griffith, and
Col. Robert Carr, Correspondent.

April 17th.

Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-six members present.

The deaths were announced of the following members : Mr. John
P. Crozer, March 11th, and Mr. Roland E. Evans, April 14th.

April 24:(h.

Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirty-one members present.

The following gentlemen were elected Members : Mr. John B.
Parker, Joseph Thomas, M. D., Mr. Josiah Hoopes, Mr. Charles

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. + 107

S. Lewis, Mr. Tryon Reakirt, Mr. Edward K. Tryon, Jr., Rev. George
D. Boardman, Lemuel J. Deal, M. D.r 11. L. Webber, M. D., U. S.N.,
Mr. Samuel R. Shipley, Mr. William Sellers, and Mr. Joseph Walton.
The following were elected Correspondents : Prof. Alfred DuBois,
Colorado, Mr. Jacob Staufier, Lancaster, Pa., and Br. J. H. Baxter,
U. S. A.

May 1st.

Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty-five members present.

The following was presented for publication :

" Notes on some members of the Feldspar Family." By Isaac Lea.

May Sth.
The President, Dr. Isaac Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty-four members present.

Dr. Ruschenberger stated, in relation to the fossil fish-scales presented this
evening, that Col. James Greer, of Dayton, Ohio, had found them, March 19,
1866, with the bones of the head, ribs, vertebrae, &c, of the fish, about two
miles north of Vicksburg, Miss., on the river side of Fort Hill, about two hun-
dred feet above high-water mark, in the escarpment of a narrow road-way,
imbedded in the solid earth in a direction from north-west to south east, four
feet beneath the top of the bank or surface. Dr. Leidy supposes these scales
to be identical with those of an existing species of the Mississippi.

May 15/A.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirty-one members present.

The following were presented for publication :

" On the Structure and Distribution of the Genera of the Arciferous
Anura," and " Fourth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical
America." By E. D. Cope.

" Description of five new species of Unio," and " Description of two
new species of Lithasia." By Isaac Lea.

" Observations on the Cranial Forms of the North American Indians."
By J. Aitken Meigs, M. D.

Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman observed : I have the honor of presenting to the
Academy a fine Slickenside in the carboniferous conglomerate, found at Ply-
mouth, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. The Slickenside covers a surface of
irregular shape, eight inches and a balf long in the longest part and sixteen
inches wide ; and is very smoothly and straightly grooved, evidently by the
rubbing of one portion of the rock upon the other, ft bus struck me as inte-
resting chiefly on account of its giving a perfectly satisfactory explanation of
what have been sometimes taken for fossil calamites that had impressed them-
selves upon the quartz pebbles of the conglomerate so as to flatten and groove
them. Such impressions were mentioned by Professor Jehu Brainerd of Cleve-

1866.]

108 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

land, in a paper read before the Cleveland meeting of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, and published himself the next year,
as a principal argument in favor of his theory of the formation of sandstones,
and even conglomerates, solely by chemical deposition. He supposed the
pebbles to have been deposited in a gelatinous state at first, so as to be capable
of receiving the impressions of plants ; and he gives a figure of such an im-
pression resembling a calamite or a coarse conglomerate with the surface of
the pebbles quite flat. I was puzzled by a similar detached fragment of a
slickenside in the conglomerate near Beaver Meadow, in 1859 ; but this speci-
men, from its size and completeness, explains perfectly both that one and the
one figured by Professor Brainerd.

Aside from the striking extravagance of Professor Brainerd's theory, and
from this specimen's refutation of one of his best arguments, another argument
against him, furnished by his own figures, may perhaps properly be mentioned
here. A gelatinous pebble flattened by pressure on one side would, manifestly,
be distorted on other sides, and a number of such pebbles lying side by side,
affected by the same pressure, would have analogous distorions. In Professor
Brainerd's figure of the so-called fossil calamite, the pebbles flattened on one
side show no such distortion, but retain on every other side their rounded,
water-worn look ; so that the general appearance is, in effect, that of pebbles
cut in two, instead of flattened down by pressure. The same can be said of
the pebbles in his figure of the conglomerate resting with flat bottomed peb-
bles on the soft red shales, which he says is a very common occurrence, and
which forms his other best argument in support of his theory.

The death was announced of Mr. J. Pemberton Hutchinson, Member,
on May 9th.

May 22d.
Mr. Vatjx, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Thirty members present.

The following were presented for publication :

" Monograph of the Procellaridas." Parts IV. and V. By Elliot
Coues, M. D.

" On the Introduction of the Shad into the Alabama River." By
Prof. W. C. Daniel.

Dr. Le Conte made some remarks on the subfamily Clavigeridae, of Coleoptera.

He described briefly the structure and habits of these insects, and pointed
out the distinctive characters of the three described genera, Claviger, Adranes
and Articerus, to which he added a fourth, F u s t i g e r.

This new genus agrees with Articerus in having eyes, but differs in the
structure of the antenna?. These organs in Articerus are broad, without
distinct basal articulation, but in Fus tiger consist of a long subconkal
mass, gradually broader externally, truncate, and covered with a sponge of
hair at the tip, and marked with four or five indistinct transverse sutures,
showing that it is composed of closely connate joints ; between this subcorneal
mass and the head is a distinct short basal joint, projecting beyond the fovea
in which the antenna is inserted. The eyes are oval, situated on the sides of
the head, and composed of seven or eight moderately large lenses. 1'he tibiae
are not dilated as in Articerus.

The four genera thus form two series, of two genera each :
A. Eyes wanting :

A n ten me 6- join ted Claviger.

Antennas wiili a long homogeneous club, and two short

basal joints Adranes.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109

B. Eyes distinct, composed of a few aggregated lenses :

Antenna? with one short basal joint, and a long club

having traces of transverse sutures F u s t i g e r .

Antennae (? without basal articulation), with a broad club

of homogeneous structure Articerus.

The distribution of these genera is peculiar: Claviger is found in Europe and
Asia ; Adranes in North America ; Fustiger in Brazil, Syria and North America ;
while Articerus, with the exception of a species found in Copal, is confined to
New Holland.

The species of Fustiger are : 1. F. braziliensis, (Articerus braz. West-
wood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 2d ser. iii. 277, pi. xvii. f. 5,) from Brazil;
2. F. syriacu s, (Articerus syr. Saulcy, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 1865, p. 15,)
from Syria ; and 3. A new species from Tennessee, which will soon be described
by Dr. Brendel, who is now occupied in studying the Pselaphidae of the United
States.

Westwood mentions, in the description of the Brazilian species, and exhib-
its in the figure the short basal joint of the antennae, but does not allude to the
obsolete transverse sutures of the mass of the antennas.

Saulcy describes the structure of the antennae very accurately, and it is
owing to his observation that I have detected a very short and indistinct joint
between the visible basal Joint of the antennas of Adranes, and the bottom of
the frontal foveas in which they are inserted.

Dr. Leidy remarked that Mr. J. F. Clew, one of the proprietors of the salt
mine of the Island of Petite Anse, Louisiana, had that day called upon him,
announcing the donation to the Academy of a mass of 150 lbs. of pure rock
salt. Mr. Clew further informed him of an interesting fact in connection with
the history of primitive man. The salt mines of Petite Anse were discovered
during the late rebellion. A salt spring had been previously known to exist.
During the war, as this failed to produce the amount of salt required, a well
was sunk in the hope of procuring a greater supply. At the bottom of the
well the workmen met with a solid rock which turned out to be pure salt.
This is covered with about fifteen or more feet of soil, mainly composed of sand
and mud. A specimen of this soil having been submitted to Dr. Leidy, he was
surprised to find mingled with it grains of precious garnet and olivine. Mr.
Clew stated that a number of pits had been opened to reach the salt. In
several of the pits at the depth often or fifteen feet they discovered in the soil
bones of the Elephant, well preserved, and beneath these, within a few inches
of the rock salt, abundance of matting. Portions of this m ttting, exhibited to
Dr. Leidy, were composed of a tough, flexible, split cane, and were plaited
diagonally. The pieces were well preserved, and evidently specimens of
human art. On being asked the question, Mr. Clew said he was under the
impression that some stone implements had also been found in a similar
position, but he was not certain. He further added, that at the sides of one of
the pits, bones of the Elephant, and beneath them pieces of matting, could yet
be seen, as they had been allowed to remain undisturbed. The facts were so
interesting in connection with these remains, and the geology of the Island of
Petite Anse, that Dr. L. thought a competent person should be sent there to
make an exploration. Mr. Clew has offered every facility to any one disposed
to undertake the investigation.

May 29th.
The President, Dr. Isaac Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty-six members present.
1866.]

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

The following gentlemen were elected members:

Mr. Joseph R. Rhoads, William K. Gilbert, M. D , Mr. Samuel
Huston, Mr. T. Clarkson Taylor, Robert S. Kenderdine, M. D., Mr.
Daniel Haddock, Jr., Mr. Henry A. Dreer, Mr. Christian C. Febeger,
Henry Stille, M. D.

The following were elected Correspondents :

Rev. M. 13. Anderson, LL. D., President University of Rochester,
N. Y.. and Mr. Lemuel R, Carter, of Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Maine.

On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be published :

Notes on Some Members of the FELDSPAR Family.
BY ISAAC LEA.

I have been much interested for several years past in observing and col-
lecting the varieties of the Feldspar Family of Chester and Delaware Counties
in this State.

Finding in many places that, where the intrusive Serpentine appears, there
were usually to be found the finest and more vitrious varieties of Feldspar, I
visited all such localities, and thus have brought together, perhaps, more of
them than any other mineralogist who has searched in these counties. My
object in these researches has been solely as to their external characters, con-
nected with the matter which gives to them color, so far as microscopical ex-
amination could enable me to effect it.

Among the numerous varieties which I have brought together, I think there
are three which have not been before observed. One is of a compact struc-
ture, almost without cleavage, and of a fine green color, approaching, as
regards tint, to aqua-marine, and is semi-transparent. Another, which
usually accompanies the first, and often passes into it, as Leelite does into
Feldspar, has always a definite and well characterized cleavage, the surface
of which presents an agreeable pearly appearance, sometimes satin-like.
This is usually white or grayish, sometimes inclining to a pale purplish hue,
particularly toward the edges of the specimens, and which seem to have been
enveloped in Alhite. Along those edges where the purplish hue is stronger, I
could, in all cases, detect small thin spangles or plates, such as constitute
Sunstone, — Aventurine Feldspar — with reddish or wine-color internal re-
flections.

These reflections are minute, usually microscopic, and always, I believe, of
a hexagonal form or the modification of that form.

For the green mineral, I propose the provisional name of Lennilite, having
found it only near the village of Lenni, in Delaware County. For the pearly
variety, I propose that of Delaioareite, having first found it in Delaware
County, among the Serpentine rocks, between Grlen Riddle and Lenni. Subse-
quently, I found specimens in Chester County, near to West Chester.

The third is a variety of Feldspar which is more laminate and glassy, of a
dull bluish green color and semi-transparent, which has through the mass
usually very minute internal bright crystalline hexagonal plates giving
very bright reflections. This is found at Blue Hill, about two miles north of
Media, and is an exceedingly interesting mineral. I found a specimen very
similar to this, but rather more blue, some three miles southwest of West
Chester, which had not, however, any plates with reflections, but, with a
high power, numerous small, black, thin, prismatic crystals were observable.
For this, I propose the name of Cassinite.

It had been known for many years that Sunstone proper existed in the
Homblend Rocks of Chester County, near to Kennett Square. This I found
in sufficient quantity and perfection to institute a good examination into the

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. Ill

forms of these reflections. Under a high power, I ohserved perfect equal-
sided hexagons, with nearly all possible modifications of that form, by more
or less unequal replacement of some of the prismatic sides ; thus, some assum-
ing a triangular form, some that of rhombs and rhomboids ; some of the lat-
ter being almost linear. These plates are sometimes imperfectly formed, the
boundary lines being occasionally irregular and broken, exhibiting one, two,
three or four sides, and sometimes no part of the sides present a right line.
They usually lie parallel with the principal cleavage of the Feldspar, and,
when the rays of light strike their bright surfaces, the reflections are exceed-
ingly brilliant. Under the microscope, with a bright light, it will be observed
that some reflections are blue, others green, purple, red and yellow. Some
of the specimens of Sunstone show parallel lines on the edges of the cleavages
parallel to the prismatic sides of the Feldspar, which are evidently occasioned
by the regular deposit of the layers. These are quite different from the fine
parallel minute striae which lie on the principal faces of the cleavage, and
which can only be observed with a high power. Neither of these are con-
stant. These spangles or plates are so thin, that I have been unable to
detect any perceptible thickness on their prismatic sides. These very inter-
esting plates in Sunstone have been known for a long time, but I have not
been able to find any analysis of them.* Kenngott states that they are Go-
thite, hydrated-per-oxid of Iron (Fe 0.,HO). Sheerer says that " the Aventu-
vine character is owing to minute particles of Specular Iron.] I doubt this,
as the resplendant crystals are usually semi-transparent, reflecting various
colors, as mentioned above. There are in most varieties another set of de-
posits, which are much rarer, and present opake, black masses, usually taking
the same hexagonal form and its modifications, but often without any regular
form. These may be of the same metallic substance iu a different state of
oxidation, not transmitting the rays of light.

Fine specimens of Moonstone are found in Albite, in Delaware County, west
of Media, but this species of Feldspar does not give out its beautiful bine
color by reflection from any foreign body, but by the absorption of all the rays
of light but blue, and this owing to some arrangement of its atoms not yet
understood.

In the examination of various Feldspars with, high power of the microscope,
I found in nearly every one which was not entirely white, that more or less
foreign matter in a crystallized state, was included in their composition. In
the green compact variety which I have described above, and proposed to call
Lennilite, there was nothing detected, nor was there in the ordinary green
Feldspar of Mineral Hill, near Media, except that in the latter locality there
have been specimens found of a glassy structure, and with clear double
cleavages, in which reddish spots were interspersed, which spots were always
colored by the presence of these crystalline plates, having beautiful bright
reflections, and of the usual hexagonal form.

I ought to mention here, in connection with these beautiful brilliant plates
in Sunstone, that Prof. Rood, of Columbia College, New York, some time
since, made a " Micro-Stereograph " of a thin plate of Sunstone from Arendal,
Norway. In this he succeeded admirably in displaying these numerous modi-
fications of the crystals, which were enlarged and photographed on paper ;
thus bringing those interesting forms with great perfection to the recognition
of the unaided eye.

I proceed now to the results of my microscopical examinations of various
Feldspars, in which I found more or less of these minute crystalline forms.

* Aventurine Quartz is also called Sunstone, and is considered of some value as a stone of luxury,
liut it has not reflections as brilliant as those of Feldspar ; nor are they, so far as I have been able
to observe, crystallized plates, but their irregular deposits are of the same brown and red color,
and they may be Gothite.

t Dana's Mineralogy.

1866.]

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

In the dark, nearly black Labradorite of the Adiroudac Mountains, there
were only to be found dark, irregular, uushaped spots.

In the nearly black opalescent portions of Labradorite from Warwick,
Orange Couuty, N. Y. , were very minute imperfect black crystals, while
scattered throughout there are larger transparent, imperfect forms of irregular
crystals, which have the appearance of being hollow points.

A rolled fragment of pale purple Feldspar from Easton, Pa., contained
hexagonal plates, but generally these plates were found to be irregular and
broken.

A Black Feldspar found near West-Chester — a small fragment nearly an
inch square — was found to possess very thin prismatic black crystals, lying
in various directions, but principally in one direction. There were also
scattered throughout a few very black spots, some of which were disposed to
take the hexagonal form.

Labradorite from Scotland, with a fine colored surface, presented minute
reflections. Under a high power, a few brown hexagonal plates were
observed, with very numerous black, attenuated, prismatic crystals, and
some short thick ones.

A bluish lead-colored glassy Feldspar, from near West-Chester, presented
acicular black lines all in the same direction. These were usually somewhat
long, much more so than I have observed in any other specimens which I
have examined. Occasionally an opake, black, rhombic crystal was
observed.

A dark variety from Lenni, passing into Leelite, possesses very minute
black, attenuated prismatic crystals.

Fetid Feldspar (Necronite ?) from the Vanarsdale Quarry in Bucks County,
Pa., has microscopic black crystals, imperfectly formed, but with a tendency
to hexagonal form.

A Salmon- colored Feldspar, from near Lenni, was found to possess many
elongate black rhomboids, and some few imperfect reddi&h hexagonal plates.
One of the rhomboids is partly black and partly red, showing that the crystals
of both colors are of the same substance.

A specimen of a darker salmon color, found by Mr. John Cassin, many
years since, attbe old Molybdena Mine, near Chester, Pa., has the appearance
of Perthite, but there were no reflections to be observed in it, only presenting,
occasionally, black masses. The deep color of this Feldspar arises from the
close approximation of irregular opaque brownish masses.

A very pearly specimen of Delawareite found near West-Chester, con-
tained rather large reddish plates and many opake black crystals, some elon-
gate, others triangular, hexagonal, &c.

Among the pearly specimens of Delawareite from Lenni is a fine purplish
one with blood-red crystals, which are much larger than usual, and one is
much longer and narrower than usual. In one of the pieces I observed a
black curved object which presented a serrated side, reminding one of the
notches of a Graptolite. It is probably Tourmaline.

The remarkable fine Sunstone obtained by Mr. Jetferis and myself in Chester
County, Pa., present under a high power a great number and variety of bril-
liant red crystals of a hexagonal form, and of every modification of this figure.
The reflections of the surface of these crystals give beautiful colors. Occasion-
ally in these specimens where the plates are numerous and close, an area
may be observed without any color, being clear, but retaining the hexagonal
form and its modifications, the area being surrounded by reflections of red,
blue, &c.

In the very peculiar greenish blue, lamellar Feldspar, from Blue Hill, two
miles north-west of Media, Delaware Co., I found very numerous, small reflec-
tions of the usual modifications of the hexagon. This is a very pure and glassy
species, and is of rare occurrence. It is found in the Serpentine rocks, and
presents an entirely different appearance from Sunstone proper, which is found

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113

in the Hornblend rocks of Chester County, the texture of the Feldspar and the
reflecting plates being peculiar. I propose for it the provisional name of Cas-
sinite, Mr. John Cassm having first called my attention to this glassy, bluish-
green Feldspar. The possession of the reflecting plates had not been observed
until I had discovered it by an examination with the microscope, but which
when pointed out may be seen by the naked eye.

A gray satin-like specimen of Delawareite exhibited no red reflections, but
there were some small, black, microscopic crystals chiefly of very elongate
hexagons ; some were irregular and not long.

A green and red mottled Feldspar from Mineral Hill, near Media, presented
reddish groups of reflections here and there throughout the mass. Under a
high power these plates were observed to be of the usual modified forms of
the hexagon, that of the rhomboid prevailing while the hexagonal form itself
was found only in rarer instances. The color of these plates varied from a
blood red to a pale wine red, and are very small and numerous. This is a
remarkably beautiful mineral and is I believe very rarely now found. I have
found a single specimen and the only other specimens I have seen, were
found some thirty years since.

In the beautiful Sunstone of Chester County, near Kennett Square, I found
many reflecting plates of various shades of red. These plates are very numer-
ous and usually elongate rhomboids, but the hexagonal form and all its modi-
fications are found of various sizes when examined with a high power. There
were observed also many black irregular spots, and some of these had irregu-
lar hexagonal margins. Interspersed throughout could be seen very numer-
ous short, black, attenuate, prismatic forms, much more numerous and ap-
proximate to each other than was the case with the reflecting plates.

The fine Sunstone of Arendal, Norway, presents very remarkable reflections
of not very minute plates. The Feldspar is clear and pure, and these reflec-
tions numerous and very brilliant. The hexagonal form and its modifications
are very perfect, and the color pure and translucent, varying from dark red
to light wine color. Many of the rhomboids are very elongate. Occasionally
opake black plates were observed, and the same may be said of other Sun-
stones generally.

Chesterlite, from Chester County Poor House, quite to my surprise, presented
here and there hexagonal plates. In one specimen I detected a remarkably
fine hexagon of a deep red color.

Perthite, from Perth, Canada West, is a very dark salmon-colored variety
of Sunstone. and I found in it the same hexagonal form and its modifications,
but the plates were darker in color. There were mixed with these some
opake black ones, similar in density and form to those which are found in
the Sunstone of Chester County.

In Peristerite, from the same locality, I found very numerous minute black
crystals, generally elongate rhomboids, very like, if not toe same with, com-
mon Labradorite, to which it seems to be very nearly allied.

Observations on CHAEIETES and some related Genera, in regard to their Sys-
tematic Position ; with an appended description of some New Species.

BY DR. CARL ROMINGER.

Chaetetes has, by its tubular structure and the transverse diaphragms, di-
viding the tubes, a strong resemblance to Favosites, and was for this reason
generally considered to be a member of the Favositoid family.

In the following pages I shall try to prove this to be an error, and to de-
monstrate its immediate connection with forms which are considered to be
Bryozoa.

It has been asserted that transverse diaphragms have never been observed1

1866.] 8

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

in the tubules of any Bryozoon, (Milne Edwards et. H. Arch, du Museum, torn.
v. p. 278,) but some Jurassic specimens of Heteropora in my possession ex-
hibit with the utmost distinctness their tubules divided by horizontal dia-
phragms. It would be difficult to distinguish a vertical section of them,
from a similar section of a Chaetetes, if the tube-walls of the first were not
perforated by densely crowded, very minute pores, while the walls of a Chae-
tetes are imperforate.

Fisher, the author of the genus, informs us that the tubes of Chaetetee
multiply by division, while other observers, in specimens believed to be
Chaetetes, could only see a multiplication of tubes by lateral gemmation, and
therefore, to avoid the difficulty, created the genera Stenopora and Monticu-
lipora, for these specimens. Milne Edwards is, to my knowledge, the only one
to affirm Fisher's observation to be true, (British Fossil Corals, p. 264,) but he
does not specially designate the species on which he made his observations,
and subsequently places all the species he formerly named Chaetetes, under
the genus Monticulipora.

I know of only one fossil resembling Chaetetes, in which the tubes are
multiplied by division ; this is the genus Tctradium, whose tubes regularly di-
vide into four parts, but there is no reason to suppose this to have been the
type for Fisher's genus Chaetetes, nor seems it probable that Milne Edwards
had it under consideration. The structure of Chaetetes is considered to be
exclusively tubular.

If we observe the different forms of Chaetetes, we will find some with con-
tiguous polygonal orifices, and thin intervening walls. Others we will see
with the tube mouths rounded, only partially contiguous, and with a num-
ber of smaller angular openings dispersed between them. In still others,
the orifices are circular, not in contiguity, and surrounded on all sides by
smaller angular openings. A vertical section through these different kinds
will, at first sight, not exhibit a corresponding variety of appearance ; we
find the whole corallum to be an aggregation of tubules, which are divided
by transverse diaphragms ; a closer examination, however, will reveal to us,
in the last mentioned forms, two sorts of tubules : larger ones, more or less
circular in the cross-section, with straight diaphragms at variable, sometimes
quite remote distances ; and smaller ones, which are angular, with more closely
approximated diaphragms ; but the different tube segments, cut off by the di-
iphragms, are not always so regular as the nature of a tube would require it ;
■some are projecting over the others, and joining with the adjacent segments
in zigzag lines, which is a sure evidence that we have no real tubules before
-us, but merely vertical rows of independent cells, which being crowded in
between tubes, assumed themselves the shape of tubules.

An interesting family-mark, common to Chaetetes, and to a number of
other genera related to it, are the peculiar maculae noticeable on their sur-
face. In specimens of prevalently tubular structure, these maculae are con-
stituted by aggregations of larger tubes than the others ; at the same time we
see the surface at these places frequently elevated into small monticules. In
other specimens, where the intertubular cell-mass is well developed, these
maculae are contrasting with the other surface by their entirely cellulose
structure, and it is not uncommon to see these spots depressed, instead of
being elevated.

The orifices of Chaetetes are generally open, or exhibit some distance be-
low the surface their diaphragms, which appear to be perfect. It is, however,
not rare to find specimens in which the tubules are closed by opercula with a
central opening. In specimens of Chaetetes rugosus and ramosus, from the
blue limestone of Cincinnati, a part of the surface frequently has closed tub-
ules ; their appearance assumes hereby an entirely different character, which
reminds one greatly of the ramulets of Melicertites from the Oolite forma-
.tiou. Also .of Chaetetes frondosus, I have some specimens exhibiting opercula.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

In the first two species the opercula are slightly convex, in the latter, con-
cave, and with an excentric opening.

Several species are decorated with spinules, rising from the margins of the
tube orifices, and from the interstitial spaces. One of these, which attracted
the attention of Milne Edwards, induced him to create for it the genus De-
kayia. This spinulosity is not a confluent character, and has, in my estima-
tion, no more importance than the hairs of a plant have, in regard to its gene-
ric position.

The so called Dekayia aspera occurs in the blue limestone of Ohio and
Indiana, in which several other spinulose forms are found. One of them
grows in small ramulets, with somewhat oblique, very minute orifices ; some
of its specimens are entirely smooth, without showing any signs of detrition ;
in others the surface is raised in scarcely perceptible, obtuse nodules ; and
finally, some are found with a perfectly hirsute surface. Also some speci-
mens corresponding with McCoys Nebulipora lens, are decorated with quite
prominent spinules ; likewise some larger hemispherical masses, considered to
be Ch. petropolilanus, and a species similar to Chaetetes frondosus.

From the shales of the Hamilton group of New York and Michigan, I know
also several species of spinulose Chaetetes forms.

The stellate form of orifices, which is least expected to be seen in Chaetetes
or in a Bryozoon, nevertheless is represented in some species of the Chaete-
tes family.

A few specimens found at Cincinnati, which in all particulars agree with
Chaetetes frondosus have from three to five longitudinal ridges projecting into
their tube cavities, by which the orifices acquire a florifortn shape. In other
specimens of the same species the orifices are round, without any traces of
stellate character; even in the mentioned specimens, not all orifices are stel-
late. The stellate orifices of Callopora Jlorida are made known by Hall ; sev-
eral other species of it are of the same character, and also in the genus Fis-
tulipora we will meet with floriform orifices.

The question now is, have we to consider this stellate character as a seri-
ous objection to the bryozoic nature of Chaetetes and the allied genera ?

I think not, for two reasons : 1. This radiate structure cannot be the ex-
ponent of a character which is essential to these organic beings, or it would
be invariably developed. 2. These projecting lamellae are not the equivalent
of the radial organs in corals. Their number is not constant enough for that,
and their distribution indicates frequently an unsymmetric bilateral, and not
a radial plan. In some species there are only two such projections on one
side of the tubes, while the other side is smooth ; in others, with a larger
number of lamellar projections, they generally form two opposite groups,
and are rarely found disposed at equal distances around the circumference.

The relations between Chaetetes and some acknowledged bryozoic forms of
the paleozoic era are so great, that if radial structure should be considered
incompatible with the polyparium of a Bryozoon, I would rather remove
the whole assemblage from the bryozoa, than to separate Chaetetes and some
others from them.

In the blue limestone of Madison and Richmond, Ind., a well marked form
of Chaetetes is found in abundance, which I do not see described. I propose
for it the name Chaetetes quadratics.

It grows in coarse ramifications, with an even or slightly monticulose sur-
face. Tube orifices vary in size in different specimens from one-fourth to
one-third of a millimeter ; those on the maculae are somewhat larger ; they
are contiguous, polygonal or quadrate, separated by thin walls. Intertubular
cells entirely wanting.

The quadrate tube form is particularly obvious on the terminal surface of
branches, or on transverse sections. On the sides of the branches the quad-
rate tube form gives the surface a fanciful appearance, which I cannot bet-

1866.]

116 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

ter explain than by comparing it with certain decorations of watch cases, con-
sisting of concentric circle lines crossing each other. Chaetetes pavonia, with
the synonytne Ptylodictya pavonia D'Orbigny, is described by Milne Edwards
amongst the Chaetetes forms of the Cincinnati limestone.

This species has indeed a great resemblance to the group to which Ptylo-
dictya belongs. It grows in double, thin laminae, separable in two folia,
which have on the inner side a dermatic concentrically wrinkled and striated
crust, exactly similar to the separated leaves of Ptylodictya. The tubes be-
gin with prostrate, thin walled ends, and become rectangular to the surface,
by abruptly bending upwards ; the erect part of them exhibits very thick
walls. The orifices are contiguous, slightly dilated, and arranged in undu-
lating rows, which, crossing each other under oblique angles, make their
outlines more or less regularly rhomboidal. The outlines of the single tubes,
however, are polygonal, and may be plainly distinguished in the centre of the
massive interstitial spaces. Diameter of tubes one-sixth of a millimeter,
somewhat larger on the monticules, which are little elevated and are dissemi-
nated over the surface at a distance of three or four millimeters. No dia-
phragms observed. Intertubular cells wanting.

This species would be entirely in correspondence with the genus Phaeno-
pora of Hall, but the entire absence of intertubular cell-mass, which is
always, to some extent, developed in the species of Phacnopora, is a difference
of some importance, which, however, will be diminished, after we have seen
in Chaetetes species with abundant intertubular cell-mass, and other species
composed of tubules alone, with all intermediate forms placed between
them. It is also to be noticed, that all the specimens of Chaetetes pavonia
which I have seen, appear to be the terminal explanate ends of the fronds,
while at the basal ends the cellulose tissue may be devt-loped to some degree.
This is decidedly the case in a small ensiform bryozoon of very similar
structure, and occurring in the same association. The pointed basal ends of
these specimens have a large proportion of cell-mass entering into their
structure, while the upper portions are almost exclusively tubulose.

Chaetetes decipiens, nov. spec.

Occurs in association with Ch. pavonia, to which it is so surprisingly simi-
lar that, even for an experienced eye, it becomes almost impossible to dis-
tinguish the two species without the help of a lens.

It grows in entirely similar thin double leaves ; the surface is covered with
the same sort of monticules, composed of larger tubules : the orifices are simi-
lar in size and distribution, but a closer examination will reveal sufficient
constant differences between the two.

The latter species has an abundant cell-mass interposed between the tu-
bules ; its tube-walls are thin, with not dilated and not contiguous orifices ;
the two leaves composing the lamina? are not so clearly defined, and not sep-
arable, and on vertical sections the vesiculous cell-rows interposed between
the tubules, which themselves are also sometimes septate, will distinguish it
at once.

The thick tube-walls in the one, and the intertubular cell-mass in the other,
will produce on the naked eye a similar impression, which disappears under
the magnifier.

This species has likewise much similarity with Ch. frondosus, but it is more
delicate in all respects, and in Ch. frondobus the intertubular tissue is consid-
erably less developed, its tubules being usually in immediate contiguity.

The genus Callopora of Hall, comes so near to Chaetetes that it may be well
characterized at once, by saying it is a Chaetetes with abundantly developed
intertubular cells. Chaetetes Flelcheri, (Milne Edw.) for instance, is in all par-
ticulars a Callopora.

The opercula, described by flail in Callopora eleyantula, are of the same
general form as in Chaetetes, but a peculiarity of them is, some five or six

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117

•

elevated ridges, radiating on the surface of the opercula, from the margin of
the central opening to the outer circumference. In a species of Fistulipora,
subsequently to be described, I found opercules of exactly the same struc-
ture. Also some species of Callopora, with a spinulose surface, are made known
by Hall, which exhibit no essential difference from the spinulose species of
Chaetetes.

The floriform orifices of Callopora floi-ida, Hall, and laminata, Hall, have
been occasionally mentioned before. The same stellate character of the ori-
fices is developed in a species from the carboniferous limestone of La Grange,
Missouri, (Keokuk Limestone.)

Callopora missouriensis nov. spec.

From an incrusting basal expansion branching nodose stems grow up.
Diameter of stems four or five millim., orifices one- eighth of a millim. wide,
distant from two to four of their own diameters. Form of the orifices some-
times only slightly sinuose, but in some finely preserved specimens, having
the form of a five-rayed star, with a spinula on each of the inward project-
ing angles.

The intermediate spaces are filled with open angular cells, much smaller
than the tubules. In vertical sections the tubes do not exhibit any dia-
phragms ; the intertubular cell mass forms very regular vertical rows, having
the appearance of septate tubules.

The genus Trematopora Hall, naturally succeeds Callopora. The principal
differences from the latter genus are the elevated rims of its tube orifices, and
the generally closed interstitial cells, which are less similar to tubules than
in Chaetetes, and show decidedly their vesiculous nature. The tube dia-
phragms are not often developed, but there is no difficulty to find specimens
in which their existence can be demonstrated.

Not all species united by Hall in the genus Trematopora properly belong
there ; for instance, Trematopora sparsa, striata, and others. On the other
side, I think several species ought to be united with it, which are placed in
other genera; as Ceramopora foliacea, Diamesopora dichotoma, etc.

McCoy's species of Fistulipora seems to have exactly the same structure with
Trematopora, but McCoy had much less correct ideas of the affinities of his
genus than Hall had; the latter expressly states the similarity of Callopora
and Trematopora with the Bryozoa, and was only prevented from giving them
their proper place by the existing prejudice, that the tubules of Bryozoa
never have any diaphragms.

1 take Trematopora and Fistulipora as being identical, and will use the
name Fistulipora in a more extended sense, applying it to all the species
which agree with it in anatomical structure and general surface characters,
without to inquire specially at this place, how far a division into some sub-
genera, would be practicable.

Fistulipora is represented by a considerable number of species, during the
whole paleozoic era. A striking feature of nearly all its species are super-
ficial macule, analogous to those of Chaetetes ; they are of exclusively cellu-
lose structure, and have frequently a subregular stellate form.

A fair representation of these macula^ is given (Arch, du Mus. Tom. v. Tab.
20, f. 5,) in the figure of Chaetetes Torubine, which itself is, to all appearances,
a Fistulipora.

The projecting tube margins of Fistulipora are in most of its species
oblique to the surface, although the tubes themselves have generally a rec-
tangular position to it, excepting the smaller ramose forms, and the earlier
stadia of growth in laminar expansions, where the tubules are prostrate in
the beginning, but soon elevate themselves under an abrupt angle and be-
come rectangular.

The tube orifices are generally circular, or oval, but sometimes sinuate, or
even stellate, like those described in Chaetetes and Callopora. Also opercu-

1866.]

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

la, of similar structure to those of the former genera, are sometimes noticed
in specimens of Fistulipora. The central opening appears to have been closed
in some of the opercula by a subsequent solid deposition; we find, at least in
all the perfect opercula, the central portion forming an offset from the sur-
rounding marginal part.

Fistulipora is quite polymorphous ; we find its species incrusting, and in
free expansions, with orifices on one side only, or in double leaves, with ori-
fices on both sides ; they grow in hollow stems, or in strumose cystical form,
or in solid ramifications, or in undefined large masses.

One, or several, of these forms are generally significant for a certain species.
but I think, in the systematic arrangement of the Bryozoa, too much weight
has been given to their external form and to the manner in which they grow.

For further elucidation of my general remarks, I will append the descrip-
tion of a number of species of Fistulipora which are new, or whose anatomy
was not fully recognized before.

Hbllipora (Constellaria) antheloidea,

Is the oldest and at the same time the most marked form of Fistulipora.

Its circular tubules with projecting rims, the vesiculous interstitial cell-
mass, the monticulose maculae with a star-like depressed cellulose centre, re-
present, in ideal perfection, the principal characters of the genus.

In this place I take occasion to mention a lower Silurian fossil, whose nature
is only imperfectly known, and which resembles in its structure Fistuli-
pora.
Stromatocerium kugosdm Hall.

By its external appearance, it has been generally confused with Stromato-
pora, but this latter has a widely different structure and belongs to the Petro-
spongiae.

Slromntocerium rugosum grows in large subglobose masses with an undula-
ted monticulose surface. Vertical sections show a series of superimposed
laminae, on which the naked eye can scarcely recognise organized structure;
under the magnifier we find it composed of small, subparallel, simple tubules,
and of a comparatively coarse vesiculous cell- mass surrounding the tubules.
These cell-vesicules are convex above, concave below, spread out in horizontal
layers, and not in vertical rows ; the size of the vesicules is very unequal and
varies from a half to one millimeter in the horizontal direction, about half as
much in the vertical sense.

Diameter of tubules one-sixth of a millimeter ; distance between each other
about half a millimeter.

The more delicate surface characters cannot be recognized, on account of
the unfavorable state of preservation of the specimens.

According to Hall, it is found in the Black River limestone. My specimens
are from Madison, Ind., where it occurs in association with Favistella stellala,
in the upper strata of the Hudson River group formation. Some of the best
specimens, however, I found in the drift deposits of Michigan.

The Clinton group, and, in particular, the Niagara group, contain a good
many species of Fistulipora structure — tue Trematoporas of Hall.

In regard to a few of them, I have to make some remarks.

Trematopora tubulosa of the Clinton group, and Diamesopora dichotoma of the
Niagara group, combine exactly the same internal structure with their
external similarity of form.

The inner face of their hollow steins is covered by a delicately-wrinkled
dermatic crust. Their tubules are arranged in oblique rows, becoming some-
what irregular by the slightly-developed maculae. The basal portions of
the tubules are prostrate, and in immediate contiguity; but, by abruptly
bending up to the surface, leave a more or less considerable space between
the erected tube ends, which is filled out by cellulose tissue. This cell-mass
is generally found homogeneous, and allows no discrimination of cells. A

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119

few specimens, however, may always be found which exhibit with sufficient
distinctness the outlines of the tissue vesicules.

Trematopora tubulosa could, for this reason, with propriety, be placed under
the genus Diamesopora ; but Diamesopora itself, again, so much resembles
Trematopora ossiolata, that I would rather see the genus Diamesopora given
up, by amalgamating its only representative with Trematopora.

The species named by Hall, Ccramopora foliacea, is, in all respects, corres-
pondent with the other Trematoporas. It grows in double leaves, which may
be separated in two folia, with a dermatic crust on the interior face of the.
two leases. Its tubules are, as in the former species, prostrate, and make an
abrupt bend to the surface ; the inter-tubular cell-mass exhibits its structure
with the greatest distinctness.

Diameter of tubules one-sixth of a millimeter. From Ceramopora imbricata,
the type of the genus, it differs essentially. More natural would have been
its combination with Rhinopora verrucosa, which has the structure of Fistuli-
pora, and the exterior form in common with it.

In Rhinopora verrucosa, the maculae are represented by elevated, branching
and anastomosing ridges, which are lined with tube orifices of somewhat
larger size.

FlSTULIPORA NEGLKCTA nOV. Spec.

Convex, undulating, laminar expansions of a few millimeters thickness,
with a wrinkled epitheca below. Tubules one-fourth to one-third of a milli-
meter wide, with quite projecting, oblique, oval orifices, forming a sharp lip
on the outer side, and gradually lost in the general surface on the inner side.
They are arranged in closely-set subregular rows, which are interrupted by
small, little conspicuous maculae.

Locality. Waldron, Ind , and Rochester, N. Y., in the shales of the Niagara
group.

Fistulipora Halli nov. spec.

Undulated, free or incrusting expansions, with a wrinkled epitheca below.

Tubules one-sixth of a millimeter wide, orifices oval, with au abruptly-
projecting lip on the outer side, and arranged in subregular rows, which
keep a distance of about one tube diameter. Macula; quite conspicuous,
sometimes slightly elevated, of irregular substellate form.

This species has much resemblance to Ccramopora foliacca, but it does not
grow in double leaves as the latter.

Locality. Waldron, Ind., Rochester and Lockpcrt, in the shales of the
Niagara group.

In the upper strata of the Helderberg group, and in the Hamilton group,
Fistulipora is represented by numerous species. The smaller ramose forms,
which are so frequently met with in the Niagara group, are rarely seen in
this horizon ; larger laminar expansions, or massive tuberoso-globose forms,
prevail here.

Fistulipora lunata nov. spec.

It grows in tortuous thick laminap, with a wrinkled epithecal crust below,
or more frequently in distorted, very irregular masses, consisting of several
laminae, which are grown together with their epithecal sides. The tubules
are not angular to the surface, with prostrate basal ends as usual. Size of
tubules one-fourth of a millimeter. Orifices with moderately-elevated mar-
gins, rotundato-semilunar, with two dent-like projections into the tube
cavity at the concave or flattened side, which continue as longitudinal ridges
down the cavity of the tubes. Distribution of orifices without any apparent
order; distance a little over their own diameter. Tube diaphragms some-
times developed, frequently wanting.

Intertubular tissue coarse-celled; cells arranged in subregular vertical
rows.

1866.]

120 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Surface raised in small rounded monticules, with cellulose maculae on the
vertex ; distance from the centre of one monticule to the other about four or
five millimeters.

Locality. It is quite common in the limestones of Sandusky, Columbus,
and other places, (upper Helderberg group.)

FrsTULiPORA helios nov. spec.

A thin laminar expansion encrusting the stem of Eridophyllum colligatum.
(Heliophyllum, Billings.")

Orifices pustulose, one-sixth of a millimeter wide, distant from each other
about two or three tube diameters. Maculae large, depressed in the centre,
from which irradiate depressed cellulose spaces, giving the surface an orna-
mental appearance, very similar to Hellipora antheloidea.

Drift specimen belonging to the corniferous limestone.

FlSTULIPORA STELLIFERA nOV. Spec.

Double leaves separable in two folia ; surface raised in low monticules,
distant about four millimeters from one centre to another.

Orifices linguiform or irregularly oval, one fourth of a millimeter wide in
the larger diameter, surrounded by an elevated rim. A few larger and more
projecting orifices are generally noticed on the monticules, from the summits
of which narrow, cellulose, bifurcating spaces irradiate. In places to which
these cellulose radii do not extend, the orifices are closely approximated.

Locality. Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, in the shales of the Hamilton group.

FlSTULIPORA SULCATA nOV. Sp.

Thin simple lamina?, with an epitheca below. Orifices one-fourth of a
millimeter wide, irregularly linguiform, surrounded by an elevated margin,
closely approximated and disposed without any apparent order. Maculae
having the form of elongate narrow foveae, which send out some radiating
furrows.

Locality. Partridge Point, Thunder Bay, Michigan, in the shales of the
Hamilton group.

FlSTULIPORA MINUTA nOV. Sp.

Undulated lamina?, only half a millimeter thick, with an epitheca on the
lower side, and raised in low rounded monticules on the upper face.

Tubules one-eighth of a millimeter wide, irregularly oval, distant from
each other somewhat more than one tube diameter. Maculae little con-
spicuous, on account of the minuteness of the fronds.

Occurs with the former at Partridge Point.

Fistulipora acervulosa nov. spec.

Large undulated expansions, from a few millimeters to one centimetre
thick, and with an epithecal crust on the lower side.

Surface elevated in monticules of about five millimeters distance. Tubules
one-fourth to one-third of a millimeter; of somewhat larger size on the
monticules.

Cellulose macula? only feebly developed.

Orifices rotundate, forming a prominent lip on the exterior side, equally
distributed over the surface, holding a distance of a little more than their
own diameter. Tube diaphragms distant, frequently wanting. Opercula with
a central opening, sometimes developed. Intertubular tissue formed as
usual by vertical rows of vesicules.

Locality. Partridge Point, with the former species

FlSTULIPORA SPINULIFERA DOV. Spec.

Grows in branches of two or three centimetres thickness, or also in thick
undulated expansions.

Surface monticulose, distance from one monticule to the other three or
four millimeters, summits of monticules cellulose. Tubules one-fifth of a

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 12 L

millimeter wide. Surface finely spinulose or granulose, exhibiting seemingly
dilated polygonal orifices, but actually it is the luxuriant spinulose inter-
tubular cell mass which forms the polygones, and obscures the tube mouths
within its meshes. Occurs with the former species.

FlSTULIPORA ElUENSIS HOT. Sp.

Undulated and distorted laminar expansions one or several millimeters
thick, with a wrinkled epitheca below.

Surface spinuloso-granulose, raised in irregular low monticules, with a
cellulose macula on the summit.

Intertubular spaces more or less elevated above the small projecting lips
of the tube orifices, making the surface appear as if covered by expanded
polygonal openings, as in the former species. Tubules one-filth to one-
fourth of a millimeter wide.

This species has much resemblance to Fistulipora spinulifera, but it does not
grow in massive ramifications ; its laminar expansions are more delicate,
while, on the contrary, its surface has a coarser texture.

Locality. Shore of Lake Erie, near Hamburg. Shales of the Hamilton
group.

Fistulipora utriculus nov. spec.

Strumose branching utricules, or irregular cysts, with a dermatic crust
covering the inner cavity. Large cellulose maculae dispersed over the sur-
face. Tubules one-sixth of a millimeter wide. Intertubular spaces and
maculae spinuloso-granulose. Orifices generally surrounded by a shallow
depression, from which the tube margin projects under the form of a sharp
lip. Distance of orifices about one tube diameter, excepting the cellulose
maculae. The three last-mentioned species are very similar to each other,
but, aside of the different manner of growth, each one has some constant
smaller peculiarities, which convince me of their specific difference.

Locality. Widder, C. W., in the upper strata of the Hamilton group.

Fistulipora crassa nov. sp.

Digitato-ramose, or undulated explanate masses, attached to other bodies or
partially free, with a concentrically-wrinkled epitheca on the lower side.
Surface raised in obtuse monticules, with more or less extended cellulose
maculae on the summits.

Tubules one-third to nearly one-half a millimeter wide, distant from each
other one or a little more than one tube diameter, excepting the before-men-
tioned maculas.

Orifices rotundate, slightly sinuate, surrounded by an unequally-elevated
margin, which exhibits sometimes two dent-like projections into the tube
cavity.

Tube diaphragms distant, or not developed. Intertubular tissue coarse.
Opercula of usual form, sometimes noticeable.

Locality. Widder, C. W., in the lower strata of the Hamilton group, and in
the drift deposits of Michigan.

Fistulipora elegans nov. spec.

Thin laminae, with a concentrically-wrinkled epitheca below.

Tubules one-third of a millimeter wide, prostrate at the base, rectangular
to the surface at the upper end. Orifices perfectly circular, with an equally-
projecting, crenulated rim distributed over the surface at a distance of about
one tube diameter, excepting the cellulose macula, which, however, are not
very conspicuous. Opercules very frequently preserved, flat, with a central
opening, which in some is closed by a subsequently deposited globular solid
stopper. In a few specimens, I see six elevated ridges radiate from the inner
opening to the outer circumference, exactly as in the opercules of Callopora
elegans. Intertubular cell-mass coarse, with angular cells as large as the

1866.]

122 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

tubules. In some specimens, which are splendidly preserved, I see the roof
of every interstitial cell perforated by a minute opening.

Locality. Shore of Lake Erie, Hamburg. Widder, C. W., in the Hamilton
group.

The carboniferous limestone encloses, likewise, a number of interesting
representatives of the genus.

Fistclipora Spergenensis nov. sp.

Undulated convexo-concave laminae, or strumose utricules and cyst, with
an epitheca on the inner or inferior side Tubules one-third of a millimeter
wide, distant less than their own diameter. Orifices circular, surrounded by
an elevated rim, which projects more on the outer side. Many specimens
have no elevated tube margins, and exhibit interstitial spaces with open cells ;
but this is only owing to an imperfect state of preservation, or the effect of
detrition. Surface raised in obtuse unequal monticules, with cellulose
maculae in the centre.

Locality. Spergen Hill, Ind. Warsaw Limestone.

Fistclipora flabellum.

It is fixed to the ground by a prevalently-cellulose, thick basal expansion,
consisting of concentrically superimposed layers. From this base, elevates
itself a compressed, more or less elongated stem, which finally expands in a
thin fan-like double leaf, fissible in two folia, with a dermatic crust on the
inner face of each. This division in two laminae goes through the whole
stem, to the bottom of the basal attachment.

Tubules prostrate at first, and then bending rectangular to the surface.
Width one- fifth to one-fourth of a millimeter. Distance of tubules more
than one tube diameter, arranged in subregular rows, which are much inter-
rupted by large, not elevated cellulose maculae. No diaphragms observed.
Orifices rounded or obtusely triangular, with a projecting lip, but more fre-
quently not elevated above the surface, and without a lip. Intertubular
spaces, if in good preservation, decorated with fine flexuose anastomosing
striae. Cell tissue usually appearing solid homogeneous, but in some better
preserved specimens, of distinctly vesiculous structure, as in other Fistuli-
poras. In some specimens, the orifices are closed by slightly depressed
opercula with a small opening.

Locality. Spergen Hill. Warsaw Limestone.

This species shows, by its mode of growth, a strong affinity to the gronp,
which includes Ptylodictya, Stictopora, Phaenopora, Clathropora, etc., which
all do, in elementary structure, correspond with Fistulipora, being composed
of tubules of the same configuration, and of an intertubular cellulose tissue.
I find it strange, that no one describing these different-mentioned genera
has stated the cellulose nature of this intertubular substance, although it
forms an important and essential part of all these bryozoa.

Fistclipora trifolia nov. spec.

From an incrusting basal expansion of prevalently-cellulose nature, tri-
angular stems about one centimeter wide, with sharp eVlges and concave
sides, grow up. From the surface of these, new three-edged folds elevate
themselves, and prolongate into stems, whereby a very peculiar sort of rami-
fication is produced. Each triangular stem is composed of three leaves,
grown together with their inner sides, forming a three-edged central suture
line, from which the tubules begin in a prostrate position, but soon become
rectangular to the surface of their respective leaves.

Surface generally appearing worn, with not projecting round orifices one-
fifth of a millimeter wide. In perfect specimens they are surrounded by an
elevated rim. Distance of orifices about two tube diameters. Intertubular
spaces where not worn, exhibiting the elevated angular outlines of the cells.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123

Quite conspicuous, not elevated maculae are distributed over the surface.
Locality. La Grange, Missouri. (Keokuk Limestone.)

FlSTDLIPORA COMPRESSA nOV. Spec.

Occurs associated with the former.

It grows in compressed ramose stems about one centimeter wide in the
larger diameter, which are fixed to the ground or to foreign bodies by an
irregular basal expansion. Surface raised in obtuse, unequal monticules,
with a cellulose macula in the centre of each. Tubes one-sixth of a milli-
meter wide, of irregular form, distant about a tube diameter or less, and, if
the surface is not worn, surrounded by an elevated margin. Structure in
conformity with all the other Fistuliporas.

Fistclipora peculiaris nov. spec.

Is a very interesting representative of stellate or floriform tube orifices in
Fistulipora, with whose occurrence in the genera Chaetetes and Collopora we
have already become acquainted. It grows in thin leaf- like expansious, with
orifices on both sides, or in simple leaves with an epitheca below. Orifices
circular, surrounded by an equally-projecting margin, distant more than their
own diameter, and exhibiting from six to ten tooth like projections from their
inner circumference. By grinding away the superficial portions, the tubules
appear still provided with these radial dents, an evidence that they are not
gpinulose projections confined to the tube margins, but the euds of vertical
ridges, running through the whole length of the tubules.

The surface is dotted with scarcely-elevated cellulose macuhc, which, like
the narrower intertubular spaces, are finely granulose. Intertubular tissue
vesiculose. Tubules rarely septate.

Locality. La Grange, Mo. (Keokuk Limestone.)

Fourth Contribution to the HERPETOLOGY o: Tropical America.

BY PROF. E. D. COPE.

I. The collection made by direction of the Governor of Yucatan, Jose Salazar
Starrer/in, by Arthur Schott, Naturalist of the Commission, and sent to the
Smithsonian Institution.

Cinosternum shavianum. C. mexicanum Le Conte, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philada., 1854, p. 180.

Chelopus areolatus? Cope, Proc. 1. c. 1865, 186. Emys areolatus Dume'ril,
Arch. d. Mus., vi. 223.
A large female specimen from Belize, from Dr. Parsons, confirms the characters
of that from the expedition, and appears to be distinct from the C. punctu-
1 a r iu s,

Crocodilus moreletii A. Dumeril, Arch. d. Mus, vi. 255.

Anolis nebulosus Wiegmann.

One sp. No. 714. Very near the true A. sallaei Gthr.

Anolis laeviventris Wiegm.

This species is allied to Schiedii Wiegm. (serice.us Hallow.) and t r o p i-
dogaster Hallow. Several specimens Nos. 503, 505, 452.

Basiliscus vittatus. Corytkaeolus Kaup.

Abundant. A second specimen of the allied B. nuchalis Cope, Proc.
A. N. S. Philada., 1862, 181, has been sent to the Museum Smithsonian by
Robt. Kennicott, from Panama. The B. galeritusA. Dum. is the species
since described by Gray as B. (Ptenosaura) seemanni.

18G6 ]

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Laemanctus alticoronatus Cope, Proc. A. N. S. Philada., 1865, 192.

Two specimens.
Ctenosaura pectinata Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana. Cyclura, Durn.
and Bibr.

Numerous specimens of this large Iguana ; one taken with its mouth full
of the flowers of a papilionaceous tree called Sabi. The Iguanae are known to
be herbivorous, and CHinther has stated that the Basilisci are likewise. I can
add the Cyclura baeolopha, and many A n ol e s , not only the large, but
the small species. The latter take also ants, as described by G-osse and Wood.
The separated plates of the muzzle, with the small scales between them, place
the Metopocerus cornutus Wagl. of the West Indies between this genus and
the true Cycluras. The latter species was taken by Weiuland in Hayti (Mus.
Compar. Zoolog.) and by Fr. Klett in Navassa, southwest from Hayti. (Mus.
Academy.)

Ctenosaura acanthura Wiegmann. Herp. Mexicana.
Apparently not so abundant as the last.

Cachryx defensor, sp. et. gen. nov.

Digits shortened. Body compressed. Nostril on canthus rostralis, lateral.
Femoral pores, no preanals. Tail short, flat, covered with verticils of strong,
erect, conic spinous seales. Head covered with small uniform scales ; no
interparietal. A strong gular dermal fold. No dorsal crest.

This genus is allied to Urocentrum and Hoplurus, but differs in the pos-
session of femoral pores. It agrees in this with the depressed genus Hoplo-
cercus Fitzinger, but in it the caudal scales, though partially spiny, are not
whorled. Euphryne Bd. resembles it, but in it the scales of the whorls are
not prolonged into spines, and the animal is depressed.

Head at posterior margin of orbits equal length from end of muzzle to
middle of frontal region. Scales on muzzle larger than others. Loreal region
concave ; nostril in hinder part of a single scale. Ear large as eye, without
marginal serrations. Scales of body small, slightly imbricate, homogeneous,
smooth, in transverse series, and oblique longitudinal ; larger on the rump,
smaller on the sides : a slightly larger vertebral series. Abdominals smooth,
equal dorsals ; gulars a little smaller, equal on plica. A prebrachial and
postauricular fold. Scales of fore limb moderate, some of those of femur and
tibia much larger, spiniferous. Caudal whorls fifteen, the scales below nar-
rowed, keeled, the carina prolonged into a flat spine. Spiniferous superior
whorls seven, spines nearly erect, those of the median row smaller. With
hind limb extended, the longest digit does not reach the axilla. Femoral
pores six to nine. Bright olivaceous ; shoulder and two bands on humerus,
and the anterior part of dorsum, with interscapular region, black, the latter
with two cross series of green spots, more or less distinct on the whole body
in younger specimens. In older specimens, median dorsal region bright
rufous.

Total length, 8 in. 6 lines. Muzzle to gular fold, 1 in. 7-5 1. ; to vent, 5 in.
Fore limb, 2 in. 15 1. Exped. Coll., Nor585.

This remarkable genus is decidedly iguaniform, but the digits are too short
for an arboreal habit. Its tail is like that of the most spinous Ctenosaura,
halved, and excessively abbreviated.

Sceloporus serrifer, sp. nov.

A stout species, near the S. spinosus, but differing in its fewer and
larger scales, with more serrate margins, and in its coloration. It belongs
therefore to the section with large lateral scales and only one row of large
supraorbitals. In this species the latter are bounded by a complete series of
inner and outer marginals. Scales from nape to rump, in twenty-three cross
series, each with a long mucro, and two and three lesser ones on each side of
it. Interparietal broader than long ; frontal narrow, only transversely divided,

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 125

%
posterior portion very small. Internasal longer than broad, elevated, some-
times sharply keeled. Lores deeply grooved. Claws of extended hind limb
nearly to ear ; femoral pores 9 — 10. Auricular marginal scales tbin, not so
large as those just preceding. Median abdominal scales once, gulars twice
or thrice emarginate. Tail rather short. Length from end of muzzle to vent,
4 in. 1 1.

Color above greyish or brighter green, with a complete pea-green bordered
black collar, which is narrower on the gular region. Throat and sides of <^
blue, the latter broadly black-bordered behind and medially. A yellow bar
across prefontals, one between orbits and one across occiput, all separated by
brown or blackish, the posterior green-bordered behind. Younger specimens
have the back brown cross banded. Nos. 734, 719.

Sceloporus chrysostictus, sp. nov.

Near the S. scalaris, but without auricular marginal scales larger
than the temporal, with smaller dorsal scales and different coloration.
Lateral and ventral scales nearly equal ; dorsals in forty-five rows from occi-
put to rump, obtusely mucronate, not notched. No larger plates behind
parietals. Cephalic plates rugose ; three pair supranasals ; internasal small,
flat ; frontal nearly equally transversely divided, anterior half longitudinally
divided. Interparietal narrowed anteriorly, long as broad ; parietals oblique,
longer than broad. Supraorbitals surrounded by marginals, the external
separated from them by a row of rhombic scales. Unguis of extended hind
limb to near nostril. From end of muzzle to vent, 2 in. 2 lines.

Brown, with two golden longitudinal lines from above ear to above groin,
separated by nine rows of scales. A series of short, indistinct reddish brown
cross-bars on each side the dorsum within these lines. Sides darker, with
golden spangles ; axilla and scapular region black. Head dark brown ; below
pale brown, chin darker.

Nos. 507 and 201.

Sphaerodactylus glaucus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, 1865, 192.

Several specimens. Dr. Berendt has also sent this species from Tabasco,
with Rhinophrynus dorsalis.

Thecadactylus rapicaudus Gray. Platydactylus Theconyx, Dum. & Bibr.
One specimen, with several oblique, lateral, dorsal black spots.

Coleonyx e 1 e g a n s Gray, Dumeril, Arch. d. Mus. viii. 438, Tab.

No. 483. Prof. Sumichrast has sent this species from Orizaba, (6334,) and
Morelet originally procured it in Peten. Another species of the same genus
is Stenodactylus variegatus Wiegm., Baird, U. S. Mex. Boundary Survey.
Bracliydactylus Peters, Monatsber. Preuss. Acad. 1863, 41, is identical.

Cnemidophorus s a c k i i Wiegm.

This species is a true Cnemidophorus, and not an Ameiva, as formerly
supposed.

Typhlops microstomus, sp. nov.

This is a slender species, stouter posteriorly than anteriorly, with small
flattened rounded head, and muzzle obtuse and very promim nt in profile.
Labials four: first minute ; second subquadrate, below preocular ; third and
fourth elongate vertically, and embracing between them a subocular; fourth
highest, in contact with oral fissure by its anterior augle only. Ooular rather
smaller than subocular; eye a small black speck on the oculo-prceocular su-
ture ; praeocular very large, broader than both nasals, outline almost angulate
iu front ; two equal supraoculars larger than ocular. Nasal much narrowed
above, nostril at nearly half its elevation, connected with labial suture by a
long suture which is convex posteriorly, leaving postnasal narrower than pre-
nasal ; and with rostral suture by a short transverse fissure. Median cephalic
series not smaller than lateral. Body scales in eighteen longitudinal rows.

1866.]

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

e

Vijnt little visible, nearly terminal. Tail very short, straight, its acumination
nearly continuous with inferior plane. Length 10 in. 7 lin. ; of tail, 0*9 lin. :
diameter of posterior abdomen, 1 line. Color yellowish olive, becoming
brighter yellow posteriorly. Coll. Commission, No. 716.

This species is only allied to the T. disparilis Jan, Iconographie. Tab.
vi. f. 6, but is more slender anteriorly, has broader preocular, more elevated
nostril, much smaller ocular, higher labials, etc. etc.

Boa eques Dum. & Bibron. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 243.
Several specimens.

Tantilla vermiformis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 74. Lio-
ninia vermiformis Hallow., 1. c, 1860, 484.
One specimen.

Tantilla moesta. Homalocranium moestum Giinther, Ann. Mag. N. H.

1863, p.

Rather slender ; tail five and one fourth times in total length ; muzzle
rounded, scarcely projecting ; orbitals 1 — 2, the anterior higher than long,
barely in contact with postnasal. Superior labials seven, last highest, eye
over third and fourth. Temporals 1 — 2. Pregeinals longer, in contact with
mental ; inferior labials six, fourth largest. Vertical plate longer than broad,
posterior margins longer than lateral ; superciliaries short, broad. Scales of
body in fifteen rows. Total length 13^ inches.

Glossy black, chin and throat, and a collar involving postorbitals and bor-
ders and ends of occipitals and three rows of nuchal scales, yellow.

This genus now embraces the following species.

T. planiceps m., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 74. Coluber
Blainville, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, 1834, 62. Baird & Girard, Serpents, 154.

T. gracilis, Baird & Girard, 1. c. 132.

T. h a 1 1 o w e 1 1 i i Cope, 1. c. 1861, 74.

T. vermiformis m. e. Hallowell, supra.

T. reticulata Cope, 1. c. 1860, 77.

T. m i n i a t a , Cope, 1. c. 1863, 100.

T. coronata Baird & Girard, 1. c. 131.

T. m e 1 a n oc e ph a 1 a m. e. Schlegel, Dum. & Bibr., 859. Var., with
longitudinal bands. Guadalaxara, Mexico, Major; Trinidad, W. I., Gill.

T. nigriceps Kennicott, Proc. A. N. S. Philad., I860, 328.

T. moesta m., supna.

T. laticeps Giinther, Proc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1860, 240.

T. semicincta, Dam. & Bibr. S62.

Ficimia publia, sp. nov.

This species is intermediate between the F. olivacea and F. variegat a,'*
and the Gyalopium canuruf m., having the broad rostral of the former in
contact with the frontal, and the two internasals of the latter.

Nostril little longer than broad, concave, its apex more than a right angl^,
recurved, the plate concave, contracted at its junction with the frontal. A
suture from nostril to intei labial suture ; second labial largely in contact with
prefrontal ; eye over third and fourth, fifth triangular, sixth largest, seventh
and last smallest ; seven inferior labials, postgeueials rudimental. Orbitals
1 — 2; temporals 1 — 2; occipitals rounded behind, broad as long; vertical
broader than long ; superciliaries longer than broad. Scales broad, in seven-
teen rows, the second nearly equal first. Gastrostega 138 ; anal divided ;
urostega 37 pairs.

Light yellowish-brown above, with twenty-nine or thirty subquadrate or
narrow transverse brown spots ; a larger nuchal spot ; sides brown punctate ;
head darker shaded above, a brown spot below eye. Below immaculate
whitish. Total length 8 in. 9 1. Nos. 625, 726, Comission Collection.

* Amblymetopim Guother, Catal. f Vid. !-il!im. Journ., 1863.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127

Stenorhina ventralis Dum. & Bibr. Cope, Proc. A. N. S. Philad., I860,

242.
Ninia collar is, Jan. Elenco, 35. Cope, Proc. A. N. S. Philad., 1883, 100.

Masticophis bilineatus m. Herpetodryas bilincatus Schlegel, Jan. Elenco,
Syst. 81.
Two specimens. Masticophis is the first name published with description
for this genus, which I characterized (Proc Acad. 1861, 560) under the name
Drymobius Fitz. It embraces all the Herpetodryades of authors, (vide Jan's
Elenco,) except the H. carinatus, H. sebastus m., and H. flaves-
cens m. (Phyllosira m.) No. 777.

Thrasops mexicanus Cope, Proc. A. N. S. Philad., 1861, 557. Leptophis
D. & B. Ahaetulla Gthr.
Two specimens. No. 771.

Leptodira annulata var.

Much like the South American variety in characters, but slender, with very
narrow neck and broad head, like Himantodes. The head is broader, and the
neck more constricted than in annulata; scales narrower, in twenty-one
rows; prefrontals broader than long, loreal square; one preocular little
apparent on upper surface of head, two postoculars ; eight upper labials ; eye
over fourth and fifth ; third sometimes in contact. Grastrostega 184, anal
divided; urostega 81.

Grey, with twenty-two jet black half rings, extending to gastrosteges, the
anterior broader, posterior pointed in front. Below immaculate. A black
band from eye crosses angle of mouth and unites with first nuchal half ring.
Total length 18 in. 2 1.; of tail, 4 in. 4 1., which is as broad as from end of
muzzle to its border.

Tropidodipsas brevifacies, £p. nov.

This species approximates nearly the form of Leptognathus in its prege-
neials broad as long, and postgeneials broader than long, and in the 'lack of
complete preocular. It differs from the two known species of its genus in
having smooth scales. An upper preocular, on one side exceedingly minute,
neither attaining the frontals ; a loreal extensively margining orbit, on one
side divided by a horizontal suture. Postoculars three, inferior in contact
with fifth and sixth labials, superior with occipital only. Superior labials
nine, three posterior longer than high ; inferior eleven, fifth and sixtli minute
and bordered by two hexagonal shields within ; (one side mutilated.) Inter-
nasals and prefrontals broader than long, frontal broad as long, lateral longer
than posterior suture ; temporals 2 — 3 — 4. Gastrostega 171, five single gulars,
one entire anal, urostega 86 pairs. Tail 3| times in total length.

Glossy black, with ten on the body and seven on the tail yellow annuli,
which occupy four scales and five gastrostega. A broad yellow collar reaching
to the occipitals and involving two posterior labials, and four gular shields.

The teeth in this species are short and weak, and the maxillary bones
slender and not alate. Coll. No. 753. One specimen.

Elaps ornatissimus Jan, Elenco.

Smilisca baudinii m. Hylavanvleitii Bd. Hyla baudinii Dum., Bibr. viii.
Apparently abundant.

Triprion petasatus Cope. Pharynyodon petasatus m. Proc. Acad. 1865,
193. Generic name preoccupied in Helminthes.

Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, Peters. B. nebulifer Girard.

Bufo m a r i n u 8. B. agua Daudin.

Rana h a 1 e c i n a Bosc. One sp. , No. 712.

1866.1

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

II. A collection of Reptiles, from Belize from Dr. Parsons, contained

Oinosternum leucostomum, Ptychemys o r n a t a, Dermatemys mavei

and Chelopus areolatus.
Of Ophidians, Leptodira a n n u 1 a t a.
Coniophanes bipunctatus Cope, Proc. 1860,248. Coronella bipunctata

Giintlier, Catal., 36.
The other species of this genus known are —
C. fissidens Hallowell, Giintlier, Catalogue B. M. (Coronella.)
C. proterops Cope, Pr. A. N. Sci. 1860, 249.
C. p u n c t i g u 1 a r i s m. 1. c. 1860, 248.
C. dromiciformis m. Tachymenis dromiciformis Peters.* Monatsber.

Berlin, 1863, p. 273.
C. 1 a t e r i t i u s ni. 1. c. 1861, 524.
C. imperial is m. 1. c. 1861, p. 74. Tmniophis imperialism., Gird., U.S.

Mex. Bound. Surv. Rept., 23, Tab. 19, fig, 1.

Coluber t r i a s p i s sp. nov.

Form compressed, as in C. 1 aetu s ; scales all small, smooth, faintly cari-
nate on the caudal region, in thirty-three longitudinal rows ; head elongate,
with three or two loreals, one preocular and two or three postoculars. Maxil-
lary teeth weak, slightly longer in front. Vertex and front plane, muzzle
narrow, rounded, rostral not prominent. Nasals elongate, internasals a little
broader tlian long, prefrontals long as broad. Preocular not quite reaching
frontal ; latter longer than broad, front and sides straight, forming rectangles,
posterior angle very open. Temporals three, long, oblique upwards and back-
wards from the sixth upper labial, separated from occipital by two small scales.
Nine superior labials, all longer than high, fourth and fifth under orbit. Pre-
geneials long, postgeneials rudimental. Tail a little less than one-fifth total
length. Gastrostega 266 ; anal divided; urostega 118.

Yellowish gray, with fifty jet black, white margined dorsal spots, which
occupy thirteen scales transversely and three and four longitudinally. They
are narrower and more approximated posteriorly, and are accompanied by a
series of similar quadrate lateral spots alternating with them: light brown
irregular spots on the ends of the gastrostega. Below immaculate. A narrow
and broad black crossband on the muzzle, latter from orbits ; one on each
side from the superciliary shield to the nape, and a median band from middle
of frontal to beyond occipitals, enclosing a pale occipital spot.

This species is said to be common in the Belize, " where it is called Clap and
riawyer." It grows to eight or nine feet in length, and is very active in its
movements.

This is an anomalous species of the genus ; its elongate form, loreals, and
general physiognomy approximate it to the Dipsadine genus Trimorphodon,
of the same region.

Masticophis margaritiferus. Drymobius m.

Elaps ornatissimus Jan, Eleuco.

Klaps diastema Dum., Bibr.

Bufo sternosignatus Giintlier. Catal.

The same correspondent sends from the neighboring region of Honduras —
Niuia collaris ra. Streptopliorus sebce collaris Jan, and
Rhegnopst v i s o n i n u s gen. et sp. nov.

* Professor Peters finds Coniophanes Ilallnwell probably identical with Tachymenis Wiegmann.
The distinction-* are well mat keel,— in the former one preocular and no scale pores, in the latter
two preoculars ami one scale pore. The former genus has been since called (Haphrophis by .Ian,
and the Tachymenis hypoconia m. 1. c. 1863 219, is Mesotes obtrmus Jan, Coronellinse, 1863.

+ Pttyw/jt from the severance of the nasals.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129

The genus is near to Carphophis inmost respects, including the divided anal
shield, but differs in its two distinct nasals, of which the anterior is pierced
for the nostril. There are two postoculars, and fifteen series of scales. Teeth
equal. Form rather slender. The postgeneials are quite small, and con-
verted into scales similar to those at the extremities of the gular gastrosteges :
they nevertheless occupy the true position of geneials. The pregeneials are
very large, and so wide as to reduce the two sm ill inferior labials bordering
them anteriorly, to a longitudinal linear form ; they crowd the first pair into
a transverse linear series : the symphyseal is very small and transverse.
Seven inferior labials, fourth and fifth much largest. Superior labials seven,
of which the last and fifth are large, the lattter not quite reaching superior
postocular, the sixth lower : temporals 1 — 1. Occipitals elongate, frontal
broader than long, prefrontals several times as long as internasals, largely
margining orbits. Rostral not projecting ; nasals two, nostril in anterior,
which nearly reaches labial bonier ; loreal long, bounded by second, and
chiefly third superior labial. Pupil round. Gastrosteges 135, anal divided,
urosteges 36. Length of head and body, 10 in. ; of tail, 2 in. 2 1.

Color above glossy dark brown, the centres of the scales paler, of the outer
row especially, reducing the dark to mere margins. A darker brown line
from nape to tail on the filth series on each side. A darker shade on hinder
part of occipitals and end of muzzle. Straw colored below, extending on su-
perior labials round margin of rostral : tail brown below, except middles of
proximal ^cutella.

In this species the pupil is round.

Siphonops sy ntremus sp. nov.

This species differs from the four hitherto known, in the close approxima-
tion of the narial and tentacular openings : the latter lie a little behind the-
former, and are slightly larger. The minute eves are just visible ; the inter-
nal nares are some distance behind the palatine arch. Muzzle projecting, ob-
tuse in profile; from above narrowed, rounded. Teeth large, five on each
ramus mandibuli. A gular, and strong postgular fold ; 130 annular pli.se,
which are complete, except slight ventral interruption anteriorly ; the poste-
rior third of the length with intermediate annuli, which are first lateral only,
then complete above, entirely complete on the terminal inch : the whole num-
ber will then be about 170 annuli.

Form of body rather slender; tail depressed at end. short, acuminate.

Color dark plumbeous, annuli yellow lined ; head yellowish brown.

This species resembles the ('oevilia ochrocephala, but is primarily dis-
tinguished by the position of the foramen, and of the inner nares, also by the
color and character of annuli.

The species of the genus now are, S. i n d i s t i n c t u s, R. & L. , S. a n n u-
latus Mikan, S. brasiliensis Liitk., S. mexicanus Dum., Bibr.,
and S. syntremus m.

III. Notes on Neotropical Batrachians.

Ranula chrysoprasina sp. nov.

In examining a collection sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Arriba,
CustaRica, from Chas. N. Itiotte, I was much surprised to notice what was appa-
rently a Hylorana near H. erytbraa. Doubting the correctness of the
locality, I laid it away. Having since seen other and allied species from
Tropical America, I recognize the existence of a genus representing Hylorana,
but differing in the important particular of the incompleteness of the ethmoid
arch, its superior plate being represented byoartilage. In the present species
the terminal phalanges are slender, and furnished with a transverse limb,
though the dilatations are small ; the latter are distinct in the Rana coeru-
leopunotata Steindachner ; in an undescribed species from Vera Paz the
the transverse limb is very small, but present.

1866.] 9

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

The generic characters will then he —

Ethmoid arch superiorly cartilaginous ; prefrontals narrow, longitudinal
widely, separated. Distal phalanges slender, with transverse limb ; no meta-
tarsal shovel ; tongue bifurcate.

Ranula af f i n i s. Rana affinis and Ranula gcelmerii (young) Peters, Mon-
atsber, Berlin. Venezuela.
Though I employ the name given to this species for the genus, I am not
positive as to the condition of the distal phalanges.

Ranula sp. nov. 0. Salvin ; Vera Paz, Venezuela.

Ranula coe rule o pun ct ata. Rana do. Steind., Verhandl. Bot. Zool.
Gesselsch. Wien, 1864, 264. ? South America.

Ranula chrysoprasina.

The species is allied to the last, but has a relatively shorter muzzle and
limbs. Nostril nearer end of muzzle than orbit (equidistant in coeruleo-
punctata); muzzle 1 1-5 th orbit (1 2-5th Steind.) Under jaw anteriorly
abruptly truncate. Canthus rostralis straight, strong, muzzle acuminate from
its extremity, projecting ; loreal region vertical. Tympanum elliptic two-
thirds orbit. Vomerine teeth weak, in convergent fasciculi behind opposite
nares. Skin shagreened above, a glandular fold on each side. The longest
linger cannot be extended to vent ; heel to middle loreal region. Toes fully
not widely palmate, three distal phalanges of fourth free ; one minute meta-
tarsal tubercle.

Color brilliant leek green, the groin and belly approaching golden ; a golden
band from lip to shoulder, and faint one on each side back. Limbs above,
and tarsus and forearm below, black, the femur with a few golden spots on
Mack ground behind. Head dark above, from eye to shoulder black ; below
pale yellowish green immaculate, except some dark shades on sternal regions.

Length of head and body 1 in. 9 1.; of fore limb 1 in. ; of hind limb 2 in.
7 "5 1. Costa Rica.

Steindaehner represents much less palmation than exists in our specimen.

It is interesting to observe how that this Raniform type, while preserving
its definitive features in this outlying region of its distribution, and within
the limits of the lower fauna? of South America and Australia, offers the low-
est condition of cranial structure consistent with this type, i. e., the imperfec-
tion of its ethmoid and prefrontal bones.

Golostethus latinasus gen. nov.

By this name I propose to characterize a genus of Ranida?, the type of which
.is the Phyllobates latinasus m., Pro<\ Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863, 48.

The sternum is Raniform without manubrium, and with membranous
xiphisternum, quite as in the Bufoniform genus Dendrobates, from which the
presence of very well developed teeth only separates it. It will form a Group
I. of Fam., Ranidas before that occupying that place in System Batrachia Sa-
lientia, Nat. History Review, 1865, and tending towards Bufoniformia. The
characters are —

Group I. No manubrium, xiphisternum membranous. External meta-
tarsi bound ; distal phalanges with terminal transverse limb.

Character of genus. Digits free with dilatations ; no vomtrine teeth ; pre-
frontals widely separated by the largely produced bony superior ethmoid
plate.

Bufo c o c c i f e r 6p. nov.

Parotoids round semiglobular. Muzzle narrowly rounded, nearly as long as
orbit. Strong bony, canthal, pre-, sub-, and postorbital, supratympanic and
supraorbital ridges ; the last regularly curved and sending parietal branch to-
wards the median line ; the first rapidly converging, leaving only a gutter
between. Tympanum .one-fifth orbit. Everywhere minutely tubercular,

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 131

those of the sides and forearm conic : soles rough, weh short, metatarsal tu-
bercles small, obtusely prominent; tarsal fold scarcely visible. Heel to
axilla. Two obtuse metacarpal warts.

Gray brown ; a yellow vertebral line, with numerous chestnut brown light
bordered spots on each side. Sides with two longitudinal brown bands, one
from parotoid and one from groin. Limbs irregularly light varied above.
Under surfaces immaculate.

Length of head and body 2 in. 6 1. ; breadth at angle of jaws below 1 in.
Length of fore limb 1 in. 5 1. ; length of foot 1 in. 3 1.

Arriba, Costa Rica, C. N. Riotte. Smithsonian, No. 6490.

This handsome species resembles the B. ocellatus Gthr. in coloration.

Phyllobates ridens sp. nov.

The close areolation of the ablomen, throat, and lower face of femora, the
recurved angle of the mouth, the minute (one-eighth orbit) tympanum above
the ordinary position, and truncate tongue, are marked features in this species.
The tongue is broad and extensively free, and each angle behind is thickened.
Choans small, Eustachian ostia minute. Skin smooth, without folds or tu-
bercles, except a few wartlets over orbit. The eyes are large and prominent,
diameter of orbit nearly equal from same to end of muzzle. Latter projecting
beyond jaw, nares behind the tip, each on an angle of cauthus approximated.
Canthus strong, a little concave ; loreal region oblique. Greatest width of
head (behind) equal to length of same, and entering 2§ in total. Heel and
palm to end muzzle. Fingers and toes long, free, dilatations well marked.

Color above grayish brick red, with a gray cross bar between eves, two
across tibia and three across femur. Sides with some gray shades, lip with
five bars of the same, two from the orbit. A black spot on tympanum, and
gray line on canthus. Below, and inner faces of limbs pale brownish.

Habitat. — St. Juan River, Nicaragua, Robt. Kennicott ; Mus. Smithsonian.

Engystoma variolosum sp. nov.

Two strong compressed metatarsal tubercles, a sublongitudinal cuneiform
and subtransverse opposite it : toes slightly webbed. Width between tym-
panic regions nearly double the length from muzzle to nuchal fold. Muzzle
prominent, as long as orbit, nostrils nearly terminal. Mandible with two
symphyseal notches, and median knob. Tongue flat, elongate ; slits of vocal
vesicle large. Heel to front of scapula.

Dark brown above ; under side limbs and belly darker, with numerous
large yellowish spots. Sides anteriorly blackish brown, which has a serrate
margin above. Femora, forearms and tarsi same behind, with coarse yellow
vermiculations : some yellow spots behind the angle of the mouth. Length
of head and body 1 in. 4-5 1. ; of posterior limbs 1 in. 7 1.

This species resembles the East Indian species called Diplopelma by Giin-
ther, on account of the palmate feet: if this is the only ground of distinction,
the genus must be united with Engystoma.

Arriba, Costa Rica ; Chas. N. Riotte. Mus. Smithsonian, No. 6486.

Engystoma ustum.

This animal agrees with the preceding in it s two metatarsal tubercles, but
they are less acute, the exterior being only an acuminate wart. Toes entirely
free. Muzzle more prominent than in the last or E. ca ro li n e n s e, little
longer than orbit ; head larger relatively than in the last mentioned species,
with which it agrees in size. Width of cranium at tympanic region less than
1J times from muzzle to nuchal fold.

Length of head and body 11 lin. ; posterior limb 12 lines.

Deep brown above, yellowish brown below, with numerous approximated
pale spots, which extend slightly on sides. Limbs unicolor.

Habitat. — Guadalaxara, West Mexico. I. I. Major.

The E. carolinense never exhibits more than one metatarsal tubercle.

1866.]

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

A species of Coecilia occurs in Panama, of which a specimen was sent to the
Mns. Academy by Drs. Gallaer and John L. Leconte, viz. :

Coecilia ochrocephala.

Proportions near those of Siphonops m e x i c a n u s ; length fifty-one times
the diameter at middle. Tail obtuse depressed. Head narrowed, muzzle de-
curved, not truncate, projecting acutely (in profile) beyond mouth. Tentacu-
lar foramen a little below, nostril more above the angle of the muzzle ; eyes
riot visible. Posterior nares close behind palatine arch. Annuli, commencing
at head, 200, equidistant, complete above and below. On the terminal inch there
are intermediate plicae, on the dorsal surface only, except on the last three
lines, where they are complete. Total length 12 in. 9 1.

Yellowish plumbeous. The plh a? dark ; throat and head ochre yellow.

Fine examples of the C. c o m p r e s s i c a u d a D. & B., and Siphonops i n *
distinct us Liitk. are in the Mus. Essex Inst. , Salem, Mass., the last from
the Rio Grande, Brazil.

IV. On Reptiles from Orizaba, Vera Cruz.

There remain to be added to the Catalogue of Reptiles sent by Professor
Sumichrast from Orizaba, published in Proc. Academy 1865, 195, —

Spelerpes lineolus m. Proc. Acad. 1865, 197.

Spelerpes orculus ib. maintains its character of stout body and head, and
dark colors, but not the absence of angulation of the lip, as this is strongly
marked : the dorsal region and tail above are dark red, offering a general
resemblance to Plethodon erythronotus. (No. 14.)

Bufo cristatus Wiegmann, Isis, 1863, 660. Peters, Monatsb. Berlin, 1863,
82. Brought also from near Vera Cruz by Dr. Sartorius.

Lithodytes (Craugastor) griseus m. Hijla ijrisea Hallow.

Cystignathus melanonotus Hallow, var.

Coleonyx e 1 e g a n s supra.

Barissia antauges sp. nov.

A species differing from those already known in the entire smoothness of
the scales of the body, while those of the tail are arranged in obtuse and
strong ridges. Nuchal rows eight, those of body | «. A depression along the
vertebral line ; six scales margin the vent. Labials 10, three last superior
nearly equal, separated by four rows of nearly equal temporals from parietals.
Latter broad as long, well separated, with the frontoparietals by the elongate
interparietal. Five supraorbitals, embracing three superciliaries. Prefront-
als longer than broad ; three pairs supranasals. Tail short for the genus.
Limbs also short. Head short and elevated. End muzzle to axilla 1 in. 3 1. ;
latter to vent 2 in. 1 1. ; from latter to end tail 4 in. 1 1.

Above dark brown, with a subdivided iridescence as though greased, and
with many small blackish brown spots, which are more distinct on the tail.
Sides with about seventeen irregular vertical black bars from opposite nape to
groin, each bordered with yellow specks behind. Front of ear and lips black,
yellow varied ; body and tail below, blackish, with very many yellowish-
white specks.

No. 11, Sumichrast's Coll. Stated by Prof. S. to be very rare.

Ficimia o 1 i v a c e a Gray.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133

Description of five New Species of the Genus UNIO.
BY ISAAC LEA.

Unio Siamessis. — Testa laevi, transversa, subcylindracea,ad basim emarginata,
valde inaequilaterali, subeompressa, ad latere planulata, postice truncata, antice
rotundata ; valvulis tenuissimis, diapbinis ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide
luteo-oliva; dentibus carditialibus acicularis, sublongis, obliquis ; lateralibus
loneis, laraellatis suhrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.

Bab.— Siam ; C. M. Wheatley.

Unio asperulus. — Testa plicata, elliptiea, inaequilaterali, postice subbiangu-
lata, antice rotundata; valvulis subtenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus, ad
apices undulatis ; epidermide viridi-oliva, obsolete ndiata ; dentibus cardinali-
bus laraellatis, parum obliquis, in dextro duplicibus ; lateralibus sublongis,
lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita caerulea et valde iridescente.

Hab. — Siam ; Tbomas R. Ingalls, M. D.

Unio pilatds. — Testa laevi, elliptica, valde insequilaterali, postice obtuse
angulata, antice rotundata ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribns ; natibus
subprominentibus, ad apices minute undulatis; epidermide luteo viridi,
micanti, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus; lateralibus sub-
longis, subrectis lamellatisqne ; margarita alba et valde iridesceute.

Hab.— Siam ; Thomas R. Ingalls, M. D.

Unio evitatcs. — Testa laevi, elliptica, valde insequilaterali, postice subbiangu-
lata, antice rotundita; valvulis subtenuibus, antice parum crussioribus ; nati-
bus prominulis, ad apices divaricate undulatis; epidermide olivacea, obsolete
radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, compressis, in utroque valvulo
duplicibus; lateralibus sublongis, subrectis lamellatisque ; margarita alba et
iridescente.

Hab. — Bengal ; W. A. Haines.

Unio Strebelii. — Testa laevi, oblonga, ad latere compressa, inaequilaterali,
postice obtuse angulata ; antice rotundata ; valvulis subcrassis, antice aliquan'o
crassioribns ; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-fusca, radiata ; dentibus
cardinalibus subcrassis, elevatis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus;
lateralibus sublongis, subcrassis, subcurvatus corrugatisque ; margarita vel
purpurea vel salmonea et valde iridescente.

Hab. — Vera Cruz, Mexico ; G. Strebel.

\

Description of two New Species of the Genus LITHASIA.
BY ISAAC LEA.

Lithasia cylindrica. — Testa striata, cylindrace^, flavescente, vittata vel
evitata ; spira subelevata ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus coa-
strictis, ultimo grandi ; apertura subconstricta, rhotuboidea ; labro acuto,
sinuoso; columella alba et valde sinuosa.

Hab. — Coosa river; E. R. Sbowalter, M. D.

Lithasia Wheatleyi.* — Testa laevi, subc.vlindracea, luteo-virente, vittata ;
spira elevata ; suturis irregulariter impressis, anfractibus planulatis, ultimo
subgrandi ; apertura subconstricta, rhomboidea, intus vittata ; labro acuto.
sinuoso; columella alba et Vi.lde iride&cente.

Hab. — Cahaba river, Alabama, E. R Sbowalter, M. D.

* Named after Mr. C. M. Wheatley, to whom I am indebted for the possession of a specimen

1866.]

134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Critical Review of the Family PROCELLARIIDiE :— Part IV ; Embracing the
JESTRELATE-E and the PRIONEiE.

BY DR. ELLIOTT COUES, U. S. A.

In the present paper, the fourth of the series, are together considered the
jEstrelatea and the Frionece, mainly for the purpose of showing how closely
related these sections are through certain of their genera.

For the first of these sections three names are at our disposal ; sc. sEstreJa-
tece, Daptionece and Rhantistece. Of these I prefer to accept the first, both as
having priority, and being taken from the name of the typical and largest
genus of the group ; the second being based upon a subtypical genus with but
a single species, and the third being derived from Bonaparte's erroneous
identification of Kaup's Fulmaiine genus Rhantistes.

The section JEstrelatecB, as here restricted, corresponds very nearly with Ihe
group defined under this name in Bonaparte's Conspectus. There is here,
however, included in it the genus Daption*, by Bonaparte placed among the
Fulmarea ; and it is considered as probably connecting the ^-Estrelatei.e with
the Prions. The genus Thalassoica is excluded as being essentially Fulma-
riue. In generic arrangement I am compelled to differ widely from the dis-
tinguished author just named. After attentive and critical examination of his
genera C»okilaria, Pterodroma and Buhverla, I must confess my inability to
distinguish either of them from ^-Estrelata by a degree of morphological dif-
ference which, by any sublimation of characterization, can be considered of
generic import. " Bulweria " has a rather more elongated and deciledly
cuneiform tail than have the majority of the iEstrelatas ; but differs from
some of them in this respect, no more than they do among themselves.
" Pterodroma" comprises some fuliginous species morphologically identical
with jEstrelata. " Cookilaria " has no characters whatever assigned to it by
its author ; possibly because none are to be found in the species included
under it.

I do not hesitate to follow natural data afforded by specimens, even should
they conflict with the opinions of so justly distinguished an author as that of
the " Conspectus ; " especially since the more closely I scrutin'ze his work
upon the Petrels, the more irresistibly the conviction is forced upon me, that
it is, to speak in the mildest terms, unreliable. It cannot be denied by the
most strenuous of his advocates, that there are to be found in this work in-
stances of unnecesssary if not unwarrantable pseudo-generic subdivisions ; of
some pure figments in the way of species ; of rash collocation of synonymy ;
and of weak and intangible diagnoses. These are to the last degree discoura-
ging, because perplexing, to the student. — crede mihi experto. They would,
however, be less repellant, and bear much more weight, could we feel satisfied
that they represented the matured opinions of the author, based upon well-
digested facts. Such unhappily is not the case ; for the views expressed on
different occasions are found to fluctuate according to the particular theory
which may have been in posse sion of his mind at the time of writing; and
are often diametrically opposed to each other. That I may not seem to wan-
tonly criticise one of the most brilliant lights that has ever shed its radiance
upon Ornithology, to whom alas ! it was not permitted to finish his last great
work, I may be allowed to sustain myself by a simple comparison of the
"Conspectus" with the Table of the Longipennines published in the Comp-
tes Rendus. The fasciculi of the former which treat of the Petrels bear date
of Dec, 1855, and Jan., lS5(i ; the latter is of the seance of April 28, 1856. I
only cite some of the more glaring discrepancies of generic arrangement and
distribution of species ; for concerning synonyma it may be stated that as a
general rule conflicting views are entertained on all debatable points.

" The true relationship of this genus is still with me a matter of some uncertainty.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135

C. A. Genus Majaqueus placed among the Puffinerc ; Pterodroma and Pa-
godroma among the jEstrelateas. — 0. R. These three genera placed among the
Fulmarem.

C. A. Priocella Garnofii, H. and J. (= Thalassoica glacialoides according
to Gray) not recognized. — C. R. Given as a valid genus and species of Ful-
marem.

C. A. Proc. meridionalis Lawr. considered as a synonym of ^Estrelata dia-
bolic i. — C. R. Given as a valid species of genus Fulmarus.

C. A. Genus Adamastor founded and considered as a component of the
Fulmarem, with ti/pus Bp. (—cinerea Gm.) sericeus Less, aud flavirostris Gould,
as its species. — C. R. Genus Adamastor abandoned, and its three species dis-
tributed thus : — tijpus (here called cinerea Gm.) is put under Prioflnus,*
among the Puffins ; flavirostris and sericeus (the latter queried as to validity)
are put under JEstrelata of the " Rhantisteo3.,,

C. A. Genus Cookilaria established with leucoptera Gould, velo.r Soland.,
solandri Gould, and mollis Gould, as its species. — C. R. Cookilaria abandoned.
Rhantistes ex Kaupf taken, with Coolcii Gray, velox Sol. mollis, "unicolor,'"
" raolensis " Gould, and Lessoni Garnot as determined species ; rostrata, par-
virostris Peale, gelida Gm. and sandaliata Sol. as doubtful species.

C. A. Genus JEstrelata contains diabolica L'Herm. (syn. haesitata Temm.
Kuhl,) desnlata Gm. inexpectata Forst. (=mollis Gould) and leucocephala
Forst. (—Lessoni Garnot.) — C. R. The same genus is made to contain diabolica
L'Herm. hcesitata Temm. (here considered distinct from diabolica,) sericea
Less, flavirostris Gould, desolata Lath. ; with gularis and brevipes Peale, and
inexpectata Forst. as doubtful species.

C. A. Genus Nectris Bp. emend, ex Forst. contains brevicauda Brandt, car-
neipes Gould, fuliginosus Strickl. gama Bp. and tenuirostris Temm. — C. R.
Nectris abandoned, and its species thus distributed : brevicaudu? and carneipes
are put with cincrevs Gm. under Prioflnus H. & J. ; fuliginosa Strickl. is
made a queried synonym of Puffinus major Faber ; gama Bp. does not appear:
while tenuirostris is united with sphenurus, etc., under thegen'is Thiellus.

However great the changes and innovations thus introduced, — which are
indeed " une foule des faits nouveaux relatifs a la classification, a la nomen-
clature, a la synonymie. et aux divers rapports des espcces," resulting " de
leur etude appiofondie "J between Dec. 1855 and April 1856, I am unwilling
to believe that the " Table" is drawn up with reference to the size and shape
of the Comptes Rendus page, rather than in accordance with truth.

The numerous difficulties which beset us in the critical investigation cf any
group of the Petrels, reach their maximum in the section now under considera-
tion. This is in a measure due to the habitat of most of the species — the
genera being essentially South Pacific and Antarctic in their distribution — which
renders the acquisition of specimens difficult, at least in such numbers as to
enable extended comparisons to be instituted, and the great changes of plu-
mage which a majority of the species undergo with increasing age, to be fully
and accurately elucidated. Some are to this day known only by type speci-
mens ; while of many others we are no more familiar regarding variable
features of coloration, than to enable us to speak in the most general terms of
the changes undergone during progress towards maturity. But these are
among the minor evils to be contended with ; for Nature herself is perhaps
never so difficult of comprehension, as we often find our attempts to under-
stand her to be. And so the confounding of distinct species under one name
and description ; the making of nominal ones out of changes of plumage and
variations in size ; together with the misinterpretation by writers of the labors

*Tliis is an important correction. '• Prioflnus cinereus" is the proper name of the species called
in the C. A. "Adamastor ti/pus."
t This name of Kaup's is a synonym of Fulmarus Leach.
t Bp. C. K. April 23, 1856, p. 707.

1866.]

136 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF

of their predecessors, have produced a bibliography so embrouilUe as to defy
our most patient efforts to completely unravel the entangled skein, and to
cause us to turn with weariness if not disgust from the hopeless task. The
necessity which exists for the study — I use the word advisedly — of synonyma,
is the opprobrium of ornithology ; and the kind of labor demanded for their
elucidation is far removed from the real pursuit of science itself. At the same
time, while an inevitab'e, it is too often a thankless labor, and one hardly ap-
preciated ; the results of which are usually incommensurate with the time
and trouble expended. Collocation of synonyma is by no means mere clerical
compilation. It is a species of investigation which, to be productive of any
value, demands a sound judgment and powers of discrimination perhaps of
as high a grade as those required for the successful study of genera and spe-
cies. But it does not often bring to its author such rewards as are willingly
granted him who elucidates other classes of facts in Natural History. For as
i's chief duty is to deal with disputed points, it enters an arena where more
conspicuously figure not facts but rather opinions ; concerning which the
right of arbitration is yielded by no man to another, The synonymist must
ordinarily expect acquiescence with his views from those only whose ideas are
not jostled by the opinions he advances.

It is impossible to pursue a critical investigation of the Procellariidce with-
out being impressed by these facts ; which must be my only weapon wherewith
to turn the edge of criticism from my efforts towards the elucidation of the
family. No one can be more painfully aware of the errors of omission and
doubtless also of commission, which must be met within these papers; and
none can be less tenacious of debatable views, or more ready to relinquish
opinions when proof of their fallacy is made apparent. I only ask a thorough
examination before a condemnatory fiat is passed upon any of the views enter-
tained which may be at variance with current opinions.

As a rule I have adopted for species no name to which any doubt as to
identity attaches ; while those still open to discussion I have endeavored to
treat of solely with reference to their intrinsic merits, no extraneous claims to
our consideration being acknowledged. I regret the necessity of frequent
citations of manuscript names and unpublished drawings, which we are by no
means bound to recognize; but which have become so interwoven with the
bibliography of the family, that it is impossible to avoid so doing.

The present paper, like others of mine, is doubtless amenable to the charge
of " discursivene s." This fault, if it be one, is certainly of that class which
"lean to virtue's side ; " and one which at present I feel indisposed to cor-
rect. Words are cheap enough ; and bad they not been so parsimoniously
doled out in the earlier days of ornithology, there would now be less need of
a nrofuse expenditure of them.

The sEstrelatese, as I regard them, are composed of three genera, which may
be briefly diagnosticated as follows : —

A. Tail much graduated, or cuneiform.

I. Bill robust, compressed, the unguis large, and curved
from the nostrils. Extension of feathers on forehead

normal. Hallux small. Nostrils short JEstrelata.

B. Tail slightly rounded.

II. Bill stout, compressed, unguis large, nostrils short.
Forehead low, flat, the feathers encroaching far on the
b 11. Interramal space feathered. Hallux large and

stout Pagodroma.

III. Bill greatly dilated. Nostrils long. Feathers on
forehead normal in extension. Unguis small and weak.
Interramal space partially naked. Hallux ordinary... Daption.

Color also affords us an excellent artificial index to these genera. Thus
. Estrelata is bicolor or fuliginous ; Pagodroma is unicolor, white ; and Daption
is spotted with light and dark colors.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137

The first of these genera, after the fusion with it of those of Bonaparte
already adverted to, is quite an extensive one, comprising more species than
any other of the family. In this paper I enumerate eighteen, which appear
to have just claim to recognition. At the same time some of them, as I iuti-
mate, may not be valid, while I am quite willing to believe that there may
exist good species of which no cognizance is here taken.

KESTREL ATA Coues, [emend. exBp.]
Procellaria sp. Auctorum.

Daption sp. Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. 1825.
Pujfinus sp. Webb and Berthelot, Av. Canar. 1836 — 44.
Ossifraga sp. et Thalassoica sp. Reichenbach, Syst. Av.
yEstrclata, Bonap. C. A. 1855. ii. p. 188. Type Proc. ha>sitata, Temm.
Cookilaria, Bonap. C. A. 1855, ii. p. 190. Type Proc. Cookii, Gray.
Ptcrodroma, Bonap. C. A. 1855, ii. p. 191. Type Proc. macropterf, Smith.
Bulweria, " Bp. 1836." (Gray.) Bp. C. A. 1856, ii. p. 194. Type Puff, col-

umbinus, Webb and Berthelot.
Rhantistes, Bonap. Compt. Rend., April, 1856, xiii. p. 768. Type Proc. Cookii

Gray. (Not of Kaup, 1829, the type of which latter is Proc. glacialis,

Linn.)
Chs. — Bill about as long as the tarsus; very stout; compressed; higher
than broad throughout; lateral outlines nearly straight, converging to the
much compressed unguis. Unguis particularly large, strong, its upper out-
line very convex, its tip greatly decurved ; arising almost immediately from
the end of the nasal tubes, leaving but a very brief and quite concave culmen
proper. Lateral element of the bill very strong ; rising high up at the root of
the nasal case ; somewhat inflated throughout ; and with a strongly convex
inferior border ; which with the great decurvature of the unguis produces an
extremely sinuate commissure'; outline of lower mandible nearly straight ; of
gonys a little concave ; eminentia symphysis well marked. Sulci on both
upper and under mandibles distinct. Nasal tubes of moderate length, eleva-
ted, conspicuous, not carinated, dorsal outline about straight, apex more or
less vertically truncated, orifice subcircular, each naris oval, separated from
its fellow by a thin vertical portion which comes well forward. Interramal
space narrow, fully feathered. Wings comparatively longer than in most
sections, surpassing the tail when folded ; pointed ; but the second primary
nearly as long as the first. Tail long, and much graduated ; sometimes almost
cuneate, usually much rounded ; the rectrices quite broad to their tips. Feet
of moderate size ; tarsus moderately compressed, with the ordinary small
subhexagonal reticulations; about as long as or a little less than the middle
toe without its claw. Outer toe rather surpassing the middle ; with its claw
about equalling the middle and claw. Tip of inner claw reachingbase of middle
one. Hallux short, sessile, conical, acute, elevated. Of moderate and rather
small size ; bicolor, or nearly so ; in youth nearly unicolor.

The genus sEstrelata as thus defined is quite an extensive one, comprising
a larger number of species than any other of the family. In its geographical
distribution, it is essentially southern and antarctic ; only a very few of the
eighteen or more known to compose it being found in north temperate lati-
tudes. The numerous species all agree in certain points which separate them
from others ; the principal of which is the large size and great convexity of
the unguis of the bill : which begins to rise almost immediately from the
nasal case. Other peculiarities will be noted in the above diagnosis ; which
have caused the species to be put in intimate relation to each other when col-
located even by those writers who recognize but one, or at most three or four
genera of Procellariince.

Taking the hxsitata as the type of the genus, we find that most of the
species, — Lessoni, rostrata, etc. agree entirely with it : while some others,
e. g. Cookii, differ in being smaller and more slenderly built, with rather less

1866.]

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

robust bills, somewhat longer and more pointed wings, etc. These latter
characters have been made typical of a distinct genus by Bonaparte. The
gradation, however, in these and all other features is so gradual, through
several intermediate forms, that I do not see how we are to draw the dividing
line. Bonaparte moreover includes in CooMlaria such a species as Solandri,
which is particularly a robust bird.

Throwing out of consideration the fuliginous " Pterodromine " group, we
find that the other species of yE<trelata adhere quite closely to a particular pat-
tern of coloration. When adult they are dark colored above, being of some
shade of brown or black, with more or less of an admixture of cinereous, and
generally have a white forehead. The color of the upper parts extends on the
sides of the breast ; otherwise the under parts are wholly white. When
young, the color of the under parts does not diifer very notably as a general
rule from that of the upper: the white being obscured by a dusky, fuliginous
or cinereous clouding of the tips of all the feathers, the basal portions of which
remain white. In general the younger the bird the more uniform, or more
tending towards fuliginous are its colors: while in adult life light and dark
colors occupy distinct areas, and are quite trenchantly defined.

When we consider, therefore, the great change which the plumage under-
goes in the bird's progress towards maturity, together with the similarity
that exists between corresponding ages, it will not appear surprising that not
only very numerous nominal species should have arisen, but that names of
species should have been frequently misapplied to others than those to which
they rightly belong ; producing a confusion in the synonymy certainly not
surpassed, if indeed equalled, in any other penus in ornithology. A number
of the species were first brought into notice by voyagers ; and when named by
professed naturalists it was at a time when the neces-ity of detailed descrip-
tions was not appreciated, so that the nice points of size and proportion which
really distinguish the species more than colorj were rarely presented. The
consequence is that it is now impossible to identify many of the older names
with any degree of certainty, except perhaps by incidental or collateral testi-
mony ; and to this day a great many identifications remain matters of opinion
rather than of fact.

Nor is the confusion and uncertainty by any means less in the fuliginous
group which goes to compose this genus. Its components, so far as we know,
are in every age unicolor ; and are absolutely indistinguishable except by
form and dimensions. This alone would have been amply sufficient for the
production of synomyms and malideutifications innumerable ; but this inevi-
table result is furthered by another fact. The " genus " Pterodruma is among
the JEstrelatea exactly what Nectris is among the Pajfinetv ; i. e. composed of
species differing in no wise in form from ^Ettrelata or Puffinus, and which are
entirely fuliginous in color. Now the points of form separating the species of
" Pterodroma " from " Nectris " are by no means patent on a casual examina-
tion ; and hence, among the older writers we find many descriptions which
it is impossible to refer with any degree of certainty to one or the other genus,
of which, in short, we can say no more than that a fuliginous petrel formed
the subject of the article. Consequently, some synonyms have ever been oscil-
lating as to weight of authority between these two groups.

I confess to a feeling of surprise, when, on examining critically species
typical of Bonaparte's genus Pterodroma, I could find absolutely no points of
form whereby it might be held separable from ^Estrela'a. I do not think that
the skeleton will be found to present any tangible morphological characters,
critically examined in its minutest details of intermaxillary bone or phalanges ;
nor do the remiges or rectrices in their relative developments offer the
slightest discrepancies. We mu*t have recourse therefore to color alone if we
would separate them ; aud Bonaparte himself gives us no other character

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139

whereby we may recognize his genus. I am therefore constrained to unite
the so-called genus with sEstrelata.*

This fuliginous section, then, of jEstrelata, comprehends some four or five
species, very widely distributed, as regards latitude ; though, so far as we now
know, cliierly occurring in the tropical and temperate portions of the Atlantic.
A new species from Jamaica is being published as I write. f

With the exception perhaps of A. Bulweri, these are only distinguishable by
size and some points of coloration of the feet.

This latter species differs from the type of " Pterodroma " in the somewhat
more elongated and decidedly cuneiform tail, which is hardly contained twice
in the wing from the carpal joint ; and perhaps in having comparatively
slightly smaller feet. The difference iu the tail is no greater than that existing
among unquestioned species of ^Estrelata : and in all other points there is an
absolute identity of form. This species is the type of Bonaparte's genus
Bulweria, and by him it is placed among the Thalassidromines ; upon what
grounds I am at a loss to conjecture.;); The "genus" seems to me to bear
exactly the same relation to Fterodroma that Thiellus, Grloger, (as defined by
Bonaparte to include sphenurus Gould, and chlororhynchus Lesson), does to
Nectris.

The genus Cookilaria, founded by Bonaparte upon the Pr. Coolcii, Gray, has
not evm an apology for characters whereon to base claims to recognition. A
diagnosis is not attempted by its author ; aud a few weeks subsequently the
name is dropped ; § and Rhantistes \\ substituted, although the species collo-
cated under the latter designation are by no means the same as those pre-
viously included in Cookilaria.

The other partial synonyms quoted at the head of this article are merely
instances of the reference to them of some of the species included in the genus
as it is here defined and limited. Of the several names at our disposal,
JEstrelata has, so far as I can ascertain, the priority. The species given in
the following pages include all I have been able to learn of, through specimens
or books, as having just claims to recognition. Very possibly some valid ones
.are omitted ; and perhaps some now retained may hereafter help to swell the
list of synonyms ; that wearisome and vexatious, but inevitable, mass of rub-
bish, repelling inquiry, and retarding progress, under the burden of which
ornithology now labors.

JEsTRELATA HiESITATA (Ktlhl) CoueS.

Procellaria hoesitata, Kuhl. Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool., 1820, p. 142, No. 11. [Excl.

syuon.] — Temminck, Planches Colorees, No. 416. —Lesson, Traite Ornith.

1831, p. 611, [Excl. synon.]— Newton, Zoologist, x. 1852, p. 3691.—

Schlegel. Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 13.
JEstrelata diabolica, Bonaparte, Consp. av. ii. 1S35, p. 189. ex "Procellaria

diabolica, L'Herminier."

* This procedure may stem inconsistent with the course followed in a previous paper of mine
upon the Puffins:. It is there, however, explicitly stated that the difference between Nectris or
Thiellus, and Puffirms, is scarcely aucht than that of color, and that these genera " are hardly
worth retaining, except it be for convenience's sake." (Page 117 : and see also pp. 122, 12S. 142.
143.) Tire recognition of genera founded upon fuliginous color in this family is perhaps peculiarly
to be deprecated ; since some species are known to pass from a fuliginous unicolor to a bicolor
state of plumage with increasing age; and moreover, it is by no means incontrovertibly proven
that some supposed fuliginous species are not merely immature plumages of others. I most
willingly relinquish the position above referred to ; and am now indisposed to degrade, eveu upon
a plea of utility, so harmonious a group as every natural genus forms.

f Pterodroma carribsei Carte, P. Z. S. of which I learn through the kindness of Dr. Sclater, but
of whose characters I have no means of judging.

J The species is also included in the genus Tkalassidroma by 6. R. Gray. Examine in this cou-
nection my remarks p. 89, of the Proc. Phila. Acad, for 1864, where its affinities are i-hown to be
with the /Kstrelatean genus Pterodroma. By a lapsus calami the word " i'ulmarese" there appears
instead of "JEstrelatese."

(J Comptes Kendus. Apr., 1856., xlii. p 7C8.

|i This is merely a misuse of a name of Kaup's founded in 1829 upon the Pr.glaciaKs, Linn., and
therefore a synonym of Fulmarus, Leach, of 1825. (Steph., Shaw's Gen. Zool. 1825, xiii. p. 233.)

1866.]

140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OE

Procellaria meridionalis, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., New York, iv. 1848,
p. 475.— Id. Ibid. v. 1852, p. 220, pi. xv. Id. B. Amer., 1858, p. 827.
[Ex Proc. brevirostris Lawr. olim.]
Fulmarus meridionalis, Bonaparte, Tabl. Gar. Compt. Rend., 1855. Puffinus
& Herminieri, Lesson, fide Bp. " Cat. Mus. Av. Rocheforte, 1843, p. 97o,
sp. 5958."
Procellaria ruhritarsi, Gould, (nomen ined. supprimend.)

Habitat. — Atlantic ocean, coasts of America and Europe. The most boreal
of the bicolor species of the genus, and the only one hitherto detected on our
shores.

Form.* — The bill is about as long as the tarsus ; much shorter than the
skull ; longer than the middle toe ; very stout ; but slightly higher than broad
at the base ; moderately compressed in the rest of its extent. The lateral
lamina is very strong and large, a little inflated, short, very deep at the base.
The unguis is large and strong, and its convexity begins almost from the end
of the nasal case, leaving but a very brief and very concave culmen proper.
The commissure is extremely sinuate, having several different curves. The
unguis of the lower mandible is also strong, its point a little decurved, the
gonys convex, the angle at the symphysis acute but not very prominent. The
sulcus on the sideof the inferior mandibular ramus is distinctly marked. The
nasal case is in length about a fourth of the culmen ; broad, depressed, scarcely
carinate ; the orifice large, subcircular ; apex a little obliquely truncated ; each
naris oval, with a distinct septum which reaches to the end of the case. The
frontal feathers overlap the base of the bill, and descend in a nearly straight
line on the sides ; thence rapidly retreating backwards. The feathers on the
side of the lower mandible extend much further than to a point perpendicu-
larly beneath the furthest extension of those on the upper. The interramal
space is fully feathered.

The folded wings reach a little beyond the end of the tail ; the first primary
is longest ; the second nearly equal ; the rest rapidly graduated.

The tail is very long, being contained scarcely more than twice in the
length of the wing from the carpal joint. It is very cuneate in shape ; the
central feathers sometimes even projecting slightly beyond the rest. The
difference between the median and outer pair of rectrices is fully one and
a half inches.

The tarsi are moderately stout, and very regularly reticulated with small
sub-hexaeonal plates ; largest on its interior aspect. In length it about equals
the middle toe without the claw. The outer toe is a little longer than the
middle ; but the claw of the latter is so much longer than that of the former,
as to make the tips of the two about equal to each other. The tip ot the inner
claw just reaches the base of the middle one. The latter is a little dilated
on its inner aspect. Hallux of the usual shape.

Color. — On the crown of fully adult birds there is a vertical central area or
" calotte " of blackish brown. The more mature the bird, the smaller is this
spot, and the more trenchantly are its edges defined against the white which
surrounds it on all sides. But in young or immature birds, — in fact, in the
majority of all the specimens we examine, —this perspicuous definition of the
dark area is interfered with in this wise : on the front many of the feathers
are brownish black, producing a spotted or variegated appearance ; and the
same dark color, usually somewhat diluted in tint, extends from the crown on
to the occiput, nape, and even adown the back of the neck, until it may
coalesce with the color of the back. On the sides of the crown the dark color
may be generally distributed, merging into the transocular fascia of dark color
which always exists. This latter band of color which passes through the eye
is in adult birds well defined, and quite distinct from the calotte. Iu all ages
and plumages it is somewhat darker in tint than the crown itself.

* The description if taken from a specimen in the Philadelphia Academy; with which is also
compared Mr. Lawrence's type of Procellaria meridionalis.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141

These simple facts regarding the varying extension of the dark colors of
the head and neck, in a species which otherwise is not known to differ
materially in plumage, have given rise to descriptions so worded as to be ap-
parently quite in conflict with each other.

Back a nearly uniform clear bistre brown : but most of the feathers often
have slightly lighter margins of an ashen hue. The shade of brown of the
back deepens on the wings and wing coverts into blackish brown ; which
is especially intense in color on the outer webs of the primaries ; their inner
vanes being fuliginous brown.

The distal half of the tail is like the wings in color : the basal half is white,
except the outer web of the exterior feather, and to a less extent some portions
of the outer webs of the two next ones. A few of the shortest, most anterior
upper tail coverts are colored like the back ; the rest are white. On the sides
of the flanks a few feathers are touched with brown.

The upper tail coverts ; the forehead, lores, sides of head, neck,* under wing
coverts, (except the row just along the edge of the wing), axillars and whole
under parts are white.

Bill black ; iris brown ; tarsus, first joint of toes, and contained portion of
webs flesh-colored ;t rest of webs and toes, with claws and hallux, black.

In the young bird, the colors generally are rather darker, and tending more
strongly towards smoky brown ; but I have never seen a specimen entirely
dark-colored below, though such a state of plumage may be found. The bead
and neck all around, and upper part of the breast, may be concolor with the
back, as described under the young Lessoni.

Dimensions. Bill (chord of culmen) 1*45. Nasal tubes -33, (a little more
or less). Height of bill at base '68 ; width *60 ; depth at greatest convexity
of unguis -60. Wing (average) 12*00 ; tail 5-50 to 5-75. Tarsus 1-45 : outer
toe ami claw 2,12; middle do., the same; inner 1*75. Gradation of tail
about 1-50.

The subject of the present article bears an intimate resemblance to no other
species of Petrel ; and, on this account, it is the more surprising that its
synonymy should have become so involved as it will be evideut is the <ase
from the succeeding remarks on its bibliography ; and, particularly, it has no
sort of resemblance to the Adamastor cinereus, to which its name of hcesitata has
been so often misapplied. Moreover, the species, so far as we know, is not
subject to as great changes of plumage as many others of the genus ; its gene-
ral aspect, as regards color, is not that of the other congeneric species, but
rather of Pvffinus major ; and why, therefore, its synonymy is so involved is
a difficult matter to conjecture.

Bibliography. The first definite reference to this species which I have found
is the Proc. hcesitata of Kuhl, as above cited. The description given by this
author is entirely pertinent, both as to colors and dimensions ; in fact, some
expressions quite exclude any other species. Dr. Kuhl also speaks of his
specimen as being "in musaao Bullockiano, nunc in Temminckiano," so that,
very probably — though I can by no means speak with certainty — his bird was
the very individual which furnished the subject for PI. Col. 416 of Temminck ;
an accurate figure now universally referred to as representing this species.

At the outset we thus have a very definite starting-point iu discussing the
synonyms of this species ; but, most unfortunately, Dr. Kuhl adduces as syn-
onyms of his hcesitata two refen-ncesj to Forster's unpublished drawings, and
cites Forster as authority for the species. Whereas, neither of these draw-
ings refer to the bird now under discussion ; and the first published use of the

* Neck all around (adults): on sides only (young;) white.

f Dull yelluwish in the dried state.

X '• Fo ster, tab. 97 ;" and 'tab. 98, sub nomine rrocellariae leucocephalae." Mr. A. Newton,
(Zoologist, x. p. 3696,) tells us that Mo. 97 is the mollis of Gould, called hmsitata : No. 98, the
Lessoni of Garnot, called leueocephala ; and without opportunity of examining these drawings, I
rely upon Mr. Newton's authority.

18(36.]

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

name hcesita'a by Forster was to indicate a very different bird ;* not an JRstre-
lata at all, but one of the Piijfinew. These unfortunate citations have ever
since been the cause of a sort of double employ of the name by ornitholo-
gists. The synonyms at the head of this article, taken in connection with
those given under Adamastor cinereus, (Pr. A. N. S., 1864, p. 119,) contain
most of the references of consequence which bear on the question.

One must not fail to consult in this connection Mr. A. Newton's very
thorough and lucid exposition of the bibliography, as well as an accurate
description, of this species, given in the "Zoologist,'' as above cited, on the
occasion of the first introduction of the bird into the British Avifauna. Some
very important corrections and verifications are there presented.

The name hcesitata Forst. had been long in existence, in manuscript, for a
species very different from the present; but being first published, (in 1820,
when we first gained the right of recognizing it,) by Dr. Kuhl, for the
species now under consideration, it must necessarily stand in this connection.
I do not see, therefore, why Bonaparte supersedes it by di"bolica of L'Her-
minier. This latter quotation, as well as the reference to a Puffinns VHer-
minieri of Lesson, I present on the authority of Bonaparte, not having the
opportunity of verifying them personally. The name " rubritarsi " of Mr.
<*ould is to be suppressed as unpublished by him, and, moreover, as con-
veying an erroneous impression regarding the color of the feet.

The htesitata of L-sson's Traite, p. 611, is this species; but the author
erroneously cites hcesitata Forst. and leucocephnla Forst. as synonyms.

I have before me the type specimen of Procellaria meridional is, kindly
transmitted to me for examination by Mr. Lawrence. It is an example of
JEstrelata hcesitata. ; as, indeed, Mr. Lawrence himself suspects may be the
case. (B. N. Amer., text of p. 827.) Any differences which may exist in
the specimen in question, from the figure given by Mr. Newton in the Zoolo-
gist, seem rather accidental than real. This same individual had been for-
merly called " brevirostris " by Mr. Lawrence — a name preoccupied by M.
Lesson for a fuliginous species of " Pterodroma." Mr. Lawrence enumerates
with entire accuracy the synonyms of this species under head of Proc. meri-
dionalis, in the Birds of North America, p. 827. The name hcesitata, as em-
ployed by Mr. Lawrence, and also by Mr. Gould, refers to the Adamastor
cinereus, and not to the present species.

I have not met with any names or descriptions published during the
eighteenth century which are definitely reterrible to this species ; and, if
there be any other synonyms than those above commented upon, they have
not been brought sufficiently into notice to r quire recognition in this con-
nection. The chief point is to be able to decide, without hesitation, to what
hozsitata, as used by different authors, really refers. t

.ZEstkelata Lessoni (Garnot) Cassin.

Procellaria Lessoni, Garnot, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1826, vii. p. 54, fig. 4, (mala.)
South Pacific, Cape Horn, lat. 52°, long. 85w. Lesson, Traite Orn.,
1831, p. 611. Gould, B. Aust., pi. 49, (aceuratissima et pulcher-
rima.) Reichenbach, Syst. a v. tab. 24, fig. 2605 ; et tab. 20, fig. 339,
and of authors generally.

/Estrelata Lessoni, Cassin, Cat. Bds. North Pac. U. S. Expl. Exped. in Pr.
A. N. S. Ph., 1862, p. 327. South Indian Ocean.

Rhantistes Lessoni, Bonaparte, Comptes Rend. xlii. 1856, p. 768.

Procellaria leacocrphala, Forster, Ed. Licht. Descr. Anim., 1844, p. 206, sp.

*T> wit, the Adamastor cinereus, ex Proc. cinerca (1m. Lath. Compare carefully, in this con-
nection, my remarks, pp. 119, and 128, of the Philadelphia Academy Proceedings for 1864.

f For convenience of reference: P. hfeaitata ot Kuhl, Temminck, Lesson, Newton, Schlegel,
it >iiaparte, and of Rome other authors, is the ^-Estre'at'i hmsitata of this paper. P. htesitata of
Forster, Guild, Reichenba h, Lawrence, ib tne Adamastor cinereus of Pr. A. N. S. Ph., 1862,
p. 119.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143

177. New Holland to Cape Horn. Gould, Am. et Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii.
1844, p. 363. From Cape of Good Hope to Van Diemen's Land.
sBstrelata leucocephala, Bonap. C. A., 1856, ii. p. 189.
? Procellaria alba, Grnelin, S. N. i. pars ii. 1788, p. 565. Vieill. Nouv. Diet.

1817, xxvii. p. 420.
? Daption album, Shaw, Oen. Zool., 1825, xiii. p. 246.
? Procellaria variegata, Bonnrerte, fide Bp.
Procellaria vagabunda, Solander, Mss. fide Bp.

Habitat. — South Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Form.* Bill much shorter than the skull, but slightly less than the tarsus,
about two-thirds the middle toe and claw ; very robust, as broad as high at
the base, compressed in the rest of its extent. Unguis of upper mandible
very large, strong, deep, convex, much decurved, the tip acute ; the elevation
of the unguis beginning so near the nasal tubes as to leave but a short and
very concave extent of culmen proper. Lateral lamina? large, strong, wide,
inflated, deep at the base ; superior margin nearly straight, running obliquely
downwards and forwards from the frontal feathers to the commissural edge of
the unguis ; its lower margin sharp, a little inflected, very convex in outline.
The commissure is not very sinuate from the angle of the gape to the unguis.
The under mandible has a very distinct and deep lateral sulcus, which is
widened at both ends. The inferior unguis is large and strong, its tip much
decurved and acute, its gonys very concave, its angle at the symphysis pro-
minent but not acute. The outline of the inferior mandibular rami is a little
concave ; the interramal space is feathered nearly to the symphysis. The
nasal tubes are short, broad, somewhat depressed, their outline nearly
straight and ascending a little from base to apex ; the latter obliquely trun-
cated and emar^inated. The frontal feathers overlap the culmen, nearly in a
straight line or with a slightly convex outline ; thence immediately retreating
gradually backwards as they descend the sides of the bill. Those on the
lower mandible do not extend further than a point perpendicularly below
those on the culmen.

The wing is of the ordinary length and shape. The tail is comparatively a
little shorter and less graduated than in hasitata, and is contained a little
more than twice in the wing from the carpal joint.

The tibia? are feathered to within half an inch of the joint. The tarsi are
short, about three-fifths the middle toe and claw, moderately stout, but little
compres-ed, with the usual small subhexagonal reticulations. The tip of the
inner claw just reaches the base of the middle one. Uuter toe longer than
the middle ; but the tip of its claw does not quite reach to the tip of the
middle one. Claws all long slender, little curved, acute, compressed, the
middle one somewhat dilated on its inner edge. Hallux short, slender,
straight, acute, conical, sessile.

Color. Bill pure intense black. Tarsi, and basal half or more of the toes
and webs flesh -colored ; yellowish when dried. Rest of toes and webs, in-
cluding the whole aspect of the outer toe, blackish.

The head all around and the whole under parts are pure white. But a well-
defined bar of slaty or cinereous black passes through the eye. The upper
tail coverts and superior surface of the tail are clouded with light grayish
rinereous. On the nape the white of the head begins to be shaded with
pearly gray which deepens as it descends adown the back of the neck on the
interscapulars and dorsal parts generally into grayish slate ; which a^ain
lightens on the rump. This color varies much as to intensity or dilution ;
but is never as dark as the wings. Both surfaces of the wings are deep slaty
black: the greater coverts inclining to dark slaty gray: the under surface
rather duller in color than the upper ; the prevailing color changing gradually

* These descriptions of old and young are from specimens in the Philadelphia Academy and
Smithsonian Institution.

1866.]

144

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

into dull brownish gray on the edges of the inner webs of the primaries.
Some of the under wing coverts are edged and tipped with grayish white. A
few of the Ion? axillars are chiefly white with their terminal portions slaty.

The preceding description is taken from a specimen from the South Indian
Ocean, mentioned by Mr. Cassin in the Proceedings, as above cited. The fol-
lowing is from one of the specimens taken by Mr. Peale, one of the natural-
ists of the United States Exploring Expedition under Ci>m. Wilkes. The
specimen in question is labelled in Mr. Cassin's hand-writing "P. Lesso?}ii
Garnot:" and while absolutely identical in form with the species as usually
known and recognized presents the following exceedingly different colors : —

Young. No. 15709, Smiths. Register. Terra del Fuego, T. R. Peale.
Entire upper parts dusky fuliginous brown ; the dorsal feathers usually
with somewhat light margins ; the color deepening on the wings and tail into
brownish black. Some of the secondaries, tertials and upper coverts have a
slight cinereous tinge. On the head and nape the brown is lighter than else-
where ; and a somewhat diluted shade of this color extends adown the throat,
thus completely enveloping the head : and occupies likewise the upper half
of the breast, quite across, as well as all the sides under the win us. On the
crissum, and especially on all the under tail coverts except immediately
around the anus, the color again deepens into brownish black. The rest ot
the under parts are white. The circumocular region is darker than the
adjacent parts.

The foregoing is the most immature plumage known to me, and it will be
noticed that not only the colors themselves, but the pattern of coloration is
radically distinct from those of the adults. In some specimens is recogniz-
able a faint shade of a darker color on the tips of the feathers of the other-
wise white under parts ; whence I infer that in very young birds the whole
under parts may be brownish or grayish.

Dimensions. Chord of culmen 1-50; width or height at base *60 ; nasal
tubes -25 ; from feathers on side of lower mandible to its tip 115 ; along
rictus 2-0~>. Tarsus 1'65 ; middle toe and claw 2-50 ; outer do. 2'40 ; inner
do. 2-10. Wing 11-50 to 12 00. Tail 5"00 to 5'50. Graduation of lateral
feathers rather more than an inch.

Synonyma. Amoug the older authors, I only find one name — alba, of
Gmeliu and Latham — which seems at all referrible to this sp"cies. P. alba is
evidently an yEslrelata, of about the size of Lesioni, and the colors as
described apply tolerably well to a somewhat immature example of this spe-
cies. But there is nothing in the diagnoses of either of these authors which
absolutely restricts the name to the P. Lessoni ; and, therefore, in the uncer-
tainty, I would by no means supersede M. Garuot's appellation Lessoni, the
description of which is quite pertinent. I believe Mr. Cassin, in the Proceed-
ings of the Philadelphia Academy, as above, was the first to refer the bird to
its proper genus.

The Procellaria leucocephala of Forster is certainly this species. His
description is in every respect pertinent to the adult bird. Although the
name had been used, in manuscript, as applied to Drawing No. 98, for many
years, it was not published until 1844, and, consequently is antedated by
Lessoni of Garnot, (ls26). Forster's editor, Dr. Lichtenstein, says, probably
correctly, that leucocephala Forst. is the alba Gin. ; but certainly incorrectly
that "vix nisi setate differre videtur a Proc. hcesitata Forst. ;" whereas hcesi-
tata Forst. is not even congeneric with leuc cephala.

I am unable to discuss the synonyms variegata, Bonnserte, and vagahunda
Solander, which I quote on the authority of Bonaparte.

iEsTRELATA eostrata (Peale) Gray.

Procellaria rostrata, Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, p. 296. Cassin,

Ornith. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1858, p. 412.
Rhantistes rostrata, Bpt Counpt. Rend. 1856, xlii. p. 768.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145

Procellaria (sEstrelata) rostrata, G. R. Gray, Cat. Bds. Pacif. Isl. 1859, p. 56.

Habitat.— Tahiti. (Peale.)

The following detailed description of this little known and hardly recognized
species is taken from Mr. Peale's type specimen, now before me.

Form. — The bill is much shorter than the head or tarsus, about two-thirds
the middle toe without its claw ; exceedingly robust, especially at the base
where it is as high as broad, and where its height is nearly equal to half the
length of the culmeu. The lateral lamina? of the upper mandible are very
wide and large ; especially basally, where their upper margins rise so high as
to be nearly on a level with the dorsum of the nasal case, the tubes being
thus almost buried between the lamiuse. In consequence of this shape of the
lateral laminae the sulcus is extremely sinuate, extending from the top of the
root of the nasal case to the commissural edge of the unguis, near its middle.
The inferior edge of the laminae, forming in great part the cutting edge of the
upper mandible, is decidedly convex in outline. The unguis is large and
strong, and its elevation, which begins almost directly from the termination
of the nasal case, as well as its convexity and decurvation, are very great.
The under mandible is straight, its sulcus strongly pronounced, its tip de-
curved and acute, its unguis large, its gonys quite concave, though there is
but a slight protuberance at the symphysis.

The nasal tube is short, wide, depres ed, turgid, not carinated, convex in-
outline both antero-posteriorly and transversely ; its apex obliquely truncated,
broad, depressed, not emarginated, the nares circular, separated from each
other by a rather thick septum which comes forward to the very end of the
nasal case. The frontal feathers encroach far upon the dorsum of the tubes,
with a rounded termination, and then slope gradually backwards and down-
wards.* The feathers on the sides of the lower mandible do not extend to a
point perpendicularly below the apex of the frontal feathers.

The wings are long, the first primary considerably surpassing the second ;
and when folded they reach considerably beyond the end of the tail. The
latter is of moderate length, contained rather more than twice in the length
of the wing from the carpus ; and it is much graduated in shape.

The feet are comparatively large for the size of the bird, absolutely about
equalling those of Lessoni, which is a larger bird. The relative proportions
of the tarsus and toes are much the same as in other species. The hallux is
rather long, slender and acute.

Dimensions. — Length about 14 inches, "extent 39-50," (Peale.) Wing 11 ;
tail 4-75 ; bill along chord of culmen l-37 ; heighth or width at base '66 ; nasal
tubes "25 ; from feathers on side of lower mandible to its tip 1-20. Tarsus
1*75 ; middle toe and claw 2-25, outer do. 2-12 ; inner do. 1*80; hallux '25.
From apex of longest secondary to tip of longest primary in the closed wing
3-25.

Color. — Entire upper parts pure deep blackish brown, including the under
surfaces of the wings and tail feathers ; everywhere of a nearly uniform tint ;
but a little darkest on the outer webs and tips of the primaries, and somewhat
lighter on their inner webs, especially towards their bases. This color of the
upper parts extends around the sides of the head, neck and breast ; but be-
comes on the chin, throat and breast a little paler; and includes the sides
under the wings, and crissum. Kest of under parts, including the under tail
coverts, pure white ; the latter however have a few isolated brownish streaks.
The line of demarcation between the dark and light colors on the breast is not
very trenchant. The bill is black. The tarsi are pale yellow ; probably flesh
colored in life. A small space on the lower part of their external aspect, and
the whole toes and webs (except a small yellow spot on the inner web near
its base) are black.

This color of the upper parts is a pure very dark brown, with no mixture

*Xnis outline of the feathers on the bill shows an approach to that seen in Pagodroma, and is
quite different fiom anything that obtains in the other species of the genus *Eslrelala.

1866.] 10

146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

vrhatever of ashen, gray or plumbeous. The distribution of colors is almost
exactly that of the species of Cataractes.

1 do not think that the plumage above given is that of the adult ; it so
closely resembles that of the immature j*E. Lessoni, which is its nearest ally.
It is the only one, however, of which we have at present any knowledge.

I think it most probable that this is a valid species. There is none to which
it bears any very intimate resemblance, except Al. incerta and ^E. Lessoni.
The relationships of the former will be noticed elsewhere. Compared with a
young yE. Lessoni, in which the size and pattern of coloration are not widely
diverse, I find them to differ as follows : The upper parts of rostrata are of a
deeper, purer brown. The under tail coverts are almost wholly white; those
of Lessoni wholly dark colored except immediately about the anus. Rostrata
is a smaller bird, the wing being an inch, the tail rather more than an inch
shorter ; but the feet are absolutely of the same size, and therefore compara-
tively larger. The bills of the two birds are nearly of the same length ; but
the radical difference in the character of the nasal tubes, the degree of tur-
gidity of the base, and the outline of the feathers, as will be evident on coin-
paring the descriptions given, at once distinguish them.

It is quite possible that some of the indications of older authors may have
reference to this species ; but in the utter impossibility of establishing any
such with certainty I think it best to assign no synonym whatever.

iEsTRELATA pakvikostris (Peale) Coues.

Procellaria parvirostris, Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, p. 298 Cassin,
Ornith. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1858, p. 411. G. R. Gray, Cat. Birds Pacif.
Isl. 1859, p. 56.
Rhantistes parvirostris, Bp. C. R. 1856, lxii. p. 768.

Habitat. — Honden Island.

As in the case of ^E. rostrata I describe this supposed species from Mr.
Peale's type specimen.

Form. — Bill much shorter than the head, but very little less than the tarsus,
about two-thirds the middle toe ; slender, compressed, considerably higher
than broad at the base ; its lateral outline about straight. Nasal tubes much
as in mollis.* A considerable concavity of culmen between the nares and the
. elevation of the unguis ; which latter does not rise very high, but is neverthe-
less very convex ; much decurved, attenuated and hooked. Sulcus on side of
the upper mandible curved, its convexity looking downwards, and greatest
near the base of the bill, where the lateral laminae rise high up to embrace
the roots of the nasal case. Commissural edge of upper mandible strongly
>inuated. Lower mandible almost exactly as in mollis ; perhaps a trifle slen-
derer. Outline of feathers on base of bill just as in mollis.

The wings are exceedingly long, when folded much surpassing the tail.
- First and second primaries about equal and longest. Tail of moderate length,
contained about '2>\ times in the wing. It is greatly graduated, the difference
between the external and median rectrices being 1*25 inches.

The tibia? are denuded for nearly half an inch. The plates on both sides of
the tarsus are small, irregular and very numerous. The tarsus is a little
more than three-fourths as long as the middle toe and claw. The usual pro-
portionate lengths of the toes prevail. The claws are all small, weak and
little curved. The hallux is minute, straight, not very acute.

Dimensions. — "Fourteen inches long, by 36 in extent," (Peale.) Wing 11 ;
tail 4*50 ; tarsus 1*25 ; bill 1*08 ; outer toe and claw 1-66. From tip of longest
secondaries to end of primaries 4-25. Gradation of tail 1'25.

Colors. — Entire upper parts, including both surfaces of the wings and tail,
deep fuliginous brown, (with no trace of ashy or plumbeous) becoming almost
black on the outer webs of the primaries, and inclining to grayish fuliginous

* The tubi'H of tie single specimen have been so injured by pressure or otherwise that they
cannot now be accurately described.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147

on their inner webs and towards their bases. The head, neck and breast all
round are like the back, but not quite so intense in color ; and the dark tint
only occupies the extreme tips of the feathers ; while its continuity is also in-
terrupted by some whitish spots that show at intervals. There is no distinct
line of demarcation between the dark color of the breast, and the pure white
which occupies every other portion of the under parts of the bird, with the
exception of a few dark brown isolated feathers along the sides under the
wings and the crissum, and some streaks on the outer margins of the external
under tail coverts. The bill is black ; the tarsi, first digital phalanges, and
included portions of iuterdigital membranes, are dull yellowish, but were
probably flesh colored in life. The rest of the webs and toes are black.

JEsTRELATA INCEKTA (Schl.) CoiieS.

Procellaria incerta, Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1S63, p. 9.

" Wing 11 inches 5 lines ; point of the wing 3 inches 9 lines. Tail : middle
feathers 4 inches 10 lines ; external feathers 3 inches and 3 to 5 lines. Bill :
length 16 lines to 17 lines and a half; height 5 lines to 5 lines and a half.
Width 6 lines to 6 lines and a half. Length of nasal tube 3 lines and a half.
Tarsus 18 lines and a half. Middle toe 1 inch and 10 to 11 lines. Feet yel-
lowish, becoming black upon the two last or the last joints of the toes, with
the contained membrane. Head, neck and back brownish gray, clearer and
inclining to whitish on the throat or whole under part of the neck. Back,
wings and tail blackish brown. Below from the breast, white, mixed with
brown on the flanks and becoming brown on the under tail coverts."

Habitat. — "Southern Oceans, New Zealand, Australia, New Caledonia."
[Schlegel.]

The above is a copy of Dr. Schlegel's description of this s apposed species, of
which the author further says: " I have not been able to refer this species
to any one hitherto described. It appears allied to the Proc rostrata, Peale,
* * but has the under tail coverts dark colored instead of white, and its
colors generally are less brownish." It is to be deplored, that in introducing
a species into so difficult a family as the present one, a more detailed descrip-
tion was not given.

As well as I can judge by the description, the species is about the size of I'.
rostrata, but distinguished from the latter by the different color of the under
tail coverts, and a less decidedly brown tinge of the upper parts generally.
It is probable also that if the bill possessed the turgidity which characterizes
that of rostrata, together with the peculiar outline of the frontal feathers,
these points would not have escaped the attention of Dr. Schlegel. The bird
may pretty safely, then, be separated from rostrata.

I think that it is to the immature plumage of yEstrelata Lessoni that the
species is to be referred, if it be really not valid. There were no recognized
specimens of this latter species in the Museum of the Pays-Bas when incerta
was founded. It comes in all respects exceedingly near the plumage I des-
cribe above as that of the young Lessoni ; so much so that I fail to detect ma-
terial discrepancies. Still I should not like to reduce any species founded by
a competent naturalist, except by autopsy ; and therefore leave it as described
by its author; only desiring to call attention to the necessity of careful com-
parison with the plumage of the young Lessoni.

iEsTRELATA NEGLECTA (Schl.) CoUeS.

Procellaria neglecta, Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 10.

" Colors of the plumage and of the feet as in P. incerta. But much smaller
in size and with the shafts of the quill feathers whitish. Wing 10 inches and
d to 11 lines ; point of the wing 4 inches and 1 to 10 lines. Tail 3 inches and
8 to 11 lines. Bill : length 13 lines and a half; height 4 to 5 lines ; width 5
lines and a half to 6 lines and a half. Length of nasal tubes a little over 2
lines. Tarsus 17 lines to 17 and a half. Middle toe 19 lines to 19 and a half."

186'.]

148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Habitat. — " Pacific Ocean. Kermadec Islands. Sunday Island." [Schlegel.]

I can offer no opinion concerning this supposed species, except to state that

it may possibly be, as Dr. Schlegel himself seems inclined to suspect, the

^Estrelata parvirostris. But this latter species itself is so very near mollis

Gould, that it may hereafter prove to be only a state of plumage of the latter.

iE.STRELATA SoLANDEI (Gould) CoilOS.

Procellaria Solandri, Gould, P. Z. S., March 26, 1844, p. 57. Gould, Ann. and
Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, p. 363. Gould, Introd. Birds Aust. 1848. p. 116.
Cookilaria Solandri, Bonaparte, C. A. 1855, ii. p. 190.
Procellaria melanopus, Natterer, fide Gould. (Not of Gmelin.)

"Head, back of the neck, shoulders, primaries and tail dark brown ; back,
wing coverts and upper tail coverts slate -gray, each feather margined with
dark brown ; face and all the under surface brown, washed with gray on the
abdomen ; bill, tarsi, and membranes black.

"Total length 16 inches; bill 1^; wing 12; tail 5| ; tarsi £; middle
toe and nail 2|."

The preceding is a copy of Mr. Gould's description of this species. This
author further says of it. "This is a remarkably robust and compact bird.

1 shot a single individual in Bass' Straits, on the 13th of March 1839. M.
Natterer thought that it might possibly be identical with the bird figured in
Banks' drawings, and to which Dr. Solander has affixed the term melanopus,
an opinion in which I cannot concur. I have accordingly named it in honor
of that celebrated botanist. The specimen above described may possibly
prove to be not fully adult, as the dark coloring of the under surface only
occupies the extreme tips of the feathers — the basal portions of which are
snow-white."

I have not enjoyed an opportunity of examining a specimen of this species,
and none, so far as I am aware, are contained in any American collection. It
appears to be exceed;ngly distinct from any other species of sEttrelata, if not
in colors at least in proportions of bill and feet, as compared with the abso-
lute size of the bird. The dimensions of these parts as given by Mr. Gould, —
particularly the shortness of the tarsi, as compared with the lengths of the
toes, are quite different from that of any other species of the genus ; so much
so that the bird may not be a true sEstrelata ; upon which point however I
cannot now give a definite opinion. The type of the species is doubtless, as
Mr. Gould surm'ses, not fully adult ; and when mature the dark coloring of
the under parts will in all probability disappear, leaving the whole inferior
regions of the body white. The unicolor pattern of the feet is diverse from
the ordinary style which prevails in nearly all the species of the genus.

By Bonaparte the species is referred to his "genus " Cookilaria, though
for what reason is not obvious, since Mr. Gould particularly notes that his
species is a " remarkably robust and compact bird," while the type of
"Cookilaria" is the leucoptcra Gould; almost the very smallest and most
gracefully formed species of JEilrelata. Dr. Schlegel's identification of So-
landri with grisea of Kuhl is elsewhere commented upon.

iEsTRELATA GEISEA (Kuhl) CoueS.

Procellaria grisea, Kuhl, Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool. 1820, p. 144, No. 15, fig. 9.
But not of Latham.* Schlegel. Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas. 1S63, p.
12 ; (excluding synonymy )

*Lath. Syn. 1785. iii. part ii. p. 399, No. 4. " Size of a jack-daw; length 14 or 15 inches. Bil1

2 inches long, and brown; the whole plumage black or sooty ; the under wing coverts white, with
black shafts; the wings rather exceed the t;iil in length ; the forepart of the legs greenish blue.
The specimen in the Leverian Museum has the chin and throat of a whitish color, inhabits the
80uthe n hemisphere from35° to £0°. Seems much allied to the Bin k Petrel," (sequinoctialis )

This is a species of Latham's which has not so far as I am aware been identithd by later
writers; and 1 find it quite impossible, from the above mengre indication, to come to any definite
conclusion regarding it. it is. however, in all probability some species of iV. rt.ris, of the l'ttffinetu :
fo that we need not therefore be prevented trom using Kuhl's came of grisea for a bird of the
g.-nus sEslrelala.

[May,.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149

Procellaria lugens, Forster, icon. 21, according to Kuhl. Banks, tab. 21 and

22, " ubi rostri forma optime est delineata " according to Kuhl.
" jEstrelata inexpectata, Forster," of Bonaparte's Conspectus, ii. p. 189. But
not the true inexpectata of Forster which is doubtless mollis, Gould.
" Bill much compressed. Plumage uniform gray, darkest above, and be-
coming blackish on the wings. Generally similar to mollis of Gould, but with
a more compressed bill, different colors and proportions of some parts, and
the feet, including the webs, brownish in the dried state. Wing 9 l-12th
inches; central tail feathers 3 ll-12ths, external ones 2 ll-12ths. Bill 11 J
lines long : 4 high, 4J wide. Length of nasal tube rather more than 2 lines.
Tarsus 16£ lines. Middle toe 19 linos."

The preceding description is compiled from the diagnosis of a species given
by Dr. Schlegel (as above cited) from the Australian seas. That writer iden-
tifies it with the grisea of Kuhl, and gives Solandri of Gould as a synonym.
I am unacquainted, autoptically, with any species differing from mollis Gould,
by the characters as sjiven by Dr. Schlegel. That gentleman, however, has a
specimen indicating such a species, and upon the competent authority of the
accomplished Director of the Pays-Bas Museum, I recognize the species as dis-
tinct from mollis. The color of the plumage I do not think can be regarded
as a constant and valid character, since some ages of mollis present exactly
the tints described as those of grisea. The species must therefore be separa-
ted, if at all, by the more compressed bill, different colors of the feet, and dif-
ferent proportions of some of the parts. Taking Dr. Schlegel's description and
specimen as the only tangible basis on which the supposed species I am now
treating of rests, there are presented for our consideration the following points
of synonymy.

Attentive study of Kuhl's description of the bird he calls " grisea L.," and
examination of his figure (fig. 9) will show clearly that it is by no means the
species described by Latham under the name of "Gray Petrel, P. grisea."
Latham gives the bill as two inches long, while Kuhl's figure delineates a bill
measuring just one inch along the chord of the culmen. Other discrepancies
are palpable throughout. Latham's grisea appears to be a Nectris, while
Kuhl's is an ^Estrelata very near mollis. Kuhl himself takes occasion to note
some descrepancies between his bird and Latham's.* Kuhl's expressions
" rostro valde compresso ; * * corpore et tectricibus alarum inferiori-
bus ciuerascente fuliginosis, pedibus pallidis " together with his measure-
ments, are entirely pertinent to the bird whose characters are given by Dr.
Schlegel ; so that the only question is the distinctness of the species from
molhs.

While I thus entirely agree with Dr. Schlegel in this identification of Kuhl's
name, I can by no means assent to the referring of Mr. Gould's P. Solandri to
this species. P. Solandri is certainly radically distinct ; and so different in
its proportions that I cannot understand how Dr. Schlegel could have recon-
ciled it with P. grisea.

Dr. Kuhl (1. c.) says of the P. lugens of Forster (ic. 21) that he considers it the
same as grisea ; he also adduces P. lugens Banks, (tab. 21 and 22,) as a syno-
nym of the latter. My quotation of these names is entirely upon Dr. Kuhl's
authority.

The jEstrelata inexpectata of Bonaparte's Conspectus evidently belongs here
rather than to the true mollis. The author quotes Kuhl's grisea as a synonym ;
and the diagnosis he gives presents nothing incompatible with the present
species. The true inexpectata of Forster is, I think, mollis, as I attempt else-
where to demonstrate.

As a summary of the preceding remarks I may state that if there be a spe-

* '■ In exemplar! meo baud observnri quod Lath, de inferioribus alarum tectricibus dicit.
Kuhl. p. 144.

1866.]

150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ciea of sE-trdata, closely allied to mollis but permanently differing from it by
those characters laid down by Dr. Schlegel, and of which the specimen in the
Museum of the Pays-Bas is an example, then the synonyms adduced at the
head of this article are most properly to be referred to this species ; but other-
wise they must be considered as appertaining to mollis.

yEstrelata mollis (Gould) Coues.

> PrdceUaria melanopus,* Gin. S. N. i. p. 562. Lath. Syn. iii. p. 409, No. 12.
Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xxvi. 1S17, p. 420. ? Puffinus melanopus Steph.
Zool. xiii. p. 231.
Procellaria inexpectata, Forster, Descr. Anim. ed Licht. 1844, p. 204, No. 177.
Not JEstrelata inexpectata of Bp. Consp. which rather appertains to the
" grisea Kuhl " of this paper.
Procellaria mollis, Gould, Ann. et Mag. N. H. 1S44, xiii. p. 363. Id. Birds
Aust. vii. pi. 50. Cassin U. S. Ex. Exped. Oruith. 1858, 410. Schle-
gel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 11. — And of later authors gene-
rally.
Cookilaria mollis. Bonaparte, C. A. 1855, ii. p. 190.
Rhantistes mollis, Bonaparte, Com|/tes Rendus, xiii. 1856, p. 768.
:' Procellaria gularis,] Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, p. 299.
'.'Procellaria Phillipii, G. R. Gray, Ibis, 1862, iv. p. 246.
? P. crepidata ; P sandaliata, Solander, according to 3p.
Habitat. — South Pacific and Antarctic Oceans.

Form.% Bill as long or slightly less than the tarsus, nearly equal to the
middle toe without its claw ; compressed, a little higher than broad at the
base. In the details of its shape it does- not differ from the typical species of
JEstrelata. The proportions of tarsus and toes are also as in other species of
the genus. The tail is only moderately rounded, instead of being decidedly
cuneate with some projection of the median rectrices, as in jE. haisitata ; its
length is contained in that of the wing from the carpal joint slightly more
than twice. The folded wings reach considerably beyond the tail. The spe-
cies in size and general contour of the body approaches Daption capensis.

I do not notice that the plumage is softer, fuller, or more mollipilose than
iu some other species of the genus.

Color. There is a transocular black fascia, the greater part of. which lies
below the eye. The clear ashy gray of the upper parts extends over the ver-
tex, becoming more or less mixed with white on the front and cheeks, accord-
ing to age. Most of the feathers of the back have slightly paler margins. The
primaries are nearly concolor in all their extent ; (compare description of No.
15,706 Smithsonian Collection, infra ;) being only a little duller or more fuli-
ginous on their inner webs. The under surface of the wing is chiefly dusky
brownish ; but there is an illy-defined and interrupted area of whitish, par-
ticularly towards the bases of the primaries. The upper tail coverts and tail
are chiefly concolor with the back ; but some of the outer rectrices are marbled
with white.

In the majority of specimens the color of the back extends on the sides of
the breast for a considerable distance; sometimes quite across the middle:
hut in very adult birds most of the breast is pure white. The color is pro-
duced by a clouding of the tips only of the feathers, their basal portions be-

* The following is Gmeliri's diagnosis: "13 pollices longa. Vertex, cauda rotundata, et alae
totse obscure1 nigrse; dorsum ex atro paulisper caaesceos ; membranu digitos connectens parte sui
ulterior*!, digitorumque articuli, nigri.

\ I eale, as above. "Above cinereous brown; tail and breast plumbeous; throat, under wing
c<>verts and under tail coverts white. Primaries and spurious quills nearly black with brown
shafts; tail light beneath : two outer feathers mottled with white, * * whole under plumage
white at the ro ts; bill blue-black. Length 13; extent 34; wing from carpal joint 10|; bill one
inch; tarsi 1-20; outer toe 1-60 ; tail 3"40."

J Description from typical examples, received from Mr. Gould, in the Philadelphia Academy.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151

iug white ; and often is not uniform in tint, but is minutely undulated or
punctulated with lighter and darker shades.

The front, lores, lower part of cheeks, and whole under parts, including the
lower tail coverts, are white. The lateral rectrices are on their inferior aspect
chiefly white, with some light cinereous marbling.

In general terms it may be stated that the older the bird, the clearer and
purer is the cinereous, and the more trenchantly defiued are the boundaries
of the several differently colored areas ; the difference in this respect being
especially notable in the forehead and sides of the breast.

Young birds are all over of a pretty uniform deep brownish ash, or fuligin-
ous cinereous ; inclining to smoky brown on the wings and tail. The whole
under parts are not notably different from the back, though, however, the
dark color only occupies the tips of the feathers ; their basal moiety remain-
ing white. The transocular dark fascia is always present. But the chin and
face are much mottled with whitish ; and in specimens otherwise wholly dark
on the under parts, the chin aud throat may be chiefly white, striatulated
with ashy brown.

Moulting specimens, or those in poor plumage from the age and worn con-
dition of the feathers, show scarcely a trace of cinereous on the wings and
tail, these parts being of a dull brownish, more or less tending to gray. The
same tendency to brownish or grayish instead of cinereous is observable on
other parts. Sometimes a pure white chin and throat coexists with complete
dusky clouding of the other under parts.*

The bill and feet hardly differ in color with age. The bill is black; the
tarsus, basal half of inner toe and contained web, flesh colored : (dull yellow-
ish when dry ;) all the rest of the toes and webs, with all the claws, black.

Dimensions. (No. 1678, Phila. Acad., J. Gould.) Bill (chord of culmen)
1-10. Height at base -45 ; width slightly less. Tarsus 1-33. Outer toe and
clawl'75; middle about the same, inner 1*50. Wing average 1O00 ; but
may range from 9-50 to 10-50 ; tail4"50 ; the graduation of the rectrices about
1'30. These are nearly the average dimensions of six examples.

There is a specimen, No. 15,706, in the Smithsonian Museum from the
Antarctic Ocean, by Mr. T. R. Peale, which, with the size and general appear-
ance of mollis differs as follows : The under surfaces of the wings are, except just
along the edges, purely and uninterruptedly white ; as much so as in C okii.
The inner vanes of all the primaries, instead of being simply duller and grayer
than the outer, have trenchantly defined pure white areas ; these white spaces
occupy the whole of the webs at the base ; as they extend more towards the
apex they become less wide, leaving a narrow space of dark color along the
inside of the shafts ; apically they terminate with an acutely pointed outline,
which stretches towards the tip of the feather, and is bounded internally and
externally by dark colored portions of the feather. The general pattern is
exactly that seen in the primaries of most Lari ; and the definition of the two
colored areas is as strict. In other respects the bird is like a quite young
mollis, being dark colored both above and below ; but the tint of the cloud-
ing below is more intensely sooty than in any specimen of typical mollis I have
9een ; and there is this peculiarity in addition, that the under tail coverts
remain pure white.

I do not wish to introduce a new name upon the above basis ; though pos-
sibly in any other family than the very one of the Petrels I would do so. The
points which would consiitute its specific characters are elucidated in the pre-
ceding paragraph ; and should the differences above pointed out be substan-
tiated as persistent in other specimens, it would, I think, then be proper for
the ornithologist who makes the verification to forma ly introduce the species.
The specimen in question before me is the only one contained in the United

# In which condition is the type of "gularis," Teale,

[May,

152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

States Wilkes' Exploring Expedition collection ; and is, therefore, in all
probability, the very individual upon which Mr. Peale based his description
of gularis ; which name should, therefore, stand for the species, in the event
of its proving valid ; even though Peale's description does not notice the
peculiar markings of the primaries.

Bibliography. It is possible that the P. melanopus of Gmelin and Latham
was based upon this species. Their bird evidently was an JEstrela/a, and
"thirteen inches long;'' and the description of the colors would apply pretty
well to an immature mollis. But mollis has a bill by no means an inch and a
half long ; and is not found, so far as we know, " circa Americani septen-
trionalis." The only known North American species of ^Eslrelata is the
hcesitata ; of which the bill is nearly of the length stated by Latham. Under
the circumstances, I do not think this name is to be adopted for ei her species.

I think there can be no doubt that the inexpectata of Forster is really this
species. I find no points of the description, nor any of the measurements, at
all incompatible with this supposition. Dr. Lichtenstein refers inexpectata to
grisea of Gmelin ; certainly incorrectly, whatever may be its relations to
grisea of Kuhl.

The name mollis Gould bears the same date of publication as inexpectata,
(1844) : so that it is difficult to say which actually has priority. I think, if
any choice is allowed us, we should, by all means, use mollis, so definitely
characterized and well known. Mr. Gould, in describing the species, says
that it had been identified with lugens of Banks, and with grisea of Kuhl (nee
Gm.) This may very possibly be the case ; although, for the present, I give
grisea Kuhl, (of which lugens Banks is a synonym,) as a distinct species,
for reasons stated elsewhere.

In the Ibis, as above, Mr. G. R. Gray has a species P. Phillipii from Norfolk
Island; based upon the "Norfolk Island Petrel," Phill. Hot. Bay, p. 161 ;
with P. alba, var. Lath., and P. mollis Gould, as synonyms, the latter queried.
No description is given, and I merely follow Gray himself, in placing the
name as a queried synonym of mollis. Vieillot, (Nouv. Diet., xxvi. 1S17, p.
420,) refers to this same "Norfolk Island Petrel."

^E-trelata Cookii (Gray) Coues.

Procellaria Cookii, G. R. Gray, Fn. N. Z. App. Dieff. Trav., 1843, ii. p. 199.—
Id. Voy. Ereb. and Terror, pt. iii. 1844, pi. 35. — Id. Sclater's Ibis,
1862, iv. p. 246. Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exped. Ornith., 1858, p. 414, and
of authors.

Rhantistes Cookii, Bonap. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768.

Procellaria leucopterOj Gould, P. Z. S. xxii. 1844, p. 57. — Id. Ann. Mag. N.
H. xdi. 1844, p. 364.— Id. Birds Aust. pi. 51.

Cookilaria leucoptera, Bonap. C. A. 1855, ii. p. 190.

Cookilaria velox, Bonap. C. A., 1855, ii. p. 190, ex Pr. velox of Solauder. Not
velox of Banks, supposed to be one of the Prionem.

Rhantistes velox, Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. xlii. 1S56, p. 768.

Procellaria brevipes,* Peale, Zool. U. S. Ex. Ex. Bds., 1848, p. 294.
Habitat. — Southern Oceans, at large.
Form.] Bill much compressed, except at the extreme base, where it is

nearly as wide as high ; much shorter than the skull ; about equal to the

tar- us ; one of the most slender in general shape of this genus. The lateral

superior sulcus is nearly straight, being only a little sinuate ; the outline of

the inferior mandibular rami and of the gonys both a little concave, the pro-

* Peale, us above. "Head an J wings Booty black; tail and back gray; throat, breast, and
belly white, tinged with salmon color when living; interrupted plumbeous bind across the
beast; two outer tail feathers li^ht gray, white beneath; shafts white; all the others brown ;
under wing coverts white; lesser ones nearly black. IJill black; feet )>;ile flesh; toes black at
their ends. Length 1070: extent 2125; culinen nineteen-tweiitieths ; middle toe and claw 1.30."

tFrom specs in Philada. Acad, and Mus. Smithson.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153

tuberance at the symphysis acute, if not very prominent. The commissure
is, as usual, very sinuate. The nasal case is contained nearly four times in
the length of the culmen ; broad, depressed, its dorsal outline straight, its
apex very obliquely truncated, its orifice subcircular, each naris oval ; the
septum of considerable thickness, and coming forward to the very end of the
ease. The frontal feathers do not extend at all forward on the base of the
culmen, but embrace the sides of the bill as extensively as they do its b.ise
above ; and thence they slope very rapidly backwards, making a considerable
angle just above the edge of the commissure.

The wings are sufficiently elongated to extend, when folded, a little beyond
the end of the tail, which is, itself, rather longer than in most species of this
group. The second primary is nearly as long as the first ; the rtst are
rapidly graduated.

1 he tail is so long as to be only contained exactly twice in the length of
the wing from the carpus, and the graduation of the lateral feathers is about
as great as in hcesitata, (greater than in mollis,) though the median pair of
rectrices are not specially produced. The upper tail covirts fall far short of
the end of the tail : the under ones reach quite to it.

The legs are short and slender ; the tibiae bare for but a very brief space.
The tarsi are considerably shorter than the middle toe without its claw, and
about equal to the inner ; quite slender, moderately compressed, with the
ordinary rectifications. The tip of the inner lateral claw just reaches the
base of the middle one. The middle and outer toes are of equal length, but
the claw of the latter is much shorter than that of the former : which last is
but very slightly dilated on its inner edge. All the claws are small, slender
and weak, but still much curved and acute. The hallux is of the ordinary
size and shape.

Dimensions. Chord of culmen 1-00; height of bill at base -35 to *40.
Length of nasal case "25. Wing 8-50 to 9-00 ; the distance from end of
longest secondary to tip of first primary in the folded wing 2-75. Tail 3-75
to 4-25; graduation 1-00 to 1-50. Tarsus 1-10; outer toe and claw 1-25;
inner do. 1-12, middle do. 1-33. From upper tail coverts to end of
tail 1-40.

Color. Adult. Above blackish cinereous. On the crown of the head and
its sides to a little below and before the eye, and on the nape the color tends
more towards sooty brownish than to cinereous ; but on the neck behind
this color merges insensibly into the quite pure deep cinereous, which occu-
pies the middle dorsal region, the interscapulars, and some of the tertials.
The rump is darker and more like the crown ; the upper tail coverts again
being cinereous, if anything a little lighter than the back — tending to pure
grayish instead of dusky cinereous. The superior surface of the tail is
plumbeous blackish, lightest and most cinereous basally. Inferiorly the tail
is lighter colored than on its upper surface ; the lateral rectrices particularly
being light plumbeous gray, almost whitish basally. The shafts of the
feathers are above brown, below white, except at their extremities. The
superior wing coverts and all the primaries and secondaries are brownish or
fuliginous black ; deepest along the edges of the wings, and outer borders
and tips of the quill feathers. The inner vanes of the primaries are light
grayish fuliginous, becoming grayish white towards their bases ; but the
transition is quite gradual. The shafts are black above, brownish beneath.
All the under wing coverts are pure white, except one row, the smallest, just
along the edge of the ulna and metacarpus ; producing a broad uninterrupted
white area. On the radial edge of the antibrachium there is a narrow but
well-defined white line:* visible from both upper and under aspects of the

* This is very erroneously called a " liuea humeralis" by Mr. Gould in one place; nnd spoken
of as "a line along the inner edg« of the shoulder" in another. We very often find the carpal
joint most carelessly and incorrectly spoken of as the " shoulder."

1866.]

151 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

wing. The front, the lores, the sides of the head nearly to the eyes; the
side of the neck, and the whole under plumage, pure white. The color of the
hack almost always, to some degree, clouds the sides of the hreast.

The above is the plumage of a very mature bird. Usually the plumage is
rather as follows. The upper parts generally are less decidedly cinereous —
having more of an admixture of brownish — though the upper tail coverts are
quite notably plumbeous. The forehead is speckled with black : sometimes
the latter color being in excess over the white. The sides of the breast are
very strongly clouded with dark cinereous gray, which may reach quite to
the median line ; though this color is only a wash on the extremities of the
feathers. Some of the feathers on the flanks, and a few of the under tail
uoverts are also lightly touched with plumbeous gray.

Young, The upper parts show scarcely a trace of cinereous anywhere,
except, perhaps, on the upper tail coverts. The front is so much obscured
by dusky that the white only appears in small sparse specks. The whole
under parts are tinged with a plumbeous black hue from the breast back-
wards ; this color being deepest on the breast where it is pure and uninter-
rupted : on other parts appearing as a clouding ©r marbling. The chin and
throat in all the specimens I have seen remain almost pure white, in marked
contrast to the rest of the under parts. The under wing coverts are as de-
scribed in the adult: and the white line along the edge of the fore arm also
exists.

It will be noted that the changes of plumage above described are quite
homologous with those to which mollis is subject.

The bill is black. S mewhat more than half the inner web. and rather less
than half the outer web, together with the tarsus, are light flesh color. The
vest of the toes and webs are black. The colors of the bill and feet seem
subject to little variation with age.

Syrionyma. The name Coolii of Gray has priority by about a year over
leucoptera of Gould ; as, indeed, the latter author himself allows. That
these two names were based upon the same species is not doubted, so far as I
can learn, except by one author. Bonaparte would have it that the bird
figured in plate 51 of the Birds of Australia, and called " Coolii Gray " by
Mr. Gould, is not the species really so named by Mr. Gray ; but another ;
differing slightly in size, though quite identical in color, and for which he
adopts the name relox. In this conclusion, he is quite unsustained by orni-
thologists.

The specimen collected by Mr. T. R. Peale, now before me, which doubtless
is the type of his brevipes of 1848, is an example of this species.

This little species is liable to be confounded with no other, except, perhaps,
the succeeding one ; uuder the head of which latter the apparent differences
are noticed. I find no names of the older writers which seem referrible to
this species ; and its synonymy is less confused than that of most other
components of the genus.

^ISTEELATA GAVIA (Forst.)

Pr cellaria gavia, Forst. Descr. Anim. Ed. Licht., 1844, p. 148. ("P. supra
ccerulescenti-nigra, subtus Candida, palato et liugua villis deflexis.
pedibus pallide-fuscis. * * Habitat ad iEstuarium Regina? Char-
lott?e. * * Corpus magnitudine circiter P. vittatce. * * Alae
expanse 26 unc. rostrum in fronte 1-50; tibiae 1*75; cauda 2-50."
Forst.) G. R. Gray, Voy. Ereb. and Terr. Birds, pt. x. Oct., 184").
p. 18. — Id. Ibis, 1862, iv. p. 246. From Queen Charlotte's Sound.
This is a species which is not recognized, aud. in fact, does not appear to

be noticed in later systematic works. In addition to the diagnostic points

quoted above, Forster describes it as having the pileum, neck behind, back.

rump, thighs, tail, and upper surface of the wings, bluish black ; the chin.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155

throat, breast, abdomen, crissum and under wing coverts white. Forster's
editor, Dr. Lichtenstein, merely says of it, "inter P. dlbce Lath, varietates
latens." Mr. G. R. Gray recognizes it in the works above cited as a valid
species. An accurate definition of its characters, and an exact exposition of
its relationships, together with its synonyms, if it have any, are greatly to be
desired.

The bird is apparently some small species of yEsfrdata. All the points of
coloration given, especially those of the under wing coverts, are quite con-
sistent wilh the characters of AS. Cookii. But the dimensions as stated are
quite at variance with those presented by Cookii, those of the bill and feet
being much too large, while that of the tail is too small ; these dimensions
being rather those of a small Puffinus. In view of these discrepancies, I pre-
fer to coincide with Mr. Gray's high authority in holding it, for the present
at least, as distinct ; especially as its reference to any described species
would be entirely upon supposition.

-iEsTRELATA DESOLATA (Gni.) Bon.

Procellaria desolata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pars. ii. 1788, p. 562, No. 14.
Latham, Syn. iii. part ii. 1785, p. 409, No. 14. Latham, Iud. Orn.,
1790, ii. p. 825, No. . Kuhl, Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool , 1820, p. 143,
No. 13, lig. 7. Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 13:
and of authors generally.
Ji'tption desolatum, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. 1825, p. 244.
.Estrelata desolata, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. ii. p. 189. Excl. var. rostrata. — Id..

Comptes Rend. xlii. 1856, p. 768.
Procellaria fasciata, Bonnserte, (Gray, Cat. Bils. Pacif. Islands, 1859, p. 56).
Habitat. — Island of Desolation. New Hebrides ; Kamtschatka, (Schlegel).
" Pr. ex virescente cinerea, subtus alba, remigibus caudaque rotnndata
obscuris, hac apice fusca. * * Rostrum nigrum apice flavicans ; tempora
ocularumque area alba. Summitas alarum fere nigra ; pedes fusci ; mem-
braua digitos connectens flava ; ungues nigri ; alis expausis fascia obscura
per omne corpus ab apice ad apicem." [ Gmelin.~\

"Teintes du plumage et des pieds absolument comme celles de la Procellaria
leucoptera, mais d'une taille beaucoup moins forte, et les pennes caudales
comme les plumes sous-caudales d'une teinte foncee jusqu'a leur base.
Aile 7 polices 10 lignes ; pointe de l'aile 2 pouces 11 lignes. Queue: pennes
mitoyennes 3 pouces 5 lines ; pennes externes 2 pouces 8 lignes. Bee :
longeur 11 lignes; hauteur 3 ligues ; largeur 4 lignes. Longueur du tube
nasal a, peu-pres de 2 lignes. Tarse 12 lignes. Doigt du mileau 12 lignes."
(Scklrgel.)

This is a species with which I am unacquainted through autopsy. It is
the smallest known component of the genus, being less than the little Cookii.
I have copied Umelin's original indication of the species ; and Dr. Schlegel's
measurements of a typical example, from the Temminckian collection ; the
individual upon which Dr. Kuhl, in ls20, based his description. Both
Gmelin and Latham speak of some portion of the bill as being yellow ; which
was probably an accidental feature in one specimen ; for, as is well known,
all the j^Estrelatas have black bills.

This species is so small, and otherwise so well characterized, that it stands
in the enviable position of having hardly a synonym, although described in
the eighteenth century. I have not met with, or seen anywhere cited, a
single synonym, except that of Bonnserte, above given.

iEsTRELATA MACRorTERA (Smith) Coues.

Procellaria macroptera, Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. Bds.,pl. 52. Gould, Ann. Mag.
N. H., 1844, xiii. p. 362. Gould, Introd. Bds. Aust., p. 116, No. 591.
O.tsifraga macroptera, Reichenbach, Syst. A v. t. 21, fig. 786.

1S66.1

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Pterodroma macroptera, Bp. C. A., 1855, ii. p. 191.
Procellaria breviroxtris, Lesson, Traite Orn., 1831, p. 611.
" ? Procellaria lugubris, Tschudi, " according to Bonaparte. Not of Natterer,
which is a Thalassidromine.

Habitat. — Antarctic Oceans. Coast of Africa. (Smith). Van Diemen's
Land. (Gould).

This is a species which I recognize with much doubt. Not having access
to the original description by Smith, 1 cannot speak with certainty regarding
it. It is admitted by Bonaparte, who says of it : " Ex toto fuliginoso-cinerea ;
rostro nigro ; pedibus fiavidis." On the other hand, Dr. Schlegel refers it to
the atlantica ; and the measurements of two specimens in the Pays-Bas
Museum, (one an undoubted atlantica received from Mr. Gould, and the
other a supposed macroptera,) by no means differ in size to a degree incom-
patible with specific identity. If the expression " pedibus flavidis " is cor-
rect, the species would be easily separable. As it is, the only data given by
most authors are the larger size, longer wings, and grayer face, as compared
with atlantica.

It is quite possible that the specimen upon which Dr. Schlegel unites the
two names is not a veritable example of macroptera. Bonaparte evidently
separates macroptera from atlantica on the strength of the difference in the
color of the feet. Mr. Gould says of this species : '' I think that a bird I
killed in the seas off Van Diemen's Land, where it was tolerably abundant,
and which differs from atlantica in being of a larger size, having inuch longer
wings and a grayer face, may be identical with P. macroptera of Smith, and
I therefore retain it under that appellation, in preference to assigning it a
new name." Here is an instance in which an author who, in extensive and
practical knowledge of the Petrels, is surpassed by no other naturalist, deems
the species sufficiently distinct from atlantica. But it is quite possible that
the bird here referred to is not the true macroptera of Smith ; and may likely
enough be an undescribed species of Pterodroma, different from both macrop-
tera and atlantica, as, indeed, Bonaparte hints, (page 191, Conspectus).

On page 611 of Lesson's Traite, ' (1S31,) there is described a Procellaria
brevirostrts, as follows: "Bee noir, court, tres recourbo ; tarses jaune ;
plumage en eutier brun fuligineux ; ailes et queue noir intense. Mus. de
Paris." This is evidently some species of Pterodroma ; and upon this de-
scription, apparently, or, very possibly, upon the specimen itself in the Paris
Museum, Bonaparte has drawn up his diagnosis of the species he calls
"macroptera Smith." I cannot see why he does not employ Lesson's name,
which has priority over mwroptera Smith, provided the two are synonymous.

As a resume of the subject, I may state that I think it quite possible there
are two species confounded in the synonyma at the head of this article. One
is brevirostris Lesson, entirely fuliginous, and with yellow feet. The other is
the species referred to by Mr. Gould, as above, as distinguished from the
common atlantica by its larger size, longer wings, and gray face. Whether
the latter is the true macroptera of Smith remains to be proven. Dr. Schlegel
may be perfectly right in referring the mac r opt era Smith to atlantica Gould ;
and yet the two species I am speaking of may also exist, distinct from each
other and from atlantica.

By Bonaparte the Procellaria lugubris Tschudi* is referred with a query to
this species. As will be seen by the accompanying foot-note, the bird is
evidently some species of Pterodroma ; though the description is so brief
and wanting in measurements that it is impossible to say to which one it is to
be referred, or whether it be really a valid new species.

♦Tschudi, Cab. Journ. f. Ornith., iv. 1S56, p. 85. " The whole body is dark brown, Ihe back
somewhat deeper-colorea than the belly; the tail wholly black; the iDner side of the win-;
d.trker than the outer. B.ll and feet reddish; iris ashy gray. Surpasses in size the capensis ;
also compressed in form. The description of P. antarctica is too inaccurate to say with certainty
if it be the species here described. Between 4ti" and 36°."

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 157

JSSTRELATA FULIGINOSA (Kuhl) CoueS.

Procellaria fuliginosa, Kuhl, Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool. 1820, p. 142, No. 12, pi. x.
fig. 6.— (Banks, tab. 19, fide Kubl ; Forst. tab. 93, B. fide Gould.) But
not Proc. fuliginosa, Kah], 1. c. species 27, page 148, (Banks tab. 23,)
which is a Ncctris. Also not fuliffinosa Gm. Lath, which is probably a
Thalassidromine species. Also not Puffinus fuliginosus Strick. — Forster,
Descr. Anim. Ed. Licht. 18-iU, p. 23, sp. 18. — Not the Neclr is fuliffinosa of
Forster. — Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas. 1863, p. 8.
Procellaria atlantica, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 362. Id. Introd. B.

Aust. p. 116, sp. 590, and of authors.
Pterodroma atlantica, Bonaparte, C. A. 1856, ii. p. 191.
Habitat. — Atlantic Ocean, particularly its southern portions.
Descr* Bill black. Feet dark colored. Entire plumage including the
under wing coverts, fuliginous, becoming almost black on the wings and
tail. Bill 1-35. Tarsus 1-60 ; middle toe and claw 2-20 ; outer do. about the
same, inner do. 2 20. Wing 10-75 to 11-50; possibly to 1200. Tail 4-50 to
5-00. Total length 15 to 16 inches.

Fine examples of this well known species are in the Philadelphia Academy,
some of them typical specimens received from Mr. Gould, and labelled by him
" atlantica."

This species is certainly the fuliffinosa of KuhPs monograph (No. 12, pi. x.
fig. 6.) Indeed it is seldom that the descriptions and measurements of the
earlier writers are found so entirely pertinent and readily identifiable as in
the present instance. The figure of the bill agrees exactly. This identifica-
tion is made by both Bonaparte and Schlegel. Although the name fuliffinosa
has been applied by several other authors to different species, none of them
fall in this genus or indeed among the JEstrelalcse. (Examine my synonyma,
mipra.) There would seem to be therefore no good reason why the
•name should not stand for this species, taking precedence over atlantica of
Gould. To Dr. Schlegel is due, I believe, the credit of restoring Dr. Kuhl's
name.

It is quite at variance with the usual great accuracy of Mr. Gould's identifi-
cations, that he should have saidf that this species " i3 the grisea of Kuhl "
(No. 15, fig. 9.) I have endeavored to show, ante&, what I think the grisea of
Kuhl really is; but whether my identification — which is the same as that
made by Dr. Schlegel — be correct or not, Kuhl's grisea is certainly widely
different from the present species.

In ray Review of the Puffinece, page 124 of these Proceedings for 1864, I
maintain the opinion that fuliginosa, Forster, sp. 18, p. 23, of Liehenstein's
edition, is a species of Ncctris; which view 1 am now satisfied is erroneous.
Procellaria fuliginosa Forster is the present species, as maintained by Prof.
Lichtenstein and Prince Bonaparte. Impressed with Kuhl's remark that his
fuliginosa is ''nmnino diversa a Nectri fuliginosa Forst.," I did not discriminate
between this latter name and the Procellaria fuliginosa Forst. p. 23 of Lichen-
stein's edition ; whence my mistake.

I know nothing of the Nectris fuliginosa of Forster, nor do I attempt to iden-
tify Proc. fuliginosa, sp. 27, (;< Banks tab. 23 ") of Dr. Kuhl's monograph. The
latter has recently been identified by Mr. Gray with Proc. pacijica of Latham,
which is some large species of Puffinus (Cat. Birds Pacif. Isl. p. 55.)

In the "Ibis" for 1862, page 245, Mr. G. R. Gray institutes a Procellaria
J'urkinsoni ; which is said to be the bird of Bank's icon. ined. No. 19, and (in
part) the Puffinus icquinoctialis of Gray's list of Anseres of the British Museum,
page 100 , and is compared with xquinoct ialis as follows : " being smaller in all
its proportions; the bill is nearly one-third less than that of sequin octialis ; the

*From specs, in Mus. Acad., Phila.
f Ann. Mag. N. II. 1844, xiii. p. 362.

1866.]

158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

body is sooty black throughout, being without the white on the mentum ; the
tips of the mandibles are inclined to black." This description does not show
well whether the bird is a Majaqueus or a P terodroma ; the comparison with
sequinoctialis would seem to indicate the former; while the citation of Banks'
Drawings No. 19 (by Kuhl placed under his P. fuliginosa — which is the Ptero-
droma atlantica,) would make it a component of the latter group. The habitat
of the supposed species is New Zealand.

JSstrelata aterrima (Verreaux) Coues.

Procellaria aterrima, Verreaux. Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 18G3, p. 9.

Pterodroma aterrima, Bonap. C. A. 1855, ii. p. 191.

■■Bulweria aterrima, Aliq."

" ? Proc. carbonaria, Solander " fide Bp.

Habitat. — West coast of Africa. Bourbon Island.

A very distinct species, distinguished among its congeners by its size, and
the color of the feet. The plumage as in the otbers of the group is uniform
blackish fuliginous ; the feet are yellowish, or light colored, passing into black
upon the terminal moiety of the toes and the included portions of their mem-
branes. Dr. Schlegel gives the following measurements of a typical example
in the Leyden Museum, from Bourbon Island, received from Mr. Verreaux :
" Wing 8 7-12 inches ; point of the wing 3 5-12 ; middle tail feathers 3 7-12 ;
external 2 8-12; length of bill \1\ lines; height A\ lines; width 6 lines; tar-
sus 1(>2 lines ; middle toe 17.1 lines."

^Estrelata Bulweri (Jard. et Selb.) Coues.

Procellaria Bulweri, Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn. Vol. ii. tab. 65. (No date

given on title page and pages not numbered.) Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus.

Pay-Bas, 1863, p. 9, and of many authors.
Thalassidroma Bulweri, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1849, iii.
Procellaria anjinho, Heineken, Birds Mad. in Brewst. Journ. Oct. 1829, p. 231.

(First designation ?)
PujjUnus Columbians, Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canar. ii. part ii. 1836 — 44,

page 44, pi. 4, fig. 2. (Name Proc. columbina on plate.)
Bulweria columbina, Bonaparte, C. A. 1855, ii. p. 194.

Habitat. — Atlantic Ocean. Coast of Africa and Europe. Dr. Schlegel has a
specimen from Greenland. Very possibly to be included in the Fauna of North
America.

This interesting species is the smallest of the genus, and quite distinct from
its congeners not only in size but in some of its proportions. It has compara-
tively a longer tail than most species of the genus ; bearing a proportion to the
wing from the carpal joint of 4£ to about 8, or more than half. The tail is
very cuneate, the difference between the median and outer feathers amounting
to 1-75 inches; and the central pair themselves are considerably longer than
the next. The under tail coverts, — at least in the specimen before me, — fall
nearly two inches short of the end of the longest feathers, being in fact no
longer than the upper ones. The folded wings hardly reach to the end of the
tail. The bill is about as long as the tarsus, or the middle toe without its
claw: of the ordinary J^strelatean type ; quite stout at the base, compressed
throughout ; tbe unguis large and rising almost immediately from the nostrils,
and exceedingly convex ; the sulcus on the lower mandible is deep and well
marked; the outline of the rami is nearly straight, the gonys very concave ;
and there is considerable of an emiuentta symphysis. The first primary is
hardly if at all longer than the second. The feet present no special peculiari-
ties in relative size or proportions; the inner toe is perhaps slightly shorter
than ordinary.

The fuliginous color is deepest, being almost black, on the wings and tail ;

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 150

below is lighter and more brownisb ; on the head has a faint cinereous wash ;
on the greater wing-coverts is rather paler and grayer.*

dimensions. Chord of culmen 0-85. Tarsus slightly longer, -90 to 1-00 ;
middle toe and claw 1*10; outer do. about the same; inner do. 0-85. Wing
8-00; tail 4-50; graduation of lateral feathers 1-75.

Tbis little species has been very variously arranged in the series by different
authors, as will be seen by the synonyms which head this article. In my
mind there is no doubt that Dr. Schlegel has correctly indicated its affinities
in placing it in intimate relation with, and next after aterrima Verr., albeit he
retains it in his somewhat extensive "genus" Procelluria. My own reasons
for referring it to JEstrelata will be found in my remarks under the head of
that genus.

I am not enabled to state positively what was the first specific name applied
to this species, of the three which head this article. Bonaparte gives prect-
dence to columbina ; but MM. Webb and Berthelot, in giving this name quote
anjinho, Heineken, (1829) as above, which must therefore have been published
anterior to their own appellation columbina. The title page of the work where
the latter name appears, bears the date " 1836 — 44." Dr. Schlegel and most
other writers give prioriiy to Bulweri of Jardine and Selby's Illustrations, a
work extending over a series of years. It is figured in volume ii. pi. 65 ; but
the title page bears no date. If not published anterior to 1829 then the name
anjinho Heineken has priority.

JEstrelata Macgiluvrayi (Gray) Coues.

Thalassidroma (Bulweria) Macgilliwayi, G. R. Gray, Cat. 'Birds IsL Pacif. 1859,
p. 56. Spec, in Britsh Museum, from the Feejee Island*, (Ngau.)

"Like T. Bulweri, but with the bill rather larger; and it is without the
sooty brown on the wings." [Gray.]

A species with which I am only acquainted through the above cited very
brief indication.

[Note. — Just as these sheets are leaving my hands for the printer's I learn
through the kindness of my friend Dr. P. L. Sclater, of London, of the identi-
fication of the "Blue Mountain Duck " of Gosse's Birds of Jamaica. It appears
in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society as Pterodroma Carribmi, Carte. I
was surprised at learning that it is a "Pterodroma" as I had confidently
anticipated that it would prove to be one of the Prionese ; po-sibly however
being prejudiced by the following note upon it by Richard Hill, Esq.-)- " From
the dimensions of our bird, 13 inches long, by some 26 inches in the extent of
wing, and from the proportions and character of the bill and nasal tubes, and
the grooved mandible, I should say the Blue mountain petrel must be classed
with the Prion of Lacepede, the genus Pachyptila of Illiger, the type being the
Procellaria vittata, * * Our bird has a triple row of palatal teeth." etc.]

PAGODROMA Bonap.

Procellaria sp. Gmelin et Auctorum.

Thalassoica, sp. Reichenbach.

Pagodroma, Bonap. Cunsp. Av. 1855, ii. p. 192. — Ty-pe Proc. nivea Gmel.

The bill is very short, being less than half as long as the skull ; and ex-
ceedingly small, weak, slender and compressed throughout, its base being
much higher than broad. The lateral outlines are straight, rapidly converg-
ing to a narrow, elongated, rather slender, very convex, moderately decurved
and booked unguis, whose convexity begins immediately at the termination of
the nasal cnse. The lateral sulcus is short, and very oblique. The outline of
lower mandible is straight; of gonys a little concave, the angle of the sym-

1866.]

* Pescription from 6ppcs. in the Philada. Acad, and Mus. Sniithnoa.
t A week at Poi t-Hoyal. By Richard Hill. Montego Day, 1855.

160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

physis slight, the tip a little decurved. The interrarnal space is narrow, and
densely feathered to the symphysis. The nasal tubes are exceedingly short,
but broad, high, and turgid, the median line only obsoletely carinated. Their
apex is very obliquely truncated, not at all emarginated. The orifice is large,
and nearly circular ; the internasal septum very thin, and not extending to the
termination of the nasal case. The frontal feathers extend far on the base of
the bill, running forward on the nasal case with a narrowly rounded termina-
tion, and sloping rapidly backwards and obliquely downwards. The outline
of the base of ihe nasal tubes is thus rendered nearly as oblique as their
apex.

The wings are rather short, when folded not reaching to the end of the tail.
The second primary is not much shorter than the first. All the primaries are
rather narrow, regularly tapering to their somewhat acute tips. The tertials
and inner primaries are much abbreviated, making the distance in the folded
wing, from their tips to the end of the first primary unusually great. The tail
is very long, broad, and but slightly rounded, ami is contained only about
twice in the wing from the carpal joint. All the rectrices are broad to their
very tips ; which latter are squarely truncated.

The tarsus is as long as the middle toe; moderately stout and compressed ;
covered with small somewhat elongated irregularly shaped plates, which are
rough and elevated, especially posteriorly, and are not notably different in size
or shape on the two aspects of the tarsus. Thetibire are feathered to very near
the joint. The inner lateral toe with its claw barely reaches the base of the
middle claw. The outer lateral toe is longer than the middle; its claw how-
ever so short, as hardly to rf ach to the tip of the middle claw. Claws are
rather large, little curved, moderately compressed and acute ; the inner edge
of the middle one dilated. The hallux is unusually developed, and somewhat
depressed in situation ; long, stout, acute, and a little curved.

The size is moderate; the form compact and robust; the color entirely pure
white.

This is one of the most remarkable generic types of the Proccllariinx. It is
doubtless most nearly related to Daptioh, with which genus its " build " cor-
responds closely. But, as will be seen on comparing the diagnosis given, it
differs in many details of structure, particularly those relating to the bill. From
^■Estrelata the pecularities of bill, of the hallux, comparative lengths of wings
and tail, etc., readily distinguish it. The genus has a " physiognomy" or
" facial aspect " that is peculiarly its own. The long depressed sloping fore-
head is found in no other Procellaridian. This is produced mainly by the flat-
tening and elongation of the bones composing the forehead ; but aided to a
considerable degree by the great forward extension of the frontal feathers,
which gives to the bill and nasal tubes their extreme brevity ; causes such a
long rictus ; and places the eye, apparently, at so great a distance from the
corneous base of the bill.

Pagodroma nivea (Gm.) Bon.

Procellaria nivea, Gm., S. N. 1788, i. part ii. p. 562, and of authors generally.

D i pi ion niveum, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 243.

Thalassoica nivea, Reichcnbach, tab. 22, fig. 791, 792.

I'ugodroma nivea, Bonap trte, C. A. 1855, ii. p. 192.

Procellaria Candida, Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. Esped. 1848, p. 295.

Pagodroma, var. major, Bonaparte, 1. c.

Pagodroma, var. minor, Bonaparte, 1. c.

Procellaria nivea minor, Schiegel, .Won. Proc. Mus. Pays-Ba3, 1863, p. 16.

Habitat. — Antarctic Ocean and Continent.

Independently of differences in absolute size of body, the species presents
unending variations in size, and, to some degree, in shape, of the bill. Speci-
mens differ in this respect by as much as a fourth of the whole length of the

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161

bill, which may be quite unaccompanied by corresponding differences as to
depth or width. The length of the nasal tubes, and the amount of turgidity,
and obliquity of truncation vary greatly. Differences in the depth and robust-
ness of bill are surprisingly great.

I have never seen, of many specimens, any which were separable specifi-
cally from the typical form. But some individuals are so strikingly small,
that were it not for intermediate sizes, they might readily*be supposed distinct.
Upon this charncter a variety minor was founded by Bonaparte which has
been adopted by so accurate and cautious an ornithologist- as Dr. Schlegel.

The only synonym of note I have met with is candidus of Peale, (1848.) The
original description of P. nivea by Gmelin speaks of black shafts of some of the
feathers. As Mr. Cassin justly remarks (Orn. U. S. Ex. Exped. 1858, p. 416)
should this ever.be found to characterize a species, the present must bear Mr.
Peale's name of Candida. I think it probable that dark spots or streaks would
be indicative of inmaturity ; but being unfamiliar with the plumage of very
young birds, I cannot speak with certainty.

DAPTION Stephens.
Procellaria sp. Linnaeus, et Auct.

Daption, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. 1825, p. 230. Type Procellaria ca-
pensis, L.

The bill is much shorter than the skull, about three-fourths the tarsus,
rather more than two-thirds the middle toe, very stout, depressed, about as
broad as high for its whole length as far as the unguis, where it is suddenly
much compressed and higher than broad. Culmen is about straight or a little
concave from the nostrils to the root of the unguis, which latter is moderately
large, but not very convex nor much decurved. The lateral outline of the bill
is decidedly convex from its base to the unguis where the convexity suddenly
ceases; it is produced by the large, inflated and protuberant lateral lamina?
Just inside the cutting edge of- the bill is a series of oblique rugae, extending
the whole length of the bill. The lateral sulcus is well defined, running from
the base of the nasal case to the unguis, obliquely downwards and forwards ;
it is most distinct posteriorly, more shallow anteriorly, where it merges into
the depressed portion of the culmen. The lower mandible is perpendicularly
narrow, but horizontally is unusually broad, the rami widely diverging from
each other immediately from the symphysis. The gonys is short, scarcely con-
vex in outline, its angle small and inconspicuous. The interramal space is
very broad, in consequence of the wide divergence of the inferior mandibular
rami, and their mutual concavity. The rictus is exceedingly ample; and the
capacity of the fauces increased still more by the looseness and dilatability of
the enclosed skin. The feathers on the side of the lower mandible extend but
a short distance ; those in the interramal space only as far as a point opposite
the end of the nasal tubes; and by no means fill the space from side to side
when the skin is at all distended.

The nasal case is very long for a component of the group JEstrelatesr, being
a third as long as the culmen. It is broad, depressed, a little more elevated
towards the apex, its dorsal outline a little concave and moderately carinated.
The orifice is subcircular, nearly vertically truncated, a little emarginated.

The wings are of moderate length, about equal to the tail when they are
folded. The second primary is nearly as long as the first; the rest rapidly
graduated. The tail is rather short, contained about two and a half, times in
the wing from the carpus ; is moderately and very evenly rounded ; the rec-
trices being broad to their extreme tips. The upper tail coverts fall an inch
short of the end of the tail ; the inferior ones quite reach its extremity.

But a very brief portion of the tibia is naked of feathers. The tarsus is much
shorter than the middle toe and claw, about equal to the inner toe ; very stout,
though much compressed ; covered externally with very small, irregularly sub-
circular plates ; which on the inner aspect are much larger and more regular

1866.] 11

162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

%

I

in shape; the median series of them so broad as to nearly stretch across the
inner face of the tarsus. The inner toe is short, the tip of its small weak claw
hardly reaching to the base of the middle claw. The outer toe without its
claw is decidedly longer than the middle one ; but the much greater size of the
claw of the latter makes up the difference. The hallux is large and stout; a
straight, almost perfectly conical, moderately acute, claw.

This genus is trenchantly separated from all others by the characters of the
bill ; in the lateral dilatation of which, the widely divaricating rami of the un-
der mandible, and the partially naked and distensible skin of the interramal
space, there is seen an approach to Prion of the Procellariince, and also to Pele-
canoides of the Halodrominse. The superior lateral mandibular laminae are so
wide and large, and so inflated, that they give a bulging convex lateral outline
to the bill. In the same manner the inferior mandibular rami rapidly diverge
from each other, their concavities presenting to the interramal space. In all
these points there is an interesting resemblarce to the genus Pelecanoides ; fur-
ther heightened by the broad ample rictus, loose dilatable skin of the floor of
the mouth, which is only partially feathered. These peculiarities are not shared
by any other genus of Procellariinse except Prion ; and leaving out of considera-
tion the widely diverse nostrils, the bills of Pelecanoides urinatrix and Daption
capensis are very similar in shape.

The genus is of moderate size, of robust and compact form, and variegated
in the distribution of its colors. Its only known species is the type upon which
it is based, the well known D. capensis.

Daption capensis (L.) Steph.

Procellaria capensis, Linn., S. N. 10th ed. 1758, p. 132. Linn. S. N. 12th ed. 1766,
i. p. 213, No. 5. Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv. p. 240, and of other authors.

Daption capensis, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. 1825, xiii. p. 241 : and of later
authors.

Procellaria nwvea, Brisson, Ornith. 1760, vi. p. 146, No. 3.

Procellaria punctata, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7473. Cape Pigeon ; Black and
White Petrel ; Petrel Tachete" ; Pintado; Damier ; Pardela, etc., Voya-
ger's Vulgo.
This is one of the three species of Procellaria given by Linnaeus in 1758. It

has remarkably few synonyms, in consequence of its marked characteristics.

lis features are so well known that no mention of them is necessary in this

connection, as the peculiarities of its bill have been elucidated under the head

of the genus.

Section PRIONEJE.

The presence of laminated serrations along the inner edge of the upper man-
dible so trenchantly defines this group, that further characterization is unnec-
essary. A great similarity of color is found to prevail throughout.

After elimination of the genus Halobzena on the ground of its square tail
and some other peculiarities, I find among the so-called Prions two very dis-
similar types ; which I consider as of generic import, and am therefore com-
pelled, however reluctantly, to separate under a new designation.

The three genera here recognized may be thus distinguished : —

A. Bill compressed, its unguis large, its serrations moderate in extent, or con-

fined to the base of the upper mandible.

I. Tail truncated Halobsena.

II. Tail graduated Pseudoprion.

B. Bill excessively dilated, depressed, its unguis small and weak ; the serra-

tions large and perfect to the extremity of the bill.

III. Tail graduated Prion.

HALOBSENA Is. Geoffr.
Procellaria sp. Gmelin, et auct.
Prion sp. Gray, Reichenbach, fide Bp.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 163

Ilalobasna, " Is. Geoffr. 1836," Bon. C. A. 1855, ii. p. 193. (?Type P. casrulea,
Gm.)

Chs. Bill provided with a few laminated serrations at the sides of the base
of the upper mandible, just within the commissural edge of the upper mandi-
ble ; in length slightly less than the tarsus, equal to the inner toe without its
claw; slender, compressed throughout, a little higher than wide at the base.
Superior lateral sulcus well marked, nearly straight ; inferior shallow and in-
distinct. Unguis of upper mandible small, short, only moderately convex. In-
ferior unguis acute, much decurved, the gonys very concave, the ramal outline
straight. Interramal space fully feathered. Nasal tubes only a fifth the length
of the culmen, short, narrow, elevated, compressed, not carinated, terminally
obliquely truncated; nares narrowly oval. Folded wings reach far beyond tail.
Tail contained rather more than 2\ times in the wings from the carpal joint ;
square, with no graduation of the lateral feathers: all the rectrices so broadly
rounded as to be nearly truncated. Tarsus equal to middle toe without claw ;
outer rather longer than the middle ; but its claw so short as to make its total
length rather less than that of the middle. Tip of inner claw just reaching
base of middle.

The principal character which distinguishes this genus lies in the short,
square tail; a feature which is quite unique in this family, being found in no
other genus of the Procellariida. Its type and only known species is the old
ccerulea of Gmelin, a small delicately formed species, whose colors tend chiefly
to bluish and white.

In general features of external form, proportions of tarsus and toes, and par-
ticularly the shape of the bill, which is much compressed, this genus is quite
similar to JEstrelata, especially to such of its smaller species as mollis and Cookii.
Nevertheless, the presence towards the base of the bill of distinct serrated
laminae, which constitute the essence of the Prionitic type,* indubitably fix its
position among the latter group, to which also it so closely approximates in
color. These laminaj only exist for a short distance on either side of the base of
the bill ; but still they are quite palpable and decided in character; perhaps as
much so as in Pseudoprion turtur or ariel. The small and rather weak unguis,
which does not begin to curve almost directly from the unguis, is essentially
Prionitic, as distinguished from typical JEstrelatines. The bill though higher
than broad in its whole length, is hardly more compressed than in P. turtur.
From these considerations, and esteeming, as I believe justly, that the lamina-
tions are the essential character of the Prionece. and consequently more weighty
than all others, I include the somewhat anomalous genus in this latter group.
I regard it as the connecting link between the JEstrelatem, on the one band,
through the genus Daption, and the Prionex on the other, towards the true
type of which latter it approximates through the subtypical genus Pseudo-
prion.

I quote the reference to Isidore Geoffroy on the authority of Bonaparte, not
having the means at hand of verifying the citation. I do not know what spe-
cies is typical in the original founding of the genus. If it be the one named
Halobsena typica in the Conspectus, then Halobsena is equivalent to, and has
priority over my Pseudoprion ; and a generic name is wanting for the /'. cceru-
lea of Gmelin.

Halobsena cosrulea (Gm.) Bon.

Procellaria ccerulea, Gmelin, S. N. i. ii. 1788, p. 560. Latham. Ind. Orn. 1790,

ii. p. 827. Gould, Birds Aust. pi. 52, and of authors generally.
Halobsena ccerulea, Bonaparte, C. A. 1855, ii. p. 193.

: — — » ...

* In some genera not of the Prionere, e. g. Daption, Ossifraga, etc., there are to be found along
the inner border of the cutting edge of the upper mandible, a series of ruga? or alternate depres-
sions and ridges, obliquely placed. These, however, are part of the mandible itself, and by no means
distinct elements, and therefore are radically different in morphological character from the lami-
na? of the Prionex.

1866.]

164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Pachypiila cccrulea, Illiger, Prod. 1811, p. 275.— Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. 1825,

xiii. p. 252.
Procellaria similis, " Forster's Drawings, No. 86." Forster, Descr. Anim. ed.

Licht. 1844, p. 59.
Procellaria Forateri, Smith, 111. S. Afric. Birds, pi. 54. But not of Latham,

which is Prion vittalus.

Ualilat. — Antarctic Ocean. Australia.

Color. There is a short and not very conspicuous infra-ocular white line,
and a superciliary streak of the same color; but not, however, running far
down on the auriculars behind the eye. Above the bird is of a clear cinere-
ous or grayish blue ; extendirg as delicate clouding around the sides of the
breast ; and deepening on the head, most of the wing-coverts, the outer edgc3
and tips of the four outer primaries, into brownish ash. It is chiefly the lesser
wing coverts that are thus darkened; most of the greater ones being nearly as
clear as the back. The secondaries and tertials are clear cinereous, edged
and tipped with white; their inner webs being almost wholly of this color.
The iuner vanes of all the primaries, but particularly of the first four, are
almost wholly pearly white except at their tips. The upper tail coverts ere
concolor with the back. The exterior pair of rectrices are white, with dark
brown shafts; the next two are colored like the back; the rest similar ex-
cept that a fuscous hue deadens the cinereous towards the end of the feathers,
and their tips are squarely, trenchantly, and purely white ; each for an in-
creasing dit-tance from without inwards. Forehead, cheeks, lower auricular.-1,
under surface of wings and whole under parts of the body pure white.

Younger birds may be known by a less decidedly cinereous or bluish gray
tinge of the upper parts ; which tend more or less strongly towards brownish.
The forehead is not pure white but mixed with about an equal amount of
brownish ash. I have never seen specimens entirely fuscous or brownish
ci'<ereous below; but think it probable that such a state of plumage charac-
terizes very young birds.

JJimrnsions. Chord of culmen 1*12 ; height of bill at base -45 ; width slightly
less. Tarsus 1-25; middle toe and claw 1-60; outer do. 1-50; inner do. 1 37.
Tail 350; wing 8 to 9.

There is no other known Fetrel with a square tail, conspicuously tipped
with white. This peculiarity is mentioned in the various descriptions of the
authors cited above in the list of synonyma, so that there is no difficulty in
identifying their names. The similis of Forster* is said to have " rectrices 12
omnes apice can dido-fa sciatae " which positively determines the species, al-
though that author is in error in saying that it has the bill " non pectina-
tum."

PSEUDOPRION Cones.

Chs Lateral lamellae of upper mandible normally developed, their surfaces
vertical. Lateral outline of bill straight. Dorsal outline concave to the
unguis. Unguis comparatively large, its chord forming more than a third of
tbe total length of the culmen. Commissural edge of upper mandible not dila-
ted. Inferior mandibular lami straight, divaricating at an acute angle; the
lateral sulcus apparent. Nj groove for reception of fringe from upper mandi-
ble, which is either quite obsolete or imperfectly developed towards the end of
the bill. InterramrJ space narrow, triangular, well feathered. Extension of
feathers on side of lower mandible not further than those on culmen. Tail
moderately graduated.

Type. Prion lurtur Gould.

la amplification of the differences between the so-called Prion Banksii, tur-

* Concerning which Prof. Liechtenstein says very erroneously, "Species obscura, ulteriori ex-
aniinj relinquenda. A Pr. vittata {Pachyptila) uou esse divers-im nisi eetats suspicor."

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

165

(ur, ariel and ? brevirostris, and Prion proper, the following comparison is in-
stituted.

The fringe of laminae is smaller and weaker, and inflected inwards rather
than descending vertically ; and it is either restricted to a short space near the
base of the b\\Y (turlur, ariel, ? brevirostris) being quite obsolete more anterior-
ly; or if as in Banksii it extends to the unguis, it is small, weak and incon-
spicuous. The lateral lamellae of the bill have scarcely more of development
and inflation than in other genera of Procellariinse, instead of being immensely
hypertrophied ; and they have a lateral, vertical aspect, instead of a superior
nearly horizontal one. The commissural edge of the upper mandible looks
downwards, with little inflation or reflection outwards, and nearly (though not
quite except apically) touches the under mandible. There is no groove for
the reception of the fringe of the upper mandible; but in its place the ordinary
lateral sulcus of the sides of the lower mandible is apparent, though not very
strongly marked. The inferior mandibular rami divaricate at an acute angle,
and are quite straight, instead of widely diverging with a mutual concavity.
The submental space, narrow and triangular instead of broadly conoidal, is
quite fully feathered, instead of nearly naked ; and doubtless has little of the
distensibility which characterizes that of Prion. The extent of the feathers on
the lower mandible is much more restricted. The unguis of the bill is larger,
stronger, more convex, its tip more decurved, the chord of its convexity form-
ing more instead of less than a third of the length of the culmen. The lateral
outline of the bill is straight not convex. The tail is shorter than in Prion,
being contained nearly twice in the wing ; and it is less cuneiform, The nos-
trils and the proportions of the feet, are as in Prion ; while the entire simi-
larity, almost identity, of the coloration has doubtless had much to do with
the referring of the species of this genus to Prioo.

In the following antithetical table the main diagnostic points of the two
genera are contrasted.

c.

e.
/■

PSEUDOPRION.

Poorly developed, or
entirely obsolete to-
wards end of bill.

Normal ; vertical ; not
vaulted ; nor with
inflated free edge.

Concave.

Of ordinary size, its
chord more than a
third of culmen.

Straight.

Absent.

g. Apparent.

h. Nearly straight.

i. Narrowly triangular,
well feathered.

k. Extend nofurtherthan
those on culmen.

I. Moderately graduated,
central feathers not
protruding; contain-
ed nearly twice in
the wing.

Differential Elements.

a. Fringe of serrations.

b. Lateral lamellx of bill.

c. Dorsal outline of cul-

men.

d. Unguis.

Literal outline of bill.
Groove for reception of
fringe.
Lateral groove en lower
mandible.
h. Cutting edges of lower

mandible.
i. Inter ramal or submental

space.
k. Feathers on lower man-
dible.

1. Tail.

Phion.

Extensively and com-
pletely developed
throughout.

Hypertrophied ; hori-
zontal ; arched ; with
inflated free edge.

Straight.

d.

Very small ; its chord

less than a third of

culmen.

e.

Convex.

f

Present.

9-

Wanting.

h.

Very sinuate.

Broadly conoidal, near-
ly naked.

Extend much beyond
those on culmen.

Much graduated, cen-
tral feathers elonga-
ted, contained one
and a half times ia
the wing.

1866.]

165 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Pseudoprion Banksii (Smith) Coues.

Pachyptila Banksii, A. Smith, 111. S. Afric. Bds. pi. 55.

Prion Banksii, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 366. Gray, Gen. Birds,

iii. 1849, p. 649. Bonaparte, C. A. 1855, ii. p. 193.
Procellaria Banksii, Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 17.

Habitat. — Antarctic regions, coming northward into temperate latitudes of
both Hemispheres.

This species may be readily recognized by the continuation io the unguis of
the fringe of laminas, whereas in the others of the genus it is confined to a
short sp .ce near the base of the bill. The laminations are, however, very
small anteriorly ; and are somewhat deflected inwards.

In colors the species of both Pseudoprion and I'rion are so nearly identical
that, compared with Prion vittatus, the present species seems to differ in hardly
aught else than in the less amount of blackish towards the tail. On the mid-
dle feathers it is about an inch in depth ; laterally decreasing so rapidly that
there is hardly a trace of it on the three outermost. The bill and feet, how-
ever, are differently colored.

Dimensions. Bill (chord of culmen) a little more than one inch ; width at
widest point 0-50, height at base 044, at unguis about the same. Nasal tube3
•18. Tarsus 1-25. Middle toe and claw 1-50, outer do. about the same ; inner
do. 1 25. Wing 7 50 to 8-00. Tail 400 ; its graduation about -75.

Pseudoprion turtur (Banks) Coues.

Procellaria turtur, "Banks icon. 15," and Solander's MSS. fide Bp. ? Kuhl, Mon.

Proc. Beit. Zool. 1820, p. 143, No. 14, pi. xi. fig. 8. A. Smith, 111. Zool.

S. Afric. Bds. pi. 54. Gray, Genera Birds, 1849, iii. p. 648. Schlegel,

Mon. Proc. Mas. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 17.
Prion turtur, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. xiii. 1844, p. 366. Introd. B. Aust. p.

117, No. 602.— Id. B. Aust. vii. pi. 54. Bonaparte, C. A. 1856. ii. p.

193.
Habitat.—" Whole Pacific Ocean, between 30° and 50° of south latitude.''
(Gould.)

A species absolutely identical with P. Banksii in colors of plumage ; but
readily to be distinguished from that species by its somewhat smaller size, de-
cidedly slenderer and more compressed bill, and especially by the restriction
of the fringe of laminas to the base of the bill, and their very incomplete de-
velopment. The bill and feet are described as similarly colored with those of
Prion vittatus ; the webs flesh colored. The following measurements, particu-
larly of the bill, taken from a specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, are to be
compared with those of Banksii above given.

Chord of culmen 1-00 ; width of bill at base 0-33 ; height at base 0-37; at
unguis the same. Nasal tubes 0-18 ; tarsus 1-15; middle toe and claw 1-45;
outer do. 1-50; inner do. 1-25. Wing 7-25; tail 3-50; its graduation 0-50.
^Authors agree in identifying' the Pr. turtur of Banks' and Solander's ineditae
with the species beautifully figured by Mr. Gould under this name, and dis-
tinguished from Banksii by the characters given in the preceding pHragraphs.
Following the P. turtur in Bonaparte's Cons-pectus is given a " Pr. Rossi,
Gr. Mus. Britacn. ex Mar. antarcticis. Similis J'rioni turturi ;-sed minor, et
proportionibus diversis ; rostro latiore." I do not know what this can be ;
unless, as is quite probable, it indicates the Prion ariel, Gould.

Pseudoprion ariel (Gould) Coues.

? Procellaria turtur, Kuhl, Mon. Proc. Beit. Zool. 1820, p. 143, pi. xi. fig. 8.

(Also of Lesson, according to Bonaparte.)
? Procellaria velox, Banks, ic. ined. No. 16, fide Bp.
Prion ariel, Gould, " Proc. Zool. Soc." Ann. Mag. N. H. 1844. xiii. p. 366.—

Iutrod. B. Aust. p. 117. sp. 605.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 1G7

Procellaria arid, Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 18.
Balobsena typica, Bp. C. A. 1856, ii. p. 194.

Habitat. — Australian Seas.

1 have not been able to find where thig species is originally described by
Mr. Gould, if it has been at all more than named by him. From Dr. Sehlegel's
description* of typical specimens received by him from Mr. Gould, it appears
to have exactly the colors, and the development of the lamina: of the bill which
obtain in P. turtnr ; and to be distinguished from that species by its smaller
size; and a very slender bill, wider than high at the base.

Synonymy. It is a little uncertain to which species the P. turlur of Kuhl' 3
Monograph, No. 14, fig. 8, really refers. The figure of the bill agrees quite
nearly with a specimen of the turtur Gould, of the preceding article of this
paper; but the description given by Dr. Kuhl, and especially the measure-
ments rather seem to indicate the present species, ariel, Gould. But Dr. Kuhl
also gives the measurements " Avis aliquantum major," which rather are those
of the true turtur. There are cited Bank's turtur, pi. 15, and also Pr. velox
Banks, pi. 16, as synonyma ; the first of which (according to most authors)
representing the turtur of Mr. Gould, and of this paper ; the second indicating
the true ariel of Gould. Under the circumstances, it is evident that Kubl's
turlur may be, without violence, referred to either of the two species; and
authors are about equally divided in opinion regarding it.

Bonaparte's Conspectus does not admit ariel as a valid species ; but has
instead a certain Halobiena typica, Bp. based upon a specimen in the Paris
Museum. He cites "turtur" Lesson, Kuhl, fig. 8, and "velox?" Banks, pi. 16,
as synonyms; and his diagnosis presents no points forbidding the reference of
this H. typica to the Prion ariel of Gould, with which Dr. Schlegel considers
it as synonymous.

? PSEUDOPRION BREVIROSTRIS (Gould).

Prion brevirostris, Gould, P. Z. S., 1855, p. 88, pi. 93.

" Upper surface delicate blue ; edge of the shoulder, the scapularies, outer
margins of the external primaries, and tips of the middle tail feathers black :
lores, sides of the head and all the under surface white, stained with blue ou
the flanks and under tail coverts ; bill light blue, deepening into black on the
sides of the mandible and at the tip, and with a black line along the side of
the under mandible; feet light blue; interdigital membranes flesh color.

Length 10J inches ; bill j| ; wing6f; tail 3^; tarsi 1]."
I am only acquainted with this supposed species by the plate and descrip-
tion of Mr. Gould, above cited, and can offer no opinion regarding it. Tliu
description does not indicate any tangible points of difference from P. ariel.
By Gray, and, I believe, also by the majority of writers, it is considered as a
synonym of P. ariel.

PRION Lacepede.
Procellaria sp. Auct.

Prion, Lacepede, Mem. de 1'Inst., 1800—1801, p. 514. (Gray).
Pachyptila, Illiger, Prod., 1811, p. 274, No. 132.
Priamphus, Rafinesque, 1815, fide Bp.

The essential characters of this genus lie in the peculiar shape of the bill
and the coriiplete development of the serrated laminae, which are the dis-
tinguishing features of the group of which it is typical. The modifications to
which the bill is subjected produce a result which, compared with other Pro-
cellaridie, may be likened to that seen in the genus Cuncroma among the

* Schlegel 1. c. "Semblable a la Procrtlarii turtur, egaleruent par rapport aux lamelles des
mandibules; mais de taille mons forte, et a bee plus i'aible. Aile 6 pouces 2 lignes ; peinte dn
l'aile 2 pouce 3 lignes. Queue : pennes mitoyennes 2 pnuces et 8 a 10 lignes: peunes externea 2
ponces et5 a 7 lignes. Bee: longueur 9 a 10 lignes: hauteur 2 lignes et demie : largeur 3 lignes
et demie a 4 lignes. Tube nasal, 2 lignes. Tarse 12 a 13 lignes. Doigt du niileau 12 a 13 lignes.
Individus de Mers de l'Australie obtenus en 1S63 de Mr. Gould."

1868.1

168 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Ardeidcc. I have not met with as detailed a description of its peculiarities
as seems desirable.

The culmen, from the extremity of the nasal case to the root of the unguis,
is quite straight. Though rising up as a conspicuous ridge between the deep
longitudinal sulci on either side, its outline is broad, flat, depressed, and not
carinated. The unguis of tbe upper mandible is small and weak, and hardly
rises above the level of the culmen proper; its convexity and decurvation are
slight.

On either side of the culmen, from the root of the nasal case to the junction
of the lateral mandibular lamellae with the unguis, lies a well-marked, deep
longitudinal sulcus ; the central line of which depression, from the end of the
nostrils to the unguis, is occupied by a distinctly defined ridge.

The immensely-developed lateral lamellae of the superior mandible have so
great a lateral extension, as to make the width of the bill at its broadest part
nearly two-thirds its length. These lamellae are arched and inflated through-
out : and their surface is superior, not lateral. The free commissural edge is
convex in outline; retreating slightly inwards and backwards from the
broadest point of the bill, which is a little in advance of its extreme base ;
converging more rapidly and nearly in a straight line thence to the unguis ; it
is dilated and bulging posteriorly where it overhangs, but by no means meets
or touches, the inferior mandibular rami ; more anteriorly, it is deflected
downwards, and terminally rests against the unguis of the lower mandible.

From the under surface of the lateral lamella near its free edge grow a
series of serrated laminae, which extend from the very angle of the mouth to
the unguis ; their ou'line corresponding nearly to that of the edge of the
lamella whence they spring. They are directed downwards, with a little out-
ward and forward inclination. They are longest, largest, and their " set " is
most oblique at the broadest point of the bill ; whence, as they proceed either
forwards or backwards, they diminish in size and become more vertical in
direction. It is this fringe of serrations that is in apposition with the under
jaw ; forming, therefore, the true commissural edge of the upper mandible.
These laminae are, so to speak, a series of plates, antero-posteriorly thin,
elastic and yielding; transversely wide and resisting; whence it results that
ihey can readily be bent away from each other ; but the series cannot be
laterally deflected, as a whole; exactly as is the case with the teeth of a
comb.

The nasal tubes are very short, measuring hardly more than a fifth the
length of the culmen and unguis ; broad and depressed; placed conspicuously
hieh upon the base of the culmen. They are somewhat more elevated api-
cally than basally ; their apex is so deeply emarginate as to cause a partial
segregation of the two tubes towards their termination. The orifice of each
naris is circular; the internasal septum rather wide.

Corresponding with the general shape of the upper, the lower mandible is
very broad ; its rami widely divaricating, presenting much concavity towards
each other. Its cutting edge is very sharp and strongly sinuate for its whole
length, being curved in several planes oblique to each other. From the
widest point, which is opposite the extremity of the feathers on its side, the
rami rapidly converge to the unguis ; which latter is very small and weak, its
gonys very concave in outline, its tip acute and much decurved. There is
hardly an eminentia symphysis.

The true lateral sulcus of the rami, seen in most Procellariinse, is wanting.
In its place we have, ju3t external to the true cutting edge of the lower man-
dible, a groove which extends the whole length of the ramus; deepest and
most marked posteriorly; apically becoming obsolete. This groove, owing
to the inflection of the edge of the mandibular ramus, looks upwards and
outwards, and into it the fringe of laminae are received. More anteriorly
where the groove is obsolete, the teeth simply abut against the side of the
under mandible.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 169

The broad space between the widely-separated, mutually concave inferior
mandibular rami is occupied by soft, more or less distensible skin, naked of
feathers, except a small triangular wedge which extends forwards from the
base only to a point but a little in advance of the termination of the feathers
on the side of the lower mandible. Even this patch does not fill the space
from side to side. The feathers on the side of the lower mandible extend as
far as the broadest point of the bill. The frontal feathers project a little on
the nasal ^ase. Retreating somewhat, they then stretch transversely across
the base of the lateral lamella1, with no obliquity backwards, to the very edge
of the bill ; which is thence densely feathered to the angula oris.

Bill about as long as the tarsus ; the latter equal to middle toe without its
claw; covered with quite regular hexagonal plates, largest antero-interiorly.
Outer toe and claw about equal to middle. Tip of inner reaching base of
middle. Hallux strong, straight, conical, placed rather low down. Folded
wings not surpassing tail. First and second primaries about equal ; last suc-
cessively more rapidly graduated. Tail long; two-thirds the wing from the
carpus, or contained one and a half times in it; cuneate ; central rectrices
acuminately rounded and somewhat projecting; lateral ones more broadly-
rounded and much graduated in length.

Prion vittatus (Gm.) Lace'p.

Procellaria vittata, Gmelin, S. N. i. pars ii. 1788, p. 560, and of authors.

Prion vittatus, Lac6pede, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1849, iii. p. 649, and of later

authors.
Pachtjplila vittata, llliger, Prod., 1811, p. 275.

Procellaria Forsteri, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 827. Not of Smith.
Pachyptila Forsteri, Swainson, Class. Birds, ii. p. 374. Lesson, Trait6, 1831, p.

613. Jard. and Selb. Illust. Orn. pi. 47. Steph. Gen. Zool. xiii. 1825,

p. 251.
Procellaria latirostris, Bonnrerte, Ency. Metod.

Habitat. — Southern portions of both Atlantic and Pacific.
Line over the eye white. A transocular dusky fascia. Entire upper parts
light grayish or plumbeous blue; which color, somewhat diluted, clouds the
sides of the breast and the flanks. Edge of wing, lesser coverts, outer vanes
aud tips of four first primaries, and terminal area on tertials, blackish
plumbeous. Inner vanes of quill feathers and tips of tertials fading into
pearly or grayish white. Tail concolor with back; passing terminally into
plumbeous black; which, from an extent of If inches on the central rectrices,
decreases successively to a bare trace on the outer ones. Under tail coverts
white, somewhat clouded with plumbeous. All other parts are pure white.
11 Bill light blue, deepening into black on the sides of the nostrils and at the
tip, and with a black line along the sides of the under mandible ; irides very
dark brown ; feet beautiful light blue." [Gould.]

Dr. Kuhl's fig. 13, and M. Temminck's PI. Col. 528, are by Dr. Schlegel sup-
posed to refer to the P. Banksii rather than to this species, contrary to the
opinion entertained by most ornithologists. The former figure measures
eleven-sixteenths of an inch in width at the widest part of the bill; a
dimension which the Banksii is hardly known to attain.

In accordance with the views entertained in the preceding pages, the follow-
ing synopsis of the genera and species of the two sections treated of is pre-
pared.

Family PROCELLARI1D.E.

Subfamily Procellariinve.
Section jfistrelatese (Bp. 1855).
The cutting edge of the upper mandible is not dilated nor furnished with
serrations.

1866.]

170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Genus I. ^Estrelata Bp., 1855. Bill robust, compressed, its unguis large,
hooked from the nostrils. Interramal space narrow, fully feathered. Extension
of feathers on forehead moderate. Nasal case short. Tail more or less cunei-
form, the lateral rectrices much graduated. Hallux of ordinary size.

1. A. HyESiTATA Coues. ex Proc. hsesitata Kuhl. Not of Forst., Reich., Gld.
nor Puff, hsesit. Lawr. Proc. breviroslris and meridionalis Lawr., or Fulmarus
merid. Bp., hut not brevirostris Less. P affirms V Herminieri Less. yEslrelala
diabolica Bp. Large; pileum and upper parts brown; upper tail coverts, basal
half of tail, forehead and neck all around white. Bill or tarsus 145 ; wing
12"00; tail 5-50 ; middle toe and claw 2-12.

2. A. Lessoni Cassin, ex Proc. Lessoni Garnot. Rhantistes Lessoni Bp. Proc.
leucocephala Forst. JEstrelata leuco. Bp. ?Pr. alba Gm. ?Daption album Steph.
Pr. variegata Bonn. Pr. vagabunda Sol. secundum Bp. Large ; head all around
white, except a transocular fascia. Back deep ash. Tail and coverts ashy
gray. Bill 1-50 ; tarsus 1«65 ; middle toe and claw 2-50.

3. A. rostrata Gray, ex Pr. rostrata Peale. Rhantistes rost. Bp. Large, bill
exceedingly robust, along chord of culmen 1-37; height or width at base 066.
Wing 11-00, tail 4-75. Tarsus 1-75. With the pattern of coloration and nearly
the tints of young Lessoni. Frontal feathers running far forward on the nasal
case.

4. A. parvirostris Coues, ex Pr. parviroslris Peale Rhantistes parvir. Bp.
Medium, bill slender and compressed, its length 1-08. Tarsus 1-25. Outer toe
and claw 1-66. Young? Above deep fuliginous brown, (no trace of ashy,)
this color extending all around the head and neck, on the tips of the feathers.

5. A. incerta Coues, ex Pr. incerta Schlegel. — Large. Wing 11-50 ; tail nearly
5, much graduated. Bill 16 to 17 lines ; height 5 lines. Tarsus 1-50. Colors
as described much those of young Lessoni; to which the species may be re-
ferrible.

G. A. neglecta Coues, ex Pr. neglecta Schlegel. — Medium, with the colors of
incerta. Bill; length 1-12; height 4 to 5 lines. Wing 10-00 inches. Per-
haps to be referred to parviroslris.

7. A. Solandri Coues, ex Proc. solandri Gould. — Coohilaria solandri Bp. — Pr.
melanopus Natt. nee. Gm. — Large; very robust. Length 16; bill 1-75; wing
12; tarsus 75 ; tail 5-50; middle toe and claw 2-37. Bill and feet black.
Above dark brown ; becoming slate gray on middle of back, and wing and tail
coverts. Young? Washed with gray on the abdomen.

8. A. grisea Coues, ex Pr. grisea Kuhl, according to Schlegel'a identi-
fication.— Pr. lugens Banks, Forst. ined. jEst. inexpectata Bp. nee. Forst.
Medium, generally like mollis ; with a more compressed bill, and some discrep-
ancies in dimensions. Wing 9-50 ; tail 3-88 ; bill 11J lines ; tarsus 16J lines ;
middle toe 19 lines.

9. A. mollis Coues, ex Pr. mollis Gould. — Coohilaria and Rhantistes mollis
Bp. — Pr. inexpectata Forst. — ? Pr. melanopus Gm. Vieill. Steph. — ? Pr. gularis
Peale. — ? Pr. Philipph Gray. — ? Pr. crepidata vel sandaliala Sol. according to
Bp. Medium, bill (chord of culmen) 1-10 ; height at base -45 ; width slightly
less ; tarsus 1 33 ; outer toe and claw 1-75 ; wing ranging from 9-50 to 10-50 ;
tail 4-50. Under surfaces of the wings coiicolor with the upper.

10. A. Cookii Coues, ex Pr. Cookii Gray. — Rhantistes Cookii Bp. — Pr. leucop-
(era Gld. Coohilaria leucoptera and C. velox, Rhantistes velox Bp. Pr. brevipes
Peale. Small. Bill 1-00, height at base -35. Wing 8-50 to 900 ; tail 375 to
4-25, its lateral graduation TOO to 1-50. Tarsus 110. Under wing coverts
and a line along edge of fore arm white.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 171

11. A. gavia Coues, ex Pr. gavia Forst. (following G. R. Gray's authority.)
Small ; with the colors generally those of Cookii, including under wing coverts.
" Expanse 2G; bill 1-50; tibiae 1-75; tail 2-50," [Forst.]

12. A. desolata Bp. ex Pr. desolata Goo. — Daption desolatum Steph. Small-
est. With the general colors of Cookii. Wing 7-80 ; tail 3 40, its graduation
•75. Bill less than one inch. Tarsus or middle toe about 1-00.

13. A. macroptera Coues, ex Pr. mocroptera Smith. — Ossifraga macroptera
Reich. — Pterodroma mac. Bp. — Pr. brevirostris Less. nee. Lawr. — ? Pr. lugubris
T sen. Large ; wings long ; face gray ; tarsi yellow.

14. A. fuliginosa Coues, ex Pr.fuliginosa Kuhl, sp. 12, (not fulig. Kuhl, sp.
27; not of Gm. Lath.; not Puff, fulig. Strickl. not Neclris fulig. Forst.) — Pr.
atlantica Gld . Pterodroma all. Bp. Large. Everywhere fuliginous; feet dark
colored. Bill 1-35. Tarsus 1-60; middle toe and claw 2-20; wing 10-75 to
11-50 ; tail 4-50 to 5-00.

15. A. aterrima Coues, ex Proc. alerrima Verr. — Pterodroma aterr. Bp. Small.
Tarsi light colored, passing into black upon the terminal portion of the toes.
Wing 8-50 ; tail 3-50 ; bill slightly more than an inch. Tarsus 1-33.

1G. A. Bulweri Coues, ex Pr. Buhveri Jard. and Selby. Thalassid. Bulweri
Gray. — Pr. anjinho Heineken. — Puf/inus cohimbinus Webb and Berth. — Bulweria
columbina Bp. Smallfst. Proportionate length of tail to wing as 4-50 to 8 ;
graduation of tail 1-75 to 2-00. Bill -85 ; tarsus a little longer.

17. A. Macgillivrayi Coues, ex Thalassidroma (Buliveria) macgillivrayi G. R.
Gray. Like Bulweri; bill larger; no sooty brown on wings.

18. A. cap.rib.'ei Coues, ex Pterodroma carribsei Carte. " Blue Mountain
Duck," Gosse.

Genus II. Pagodroma Bp. 1855. Bill very short, moderately strong and
compressed. Forehead flattened ; and lengthened by the extension forward of
the feathers. Interramal space narrow, densely feathered. Nasal tubes short.
Hallux unusually developed. Tail long, broad, but slightly rounded.

19. P. nivea Bp. ex Pr. nivea Gm. — Daption n. Steph. Thalassoica n. Reich.
— Proc. Candida Peale. Pagodroma var. major Bp. Entirely white. Subject to
great variations in size ; forming var. minor Bp.

Genus III. Daption Steph. 1825. — Bill much dilated, unguis small and weak.
Interramal space wide and partially naked, oblique sulci on inner face of cut-
ting edge of mandible. Fasal tubes long. Hallux of ordinary size. Tail
rather short, moderately rounded.

20. D. capensis Steph. ex Pr. capensis Linn. — Pr. nsevia Briss. — Pr. punctata
Ellin. Spotted with black and white on upper parts.

Section PRIONEJE (Bp. 1855.)

The upper mandible is furnished near its edge with laminated serrations.

Genus I. Halob.exa Is. Geoff. External form of bill much that of JEslrelata ;
serrations few and inconspicuous. Tail truncated.

1. H. coerulea Bp. ex Pr. cocrulea Gm. Pachjptila coerulea 111. Steph. Pr.
similis Forst. Pr. Forsteri Smith, nee. Lath. Tail tipped with white.

Genus II. Pseudoprion Coues. Serrations poorly developed or quite obso-
lete towards end of bill. Lateral lamellae of bill normal, their free edges un-
inflated. Culmen concave ; lateral outline of bill straight. Interramal space
narrow, well feathered. No sulcus for reception of fringe. Tail moderately
long and rounded, contained nearly twice in the wing.

1866.]

172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

2. Ps. Banksii Coues, ex Pach/plila Banksii Smith. — Prion B. Gld. Procellaria
B. Schl. The fringe of serrations is apparent to the end of the bill. Chord of
cultnen 1-05 ; width of bill at widest point -50 ; height at base -44.

3. Ps. turtur Coues, ex Proc. turtur Banks " icon. ined. No. 15." — Also of
Kuhl ? Prion turtur Gld. The fringe of serrations is confined to the basal por-
tion of the bill. Chord of culnieu 1-00 ; height of bill at base -37; width -33.

4. Ps. ariel Coue?, ex Prion ariel Gould. — ? Proc. turtur Kuhl. — Proc. arid
Schl. Halobcena typica Bp. — ? Prion brevirostris Gld. Smaller than turtur.
Bill 9 to 10 lines, height 1\ lines ; width 3£ to 4 lines.

Genus III. Prion Lace"p. 1800 — 1. Serrations developed to the maximum.
Lateral lamellae hypertrophied, with inflated free edges. Culmen straight :
lateral outline of bill convex to the unguis. A deep sulcus on either side of
the culmen ; another on the lower mandible for reception of the fringe. Inter-
ramal space broad, nearly naked. Tail elongated, much graduated, contained
1 \ times in the wing.

5. Pr. vittatus Lacep. ex Proc. vittata Gra. Pachi/ptila vitt. 111. Proc. Fors-
teri Lath. nee. Smith. Pachypt. Forsteri Swains. Proc. latirostris Bonn. Greatest
width of bill three-fourths of an inch or more.

In a subsequent paper will be considered the Diomedeinx and Ilalodrominx.

Critical Review of the Family PROCELLARIIDiE ;— Part V ; embracing the
DIOMEDEIN.E and the HALODEOMINiE. With a General Supplement.

BY ELLIOTT COUES, M. D., U. S. A.

The group composed of the Albatrosses is so trenchantly distinguished from
all other Natatojes, that for its definite characterization it is only necessary to
advert to the absence of the hallux, and to the position of the rhinothecas. In
other morphological points the Albatrosses conform closely to the type of
structure which obtains throughout the Procellariinx.

The Halodromes, if really components of the family Procellariidce, are the
most curiously aberrant of all the Gavix or Longipennine Natatores. They
appear to hold a quite anomalous position, intermediate between several nata-
torial suborders. The very short falcate wings, no less than the absence of the
hallux ; the general configuration of the body, and especially the position of
the posterior extremities relative to the axis of the body; as well as the com-
pactly imbricated, glossy plumage ; indicate a close aflinity with the Urinatores,
or Brachypterous Natatores. These structural resemblances are borne out by
the attitudes, habits, and mode of life of the species, so far as we are acquain-
ted with them ; which are rather those of Guillemots than of Petrels. The
dilation of the bill, particularly of the under mandible, and the partially naked
and distensible submental skin, which forms an imperfect pouch, point to a
type of structure extensively prevailing among the Totipalmi. Most of the lat-
ter have the rhynchotheca segmented ; so that almost the only character of the
Halodromes which is strictly Procellaridian is the tubulation of the rhinothe-
ca ; and even in this feature the details of shape and direction of axis are en-
tirely unique. So far indeed as external characters are concerned, arguments
are adducible for their reference to either of the three tribes above alluded to ;
and especially to the Urinatores. It remains for the scalpel to finally deter-
mine their true affinities.

By Illiger* the tubulation of the rhinotheca has been made indicative of a
tribe {although called a family) Tubinares, which is attaching to it a value
coordinate with such a character as e. g. the membranous union of the hallux

* Prodromus, 1811, p. 274.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 173

with the inner anterior digit, which defines what we now recognize as the tribe
or rather suborder Totipalmi, embracing numerous families. Proceeding upon
this basis we should be obliged in like manner to form a tribe or suborder
" Linear inares " of what is now known as the family Laridx, and erect its four
recognized subfamilies into as many families.

By Bonaparte* the order Gaviae is made to consist of two tribes, the Toti-
palmi and the Longipennx ; the latter containing two families, — Laridx and
Proccllariidse — the differences between which essentially rest in the linear or
tubular form of the nostrils; for continuity or division of the corneous rostral
envelope does not always point to one or the other family, as the Lestridinw of
the Laridce have somewhat the features of the ProcellariidcB in this respect. In
this arrangement an essentially brachypterous bird, — one truly a "diver"
rather than a "flyer " in the sense in which these words are technically ap-
posed— is classed among the Longipennines.

If a tubular rbinotheca be really the most essential feature, and at the same
time of no more than family value, then its modifications may with propriety be
held as indicative of three subfamilies Diomedeinse, Frocellariinen, and Ilalodro-
minsa. But it is questionable whether such be indeed the case. An approach
to this feature is seen in the Les(ridi?ite, (of a family otherwise exhibiting
strictly linear basal nostrils, aud an undivided rhynehotheca ;) in which the
so-called "cere" is really a segmentation of the corneous envelope and pro-
bably also indicative of tubulation of the nares. It is by no means proven
that the peculiar nostrils of the 1'rocellariidx as generally defined, should not
be held as subsidiary in importance to, or at least of no more than coordinate
value with, other points of structure. Upon such an hypothesis the birds now
called Procellariidx would be divisible into ihree families, somewhat accord-
ing to ihe following schedule : —

I. Tridactyle.

A. Maciopterous ; "flyers;" the tubular nostrils disjoined,

lateral, horizontal Diomedeidm.

B. Brachypterous; "divers;" the tubular nostrils united.

culminal, vertical Halodromidce.

II. Tetradactyle.

Macropterous; " flyers ; " the tubular nostrils united, cul-
minal, horizontal Proccllariidse.

But this arrangement is as faulty as the others, in the presence of an incon-
gruous brachypterous element; and we should moreover be obliged to recog-
Lize a tribe or suborder for the three families thus collocated.

It will be evident, therefore, that so long as we regard a tubular rbinotheca
as a primary fundamental character, not permitting of a wide separation of the
forms in which it is present, we shall bring into juxtaposition certain types
widely dissimilar from each other in most other respects ; and that we do not
obviate this difficulty when we make this character indicative of a suborder,
under which several families may be ranged, any more than in considering it
as of family importance, aDd forming our subfamilies upon its modifications.
In either case we are met by the same objection. It remains to be proven that
tubulation of the external nares is not a feature of subordinate importance to
others and as such, one whifh may coexist in types otherwise presenting a
widely diverse assemblage of characters. In which event, at least one genus
now held as Procellaridian will be found to constitute a family of quite a dif-
ferent suborder ; and certain others will form at least a family distinct from
that of the Petrels proper. The test of anatomical investigation must be ap-
plied before the question can be definitely settled ; for in one sense external
characters of every sort are but the indices, as it were, of fundamental struc-

• Schema Systematic Ornithologiee, Compt. Kend. xxxyii. 1853.

1866.]

174

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

tural modifications ; and as such unavailable for the truly scientific definition
of groups of a higher grade than families.

In calling attention to the foregoing considerations, I wish to be understood
as offering no opinion upon the questions involved, and particularly as by no
means asserting that the Halodromes are not true Procellaridians. It is rarely
of use to exchange one doubtful opinion for another ; and for the present I
shall follow the usually received classification. But it is safe to affirm that by
the determination of the proper affinities of these birds the exact value of the
character of tubulation of the rhinotheca is to be ascertained.

Subfamily DIOMBDEINJE.

In a careful study of the Albatrosses, the interesting fact becomes evident,
that we have an easy and convenient means of accurate diagnosis of species in
the characters afforded us by the bill alone. All the known species differ from
each other by perfectly tangible and readily appreciable variations in the size,
shape and color of the bill ; in the configuration of its several corneous ele-
ments, and in the outline of the feathers around its base. This latter feature,
conjointly with the shape of the corneous covering of the culmen in that por-
tion of its extent which is posterior to the nares, gives us such reliable data
that we need hardly enquire further. I shall, theiefore, in the following pages
confine myself chiefly to detailed descriptions of the bill ; and it will be noticed,
as supporting the foregoing assertions, that a synoptical table may be drawn
up solely upon the characters mentioned above.

As we shall study the bill somewhat in detail, I introduce, for convenience
of description, several words expressive of the different corneous elements
which cover it; the meaning of which will be obvious. I may remark that the
piece interposed between the inferior mandibular rami at the lower border of
their symphysis (here called the " interramicorn,") is a feature which also
definitely characterizes this group, as it is present in no other. The presence
of a well defined membranous fringe on the exterior toes is also highly charac-
teristic.

In the following pages I describe eleven species — one of them supposed to be
new — and indicate the possible existence of a twelfth. Of these one differs so
much from the rest that it may be properly made the type of a genus distinct
from Diomedea. The remaining species have also been subdivided into several
genera, chiefly by Prof. Reichenbach. Such a collocation of species is cer-
tainly natural, regarded as simply expressive of the fact that certain of them
are more intimately allied to each other, than they are to the species of another
group ; but the differences presented seem hardly sufficient to warrant our at-
taching generic import to them. The following will serve to explain the point
alluded to.

Group A. Comprising exidans, brachyura, nigripes, gibbosa. Of largest and
medium size. The bill is very broad, stout and heavy ; and especially very
wide at its base, and is uniform in color. The colors of the plumage are white,
variegated with black, especially upon the wings; or uniform fuliginous. The
tail is very short. The nostrils are large, and wide. Exulans may be consid-
ered as typical of this group. The length of tail reaches its minimum in bra-
chyura, upon which character Prof. Reichenbach founds his genus Phcebas-
tria.

Group B. Comprising melanophrys, Gilliana, n. sp. cauta, culminata, chloro-
rhyneha, olivaceirostris. Of medium and rather small size. Bill shorter, weaker,
and considerably compressed, usnally bright or parti-colored. White, with black
back and wings. Tail long, slightly rounded. Melanophrys may be taken as the
type of this group, which constitutes the genus 21halassarche Reich. Both mela-
nophrys and Gilliana differ from the other three species in the character of the
culminicorn, as will be hereafter more particularly elucidated.

So varying are the characters of shape of bill, outline of frontal feathers,
length of tail, etc., that I think they can hardly be made typical of distinct

[May.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 175

genera. D. fuliginosa itself would be hardly separable were it not for the pre-
sence of some features radically distinct from, and not merely a modification or
varying combination of those presented by Diomedea proper.

DIOMEDEA Linnasus.

Diomedea, Linnaeus, S. N. 1758, and of authors. Type D. exulam.
Phcebastria, Reichenbach, Syst. A v. Type D. brachyura Temru.
Tkalassarche, Reichenbach, Syst. Av. Type D. melanophrys Boie.

Under this head I shall consider all the species of Albatross except D. fuligi-
nosa. Its general characters have already been sufficiently elucidated. The
points of difference between it and Phozbetria will be found in the synoptical
table at the end of this article.

Diomedea exulans Linnaeus.

Diomedea exulans, Linn. S. N. i. 1766, p. 214 ; and of authors. PI. Enlum. No.

23Y. — Vieill. Gal. pi. 295.— Gould, B. Aust. pi. 38, etc.
Diomedea spadicca, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. 1788, p. 568. — Lath. Syn. v. 1785, p.

308, No. 2.— Lath Iud. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 790.— Lath. Gen. Hist. 1824, x.

p. 52, No. 2 ; (excl. Var. B.) Banks ic. in?d. t. 25, fide Gray. Young.
Diomedea albatr us, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. ii. 1811, p. . Forster, Desc.

Anim. ed. Licht. 1844, p. 27.
? Diomedea adusta, Tschudi, Cab. Journ. f. Ornith. 1856, p. 157, sp. 7.

Habitat. — Southern Hemisphere at large ; ranging to a considerable distance
north in the Pacific.

The great size of this species renders it easy of recognition in any of its very
diverse plumages. I will confine myself to a description of the bill, the gen-
eral features of which may be taken as the standard of reference for all the
species of the subfamily.

The frontal feathers form a rather obtuse angle on the forehead, whence they
run forward on the side of the upper mandible to a point a little posterior to the
root of the nostrils ; whence, with a slight backward obliquity, they extend to
the commissure. On the side of the lower mandible tbey come forward far
beyond those on the upper, and have a very convex — almost angular — outline.
This latter feature is constant, and of great value in distinguishing small exu-
lans from large brachyura when both are in fuliginous plumage. (Compare
outline as described under brachyura.) The point, of greatest extension is
nearly opposite the middle of the nosirils. The frontal feathers form a more
reentrant concavity on the forehead, and a more salient convexity on the side
of the lower mandible, than in any other species except fuliginosa.

By gentle maceration in warm water, into which a little potassa or soda has
been thrown, the various corneous elements of the bill readily separate from
it and from each other, so that we can advantageously study them.

The " culminicorn" is transversely broad a >d rounded, but may be some-
what compressed or even a little cannated ; a great difference in these
respects being observable in a large series of bills. Its dorsal outline descends
in a nearly straight line from the base to the middle of the bill; whence it
more rapidly rises with much concavity to the base of the UDguis. Its inferior
border is curved with a convex border from its distal extremity to the
nostrils ; then a considerable concavity is formed by the cutting away of a
space for the emergence of the nostrils. Behind these, it again dips down with
a salient convexity to join the upper edge of the latericorn ; their union, how-
ever, being rather a point than a line. The outline of the base corresponds
with that of the frontal feathers above given; and there are usually found a
few corrugations parallel with this outline. The distal extremity is more or
less fused with the superior unguicorn or dertrotheca, especially on the median
line of the culmen.

The " latericorn " corresponds in its superficies with the shape of the mandi-

3 866.]

176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

bular ramus of the intermaxillary. Its superior border is nearly straight for its
whole length ; no emargination existing opposite the nostrils, nor hardly any
decurvation in its terminal portion. A corneous ridge, incompletely fused with
it, separates its true superior border from the inferior border of the culraini-
corn — occupying the length of the sulcus from the nostrils to its termination.
Its inferior border is sharp and regularly curved in outline for its whole length.
Internal to the commissural edge, it extends as an exceedingly delicate, thin
lamina to line the roof of the mouth, fusing, anterior to the palatal fissure,
with its fellow of the other side; more posteriorly distinct, and descending to
cover the large swollen palatal bones, which latter make a prominent ridge on
either side of the roof of the mouth towards its posterior part. The basal
outline of the latericorn is that of the lateral frontal feathers, as above
described. It terminates in an acute angle anteriorly.

The " unguicorn " or dertrotheca is large and strong, in size, shape and
general appearance calling irresistibly to mind the claw of one of the large
Felidx. It is much thicker, heavier and stouter than any other of the corneous
elements. The convexity of its dorsal outline is great, being more than the
quadrant of a circle. Its commissural edges are thin and sharp, very concave
in outline: usually with an obsolete tooth, or, at least, a slight lobe.

The " naricorn " or rhinotheca is an irregularly convoluted little scroll, very
thin, and delicate in texture. Its general shape is that of a turgid cone,
whose apex presents backwards, and whose obliquely-truncated, irregularly-
shaped base is anterior. This is simply inserted in the emargination of the
under edge of the culminicorn, above described. A corneous parietes is want-
ing on the side which lies towards the median line of the bill; and, more
auteriorly, there are numerous delicate convolutions, impossible to describe
intelligibly. The general effect of these, however, is to produce a division into
two parts of each nasal orifice, by a process which projects upwards and
inwards. When the naricorns are in situ, the outer of these divisions, irre-
gularly circular in shape, forms the most conspicuous part, and looks forward
and a little upwards. The inner is much smaller, aud hidden under a project-
ing ridge ; and its aspect is quite lateral.

The "ramicorn" which covers the sides of the rami of the lower mandible is
chiefly noticeable for the peculiar outline of its base, which, as already stated,
formed the distinguishing feature of the under mandible of this species. It is
deeply concave in outline ; the superior cornu of the semilune running as an
acute process, far upwards and backwards to the commissural termination.
Terminally, the fusion with the inferior unguicorn is very incomplete. Its supe-
rior border runs downwards with a long concave sweep from base to tip ;
having posteriorly an obsolete groove for the reception of a ridge from the
upper mandible. Inside the mouth, more anteriorly, the inner face of the
ramicorn presents an elongated extensive ridge, whose superior aspect is con-
cave, both longitudinally and transversely. This ridge rises higher and
higher as it proceeds forward, till at its termination it is on a level with the
commissural edge. The ridge in the bone itself is slight in size, compared
with that produced by the folding over it of the heavy corneous covering.

The "inferior unguicorn" or myxotheca is subrectangular in its lateral
aspect, the antero-superior angle being rounded off, and its posterior margin a
little convex. Its tomial edges are sharp ; and rise considerably above the
edges of the bone they cover.

The " int^rramicorn" forms the gonal element of the bill. It is narrow, elon-
gated and subcylindrical in shape; anteriorly completely fused with the myx-
otheca; posteriorly extending on the median line a considerable distance into
the interramal space, running to a fine point, and very gradually merging its
corneous texture into that of ordinary dermal tissue.

The general shape of the bill appears sufficiently elucidated in the preced-
ing descriptions of its several elements. The features whereby it is differ-
entiated from that of any other species are these : Its great size, (chord of

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 177

eulmen 6-50 to 7-50;) its great breadth and strength ; width and concavity of
the eulmen; huge, strong unguis; peculiar convolutions of the naricorn ;*
the outline of the feathers, particularly on the side of the under mandible ; and
the uniform, very light yellowish color. These points will always separate
from brachyura specimens of every variety of size and color.

The D. spadicea of Gmelin and Latham is now universally conceded to be
based upon the young of this species. Latham's spadicea var. B., however, I
consider to be the young brachyura, for reasons stated elsewhere.

Moils. R. P. Lesson, holding that spadicea is distinct from exulans, commi's
the curious error of citing in support of his views a note sent him by Dr.
Garnot, which refers to Phocbetria futiginosa.f

Diomedea adusta Tsch. seems hardly different from this species, to which it is
unhesitatingly referred by Dr. Schlegel.

Diomedea brachyura Temm.

Diomedea spadicea, var. B., Lath. Gen. Hist. Birds , 1824, vol. x. p. 52, No. 2,

var. B. ; (cites PI. Enl. 903).
Diomedea brachyura, Temminck, PI. color. No. 554, adult, (cites PI. Enlum.

963, as young.) Schlegel, Fn. Japon. pi. 66. (Young.) Gould B.

Aust. vii. pi. 39, and of authors generally : excluding " brachyura juv."

of Cassin and Lawrence, which is niyripes Audubon.
Diomedea epomophora, Lesson, Man. Orn. ii. 1828, p. 351. — Id. Traite d'Ornith.,

1831, p. 009. Tschudi, Cab. Jouru. f. Ornith., 1850, p. 156. Bp. C. A.,

1855, ii. p. 185, [baud dubic ]
" Diomedea chinensis, IVmminck."

Habitat. — Pacific Ocean at large. Abundant in the China Seas, and on the
west coast of North America to a quite Lrgh latitude.

As is the case with other species, this one is readily diagnosticable by its
bill alone. This is of the same fundamental characier as that of exulans ; but
it is smaller, weaker, more compressed, with a vastly less concave eulmen, less
elevated, robust, and more attenuated and decurved unguis; and there is a
very marked difference in the outline of the feathers around its base.

Tbe frontal feathers embrace the bill in a near'y straight Hue as far as the
lateral sulcus; forming almost no concavity on the eulmen. Along the base
of the latericorn, they run slightly obliquely backwards to the commissure.
On the sides of the lower mandible they extend but slightly further than ou
the upper, having a scarcely convex outline.

The bill is stout, being especially wide at its base, which is large and heavy.
Anterior to the nostrils, the culminicorn is compressed, and sometimes obso-
letely carinated ; posterior to them, it very rapidly flattens and widens, and
extends so far downwards on either side that there is allowed no projection of
the post ro- superior corner of the latericorn. Ttte latter, with the exception
of this feature, and of a straighter commissural edge, is much as in exulans.

The dertrum is comparatively small : hardly rises above the level of tbe
r/ulmen; and is by no means so convex and hooked at the tip as in exulans.
The myxa is longer, narrower and more attenuated.

The straigbtness of the commissure as compared with that of exulans; and
the different ou line of the feathers on the side of the lower mandible, are the
main points whercia the outline of the ramicorus of the two species differ.
The nostrils are as in exulans, but smaller. The variations in plumage of

• Existing, but to a less extent, in some other species.

t Lesson, Man., 1828. ii. p 3?0. — 'Cette e*pece" — spadicea— " a ete regarrie> comme le jeune
ftge du exulans ; mais nous ne partageons pas cette opinion. A ce sujet nous imprimeron.« tex-
tuellement une note, que nous a remise M. le Docteur Garnot * * il sVxprime ainsi * » •
autour des yeux qui sont brun clair on voit un petite cercle de plumes blanches interrompu par
une tache noir a, Tangle interne de l'ceil; le bee est noir; la mandibule inferieure presente sur sen
faces deux ligues blanches membraneuses," etc., from which expressions it is palpable that a
specimen of fuliginosa furnished the subject of the note.

1866.] 12

178

PROCEEDINGS Of TIIE ACADEMY OF

this species are quite parallel with those of exulans, and need not detain us, as
they are well known. A shining rusty yellow suffusion of the feathers of the
head and neck is met with in perhaps the majority of adult specimens.

That this species is the spadicea var. B. of Latham, as above, when in the
fuliginous state of plumage, is evidenced, if not by Latham's brief description,
by his citation of PI. Enl., No. 963, which gives correctly the outline of the
frontal feathers and other points, whereby it is distinguishable from the young
exulans. The same plate is also cited by Temminck himself as representing
the young brachyura.

A specimen before me, unquestionably brachyura, is in precisely the state of
plumage described under the name epomophora by Lesson in his works above
cited, and recognized as a valid species by Tschudi and Bonaparte. The
relative amount of black and white on the wings is very variable, tbe latter
color sometimes pervading all the coverts; and at others being restricted to a
small spot at the elbow, producing the appearance which suggested Lesson's
name.

The questions arising from the confounding of nigripes Audubon with this
spfcies are discussed under head of the latter.

Note. — I find in the Smithsonian Institution a skull of an Albatross, want-
ing tbe lower jaw, in general features mott like that of brachyura, (numerous
examples of which are before me,) but differing as follows : —

It is considerably narrower and smaller in nearly all of its dimensions ; the
bill especially being slenderer, weaker and more compressed, with a less ele-
vated and smaller unguis. The frontal outline is decidedly more concave on
the median line. The culminicorn was narrower and less flattened basally :
did not descend so low to meet the latericorn behind the nostrils, and was
more convex along its dorsal outline. The fronto-maxillary suture is nar-
rower. The palatal bones are smaller and narrower, and sink to the level of
the commissural edge murh sooner.

A most marked difference is seen in the supra-orbital fossa for the lodgment
of the gland, whose secretion is poured into the nasal cavity. It is very
soi*U, and particularly narrow ; so that, the least width between it and its
fellow is greater than in brachyura, although the skull is narrower. These
fossae have no floors whatever on their anterior halves.

Numerous other minor differences may be summed up as resulting from the
smallness and narrowness of the skull, which is well illustrated by the follow-
ing measurements. It will be noted that the bill is absolutely longer, and
therefore still more comparatively elongated than in brachyura.

Dimension.

D.

brachyura.

D.

leptorhyncha.

Fronto-maxillary suture to tip of bill

5-40
2-75
1-37
2 62
1-00
1-30

5-75

" " " " occiput

2-37
1-08

" " " skull (at post-orbital

processes)

2-37
0-93

1-07

Upon these mesgre, though decided data, I do not like to formally introduce
a species ; and must, therefore, for the present, content myself with pointing
out tbe differences which exiit in the specimen to which I have affixed the
above name of leptorhyncha.

DlOMEDEA NIGRIPES Audubon.

Diomedea nigripes, Audubon, Orn. Biog. v. 1839, p. 327. Audubnn, Birds
Amer. vii. 1842, p. 198. [West coast Amer.] Cassin, Illust. B. Cal. &
Texas, 1853, p. 210, pi. 35. [Cala.] Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 179

Bas, 18G3, p. 33. [China.] Ssvinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 431. [China
Seas.]
Diomedea brachyurajuv. Cassin, Illust. B. Cal. & Tex., 1853, p. 291. Lawrence,
Baird's B. N. Amer., 1858, p. 822.

Habitat. — North Pacific. Coasts of Asia and America.

Description* Bill about a third longer than the head, slightly surpassing the
tarsus, equal to the middle toe without its claw : comparatively stouter, and
basally wider, than that of any other species (except gibbosa?). The culmen
is perfectly straight to the middle of the bill; and has thence only a just
appreciable concavity to the unguis ; which latter is weak and small, scarcely
rises above the level of the culmen proper, and is only moderately decurved
and acute. The culminicorn is moderately wide, and subcnrinated beyond the
nostrils ; posterior to them it is flatter and wider, spreading down so far on
either side as to overlap the upper edge of the latericorn. Its comparative
width is greater than in any other species. Although the basal outline i3
essentially rounded, as in brachyura, there is yet a slight angle formed on the
median line, readily perceptible, which is not the case in brachyura. The
great comparative width of the bill is produced chiefly by the turgid and pro-
tuberant latericorns, which give it an air of great thickness and solidity. Tne
lateral sulcus is nearly straight from nostrils to unguis, and thence is only
slightly decurved. The commissure is almost straight to the unguis. The
outline of the inferior mandibular rami is quite straight to the inferior unguis.
the point of which is somewhat elongated and decurved. The interramicorn
is small and short, though quite convex in outline. The feathers on the side of
the lower mandible extend further than on the upper ; their outline has a gentle
convexity. The nostrils are of moderate size ; very short ; rather obliquely
placed, presenting upwards and forwards ; and the emargination of the cul-
minicorn, to allow of their protrusion, is very deep.

The tail is of moderate length, contained about three times in the wing from
the carpal joint ; is nearly square, the feathers having but a slight graduation,
and all being broad to their very tips. (The tail of brachyura is contained
about 31 times in the wing.)

The tarsus is less than the middle toe without its claw, about equal to the
inner without its claw ; slender, moderatelv compressed. The outer toe is
longer than the middle ; the tips of the claws fall together. The tip of the
inner claw about reaches the base of the middle one.

The plumage is dark chocolate brown ; lighter and rather tending to plum-
beous gray on the under parts generally. Some of the dorsal feathers, and
most of the wing-coverts, have light grayish brown edges, as if faded ; and a
few feathers on the elbow are whitish except terminally. The region all around
the bill is hoary white for a limited space ; and then shades rapidly into the
prevailing color of the head. A streak over arid behind the eye and a spot
just in front of it are nearly pure black. The primary quills are black, with a
plumbeous cast on their inner vanes; their shafts bright yellow to near the
tips. The tail is brownish black; paler below; the shafts dull whitish except
apically. The long upper tail coverts which reach within one and a half
inches of the end of the tail, are lighter brown than the rest of the upper parts,
having sometimes a slight rufous tint. The feet and webs are black. The
bill in the dry state is dark brown, almost black on the nail; its basal por-
tions with a hoary glaucescence, its median portions tinged with reddish
brown.

Chord of culmen 4-00, its curve 4-60, from feathers on side of upper mandi-
ble to its tip 3-50; ditto lower mandible 3-20; height of bill at base 1-50;
greatest width 1-25. Tarsus 3-70 ; middle toe and claw 4-50, outer do. 4-50,
inner do. 4-00. Wing 19 to 20. Tail about 6-50.

The preceding paragraphs are descriptive of a most excellent species of Al-

* Taken from several typical examples from the coast of California in Mus. Smiths.

1866.]

180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

batross, very abundant in the North Pacific. It is readily distinguishable from
the young brachyura, to which it assimilates so closely in its plumage, by its
bill, which Dr. Schlegel has happily described as " tres court, quoique gros."
The shortness of the bill ; its great width, especially basally where the cul-
minicorn is so broad and descends so low as to ovetlap the latericorn ; the
general straightness of its several outlines, and its color ; the relative propor-
tions of the wings and tail ; and the proportions and color of the feet, all fur-
nish data ample for its separation from brachyura. So far as now known, tbe
fuliginous plumage above described is its only one ; but should it ever assume
a livery like that of brachyura, still the above points of form will readily char-
acterize it. The only question then is as to the came to be employed for it.
American writeis have without exception identified the " nigripes " of Audu
bon with the young brachyura.

Unfortunately I cannot find the type specimen of nigripes among the many
types of other species of Mr. Audubon now in the Smithsonian Museum. I have
before me the types of his " chlororhynchos " and " fusca ; " but " nigripes "
has been mislaid. We have therefore only his description as a guide ; from
which we must determine whether he had in view the present sp< cies or a
young brachyura, also found on the Pacific, coast of North America. In the
latter event nigripes would become a synonym, and a new name be required for
the species now under consideration.

Examining the dimensions given by Audubon we find several discrepancies.
In general they may be stated as too large. The bill is by no means '' five"
inches long, — especially along the edge of the under mandible. The tail is six
or more instead of " three " inches. The dimension given for the inner toe
(ljfl) is doubtless a typographical error. By carefully measuring Audubon's
specimen of "chlororhynchos," I find that he took the curve of the culmen,
not its chord. Applying this test to the specimens before me tbey measure
4-50 to 4-75 inches ; which is sufficiently near the dimensions he states. But
five inches along the edge of the under msndible is too great, even for the
majority of adult brachyura; while three inches as the length of tail, is wide of
the mark for either species. Eliminating palpable errors however, there is
nothing in his description or measurements absolutely incompatible with the
present species, though much confirming a suspicion that he may really have
had a young brachyura in view ; and I therefore think it best, at least until his
tj pe can be found, to accept his name, now well established, for this species,
■ especially as the necessity for a new one will thereby be obviated.

DlOMEDEA GIBBOSA Gould.

D. gibbosa, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 361. Id. Introd. B. Anst.
1848, p. 115.

JJabi/at. — " North Pacific."

Of this species, which is autcptically unknown to me, Mr. Gould says: "It
differs from every other that has come under my notice in the peculiar swollen
and raised form of the upper mandible, whiflfa moreover rises high up on the
forehead ; " and further describes it as having the " face, ear coverts, chin,
abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts white; the remainder of the plumage
very dark brown approaching on the occiput, back of the neck, and wings, to
black • bill yellowish horn color, becoming darker at the tip and at the base ;
feet in the specimen dark brown, but doubtless of a bluish gray, inclining to
flesh color, in the living bird. Total lengih 30 inches ; bill 4 ; wing 21 ; tail 7 ;

iarsi 4."

This supposed species is by Mr. G. R. Gray placed as a synonym of nigripes
Audubon. The dimensions and description in general accord well ; ana cer-
tain points of difference of coloration may be dependant upon age. It is not
impossible that gibbosa is based upon the fully adult nigripes, in a plumage
unknown until described by Mr. Gould. But comparisons of specimens are

[May.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181

requisite to settle definitely, this point, upon which at present I have no opin-
ion to offer.

DlOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS Boie.

Diomedea melanopkrys, Boie, Temm. PI. Ool. No. 456. Gould, B. Aust. pi. 43 ;
and of authors generally.

Habitat. — Southern Oceaus generally.

The bill is moderately compressed throughout, least so at the base where
it is very high or deep. The culmen is transversely rounded, non-carinated ;
its dorsal outliue moderately concave, descending from the forehead nearly
in a straight line to near the middle of the bill, whence it gradually ascends
to the unguis. The latter is very convex and much decurved, though not
rising so high as in some other species. The culminicorn basally descends a
little on either side to overlap the roots of the nostrils, and to coalesce witli
the latericorn ; no space of soft skin being interposed. The lateral sulcus fol-
lows very nearly the curve of the culmen, to near the unguis, where it rapidly
decurves. The commissural edge of the upper mandible is lightly curved.
The outline of the rami of the inferior mandible is nearly straight; the inter-
ramicorn somewhat protuberant, and extending far into the submental space.
The inferior unguicorn is much compressed, not very deep, its apex rather
acute, but little attenuated.

The nostrils are short and small; quite different in this feature from those
of exulans or brachyura. They are subconical in general shape ; being consid-
erably dilated anteriorly, and basally narrowirg to a point ; their orifices con-
siderably dilated, with thin margins ; suboval in shape, looking upwards and
forwards. This description of nostril is applicable to the other species of this
subdivision of the genus.

The frontal feathers embrace the base of the bill in a nearly straight line ;
hiving a slight forward obliquity, however, as they descend on the sides of
the upper mandible. On the culmen a very slightly reentrant curve (not angle)
is formed. On the side of the lower mandible the feathers begin slightly pos-
terior to their termination on the upper; extending somewhat forward, and
with a slight convexity, as they go downwards.

The bill is yellow, more or less pure and uniform in tint ; in immature birds
clouded with brown. Some portion of the unguis is usually dark colored.
The soft skin at the extreme base of the bill makes a narrow black line all
around.

White; back plumbeous black, more cinereous anteriorly, where it merges
gradually into the white of the neck. Wings and tail black; the latter with
a grayish or plumbeous tinge, especially basally. Shafts of quills yellowish,
becoming black terminally. Shafts of tail featbers white throughout. A ci-
nereous black transocular fascia. " Legs and toes yellowish white, the inter-
digital membrane and the joints washed with blue." (Gould.)

Chord of culmen 4-25 ; height at base 1-75: width 1-00; from feathers on
side of lower mandible to its tip 375. Tarsus 3-25; middle toe 4-75; outer
4'50 ; inner 4-00. Wing 20-00; tail 9-00 ; its graduation 200.

Diomedea Gilliana Coues, nov. sp.

Belonging to the group of white, black-backed Albatrosses of which melano-
phrys is typical, and with the characters of the culminicorn generally as in that
species. The shape of the bill, however, most nearly approaches that of cul-
minata ; but the characters of the culminicorn posterior to the nostrils are
quite diverse from those of the latter species, as follows : —

Instead of continuing, between the nostrils and the forehead, no broader
than it is anterior to them, it there widens, descending on either side to over-
lap their roots, and to coalesce by a simple sulcus with the upper edge of the
latericorn. There is thus left no space to be filled by soft skin. Tee dorsal

1866.1

182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

outline of the culminicorn is not so concave as in culminate/; does not begin
to curve downwards so immediately from the forehead ; does not dip so low
down at the middle of the bill ; is less flattened and depressed on top, and has
a more decidedly rounded transverse outline. The culminicorn has considera-
bly more of lateral extension downwards before it reaches the lateral sulcus.
The outline of the frontal feathers shows an approach to the character seen
in fuliginosa ; the root of the culmen extending nearly as far up on the fore-
head as in exulans. Still the outline is a simple concavity, not a sharp reent-
rant angle. On the sides of the lower mandible the feathers start a little pos-
terior to their termination on the upper and curve downwards and considera-
bly forwards with a decidedly convex outline.

The base of the culminicorn and latericorn are transversely rugose ; the cor-
rugations being mainly parallel with the outline of the frontal feathers.

The lateral sulcus is gently curved from base to unguis ; and on its ungual
extent is less deflected than in any other species. The interramicorn is promi-
nent; and extremely elongated before it finally looses itself in the submental
space.

In the dried specimen the bill presents none of the bright parti-coloration of
culminata, chlororhyncha, and cauta ; while its color as well as its shape are
sufficiently diverse from those of melanophrys. It is a plain uniform olivaceous
brownish throughout; the ungues darker, and inclining to black ; the extreme
tip of the upper mandible yellowish. That this color is not an evidence of
immaturity is evinced by the plumage which is palpably that of a fully adult
bird.

Cnord of the culmen 5 00 inches. Height of bill at base 1-75 ; a't middle
slightly over one inch ; at unguis 1-12. Width at base 1-45. Tarsus 3-00;
middle toe 4-V5, outer toe 4-60, inner toe 4-00. Wing about 20 00 ; tail about
900.

The coloration of the plumage is that of melanophrys and the rest of this
group, with this exception : The whole under surface of the wings is concolor
with the upper ; whereas in the other species a large area is white.

In carefully examining the superb series of Albatrosses in the Philadelphia
Academy, which contains examples of all known species except olivaceirostris
and gibbosa, I find a specimen of which the preceding paragraphs are descrip-
tive. It is unlabelled as to name, locality or donor; and Mr. Cassin has no
recollection whence it was obtained. I find it impossible to refer it to any
known species ; and am therefore constrained, somewhat reluctantly, to regard
it as a previously undescribed one. I am autopically familiar with all the re-
cognized species except olivaceirostris and gibbosa. The former of these is said
to have a bill " 3 inches and tbree-eignths long from the gape to the tip, and of
a uniform olive green, and in form more slender and elegant," etc. ; with which
description the characters of our bird are totally discordant. There is no
" peculiar swollen and raised form of the upper mandible " suggestive of the
name gibbosa, or rendering its reference to that species admissable.

From chlororhyncha, culminata, and cauta it is at once distinguished by the
color of the bill and especially by the lateral extension downwards of the base
of the culminicorn, and its coalescence with the latericorn, thus cutting off the
naked space which exists behind the nostrils of these species.

Agreeing in this latter respect with melanophrys, the shape no less than the
coloration of the hill, as well as the peculiar color of the under surfaces of the
wings forbid its reference to that species. Until these features are shown to
be accidental, or not incompatible with the variations to which melanophrys is
subject, the species must be regarded as a valid one ; since there are no others
than those above compared, to which it bears any sort of resemblance.

I trust that this species may prove valid, if for no other reason than that it
may continue to bear the name I have fixed to it in pleasant remembrance of
years of uninterrupted friendly intercourse ; although Professor Theodore Gill
needs no such slight tribute from me, to enhance the enviable reputation to

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183

which his extensive researches in almost every department of Zoology so
justly entitle him.

DlOMEDEA CAUTA Gould.

Dlomedea cauta, Gould, P. Z. S. viii. p. 177. Id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii.
1844, p. 360. Id. B. Aust. pi. 40. Gray, Gen. Birds, (plate of bill),
and of authors.

Habitat. — From the south coast of Van Diemen's Land.

A beautiful species having the colors of plumage of the melanophrys group ;
readily distinguishable from all other species by the following peculiarities in
the shape and color of the bill, and outline of the frontal feathers.

The frontal feathers lie in a straight or slightly convex outline across the
base of the culmen, and then descend perprtidicularly to the commissure ;
forming a slight reeentrant angle on each side of the base of the culminicorn.
From exactly opposite their termination on the commissural edge of the upper
mandible those on the lower start, and descend in a straight line with a
slight forward obliquity, forming a very obtuse angle with those on the upper
mandible.

The dorsal outline of the culmen descends from the forehead with a gentle
curve, to rise again on the unguis, but not so high as at the forehead. The
point of greatest concavity is opposite the middle of the bill. Basally the
culminicorn agrees with that of culminata and chlororhyncha, and differs from
melanophrys, in not widening behind the notnls, nor descending to overlap
their bases and meet the upper edge of the latericorn ; a uarro.v sub-
rectangular space thus left being covered only with soft skin.

The latericorn is very broad throughout as compared with the culminicorn ;
i. e., the lateral sulcus is placed high up. The latericorn is exceedingly deep
at its base, running high up towards the sides of the ba>e of the culminicorn,
and, in consequence of the strong upward inflection of the commissure
towards its base, the sides of the under mandible are also very deep basally,
and run high up to form an acute angle with the feathers at the commissure.

The nostrils present no discrepancies from other species of this group.

"Bill light vinous gray or bluish horn color, except on the culmen where
it is more yellow, particularly at the base ; the upper mandible is surrounded
at the base by a narrow belt of black, which also extends on each side of the
culmen to the nostrils; base of lower mandible surrounded by a belt of rich
orange, which extends to the corners of the mouth." (Gould.)

Chord of culmen 475 ; height at b-tse 1-90; width 1-25; height at unguis
1*25; from feathers ou lower mandible to the tip of its unguis 3-75. Tarsus
3-25 ; middle toe 5-00 ; outer toe 4-75 ; inner 4-25 ; wing 22-00 ; tail 10-00.

The plumage is th it of melanophri/s even to the transocular dark fascia ; but
this in the specimen before me extends quite to the bill, which is not the case
in the numerous specimens of melanoplirys examined.

A suffusion of the head and neck with pearly gray is doubtless indicative
of immaturity, as is the case with other species.

This bird is superbly figured in Mr. Gould's and Mr. Gray's plates cited
above. The latter is an exceedingly accurate delineation of the bill.

DlOMEDEA CULMINATA Gould.

Diorncdea chlororhynchos, of Audubon's Works ; witness the type specimen it-
self. Lawrence, Gen. Rep. Birds, N. A., 1858, p. 822. (Excl. syn.)
Diomeiea culminala, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 361. Id. B. Aust.
vii. pi. 41. Gray, Gen. Bds., 1849, pi. 179.
This species in color of plumage is quite identical with chlororhyncha, and
the bill, in its general characteristics of shape, most resembles that of the
latter species. But the bird is much larger, stouter and heavier, as will he
seen by comparing the dimensions given. The bill in general terms may be
stated to be heavier and stronger, though not longer than that chlororhyncha ;

1866.1

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

much less compressed ; deeper at the middle, notwithstanding that the con-
cavity of the cuhnen is much greater; and with other wall-marked peculiar-
ities, as follows : —

The dorsal outline is exceedingly concave, dipping down rapidly from the
forehead, and then again being much elevated on the ungual portion. The
culminicoru is broad, flattened, depressed, with no trace of carination. Its
colored base, instead of being acutely pointed, (as in chlororhyncha,) con-
tinues of a uniform width past the nostrils to the feathers, where it is broadly
rounded with a geitle convexity. Tnere exists posterior to the nostrils a
naked space of soft skin ; but this is trapezoidal, not triangular in shape, in
coosequ<-nee of the different shape of the base of the culminicorn, just
described.

The lateral sulcus is nearly straight to the unguis, where it is greatly
deflected. It runs high up along the bill; or ra'her the dorsal outline of the
cultnen dips, towards the middle of the bill, so far down, that it almost lies
on a level with this sulcus. The culminicoru is thus allowed scarcely any-
thing of a lateral aspect in the middle portion of its extent. The latericorn,
as a consequence, is very deep throughout, and its commissural outline is
de-idedly less curved. The two ungues are stout, deep and short; with con-
siderable more convexity of outline, and less elongation and decurvation of
their apices than is seen in chlororhyncha.

The dorsal outline of the inferior mandibular rami is quite straight. The
interraniicoru is prominent, but not so long as in chlororhyncha.

The outline of the feathers is almost exactly as in melanophrys ; i. e., they
lie over the base of the culmen iu nearly a straight line, or with a slight con-
cavity ; and thence extend nearly straight down the sides of the bill. There
is no trace of the reentrant angles at the sides of the base of the culminicoru
seen in chlororhyncha. The feathers on the lower mandible have the same out-
line as those of melanophrys or chlororhyncha.

The colors of the bill are quite different from those of any other species,
though coming nearest to chlororhyncha. The culminicorn is clear light yel-
low ; (not bright orange ;) and the edges of the inferior mandibular rami for
three fourths their extent are also yellow. There is no yellow line along the
sides of the base of the lower mandible at its junction with the feathers. The
rest of the bill is black. " In its youthful state the head and neck arj dark
^ray, and the bill is of an almost uniform brownish black, with only an indica-
tion of the lighter color of the culmen." (Gould.)

The plumage is quite the same as that of chlororhyncha. The color of the
back is darkest posteriorly, being anteriorly more plumbeous, and shading
into the grayish pearl which washes the neck and head of the majority of
specimens. Usually the feathers about the eyes are more or less dark-colored.

In young birds the whole head and neck is clouded with plumbeous gray ;
and the transocular fascia is more conspicuous.

Bill (chord of culmen) 4-50; height at base 1-75 ; at middle 1-10, at unguis
1-25 ; width at bas- 1-20. Tarsus 325 ; middle toe 5-00, outer toe 475, inner
toe 4 25. Wing 21-00. Tail 8 to 9.

I have before me Audubon's type of the u chlororhynchos" of his works. It
is an example of culminata Gould ; and was doubtless procured elsewhere
than "not far from the Columbia River," as falsely stated. This specimen
(No. 2726 of the Smithsonian Register) is also described by Mr. Lawrence,
1. c, under the same name.

I have a distinct impre-sion of hiving seen, in some old work, a plate of
this species (as evidenced by the yellow along the ramus of the under man-
dible inste-id of at its feathered base) under the name of " chlororhynchos ;"
but I cannot now call to mind the reference.

DlOMEDEA CHLORORHYNCHA Gmt-llU.

Diomedca chlororhyncha, Gm. i. 1788, p. 568. Lath. Syn. v. p. 309, pi. 94.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185

Lath. Ind. Ora ii. 1790, p. 790. Tenia. PI. Col. 468. Gould, B. Aust.
pi 42, and of authors generally ; but not of Audubon and Lawrence.
Diomtdea (Tkalassarche) chlororhyncka, Bp. C. A ii. 1855, p.
l; Diomedea chrysostoma, Fjrat. Ed. Lieut, 1344, p. 24. •' IJ. ic. iued. 100, 101,''

fide Gray.
" Diomedea profuga, B inks, ic. ined. t. 27,'' fide Gray.
•• Diomedea presag a , Brandt," fide Lawrence.

Habitat —Cape of Good Hope, and thence to Van Dicmen's Land. Aus-
tralian and South Pacific Oceaus generally.

T:ie bill is compresned in it? who'e extent more than in any other species
except fuliginosa ; and although somewhat stouter at the ba;e, it is there very
high as compared with its widih. Its dorsal outline is very concave, descend-
ing rapidly from a point a little anterior to the extreme base of the bill, to
about the middle; and not rising; again very high on the unguis. Although
the culminicorn is narrow and with compressed sides, it is not carinated along
ltr> dorsal lin*. It has a peculiar termination basally, quite uuique iti the genus,
which single character separates it trenchantly from any other Albatross. The
culminicora does not (as in exulams, melanopkrys, etc.,) spread downwards and
outwards behind the nostrils to overlap their bases, but terminates by rapidly
narrowing to an acute angle on the median line of the bill. Its hard, brightly
colored, pointed base does no' quite reach to the feathers. There is thus left,
between the base of the culmi'cicorn and the upper edge of ihe latericorn, a
somewhat triangular space of sottish integument, not brightly colored ; and
corrugated in the dry state.

The lateral sulcus on the upper mandible does not extend further towards
the base of the bill than the nostrils : the soft skin just spoken of taking its
place thence to the feathers. Beginning then with the nostrils, it has a slight
downward convexity as far as the unguis; thence it, is greatly deflected. As
Qsual, a slight ridge lies in this sulcus for its whole length. The commissural
edge of the upper mandible is strongly curved, its convexity looking down-
wards. The dorsal outline of the inferior mandibular rami is straight or very
slightly concave. The inter rami corn is thin, not very prominent, but pro-
longed far nl >ng the chin before it merges into soft skin.

The two ungues, taken t gether, are characterized by their slight compara-
tive depth and degree of convexity, and their extreme compression and
elongation ; and by the acuteness and rlecurvation of their apices.

The nostrils are exactly as described under melanopkrys.

The frontal fea:hers arp peculiar in outline. They lie straight across the
bise of the culmen, or even have a slight convexity, as far as the upper corner
of ihe base of the latericorn. Thence ibey descend the side of the bill, with a
slightly convex outline, and some little obliquity forwards ; forming more de-
cidedly reentrant angles at the superior basal cornets of the latericorns than is
found in any other species. On the side of the lower mandible, beginning at a
point slightly posterior to their termination on the upper mandible, they de-
scend with an outline parallel to that of those on the upper mandible.

Chord of culraen 4 50 : height of bill at base 1-50, at unguis 1-00 ; width
atb.se 100. Tarsus 2-75; middle toe 4-25; outer toe 4-00; inner toe 375.
Wing about 19-00. Tail 7-00.

White : including rump, upper tail coverts and under surfaces of the wings ;
buck and wings ashy brown, the latter darkest. Primary shafs light brown
basally, black apically. Tail grayish or plumbeous black, lightest basally ;
its shafts chiefly white. Some part of the head and neck in the majority of
specimens is clouded with pearly gray. There is more or less of a grayish
plumbeous transocular fascia, as in melanopkrys. The culminicorn is bright
orange yellow ; and a narrow line of the same color lies along the sides of the
bfise of the und- r mandible. The rest of the bill is blackish ; there being no
bright color along the dorsal outline of the inferior mandibular rami, as seen
in culminata. The feet are livid flesh, or bluUh white.

I860.]

186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Some malapplications of the name of this species to culminata Gould, are
noticed under the head of the latter. I quote the names "profuga Banks" and
i{ presaga Brandt " respectively on the authority of Mr. Gray and Mr. Lawrence,
not having an opportunity of verifying these references.

DlOMEDEA OLIVACEIROSTRIS Gould.

Diomedea nlivaceorhyncha, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. II. 1844, xiii. p. 361. Id Introd.

B. Aust., p. 115.
Diomedea olivaceirostris. Bonaparte, C. A. 1855, p. 185, correcting a hybrid name.

This species is based upon a bill only, which was in possession of Sir Win.
Jardine, and supposed to come from the China seas. Mr. Gould states that it
" is three iuches and three-eighths long from the gape to the tip, of a uniform
olive green, and in form more slender and elegant tlun that of the other mem-
bers of the genus," which comprises the sum total of our knowledge concern-
ing the species.

Phosbetria fcliginosa (Gm.) Reich.
Diomedea fuliginosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. ii. p. 568. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

1790, p. 791. Temminck. PI. Col. 469. And of anthors generally.
Diomedea (Phcebetria) fuliginosa, Bonap. Consp. Av., ii. 1855, p.
Diomedea spadicea, Lesson, Man. ii. 1828, p. 391 ; description. Not of Lath.
Diomedea palpebrata, Forster, " ic. ined. No. 102." Id. Ed. Licht, 1844. p.
Diomedea a.ntarctica, Banks, " ic. ined. No. 26."
Diomedea fusca of Audubon's works.

Habitat. Southern oceans at large.

The bill of this species is remarkable in its extreme compression; its basal
outline ; and the presence of a sulcus on the lower mandible.

The feathers retreat rapidly, with a gentle curve, from their point of great-
est development on the commissural edge of the upper mandible to form an ex-
ceedingly acute reentrant angle on the forehead. Those on the side of the lower
mandible extend in an exceedingly acute salient angle, to a point much beyond
the termination of the nostrils ; their upper outline a trifle oblique to the com-
missural edge of the lower mandible ; their under more decidedly oblique to
the outline of the inferior mandibular rami.

The culminicoru is much compressed, with but slightly convex sides, and
a decidedly carinated ridge. The dorsal outline forms a gentle and continu-
ous curve from the very feathers to the base of the unguis. The latter hardly
rises above the level of the culmen proper: is rather the reverse of robust ;
its top moderately decurved, and only slightly'overhanging the lower. The
curve of the superior lateral sulcus is intermediate between exulans and
brachyura. The commissure forms a gentle and continuous curve from the
base of the unguis.

The commissural edge of the under mandible corresponds to that of the
upper. The dorsal outline of the rami is perfectly straight. The inferior
unguicorn is convex and protuberant, but extends only a short distance into
the mental space.

The median longitudinal lateral sulcus of the lower mandible terminates
abruptly at the unguis. Basally it divaricates to receive the salient feathers ;
the upper cms being the best marked, and forming the real continuation of
the sulcus. This groove is sometimes concolor with the bill ; more often it
is brightly colored, being yellow or pinkish.

The nostrils are peculiar in their very small calibre, perhaps less than that
of any other species. They are almost buried between the culminal and late-
ral elements of the bill, the two meeting posterior to the nares. The orifice
is subcircular, presenting forwards and upwards with no lateral aspect.

The graduation of the lateral rectrices is enhanced in producing a cuneate
tail, by the elongation of the median pair which project beyond the next
ones, and are narrowly accuminate. The tips of the lateral feathers are
rounded.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187

The bill is black, except its sulcus. The feet are flesh colored or dull
whitish, becoming yellowish in the dried state. The edges of the eyelids are
pure white except just at the anterior canthus.

The perfectly and uniformly fuliginous color (darkest about the face and on
the wings and lail) which is the ordinary plumage, sometimes gives way to a
much lighter, clearer and more cinereous color. Examples of this coloration,
doubtless due to age, are in the Philadelphia Academy and Smithsonian In-
stitution. The most extreme case I have met with is as follows : Neck all
around, upper part of back and whole under parts nebulated with ashy or
grayish white. Lower part of back, wing-coverts, scapulars, etc., light
plumbeous gray. Wings and tail ashy or plumbeous blackish, lightest on their
inner webs, their shafts chiefly whitish. On the face, crown and sides of
the head the fuliginous holds, deepest in tint immediately around the bill.
The nape and hind neck, and some of the wing coverts show traces of ferru-
giueous.

Chord of culmen 4 to 4-50, height of bill at base 1-50, at unguis 1-00, width
at base -75. From feathers on commissure to tip 3-50, from feathers on lower
mandible 2.50. Tarsus about 3-00 ; middle toe and claw 4-75, outer 4-50, inner
4-00. Wing 21-00, tail -10, its graduation 3-50 to 4 50.

I have examined the type of Diomedea funca Aud. now in the Smithsonian
Institution.

The following is a synopsis of the genera and species of the Diomedeinie.

Family PROCELLARIIDJE.

Sub-family DIOMEDEINJE.

Chs. The tubular nostrils are separated, and placed on either side of the
culmen. The hallux is absent. The exterior toes have a wide membranous
fringe.
Genus I. Diomedea. Bill stout, or moderately compressed. No sulcus on

lower mandible. Tail short or moderate, more or less rounded. Nostrils

large.

A. Bill very broad. Tail short ; contained
nearly, quite, or more than three times in

the wing Diomedea et Phcebastria Reich.

1. D. exulans L. (spadicea Gm. Lath, (juv.) albatrus Pall. Forst., adusta Tsch.
Bill 7 inches. Frontal feathers forming a deep concavity on the culmen ;
those on side of lower mandible extending to a point opposite middle of nos-
trils, with an exceedingly convex outline.

2. D. brachydra Temm. {spadicea var. B. Lath, (juv.) epomophora Less.
Tsch. Bp.) Bill 5 to 6 inches. Frontal feathers embracing the bill nearly in
a straight line : those on side of lower mandible extending hardly further than
on upper, with a barely convex outline.

[2a? D. leptorhyncha Coues. Doubtfully based upon a skull differing
somewhat in proportions from that of brachyura. See anteii.]

3. D. nigripes Aud. {brachyura juv. Cass. Lawr.) Bill 4 inches ; width at
base 1-25 ; height 1-50 ; very robust for its length. Frontal outline nearly as
in brachyura.

? 4. D. gibbosa Gould. " With a peculiar swollen and raised form of the
upper mandible, which moreover rises high up on the forehead. Bill 4.''
(Probably = nigripes Aud.)

B. Bill compressed. Tail elongated, rounded, nearly
half as long as the wing from the carpal joint.
White, with black back and wings. A transocular

fascia (Thalassarche Reich.)

1866.]

188 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

a. The culminicorn widens and descends on eitber side behind the nos-
trils to coalesce with the latericorn.

5. D. Melanophrys Boie. Temm. Frontal feathers with a slight reentrant
curve on the culmen. Chord of culmen 4-25. Width of bill at base TOO ;
height 1-75. Bill uniform light yellow.

6. D. Gilliana Coues. Frontal feathers with a decided reentrant curve on
the culmen (nearly as great as in exulans.) Chord of culmen 5 00 ; width of
bill at base 1-45 ; height 1-75. Bill uniform dark brown. (Essential charac-
teristics of culminicorn of melanophrys ; general shape of bill of culminata.)

h. The culminicorn does not widen and descend to coalesce with the
latericorn posterior to the nostrils, but continues narrow to the frontal
feathers.

7. D. cauta Gould. Chord of culmen 4-75. Frontal feathers with a slightly
convex outline across the culmen : thence descending in a nearly straight
line. Bill gray or bluish brown ; the culmen yellowish ; a narrow belt of black
around base of upper mandible ; one of orange around base of lower, the lat-
ter extending to the angle of the mouth.

8. D. culminata Gould, {chlororhyncha Aud. Lawr. nee. Gm.) Base of
culminicorn broad aud rounded. Frontal feathers with a slightly concave
outline across culmen. Chord of culmen 4-50. Bill black; culmen and lower
edges of inferior mandibular rami bright yellow.

9. D. chlororhyncda Gm. (nee. Aud. Lawr. chrysostoma Forst. " profuga
Banks ;" " presaga Brandt.'') Base of culminicorn tapering to an acute angle.
Frontal feathers straight or with slight convexity across culmen : thence
downwnrds with some forward obliquity, and slight convexity of outline,
forming a sharp reentrant angle at upper corner of base of latericorn. Chord
of culmen 4-50. Bill black. Culmen, and a narrow perpendicular line along
the sides of the base of the under mandible, bright yellow.

10. D. oliyaceirostris Gould. Bill slender, uniform olive green, three and
three-eighths long from gape to tip.

Genus II. Pho<:betria Reich. Bill excessively compressed. A sulcus on
sides of lower mandible. Feathers forming a deep reentrant angle on cul-
men ; an acute salient on one side of lower mandible. Nostrils very
narrow. Tail elongated, cuneate.

11. P. fuliginosa Reich, ex Diomedea faliginosa Gm. (antarctica Banks ; pal-
pebrata Forst.; fusca Aud.) Height of bill at base 150, width -75. The cul-
men is carinated for its basal half.

Sub-family HALODROMINjE.

Some general remarks upon the fundamental characters of this interesting
group have already been given at the head of the present article. We may
at once proceed to the consideration of the single genus by which it is repre-
sented.

Genus PELECANOIDES Lace"p.

Procellaria sp. Gmelin et auct. aliq.

Pelecanoides, Lacepede, Mem. de l'lnst. 1800-1, p. 517. Typus Proc. urinatrix Gm.
Haladrotna, Illiger, Prodromus, 1811, p. 273. Typus idem.
Onocralus, Rafinesque, 1815 ; fide Bon.

Puflinuria, Lesson, Man. 1828, ii, p. 392 : Id. Traite Ornith. 1831, p. 614. Ty-
pus P. Garnoti Less.
Concerning these numerous names which have been proposed for this genus

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 189

the preponderance of authority is in favor of the adoption of that of Illiger.
I can, however, discern no cause why Lacepede's name should be superseded.
The reasons given by Illiger, in proposing Haladroma, and by Lesson in
founding Puffinuria, certainly seem invalid. To G. R. Gray is. I believe, due
the credit of restoring the rightful appellation of Lac6pede.

The type which represents the genus, although so curiously anomalous, is
so well known, that a detailed description would be out of place here. Only
a few of its more salient points need be noticed.

The perfectly vertical nostrils are surrounded by an elevated wall, whose
contour, in consequence of a slight emargination posteriorly, and a corres-
ponding protuberance anteriorly, on the median line, is somewhat cordiform.
The wall has considerable thickness basally ; but much bevelling superiorly
gives it an extremely thin edge. The internasal septum is moderately thick ;
and from either side a process projects transversely into the nasal orifice. In
shape each nostril is suboval ; being somewhat elongated anteriorly, and a
straightening of its inner border being produced by their mutual appo-
sition.

The dertrum or unguis is long, reaching quite to the nostrils ; and, for this
family, is only moderately uncinated. Except at its extreme base it is dis-
tinctly carinated, aud its sides are much compressed.

The myxa is unusually small and narrow, with a very acute tip, and ex-
tremely concave gonys. The sulci separating the myxotheca from the rest of
the mandible, and the lateral one on the gnathidia are strongly marked.

The unusual amount of divarication of the concavo-convex gnathidia, which
causes so wide a submentum, is, in the upper mandible, accompanied by a
corresponding dilation of the lateral elements ; which latter are also turgid
and inflated.

The tarsus is excessively compressed, and at the same time very deep
antero-posteriorly ; giving to its transverse section a narrowly elliptical shape,
like that which obtains in the Colymbidas. It is reticulated as in the Procel-
laridse, and also the majority of the Alcidcc, though Mtrgulus has anteriorly
transverse imbricated scales. The proportions of the anterior toes are as in
the other Procellariidce.

In the wings and tail the urinatorial aspect is most decidedly marked.
The very short wings, with their stiff, falcate, subacuminate primaries hardly
reach to the end of the exceedingly abbreviated tail.

The plumage is essentially diverse from that of any other Prgcellaridian, in
its compact imbrication, and oily glossiness, which comes nearest to that of
the Loons; and is eminently adapted to resist the action of the water in
which the habits of this species cause them so constantly to be submerged.

Concerning the number of species *o be enumerated authors are greatly at
variance. To a comparatively recent date but a single oue was supposed to ex-
ist. M. Temmiuck, in figuring the type of MM. Quoy and Gaimard's P.
Berardii, is of opinion that both urinatrix and Garnoti should be referred to it.
M. Lesson, after describing Puffinuria Garnoti in 182G, doubtfully refers it to
Proc. urinatrix Gm.* Prince Bonaparte unites Garnoti and urinatrix, and con-
siders Berardii&s distinct. Mr. G. R. Gray, and more recently, Dr. H. Scble-
gel agree in regarding all three of the supposed species as valid. A sufficient
amount of material is not at my disposal to settle these doubtful points. In
a considerable number of specimens from various localities I can see what
has been called P. Berardi, differing in some respects from the ordinary type :
but have failed to detect tangible differences indicating three species. Very
possibly, however, none of the specimens before me indicate the true urinatrix,
as distinguished from Garnoti.

The three supposed species are based entirely upon size: a varying degree
of length or robustness of bill : and coloration of the feet. Some specimens

1866]

• Traite d'Oraith 1831, p. 720, No. 144.

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

before me are larger than is indicated by Dr. Schlegel as characteristic of
Garnoti : while the feet are colored as in the smallest species, Berardii. A
considerable amount of variation is found in examples of undoubtedly the
same species ; so that perhaps we might without great violence consider the
different species as extremes of a single very variable type.

I am mainly indebted to Dr. Schlegel's excellent article for characters
whereby to tabulate the supposed species with their synonyms. This author
has had before him examples which he has considered as indicative of three
species : and for the present I rely upon his judgment.

1. Pelecanoides Garnoti Gray ex Lesson.

Puffinuria Garnoti, Lesson, Voy. de la Coq. i. part ii. 1826, pi. 46. — (Bill and
feet black. Length 8£; extent 16; bill 12-12ths; wing 5 ; feet and
tail each 1 J.) — Id. Man. Orn. 1828, ii. p. 394.— Id. Traite d'Orn. 1831,
p. 730. (Queries urinatrix Gm. as syn.)
Pelecanoides Garnoti, Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. 1849, p. 646.
Haladroma Garnoti, Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, p. 37.
Haladroma urinatrix, Bonaparte, C. A. 1856, ii. p. 206. (Excl. syn. Nee Gm.
fide Schlegel, who has examined Bonaparte's types.)
Habitat. — West Coast of South America.

Ch. Largest ; 8 to 8J in length. Bill slender and elongated ; black ; along
oulmen *75 ; height at end of nasal case -25. Width near the base *33. Tar-
sus blackish, 13 to 14 lines long; middle toe about one inch.

2. Pelecanoides urinatrix Lacep. ex Gm.

Procellaria urinatrix, Gmelin, S. N. 1788, i. part ii. p. 560, and of authors ; not

Hal. urin. of Bp.
Pelecanoides urinatrix, Lacep. et Cuv. Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. 1849, p. 646.
Haladroma urinatrix, Illiger, Prod. 1811, p. 274. Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus.

Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 37.
Puffinuria urinatrix, Gould, B. Aust. pi. 60.
Haladroma Berardii, Bonap. C. A. 1856, ii. p. 206 ; Excl. syn. (fide Schlegel ;

from examination of Bp's types.)
Procellaria tridactyla, Forst. Descr. Auim. Ed. Licht. 1844, p. 1849.
Habitat. — Australian Seas.

Ghs. Of medium size ; feet bluish ; bill robust. Wing 4-50; tail 1-40. Bill
■66 ; its height or width '33; tarsus one inch. Middle toe eleven lines.

3. Pelecanoides Berardii Q. and G.

Pelecanoides Berardii, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Uranie, pi. 37. Temminck, PI.

Col. No. 517. Gray, Gen. Birds, 1849, iii. p. 646.
Haladroma Berardii, Schlegel, Mon. Proc. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1863, p. 38; not of
Bonaparte.

Habitat. — Southern Oceans.

Chs. Smallest; bill short, intermediate in robustness between that of the
two foregoing ; feet light colored, their membranes black. Length 7 inches ;
wing 4-40 ; tail 1-50. Bill -55, its height or width about -30. Tarsus -80 ;
middle toe -90.

It will be observed that the differences between the size of the smallest and
largest of these supposed species is not great ; that an intermediate form oc-
curs between the two extremes ; that each is liable to considerable variations
in size; and that the colors of the plumage of all three are identical.

Recapitulation.
The following is a summary of the genera and species of Procellariidce
treated of in the series of papers of which the present article is conclusive.
The numbers in the third column are those of species which I have recog-
nized, but which seem to require confirmation before their claims to validity
can be considered as fully established. It will be seen that more or less of
doubt attaches to 17 out of the 92 described.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

191

Procellariinse

Genera.

Species.

Doubtful Species.

3
3
3

7

5*

2

1

6
23

6
21

21
12

O
-J

^Estrelateae

Gf

Prionea?

It
B||

n

n

2**

Puffinea?

Diomedeinne

Halodrominie

Total

24

92

17

Note. The following supposed species are not given in the body of my
papers ; and I only know of them by the descriptions.

Puffinus Rollandii Quoy and Gairaard, in Freynete, Voy. Antour du Monde ;
and Zool. Journ. iii. p. 271.

Procellaria lugubris, Tschudi, Cab. Journ. f. Ornith. 1856, iv. p. 185, (not of
Natterer.) " The whole body is dark brown ; the back somewhat deeper col-
ored than the belly; the tail wholly black ; the inner side of the wing darker
than the outer. Bill and feet reddish ; iris ashy gray. Surpasses in size ea-
pensis ; also compressed in form. The description of P. antarctica is too in-
accurate to say with certainty if it be the species here described. Between
46° and 36°." [Tschudi, ut supra.) It is impossible to say from the descrip-
tion what species of Nectris or Pterodroma this is.

Procellaria maculata, loc. cit. "Island of Juan Fernandez; 33° S. Head,
breast and belly wholly white; the back bluish-white with darker spots, the
wings gray with bluish spots, the tips of the four longest primaries wholly
black. Tail fan-shaped, grayish blue. Bill and feet deep orange yellow. Iris
dark brown. About the size of the preceding species." Evidently an JEstre-
lata ; but the description applies to no species with which I am acquainted.
It comes nearest to alba Lath, or Lessonii Garnot.

Procellaria bicolor, op. cit. p. 187. "Bill and feet black; neck, back, and
lesser wing coverts deep blackish gray, wing feathers and tail somewhat
lighter. Head and throat wholly black; belly pure white." Doubtless a
young .Eslrelata ; but of what species the description gives no hint.

SUPPLEMENT.

Some few additions to, and corrections of my previous papers, which sub-
sequent investigation has brought to my knowledge, may with propriety be
inserted here.

Procellariese.

P. 79, line 25, for "size" read "length." H. microsoma is rather smaller
than P. pelayica in actual size of body, though the length of wings and tail is
not less. This explains an apparent descrepancy in my statements on p. 79
and p. 90.

* I would now unite Thiellus and Nectris with Puffinus, leaving but three gonera to be recog-
nized.

t These six are Buhveria MacgilUvragi and Proeellaria ParJcinsoni, Gray ; P. neglecla and P.
incerta Schl.; ySCstreiata grisea and M. gavia of my paper.

X Prion brevirostris Gould.

j Which are P. trthys Bp., P. lugubris Natterer, P. melitensis Schembri; Thalassidroma Segethi
Ph. and Ldbk. ; Fiegctta Luivrencii Bp.

JS P. seric.fus Less.

«[ D gibbosa Gould, which may be nigripcs Aud., and my D. leptnrhyncha.

** As just stated, the three recognized species of Pelecanoides require additional evidence to
prove conclusively that they are not merely the extremes of a single variable species.

1866.]

192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Pp. 80, 81, 90. There can be no doubt of the propriety of referring P. lugu-
bris Natterer, and P. melitensis Schembri, to pelagica L. Proc. tethys Bp., also
seems hardly distinct.

Pp. 81, 90. Thalassidroma fasciolata Tschudi has been recognized by other
writers as valid.

Pp. 84, 91. Oceanil.es segethi ex Ph. et Ldbk. is undoubtedly a synonym of
0. gracilis ex Elliot, as intimated in my paper.

Pp. 87, 91. Fregetta Lawrcncii Bp. is probably a synonym of grallaria Bp.
ex Vieill. as Mr. Lawrence himself originally believed. The point cannot now,
however, be positively determined, as the specimen is lost.

Pp. 88. 91. Bonaparte's identification of Linnaeus' Proc. frrgata, which I fol-
lowed, is by no means proven; and in view of the uncertainty attaching to
Linnaeus' diagnosis (which may refer to some species of the genus Fregetta) it
may be as well to take our specific name from Latham's unequivocal indica-
tion of P. marina ; calling the species Pelagodroma marina after Reichenbach.

Fujfinese.

Pp. 122, 142, 143. Genera " Thiellus " and " Neetris." The points in which
these groups differ from Puffinus proper, are exceedingly trivial, as I state in
my paper. I am now indisposed to retain them, even on the plea of utility,
and would accordingly unite all their species under Puffinus.

Pp. 119, 141. Adamasfor Bp. According to Mr. G. R. Gray the type
of the genus Priofinus of Hombron and Jacquinot is based upon the bird Bo-
naparte calls Adam, lypus, and it has priority over Bonaparte's designation.
If this be the case the three species should stand as Priof. cinereus, Priof.
gelidus and Priof. sericeus.

Pp. 118, 141. Majaqucus Reich. If Proc. Parkinsoni Gray, (Ibis 1864) is a valid
species, it may belong to this genus rather than to the fuliginous group of
yEstrelata under which I have considered it. Additional data concerning it are
greatly to be desired.

P. 121. Add Daplion geHdurn Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 245, to syno-
nyms of Adamastor gelidus.

P. 123. Puffinus fuliginosus. I have received specimens from the Pacific
coast of North America which I cannot distinguish from the common Atlantic
bird. It is quite different from the species I have named Puffinus amavriso-
ma, p. 124. By a misapprehension of a remark of Dr. Kuhl, I erroneously
state that fuliginosa Forst., Descr. sp. 18, is a species of Neciris ; whereas 1 am
now satisfied it is the same as Kuhl's sp. 12, which is ihe Pterodroma atlantica
of Bonaparte. Compare my remarks under JEstrelata fuliginosa in part iv. of
these papers. Kuhl's fuliginosa sp. 27, after Banks' tab. 23, is identified by Mr.
Gray with paeifica Lath.

P. 126. N. carneipes. On the authority of Dr. Schlegel I placed cinereusjuv.
Smith, and gama Bp. as synonyms of this species. Mr. Gray considers them
as referring to a species of Ncctr is or rather Puffinus not recognized in my pa-
per, viz.: P. tristis Forst. I am entirely unacquainted with this bird, if it be
a valid species. Bonaparte and Schlegel make it the same as tenuiroslrit
Temm.

Pp. 131, 144. A second specimen of Puffinus ere a lopus has been received
from the same locality.

Pp. 141, 144. Procellaria nugax Sol. This unpublished specific name should
not take precedence over assimilis of Gould.

Fulmarese.

Add Fulmarus antarcticus Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. 1825, xiii. p. 236, to the
Eynomyms of Thalassoica glacialoides.

' Add Daplion antarcticum op. cit. p. 242, to synonyms of Thalassoica antarc-
tica.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 193

Bibliographical Appendix.

It may be well to give in this connection a synopsis of the works of some
of the older authors, as far as they relate to the subject in hand. The earlier
authorities to be particularly consulted in a study of the Procellariidse* are
the following : —

Linn-eus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758.)

In this edition, the first in which species are presented, there are named (p.
131) three species ; sc. pelagica, (type of genus Procellaria ;) wquinoctialis and
capensis.

Linnjeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. (1766.)

1. Proc. pelagica, p. 212.

2. Proc. fregata,-p. 212. I followed Bonaparte's authority in referring this
name to the species subsequently named marina by Latham ; but there seems
to be nothing in the Linnajan diagnosis requiring this identification ; the name
being very probably based upon some species of the genus Fregetta as now re-
stricted.

3. Proc. glacialis, p. 213, = Fulmar us glacialis Leach.

4. Proc. lequinoctialis, p. 213, = Majaqueus lequinoctialis Reich.

5. Proc. capensis, p. 213, = Daption capensis Steph.

6. Proc. puffinus, p. 213,= probably P. anglorum (Ray.) Temm. Bas been
identified also with P. Kuhlii Boie, and P. major Fab., and almost every other
Atlantic Puffinus.

Gmelin, id. Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. part. ii. (1788.)

7. Proc. obscura, p. 559. Oue of the smaller Puffini, the habitat of which is
given as " insula nativitatis Christi." Now universally applied to the common,
bird of the Atlantic, called obscura by Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. p. 423, in 1817.

8. Proc. pacifica, p. 560. Not identified with any other known species. A
large Puffinus, from the island of Euopoa.

9. Proc. cozrulea, p. 560, = Halobsena carulea Bp.

10. Proc. vittatus, p. 560, = Prion vittata Lac£p.

11. Proc. urinatrix, p. 560, = Pelecanoides urinatriz Lace*p.

1. Proc. pelagica, p. 561. Variety B. is probably fictitious.

2. Proc. fregata, p. 561. Same as that of Linnams.

12. Proc. furcata, p. 561, = Oceanodroma furcata Reich.

13. Proc. fuliginosa, p. 562. Based upon Latham's species of this name,,
and not yet identified. A small species, eleven inches long, with a forked
tail ; from Otaheite. Generally supposed to be a species of Thalassidroma.

14. Proc. desolata, p. 562. Now recognized as a valid species of JEstrelata.

15. Proc. nivea, p. 562, = Pagodroma nivea Bp.

1 6. Proc. melanopus, p. 562. Not identifiable, except opinionatively. Evidently
some species of ^Estrelata. Said to come from North America, which would
make it referrible to JE. hxsitata. Description applies in most respects to
mollis Gould.

3. Proc. glacialis, p. 562, = Fulmarus glacialis Leach. The var. B. is the
Thalassoica glacialoides (Smith) Reich.

*The indications of the Diomedeinx are generally so definite that the consideration of them
may be here omitted.

18G6.J 13

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

17. Proc. cinerea, p. 563. A stumbling block, concerning which authors are
greatly at variance. Usually employed by European authors as the name of
the species I describe as Puffinus Kuhlii Boie ; and applied by American writers
to P. major Fab. By Bonaparte identified with his Adamastor typus ( = hsesi-
tata Forst. Gould, Reich, nee Kuhl, Temm. = Adamastor cinereus of my paper,)
in which opinion I entirely concur. According to Mr. Gray, the genus Prio-
finus Homb. et Jacq. is based upon this same bird, and antedates Adamastor of
Bonaparte. The proper name of the species in question would then be Prio-
finus cinereus.

18. Proc. gigantea, p. 563, = Ossifraga gigantea Reich.

19. Proc. brasiliana p. 564. Very dubious. May be the same as the pre-
ceding species ; or the Oracalus brasilianus, as identified by Bonaparte.

4. Proc. sequinoctialis, p. 564, and var. B., = Majaqueus sequinoctialis Reich.

20. Proc. grisea, p. 564. Unidentifiable.

21. Proc. gelida, p. 564. I think that this name was based upon the species
subsequently named flavirostris by Mr. Gould, the proper name of which ap-
pears to be Priofinus gelidus.

22. Proc. alba, p. 565. Evidently a species of JEstrelata, and probably some
one of the plumages of JE. Lessoni.

Latham, Index Ornithologicus, ii. (1790.)

Of Dr. Latham's three principal works this is the one usually referred to,
as being the only one in which Latin binomial names are used. Most of the
species given in this work have exactly the same import as those of Gmelin,
and need not therefore be noticed. The following are the chief points re-
quiring attention : —

6. Proc. alba, var. B., p. 822. — "Norfolk Island Petrel." A species subse-
quently named Proc. Phillippi by Gray, with which P. mollis Gould is consid-
ered as probably synonymous.

18. Proc. marina, p. 826. — First definite characterization of the type of the
genus Pelagodroma {Pel. fregata Bp. Pel. marina, Reich.)

21. Proc. Forsteri, p. 827, = Proc. vittata Gm.

23. Proc. pacifica p. 827. Same as that of Gmelin. The name is unidenti-
fiable, unless we regard it as expressive of a valid species. By Mr. Gray it is
so considered (Cat. Birds Pac. Isl.) and the'following cited as synonymous :
Nectris fuliginosus (Sol.) Banks, ic. 23. — Proc.fuliginosa Kuhl, sp. 27 ; (hxxmot
Kuhl's sp. 12 !) Puff, pacificus Gray, Gen. Birds, p. 647. It is a large Puffinus,
22 inches long, with flesh-colored bill and feet; from Euopoa.

24. Proc. obscura, p. 828, = that of Gmelin. By Mr. Gray this name is con-
sidered the same as that of Vieillot, (Nouv. Diet. xxv. p. 423, and Gal. Ois.
tab. 301 ;) and is made to include the Australian form (figured by Mr. Gould,
pi. 59 of the B. Aust. and named by him assimilis,) which is considered dis-
tinct by the majority of writers.

Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. oVHist. Nat. xxv. (1817.)

The article " Petrel " of this work is in general a close copy of Gmelin and
Latham. Certain points, however, may be noticed.
Proc. pelagica, p. 416. Mentions under this head the "Petrel 6chasse" of

Temminck.
Proc. grallaria, Vieill. p. 418. First name of the species subsequently named
leucogaster by Gould ; unless as is possibly the case fregata of Linnaeus
be this species rather than the Pelagodroma marina.
Proc.fuliginosa, p. 418. Latham's Otaheite species, whatever that maybe.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 195

Proc. grisea, p. 419. Unidentified. = that of Gm. and Lath.

Proc. alba, j>. 419. Mentions under this head the "Norfolk Island Petrel,"
subsequently named P. Phillippii by G. R. Gray.

Proc. puffinus, p. 421, = Puff, anglorum. Cites PI. Enl. 962. The " Proc. puf-
finus var. Lath. PL Enl. No. 39 " may refer to Puffinus Kuhlii Boie.

Proc. pacifica, p. 422. " Se trouve en Europe " by error for " Euopoa."

Proc. sequinozialis, p. 422. Refers as a variety of this species to the " Kurile
Petrel " of Latham and Pennant, from Kamtschatca ; a bird now general-
ly supposed to be some species of Nectris ; which latter identification re-
quires confirmation.

Proc. leucorhoa, Vieill. p. 422. First designation of the Thalassidroma Leachii
Temm.

Proc. obscura, p. 423. Is this the same as Gmelin's species? This reference
to Vieillot should rather be cited for the name of the common small At-
lantic Puffinus.

Heinrich Kuhl, Beit. Zool. u. Vergl. Anat. (1820.)

In this work there is presented a " Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Procellari-
den " which is a very important contribution to the bibliography of the
family, marking perhaps the first decided advance over the writers of the
eighteenth century. The following species are given in this monograph :

1. Proc. /areata " L." p. 136. = Oceanodroma furcata Reich.

2. Proc. oceanica " Banks," p. 136. == Thalassidroma Wilsoni (P. pelagica
Wils.) of most ornithologists, now Oceanites oceanica mihi.

3. Proc. marina " Lath." p. 137. = Pelagodroma fregata Bp. and of my
paper ; Pelag. marina Reich.

4. Proc. Leachii "Temm." p. 137. = P. leucorrhoa Vieill. = Cymochorea
leucorrhoa Coues.

5. Proc. /regatta " Banks," p. 138. = P. grallaria Vieill. nee Licht, (= leu-
cogaster Gould.)

6. Proc. pelagina, p. 139. = P. pelagica Linn.

7. Proc. glacialis, p. 139. = Fulmarus glacialis Leach.

8. Proc. capensis, p. 140. = Daption capensis Steph.

9. Proc. gigantea, p. 140. = Ossifraga gigantea Reich.

10. Proc.cequinoctialis, p. 141. = Maj'aqueus cequinoclialis Reich.

11. Proc. hasitata " Porst." p. 142. But not of Forster. Kuhl's hasitata is
the same as that of Temminck, PL Col. 416, which is an JEstrelata. 'jEst.
diabolica Bp. = JEst. hasitata of my paper.)

12. Proc. fuliginosa, p. 142. = fuliginosa Forst. nee auct.. = Proc. atlantica
Gould. = Pteradroma atlantica Bp. = JEstrelata fuliginosa Mihi.

13. Proc. desolata, p. 143. = JEstrelata desolata Bp.

14. Proc. turlur, " Banks," p. 143. — I prefer Mr. Gould's identification of
this species to that of Dr. Schlegel. See remarks in my paper on Prionem.

15. Proe. grisea "L." (Gm.) p. 144. — Not of Gm. Lath. Examine Dr. Schle-
gel's identification of this species ; which I follow.

16. Proc. ccerulea " Forst." p. 145. The cazrulea of Gmelin, which Forster
calls " similis."

17. Proc. urinatrix "Forst." p. 145. The urinatrix of Gm. now Pelecanoides
urinatrix, which Forster calls Proc. tridatyla.

18. Proc. nivea, p. 145. = Pagodroma nivea Bp.

19. Proc. antarctica p. 145. = Thalassoica antarctica.

20. Proc. lugens "Forst." p. 145. Not positively identifiable. Dr. Kuhl
1866.]

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

says that he " thinks it is P. grisea L." which, according to his use of this
name, would make it the species described in my paper upon Dt. Schlegel's
authority as JEstrelata grisea.

21. Proc. " Forst. tab. 20," p. 145. An undetermined species.

22. Proc. puffinus, p. 146. == Puffinus major Fab.

23. Proc. anglorum, p. 146. = Puffinus anglorum Temm.

24. Proc. obscurus, p. 147. = Vieillot'& species.

25. Proc. cinerea, "L." p. 148. Not of Linnaeus or Gmelin ; but the Puffinus
Kuhlii Boie.

26. Proc. munda " Banks, tab. 24," p. 148. = Quid?

27. Proc. fuliginosa " Banks tab. 23," p. 148. Quite a different bird from
Kuhl's sp. 12. Unidentifiable by the description. By G. R. Gray identified
with Proc. pacifica Lath., whatever that species may be !

28. Proc. vitiata p. 149. = Prion vittatus Lacep.

Stephens, Continuation of Shaw's General Zoology, xiii. (1825.)

This work closely adheres to Gmelin's and Latham's authority. A few
points may profitably be examined.

Proc. oceanica, p. 223. Not the Oceanites oceanica {Thalassidroma Wilsoni) but
a species of Pregetta, probably F. grallaria. Author refers to Forster ; to PI.
Enl. 993 ; to Temm. Man. p. 520 ; and to Bp. Journ. Acad. Phila. v. iii. p. 8.
On the followiug page (p. 224) " Proc. Wilsoni" is presented.

Puff, cinereus, p. 227. The synonyms adduced are chiefly those of Adamastor
cinereus ; description applies either to this latter or to Puffinus Kuhlii Boie ;
the description of the young would do for Puffinus major Fab.

Puff, sequinoctialis, p. 229. Cites Proc. pacifica Lath, as a queried synonym.

Puff, obscurus, p. 230, is Gmelin's species.

Genus Fulmarus instituted, p. 233.

Fulmarus antarcticus, Steph. p. 2313, is based upon Proc. glacialisY&r. B. Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 823, ( = Var. A. sp. 9, p. 405, of Lath. Gen. Syn.) which is
the Thalassoica glacialoides. This synonym of the species was accidently
omitted in my paper on the Fulmarese, and the omission not discovered until
too late.

Genus Daption instituted, p. 239, with capensis as type. The author "ven-
tures to attach the numerous Southern Petrels described by Latham thereto,"
producing a heterogeneous assemblage in which figure antarctica, nivea. deso-
lata, gelida, grisea, (of Linn^nec Kuhl, Schl.) alba, and fuliginosa ( = Latham's
Otaheite species.)

Genus Pachyptila "111." adopted; under it are arranged,, besides its type
vittata (here called " Forstcri") ccerulea Gm., marina Lath., fregata Linn, and
furcata Gm., nearly all of which are typical of distinct genera.

Joan. Rein. Forster, Descr. Anim. etc. curante Henr. Lichtenstein. (1841.)

The numerous species described and named by Forster have an important
bearing upon the bibliography of the Family. It is greatly to be regretted
that they were only published at a comparatively recent date: and that his
figures still remain inedited. Forster appears to have had very little regard
for priority in the matter of names ; but his descriptions are in the main so
excellent, that nearly all his species are identifiable. The following is a list
of the species given by him :

Proc. capensis, p. 20.

Proc, vittata, p. 21.

1'roc. fuliginosa, p. 23. = Proc. atlantica Gould. = Plerodroma atlantica Bp.
= JEstrelata fuliginosa of my paper. Not of Gm. Lath. Vieill. Not of
Strickland. Equals Kuhl's sp. 12 ; but not his sp. 27.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 197

Proc. puffimis, p. 23, Not of Linn. Gm. Lath. Some large Southern Puffinus
possibly the true P. major, Fab.

Proc. glaicalis, p. 25. Not of L. Gm. Lath. ; but the Thalassoica glacialoides
(Smith) Reich.

rroc. nigra, p. 26, = vequinoctialis L.

Proc. nivea, p. 58.

Proc. similis, p. 59. = JTalobsena ccerulea, Bp. ex Gm.

Proc. antarctiea, pp. 60 and 202.

Proc. gavia, p. 148. Not subsequently identified with any known species. By
Gray regarded as a valid species ; and so given in these papers.

Proc. tridactyla, p. 149. == Pelecanoides urinatriz Lacep. ex Gm.

Proc. fregata, p. 180. The grallaria of Lichtenstein ; not of Vieillot. Probably
the species subsequently named me.lanogaster by Gould.

Proc. inexpectata, p. 204. A somewhat doubtful species, coming nearest to
mollis Gould, with which I have identified it.

Proc. tristis, p. 205. (" Pr. fuliginosa, rostro fusco, pedibus antice' glaucis ;
111 X 38; bill 2; its width i; its depth f.") A southern fuliginous
Puffimis, not identified with any known species. Mr. G. R. Gray (Ibis,
1862, p. 244) considers it as a valid species, and assigns the following
synonymy : Proc. grisea Forst. ic. ined. 94 ; (nee Gm.) Puff, major, Gray,
Ereb. and Terr, (nee Fab.) P. fuliainosus Homb. and Jacq. Voy. Pole.
Sud. tab. 32, fig. 7. (nee Strickl.) Puf. cinereus A. Smith, 111. S. Afr.
Bds. (nee Gm. nee Auct.) Nectris gama, Bonap.

Proc. hucocephala, p. 206. = Proc. Lessonii Garn. (JEstrelata Lessoni Cass.)

Proc. hasitata, p. 208. = P. cinereus, Gm. Lath. Vieill. Lawr. = Adamastor
typus Bp. = Adam, ciner. or Priojinus ciner. Coues. = Proc. Adamastor
Schlegel. etc. etc. The hpesitata of Gould and Reichenbach, but not of
Kuhl and Temminck, which is an JEstrelata.

Proc. ossifraga, p. 343. = gigantea Gm.

In bringing to a close the present series of papers, the author is deeply
sensible of their many defects ; and can only crave for them a lenient judg-
ment in view of the very difficult nature of the task he attempted, and has
throughout conducted, with the sole desire of elucidating truth. Should the
undertaking prove a failure, and the meagre results incommensurate with

the time and labor bestowed, — at least it may be said of him, •' si non

tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis."

Observations upon the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines, based npon

Specimens contained in the Collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia.

BY J. AITKEN MEIGS, M. D.

The early record of every science abounds in crude facts, imperfect obser-
vations, and, consequently, in generalizations so hastily formed as to partake
more of the character of mere speculation than of strictly logical deduction.
These erroneous statements and premature generalizations are at first gene-
rally accepted as scientific truths. A few cautious observers, it is true, may
withhold from them their assent, but their opinions find no support beyond
themselves, until these facts and hypotheses come in conflict with others bet-
ter known and better established, or, are employed in developing still higher
and more comprehensive theories. Then, for the first time, they are subjected
to a rigid investigation, and their true value, at length, ascertained. Nowhere
can we find a more instructive example of this assertion than in the doctrine
which ascribes to the American aborigines a homogeneous cranial type.
For the philosophical ethnologist this doctrine is full of interest. If the

1866.]

198

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

physical, and more especially the cranial, characteristics of the native
races of the New World are at once common and peculiar to them, it is strong-,
presumptive evidence that they are isolated or distinct from the rest of man-
kind in origin. If, on the contrary, it can be shown that the skulls of these
people really belong to different, well-marked types or forms, which, if not
identical with, are, at least, the homoiocephalic representatives of those of
the Eastern Hemisphere, it becomes very probable that there is for the Ameri-
can variety of man neither unity nor genetic isolation. The discussion of the
origin and affiliations of this widely spread race has an important bearing
upon the higher and more complex question of the unity of the entire human
family. As this discussion involves, among other facts, the consideration of
the osteological characters of the aboriginal American, it becomes very im-
portant to determine with exactitude the typical, cranial form or forms of this
race.

The extraordinary doctrine of a uniform American type of skull originated,
as is well known, with the late Dr. Samuel George Morton. He was also the
most enthusiastic and persistent advocate of this scientific dogma. A variety
of circumstances combined to give unusual acceptance to his views. He be-
gan his craniographic researches two years after the completion of Blumen-
bach's Decades Craniorum, by accumulating what was then, as far as I can
learn, the largest and most diversified collection of human skulls in the world.
These he long and attentively studied, until he acquired the right to speak
authoritatively concerning them. No one was in possession of so many na-
tive American crania as he, and so little interest was manifested in human
craniography at that time, that but few if any persons ever examined his col-
lection with the object of testing the validity of his conclusions. Moreover,
prior to the publication of Crania Americana, Dr. Morton had already acquired
the double reputation of a naturalist and a physician, and for several years
before his death occupied the most prominent, official position in the Acade-
my of Natural Sciences. In view of these facts, it is not at all surprising
that his opinions, instead of being controverted, as they now are, found ready
adherents ; and that one of the most eminent of living naturalists should have
employed them, as well established facts, in his attempt "to show that the
boundaries, within which the different natural combinations of animals are
known to be circumscribed upon the surface of our earth, coincide with the
natural range of distinct types of man."*

In 1856, while preparing for publication an article on the cranial charac-
teristics of the various races of menf I especially directed my attention to
those groups of crania in the Academy's collection which had not been de-
scribed by Dr. Morton. With regard to American and Egyptian skulls, which
he had so long and so carefully studied, I contented myself with reproducing
the conclusions which he had already published, my object being to exhibit
in general panoramic review the skull-forms of the human family. In the
concluding remarks of that article I observed that just as "the Kalmuck or
true Mongolian, the Tartar, Chinese, Japanese and Turkish types of skull are
all, to a certain extent, related, and yet are all readily distinguishable from
each other, and as each of these groups again presents several cranial varie-
ties ; so, among the barbarous aborigines of North America, notwithstanding
the general osteologic assimilation of their crania, important tribal distinc-
tions can be readily pointed out." I also remarked: " It is a general and
very well known fact — first noticed by Buffon— that the fauna and flora of the
Old World are not specifically identical with the fauna and flora of the New.
Their relationship is manifested in an interesting system of representation,
or as Schouw expresses it, of geographical repetition according to climate.
To a certain extent, human cranial forms appear also to fall within the limits

* Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World and their relation to the different Types
of Man. By Louis Agassiz. See Types of Mankind, p. lviii.
f Indigenous llaces of the Earth, p. 203.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 199

of this system. As far as my own opportunities for examination have gone,
I have not been able to find a single aboriginal American type of skull which,
in all its essential details, could be regarded as strictly identical with any in
Europe, Asia, Africa or Australia," " The massive, heavy skulls of northern
temperate Asia and Europe are represented in America by those of the Bar-
barous tribes — decidedly different, but allied forms. So the comparatively
small-headed Peruvians represent the equally small-headed Hindoos."*

In 1859, while attempting to determine the ethnic type of a singularly de-
formed skull from Jerusalem,! by comparing it with other crania, I noticed,
for the first time, how much the form of the occiput differed in the various
tribes of Indians. I also observed that "upon our side of the Atlantic the
Swedish crania find their representatives in the Arickaree Indian skulls."
Subsequently, in another paper, published in the Proceedings of the Academy ,\ I
endeavored to show that the conformation of the occiput varied as much among
the aboriginal American races as among the natives of the Old World. I pro-
pose now to demonstrate that this diversity'is not confined to the occipital re-
gion only, but is exhibited by the skull as a whole. Before, however, interroga-
ting upon this point the magnificent collection which science owes to the untir-
ing industry and sagacity of Dr. Morton, it becomes necessary to inquire for
a moment how this eminent craniographer was led to adopt the singular con-
clusions which he has given to the world in Crania Americana and subse-
quent publications.

It is well known that, with few but important exceptions, the earlier trav-
ellers who visited the New World, and certain historians also, speak decided-
ly of the general resemblance which pervades the aboriginal American tribes.
Their uniformity of aspect, customs, &c, led Herrera to assign to them a com-
mon origin§. "Whoever," said Don Antonio Ulloa, "has seen an Indian of
whatever region may say that he has seen them all."|| Bernard Romans was
" firmly of the opinion that God created an original man and woman in Ame-
rica of different species from any in other parts of the earth. "*[ Robertson
declared that all the inhabitants of America, except the Esquimaux, " must
be pronounced to be descended from one source."** Malte Brun thought
"that the Americans, whatever their origin may be, constitute, in the present
day, by their physical characters, not less than by their peculiar idiom, a race
essentially different from the rest of mankind. "ff In conformity with this
view he placed them alone in the last of the sixteen races into which he di-
vided the -whole human family. Linna?us,JJ Grnelin.$$ Herder,|||| Kant,^[fl"
Buffon,*** Hunter,fff Blumenbach,++J Lawrence,?^ Dumeril ||]||| and other
writers, in their attempts at the classification of the races of men, have uni-

* Ibid. pp. 351, 352.

f Description of a Deformed Fragmentary Human Skull, found in an ancient Quarry-Cave at
Jerusalem. Proc. Acad. Nat Sci., Sept , 1859, p. 262.

J Observations upon the Form of the Occiput in the various Races of Men, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Sept . I860, p. 397.

(J Ilistoria de las Indias.

|| " Visto uu Iudio de qualquier region, se puede decir que se han visto todos en quanto al color
y contextura." Noticias Americanas; entretenimientos fisieo-historicos sobre la America meridi-
onal, y la septentrional oriental, etc. Su Auter el Exc. Sr. Don Antonio de Ulloa. Madrid, 1792
p. 253.

f A concise Natural History of East and West Florida. New fork, 1776, p. 38.

** History of America. London, 1803, vol. 2, p. 46.

tf Universal Geography Boston. 1826, vol. v. p. 12.

XX Systema Natura, ed. 12 et 13, Homo. English translation by Robt. Karr, London 1792, p. 45

\\ Ibid. p. 46.

|l|! Zur Philosophic der Geschicbte der Menschheit, II. S. 4, 68.

iflf Engel's Philnsophie fur die Welt, ii.

*** (Euvres completes de Buffon. Paris, 1774, t. v.

ftt Disputatio Inauguralis quaedam de Hominum varietatibus, etc. Edinburgi, 1775, p. 9.

XXX De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa. Goettinga?. 1795, p. 286

Hf Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, Zoology and the Natural History of Mau.
London, 1848, Bohn's Edition, p. 247.

1 III Zoologie Analytique. Paris, 1S06, p. 7.

1866.]

200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

formly assigned the American family to a separate group or class. Others
again, like Zimmerman,* Yirey,f Humboldt, J Garnot.$ and various au-
thorities of a still more recent date, associate the aboriginal Americans
with the Mongols or other Asiatics. It is an interesting fact that Cuvier ||
recognized three distinct races of man, into neither of which, however, did he
place the Americans, but left them unclassified.

The statements of the earlier investigators — those of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries — concerning the -similarity of physical characters ex-
hibited by the different sections of the American race, harmonize remarkably
with the results of the laborious and protracted researches of different emi-
nent philologists. As early as 1798, Dr. Barton endeavored to show " that in
all the vast countries of America, there is but one language.''^ In 1810, the
celebrated philologue, Yater, to whom had been committed the completion of
Adelung's Mithridates, or Allgemeine Sprachenkunde showed that the general in-
ternal or grammatical structure of the American languages was the same for
all.** Humboldt, in his Personal Narrative, testified to the same remarkable
phenomenon.! f Du Ponceau characterized the peculiar, complicated grammar
of the American idioms from Greenland to Cape Horn by the term polysyn-
thetic.JJ Still later. Gallatin affirmed that all the languages of the native in-
habitants of America from the Arctic Ocean to Gape Horn, have, as far as they
have been investigated, a distinct character common to all, and apparently
differing from any of those of the other continent with which we are most
familiar. \\

While these and other observers were thus surveying the American Races
from a philological standpoint, the late Dr. Morton was industriously en-
gaged in collecting the materials necessary to illustrate their osteology, and
at the same time the distinguished French naturalist, M. Alcide D'Orbigny
was travelling in South America and studying the natives, not with the un-
practised and superficial eye of the curious traveller, but with that of the
closely observant and discriminating anatomist.

The remarkably discrepant ethnological results of the labors of these emi-
nent naturalists were given to the world at the same time. The Crania Ame-
ricana and LI Homme Americain both appeared in the year 1839. In the former
work, Dr. Morton, speaking of the native Americans, declared that "it may
be assumed as a fact that no other race of men maintains such a striking
analogy through all its subdivisions, and amidst all its variety of physical
circumstances."! In a later publication he asserted that " the peculiar phy-
siognomy of the Indian is as undeviatingly characteristic as that of the Ne-
gro ; for whether we see him in the athletic Charib or the stunted Chayma, in
the dark Californian or the fair Borroa. he is an Indian still, and cannot be
mistaken for a being of any other race.,;f \ On the other hand, M. D'Orbigny
affirmed, with equal emphasis, that " a Peruvian is more different from a Pa-
tagonian, and a Patagonian from a Guarani than is a Greek from an Ethio-

* Zoologie Geographique. Cassel, 1784. L'Homme.

t llistoire naturelle du Genre Ilumain, Paris, 1824, t. i. p. 4S0.

X Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America. London, 1S52, vol. i.
p. 325.

\ Dietionnaire d'uistoire naturelle. L'Homme.

|| Le Regne Animal, p. 103.

< \,w Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America. By Benjamin Smith Barton,
M. D.. Phila.,1798, p. lxxv.

** Untersut hung Uber Amerikas Bevolkerung aus dem alten Continente. Leipzig, 1810. Mith-
ridates, 3 Th. 2 Abth. p. 340. See also Wiseman's Twelve Lectures on the Connection between
Science and Revealed Religion, London, 1842, p. SO.

tt Bonn's Edition, vol. i. p, 313.

££ Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 1, New Series, 1818, p. xi.; vol. 3,
PI>. Tij, 77.

;>;! Archa;ologia Americana, vol. 2, pp. 5, 118.

I!! P- 63.

\ ' An Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America. 2d edit.
Philada., 1844, p. 5.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 201

pian or a Mongolian."* This language sounds like the echo of the words of
Molina and of Humboldt. " I laugh in my sleeve," said the former, " when
I read in certain modern writers, supposed to be diligent observers, that all
the Americans have the same appearance, and that when a man has seen
one, he may say that he has seen them all." "A Chilian does not differ less
in aspect from a Peruvian, than an Italian from a German. I have seen
myself Paraguaynos, Cujanos and Magellanos, all of whom have their pecu-
liar lineaments which are easily distinguished from those of the others. "f
And Humboldt, too, an eye witness like Molina and D'Orbigny, tells us "that
those Europeans who have sailed on the great rivers Orinoco and Amazon,
and have had occasion to see a great number of tribes assembled under the
monastical hierarchy in the missions, must have observed that the American
race contains nations whose features differ as essentially from one another,
as the numerous varieties of the race of Caucasus, the Circassians, Moors and
Persians, differ from one another." " What a difference between the figure,
physiognomy, and physical constitution of the tall Charibs, who ought to be
accounted one of the most robust nations on the face of the earth, and the
squat bodies of the Chayma Indians of the province of Cumana. What a
difference of form between the Indians of Tlascala and the Lipans and the
Chichimecs of the northern part of Mexico. "J

Blumenbach recorded his conviction that "in the American variety of
mankind, as in others, countenances of all sorts occur. "$ Both Lawrence||
and Prichard, also distinctly recognized the differences exhibited by the abo-
riginal Americans.

" Perhaps the degree of resemblance to a common type subsisting between
the nations of America," says Prichard, " may admit of comparison with
that which is to be traced between the different nations of Europe or among
the races of Africa, or those of the northeastern parts of Asia. It is not
universally prevalent in the same degree, but there appears to be in every in-
stance some approximation to it; yet there can be no doubt tbat the resem-
blance has been in general much exaggerated. It will be easy to prove that
the American races, instead of displaying an uniformity of color in all cli-
mates, show nearly as great a variety in this respect as the nations of the old
continent; that there are among them white races with a florid complexion
inhabiting temperate regions, and tribes black or of very dark hue in low and
intertropical countries, that their stature, figure and countenances are almost
equally diversified." " The nations of South America have in general flatter
faces, and many of them a shorter and broader shape of body than the North
Americans. In these respects the southern people are more like the Tura-
nian nations than the northern tribes."^"

In another work he remarks : "Anatomists have distinguished what they
termed the American form of the human skull; they were led into this mis-
take by regarding the strongly marked characteristics of some particular
tribes as universal. The American nations are spread over a vast space, and
live in different climates, and the shape of their heads is different in different
parts."**

According to Dr. Barton, a writer named Postel "is said to have been the
first ' who made such a difference between the two Americas, by means of the
Isthmus of Panama, that the inhabitants of those two continents have no-

*L'Homme Amerkain (de l'Amerique Meridionale), considered sous ses rapports physiologiques
et moraux. Paris, lS39.t. 1, p. 123.

t Saggio Sulla Storia Naturale del Chili. Bologna, 1810. p. 336.

% Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. New York, 1811, vol. i. p. 107.

gDe Generis Ilumani Varietate Nativa, Edit. Tertia, Gottingse, 1795, p. 316. See also the Anthro-
pological Treatises of Johann Friedrich ISlumenbaeh, translated by Thus. Bcndyshe, London,
1865, p. 273.

|| Op. cit, pp. 221, 223, 224, 247 and 248.

\ Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, 4th Edit, London, 1841, vol. 1, p. 269.

** The Natural History of Man, 4th Edition, London, 1855, vol. 2. p. 495.

1866.]

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

thing common in their origin.' "* The Abbe Clavigero entertained a similar
idea.f

Such, in brief terms, were the conflicting statements promulgated by differ-
ent writers prior to the publication of Crania Americana. With all these Dr.
Morton was thoroughly conversant. Through Cardan he knew that the skulls
of the inhabitants of the old Portus Provincire were square and deficient in
the occiput, that Charlevoix described the heads of one of the Indian nations
of Canada as globular, and those of another as flat ;J that De Pauw speaks
of certain Indians on the borders of the Maragnon having square or cubical
heads, | and that Malte Brun described the aboriginal Americans as having,
among other characters, " heads of a square shape, with the occipital bone
not so convey, and the facial line more inclined than among the Mongol
race." | He knew that Humboldt had declared in his Researches "that the
nations of America, except those which border on the polar circle, form a
single race characterized by the formation of the skull," &c/[ He was fa-
miliar also with the statements of Von Spix and Martius that the Brazilians
resembled the Chinese in possessing, among other physical characters, " a
small, not oblong, but roundish, angular, rather pointed head, with a
broad crown, prominent sinus frontales, low forehead, and pointed and
prominent cheek-bones."** He was also acquainted with the fact that both
Desmoulins and Bory de St. Vincent ascribed to a number of the American
races a spherical head as a prominent characteristic. Among the earlier
specimens added to his subsequently famous cranial collection, were some
brachycephalic skulls, with truncated or more or less vertically flattened oc-
ciputs, ff These, together with the numerous short-headed Peruvian crania
in his cabinet, presented such a striking contrast with the ordinary elongated
head-forms of the human family in general, that he was hastily led to regard
the short, round or angular skull with flat occiput and depressed forehead, as
the typical cranial form of the aboriginal Americans. This form he proba-
bly regarded as the osteological analogue to the holophrastic or polysynthetic
character which the philologist had already declared to be at once common
and peculiar to the American races.

Dr. Morton divided the American race into two great families — the Toltecau
and the Barbarous Tribes. The latter he subdivided into the Appalachian,
Brazilian, Patagonian and Fuegian branches. To the Appalachians he as-
cribed a rounded head ; large, salient and aquiline nose ; dark brown eyes,
with little or no obliquity of position; large and straight mouth ; nearly ver-
tical teeth and triangular face. They included all the nations of North Ame-
rica excepting the Mexicans, together with the tribes north of the river Ama-
zon, and east of the Andes. The Brazilian brancji, located between the riv-
ers Amazon and La Plata, and between the Andes and the Atlantic, embraced
the whole of Brazil and Paraguay north of the 35th degree of south latitude.
The Patagonian branch included the nations south of the La Plata to the Straits
of Magellan and the mountain tribes of Chili. The Fuegian branch comprised
the people who inhabit the island of Terra del Fuego, often called Patago-
nians. The Esquimau or Polar Tribes, Dr. Morton separated entirely from
the American race, and designated them " Mongol Americans."

With regard to the aboriginal American crania, Dr. Morton tells us that
" after examining a great number of skulls, he found that the nations east of

♦Charlevoix's Voyage to North America ; Preliminary Discourse, p. 3. See Barton's New Views,
p. xevi.

f History of Mexico, vol. 2, p. 215.

JThc Anthropological Treatises of Blnmenhach, London, 1865, p. 121.

\ Recherehes philosophiq_ues sur les Americains, Berlin, 1777, 1. 1, p. 122.

J Op. cit, pp. 12, 13.

\ Researches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of
America. London, 1814. Vol. 1. p. 14.

** Reise in Brasilien. Munchen, 1S23, lr Th. S. 184.

ft Sec the 1st Edition of his Catalogue of Skulls.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OE PHILADELPHIA. 203

the Alleghany Mountains, together with the cognate tribes, have the head
more elongated than any other Americans. This remark applies especially
to the great Lenape stock, the Iroquois and the Cherokees. To the west of
the Mississippi, we again meet with the elongated head in the Mandans, Ri-
caras, Assinaboins, and some other tribes. Yet even in these instances, the
characteristic truncation of the occiput is more or less obvious, while many
nations east of the Rocky Mountains have the rounded head so characteristic
of the race, as the Osages, Ottoes, Missouris, Dacotas and numerous others.
The same conformation is common in Florida ; but some of these nations are
evidently of the Toltecan family, as both their characters and traditions tes-
tify. The head of the Charibs, as well of the Antilles as of Terra Firma, are
also naturally rounded ; and we trace this character, so far as we have had
opportunity for examination, through the nations east of the Andes, the Pa-
tagonians and the tribes of Chili. In fact, the flatness of the occipital portion
of the cranium will probably be found to characterize a greater or less num-
ber of individuals in every existing tribe, from Terra del Fuego to the Cana-
das."*

At a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences held June 1st, 1841, Dr.
Morton, in the course of some remarks upon the ancient Peruvians, again
speaks of "the squared or spheroidal form as characteristic of the American
race and especially of the Peruvians."! At another sitting of the Academy,
which took place on the 6th of July in the same year, he made some obser-
vations on eight Mexican skulls, and directed attention to the "high vertex,
flat occiput, great lateral diameter and broad faces" of these crania as char-
acteristic features of the aboriginal Americans. "Whoever will beat the
pains," he said on that occasion, " to compare this series of skulls with those
from the barbarous tribes, will, I think, agree that the facts thus derived from
organic characters, corroborate the position I have long maintained, that all
the American nations, excepting the polar tribes, are of one race and one spe-
cies, but of two great families, which resemble each other in physical, but
differ in intellectual characters. "J

These opinions Dr. Morton continued to reiterate, from time to time, at va-
rious meetings of the Academy. \ On the 27th of April, 1842, he read at the
Annual Meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History, An Inquiry into the
Distinctive Charateristics of the Aboriginal Race of America. In this paper he
contends still more emphatically for his favorite doctrine of the unity of the
American nations. After alluding to the color and stature of these people, he
says, " The same conformity of organization is not less obvious in their osteo-
logical structure, as seen in the squared or rounded head, the flattened or
vertical occiput, the high cheek bones, the ponderous maxillae, the large
quadrangular orbits, and the low, receding forehead. I have had opportunity
to compare nearly four hundred crania derived from tribes inhabiting almost
every region of both Americas, and have been astonished to find how the
preceding characters, in greater or less degree, pervade them all. This re-
mark is equally applicable to the ancient and modern nations of our conti-
nent ; for the oldest skulls from the Peruvian cemeteries, the tombs of Mexico
and the mounds of our own country, are of the same type as the heads of the
most savage existing tribes. Their physical organization proves the origin
of one to have been equally the origin of all."

In this paper Dr. Morton objects to the observations of Molina and Hum-
boldt, above referred to, in disproof of this pervading uniformity of physical
characters, by saying that the different people mentioned by these writers are
really of one and the same race, and readily recognized as such, notwithstand-

*Crania Americana, pp. 64, 65.

\ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, p. 36.

t Ibid 1, p. 52.

\ See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 126, 203; vol. 3, pp. 212, 213.

1866.]

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ing their differences of feature and complexion; and the American nations,
he thinks, present a precisely parallel case. But this objection, which is far
from being a valid one, can by no possibility be urged against the analogous
remarks of M. D'Orbigny.

Tn 184G, Dr. Morton contributed to the American Journal of Sciences,* Some
Observations on the Ethnography and Archceology of the American Aborigines, in
which he "avers that sixteen years of almost daily comparisons have only
confirmed him in the conclusions announced in his Crania Americana, that
all the American nations, excepting the Esquimaux, are of one race, and that
this race is peculiar and distinct from all others. The first of these propo-
sitions may be regarded as an axiom in Ethnography ; the second still gives
rise to a diversity of opinions, of which the most prevalent is that which
would merge the American race in the Mongolian."

In the same year he published An account of his Craniological Collection ; with
remarks on the Classification of some Families of the Human Race, in the form of a
letter, addressed to Mr. JohnR. Bartlett, Secretary of the American Ethnologi-
cal Society.f ^n tu's letter he thus writes :

" The anatomical facts, considered in conjunction with every other species
of evidence to which I have had access, lead me to regard all the American
nations, excepting the Esquimaux, as people of one great race or group. From
Cape Horn to Canada, from ocean to ocean, they present a common type of
physical organization, and a not less remarkable similarity of moral and men-
tal endowments which appear to isolate them from the rest of mankind ; and
we have yet to discover the unequivocal links that connect them with the
people of the old world."

Dr. Morton's last contribution to craniographical science, J which was
published after his death, shows conclusively that his views respecting the
homogeneity of the aboriginal American races had undergone no change
whatever. In this paper he still maintains the doctrine of a uniform, cranial
type for these races, with the same arguments and in language almost iden-
tical with that which he employed in his Inquiry ten years before.

I make these references to his published opinious to show that Dr. Morton
perseveringly inculcated this doctrine from the inception to the very close of
his ethnological studies, comprising a period of about twenty-one years ;
that he was thoroughly convinced of its truthfulness, and regarded it as one
of the best established and most readily demonstrable of all the conclusions
at which he had arrived after a long and unwearied study of his cranial
collection.

It is a remarkable fact, however, that opinions diametrically opposed to
these were maintained by two French ethnologists, with whose writings Dr.
Morton was familiar, and whose classifications he criticises adversely in Crania
Americana.^ I allude to Dr. Desmoulins and M. Bory de St. Vincent.

As far back as 1826 Desmoulins divided the aboriginal Americans into two
species, — the Columbians and the Americans. To the first he assigned as
their chief specific character an "elongated head," and to the second " a
generally spherical head." The Columbians occupied the whole of North
America, all the table lands and declivities of the Cordilleras, from Chili to
Cumaua, and also the Caribbean archipelago. The Americans comprised the
Omaguas, Gauranis, Coroados, Puris, Atures, Ottomacs, Botocudos. Guiacas,
Mbayas, Charruas, Puelches, and Tehulletts or Patagonians. "There is no
doubt," says Desmoulins, " that the Columbians, and still more the Ameri-
cans, are each again divisible into several species, as different from each other
as those of Africa. ||

* Vol. II. Second Series.

f Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. 2. p. 217.

J Physical Type of the American Indians, in Schoolcraft's Information respecting the Ilistory,
Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Part 2, p. 315.

g Pp 63, Si. 85.

|| Tableau General, physique et geographique des Especes et des Races du Genre Humain, con-
tained in Uiatoire Naturelle des Races Ilumaines du Nord-est de l'Europe, etc. Paris, 1826.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

205

Bory de St. Vincent divided the Americans into four species,— the Nep-
tunian, Columbian, American and Patagonian. Of the Columbians he says:
"Leur tete est bien conformee, il en resulte une figure agreablement ovale,
ou le front est cependant singuliereinent aplati ;" and of the Americans:
" Les hommes ont, a peu d'exception pres, la tete ronde, d'un volume dispro-
portionne, enfonc^e dans les epaules, lourde, aplatie sur le vertex," &c*

In 1839, M. D'Orbigny, speaking of the native races of South America, de-
clared that, after examining a large number of crania, he was convinced that
they differed from each other not only according to race and nation, but also
individually; and that it would be as difficult to prove that the form of the
head is one among the Americans, as to demonstrate rigorously the perma-
nent cranial characters, which would be sufficient to distinguish them from
other nations. f

The late Prof. Retzius communicated to the meeting of the Scandinavian
Association of Naturalists, held at Stockholm, in 1842, a valuable paper on
the Form of the Skulls of Northerns, in which he refers the Greenlanders and
some of the American races to the prognathic Dolichocephali, and others of
the American family to the prognathic Brachycephali.J Two years later he
read before the same Association, at a meeting held in Christiania, in July,
1844, another essay On the Form of the Skull in different Nations,^ in which he
devotes a special section to the American races, and classifies tbem in the
following manner, according to the length of the cranium :

Greenlanders and Esquimaux,

Kolusches,

Cherokees,

Chippeways,

Iroquois,

Hurons,

Chickasaws,

Cayugas,

Ottigamies,

Pottawotomies,

Lenni Lenape",

Blackfeet.

G. dolichocephala;
prognatbaj.

Northern Americans.

G. brachycephalas
prognathse.

("Botocudos,

| Caribs,

c, ., . I Guaranis,

Southern Americans, j AymaraS)'

j Huanchas,
[ Patagonians.

f Natches,
I Creeks,

Seminoles,
I Euches,
[Klatskanai.

C Northern Americans,

[Southern Americans.

"Charruas,

Puelches,

Araucanians,
[Modern Peruvians.

* L'Homme (Homo). Essai Zoologique sur le Genre Humain ; 2d edit., Paris, 1827, t. 2, pp. 6, 21.

t L'Homme Americain. t. i. pp. 118, 119, 120.

j Om Formen af Nordboernes Cranier, af A. Retzius. (Aftryckt ur Forhandl, vid Naturfors-
karnes Mote i Stockholm, Sr 1S42.) Stockholm, 1S43, p. 4. See also'- Uber die Schadelformen der
Nordbewohner," in J. Muller's Archiv. for 1845.

{(Om formen af hufvudets benstomme hos olika folkslag. Ved Prof. A. A. Retzius, M. D. (Af-
trykt fra '• Forhandlinger ved de Skandinariske Naturforskeres fjerde mode i Christiania fra 11 —
18 Juli, 1844.") Christiania, 1847, pp. 17, 18. See also the German translation, Ueber die Form
des Knochengerustes des Kopfes bei den verschiedenen Volkern, pp 280, 281.

1866.]

206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

G. brachycephal* ( Northern Americans. -[ Aztecs in Mexico ?

orthognathy.

Southern Americans. < Ckincas in Peru?

The latest and best elaborated views of Prof. Retzius upon this subject are
contained in a valuable essay, entitled A Glance at the present state of Ethnolo-
gy, with reference to the Form of the Skull.* This paper was read at the seventh
meeting of the Scandinavian Association of Naturalists, held at Christiania
in 1856. In it, the author thus criticises the theory of American unity, so
long and so persistently supported by Dr. Morton :

"No European philosopher has," says Prof. Retzius, " since the time of
Blumenbach, devoted such fertile labor to the subject of ethnological crani-
ology as Dr. Morton, of Philadelphia, in his ' Crania Americana;' the results
of which are, nevertheless, but little satisfactory. Morton, himself, who has
brought forward so many facts of high value, has, like the distinguished
linguist who with such indefatigable labor studied the American tongues,
come mainly to the conclusion that both the race and the language are one.
I am rather perplexed as to this result, for I must confess that, from the facts
brought forward by Morton, and the numerous skulls with which he has so
kindly enricked tke collections in Stockholm, I have arrived at a wholly dif-
ferent inference. I can explain this only by supposing that this distinguished
man has allowed his extensive philology and great learning to affect his
vision as a naturalist. If the form of the skull is to have any weight in the
question of the races of man, there is scarcely any part of the world where
such contrasts are to be found between dolichocephali and brachycephali as in
America, and as such they present themselves to the eye of the naturalist in
Morton's ' Crania Americana.' I may just refer, for proof of this, to plate 2,
' Peruvian child from Atacama ;' plate 32, ' Lenni Lenape ;' plate 38, ' Pawnee ;'
plate 40, ' Cotonay, Blackfoot ;' plate 64, ' Carib of Venezuela ;' plate 65, ' Ca-
rib of St. Vincent ' — all of the most marked dolichocephalic forms ; and, on the
other hand, to plates 30 and 31, 'Natches,' with the great majority of the
figures of skulls from Chili, Peru, Mexico and Oregon, with many others of
equally well marked brachycephalic form. Much as these plates bear the
same testimony, I should scarcely have ventured on such a remark, did not a
very rick series in our own collections, as well as several valuable drawings
by Blumenbach, Sandifort, Van der Hoeven, &c, support my opinion.

"From what I can infer from the American skulls I have seen, whether in
nature or in casts or plates, I have come to the conclusion that the dolicho-
cephalic is the predominant form in the Carribbee Islands, and in the eastern
region of the great American continent, from its most northern limit down
to Paraguay and Uraguay; and the brachycephalic in the Kurile Islands and
on the continent, from Behring's Strait, in Russian America, Oregon, Mexico,
Ecuador in Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Argentina, Patagonia, and Terra del Fuego.

"Morton has also drawings of four Esquimau skulls, from the most north-
ern parts of America, and from the island of Disco, off the coast of Greenland ;
all of the characteristic form. In the text he says that they are always
characteristic, and that they are most decidedly distinguished from the skulls
of tke American Indians ; but adds at the same time, singularly enough, that
these Esquimaux are the only Americans presenting the Asiatic characters.
It is evident that this distinguished man has been guided by his already es-

* Blick auf den gegenwartigen Standpunkt der Ethnologie in Bezug auf die Gestalt des Knoch-
ernon Schadelgerustes. Von Andreas Retzius, Berlin, 1857. See also J. Mailer's Archiv. fur
Anatomie und Physiologie, 1858; and for an Euglish translation see British and Foreign Medico-
Chirurgical Review for April and July, 1860. This translation was executed by Dr. W. D. Moore,
who informs us that in the last letter which he received from Prof. Retzius, the latter says : "You give
me also hope to see my ethnological views in English; I should be very thankful for that, as you
see that it contains some views of, as I think, great importance ; as in the question of the unity of
the American races, which I have clearly shown false." This letter appears to have been written
not long before the death of this eminent Swedish craniographer.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 207

tablished views, rather than by the strict investigation of facts. He saw in
the formation of the face of the Esquimaux, something Mongolian, that is,
Asiatic ; but he overlooked the prominent occiputs, as well as other charac-
ters which are not Mongolian. In like manner he, as it were, forgot the
beautiful figures given by himself, in his splendid work of dolichocephalic
American Indians; of which some in particular, as Cotonay (Blackfoot),
Cherokee, Chippeway, and, above all, Cayuga (PI. 35), approach the form of
the Esquimau skull, with their large alveolar processes and projecting
occiputs."*

Prof. Retzius refers the aboriginal inhabitants of America to three distinct
sources. As certain Chinese skulls in the museum of the Carolinean Insti-
tute resemble Tungusian and Greenland crania, he traces the pedigree of the
Esquimaux into Asia, among the Chinese population, the transitionary link
being the Aleutians. The dolichocephalic Indians he assumes to be related
to the Guanches of the Canary Islands, and the Atlantic tribes in Africa, as
the Moors, Berbers, Tuaricks, Copts, &c, which are comprised under the
Amazirgh and Egyptian Atlantidas of Latham. The American brachycepba-
lic tribes, which belong chiefly to the side of America looking towards Asia,
the Pacific Ocean, and the South Sea, are allied, he thinks, to the Mongolian
nations, f

D'Omalius d'Halloy, in 1845, divided the American Indians into a northern
branch, characterized with " elongated heads," and a southern branch,
having "the head ordinarily less elongated."!

In 1846 Dr. Zeune, from a careful examination of the skulls in the anatomi-
cal collection at Berlin, adopted three main cranial forms or types for the
western hemisphere. He remarks that, although Blumenbach and Prichard
grouped the races of the New "World together as one, he found greater and
more marked differences among their skulls, than among those of the Old
World. I

In 1850 Dr. Latham endeavored to show, by means of a comparative table
constructed from Dr. Morton's own measurements, that the general ascription
of the brachycephalic form to the American Indians was an error ; and that,
on the contrary, they were more frequently dolichocephalic. ||

In the same year Dr. Knox also expressed a doubt as to the "asserted
identity of the Red Indian throughout the entire range of continental
America."^"

In 1848, Col. Chas. Hamilton Smith declared that "it is vain to assert that
all American Races, excepting the Esquimaux, have originally sprung from
one stock."**

In the years 1855 and 1856, we find three other ethnologists, in widely sepa-
rated localities, expressing their doubts, each from his own independent ob-
servations, as to the validity of Dr. Morton's long cherished views.

"The inspection of the Mexican skulls represented in Crania Americana,"
says Dr. Gosse, " seems to prove that in these the depression of the occiput
was far from being as general and as marked as among the Incas and the
crania examined by Meyen ; for in many of them the head is rather normally
developed behind. "ff

Dr. J. B. Davis also writes that though " this position of Morton's is no

* Op. cit., pp. 23, 24, 29.

t Op. cit., pp. 30 and 32. See also Ofvers. Afk. Wet. Akad., forh. 1855, No. 1, pp. 5 and 6.

j Des Kaces Humaines. Paris, 1S45, pp. 159, 167,

\ TJber Sch'adelbildung zur festern Begriindung dor Menschenrassen. Von Prof. Dr. August Zeune
Berlin, 1S46, p. 13.
|| The Natural History of the Varieties of Man, London, 1850, p. 453.
\ The Kaces of Men, 2d edit., Lond., 1862, pp. 127, 255, 256, 275.
** The Natural History of the Human Species, Loud., 1859, pp. 251, 253.
ft Kssai sur le Deformations Artifioielles du Crane, Pans, 1855, pp. 72, 74.

1866.]

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

doubt founded in truth, yet it must be allowed to be liable to numerous ex-
ceptions."*

In November, 1856, Prof. Wilson, of Canada, who, for some time before,
had been especially directing his attention to the conformation of the Ameri-
can Indian cranium, published an account of the discovery of some Indian
remains in Canada West.f "No indications," he wrote on that occasion,
"have yet been noticed of a race in Canada corresponding to the brachyce-
phalic or square-headed mound-builders of the Mississippi, although such an
approximation to that type undoubtedly prevails throughout this continent
as, to a considerable extent, to bear out the conclusions of Dr. Morton, that a
conformity of organization is obvious in the osteological structure of the
whole American population, extending from the southern Fuegians, to the
Indians skirting the Arctic Esquimaux. But such an approximation, — and it
is unquestionably no more, — still leaves open many important questions rela-
tive to the area and race of the ancient mound-builders. On our northern
shores of the great chain of lakes, crania of the more recent brachycephalic
type have unquestionably been repeatedly found in comparatively modern
native graves. Such, however, are the exceptions, and not the rule. The
prevailing type, so far as my present experience extends, presents a very
marked predominance of the longitudinal over the parietal and vertical di-
ameter ; while, even in the exceptional cases, the brachycephalic character-
istics fall far short of those so markedly distinguishing the ancient crania,
the distinctive features of which some observers have affirmed them to ex-
hibit."

In August, 1857, Dr. Wilson read before the meeting of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, a valuable and interesting paper on
the Supposed prevalence of one Cranial Type throughout. the American Aborigi-
nes. % In this article, the mere doubt expressed a year before now becomes a
positive conviction, that native American crania do not belong to one type, but
are referrible to dolichocephalic and brachycephalic forms; "and that a
marked difference distinguishes the northern tribes, now, or formerly occupy-
ing the Canadian area, in their cranial conformation, from that which pertains
to the aborigines of Central America and the southern valley of the Missis-
sippi ; and that in so far as the northern differ from the southern tribes, they
approximate more or less, in the points of divergence, to the characteristics
of the Esquimaux. " In the second edition of Prehistoric Man, published eight
years later, he concludes that "the results of his attempts at a comparative
analysis of the cranial characteristics of the American races show that the form
of the human skull is just as little constant among different tribes or races of
the New World as of the Old ; and that so far from any simple subdivision
into two or three groups sufficing for American craniology, there are abundant
traces of a tendency of development into the extremes of brachycephalic and
dolichocephalic forms, and again of the intermediate gradation by which the
one passes into the other. '§

It will thus be seen that Desmoulins, Bory de St. Vincent, Alcide d'Orbigny,
Retzius, D'Omalius d'Halloy, Latham, and, more recently, Wilson, have all
expressed their conviction, in terms more or less emphatic, that the American
races are divisible, according to the form of the skull, into dolichocephalic and
brachycephalic groups. Retzius and Zeune have gone a step further, by re-
ferring the crania of these races to three distinct forms or types. According
to Zeune, these crania are divisible into long, broad, and high forms, corres-

* Crania Britannica, Decade 3, p. 10.

I Canadian Journal of Industry, Science and Art, Nov., 1856, p.

\ The Canadian Journal, Nov., 1857. See also Kdin. Philosoph. Journal, N. S.. vol. vii. This
paper, enlarged and somewhat altered, constitutes chap. 21 of the first edition, and chap. 20 of the
sicond edition ot Dr. Wilson's Prehistoric Man; and Part I of Lectures on Physical Ethnology,
contributed by the same author to the Smithsonian Report for 1862.

$ Page 483.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 209

ponding to three similar types in the Old World ; and according to Retzius,
into Asiatic dolichocephalic, (Chinese,) Mongolian, and Semitic forms. Zeune,
in his comparative table, has indiscriminately grouped together normal and
artificially deformed skulls. His classification has, consequently, no ethno-
logic value. To Prof. Retzius is due the credit, as far as I can learn, and as
appears from the above chronological reference to the literature of this sub-
ject,— of being the first to perceive the true ethnological import of the data
set forth in Crania Americana. From 1842 to 1S60, the year of his death, he
as positively opposed the doctrine of aboriginal American unity as Dr. Morton
zealously supported it. Dr. Wilson has indisputably confirmed the views of
Retzius as to the division of the American tribes into long and short heads,
and their consequent cranial non-unity, by means of a valuable series of com-
parative tables of measurements, accompanied with important critical obser-
vations, showing very considerable, judicious, and even enthusiastic research.*
Like Humboldt and Pickering, he favors the Mongolian classification of the
American Indian, and thinks that this classification is " borne out by many
significant points of resemblance in form, color, texture of hair, and peculiar
customs and traits of character."!

From a careful examination of the Morton Collection, I am convinced that
the division of aboriginal American crania into dolichocephalic and brachy-
cephalic groups merely, is wholly inadequate to exhibit thoroughly the ethnic
differences which dispart them, in some instances, quite widely. It is easy
to point out crania which are comparatively shorter than most of the so-called
long skulls ; and others again, which are longer than the so-called short-heads.
Such deviations fall naturally into an intermediate or mesocephalic group,
which differs from the two extreme classes not in length only, but in other
characters also. Moreover, the ethnic value of dolichocephalism and brachy-
cephalism, or of length as compared with heighth and breadth, is by no means
fully determined. This character is not always of primary importance. On
the contrary, it is frequently of secondary value in classification. Two or
more skulls may be equally dolichocephalic, and yet belong to different types
or forms. Compare, for example, the cranium of the typical wooly-haired
negro represented on page 325 of Indigenous Races, with the skull of an
ancient Roman, or of a Circassian, figured on pages 312 and 316, respectively,
of the same work. These are all dolichocephalic ; but the slightest inspection
shows that they belong to very different types, and that the typical or differ-
ential characters are located in the facial bones chiefly. In like manner, if we
compare together the Ottawa and Mound skulls Nos. 1007 and 1512, which
are both brachycephalic, we readily perceive that the one belongs to the
spherical or globular form, and the other to the square-headed or cubical type.
In order to establish indisputably the cranial diversity of the American races,
it is obviously necessary, in view of the above facts, not only to point out

* In his paper, read before the American Association in 1857.— a year after Retzius had publicly
announced his matured views upon American crania to the Scandinavian Association, anil through
it to the scientific world generally — Dr. Wilson says: " Scarcely any point in relation to ethno-
graphic types is more generally accepted as a recognized postulate than the approximative homo-
genous cranial characteristics of the whole American race." "The stronghold of the argument
for the essential oneness of the whole tribes and nations of the American continents, is the sup-
posed uniformity of physiological, and especially of physiognomical and cranial characteristics: an
ethnical postulat" which has not yet. so far as I am aware, been called into question." (Canadian
Journal, Nov., 1857, pp. 409, 416.) When these lines were written, Dr. Wilson appeal not to
have been acquainted with the labors of Retzius in this field; he certainly makes no allusion
to them whatever. These statements are reproduced in 1862, in the first edition of his " Prehis-
toric Wan," (pp. 205, 212.) and again in 1866, in the second edition of this deeply interesting work,
(pp. 425, 430, 431.) In both these editions he alludes to Retzius simply as amongst those who
have recorded conclusions similar to his own. He refers the reader, for the views of Retzius. to the
" Archives rles Sciences Naturelles," published at Geneva in 1860, and, in his "Lectures on Physical
Ethnology," in the Smithsonian Report for 1862, p. 244, accompanies this reference with the state-
ment that his own views on this subject were first published by him at the meeting of the Ameri-
can Association in 1857.

f Prehistoric Man, 2d edit., p. 47i5.

1866.] 14

210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

among these races the prevalence of both dolichocephalic and brachycephalie
forms, but also to demonstrate the existence of different well-marked types
into which they may he grouped, and which can be shown to be as different
from each other as any of the distinct forms indigenous to the Old World.
This I have attempted to do in the ensuing pages, carefully abstaining, how-
ever, for the present, from the expression of any opinion concerning the allied
but entirely distinct question of the origin and affiliations of these races. As
this question, in its osteological aspects, is intimately connected with the con-
sideration of the cranial characters of the Esquimau race, I propose, instead
of discussing it at present, to return to it in a future monograph upon the
skulls of the Polar people.

The Human Cranial Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, contains at the present time 575 skulls of the Aborigines of Northern,
Central and South America.

The Esquimau Family is represented by thirteen specimens from Baffin's
Bay, Storoe, Cape Alexander, Upernavick and Godhavn. Dr. I. I. Hays, on
his return from the Arctic regions in 1861, brought with him 125 skulls of this
race. This large and very important collection he kindly placed in my care
for study and description, with the request that I should select therefrom and
present to the Academy, as his donations, those specimens which appeared to
constitute the most suitable additions to the Museum.* Through these addi-
tions the Esquimau race, though occupying a region so remote and inacces-
sible, will be more numerously represented in the collection, than any of the
North American Indian tribes.

Of the great Athapascan or Chippewyan Family, lying to the south of the
Esquimau area, and extending from Hudson's Bay westwardly towards the
Pacific Ocean, there is but one specimen in the Museum of the Academy. This
skull, No. 577 of my Catalogue of Human Crania, belongs, moreover, to none
of the tribes living in juxtaposition within the continuous area of the Athapas-
cas, but to a small detached band, called Tlatskanai or Klatskauai,t living in
the mountains south of the Columbia River, near the sea-coast. This tribe,
now nearly, if not quite extinct, belongs to the " Tahkali-Umkwa Family " of
Hale, | which is synonymous with the " Southern Athabaskans " of Latham. §
It is thus classified on account of its philological affinities, which are Atha-
pascan.

It is obviously impossible to determine the craniological relations of the
Tlatskanai, and through these of the Athapascas generally, by means of the
single cranium just referred to. This skull is artificially distorted or com-
pressed like the Chinook crania. The longitudinal and bi-parietal diameters
are nearly equal. Art has, therefore, rendered it brachycephalie. The upper
alveolus is quadrangular in form.

To enumerate the various tribes of Athapascas of which cranial specimens
are wanting in the collection, would be to go over the entire list of these tribes
as now known. In view of the geographical position of this group, this is
much to be regretted. The Koluschians and Athapascans on the west of Hud-
son's Bay and the Algonquins on the east are the only Indians coterminous
with the Esquimaux. The Athapascan area borders upon the Esquimau re-
gion over a much greater extent of surface than that of either the Koluschians
or Algonquins. Among the Athapascas, the Coppermine, Dog-Rib and Hare
or Slave Indians come in contact with the Esquimaux as far north as the Arctic
circle. As they are thus exposed to the same climatic conditions it becomes
very important to compare the crania of these tribes with those of their para-
borean neighbors. The same remark applies to the northernmost of the Ko-

* See Prr ceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sci., 1S62, p. 601.

f Called Klatstoni by Morton, who figures and gives measurements of this skull in Crania Ame-
ricana, plate 44, p. 210.

J Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. 2, p. 9.
(> The Natural History cf the Varieties of Man, p. 308.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211

lusehian and Algonquin tribes. Unfortunately for the purpose of such com-
parison no specimens of the skulls of these tribes are in the possession of the
Academy. In other words the collection is deficient in skulls of the Kenai of
Cook's Inlet, the Atnahs of Copper River, the Ugalents or Ugalyakhmutzi, of
King William's Sound, &c, among the Koluschians ; and in the Knistinaux or
Crees, and the various other tribes of Algonquins who formerly occupied the
country between Labrador and the New England States.

The Indians of the north-west coast are represented in the collection by 22
specimens, obtained from various localities in British Columbia, Washington
Territory, and the State of Oregon. Three of the skulls of this series, a Tsitn-
se-ann or Chimseyan and two Nas-kuhs or Naaskoks (Nos. 987, 213 and 214
of tbe Catalogue), belong to the Naas family of Hale, and are from the Naas
River and tbe region of country about Fort Simpson, in lat. 54° 40' N. Con-
sequently of all the Pacific coast crania in the collection they are the most
northern. The Chimseyan skull is a long, low head with a moderately full
and rounded occiput. The coronal region is flat and triangular, narrow at the
forehead between the external angular processes, from which it widens out to
a great interparietal diameter, the parietal protuberances being very promi-
nent. Both the Naas crania are long, oval heads with full and prominent oc-
ciputs. In No. 213 the occipital protuberance is prolonged into a sharp mam-
millated process. The next six in geographical order, (Nos. 208, 944, 946,
1013, 1014 and 1015), are from Puget's Sound. No. 208 is the skull of a Skwale
or Nisqually "Medicine Man." It is artificially flattened. The other five
are flattened heads, obtained by my friend Dr. Thos. J. Turner, of the U. S.
Navy. They probably belong, with one exception, to the Suquimmish tribe.
These six crania together with a Kowalitsk skull, (No. 573) from Washington
Territory, and a Tilamook, Killemook or Killamuck cranium (No. 576) from
the State of Oregon, belong to the Tsihaili-Selish Family of Hales, the Tsihaili
of Latham. The next two crania of this group are Klikatats (Nos. 207* and
461) from Washington Territory. They belong to the Sahaptin Family of
Hale and Gallatin. Of the Calapooya or Kalapuya tribe of the Willamette
Valley, Oregon, there is one cranial specimen, No. 574. There are nine Chi-
nook crania in the collection. Of these Nos. 462, 641, 721, 1349 and 1350 are
Chinooks proper. Nos. 203 and 575 are Clatsops or Klaatsops, a band of the
lower division of Chinooks, occupying the sandy plain at Point Adams, to the
south of the mouth of Columbia River. Nos. 457 and 578 should, in all pro-
bability, be rejected from this series. As they are not flattened nor distorted
in any manner, but retain the natural form, they are very likely slaves, and
as such belong to some other tribes. All the free Chinooks flatten their heads,
and so highly do they value this deformity as a mark of distinction that they
do not allow their slaves to practise it.

Upon this point most of the travellers who have visited the tribes of Colum-
bia River agree. In other respects, however, their testimony is very discrep-
ant. Mr. Townsend, in a letter to Dr. Morton, affirms that he " has occasionally
seen both Chinooks and Chickitats with round or ordinary shaped heads, sick-
ness having prevented the usual distortion while young."f This statement
has evidently led Dr. Morton to regard No. 578 as a true Chinook skull which
has not been subjected to the flattening process. " This head," says Dr. M.,
" differs in nothing from that of the Indians in general, from one end of the con-
tinent to the other ; but it is gratifying to be able to present a perfectly natu-
ral skull of people among whom a round or naturally formed head is consid-
ered a degradation."! Dr. Pickering assures us that as the children, whose
heads have been compressed, "grow up, the cranium tends to resume its

* Nos. 203. 207, 208. 213 and 214 were obtained by Mr. Geo. Gibbs, who informs me that No. 207
is a hybrid being half Klikatat, half Nisqually.
t Crania Americana, p. i!07.
j Ibid, p. 208.

1866.]

212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

natural shape, so that the majority of grown persons hardly manifest the ex-
istence of the practice. One effect, however, seemed to be permanently dis-
tinguishable, in the unusual breadth of face."* Mr. Hale also says: "In
after years the skull, as it increases, returns in some degree to its natural
shape, and the deformity, though always sufficiently remarkable, is less shock-
ing than at first. "f Dr. Pickering declares "that slaves may in general be
distinguished by the head not being flattened, though they are careful to per-
form this process on their children. "J Mr. Hale, on the contrary, states that
" the children of slaves are not considered of sufficient importance to undergo
this operation, and their heads, therefore, retain their natural form." Mr.
George Gibbs, who dwelt for several years among the coast tribes iu the capa-
city of Indian agent, likewise declares that " the children of slaves are not
allowed to flatten the skull. "§ In another place he says, "among some of
the Pacific tribes, compression of the head is confined to females, or is, at any
rate, only carried to any considerable extent among them. Slaves are some-
times of the same tribe with their owners, but they are more frequently pur-
chased from others ; and it should be noted that on the Pacific the course of
the trade has been from south to north. "|| This gentleman, in an interesting
letter to the writer, dated July 8th, 1850, suggests that " as slaves very rarely
if ever spring from the tribes in which they are held, and as the course of the
slave trade is almost always from the south to the north," the two skulls
above referred to, Nos. 457 and 578 most probably come from southern Oregon
or California. The Klamath and Shaste tribes of California, he thinks, fur-
nish many slaves to the region about Fort Vancouver, while captives from
this region are taken still further northward from Puget's Sound as far north
even as the Russian possessions. In opposition to these statements of
Mr. Gibbs, we are informed by Mr. Townsend that among the Chinooks
those individuals whose skulls were not flattened during infancy, on ac-
count of sickness, "never attain to any influence, nor rise to any digni-
ty in their tribe, and are not unfrequently sold as slaves." Mr. Jas. G.
Swan, in his account of the coast tribes between the Straits of Fuca and the
Columbia River, says, "their slaves are purchased from the northern Indians,
and are either stolen or captives of war, and were regularly brought down and
sold to the southern tribes. "H" My friend Dr. Thos. J. Turner, U. S. N., who
spent some time at Puget's Sound, in 1856, and whom I therefore interrogated
upon this subject, informs me that there is a marked distinction between the
Indian tribes on Vancouver's Island and to the north of the Straits of Fuca,
and those on the southern side. The northern tribes known as Stikanes, or
Cowitchins, are taller, more war-like, and of a lighter color than the southern
Indians, and what is very remarkable, have been seen by him to blush.** In-
stead of compressing their heads into a disc-like shape, as the Chinooks do,
they give to them, by means of bandages, a conical or sugar-loaf form. Fur-
ther north this custom is discontinued by the men, and is confined altogether
to females. Dr. Turner also informs me that unaltered heads, found among
tribes addicted to this practice to a great degree, may safely be assumed to be
those of slaves, and are probably of foreign origin, either directly or ancestrally.
The direction of the slave trade is northward. On this account the southern
tribes are always in fear of their more aggressive northern neighbors. As the

•The Races of Man; and their Geographical Distribution. By Charles Pickering, M. D., Lon-
don. 1851, p. 19.

t Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. 2, p. 16.

X Op. cit. p. 20.

| Indigenous Kaces of the Earth, p. 336.

|| Instructions for research relative to the Ethnology and Philology of America. Prepared for
the Smithsonian Institution, by George Gibbs, Washington, 1863. p. 3.

<f The North West Coast ; or Three Years residence in Washington Territory. By Jas. G. Swan,
New York, 1857. p. 166.

**Accoiding to Von Spix and Mariius, "the Indians, properly speaking, cannot blush, and the
' Erub^scit, salva res est,' cannot be applied to this unpolished race." See Prichard's Researches,
vol. 1, p. 271.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 213

flattened head in all its varieties is considered a mark of distinction among
these people, tliey are very loth to abandon it. In several instances, where
the "papooses" came under medical treatment, efforts were made to induce
the mothers to discontinue the practice, but without avail.

These conflicting statements show how difficult it is to determine satisfac-
torily whether Nos. 457 and 578 are Chinooks or not. The latter somewhat
resembles the Naas skull, No. 214, but is comparatively shorter and broader.
The former is more like the Chimseyan. If they are really Chinooks, it shows
that these people are naturally dolichocephalic. Judging from the deformed
specimens, I should suppose the heads of the Chinooks were naturally short
or brachycephalic. The unflattened Chinook, No. 578, is a rather short, broad
oval, having the vertex regularly and more highly arehed, and the occipital
region less promiuent, rather flatter in fact, than is the case in the Arickaree
and Assinaboin crania. No. 457 approaches the peculiar form exhibited in a
Pocasset skull, presently to be referred to.

Upon a careful examination of all the cranial specimens of these fiat-head
tribes of the Columbia River, I find that the distortion is not alike in all. In
Nos. 203, 207, 208, 461, 577, 641, 721, 946, 1013, 1014 and 1349 the compres-
sion has been so applied as to cause the right half of the occipital region to
be more flattened than the left, and, consequently, the antero-posterior diam-
eter of the right side to be shorter than the left. In Nos. 574 and 575 the
distortion is just reversed. Nos. 462, 573, 576 and 944 are almost symmetri-
cally flattened, and in such a manner that the coronal region forms a horizon-
tal plane parallel with the basis cranii. In the Kawichen skull, No. 1015, the
pressure has been so applied as to give to it the form of a cone or sugar-loaf,
causing it thereby to resemble very strongly the strangely deformed Natchez
crania, and the Mound Skull, No. 1212, from the ancient town of Chiuchiu,
near the Desert of Atacama.

Three crania recorded in the third edition of Dr. Morton's Catalogue of
Skulls, as belonging to " Cotonay or Blackfoot Indians,"* differ from each
other sufficiently to justify the reference of them to two separate groups.
While Nos. 744, a male skull, and 745, a female, are decidedly dolichocephalic,
No. 1227, the head of a chief named the Bloody-Hand, from the upper Mis-
souri, occupies an intermediate place between the long and short heads. It
is a shorter, broader and more elevated or arched cranium. In Nos. 744 and
745 the occipital region exhibits the superiorly inclined or shelving parieto-
occipital flatness so characteristic of Swedish and Norwegian crania. The
occipital flatness of No. 1227 is less inclined and more vertical. In the length
of skull, prominence of occiput, and general shape of the coronal region, No.

744 resembles the cast of a Norwegian skull, No. 1260, which I have in an-
other place already briefly described. The receding forehead, strongly marked
supraorbital ridges, and everted upper alveolus of the Kootenay cranium,
however, serve to distinguish it from the Norwegian. In general form No.

745 resembles the Arikaree type, as that type or form is displayed in No. 619.
No. 1227, in the general outline of the coronal region and flatness of the occi-
put, resembles the short-headed Germanic and Anglo-Saxon forms. On the
other hand, the strongly-marked face, the deep, massive jaw and prominent
maxillary alveoli of this skull are striking points of difference. In Crania
Americana, plate 40, Dr. Morton figures a Kootenay skull loaned to him by
Geo. Combe, the celebrated phrenologist. It is decidedly dolichocephalic.
Dr. M. has cuven us no description of this head, but merely alludes to its
great interparietal breadth. I am inclined to think that No. 741 is really the
cranium from which this plate was drawn. There is not only a close resem-
blance in the outlines of the two, but in the skull there is a hole in the

*The Kitnnaha or Skalsa; Kootenays, Coutanies, Arcs-en-Flat, or Flat-bows, inhabit the western
side of the Rocky Mountains, on the Flat-bow branch of the Columbia Iliver. They are not Black-
feet, and though they hunt on the Missouri, they do not live there.

18G6.]

214 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

middle of the right parietal bone, just above the tuberosity, exactly as repre-
sented in the plate. A comparison of this plate with the wood-cut of No. 1227,
in the Catalogue of Human Crania, and also in Indigenous Races, is sufficient
to show that in this group of three skulls two distinct forms exist. No. 744
may be assigned to the kumbecephalic, and No. 745 to the narrow oval sub-
divisions of the oval form or type. Both have flat and receding foreheads run-
ning up to a higher point at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures
or just behind this point. No. 1227 falls into the arched type.

To the isolated or unplaced family of the Kitunaha, Coutanies or Kootenays,
therefore I provisionally refer Nos. 744 and 745 ; and to the Satsika or Black-
foot branch of the Algonquins, No. 1227.

To the east of the Blackfoot country, and extending from the Saskachawan
River on the north southwardly to the Arkansas River, and from the Missis-
sippi to the Rocky Mountains, lies an important ethnological region occupied
by the Dacota and Pawnee Families of Indians. The latter live in two sepa-
rate localities, surrounded in great part by the more numerous tribes of the
former.

Of the Pawnee group the collection of the Academy contains three Arikara,
and two Pawnee skulls. The Sioux or Dacota Family is represented by speci-
mens from eight different tribes, viz., Assinaboins, Minetaris, Mandans, Dako-
tas or Sioux's proper, Upsarookas or Crows, Osages, Ottoes, and the isolated
tribe of Winnebagos living on the western shore of Lake Michigan.

Three female Arickaree skulls from the upper Missouri, (Nos. 649, 949, 748)
belong to the dolichocephalic class. The coronal region in No. 64. » is oval
and rather flat, the vertical diameter, therefore, rather small ; the occipital
protuberance quite prominent, as in the Cimbric and Swedish crania in the
collection, and the upper half of the occipital region flat and shelving like
that of the Swedes ; the forehead low, superciliary ridges very small, malar
bones not very prominent ; ossa nas,i quite incurvated. The basis cranii of
No. 649 exhibits some approach to the kumbecephalic form of Prof. Wilson.
No. 949 exhibits the same general characters, but is fuller in the frontal re-
gion, and has a less prominent occipital protuberance. The same remarks
apply to No. 748. In the homoiocephalic comparison of the old and new
worlds, these Arickaree skulls may be fairly regarded as the American repre-
sentatives of the Swedish crania.

The two skulls in the collection marked Pawnee are remarkably discrepant
in form. One of them, No. 1043, is most probably an Arickaree cranium.
The other, No. 540, is a female head from the Platte River. It is figured in
Crania Americana, plate 38. In this skull the forehead is sufficiently de-
pressed, to cause the posterior part of the head to be higher than the anterior.
From the coronal suture, the median longitudinal line, coinciding with the
sagittal suture, curves regularly and evenly round to the upper edge of the
os occipitis. Hence the posterior region cannot be called flat, although at the
first glance it appears so, in consequence of the prominence of the occipital
boss. If the line of the crown is continued evenly to the base of the skull, so
as to cut off the occipital protuberance, it will then be seen that the posterior
region is full and round. This is not the case in No. 1043, also female, which
is^ longer head with a much more prominent occipital boss. The basis oc-
cipitis of this skull is flat, somewhat like that of the Minetaris, while the basis
cranii exhibits a long cimbriform outline instead of the round one presented
in No. 540. In fact No. 1043 resembles the Arickaree forms in many respects ;
and should, I think, be classified with this group. It differs from them, how-
ever, in such minor particulars as the form of the alveolar arch, breadth of
upper maxilla, &c.

To the dolichocephalic group must also be assigned the Minetaris or Gros-
ventres of Missouri. The oblong coronal region of the four cranial specimens
of this tribe in the collection resembles that of the Arickarees and Assina-
boins. The most elevated point of the crown is in the middle of the sagittal

fMay,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 2l5

suture, a little anterior to a line drawn through the parietalia from one emi-
nence to the other. The posterior region of the parietalia slopes downwards
and backwards to the irregular and lozenge-shaped occipital protuberance.
The basal portion of the occipital bone is remarkably flat. — nearly horizontal,
in fact, — and the cerebellar fossa? quite shallow. This peculiarity is well-marked
in all the specimens composing this group- This feature and the prominent
occiput give to the Minetari skull the appearance of being pinched or drawn
out behind. This is particularly the case in No. 746. The low crown, flat
sides and base of these skulls give them an angular, oblong or box-like ap-
pearance. The specimens of this group, three of which are females, and the
fourth a male, are remarkably alike.

Three Assinaboin skulls, also from the upper Missouri, (Nos. 659, 1230, 1231)
are larger than the Arickarees, as shown by their greater internal capacity.
They are more massive and roughly marked, and in general present more of
the rude Indian character. They are broader between the parietal bosses
than the Arickaree heads ; and, consequently, have a less narrow, and some-
what differently shaped coronal region. The contour of the latter slightly ap-
proximates the Germanic form. The occiput in No. 659, a male skull, is equally
protuberant, more massive and flat in the upper part, and the nasal bones less
incurvated than in the Arickarees. These features are not so well marked in
Nos. 1230 and 1231. It will thus be seen that No. 659 differs more from the
Arickarees than Nos. 1230 and 1231, but the two latter, like the Arickaree
specimens, belong to the female sex. Upon the whole, the base is not so long
and narrow.

The Mandans of the upper Missouri are a long-headed people. The general
form of their skulls resembles very closely that of the Arickarees and Assina-
boins. This is very well shown in Nos. 643, 644, 738 and 742 ; of which the
first three are females, and the last a male. In No. 739, a female skull, the
occipital protuberance is not so fully developed, but the posterior interparie-
tal diameter is greater. The coronal contour, consequently, undergoes some
change. In a male skull, No. 740, the broader coronal region is more oblong
than oval. In No. 741, also a male skull, the greater elevation of the breg-
matic region gives to that skull the arched or upsicephalic form presently to
be described. No. 738 closely resembles the Kootenay skull, No. 745.

No. 204, the skull of a Dacota or Sioux Indian, belongs to the Creek type,
as exhibited in No. 1454, though the occiput is a little more prominent, and
the head slightly longer and narrower. Its form is transitionary from the
broad oval of the Assinaboin skull. No. 112. the head of a Dacota child, is
markedly dolichocephalic, with an occipital region like a shelving roof. No.
605, the skull of a Dacota or Sioux Indian from Wisconsin, somewhat resem-
bles the Chetimache type, as the reader will perceive at a glance, by compar-
ing plates 19 and 39 of Crania Americana. The truncation of the occiput is
confined entirely to the upper part of the os occipitis and is but slightly marked.
Indeed the posterior region taken as a whole is full and rounded or globular
like that of the Pawnee skull, No. 540. These two heads, in fact, resemble
each other closely, so that it is difficult to say whether both be Pawnees or
both Dacotas. They certainly appear to belong to the same tribe. Dr. Mor-
ton speaks of having once seen in Philadelphia, in 1837, twenty-six chiefs
and braves of the Sioux nation. " Every man of them," says he, " bad a
broad face, high cheek bones, the large Roman nose expanded at the nostrils,
a wide but low forehead and flat occiput/'

The Osages are brachycephalic, as is particularly shown in No. 54, in which
the coronal region is almost round like that of the true Germanic head, and
the occiput perpendicularly flattened. This skull, which is that of a young
warrior named the Buffalo Toil, from Arkansas, is figured by Morton in Cra-
nia Americana, plate 41. The face is large and rude, the malar bones mas-
sive, and the alveoli prominent ; but the forehead is less recedent than in
many of the Indian crania. The skull belongs to the angularly round or

1866.]

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

square-headed Gothic type. No. 650, from the upper Missouri, is an older
and longer head, inclining rather to the Swedish form. It is not a Brachyce-
phalus, but occupies a position intermediate between the long and short heads.
The Ottoes of the upper Missouri belong partly to that intermediate form
which I have designated in the preceding pages as the arched type, and partly to
the short-headed groups. The oblong crown in No. 755 is considerably elevated
at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures. The occipital region is
full, broad and round, and not flattened. These skulls all incline to the brachy-
cephalic type. Indeed No. 756, which may be said to represent the Calmuck
form, and No. 758, should be classed among the short heads. No. 758, the
head of a young child, though longer, has a vertically flat occiput.

The Upsarookas or Crow Indians of the upper Missouri are long-heads. The
two skulls of this tribe in the collection are males, and resemble each other
very closely. They are long, oval crania ; the upper part of the occiput pro-
tuberant and lozenge-shaped ; the face long, the ossanasi high, and the depth
of the upper alveolus so considerable as to give a peculiar osteological expres-
sion to the face not easily described.

Of the Winnebagos, one, No. 559, is a short, angularly round head ; the
other, No. 560, is of an oblong form. In No. 559 the slight posterior flatness
is confined entirely to the upper part of the os occipitis. In No. 560 the oc-
ciput is more protuberant, and the base and crown longer than in No. 559.

Of the great and widely extended Algonquin Family, the Museum of the
Academy contains 79 skulls of 21 different tribes. These tribes are the Mas-
sasangas or Missiosigees, and the Chippewas of Upper Canada, the Penobscots
of Maine, the Mohegans of Connecticut, the Narragansetts and Pocassets of
Rhode Island, the Naumkeags of Massachusetts, the Naticks of Nantucket,
the Lenni-Lenapes or Delawares of New Jersey. Pennsylvania, &c. ; the Nan-
ticokes of the Wyoming Valley ; the Ottawas, Menominees and Pottawotomies
of Michigan ; the Sauks, Ottigamies and Illinois of Illinois and Wisconsin ; the
Miamis of Indiana ; the Skawnees and Mingos of Ohio ; the Shyennes of Mis-
souri, and the Blackfeet.

The Iroquois family is represented in the collection by 13 crania of Mo-
hawks, Oneidas, Senecas, Cayugas and Hurons. The former habitat of these
tribes was the country around and between Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario,
in the heart of the Algonquin area. Of the southern Iroquois the collection
contains not a single specimen.

The Massasauga cranium, (No. 27,) of upper Canada, is a decidedly dolicho-
cephalic head with a protuberant occiput, a moderately elevated coronal re-
gion, and an oval base. In its general form it resembles the Arickaree
skulls.

The Penobscot skulls may also be classed with the Dolichocephali. They
are narrow and rather long, with a regularly oval crown. The occipital region
is rather narrow, but not flat, being smoothly rounded ; the elevation of the
crown about the middle of the sagittal suture, by increasing the vertical diam-
eter, slightly approximates this skull to the arched type. These remarks par-
ticularly apply to No. 89, an Indian of the Gepepscot tribe of Maine. No. 105
is very similar to it, but being fragmentary, and of uncertain locality, it need
not further occupy our attention.

A Mohegan or Mohican skull of the Quinnipiack tribe, (No. 26), is broad and
globular with a rounded occipital region. It occupies a position intermediate
between the long and short heads and approaches the Mongol form, as that
form is exhibited in the Calmuck, Cossack and Burat crania.

A Pocasset cranium (No. 1036) is comparatively short with a flattened oc-
ciput and triangular coronal region. It strongly resembles the Narragansett
head, No. 693, and should probably be grouped with this specimen.

The Narragansetts of Rhode Island are dolichocephalic. The ten skulls
representing this tribe in the collection are not equally elongated. On
the contrary, Nos. 693, (male,) 953, (female,) and 956, (male,) are much

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 217

shorter, and may be said almost to belong to the Brachycephali. No. 693, the
fnc simile of the Pocasset skull just referred to, is a peculiar head. The coro-
nal region is irregularly oblong ; the head widens out backwards from the os
frontis, attaining its greatest width between the parietal centres of ossification.
Moreover, the low receding forehead slants upwards to the same interparietal
diameter. The broad posterior region slopes downwards to the foramen mag-
num, as if pressed under the overhanging parietalia. Nos. 050, (female,) 951,
(male, ) 954, (female, ) 957 (male) and 1040, (female, ) are oblong heads, having
for the most part the superior occipital flattening seen in Swedish crania, and
also the protuberant occipital process, which is of the usual size and appear-
ance in Nos. 950 and 954, and forms a very large triangular knob in No. 951,
projecting in a straight line beyond the inferior and posterior edges of the
parietalia, as in the Swedish skull, No. 1249. In No. 957 the protuberance
disappears, or is very much softened down, in consequence of the cone-like
manner in which the whole posterior region converges to a blunt point. The
basal surface of the occiput is non-symmetrically flattened, the right half be-
ing pressed up towards the parietals more than the left. This flattening is
probably posthumous. In No. 955 we have another instance of this appa-
rently posthumous deformity. The highest point of the vertex in No. 957 is
at the anterior fontanelle. In No. 1040 the protuberance of the occiput over-
hangs the basal portion like a ridge. In this skull is also exhibited the basi
occipital flatness which, as we have just seen, characterizes the Minetari
skulls. No. 952 is asymmetrical, the right half being a little shorter than
the left. No. 953 belongs to the arched type. A slight flatness is observable
in the posterior, inferior part of the parietalia, but the occipital bone curves
regularly round to the foramen magnum without any flatness whatever. The
same remarks apply to No. 956. Nos. 953 and 957 are remarkably prognathic.
In No. 953 the prominence of the maxilla? gives to this skull a negrodike ap-
pearance.

A Naumkeag skull (No. 567) from Salem, Massachusetts, is a long, narrow
oval head with a projecting occiput, and a high coronal region which is dis-
tinctly carinated.

Five Natick skulls from Nantucket, upon the whole, appertain rather to a
form intermediate between the Dolicho- aud Brachycephali, than to either
one of these classes. The elevated vertex and but moderately prominent oc-
ciput give to No. 103 the arched form. No. 104 is a longer head, with a
flatter crown and a more protuberant occiput. No. 107 is an oblong, dolicho-
cephalic head. In No. 110 the upper part of the hind head is flat, and the
protuberance of the occiput lozenge- shaped.

The Natick and Narragansett skulls may be said to represent the woolly-
haired African form.

The Lenape or Delaware Indian skulls in the Academy's collection, also
fall, for the most part, into the dolichocephalic class. With the exception of
Nos. 205, 206 and 1263, they are long, though not strikingly narrow heads.
The general outline of the coronal region resembles that of the Arickarees,
Assinaboins, Cherokees and Iroquois, —occupying a place in fact between the
latter two. The occipital boss, though protuberant, is less so than in the
Arickaree, Assinaboin and Cherokee heads. The occipital region is superiorly
flattened. The upper jaws are more salient than in the heads already de-
scribed, amounting in the female skull, No. 40, as shown in Crania Americana,
plate 32, to negro-like prognathism. No. 1263 may be regarded as a Brachy-
cephalus. In consequence of the posterior, interparietal diameter being
greater than the frontal, the contour of the coronal region differs from that of
the others of this group, and resembles that shown in some of the German
skulls, especially No. 706. The posterior region is broad and perpendicularly
flattened. The coronal outline of No. 1265 resembles in some respects that of
No. 1263. Nos. 205 and 206 dug up from a street in Philadelphia, and sent
to the Academy as Delaware Indians, are very similar in form to Nos. 1263

1866.]

218

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

and 1265. They appear to be very old. The ten specimens composing this
whole group appear to belong to a form or type of skull differing in many re-
spects from those to which most of the heads already alluded to belong.
Nos. 40 and 115 are narrow ovals ; Nos. 118 and 418 maybe classed in the
same group, but they approach the arched type by being higher. They are,
indeed, transitionary in form to Nos. 1264 and 1265, which are still more
elevated in the coronal region. The form again changes in No. 1263, which is
shorter, has a triangular crown and a natter and broader occiput, and is
arranged therefore among the short heads with vertical occiputs.

The Nanticoke head (No. 1219) is a broad, low skull, with a full rounded
occiput. It resembles somewhat, No. 26, the Quinnipiack or Mohegan cranium.

The form of the Mingo skull (No. 455) is a long oval, with a broadly oval
crown and base, and a prominent occiput.

The Ottawas of Michigan may be partly referred to the arched type. No.
1007 is brachycephalic. It is a broad, low and round head. A greater pro-
minence of the occipital boss in Nos. 1006, 1008 and 1009, causes these three
skulls to depart somewhat from this type and approach the Swedish form. I
have consequently placed them in the dolichocephalic division.

The cranial specimens of the Menominees of Michigan, in the collection, differ
from each other in their general configuration not a little. No. 35, the cra-
nium of a female, resembles the Pocasset skull above referred to, — a skull
the principal characters of which are a recedent forehead, a relatively broad
posterior, interparietal diameter, and a flatly-rounded occiput. No. 563,
also a female head, resembles No. 35, but is rather less recedent in the
forehead, has a broader base, and a fuller and broader occipital region. No.
78, a male skull, is a long head, with protuberant occiput, the protuber-
ance flattened vertically, and the lower and posterior parts of the parietalia
flattened like an inclined plane. The median longitudinal line of the crown,
in consequence of the more expanded forehead, approaches an oval figure. A
fuller forehead, less prominent occiput and higher bregmatic region gives to
No. 44, (a female head,) the arched form. The contour of the coronal region
of No. 1220 is a broad, rounded oval. The posterior region is full and rounded.
In No. 1222, a Menominee chief, the crown is a longer oval, the line of the
sagittal suture more arched, and the occipital protuberance well pronounced.
No. 4."p4, figured by Morton in Crania Americana, is a short, round and asym-
metrical head, with a fuller frontal region and a less flat occiput than we find
in the others. It has a Germanic crown.

Two male Chippewa or Ojibway skulls in the collection (Nos. 683, 684,)
belong to the Dolichocephali. In the general form of the calvaria they re-
semble Swedish crania. They differ from the latter, however, in other re-
spects, particularly in the face, which, singularly enough, in its osteological
expression is very like the face of the Chinese skull. In this respect No. 684
(Chippewa) resembles No. 94 (Chinese) not a little.

Among the Miamis of Indiana we again encounter the dolichocephalic type.
No. 542, the skull of a chief, (plate 30 of Crania Americana) is in many re-
spects like the German heads in the collection, especially those from Tubin-
gen, Frankfort, Berlin, &c. It is less full in the forehead, and more promi-
nent about the middle of the sagittal suture. It has the Swedish occiput. In
the whole series, except Nos. 541, 1055, 1058 and 1233, the outline of the
crown forms a more or less rounded oval. In No. 1055, a female skull, this
outline approaches the angular Gothic form, which is still better displayed in
Nos. 1058, a young child, and 1233 also a female head, and is characterized
by a disproportionate breadth between the parietal protuberances. No. 541
is a narrow, oblong head. No. 106 approaches the arched type. In all the
specimens the forehead is quite well developed ; and in most of them the
upper part of the occiput is slightly flattened. In Nos. 1058 and 1233 the flat-
ness is nearly vertical.

In the two Illinois skulls the occipital region is wanting. No. 1010 evidently

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219

belongs to the mesocephalic form. No. 1051* is a Mound skull. It was found
in 1848, iu a tumulus on the Blue River, Illinois. Enough of the parietals
has been preserved to show that the posterior region was flattened and that
the head should be placed among the Mesocephali.

The Ottigamies or Fox Indians, of Illinois and Wisconsin, belong to the short-
heads. Nos. 639 and 694, both male skulls, strongly resemble the angularly
round or square form. The outline of the coronal region is nearly a rounded
square. The occiput is almost vertically flat. No. 209 differs from these
two in having a, less wide sinciput. No. 415, a half-breed, is a long head with
a retreating forehead, a broad crown and the Swedish form of occiput.

The Pcttawotomies of Michigan are Dolichocephali. No. 657 (plate 34 of
Crania Americana) is a rude, massive, male skull, "remarkable," as Dr.
Morton has observed, "for its capacity behind the ears, and for the great
length and flatness of the coronal region." The apparent flatness of the crown
is in part due to the angular prominence of the parietal bones at the anterior
third of the sagittal suture. The forehead is low ; the posterior region large,
broad and angular, with no very decided or marked flatness. In No. 737, a
male skull, the crown is broader in proportion to its length than in No. 657,
and less flat ; the posterior region round and full. The parietal bones at the
anterior portion of the sagittal suture are less prominent than in No. 657. No.
1322, a young Potawatomie warrior, varies from the others in being narrower
and having a somewhat more prominent os occipitis. The face reminds me
of the Chinese physiognomy.

No. 736, the cranium of a young cbild, is brachycephalic, with a flat occiput
and bulging parietalia.

The Sac or Sauk Indians may be called long-heads. In No. 561 the crown
is oblong ; the highest point at the junction of the coronal and sagittal su-
tures. The upper part of the occiput is irregularly lozenge-shaped and pro-
minent, the basal poition rather flat. No. 1246 is a rudely carved and mas-
sive head, almost vertically flattened behind. The lower part has somewhat
the appearance of being pressed underneath towards the foramen magnum.

Two of the three skulls in the collection, marked Shawnee, are dolichoce-
phalic, the other is brachycephalic. They are of uncertain history and locality,
however, and cannot be relied upon as genuine representatives of this tribe.
No. 606 is a long, narrow, oval head, resembling the Pawnee and Arickaree
forms. No. 691, a remarkably inequilateral skull, belongs to a very different
form. The whole head is broader, and the posterior region flattened almost
entirely to the right of the median line. No. 1210, like No. 606, is a long,
narrow head ; the median, longitudinal line of the crown slightly carinated
after the fashion of the Eskimau skulls. The posterior region is broader and
more protuberant than in No. 606, while the elevation of the vertex causes
the skull to approximate the arched form.

A Shyenne skull, (No. 1041), from Fort Williams, Arkansas river, belongs
to the arched form. The superior alveolus is prominent, while the back of
the head shelves downwards and backwards like an inclined plane. This
cranium resembles the Chippeway (No. 684) and Blackfoot (No. 1227) heads.
No. 939, also a Shyenne, from the neighborhood of Fort Kearney, differs some-
what from the preceding. It is less highly arched, the occipital region is less
prominent, and the crown more triangular and broader between the parietal
protuberances.

The Iroquois skulls in the collection are Dolichocephali. They may be
classed very appropriately with the Cherokees. No. 16, exhumed near Lake
Erie, closely resembles No. 632. The occipital region is flattened superioiily.
No. 989 is probably not an Iroquois skull, though so marked. Its form differs
very much from the others. These three crania, though grouped with the
oval forms, occupy in reality an intermediate place between the oval and
arched types.

1865.]

* Erroneously numbered 1042 in the Catalogue.

220 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Of three Mohawk skulls exhumed near Manheim, in New York, two are long-
heads, (Nos. 895, 896), and one (No. 897) is intermediate in form between
the long and short-headed groups. They may be said to belong to the arched
form. They are shorter, broader and rounder in the base than the Cherokees,
Arickarees, Assinaboins, Minetaris, Iroquois, &c, but less round than the
Creeks, Chetimaches, &c. The posterior region is full, and the occipital pro-
tuberance though well developed, is not so prominent a feature as in some
of the long heads.

The Oneida skull (No. 33) exhibits the arched form. It is a long, narrow
head with a long, narrow face and small cheek bones.

The Seneca cranium (No. 1516) belongs to a peculiar variety of the same
general form, but is broader, and has fuller frontal and occipital regions, and
a broader base. Both it and the Oneida are long heads. Occipital region
rather flat.

The skull of Wan-yun-ta, a Cayuga Chief, (No. 417), is a very long, narrow,
oval head, somewhat kumbecephalic, with a prominent occipital protuberance.

The Huron crania belong partly to the Brachyephali, and partly to the
Mesocephali. No. 15, the head of a Huron Chief, killed near Detroit, is a
massive, strongly marked and brutish skull. The forehead is flat and re-
ceding ; the superciliary ridges very prominent ; superior maxilla everted ;
lower jaw ponderous and flared out at the angles after the manner of the typical
Eskimau skull ; malar bones projecting ; ossa nasi much incurvated ; junction
of parietal bones ridged or keel-like ; skull rather narrow ; occipital pro-
tuberance pretty well marked ; anterior bregmatic region elevated, giving an
arched outline to the whole head ; occipital flatness in the upper part of the
posterior region. In its general configuration, as viewed laterally, it resem-
bles the Creek and Chetimache skulls, but differs from them in greater eleva-
tion of crown. This coronal elevation is shown also in the other three skulls
in this group, (Nos. 607, a female, from Cleveland, Ohio, 1217 and 1218, also
female, from Detroit), which all exhibit this arched form, except No. 1217,
which is nearly round. They are all short-heads. Nos. 607 and 1218 have
the Swedish form of occiput ; the shelving, however, is not well marked, and
the occipital protuberance not very prominent. In No. 1217 the occiput
is flattened both above and below the protuberance. The whole posterior region
is here broad and flat.

Thirty-five crania from eight different tribes have been contributed to the
collection from the States of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida
and the Southern part of Tennessee ; or, in other words, from that section of
the United States comprised between the Cumberland River and the Gulf of
Mexico, and the Savannah and Sabine rivers. These tribes are the Cherokees,
Muscogees or Creeks, Yamassees, Seminoles, Uches, Choctaws, Natchez and
Chetimaches.

There are six Cherokee skulls in the collection. Of these two, (Nos. 632, 634)
belonged to women, and two (Nos. 633, 635) to young girls, while two ancient
crania from the mounds in South Carolina (Nos. 1285, 1297) are males.

No. 632, found "in a cave at Springtown, Polk Co., Tennessee, north of the
river Hiwassee, and near an ancient battle-ground," is a beautifully formed
female head, setat 20 years. It is regularly and symmetrically oval. The
forehead, though low, rises evenly and gradually from the nasal suture »p
towards the coronal region, which region slopes away as gradually and is lost
in the flattened and shelving upper half of the occiput, below which appears
the regularly and smoothly protuberant occipital prominence. The head is a
long, narrow oval, and belongs to the Dolichocephali. The base is long and
narrow, the face small, and the nasal bones moderately prominent, with a
rather sharp line of junction. It is a better formed head than the Assinaboin
and Arickaree skulls. The Arickaree approaches it more nearly than the
Assinaboin. No. 633, a Cherokee girl, astat 14 years, which was found with
the preceding, has the same general characters, but is not so regularly oval

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 221

in contour. The nasal bones are natter, and the superior maxillary more
prominent. The latter bone, singularly enough, somewhat resembles that of
a Japanese skull in the collection. The rest of the head is, however, very
different. In No. 634, a woman, setat 20, the receding forehead rises much less
regularly and more abruptly towards the vertex. The posterior region as a
whole i? fuller and rounder, in consequence of the protuberance of the occipital
bone being less prominent, and the shelving and flattening of the upper part
not so great. The base is fuller posteriorly and less narrow than that of No.
632, approaching in this and some other respects the two Mound heads,
presently to be noticed. No. 633 may, in fact, be regarded as intermediate in
form and characters between these Mound heads and No. 632. In the characters
just mentioned, the two Mound heads (Nos. 12S5, 1297) exhibit some differ-
ence. The whole head is larger, has a higher internal capacity, and is very
roughly marked, the prominences and depressions being particularly well
developed. The coronal region is oblong instead of being oval, the forehead
flatter, the superciliary ridges strongly displayed, the nasal bones small and
iucurvated, the alveolar margin of the superior maxillary prominent even to
prognathism, malar bones heavy, protuberant and rough ; occipital region
flatly protuberant, the flatness not being confined to the upper part, but
ascribable to the whole occipital region, a feature mainly due to the greater
prominence of the superior and anterior portion of the ossa parietalia, the
diminished inclination of the posterior part of these bones, and the flat surface
presented by the occipital protuberance. The base behind the meati is very
broad, the mastoid processes large and heavy, and the lower jaw massive and
deep at the symphysis. Still these heads are Dolichocephali.

The crania of the Creek nation exhibit the same peculiar type to which the
Chetimache skull belongs, and of which it may be regarded as the standard.
No. 441 (Creek warrior from Alabama) is brachycephalic. No. 579, the skull
of Athlaha-Ficksa, a full-blood Creek Chief, is somewhat looger, flatter on the
top, and less round. Concerning this head, Dr. Morton thus writes : "The
broad but low forehead, and the width between the parietal bones, are highly
characteristic in this head: a front view is given of it, in order to convey an
accurate idea of the osteology of the Indian face.* Thus we see the large and
projecting cheek-bones, an arched and prominent bridge of the nose, powerfully
developed jaws and remarkably perfect teeth. The distance between the eyes
is even greater than is usual, yet the orbits themselves are not large in propor-
tion." No. 751, a Creek woman of Georgia, is a long, oval head with a pro-
tuberant occipital boss, and a superiority flattened occipital region, approxi-
mating in some respects the Kimbric skulls in the collection. In No. 1454, a
Creek Indian skull of Western Arkansas, the type again Varies. The occipital
region as a whole is greatly protuberant, yet this prominence is gradually lest
in the median line of the crown. In an equally gradual manner the forehead
and the sides blend with the coroaal region, the most elevated point of which
is in the anterior part of the sagittal suture.

The specimens in the collection constituting the Seminole group vary not a
little from each other. Some are long, and others short. No. 45G (plate 24 of
Crania Americana) is around, high, almost globular head, peaked at the junc-
tion of the coronal and sagittal sutures. No. 604 (plate 22 of Crania Ameri-
eana) is a longer head, whose full length I find, upon examination, is not fairly
shown in the first wood-cut on page 166 of Crania Americana. For the head
is more symmetrical, the flatness of the posterior region being more decided
on the left than on the right side. It is from the shortened side that the wood-
cut is taken. The increased length of the head appears to be mainly due to
the very protuberant os occipitis. The crown is les3 elevated than in the pre-
ceding skull. No. 698 is a moderately long and oval head and is more highly

* See Crania Americana, plate 26, for a facial view, and the figures on p. 170, for lateral, coronal
and posterior views of this skull.

1866.]

222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

arcbed. A slight prominence of the sagittal suture is observed about one inch
posterior to the coronal. No. 707 is a shorter skull, and has a full, high fore-
head, a regularly arched crown, and an occiput full and rounded. No. 708
resembles 698, as do also Nos. 727, 729, 730, 732, 733, 753,- 1105 and 1286.
All these are long, oval-shaped heads, with a more or less narrow and promi-
nent occiput, and the coronal region regularly arched antero-posteriorly ex-
cept in No. 730, in which it is flatter. Nos. 726, 728 and 754 are not quite
so long ; the occipital region is also broader aud less prominent. All the above
specimens are from different parts of Florida. It, will thus be seen that in this
group there are at least two if not three distinct types: a short, high form, to
which Nos. 456 and 604 belong, and a long and more or less oval form, which
includes all the others.

The three ancient Yamassee skulls, from a mound near Tampa, in Florida,
in which they appear to have lain upwards of a century, are all long, narrow
and high skulls, belonging to what I call the arched type. They may, in fact,
be taken as the standard of this type. In Nos. 1214 and 1215 the outline of the
crown is oval ; in No. 1216 the oval outline is interrupted by the greater breadth
between the parietal tubers.

Two Cbetimache skulls, (Nos. 43, 70), one male and the other female, belong
to the brachycephalic class. They were exhumed from a cemetery in the
Parish of St. Mary, in Louisiana, and were considered by Morton as genuine
skulls of the Chetimache tribe. They are angularly round heads, with a
recedent forehead, elevated vertex, perpendicularly flattened occiput, and
striking breadth between the parietal bosses or ossific centres. The form of
these crania is, in many respects, peculiar. It belongs, as far as the general
contour goes, to the great short-headed class, in which are arranged the Ger-
mans, Finns, Laplanders, Kalmucks, Sclavonians and Turks. But from each
and all of these it differs in several respects. The outline of the coronal region
resembles a truncated spherical triangle, the base of which coincides with
the posterior biparietal diameter. In this respect these heads resemble some
of the German crania in the collection. But the latter differ from the former,
in the relation which the longitudinal diameter bear3 to the vertical. In the
general globnlarity of the posterior region, and the proximity of the foramen
magnum to the back of the head, the Chetimache cranium resembles the
Finnic, Sclavonic and Turkish types, but differs from them in the more
recedent and proportionately less broad forehead, which latter feature makes
the vertex appear more prominent. Of No. 70, the larger of the two heads
under consideration, the reader will find in Crania Americana, an excellent
lithograph, (plate 19,) together with the following observation from the pen
of Dr. Morton : — " Th^ nearly vertical occiput, the great height of the skull,
and the size and strength of the bones of the face, are not surpassed by those
of any Indian cranium I have seen," (p. 163.)

The young female Choctaw skull (No. 22) is a large, oval, high head with a
prominent occiput.

The Euchee cranium (No. 39) is a comparatively short head, with a full,
rounded occipital region. In its general form it resembles the Slavic skull.

The collection embraces 26 miscellaneous crania obtained from the mounds
in Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Tennessee and Florida.

No. 416 is an Indian skull taken from a mound seated on the high bluff
which overlooks the Mississippi river, one hundred and fifty miles above the
mouth of the Missouri. Morton describes it as " a large cranium, very full in
its vertical diameter, and broad between the parietal bones. "f It is a good
example of what I am disposed to call the arched type. It is dolichocephalic.
In its general arched form it resr /'.bles the Creek skull, No. 1454. The coronal
region closely resembles that exhibited by the Cherokee skull, (No. 634),

* Erroneously numbered 1556 in the printed Catalogue.
t See Crania Americana, p. 221.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 223

already described. There is a difference, however, in the basis eranii. No.
416 having a much greater intermastoid diameter.

No. 1237 is the skull of an Indian woman exhumed near Fort Chartres,
Illinois. It is bracbycephalic and closely resembles the Chetimache skull, No.
43. The two skulls undoubtedly belong to the same great type. Their calvarial
outlines are very much alike ; though No. 1237 has a somewhat fuller and less
r.ecedent forehead. They have the same shaped orhits and anterior nares,
the same small and incurvated ossa nasi, and the same prominence of the
superior alveolus. In No. 1237 the bony palate is narrower, and the super-
ciliary ridges are more strongly marked. The bases craniorum are alike.

No. 1315, the skull of an aboriginal American female, found in a saltpetre
cave at Golconda, Illinois, belongs to the arched type. It may be ranked with
the Dolichocephali. It has a decidedly prognathous, superior alveolus.

No. 1510, male Indian skull taken from an ancient mound in Illinois, belongs
to the same type as the Pocasset cranium already referred to. It is a longer
and much older head than No 1315 ■ is more rudely formed, and has the face
projecting further forward, in consequence of the prognathic upper jaw.

No. 1511, an Indian cranium found with the preceding, belongs to the same
type, but is not so long, and has a flatter and more recedent forehead, and a
broader and somewhat shorter face.

On p. 235 of Crania Americana, Dr. Morton informs us, that " in the month of
May, 1835, a cavern cemetery was discovered on the bank of the Ohio river,
opposite to Steubenville. * * * The bones contained therein appear to have
been deposited at different periods of time, those on tne top being alone in good
preservation. They were of all ages, and thrown in indiscriminately after the
removal of the flesh ; for it is well known that some tribes were accustomed
to gather, at times, all the bones of their deceased relatives, and place them in a
common receptacle. Of the great number of skulls found in this place but few
were perfect ; of which last I have received eight. These heads are thoroughly
characteristic of the race to which they pertain. They bear no evidence of
great age, and no doubt belonged to individuals of the barbarous tribes. Some
have thought them Mingoes, who were affiliated to the Iroquois; but the form
of the head does not support this surmise. * * * * All these skulls are
surprisingly alike — the vertex elevated, the occiput flat, the parietal diameter
very great, and the lower jaw massive. They are also of singularly large
capacity, and in this respect approach nearer to the Sauks and Foxes, and the
Muskogees, than to any other tribes that have come under my notice. The
mean internal capacity gives upwards of 85 cubic inches, and the facial angle
rises 78 degrees. The anterior chamber gives 38-3 cubic inches, the posterior
49-2; but notwithstanding the proportion of the former, there can be lit le
doubt that these skulls belong to the savage tribes, and not to the Toltecm
stock."

Of the above skulls, Nos. 420, 436, 437, 438, 658 and 723 resemble each other
very closely. They are all, with the exception of No. 438, asymmetrical. This
want of symmetry is due to a remarkable flattening of the occipital region, on the
left side in Nos. 436 and 437, and on the right in Nos. 420, 658 and 723. There
is, consequently, a striking want of correspondence between the antero-
posterior or longitudinal diameters of the two sides in each skull. Nos. 438
and 724 are natter in the crown, and have, therefore, a shorter vertical
diameter. All the specimens of this group may be assigned to the same
cranial type as exhibited iu the Chetimache skull, No. 43. In the Mound skulls,
however, the calvarial region is flatter, and has therefore less of the arched
form than the Chetimache crania. The occipital region iu the former is also
broader and flatter. There are facial differences likewise. Nos. 439 and 210
are longer, narrower, more oval and without the occipital flatness. They pre-
sent nothing of the arched form. In No. 723 the narrowness of the os frontis,
the wall-like flatness of the occipital region, and the lowness of the crown
combine to produce a singularly triangular form.

1866.]

224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

No. 53, from a mound at Circleville, Ohio, is a long-head. In general form
it is like the Blackfoot cranium No. 1227, but has a more prominent occiput.

No. 1287, from a mound at Chilicothe, Ohio, very closely resembles the
Pocasset skull, from which, it differs by being somewhat broader. It occupies
a position intermediate between the long and short heads. No. 1288, found
in the same mound, is a long boat-shaped head with a very protuberant occipital
boss.

No. 1512, from a mound in the Scioto Valley, Ohio, is a brachycephalic skull.
Of this cranium Dr. Morton thus wrote : " This is, perhaps, the most admirably-
formed head of the American race hitherto discovered. It possesses the
national characteristics in perfection, as seen in the elevated vertex, flattened
occiput, great interparietal diameter, ponderous bony structure, salient nose,
large jaws and broad face. It is the perfect type of Indian conformation, to
which the skulls of all the tribes from Cape Horn to Canada more or less ap-
proximate. Similar forms are common in the Peruvian tomb3, and have the
occiput, as in this instance, so flattened and vertical as to give the idea of
artificial compression ; yet this is only an exaggeration of the natural form,
caused by the pressure of the cradleboard in common use among the American
nations."

No. 992, from a mound in Tennessee, resembles No. 1512. It is asymmetrically
flattened. It is a short head, with a flat wall-like occiput and a triangular crown.
The forehead and whole crown, indeed, are narrower than in Xo. 1512. It is just
such a form as we might suppose the Pocasset type would take if pressed
behind.

No. 1271, from a mound near Huron river, Ohio, is a short head with an al-
most vertically flat occiput. No. 1272, found with the preceding, is a longer and
more oval head, with a more rounded occipital region.

No. 1270, from Detroit, is a long, narrow, oval head, resembling, in general
form, the Arikaree skulls.

No. 1455, from a mound in Florida, is artificially flattened in such a manner
as to resemble somewhat the Chinook or Charib skulls.

No. 212, the cast of a Kenhawha skull, is a short head with a vertical
occiput.

No. 1557, from the banks of the Susquehanna river, is a long, oval head
with prominent parietal and occipital protuberances.

No. 215, from South Carolina, is brachycephalic. It belongs to the globular,
Mongolia form. No. 216 is a long head, as are also Nos. 218 and 219.

No. 134 is a long, narrow, oval and high head, with a prominent occiput.
Nos. 136 and 146, from Warren county, Pennsylvania, are both dolichocephalic.

No. 135, found on the brow of a bill about two miles below Trenton, New
Jersey, is a long, asymmetrical head. It is probably the skull of a Delaware
Indian. The supraorbital ridges are more prominent, however, than in the
specimens of the Delaware group. This feature is also exhibited in the frag-
ment, No 249, found in the same locality.

The collection contains four Californian skulls. No. 1514 is the cranium of
a California Indian, from a mound near Sacramento City. It is a dolicho-
cephalic bead ; long and flat; the forehead narrow and low. The calvaria
widens out posteriorly to the parietal tubers; the most elevated part of the
vertex is on a line coinciding with the greatest interparietal diameter. The
posterior part of the parietal bones shelves down to the prominent upper
part of the os occipitis. The base is long and oval. The face of this skull is
wanting.

No. 1565 is a fragmentary Indian skull, thickly encrusted with carbonate of
lime. It was found in a cave in Vallecita, Calaveras Co., California, along
with 300 other human crania, all embedded in limestone. It has the same
general appearance and conformation as the preceding skull. The occiput is,
however, more prominent, and the contour of the more angular crown ap-
proaches a lozenge-shaped oval. The calcareous incrustation extends, in some
places, to the depth of an eighth of an inch.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 225

In the south-western part of the North American continent lies an extensive
tract of country designated by Prichard, Latham and other systematic
ethnologists as the Paduca area. This ethnological region extends, according
to Latham, from the Pacific ocean, in a south-eastwardly direction, to the
Gulf of Mexico; from the water-system of the river Columbia to that of
the Sabine river, and from north of 45° N. L., to south of 25° S. L. It is
occupied by numerous, imperfectly known and unclassified tribes to whom the
term Paduca has been applied provisionally. The tribes of this group repre-
sented in the collection are the Shoshonis or Diggers, Utahs, Moquis, Apaches,
Navajos, Lipans, Camanches, and that race of people which, though seem-
ingly now extinct, once formed the numerous population of the large towns,
long since in ruins, such as Quivira, Abo, Guarra, Pecos. &c.

The Shoshoni, or Root-Digger skulls, three in number, vary in form. No. 1446,
obtained on the Trucky river, in the California mountains, belongs to a peculiar
form or type of which examples have already been pointed out in thePocasset,
Narragansett and other tribes. It is, however, a broader skull. The crown ap-
proaches the triangular form ; the forehead is rather broad and flat. The whole
crown rises up to a sort of eminence situated between the parietal bosses. The
occipital region is broad and rather flat, the basis cranii broad and rounded. Nos.
1447 and 1449 are long heads. They differ in the form of the crown, which in
No. 1449 is a long, regular oval, but in No. 1447 is flat and broad posteriorly
between the parietal tubers. No. 1449 resembles somewhat the Arickaree form
in both the occipital region and the basis cranii. No. 1447, in consequence of a
greater projection of the occiput, exhibits the supero-occipital flatness of the
Swedish form.

Of this group Dr. Morton thus wrote: "Two of these skulls are so small,
so receding in the forehead, and so depressed over the whole coronal region,
that they could not, by intrinsic evidence alone, #have been identified with any
branch of the aboriginal American race. They want the vertical occiput and
general rounded form of the Indiau head, and have a narrowness of the face
unusual wiih these people."*

No. 1448, from the Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and recorded in the
catalogue as pertaining to none of the Shosboni tribes, is a large, massive,
heavy head, rudely developed. In the median line the crown runs back to an
elevation similar to that seen in the Potawatomie skull (No. 657) figured by
Morton; from this prominence descends a broad and almost perpendicularly
flat occipital region. Hence, when viewed in profile, the skull has a quad-
rangular appearance. This ponderous head, which Dr. Morton termed " the
very type of Indian conformation," differs decidedly from Nos. 1447 and 1449,
and resembles No. 1446.

In November, 1855, Dr. Thomas J. Turner, while at Mare Island, California,
dug up two skulls which he supposed to be those of Digger Indians. They
were buried under a mass of calcined shells, some seven feet below the sur-
face. One of these crania, No. 1027, is that of a female in all probability,
and is the facsimile of the Shoshoni skull No. 1449. It is a long, narrow head
with an oval occiput. The other skull, No. 943, is a long, high head, differ-
ing considerably from No. 1027 and all the specimens grouped in the catalogue
as Shoshonees. Nos. 1446 and 1448 should evidently be classed together as
belonging to one tribe, while Nos. 1447, 1449 and 1027 clearly belong to an-
other group.

The skull of a young Utah girl (No. 140) is dolichocephalic, with prominent
occipital and parietal protuberances, and a rhomboidal crown.

Two Moqui crania, Nos. 138 and 139, are small, non-symmetrical heads.
Both have the posterior region flattened ; the one slightly, the other decidedly.
No. 138 exhibits the shelving, parieto-occipital flatness; the other, No. 139,
has the back of the head almost vertically flattened. No. 139 is brachycepbalic;

* Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. iv. p. 75.

1866.] 15

226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

the other may be said to be mesocephalic. In No. 138 the occipital protuber-
ance is well marked , in No. 139 this protuberance is nearly obliterated.

Three crania from Quivira and Quarra, New Mexico, (Nos. 1032, 1033 and
1034), are brachycephalic. The occiput in all is more or less flattened, but
most decidedly in No. 1032.

A Pueblo craDium (No. 930) is dolichocephalic with shelving occipital flat-
ness. Another Pueblo skull (No. 937) is short, high, and non-symmetrical.

A skull from Santa Fe (No. 931) is a short, asymmetrical and occipitally
flattened head.

No. 1346, the skull probably of an ancient tribe of Lipan Indians, from the
celebrated, sepulchral cavern of Bolson de Massimi, between San Sebastian
and San Lorezo, in the State of Durango, New Mexico, is a long, oval head,
with a very prominent occiput. No. 1345, the cranium of a modern Lipan, is
shorter and has a somewhat more rounded occiput.

The skull of a very young Apache child (No. 141) is dolichocephalic, and in
its general form very much like the Utah cranium, No. 140. No. 145, the skull
of a Mescalero Apache Indian, from the Desert of Black Hills, Texas, recently
added to the collection, is a long oval and very symmetrically formed head, with
protuberant occipital and parietal protuberances. It also resembles No. 140.
No. 1035, the skull of a Mescalero Chief, is an oblong, barrel-shaped head with
a rounded occiput and broad base. No. 935, a Mogoyon Apache, is a long,
high head, very broad between the mastoid processes. No. 936, the cranium
of a Navajo Indian, is a long, ponderous, broadly oval head with a broad base,
a broad, high and almost vertical forehead, and a flattened posterior region.
In its general form it resembles somewhat Nos. 1446 and 1448 of the Shoshoni
group.

No. 247 is the skull of a Camanche Indian, supposed to be that of " Yellow
Wolf," head chief of his nation. It was found in a very conspicuous tomb, in
a large Indian burial ground, on the head-waters of the Colorado River, near
the deserted Fort Phantom Hill, Texas. It is a dolichocephalic cranium, of the
arched type.

No. 34, a Mexican Indian from Acapancingo, eighteen leagues south of
Mexico, and referred by Morton to the Tlahuica tribe, is a dolichocephalic,
prognathic female skull.

No. 734, a male skull exhumed near the Indian village of Guahapan, on the
mountain Popocatapetl, is mesocephalic and broadly oval. No. 735, a female
skull found with the preceding, is a long head of the arched type. These two
crania were regarded by Dr. Morton as probable examples of the ancient Aztec
nation.

Three skulls from an ancient cemetery at Otumba differ in form; Nos. 714,
a male, and 716, a female, are dolichocephalic. The first, however, forms a
broad oval, while the second belongs to the arched type. No. 715 is brachy-
cephalic and globular.

Nos. 717, 718 and 720 are ancient Mexican crania from Tacuba. The first
belongs to the arched, the second to the cubical, and the third to the broadly
oval type. The first two have pyramidal faces. No. 718 is brachycephalic and
carinated also. Nos. 717 and 720 are dolichocephalic.

The Otomie skulls are, for the most part, dolichocephalic. No. 1323, the
cranium of Vicente Rivaz, an Ottomie Cazique of the pure Mexican race, is a.
narrow oval in form. No. 1001 is arched. No. 1002 is phoxocephalic, with a
very protuberant occiput.

No. J 004, the skull of an ancient Mexican of the Tlascalan nation, is bra-
chycephalic and globular.

No. 1005, a woman of the Chechemecan nation is mesocephalic and arched.

No. 681, a Mexican woman of the Pames tribe, is intermediate between the
long and short heads, and is phoxocephalic. Another female skull of the same
tribe, No. 1313, is a broadly oval dolichocephalus.

No. 1314, exhumed from an ancient cemetery at Cerro de Quesilas, near the

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 227

city of Mexico, and regarded by Dr. Morton as a relic of the genuine Toltecan
stock, is a mesocephalic, male skull, with a broad and flat vertex. It resem-
bles somewhat the Maya cranium referred to below.

Nos. 682, 234, 1353 and 1566 are brachycephalic and cubical. No. 1515, a
modern Mexican Indian cranium, is intermediate in length and phoxocephulic.

Nos. 1347, 555, 557, 558 and 689 are dolichocephalic and broadly oval. No.
556 is also dolichocephalic, but belongs to the arched type. It has a mam-
millated occipital protuberance.

The skull of a Maya Indian of Yucatan, No. 990, is dolichocephalic, and
broadly oval, with a very flat crown and prognathic jaws.

The Araucanian female crania, Nos. 651 and 652, are long, broadly oval
heads. The sides and occipital region being slightly flattened and not. rounded,
give a certain angularity or squareness to these he ids,— a feature which is
more marked in another female skull of this group, No. 654, ou account of the
very flat vertex. No. 655, a male cranium, is a longer oval, with a somewhat
more prominent occipital region. No. 656, a female skull, resembles some-
what the form exhibited by the Pocasset head. No. 995, also a female, has a
higher vertex, and is more protuberant in the upper half of the occipital
bone. No. 997, a male skull, exhibits the arched type. Nos. 221 and 222 are
arched like the Yamassee skulls.

The only unflattened Charib skull in the collection, No. 692, is a long,
moderately high and broadly oval skull. No. 638 and a cast, No. 225, though
compressed or flattened heads, evidently belong to the Dolichocephali.

The Brazilian crania are all dolichocephalic. The Tapuyo skull, No. 1254, is
a large, long and broadly oval cranium. Three other Brazilians, Nos. 1513,
1528 and 1529 are long, oval heads more or less prominent behind. The
Guaycuru skull No. 1530 is also long and oval in form, with a prominent
occiput. Nos. 1555 and 1556, two Gentoo skulls from the Purus River, a tribu-
tary of the Amazon, are small, oval dolichocephalic crania.

The collection contains a cast of the skull of a Patagonian, and
another of the head of a Puelche girl. The former, No. 1357, (of which No.
226 is a duplicate), is large, long and cylindrical or barrel-shaped in form.
The latter, No. 1359, is a high, short and broad head with a flat, occipital
region.

Of the 245 Peruvian crania belonging to the Academy's collection, 50 are
dolichocephalic and 168 brachycephalic; while the remaining 27 fall into the
mesocephalic or intermediate class rather than into either of these two ex-
tremes. To the elongated or dolichocephalic form belong all the specimens
from Arica enumerated on pages 76, 77 and 78 of my Catalogue of Human Crania,
together with nine others from the same locality, added to the collection since
the publication of the catalogue. These skulls are artificially distorted, and
are referrible to one or another of the grotesque forms exhibited in plates 2, 3,
4 and 5 of the Crania Americana. The Arica skull, No. 932, is brachycephalic.
To the long-headed class belong also the following, viz: Nos. 415, 1048, 1417"
and 1445, from Pisco; No. 231, from Lima; No. 11, an ancient Chimuyan, from
Truxillo ; No. 637, a Quichua of upper Peru; No. 1517, a child from Payta ;
No. 232, from Atacames ; the casts (Nos. 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 710 'and
711) of ancient Peruvian crania from Titicaca, Coracolla, Pomete and Chim-
gauge; and Nos. 940, 941 and 942 from the ruins of old Callao. In Nos. 1048,
1417 and 231, we again meet with examples of the narrow, oval form or type ;
in Nos. 1445, 1 1, 232, 940 and 942, of the broad oval ; and in Nos. 637, 1517 and
941, of the upsicephalic or arched form.

Ninety-three skulls from Pachacamac are Brachycephali ; eleven others,
Nos. 402, 409, 571, 631, 696, 1453, 1457, 1462, 1467, 1489 and 1499, are meso-
cephalic. Of these latter, Nos. 571, 631, 696, and 1499, may be referred to the
arched form. Had the process of growth and development not been inter-
fered with in No. 76 by artificial means, this skull would have been a broadly
oval Dolichocephalus. In the brachycephalic group must also be arranged all

1866.]

228 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

the crania from Pisco, except three — Nos. 445, 1048 and 1445 — which are
dolichocephali ; and four — Nos. 1061, 1326, 1369 and 1423 — which are meso-
cephali and all referrible to the arched form. Another series of Peruvian crania,
collected. at Paracas Bay by Dr. Turner, (Nos. 1298, 1273,1274, 1275, 1303,
1304, 1305, 1025 and 1026, none of which are recorded in my printed Cata-
logue), belong likewise to the Mesocephali and to the phoxocephalic group of
the arched form or type. All the skulls from Santa are brachycephalic, as are
also all from Lima, except No. 231, which is a long-head, and No. 68, which is
a broadly oval mesocephalus. No. 451 is alsomesocephalic and arched. Nos.
1518, from Payta, 1046 from Guamay, 447, 448 and 233 from Callao are
brachycephalic.

From the above statements it will be seen that among the Peruvian crania in
the Academy's collection the Brachycephali are greatly in numerical excess
over the long and middling long-heads. As regards their type or ethnic form
they may all be placed in the kubicephalic or square-headed group.

As a summary of the more prominent facts recorded in the preceding pages,
and in order to exhibit as distinctly as possible the leading differential charac-
ters of the American Indian crania contained in the museum of the Academy,
I have constructed the following tables, and attempted therein to classify these
crania according to their length as compared with their heighth and breadth,
and according to their general ethnic forms or types. Grouping them in this
manner is essentially preliminary to comparing them with corref ponding groups
of skulls of the old world. Such a comparison I purpose to institute in a future
monograph to be devoted to the consideration of the large collection of
Esquimau skulls referred to above.

In the first fable the American races represented in the collection are
grouped in accordance, for the most part, with the philological arrangement
or classification of Latham, while their crania are arranged in dolichocephalic
mesocephalic and brachycephalic classes. In the second table these skulls are
classified with especial reference to the more prominent of the ethnic or typical
forms exhibited by the entire series. This classification must not be regarded,
however, as rigidly accurate. It is provisional only, as all such classifications
must necessarily be, and subject, therefore, to future revision. Large a3 is the
collection of American skulls now under consideration, it is, nevertheless, ex-
ceedingly defective. With the exception of the Peruvians and, next to these, the
Seminoles and Esquimaux, the specimens representing the different tribes are
but few in number, and of the identity of some of these I am not yet perfectly satis-
fied ; moreover there are many well-known tribes and races of which the collec-
tion contains not a single cranial specimen. Though the collection is not
sufficiently diversified to exhibit all the probable cranial forms of the aborigi-
nal Americans, it is ample enough to show that among these people there are
long, short and intermediate heads divisible into pyramidal, oval, cylindrical,
arched, wedge-shaped, flat, globular, cubical, prognathic and other forms, all
as different from each other as are the distinct types of the old world. In as-
signing the skulls to these typical groups or classes I have experienced the
usual difficulty in locating the transitionary or aberrant forms, which are
always, in large collections, more or less numerous, and which often effectually
obliterate all sharply-draw lines of demarcation. Future examinations and
comparison may cause these transitionary specimens to be transferred from,
groups in which I have at present placed them to others ; but this transposition
though it may ultimately lead to the establishment of other types, can in no case
diminish the stability of those which I have just indicated. These groups, by
means of the intermediate forms, graduate into or blend with each other, and
we are thus admonished here, as in other departments of natural history, of
nature's eternal enigma of a certain undefinable, serial unity pervading and
co ordinating an endless diversity of forms.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

229

Table I. Classification of Aboriginal American Crania according to length.

I. DoLICHOCEPHALI.

Long skulls more or less
oval ; with more or less
protuberant occiputs.

II. Mesocephali.

Skulls intermediate in
• length, with broadly
oval, triangular or
quadrangular crowns :
the occiput generally
rounded or raiher flat.

III. Brachycephali.

Short skulls with round-
ed base, and globular,
or more or less verti-
cally flattened occi-
puts.

Esquimaux, Nos 1558,
1559, 1560, 1561, 1562,
1563,674,675,676,677,
678, 679, 200.

A. Esquimaux Group.

B. Athapascan Group.

Chimseyan, No. 987.
Naas, Nos. 213, 214.
Chinuoks (?), Nos. 457,
578.

I

C. North-west Coast Group.

Kootenays, Nos. 744, 745.

Pawnee, No. 1043.
Arikaras, Nos. 649, 748,
949.

Minetaris, Nos. 650, 746,

747, 749.
Assinaboins, Nos. 659,

1230, 1231.
Mandans, Nos. 643, 644,

738, 739, 740, 741, 742.
Dacotas or Sioux, Nos.

204, 112.

Aubsarokes, Nos. 1228,

1229.
Winnebago, No. 560.

Massasauga, No. 27.
Penobscots, Nos. 89, 105.

Narragansetts, Nos. 950,
951, 952, 954, 955, 957,
1040.

D. Kootenay Group.

E. Pawnee Group.
Pawnee, No. 540.

F. Dacota Group.

Tlatskanai, No. 577.

Nisqually, No. 203.
Suquimmiah, Nos. 944,

946, 1013, 1014.
Kawichin, No. 1015.
Kowalitsk, No. 573.
Killeraook, No. 576.
Klikatats, Nos. 207, 461.
Kalapuya, No. 574.
Chinooks, No^. 462, 641,

721, 1349, 1350.
Klatsops, Nos. 203, 575.

Dacota, No. 605.
Osage, No. 660.
Ottoes, Nos. 755, 757.

G. Algonkin Group.

Quinnipiak Mohegan, No.

26.
Pocasset, No. 1036.
Narragansetts, Nos. 693,
. 953, 656.

Osage, No. 54.
Ottoes, Nos. 756, 755

Winnebago, No. 559.

1866.]

230

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Naumkeag, No. 567.

Naticks, Nos. 104, 107,
110.

Lenni-Lenapes or Dela-
ware?, Nos. 40, 115,118,
418, 12G4, 1265, 135,
136, 146.

Nanticoke, No. 1219.

Mingo, No. 455.

Ottawa?, Nos. 1008, 1009

Menominees, Nos. 44, 78,
1220, 1222.

Chippewas, Nos. 683, 684.

Miamis, Nos. 106, 407,
541, 542, 1052, 1053,
1054, 1055, 1056,1057.

Ottigamie, (half-breed,)

No. 415.
Pottawotomies, Nos. 657,

737, 1322.
Sauks, Nos. 561, 1246.
Shawnees, Nos. 606, 1210.
Shyennes, Nos. 939, 1041.

Iroquois, Nos. 16, 119,

989.
Mohawks, Nos. 895, 896.
Oneida, No. 33.
Seneca, No. 1516.
Cayuga, No. 417.
Huron, No. 607.

Cherokees, Nos. G32, 633,
634, 635, 1285, 1297.

Choctaw, No. 22.

Creeks, Nos. 751, 1454.

Seminoles Nos. 698, 707,
708, 727, 729, 730, 732,
733, 753, 754, 1105,
1286.

Naticks, Nos. 103, 401.
Lenni-Lenape, No. 998.

Ottawa, No. 1006.
Menominees, Nos. 35, 454.

Miamis, Nos. 1058, 1233.

Illinois, No. 1010.

Lenni-Lenapes, Nos. 205,
206, 1263.

Ottawa, No. 1007.
Menominee, No. 563.

Shoshonees, Nos. 1447,

1449, 943, 1027.
Utah, No. 140.

Pueblo, No. 930.

Blackfoot, No. 1227.
H. Iroquois Group.

Mohawk, No. 897.

Hurons, Nos. 15, 1218.
I. Cherokee Group.

J. Choctaw Group.

Creek, No. 579.
Seminoles, Nos. 604, 726,
728.

K. Unclassified Group.

Yamassees, Nos. 1214,

1215, 1216.
Euchee, No. 39.

L. Paduca Group.

Shoshonees, Nos. 1446,
1448.

Moqui, No. 138.

Ottig:amies,Nos. 209, 639,

694.
Pottawotomie, No. 736.

Shawnee, No. 691.

Huron, No. 1217.

Creek, No. 441.
Seminole, No. 456.

Chetimaches, Nos. 43, 70.
Natchez, Nos. 102, 1106.

Moqui, No. 139.
Pueblo, No. 937.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

231

Lipans, Nos. 1345, 1346.
Apaches, Nos. 141, 145,

935, 1035.
Navajo, No. 936.
Camanche, No. 247.
TIahuica Mexican, No. 34.
Aztec ? No. 735.
Mexicans (Otumba,) Nos.

714, 716.
Mexicans (Tacuba,) Nos.

717, 720.
Mexicans (Otomie,) Nos.

1323, 1001, 1002.

Pames Mexican, No. 1313.

Modern Mexicans,
1347

722.

Nos.
555,556,559,558,

Aztec ? No. 734.

Santa Fe, No. 931.

Ancient Tribes of New-
Mexico, Noa. 1032, 1033.
1034.

Mexican

715.
Mexican

(Otumba,) No.
. No. 718.

Chechemecan, No. 1005.
Pames Mexican, No. 681.
Ancient Mexicans, Nos.
1226, 1314.

Modern
1515,

Mexican. No.

Tlascalan, No. 1004.

Mexicans, Nos\
1353, 1566.

682, 234,

Nos. 53, 134,

218, 219, 416,
1272, 1288, 131*

210, 216,
1270,

1510,

1511, 1514, 1557, 1565.

M. Mound Group.
Nos. 439, 1051,1271,1287.

Nos. 211, 212, 215, 420,
436, 437, 438, 658, 723,
992, 1237, 1512, 1455

Maya, No. 990.
Charibs, Nos.

692.
Brazilians, Nos. 1513,

' 1528, 1529.
Tapuro, No. 1254.
Guaycuru, No. 1530.
Gentoos, Nos. 1555, 1556.
Araucanians, Nos. 221,
222.

Patagonian, No. 1357.
Peruvians—

From Arica, 29 crania.
" Pisco, Nos. 415,
1048, 1417, 1445.
From Lima, No. 231.
" Payta, No. 1517.

" Atacames, No.
232.
From Callao, Nos. 940.

941, 942.
From Titicaca, Cora-
colla, &c, 8 casts.
Chimuyan, No. 11.
Quichua, No. 637.

1866.]

A^. Central and South American Group .
225, 638

Araucanians, Nos. 651,
652, 654, 655, 656,995,

997.

Peruvians —

From Arica, No.

932.

" Pisco, 4 crania.

From Lima, No. 68.

" Paraceas Bay, 9

crania.
From Pachacamae, 11

crania.
Of unknown origin, No.

451.

Araucanian, No. 120.

Puelche, No. 1359.
Peruvians —

From Pisco, 55 crania.
" Pachacamae, 93

crania.
From Santa,
" Lima,

8 crania.
5 crania.

From Payta, No. 1518.

From Guamay, No.

1046.
From CalUo, Nos. 447,

448, 233, 132.
Of unknown origin.

232

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Table II. Classification of Aboriginal American Crania according to their Ethnic

Forms.

A. Pyramidal or Pyramidocephalic* Form.

General Characters: Dolichocephalic; calvaria carinated and pyramidal;
face lozenge-shaped and broadest below the orbits.

Esquimaux, Nos. 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678,
679, 200.

B. Oval or Ooidocephalic| Form.

General Characters. Chiefly dolichocephalic ; vertex and base of the skull
more or less oval in outline. This oval generally regular, sometimes rhom-
boidal or angular ; sometimes loDg and narrow, sometimes rather short and
broad. Occipital region more or less full and prominent ; occasionally very
much elongated. Occipital protuberance sometimes knob-like, sometimes
acuminated. Posterior portion of the ossa parietalia shelving downwards and
backwards like an inclined plane ; a portion of this plane sometimes formed by
the upper half of the occipital bone. Forehead moderately well developed in
breadth and beighth.

Subdivisions. 1. Cymbecephalic or boat-shaped form, in which the occiput is
exceedingly protuberant. 2. Narrow oval form. 3. Broad oval form. 4.
Barrel-shaped or cylindrical form. 5. Angularly oblong form. 6. Artificially
elongated form.

I. Cymbecephalic Form.

Minetaris, Nos. 650, 746.
Creek, No. 751.
Dacota, No. 112.

Arickaree, No. 649.
Cherokee, No. 632.
Miamis, Nos. 1052,

541.
Kootenay, No. 744.
Lenni-Lenape, No. 40
Mandan, No. 738.
Seminole, No. 733.

1053, 1054, 1055,

Pawnee, No. 1043.
Cayuga, No. 417.
Narragansett, No. 951.
Mound skull, No. 1288.

II. Narroiv Oval Form. (Stenocephalic.)J

Arickarees, Nos. 748, 949.
Mandans, Nos. 643, 644.
Cherokees, Nos. 633, 634, 635.
Kootenay, No. 745.
Naas, No. 214.

Lenni-Lenapes,Nos. 115, 118, 418, 1264
1265.

„ f Miamis, Nos. 1056, 1057.

«\ Iroquois, Nos. 16, 119, 989.
Minetaris, Nos. 747, 749.
Narragansetts, Nos. 950, 952, 954, 955.
Chocta, No. 22.
Lipan, No. 1346.
Peruvians from Pisco, Nos. 1048,1417.

Peruvian from Lima, No. 231.

Gentoos, No. 1555, 1556.

Penobscot, No. 105.

Seminoles, Nos. 727,729, 730.

Shawnee, No. 606.

Massasauga, No. 27.

Upsarookas, Nos. 1228, 1229.

Illinois, No. 1010.

Mowhawks. Nos. 895, 896.

Natick, No. 107.

Shoshones, Nos. 943, 1027, 1449.

From the Mounds, No. 1270.

Miscellaneous, Nos. 134, 218, 219, 1557.

f n&v, E/J&c, Ksq>aA».

J Itivo;, Ktqxxhit.

j; These five crania form the transition to the arched form.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

233

III. Broad Oval Form

Assinaboins, Nos. 659, 1230, 1231.

Naas, No. 213.

Mandans, No*. 739, 740, 742.

Menominees, Nos. 78, 1220, 1222.

Miami, No. 407.

Pottawotomie, No. 737.

Winnebago, No. 5(50.

Chinook, (normal form,) No. 578.

Chimseyan, No. 987.

Creek, No. 579. Shorter and more
broadly ovhI than the Assinaboins,
between which and the brachyce-
phalic Creek skull, No. 441, it forms
the transition.

Ottoe, No. 757.

Ottawa, No. 1008.

Seminoles, Nos. 754, 708.

Utah, No. 140.

Pueblo, No 930.

Apaches, Nos. 141, 145.

Lipan, No. 1345.

Peruvian from Pisco, No. 1445.

(Eurycephalic.)*

Chimuyan, No. 11.

Peruvian from Atacames, No. 232.

Peruvians from Callao, Nos. 940, 942.

Peruvian from Lima, No. 68.

Naticks, Nos. 104, 401.

Sauks, Nos. 561, 1246.

Mingo, No. 455.

Dacota, No. 204. Departure from As-
sinaboins. Stands between it and
the Cret-k skull, No. 1454.

Ottigamie, (half breed,) No. 415.

Shyenne, No. 939.

Euchee, No. 39.

Californians, Nos. 1514, 1565.

Miscellaneous, No. 216.

Maya, No. 990.

Tapuro, No. 1254.

Guaycuru, No. 1530.

Charibs, Nos. 638, 692.

Araucanians, Nos. 651, 652, 654, 655.

Brazilians, Nos. 1513, 1528, 1529.

IV. Barrel-shaped or Cylindrical Form. (Cylindricephalic.)f

Patagonian, No. 1357.
Narragansett, No. 1040.

Apache, No. 1035.

Shoshone, No. 1447.

V. Angularly Oblong Form.

iNatick, No. 107.

VI. Artificially Elongated Form.
Peruvians from Arica, 29 crania. I Peruvians from Titicaca, Corocolla,

' &c, 8 casts.

C. Arched or HypsicephalicJ Form.
General Characters. Generally dolichocephalic ; high or vertically elevated
skulls. Forehead high ; vertex or coronal region sometimes curving from the
glabella to the occipital protuberance, so as to form a more or less regular
arch, as in the Archencephali ; sometimes running up to an elevated point at
the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures as in the Fhoxocephali.

I. Ar diencephalic

Seminoles, Nos. 707, 726, 1286.
Shoshone, No. 1448.
Seneca, No. 1516.
Pottawototnies, Nos. 657, 1322.
Oneida, No. 33.
Cherokees, Nos. 1285, 1297.
Chippewas, Nos. 683, 684.
Blackfoot, No. 1227.
Shawnee, No. 1210.
Huron, No. 607.
Ottawa, No. 1009.
Naumkeag, No. 567.
Moqui, No. 138.
New Mexico, No. 1033.

Menominee, No. 44.

Osage, No. 660.

Penobscot, No. 89.

Mounds, Nos. 416, 1315,210,439, 1272,

53.
Minsi (Lenape,) No. 998.
Narragansett, No. 953.
Araucanians, Nos. 221, 222, 995, 997.
Yamassees, Nos. 1214, 1215.
Quichua, No. 637.
Peruvian of Payta, No. 1517.
Peruvian of Callao, No. 941.
Peruvians from Pisco, Nos. 1061, 1326,

1369, 1423.

* Eupu$. Kscp.iX>).

1866.]

\T7ret, Kscf)«x>).

234

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF

II. Phozocephali.*

Seminoles, Nos. 604, 698, 732, 753,

1105.
Hurons, Nos. 15, 1218.
Shyenne, No. 1041.
Mandan, No. 741.
Ottoe, No. 755.
Ottawa, No. 1006.
Creek, No. 1454.

Narragansetts, Nos. 956, 957.

Naticks, Nos. 103, 110.

Carnanche, No. 247.

Peruvians from Pachacamac, Nos. 571,

631, 696, 1499.
Peruvians from Paraccns Bay, Nos.

1298, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1303, 1304,

1305, 1025 and 1026.

D. Wedge-shaped or Sphenocephalicj Form.
General Characters. Chiefly mesocephalic or intermediate in length between
the dolichocephali aDd brachycephali. Forehead more or less recedent ;
crown triangular in shape, narrow at the forehead and wide between the
parietal protuberances. Back of the head more or less flat, and pressed in
towards the foramen magnum. Constitutes the transition to the square-headed
brachycephali.

Pocasset, No. 1036.
Menominee, No. 35.
Narragansett, No. 693.
Shoshone, No. 1446.
Yamassee, No. 1216.

Araucanian, No. 656.
Mound crania, Nos. 1510, 1511, 1287.
Chinook (normal form,) No. 457, ap-
proaches this type.

E. Flat or Platycephalic Form. (Subglobular.)
General Characters. Chiefly mesocephalic like*the preceding group, with flat
vertex, and rounded occiput. Transitionary to the round-headed or globular
brachycephali.

Seminole, No. 728.
Miamis, Nos. 1058, 1233.

Pawnee, No. 540.
Dacota, No. 605.
Mohawk, No. 897.

F. Globular or SphaericephalicJ Form.
General Characters. Brachycepbalic ; vertex, occipital region and base
rounded or globular. Occiput sometimes rather flat.

Ottawa, No. 1007.
Ottigamie, Nos. 039, 694, 209.
Pottawotomie, No. 736.
"Winnebago, No 559.
Missouri, No. 211 .
Menominee, No. 563.
Mound, No. 420.
Miscellaneous, No. 215.

Ottoe, No. 756.
Mohegan, No. 26.
Nanticoke, No. 1219.
Seminole, Nq. 456.

arched form.
Huron, No. 1217.
Moqui, No. 139.
New Mexico, No. 1034.

"(Transition from
j broad ovals.
Transition from

G. Square, Cuboidal or Cubicephalic§ Form.

General Characters. Brachycepbalic

Chetimaches, Nos. 43, 70.
Creek, No. 441.

Lenni-Lenapgs, Nos. 205, 206, 1263.
Osage, No. 54.
Ottoe, No. 758.
Shawnee, No. 691.
Kenhawhi, No. 212.
Puelche, No. 1359.

Mounds, Nos. 436, 437, 438, 658, 723
992, L237, 1271, 1512.

Occiput vertically flattened, or nearly so.

New Mexico, No. 1032.
Pueblo, No. 937.
Santa Fe, No. 931.

Peruvians from Pachacamac, 93 crania.
Peruvians from Pisco, 55 crania.
Peruvians from Santa, 8 crania.
Peruvians from Lima, 5 crania.
Peruvians from Payta, Guamay and

Callao, Nos. 1518, 1046, 447, 448 and

233.

*,$o|oc, Kj? ah.

§ Ki/.J/xsf, Ks.paA.ii.

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 235

H. Prognathic or Negroid Form.

Lenni-Lenape, No. 40. I Maya, No. 990.

Narragansett, No. 953.

From the foregoing statements and from a careful examination of the pre-
ceding tables we may conclude :

1st. That the crania of the Aboriginal Americans are divisible into Dolicho-
cephalic, Mesocephalic and Brachycephalic groups.

2d. That the Dolichocephali greatly preponderate in numbers over the Meso-
cephali and Bracbycephali.

3d. That in the case of the Peruvian skulls in the Academy's collection,
however, the short, square heads are more numerous than the elongated forms.
4th. That in North America neither the Dolichocephalic nor Brachycephalic
tribe9, when first known to Europeans, were restricted in their geographical
distribution to any particular locality. While the former were scattered over
the continent, through all degrees of latitude and longitude; the latter appear
to have been, if we may judge from the specimens in the Museum, more numer-
ous about the Great Lakes, at various places in the interior, in the south near
the Gulf of Mexico, in the so-called Paduca area, and especially along the
north-west coast. In general terms we may say that on the eastern or A an-
tic side of the continent the Dolichocephali appear to have prevailed ; and on the
western or Pacific side the Brachycephali. This in a great measure seems
to have been, and still is the case in South America.

5th. That long and short-headed tribes or races are very commonly found
throughout the two Americas side by side. In the extreme north, for example,
dolichocephalic and brachycephalic forms are contrasted in the Esquimaux
and their geographical neighbors, the Konaegi or Kadiakan Aleutians; and
again in the far south these diverse forms are exhibited in the Patagoni-ins
and Puelches.

6th. That this contrast in cranial forms existed among the extinct races of
America, as it now does among extant tribes.

7th. That in comparing the old and new worlds by their cranial forms, we
find that while in Europe and Asia the hrachycephalic is the prevalent form,
in North America the dolichocephalic is the predominant type.

8th. That while in Africa all the people are dolichocephalic, in South Ame-
rica they are nearly equally divided between the long and short forms.

9th. That while in Europe and Asia the Polar or Arctic people are chiefly
brachycephalic, in America they are wholly dolichocephalic.

10th. That various European, Asiatic and African crania, such as those of
Norwegians, Swedes, Anglo-Saxons, the Germanic or long-headed G rmans,
the Gothic or short- headed Germans, the Finns, Lapps, Turks, Sclavonians, Kal-
mucks, Burats, Prognathic Negroes, &c, find representatives among the native
cranial forms of America.

11th. That this homoiocephalic representation is not confined to normal
skull-forms, but is shown in abnormal or artificially distorted skulls also.

12th. That the Dolichocephali are divisible into at least six well-marked
forms or types, viz. : the pyramidal, boat-shaped, oval, cylindrical oblong and
arched.

13th. That the Brachycephali maybe divided into round or globular, and
square or cuboidal classes.

14th. That the Mesocephali also consist of two sub-groups, one of which is
transitionary to the square or cubical, and the other to the round or globular
Brachycephali. ,

15th Tnat these ethnical or typical "groups are founded upon osteological
differences as great, and apparently as constant, as those which, in Europe,
suffice to separate the Germanic and Celtic stocks on the one hand, from the
TJgrian, Turkish and Sclavonian, on the other.

1866.]

236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADExMY OP

On the Introduction of the American SHAD into the Alabama Eiver.

BY W. C. DANIELL, M. D., OF SAVANNAH, GEO.

(Communicated through the Smithsonian Institution.)

My success in establishing the White Shad in the Alabama River being now
complete, I propose to give jou a detailed statement of the matter.

Having long doubted the generally received theory of the annual migration
south from the uorthern seas, of the White Shad, and of the consequent annual
migration thither of the young fry hatched from the eggs deposited by their
parents in our fresh water streams, I made inquiry of our fishermen, and learned
that minute but distinctive differences were readily detected between the
White Shad taken in the Savannah River and those taken in the Ogeechee
River, eighteen miles south of the Savannah River. Fully satisfied of this fact,
I readily concluded that the young shad that descend to the sea never go so
far from the mouth of the river descended, as to lose their connection with it,
and that they ascend iu the spring the same river which they had descended as
young fish the previous summer. Then the feeding ground, so to speak, of the
shad is iu or near the mouth of the river. If the. young shad does attain its
growth at the mouth of the Savannah and of the Ogeechee Rivers, may there
not be equally good feeding-grounds at the mouihs of the Alabama and other
rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico? To solve this question, I, wiih the aid
of my friend Mark A. Cooper, Esq , whose residence on the Etowah River in
Barton County supplied an eligible locality for the experiment, in the early
summer of 1848 had placed in a small tributary of the Etowah River the fe-
cundated eggs of the White Shad, which I had myself carefully prepared at
my plantation on the Savannah River, ten miles above this city, from living
parents. These eggs, so deposited by Major Cooper, were daily visited by him
until they had all hatched. I sent another supply of fecundated eggs to Dan'l.
Pratt, Esq., at Prattsville, near Montgomery, Ala., in 1853 or '54, as he writes
me, which he deposited in a small creek. Inasmuch as he left home soon after,
and was absent " some weeks," he can only report that during that absence
heavy rains raised the waters in the creek, and washed away the " pen " in
which he had placed the White Shad eggs supplied by me. Nothing can
therefore be safely affirmed of the success of this second deposit, nor is it im-
portant, as in 1851 or '52 the White Shad had already been taken in the fish-
traps at the foot of the Falls of the Alabama, at Wiiumka, and of the Black
Warrior, near Tuscaloosa, though unknown to me at the time of supplying
Mr. Pratt with the fecundated eggs.

Through the kindness of a friend at Montgomery, Ala., a shad taken from
the Alabama River was sect to Prof. Holbrook, of Charleston, S. C, and he
wrote me that he " felt certain " that the fish received and examined by bim
was identical with the White Shad of our Atlantic rivers. I have a letter from
Chas. T. Pollard, Esq., of Montgomery, Ala., of 6th inst., in which, speaking of
the White Shad in the Alabama River, he says: "They have gradually in-
creased in quantity since they first appeared, and have year by year increased
in size, until, to use the words of a native of South Carolina, who lived many
years near Sistera Ferry, on the Savannah River, — they are now equal to the
best Savannah River Shad."

The White Shad have chiefly been taken in the fish-traps at the foot of the
Falls atWetumpka and near Tuscaloosa. One, I am informed, has been taken
from a trap at the head of the Coosa River, near Rome, in tbis State, and only
some sixty miles below the locality in which the eggs were deposited by Major
Cooper, in a tributary of the Etowah River. I also learn that some few have
been taken with a dip net, near Selma.

I think that we may safely conclude that the White Shad may be as success-
fully established in the Mississippi River as it has been in the Alabama. Since

[May,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 237

feeding-grounds for that delicious fish exist at the mouth of one river flowing
into the Gulf of Mexico, may they not exist at the mouths of other or all the
rivers discharging into that sea ? Time must answer that question.

When the presence of the White Shad in the Alabama River became known,
some enterprising citizens of Montgomery came to Savannah and procured a
number of the young shad from the river, placed them in a hogshead of water,
which was kept cool by occasional supplies of ice, and took them by railroad
to Montgomery and placed them in the Alabama River. The purpose of this
measure was to multiply more rapidly the shad already established in that
river. My agency in placing the White Shad there was not then, I believe,
known to those gentlemen, one of whom was Colonel Pickett, the Historian of
Alabama.

(Savannah, April 19, 1866.)

June bth.
Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Twenty-two members present.

The following paper was offered for publication : " Description of new
species of Diurnal Lopidoptera." By Tryon Reakirt.

Dr. Leidy observed that the small collection of fossils presented this evening
by Dr. A. C. Hamlin is of interest, from the fact of one of them being a bird
bone. Two accompanying shells are Balanus Hameri and Sasicava rugosa,
post-tertiary species. The specimen^ were obtained from a railroa"d cutting on
the banks of the Penobscot River, Bangor, Maine, 47 feet below the surface.
The bird bone is a right humerus, resembling in its construction that of a
Curlew.

, Except the so-called bird tracks of the triassic sandstones, almost no fossil
remains of birds have been found in the United States. The Museum of the
Academy contains a few specimens, which have not been identified, as
follows :

A left humerus, almost identical with the one above mentioned, both in form
and size, from Tarboro', Edgecombe Co., N. C, presented by Dr. Booth.

The lower extremity of a left humerus and a right radius, from a miocene
formation of Maryland, presented by T. A. Conrad. The specimens resemble
in construction the corresponding parts in a Snipe, but are as large as in the
Curlew.

The lower end of a left tibia, from Burlington Co., N. J., described by Dr. Har-
lan as the remains of a Snipe, Scolopax (Med. and Phys. Res. p. 280.)

The lower end of a left tibia, from the Niobrara River, of Nebraska, discov-
ered by Dr. Playden, in association with a multitude of mammalian remains.
It resembles the corresponding part in a Crane. It is the only ornithic fossil
among all the vertebrate remains from Nebraska, amounting to several tons in
weight, which Dr. L. had detected.

June 12th.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Twenty-two members present.

June \§th,.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty-six members present.

The deaths were announced of Hon. Lewis Cass, Correspondent, and
Prof. Henry D. Rogers, member of the Academy.

1866.]

238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

June 2Qth.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Twenty members present.

The following gentlemen were elected Members of the Academy :
Dr. Henry B. Butcher, Dr. Geo. Guier, Mr. Henry C. Carpenter, Mr.
S. Raymond Roberts and Mr. Jason L. Fenimore.

The following were elected Correspondents : George A. Otis, M. D.
Mr. William H. French, and M. de Caligny of France.

On favorable report of the Committee, the following was ordered to
be published :

Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal IEPIDOPTEKA.
BY TRYON REAKIRT.

1. PlERIS YREKA, DOV. Sp.

Size and form of Pieris rapx L.

Male, upper side white, base sprinkled with black atoms, extending along
the costa of the primaries as far as the end of the cell ; a narrow black termi-
nal line at the apex, and below this a few scattered black specks ; a rounded
black spot on the medio-superior interspace, midway between the cell and the
margin. Secondaries with a small black spot on the costa, at two-thirds its
length from the base ; fringes white, expanse 1-88 inches. Underneath, the
apex of the primaries is pale ochrey yellowish ; an additional small black spot
is in the medio-inferior interspace, otherwise as on the upper surface. Second-
aries pale ochrey yellowish, thickly strewn with grayish or greenish-brown
atoms, especially condensed towards the base ; costa yellowish orange.

Body above black, with scattered whitish hairs ; below white. Antennae
black, ringed with white; club tipped with white.

Female differs in having a large triangular apical patch, brownish-black, of
which the lower portion is densest, upon the primaries, and in the enlargement
of their central black spot, and also in that of the costal one upon the second
aries.

Below, the primaries as in the male, the hind wings much more yellowish.

Hab. —California. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

2. Pieris castoria, nov. sp.

Size and form of Pieris oleracea, Harris.

Male, upper side pure white, inner half of costa of primaries, and base of both
wings, strewn with a few dark atoms ; a rounded black spot in the medio-
superior interspace of the fore wings, situate as in the preceding species ; no
other markings; fringes white, expanse 2 — 2-12 inches.

Underneath immaculate white ; a faint yellowish tinge on the apex of the
primaries, and along the costa of the secondaries.

Body black, with whitish hairs below; antennas black, with incomplete
white annulations interrupted above. Club yellowish, or yellowish brown at
tip.

Hab. — California. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

3. Pieris occidentals, Reakirt.

Reakirt, Proc. Entom. Soc. Philada., 1866 (ined).

Hab. — California, Rocky Mountains. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

I have an example of Pieris Sisymbrii, Boisd, from Northern California, of
which the ground color is a very clear lemon yellow ; it differs, however, in no
other respects from types of the same.

4. Callidryas thaur'cma, nov. sp.

Male, very similar on the upper side to C. Uilaria; the irregular outline of

[June,

»

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 239'

the sulphureous basal portion remaining the same; there is, however, an ob-
long black discal spot upon the primaries, and the black terminal line of Hila-
ria is either entirely wanting, or represented only by a few faint atom's ; the
nervular extremities of the secondaries are marked by minute dark points.

Under side greenish white, crossed with innumerable waved darker lines
upon the upper half of the primaries and their apex, and over the secondaries.
Costa of primaries continuous reddish brown for a short distance from the
base, followed by scattered points thence to the apex, and along the outer
margin, all of the same color ; also an indistinct line running in from the
apex : a large rounded ferruginous discal ocellus, pupilled with violaceous-
silvery ; base suffused with yellow ; an orange streak within the cell.

Secondaries darker than the primaries, lightened with pale greenish white
above the subcostal and median veins; a small silvery spot, encircled with
ferruginous, on the lower disco-cellular, and six minute rosy, or rose-brown
spots, one in each interspace, midway between the cell and outer margin.

Fringe greenish white ; expanse three inches.

Thorax black, covered with long greenish-yellow hairs ; abdomen and lower
•portions greenish-white; antennae rosy or ferruginous, darker on the club.

Female, base of both wings pale yellowish-white; the mesial portions be-
come more yellowish, and the depth of color is gradually increased to yellow-
ish-orange on the outer margins; a large rounded black discal spot on the
primaries ; a bright ferruginous border at the apex, and on the outer margin,
extending below half its length, at first continuous, afterwards maculate; in-
terior to this, a maculate series, similarly colored, bent nearly at a right angle,
just below the apex, and terminating at the costa on the one side, and on the
other just above the end of the marginal border.

Below, bright ochreous-yellow ; the markings of the male remain constant,
with the difference in color, with the reappearance of the interior bent band of
the fore wings, and the addition of a rounded, ferruginous spot within the cell
of the secondaries, obliquely above the discal ocellus; the six submarginal
spots of the same wing are considerably enlarged.

Fringe yellowish orange; expanse 2-65 inches.

Body above, abdomen and antenna? as in the male; thorax below, bright
ochre-yellow.

Hab. — Madagascar. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

5. Terias jamapa, nov. sp.

Female? Above pale sulphur yellow ; fore wing costa strongly arched ; apex
rectangular ; outer margin from the middle curved outwards, and deeply
crenulated ; a large apical black patch extending from the outer third of the
costa, nearly to the inner angle ; its anterior outline presents two short termi-
nal, nearly straight lines, and three prominent curves, of which the upper is
double the langth of either the others, but shallow, while the lower two ap-
proximate to a semicircle in form, and are of considerable depth.

Hind wing with the outer margin between first and second median wein-
lets produced into a longish pointed lobe, nearest the second branch, and
partially entered by it ; the ends of the nervules marked by minute dark points,
otherwise the secondaries are immaculate.

Underneath, the apex of the primaries and the secondaries are suffused with
ochreous, and reticulated with fine ferruginous lines ; white atoms are sprinkled
over the surface, and in some places, form condensed spots; three of these are
situated below the cell and first veinlet, another at the upper end of the first
disco-cellular, and several on the costa? of both wings ; a small black discal
spot on the primaries, and a number of minute black points on the lower outer
margin of the secondaries.

Expanse 1-55 inches.

Hab. — Mexico (near Vera Cruz). Coll. Wm. H. Edwards.

Mr. Wm. H. Edwards, of Newburgh, N. Y., has kindly placed in my hands,

1866.]

240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

for examination, a series of Mexican Rhopalocera, descriptions of a number of
which will be found scattered throughout this memoir.

6. Terias solana, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface : primaries yellow, becoming whitish on the inner mar-
gin ; costa thickly strewn with greenish-black atoms ; a large black apical
patch running from the middle of the costa to the first median vein, along
which it is continued to the outer margin ; the interior outline of this patch is
somewhat crenulate.

Secondaries white, yellowish only at the apex, on which there are two large
black conical spots ; short black lines run up the upper nervules from the
outer margin.

Below the base and central portion of the primaries are yellow, becoming
whitish on the inner margin ; the apex of the same and the secondaries are
ochreous, strewn with multitudes of dusky atoms, of which there are three
principal condensed rows on the latter; all short, and none extending entirely
across the wing; there are two small discal spots upon each wing, the upper
upon the hind wings forming the terminus of the first atomic line.

Fringe yellowish, becoming pale ferruginous at the apex of the primaries,
and towards the anal angle of the secondaries ; expanse 1-5 inches.

Thorax above black, with whitish hairs, and three short dark stripes ; abdo-
men whitish, with a narrow dark dorsal line. Thorax underneath ochreous,
abdomen pure white ; antennae black, with white annulations.

Hab. — Mexico (near Vera Cruz). Coll. Wm. H. Edwards.

7. EOPLffiA PAPUANA, nOV. Sp.

Male. — Upper surface dark velvety brownish-black, paler on the outer mar-
gin of the fore, and upon the hind wings ; two long, rather narrow dull brown
vittae in the medio-posteiior interspace ; a submarginal row of seven chalk-
white spots, fringed with bluish ; of these the first two are respectively above
and below the filth subcostal veinlet, both being larger than any of the follow-
ing) — the second mostly so, — and in each of the ensuing interspaces there is
one, the fourth being the least, and the seventh tripartite, composed of two
small lunes and a dot ; there are three minute dots nearer the margin, ob-
liquely below the fourth, fifth and sixth spots respectfully.

Secondaries with a submarginal row of ten spots, of which seven are oval ;
the main axis of the first three is placed transversely to that of the others ; the
eighth and ninth are rounded, and the tenth a narrow streak ; following these
is a marginal series of small dots, obsolescent towards the outer angle.

Under surface, the submarginal row of above is reproduced, having added a
small spot nearer the costa. There is also a marginal series of eleven .small
rounded spots; a small bluish spot above the upper radial, near the cell,
another within the cell, and a third, considerably larger, in the medio-superior
interspace ; a small oblong patch of appressed hairs in the medio- central
interspace.

Secondaries have two white spots at the base of the wings ; the submarginal
series of above, and a marginal row of twelve, the last coalescing with the ter-
minal one of the preceding row ; a minute spot in the medio-superior interspace.

Color of under side shiny brown, darkened at the base of the primaries.

Fringe brown and white alternately; expanse 3-5 inches.

Hab. — New Guinea. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

I am not quite sure of the specific distinctness of this beautiful Danaid;
many of the published descriptions of the members of this genus are extremely
imperfect, and the insects themselves so subject to variation that it is very
difficult to determine them correctly, without comparison with the original
specimens.

AMAURIS, Hiibn.

Amauris. p. , Hiibner.

Banais, (Sect. I.) E. Doubleday.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 241

"The males have a patch of peculiarly formed, and closely placed scales,
situated on the sub-median nervule of the posterior wings, not far from tbe-
ou'er angle.

" The males of the first group have the anterior tibiae and tarsi covered with
closely appressed scales." — E. Doubleday,

There exists no sufficient reason why Hubner's genus should not be recog-
nized as valid, and the few species composing it be separated from the great
mass of the Danaides.

Geographically, structurally, and in coloration, they differ as much from
their former congeners, as is possible within the range of a closely connected
family ; and it seems to me, that only from a total misapprehension of the rules
of genetic formation, could such a naturally well defined group have been
merged into another of opposed forms.

The four species of which it has been hitherto composed are all essentially
African, as will be seen from the following summary :

1. Amauris phaedon, Fab. Mauritius.

2. " echeria, Stoll. S Africa.

3. " egialea, Cram. W. Africa.

4. " niavius, Linne". W. Africa.

To these well known species I now add a fifth, to which Dr. Boisduval has
given the MS. name of Danais ochlea ; its description follows.

8. Amauris ochlea, Boisd. sp.

Danais ochlea, Boisd. MSS.

Male. — Upper surface : primaries rich velvety black ; a transverse sub apical
white band, cut in three parts by black veinlets ; another much larger trans-
verse band occupies the lower central portion of the wing, exieuding from the
subcostal to the submedian vein, and is divided by the black median nervule
and first branch into three large white patches ; a srnall rounded spot near the
-apex ; two others on the costa, between th? transverse band, above the upper of
which there is also a miuute narrow dash, and three more near the outer
margin, placed bttween the lower pot lion of the first band and the inner angle :
of these the first is the largest ; between the first two of these spots and the
margin there are three very minute dots. All of these markings white, or pale
glaucous white.

Secondaries dark brownish-black; a large semi-transparent white space
occupies the basal and mesial areas, extending from the costal nervure to the
abdominal margin, divided into ten spots by the black veins and veinlets ;
three submarginal white spots on the upper half of the outer margin.

Fringe black, alternated with white on the hind wings ; the primaries are
cut with white only near the middle of the outer margin ; expanse three inches.

Underneath chit- fly as above ; the apex of the primaries and the terminal
border of the secondaries become brownish. Upon the first there is an addi-
tional small apical spot, and in place of three marginal spots there is a row of
seven, the two lower coalescing with the third subinarginal spot. The second-
aries have a white spot at their base, and two submarginal rows, composed
respectively of eleven and thirteen white spots.

llab — Zambesi. Coll. Tryon Reakitt.

9, MECHANITrS UTEMAIA, nOV. Sp.

Female. Upper surface : primaries, basal two-thirds orange tawny, occupy-
ing all the area within ft line drawn from upper third of the costa to the middle
of the outer mnrgin. In addition to the usual costal stripe, a narrow terminal
line along the lower part of the outer margin, and a streak along the sub-
median vein, but not touching the inner margin, there are four other spots, all
black, placed thus: one, traptziform, within the cell, and one, rounded and
smaller, between the first and second median branches; abroad bar ncr ss
the end of the cell, and a narrow, curved, widening at-the-tip line runs up the>

1866.] 16

242 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

medio-central interspace, from the outer margin; a bent opaque yellow belt,
fringed with orange tawny, marks the extremity of the latter area, and another,
abbreviated, rises from the costa between the discal bar and spot. The apical
portion of the wing is black, traversed by a broad opaque yellow bar, also
shading into orange tawny.

Secondaries with a transverse maculate stripe, and a border, terminal, black ;
on this last some indistinct white spots ; remainder of wing orange tawny.

Under surface of both wings chiefly the same, with the addition of seventeen
white marginal spots ; the abbreviated yellow bar of the primaries ex'erds
here from the costa to the median vein ; on the secondaries theie is a black
costal stripe, in addition to the markings of the upper surface, the space be-
tween which and the discal one is tinged with yellowish ; the base is also
marked with a yellow spot; expanse 3-25 inches.

Thorax and abdomen above, blackish-brown, the first with a. central yellow
stripe; wing tippets orange tawny ; below yellowish. Antennae yellow, ringed
with orar ge tawny, black towards base.

Hub. — Honduras. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

Very similar to M. lysidice and doryssa, Doubldy., and Bates, and in common
with both, is a local race of M. polymnia. Specimens of the first are in my
collection, from the same locality, and for a fine example of the second, from
Guatemala, I am indebted to Mr. H. W. Bates.

10. Melinjea paraiya, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface; apical half of fore wings dark brownish-black, with a
very irregular interior outline, closely resembling that of M. Egina&B far as the
first median veinlet, thence it is curved inwardly, and terminates in an attenua-
ted line on the basal third of the hind margin ; across this there are two equi-
distant, semi-opaque yellow bands, of which the apical is continuous, and the
other is divided into three spots, the central one being much the least: there
is also a sub-marginal row of smajl whits spots, varying from six to ten in
number; the basal third of the surface, excepting the costa, throughout its
entire length, which is black, is rich orange tawny, and the space between this
and the outer black portion is occupied by a broad semi-opaque yellow belt ;
within the cell there are two large rounded black spots, which mark the
chromatic line of separation.

Secondaries orange tawny, with a broad black outer margin, on which appear
seme indistinct spots, and a discal set ies of six oblong black spots, unconnected
with the terminal border, and of which the second is very large, whence they
gradually diminish to the abdominal margin.

Underneath the primaries remain chiefly as above. The secondaries have
the base marked with yellow; a short black bar runs along the costal veins
from the base, and there are one or two additional spots on the apical end of
the discal row ; the black outer margin also contains eleven or twelve small
white spots. Expanse 3 — 3-75 inches.

Antennae black, becoming tawny ash-colored on their outer third. Thorax
bla^k, with a jellow dorsal stripe ; wing-covers and collar orange tawny,
dusky yellow beneath ; abdomen brown above, marked with orange tawny on
the upper part of the fi.st two segments, a broad yellow ventral stripe, and two
narrow lateral yellow line's, reaching only to the end of the second ring.

Hub. — Rio Janeiro; St. Catherines Island, Brazil. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

Taken in company with Ilel. Eucrate, Mech. Lysimnia, Napeoy. Sulpkurina, and
1th. Euritea.

It is a local race of Mel Egina, but mimics neither the Heliconoid nor Danaid
form with which it is associated.

11. Hkliconius Wallacei, Bates, in litt.

Ilel. clytia, var. Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc, p. 556, n. 6 (1862).
"The first yellow belt of the fore wing is narrow, and similar in shape to
the first white belt of 11. Antiocha."

Hub. — Amazons. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 243

12. EuEIDES ZORCAON, tlOV. Sp.

Male. Upper surface : fore wings black ; four transverse bands, of which the
apical is composed of four oblong spots ; the second crosses the cell near its
extremity, and consists of two dashes above the cell, an irregular nairow one
within it, and a long, gradually tapered stripe below it. Both these bands are
entirely dull ochraceous ; the third rises from the base, follows the first median
veinlet to its middle, up to which point it is orange tawny, is then suddenly
turned above this nervule, and runs nearly to the outer margin ; this latter
portion is ochraceous, and is much compressed near its lower extremity ; the
fourth is orange tawny, and occupies the length of the inner margin below the
subniedian vein.

The hind wings are black, with a broad central orange tawny belt, through
the middle of which passes a black band, sometimes united with the outer
border towards the apex, and usually narrowed towards the abdominal mar-
gin ; there is a row of indistinct spots on the outer margin, especially promi-
nent near the anal angle.

Under surface; disposition of fore wings' markings remains the same, but
they are much reduced, with a consequent increase of the black and blackish-
brown areas ; the costa has a short basal stripe of orange tawny, and there
are three or four small white apical spots.

Secondaries chiefly as on the upper side ; there is an additional transverse
stripe, ochraceous, running from the base nearly to the outer angle, and marked
on its under side at its origin with a white point; two rows of well-defined
white points on the outer margin, of which the interior, numbering fourteen,
are the largest; the outer row contains fifteen. Expanse 3 — 3J inches.

Ilab. — Mexico (near Vera Cruz); Coll. W. H. Edwards. Honduras, Guate-
mala; Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

As' may be seen from the foregoing description, this pretty species bears
considerable resemblance to Eueides Cleobxa, Huba. 1 find, however, from the-
examination of a large number of specimens of both, that their differences are
always constant, and such as warrant tbe creation of a separate name for the
designation of this form, which, although doubtless a local race of the Cleobsea,
has become perfectly segregated from the older type ; I have seen no interme-
diate varieties.

13. ACR/EA ORIZAVA, HOV. Sp.

Upper surface glossy bluish-black; primaries with a large transverse yellow
spot, divided by the median vein and its branches into five parts.

Beneath pale ochreous, with the nerves, and streaks between them black ; a
very large central yellow patch on the fore wings, crossed only by black veins ;
base of the fore wing black, that of the secondaries more yellowish. Expanse
2-25 — 2-50 inches. Body and antennae black.

Hab. — Mexico. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

Closely allied to the A. leucomelas, Bates, of Guatemala, of which it may be
regarded as a more northern modification. It differs chiefly, but constantly,
in size and number of the yellowish spots of the primaries.

14. Agratjlis huascdma, nov. sp.

Upper surface bright orange-brown; markings of primaries as in .4. Juno,
but much narrower, more clearly defined, and always deep black. Second-
aries with a broad terminal border, containing a series of orange-brown lunules.

Underneath, the markings present no perceptible difference from those of
Juno, but the shades are darker, the silver spots more clearly defined, and the
base of the fore wings much more reddish than in that species. Expanse 2:50
to 2-*75 inches.

The outer margin of the primaries is not so deeply sinuate, nor are the inT
dentations of the secondaries so prominent as in Juno.

Ilab. — Mexico. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

1866.]

214 PROCEEDINGS OP JSE ACADEMY OF

A local race of Juno, differing but sligbtlj from the Equadorea'n form Audi-
cola; these are constant, however, in regard to the coloration and shape of the
wings ; in the latter respect, it approaches more nearly to Lucina, Felder.

15. Euterpe arechiza, nov. sp.

Male. Fore wings narrawer and more sinuate than in Bithys; the brad wings
dentnte. Upper surface brownish- black, traversed by two maculate, white
bands ; the first extends from the outer third of the costa of the fore wings, to
the middle of the abdominal margin of the hind wings, consisting on the first
of eight widely separated spots, on the last the band is broken only by the
dark veins ; the second band is formed of small rounded white spots, running
obliquely from the costa of the primaries to their inner angle, and sub-margin-
ally all equidistant from the border, on the disc of the secondaries ; there
are also some minute white terminal streaks at the apex of the fore wings,
and some marginal ones in the middle of the hind wings' interspaces.

Underneath pale brown, with darker shades between the veins of the hind
wings ; the terminal streaks on the outer margin of the primaries are yellow-
ish. The inner band, of the secondaries is striped narrowly with yellow lines,
beside which there are some small spots and dashes near the base, and the
submarginal and marginal rows, all yellow ; there are also two red basal
patches. Expanse 1-75 — 2 inches.

Body and antenna? as in Bithys.

Hab. — Mexico. Coll. Tryon Reakirt.

A local race of Exit. Bithys. In addition to the differences in ornamentation
, and the shape of the wings, I have found that in Arechiza the disco-cellulars
of the fore wings form but a very slight angle with each other, and the second
subcostal veinlet of the secondaries is invariably thrown off much nearer the
base than in Bithys; the difference in distance being fully eqnal to one-half
the distance between the first and second subcostal veinlets of the latter
species.

;16. Lyo«na catalina, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface brown, glossed with violet blue, except a broad terminal
border on both wings. Fringes white, cut with brown.

Under surface ash-brown, darkest at the base of the secondaries, more di-
luted on the outer margin of the primaries.

The fore wings have two spots within the cell, one at its extremity, the other
nearer to the base; a submesial sinuated row of six rounded and oblong
spots ; and a submarginal row of six lunes ; all brown, or blackish-brown en-
circled with white ; the outer row is usually incomplete, and sometimes almost
obsolete.

The secondaries have the main portion of the cell occupied by a large
whitish spot, running up to 'he base, and having a rounded black spot in its
centre. Between this and the outer margin there is a broad and similarly
colored belt, formed of confluent sagittae, each of which is preceded by a
rounded black dot, encircled with white, and followed by a narrow black
crescent. Below the third of these from the inner margin, there sometimes
appears an ochreous lune, upon which is impinged posteriorly a brown bar,
tapering gradually to the hind margin. There is another white-ringed black
spot on the costa, above the similar one within the cell. "Expanse 1-13 — 1-20
inches.

Body blackish-brewn above, with some blue hairs on the thorax, under-
neath cinereous. Antennae black, ringed with white ; club tipped with the
same.

Female, appears to differ only in the greater size ; expanse 1-25 — 1-30
inches.

Hab. — California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

17. Lycena monica, nov. sp.
Male. Upper surface rosy violet, covered with an ashy hue, darker towards

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 245

the base ; a narrow terminal black line runs along the outer margin of both
wings ; near the anal angle of the hind wings, this is preceded by a narrow
white line, above which there are two rounded black spots, the interior being
the largest. Hind wings with a single tail, black, tipped with white. Fringe
brownish ; expanse 1-05 — 1-12 inches.

Underneath whitish ash colored ; a long discoidal streak, and three trans-
verse rows of dark ash-colored dashes, of which the two outer are close to-
gether, running parallel with each other, and also with the outer margin, to
which they are very near; the inner one is midway between the margin and
the discal bar ; it is slightly sinuated ; each of these rows is composed of six
oblong dashes, all being surrounded by whitish lines from the ground color.

On tke secondaries there are also three transverse maculated bands, con-
taining the same number of spots, but differing in shape; those of the inner
row only are oblong, 'hose of the central being lunulate, and of the outer
rounded ; the two interior spots of the marginal row are jet black, glossed with
some greenish metallic atoms, and are surmounted by two large oraoge yellow
lunes ; a discoidal bar as on the primaries, and three rounded black spots en-
circled with whitish, situated transversely near the base, one on the costa,
another within the cell, and the third on the inner margin ; a similar spot,
sometimes only ash-colored, on the middle of the costa; a narrow terminal
line along the outer margin of both wings; tail as above; fringe brownish-
griseous.

Body above black, with some reddish-violet hairs, underneath whitish ; an-
tennae brown with white annulations, club reddish-ochreous.v

The female is larger, — expanse 1-20 inches, and has the two black spots on
the upper side of the secondaries, surmounted by orange lunules, sometimes
indistinct.

Hub. — California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

Belongs to the group of which Comyntas is the type ; it is more nearly re-
lated to the following new form, than to either that species, or its Californian
prototype — Amyntula.

18. Lyc.ena tejua, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface very similar to that of Monica, but with more of a bluish
tinge ; a narrow terminal line as in that species, but edged anteriorly with
white, over the whole length of the secondaries, upon which there is only one
black spot; tail double the length of that in Monica; fringe whitish, on the
secondaries cut with black at the ends of the veins.

Underneath there are three transverse bands on each wing as in Monica, but
arranged differently ; the spots of the two exterior on the primaries are almost
confluent, and the inner one is broken into two divisions — the spots in each
running together; the upper consisting of four, and the lower, which is nearer
to the base, of two ; a discoidal bar, and a small spot on the costa between this
and the inner transverse band.

On the secondaries the two outer rows remain the same, having, however,
but one lar;>e black spot, surmounted by a very large pale orange- yellow
lunule ; rarely there are traces of another yellow spot interior to this; the
iuuer band is formed very irregularly, and presents very much the appearance
of a W ; discoidal bars, and basal spots as in Moirica.

Hab. — California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

19. Lyc.en'a makicopa, nov. sp.

Male'. Upper side brown, glossed with violet blue; a narrow terminal dark
line along the outer margins ; a black discal bar on the primaries, sometimes
wanting, and some obsolete rounded spots on the hind margin of the seconda-
ries. Fringe ash-colored.

Underneath ash- brown, darkest towards the base. Primaries: a large black
discal bar ; a subcentral, transverse, sinuated row of seven large rounded black
spots all narrowly ringed with white ; following these, aud»parallel with the

3866.]

246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMT OP

margin, another series of seven indistinct spots. Secondaries : a di-cal bar
and two spots, one wiihin the cell, the other above it ; three transverse macu-
late bands ; the first composed of eight large rounded black spots, and bent
twice at right angles, the second of smaller, and sagittiform, and in common
with the third, which is almost marginal, and very indistinct, runs parallel
wiih the border; all these markings are encircled with white, and the seventh
spot of the first and second rows are sometimes confluent. Expanse 1-25 — 1-35
inches.

Body black above, with some bluish hairs ; beneath grayish ; antennae black
with white annulations, lower part of club whitish.

Hab.— California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

20. Lyc^ena tehama, nov. sp.

Hale. Upper surface, brownish diluted with white, glossed with shining
greenish blue, especially on the basal portions, and traversed by darker lined
veins.

A black discal bar on the primaries; secondaries have a marginal series of
rounded brown spots. Fringe white; brownish at the tip of the fore wings,
and cut with black at the ends of hind wings' veins.

Underneath : primaries pale brownish griseous ; a discal arc, a small double
spot within the cell at one- third the distince from the arc to t^ie base, a sinu-
ate transverse median row, and an indistinct marginal row of spots, followed
by a series of plainer lunules, all edged with white.

Basal half of secondaries dark brownish-gray, with a blue tinge at the base ;
within this are three small black spots, all largely encircled with white, and
placed transversely to the base, and a large white patch at the end of the
cell

Posterior portion clear grayish white, edged terminally with a narrow line,
and contains three transverse rows of dark spots ; of these the interior are
rounded and much curved ; the central are lunulated, and the marginal
rounded ; the third from the anal margin of the two outer rows respectively
are much enlarged, and sometimes embrace an intermediate, yellowish-brown
lunule Expanse 1-05 — 1-13 inches.

Body clothed with grayish hue hairs above, ash-colored below; antennae
black, anuulated with white; club black above, ferruginous below.

Hah.— California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

Var. (/, male ; the secondaries present a submarginal row of connected brown
lunules above the marginal spots ; and the lustrous tinge is restricted to the
basal area ; expanse 1-20 inches.

Hab. — Los Angeles, Cal. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

This is i he Pacific representative of L. Rustica Edwards, of the Rocky Moun-
tains ; the two are very closely related.*

21. Brenthis Moiirisii, nov. sp.

Upper surface uniform orange-brown ; hind margin of both wings edged by
a fine black line, always dilated at the ends of the veins, and which is preceded
by a submarginal row of very angular black limes; in the female the spices
enclosed between the two lines is pale tawny ; primaries haye a nearly straight
black discal bar, and within the cell are three transverse spots, of which the
central is the shortest ; below the cell a broad black stripe runs from the
origin of the first median veinlet, downward half the width of the interspace,
and is then bent abruptly to the base, in the shades of which it becomes
merged and lost. Beyond the cell, there is a mesial zigzag band, and a trans-
verse row of rounded black spots, usually confluent, with the marginal lunes
on the apex ; a short black bar rises from the costa behind these.

* There will shortly be published by the Entomological Society, in a series of notes to my me-
moir, upon "Coloradian Butterflies," descriptions of the following new California!! species: —

1. Cssnonympha P<mm>hiloides. Reakirt.

2. Lycxna CUjona, Keakirt.

3. Polyommaius Mariposa, Reakirt.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 247

On tbe secondaries, in addition to the transverse row of large rounded black
spots above the marginal lunes, there are four connected oblique black dashes
helow the cell; a black mark very much like a K within and above it, and a
central rounded black spot within it; basal portions of both wings obscured
by darker shades; fringe pale yellowish cut with black; expanse,^ 1-70 —
1-75 inches — 9 1*87 inches.

Under surface : primaries pale tawny, tinged with brownish red at the base,
especially in the female; apical portion pale ochreous, or even yellowish
crossed obliquely by a brick-red shade; the markings of above repeated, but
faintly colored, and in the male the discal arc and central spot within the cell,
each contain a narrow tawny line.

Secondaries with a broad central band of nine large connected spots, of
which the first, fourth and seventh are the largest, all edged on either side
with narrow black lines, and all with the exception of the fourth, which is
silvered, pale buff-yellow. The space anterior to this is brick-red, with three
pale yellow and one silvered spot near the base, and a yellow dot pnpilled
with black in the middle of the cell. The posterior half of the wing is pale
buff; a series of seven marginal silvery patches, surmounted by elongated
brownish sagittae, shading into brick-red towards the outer angle; above
these, a transverse row of rounded brick-red and brownish spots, the middle
ones usually ocellated, and there are two flexuous brick-red lines between
these and the central band ; a narrow black terminal line, edges the outer
margin of the wing3.

Body black, covered with brownish red hairs, underneath tawny.

Bab.— California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

It affords me much pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to my esteemed,
friend, Mr. Henry B. Morris, of Burlington, N. J.

Dr. Behr seems to have seen neither this nor the following form when he
prepared bis very valuable list of the " Argynnides of California."

22. Brenthis nenoquis, nov. sp.

Male. Fore wings slightly, hind wings much dentated. Upper surface
tawny; a terminal line ; a series of confluent marginal lunules also connected
with the bordering line ; a transverse row of large rounded black spots ; a
zigzag mesial band of large irregular spots and dashes, and the usual mark-
ings within the cell and towards tbe base of all the wings; all these, and very
considerable basal area, deep black ; fringe yellow, cut with black.

Underneath the primaries are tawny, becoming pale buff-yellow on the api-
cal area, across which there is a violet brown shade atid on the outer margin :
the markings of above repeated but much diminished in size, and lightened in
color.

Hind wings buff-yellow, mostly saturated with a rich violet-brown shade ;
a large silver spot at the base, cut by the costal vein ; two rounded yellow, or
silvery-yellow spots in the upper part of the cell, edged with a narrow black
line ; below these, two oblong velvety brown bars, one in the cell, and the
other in the first median area, two small rounded silvery spots on the abdomU
nal margin near the base, each ringed narrowly with black ; an incomplete
transverse maculate band of seven connected spots, of which the first, fourth
and seventh, are much the largest, and are always silvered, the others, very
rarely so ; those mentioned are always bordered anteriorly with a narrow
black line; and all of them posteriorly with dark violet, brown ; a submarginal
row of six rounded dark brown spots, the third and fourth always pupilled
with ochreous, the others rarely so ; seven marginal lunules, of which the six
superior are silvery, that on the anal angle bright yellow ; a narrow terminal
line edges all the wings; expanse 1-5 inches.

Hab.— California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

Closely related to no species hitherto described ; probably is nearest to
Monticola, Behr, but is very much less in size, besides possessing a radically
different ornamentation.

1866.]

248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

23. Emesis toltec. nov. sp.

Upper surface dull reddish-ochreou9 brown ; a broad transverse paler band
occupies the middle of both wings, the space between it and the base tra-
versed by numerous transverse waved lines, made up of many connected
dishes and lunules; beyond the broad ceatral belt there is a confluent row of
darker lunules, widest on the costa, aad gradually tapering to the abdominal
margin ; after these there is a submarginal row of rounded dark-brown spots,
of the same range as the preceding; fringe brown ; expanse 1*5 inches.

Primaries have the apex produced, and outer margin sinuated ; secondaries
rounded.

Umieiiieath ochreous-yellow, with the spots of above repeated in ferrugi-
eous, a large patch of that color at the apex of the primaries, and another
acmss their middle; a faint ferruginous tinge at apex of secondaries.

Hab.— Mexico. (Coll. Wm. H. Edwards.)

Very distinct from any of our described species.

24. Synchloe qcehtala, nov. sp.

Upper surface black ; an abbreviated band of four ovoidal white spots runs
from the costa across the end of the cell of the primaries ; a transverse curved
low of seven minute white spots beyond the short band, and a larger white
spot near the middle of the outer margin ; secondaries with a small red spot
near the anal angle, sometimes indistinct; fringe black cut with white; ex-
panse 1-38 inches.

Under surface brownish black; primaries spotted as above, but with the
markings enlarged and with two additional white spots on the outer margin ;
costa red at the base. Secondaries with a broad yellow mesial belt, extend-
ing from the costa neatly \o the first median veinlet ; a submesial transverse
row of minute white spots, a large red spot at the anal angle, and three white
lunes on the outer margin, of which two are close together at the apex, and
the third on its lower half.

j?0(i,. .,, .,-t Britpni np black ; legs reddish.

Hal.— Mexico. (Coll. W. H. Edwards.)

This is the lea?t species of the interesting genus Synchloe ; it approximates
most nearly to Hippodrome, although still very distinct, and less than half its
Bize.

25. Papilio Eridamas, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface black, faintly glossed with bluish-green ; a long streak
followed by an oval spctf, both yellow, or yellowish-green, below the upper
third of the costa of the primaries ; a submarginal row of similarly colored
spots near the outer border, becoming obsolete towards the apex; primaries
sinuate; secondaries dentate, with a short elongated tooth, emarginatious of
both yellowish.

Secondaries with a submarginal row of seven large crimson spots, widely
distant from each otlnr, of which the first three are oval; the fourth seuu-
ovoid and larger ; the fifth, and largest of all, is almost rectangular, with an
indentation upon the lower extremity; the sixth intermediate in size betvyeea
the tourtb and fifth ; the seventh is nearly square, about the size of the third,
and wi h indentations on both sides; these are immediately followed by, and
connected with yellowish spots, largely so after the first and gradually reducing
to obsolescence under the last ; expanse 3 5 inches.

Under surface lustrous brown, paler at the tips of the primaries, upon which,
also, the subcostal ovoid of the upper side is indistinctly reproduced.

Secondaries with three crimson spots at the base, and a submarginal row
of small, brilliant spots of the same color, the three nearest the anal angle be-
ing chevron-shaped, and the other four semi-lunate.

Body black ; four spots upon each side of the thorax below, one at the in-
sertion of the abdomen, and a continuous series on its lower part, not, how-
ever, extending upon the anal valves, all crimson.

[June,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 249

Ilab. — Mexico. (Coll. Entom. Society.)

A very beautiful species, closely allied to the Xenarchus of Hewitson, but
from which its differences, as indicated in the diagnosis, are invariably per-
sistent.

July 3d.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Twenty-nine members present.

The Chairman made some remarks on Trichina spiralis, and exhibited
a portion of human flesh infected with the parasite taken from one of
five persons who recently died of Trichiniasis in Iowa.

July 10th.
^Mr. Cassin, Vice President, in the Chair.
Thirteen members present.

July Villi.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Nine members present.

July lith.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Fifteen members present.

Prof. Cope remarked that he had made a few observations on some of the
extinct vertebrates of the Mesozoic Red Sandstone, during: an examination
of the specimens preserved in the collection of Charles M. Wheatley, A. M.,
at Phcenixville, Pa.

Rtiytidodon carolinensis (Emmons, usually misspelled Rutiodoii) appears
to be, so far as extant remains are conclusive, a species of Belodon, Von Meyer,
allied to B. plieningeri. One confirmation, the identity of dentition of
the Wiirtembergian and Pennsylvanian species, had been pointed out to him by
C. M. Wheatley. The posterior teeth are lenticular in section, nearly broad as
high, crenate on both eiges ; the anterior cylindrical, slender and coarsely
fluted ; the first represent Eurydorus serridens, Leidy, Pr. A. N. S., Pnila., 1859,
110, and the latter Rhytidodon Emmons.*

Clep>isauru3 pennnsylvanicus Lea, whose affinities have never been
indicated, apparently belongs to the same great type as the preceding : while
its teeth are without pulp-cavity, as pointed out by Leidy, those of the fangs of
Belodon are very small.

He was also enabled to announce the discovery of the first undoubted Laby-
rinthod;m of these beds. The species, which is of considerable size, is repre-
sented by portions of two crania and numerous teeth. It is apparently nearest
Mastodonsaurus (Labyrinthodon) diagnosticus Von Meyer, in the propor-
tions of the cranial segments and sculpture.

The larges#t fragment is eight inches long and eight and one-half wide, and is

* Prof. Owen (Palaeontology) states that Cladyodon Ow. was apflied to the same genus as, and
is older than the name Belodon.

1866.]

250

PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OP

a portion of the table of the cranium exhibiting the usual medial depression,
and embracing portions of the postorbital and parbt il bones ; one of the
former is four in. sixl. long ; both are pitted medially (about 3£ pits in an inch)
and marked with short coarse sulci posteriorly. The parietal* are 2 in. 9 I.
wide behind, and four inches wide between the anterior parts of the postorbi-
tttls. On what is probably the posterior part of the interorbital region (a small
part of the posterior margin of the left orbit is preserved) commence two
smooth shallow sulci 1 in. 21. apart, which are probably the posterior extremi-
ties of the superficial channels of the face of the Labyrintuodonts. Between them
the surface is pitted, (4 or 5 to the inch.) The parietal bones are throughout
longitudinally sulcate, (four and one-half to the inch), with obtuse ridges be-
tween. The parietal fontanelle was not discoverable, nor could the form of
the orbits be certainly determined, though they were probably not large.

The teeth are of various Bizes, sometimes two inches long, and more slender
in proportion to the length than those of the Mastodonsaurus j a ege r i and
salamandroides; they are cylindrical, gently curved and acuminate,
without external sulci; of the minuter sculpture noihing could be said, as Prof.
C. had only examined the casts of the surface. In a few weathered sections
the involuted folds of the enamel are well displayed. They areTiot convolute
as in typical Labyrinthodonts, but perfectly straight and convergent to a mi-
nute central vacuity. In a tooth four lines in diameter there appear to be five
principal radii which attain the centre, about twenty which nearly approach it,
and thirty two shorter, none of which measure less than a half radius. These
radii, though exceedingly delicate, may sometimes be seen in longitudinally frac-
tured specimens. The roots exhibit a short conic pulp cavity.

Having observed traces of similar radii in a small fluted tooth having an
oval seciion, much resembling some of those of Belodon (Rhytidodon), but
perhaps Compsosaurus Leidy, it had occurred to the speaker whether these
radii had any connection with the mineral constitution of the teeth. These
were all of black dolomite, the weathered portions, between the radii, white.
Radii and straight veins of other material were pointed out in some specimens
in his collection by Wheatley, as iron and copper pyrites aud silica, but these
were either eccentric or irregular. Inquiry is therefore suggested respecting
the existence of the labyrinthic structure in any of the above genera before
described. The form and sculpture assigned to Centemodon Lea render com-
parison with the new species unnecessary.

The latter may be named Mastodonsaurus durus. The cranial bones on
which it is founded occurred in bed No. 15, a hard black shale, of Wheatley 's
section in Silliman's Journal Sci. Arts, 1861, 45, about 89 feet from the
bottom of the series, while the tooth last described is from near 40 feet
lower down, in Nos. 21 or 22. The Belodon comes from about 35 feet below
the last. .

Geologists have inclined to indentify these beds with the upper Trias or
lower Jurassic. The identification of the Belodon and Mastodonsaurus points
most strongly to the age being that of the Keuper or upper division of Trias.

July olst.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.

Fourteen members present.

The following gentlemen were elected Members of the Academy :
Prof. A. Stille, Dr. Geo. H. Horn, Mr. J. G. Moore, Dr. A. Neb-
inger, Mr. C. G. Ogden, and Mr. Samuel L. Shober; and Mr F. Cowan,
of Washington, was elected a Correspondent.

On Report of the Committee the following was ordered to be published :

[July,

NATUKAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 251

Contributions to the PALAEONTOLOGY of Illinois and other Western States.
BY F. B. MEEK & A. H. WORTHEN,

(Of the Illinois State Geological Survey.)

RAD I AT A.

ECHINODERMATA.

CRINOIDEA.

Belemnocrinus Whitii, M. & W.

Body below the summit of the subradials ovoid subcylindrical, and above
this rather rapidly expanding ; rounded below. Basal pieces very small,
forming a flat subpentagonal disc, as seen from below; anc.ylosed so as to
obliterate the sutures in the specimen examined. Subradial pieces unequal,
three of them narrow, oblong or two and a-half to three times a.s long as
wide, one scarcely more than twice as long as wide, and tlie other narrow be-
low, but nearly two-thirds as wide above as the entire length. First radials
(or at least the only one remaining in the typical specimen) quadrangular,
nearly half as long as the subradials, and wider at the top than the smallest
subradial, narrow below, and widening upwards ; rather deeply sinuous
above across its entire breadth, for the reception of the second radial. Cavity
of the subcylindrical part of the body formed by the subradials, infun-
dibuliform, the wide part above extending down about one fourth of the
way. Anal piece resting upon the slightly concave upper extremity of the
largest subradial piece between two of the first radials ; its form unknown.
Surface nearly smooth or merely granulose. A slightly impressed, distinctly
defined, obovate flattened area, occupies the whole surface of the anal plate, a
small portion of the upper margin of the subradial upon which it rests, and
a larger part of the first radial on one or both sides of the anal piece. Column
and arms unknown.

Length of body to the summit of first radial pieces, 0-57 inch ; breadth of
same at the top, about 0 35 inch ; do. of same at the summit of subradials,
0-25 inch.

This species differs from B. typvs, of White, the only other known species
of the genus, in its proportionally shorter and more oval form below the summit
of the first radial pieces, and the greater expansion above ; also in the greater
inequality in ihe size and form of the subradial pieces ; and in the peculiar
flattened or impressed area in the region of the anal piece. It likewise differs
in having the depression in the upper side of the only remaining first radial,
for the reception of the second radial, proportionally broader ; while the visceral
cavity'occupies near one-fourth the length of that portion of the body formed
by the subradials, instead of only about one-tenth.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. C. A. White, the accomplished
State Geologist of Iowa.

Locality and position, — Lower bed of Burlington limestone, of the Subcarbo-
niferous series at Burlington, Iowa. Mr. Charles Wachsmuth's collection.

Subgenus NEMATOCRINUS. M. & W.

StNBATHOCRINUS WACnSMUTHI, M. & W.

General form, when the arms are folded together, elongate cylindrical ; body
below the arms small and basin-shaped, being truncate below for the re-
ception of apparently a rather large column, thence spreading rapidly to the
summit of the first radials, which are horizontally truncated on the same plane
all around their entire breadth above. Arms simple, very slender, equal and
elongated, — rising abruptly from the first radials, seven to each, or thirty-five
in the entire series, and composed each of a single series of pieces, twice to
three times as long as wide, and very like the joints of the tentacula of other
crinoids. (Form and arrangement of the plates of the body unknown.)

1866.]

252 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Height of body, 0-12 inch ; hreadth ahout 030 inch ; hreadth of truncation
of thebase, 0-14 inch; length of arms, known to be at least l-35 inch, but
probable more ; uniform breadth of do., 003.

We very strongly suspect that this little crinoid will be found to be the type
of a new genus hearing somewhat similar relations to Synbathocrinus that
Pterotocrinus bears to Dichocrinus. The fact, however, tliat we have been
unable, after repeated trials, to make out the form and arrangement of the
plates composing the body, has caused us to place it provisionally, for the
present, as a subgenus under Synbathocrinus, with which it agrees exactly in
form and general habit, as well as in having the base composed of three
anchlyosed pieces. Even if it should, however, be found to possess precisely
the structure of Synbathocrinus so far as regards the body below the arm-
bases, we think its very peculiar character of having seven arms (instead of
only a single one) rising directly from the summit of each broa lly truncated,
first radial piece, a sufficient difference to entitle it to rank as the type of a
distinct subgenus, if not indeed of a distinct genus. The fact that all the
species of Synbathocrinus have, so far as known, but a single arm rising from
each ray, renders it improbable that there will be found intermediate grada-
tions in this character when a greater number of species are known.

On one side of the specimen there is some appearance of a small cuneiform
anal piece resting upon the first radials, between two of the arm bases, as in
Synbathocrinus, though we are rather inclined to think this merely the base of
one of the arms folded in between the others so as to be hiddeu, excepting at
its base, by the closing together of the arms on each side. We have counted
this as an arm, and consequently, if it should prove to be an anal piece, there
would be but thirty-four arms, which would leave but six instead of seven
arms in one of the rays — perhaps the anterior one.

We have named this curious species after Mr. Charles Wachsmuth, of Bur-
lington, Iowa, its discoverer, and one of the most successful collectors at that
inter- sting locality.

Locality and position. — Burlington, Iowa, from the upper part of the Bur-
lington group, of the Subcarboniferous series.

Cyathoceinus Farleyi, M. & W.

Body, below the summit of the first radial pieces, rather deep cup shaped
or subglobose (oblique in the typical specimen), and composed of thick strong
pieces ; under side rounded. Base subdiscodial or depressed basin-shaped,
with a pentagonal outline, composed of unequal pentagonal pieces, very nar-
row at their connection with the column, and widening rapidly to their lateral
angles : all curved upwards at their superior outer extremities, Subradial
plates three or four times as large as the basal pieces, about as wide as long,
convex, and each provided with several irregular wart-like protuberances in
the middle ; four of them hexagonal, and one on the anal side heptagonal.
First radial pieces a little larger than the subradials, wider than high, and
each having a general pentagonal outline, but the superior lateral angles,
which usually curve inwards somewhat between the second radials, are more
or less truncated ; facet for the reception of the second radials large, or occupy-
ing about three- fourths the breadth of the upper side of each piece, and
on the outer side excavated downwards near half the length of the plate,
with a distinct outward slope. First anal piece about the size of the largest
basal pieces, quadrangular in general outline, but having two other inconspicu-
ous angles above, in consequence of small facets for the reception of three
small pieces in the next range, probably belonging to the vault ; resting
squarely upon the upper truncated side of the heptagonal subradial piece,
and connecting on each side with the adjacent first radials, above the horizon
of the summits of which it does not project. Surface smooth or finely
granular, with the exception of the irregular pustulose protuberances on the
middle of each subradial plate. (Arms aud column unknown.)

Height to summit of first radial pieces, 0-bS inch ; breadth, 0-80 inch.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 253

This species will be readily distinguished from all others known to us, by
the peculiar little wart-like protuberances on the middle of each smbradial
piece. These are not incipient radial costae, nor properly nodes, but little
irregular pustular prominences like drops of melted wax. Some of them are con-
fluent, while others are distinct and irregularly grouped. They rarely extend
to the margins of the plates, and are almost entirely confined to the subradials,
though there are some faint indications of one or two on the lower half of one
of the first radials.

This species is named in honor of Dr. R. D. Farley, of Jerseyville, Illinois,
to whom the Illinois Geological Survey is indebted for some interesting speci-
mens.

Locality and position. — Keokuk division of the Subcarboniferous series,
near Warsaw, 111.

ACTINOCRINUS CALYCUUTS Var. HARDINENSIS.

Although this little crinoid agrees so nearly with Actinocrinus calyculus,
Hall, that we are in doubt in regard to the propriety of considering it a distinct
species, the fact that it comes from the upper part of the St. Louis limestone,
while the A. calyculus holds a position in the Spergen Hill beds, 200 feet be-
low, taken in connection with the usually restricted range of the Crinoidea,
and some slight differences of structure mentioned below, cau-e us to place
it for the present, at least, as a distinct variety from the typical A. calyculus.

In size, form, arm formula, surface markings, and most of its characters, it
agrees well with A. calyculus, from which it differs in the following details,
viz. : Instead of having but one or two interradial pieces to each space, the
first one much larger than the others, and ten or eleven sided, it has four or
five of these pieces to each interradial area, the first of which is not greatly
larger than the others and only six to eight sided. Again it differs in having
six anal pieces instead of but four, while its vault pieces are merely tumid
instead of " acutely spiniferous," excepting a few of those in the depressions
between the arm bases, which support little short spines.

If Batocrinus should be separated from the genus Actinocrinus, this species
should doubtless be placed in it, as it has the general habit of the species of
that group, though its arm bases do not form a quite continuous series, the
intermediate spaces between those belonging to each two adjacent rays being
more deepling sinuous than those between each two of those belonging to the
same ray.

Locality and position. — Hardin County, Illinois, from the upper part of the
St. Louis division of the Subuarboniferous series, — the highest position in
which the genus has yet been recognized in this country.

Genus STROTGCRINUS, M. & W.

Calathccrinus, Hall, (subgen. Actinocr.), 1861. Descript. Crinoidea, Prelim.
Notice, p. 12; (not Von Meyer, 1848,— Leonhard and Bronn's Jahrb. p. 467.)

The name Calathocrinus was proposed by Prof. Hall in the paper above
cited, for. a group including those curious species of so-called Actinocrinus,
with an obconic body and the summit more or less flattened and greatly spread
out in the form of a ten-rayed star, such as Actinocrinus perumbrosus, A. regalis,
Hall, &c. As the name Calathocrinus had, however, been previously used for
another type by von Meyer, in 1848, it becomes necessary to find another
name for our American group, and we have consequently proposed to call it
Strotocrinns, in the Report of the Illinois Geological Survey (p. 188), now in
press. It includes Strotocrinns perumbrosus, S. regalis, S.glyptus, S. erodus and
iS. lyratus, all of which had been described by Prof. Hall under Actinocrinus.

Genus STEGANOCRINUS, M. & W.
We have proposed the above name in the Illinois Report (p. 195 ) now in press,
for a genus allied to Actinocrinus, with which it agrees in the structure of the
body, but differs in having the rays from the second or third primary radial pieces

1866.]

254 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

greatly extended out horizontally in the form of remarkably elongated, slender,
rigid, arm-like appendages, which are covered in above, all the way out, with
small pieces like these of the vault, and bear the true arms along their sides.
In some species, these long free rays are known to bifurcate once, while in
others they are simple all the way out, so that in the latter the radial pieces
may be said to continue indefinitely in a direct Hue.

Type. — SteganScrinus pentagonus, = (Actiriocrinus pe'ntagonus, Hall.) It
also includes Steganocrinus araneolus, = (Actinocrinus araneolus, M. & W.),
and S. sculptus=Aetinocrinus sculptus, Hall.

Rhodocrinus nanus, M. & W.

Body small, subglobose, with nearly vertical sides which round under below
to the basal concavity. Base very small, and entirely concealed in the concavity
of the under side, by the end of the column. Subradial pieces comparatively
large, forming the under side of the body, and curved up so as to show nearly
half the surface of each in a side view, — hexagonal in general outline, but
probably each with a seventh nearly obsolete angle at the middle of the side
connecting with the base. First radials nearly as large as the subradials, and
regularly heptagonal in form ; second radials rather more than half as large as_
the first, normally hexagonal, but sometimes pentagonal and rarely quad-
rangular ; third radials larger than the second, generally wider than long,
pentagonal, hexagonal or heptagonal, and' supporting upon their superior
sloping sides, apparenly the first brachial pieces, which are not free, but
supported by the first free pieces in the next range ; if there were no farther
divisions of the free rays, there must therefore have been two arms to
each ray, or ten in the entire series. First interradials smaller than the
first radials, and resting upon the truncated upper sides of the subradials,
regularly hexagonal in form, or rarely with the superior angle slightly trun-
cated by tlie middle piece of the next range, so as to form a seventh angle ;
second range consisting of two, or rarely three, rather smaller generally hex-
agonal pieces, above which there are five or six other still smaller pieces
connecting with i lie vault between the arm bases, thus making some eight or
nine interradials to each area ; anal pieces about the same number as1 in each
interradial space, but a little larger in size and differently arranged, there
being three pieces in each of the ranges above the first one, the middle ones
of which continue on up in a right line to connect with the base of the
proboscis above. Vault depressed to the level of the upper side of the arm-
bases, and provided with deep broad furrows or depressions radiating from
near the middle to the interradial spaces, composed of small, irregular, rather
tumid pieces. Opening in the summit of a short, rather narrow lateral pro-
boscis, which rises vertically, with its outer side nearly on a line with the verti-
cal side of the anal area.

All the body plates are convex in the middle, from which point rather ob-
scure ridges radiate to each of their sides. The greater convexity and larger
size of the radial pieces impart a somewhat pentagonal outline to the body, as
seen from above or below. The surface is somewhat granular, and the col-
umn, which is composed near the base of alternately thicker and thinner
pieces, is round arfd pierced by a minute rounded cavity.

Height of body, 033 inch ; breadth of do., 0-35 inch.

Tliis neat little species is evidently closely allied to R. Barrisi, of Hall, from
which it differs in having its body plates merely convex and provided witli
radiating ridges, instead of being "ornamented by sharp, angular nodes and
spines :" also in having eight or nine interradial pieces to each area, instead
of only four to six. Another difference is to be obsei ved in the size of the third
radial pieces, which in R. Barrisi are "minute," while in our species they
are as large as the second radials. We only know the R. Barrisi from the
published description, but we have been assured by M. Wachsmuth, who com-
pared the form under consideration with authentic examples of that species,
that they are easily distinguished.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 255

Locality and position.:- Burlington, Iowa. Lower beds Burlington group of
the Subcarboniferous series. Mr. Wachsinuth's collection.

Genus ONYCHOCRINUS, Lyon and Casseday, 1859.
Although for some time past inclined, like others, to regard the type for
which the name Onychocrinus was proposed, as probably in no respect distin-
guishable from Forbesiocrinus, recent comparisons of some fine examples of
these forms lead us to think that they may be even generically distinct. At
any rate, they are certainly distinguishable upon more constant characters
than those separating Forbesiocrinus from Taxocrinus, which groups we have
elsewhere shown* blend together to such an extent that we do not think they
can be separated more than subgenerically, upon any characters yet pointed
out.

At present we are inclined to regard Onychocrinus as being generically dis-
tinct from Forbesiocrinus and Taxocrinus, but it may possibly form a second
subgenus under Taxocrinus. I* the nature of the column, the number and
arrangement of the basal, subradial and primary radial pieces, Onychocrinus
agrees exactly with Forbesiocrinus : while in other points of structure these
types differ to an extent that could scarcely fail to attract the attention of the
most careless observer, on comparing good specimens of each. In the first
place, Onychocrinus differs from Forbesiocrinus in having the rays from their
origin more divergent, or even income instances extending out horizontally
on the same plane with the base ; while in these extreme cases the long rays,
which are free in to the second radial pieces, and bear the small arms in
clusters at their extremities, have their under sides rounded, and their lateral
margins curved up on each side to meet apparently a series of pieces covering
them over above. According to Lyon and Casseday these forms also have
the vault covered over with solid calcareous pieces — a character not known to
occur in Forbesiocrinus. Another difference is always observable in the anal
side of these types, which in Onychocrinus, instead of being occupied by as
many pieces a| the interradial spaces, or a larger number, as in Forbesio-
crinus, is often so deeply excavated as to destroy the symmetry of the body,
and only occupied by a single row of very small pieces, mounted one upon
another," and resting in a sinus in the upper side of the largest subradial, so
as to look much like a little dwarfed simple arm. On each side of this little
arm-like range of anal pieces, there is a free open space between it and the
adjacent rays, whatever may be the number of pieces filling the interradial
spaces between the other rays. How this range of little anal pieces (of which
there never seems to be more than six or eight) connects with the vault, we
have been unable to determine, as they are always, so far as we have had an
opportunity to see, entirely disconnected from all parts of the body, excepting
the single subradial upon which they rest. We suspect, however, that they
may have formed tne outside of a small lateral proboscis, the inner side of
which was merely covered by a soft dermal integument.

This peculiar character of the anal side, in Onychocrinus, seems to have
been entirely overlooked or misunderstood in the species of this group referred
to Forbesiocrinus — the impression being that the anal plates had been, by
some accident, removed from their place. It is true, we had observed that
the anal area in our F. monroensis and F. Noriooodi is only occupied .by a
slender little finger-like appendage, resting upon the upper side of the large odd
subradial, but, as stated in our remarks in relation to the former species, we
supposed the anal plates had been removed, and that the little rounded finger-
like appendage occupying their place, was only one of the smaller subdivisions
of One of the arms that had been accidentally placed in that position. We
have seen this character, however, in the following species, which we have
in the Illinois Report referred to Onychocrinus, viz., Forbesiocrinus aster iwfor-
mis, F. Wldtjieldi and F. Meeki, Hall ; also in our F. monroensis and F.
Norwsodi, as well as in the new species described in this paper. In the typi-

* Proceed. Acad. Nat. aci. Philad., Aug., 1865, p. 138.

1868.]

256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

eal specimen of F. Meeki now before us, the anal space, as may be seen by the
figure in the Iovra Report, is entirely vacant, and also without the little row
of anal pieces. In five other good examples of this species before us, how-
ever, this character is more or less clearly seen.

From the typical forms of Taxocrinus, Onychdcrinus differs in nearly all the
characters distinguishing it from Furbesiocrinus, as well as in having usually
as many interradial pieces as the latter.

As thus separated from b ' orbesiocrinus and Taxocrinus, Onychocrinus still
seems to include two types that may yet be found separable, since Forbesio-
crinus asfericeformis, Hall, and our species diversus described in this paper,
differ from the other species mentioned in having the rays more spreading
and free in as far as to the second radial pieces, with arms clustered in little
bunches at the extremities of the rays far out from the body ; and the free
rays apparently covered above, at least a part of the way out. It is in this
type, if we have correctly understood Messrs. Lyon and Casseday, that they
found the vault composed of solid calcareous fieces, while in the other species
we have mentioned the vault is unknown.

Such species as our 0. diversus, described in this paper, with their long,
spreading, bifurcating rays, and numerous little curled-up arms at their ex-
tremities, must, when perfect, have presented much the appearance of dried
specimens of the existing genus Astrophytwi ; but we cannot agree with the
authors of the genus or subgenus Onychocnmm in the opinion that this type
forms a connecting link between the Crinoidea and the Asteroidea,oi that it
is more nearly allied to the Star-fishes than other crinoids.

Onychocrinus diversus, M. & W.
Body and rays forming together an irregular five-rayed star, the body being
comparatively small, depressed, and distorted by the deeper excavation of the
anal side ; while the rays are large, stout, rigid and free, from the second
radial pieces outward, and extend out horizontally on the same plane with
the base. Basal pieces hidden by the column, or merely shewing as a thiu
ring scarcely distinguishable from the last segment of the column, when the
latter is attached. Subradial pieces comparatively large ; four of them equal,
wider than long, and all pentagonal, with the upper sloping sides longer than
the lateral margins ; the fifth one larger (particularly longer) than the others
and apparently hexagonal. Radial pieces five to each ray, thick and strong,
and after becoming free on the second pieces, curving strongly up on each
side of the ray, so as to make the underside of the free rays distinctly rounded ;
first radial pieces considerably larger than the subradials, of rather unequal
size, wider than long, and heptagonal in form, with probably the exception
of one or two of those on the anal side, which appear to be truncated on one
side, so as to be hexagonal in outline. Succeeding radials diminishing gra-
dually in size, the second and third being wider than long, hexagonal and
pentagonal in form, and the fourth transversely oblong, as seen from below ;
while the fifth is pentagonal, as seen from beneath, having an obtuse middle
angle on the outer side. Beyond this the rays are each composed of a double
series of strong pieces, which are slightly disposed to assume an alternating
arrangement, the two series continuing in close contact laterally to the fourth
pieces beyond the commencement of the double series on the fifth radials, and
then diverging abruptly at an angle of 90° to 100°, to form distinct rounded
branches. At the outer bases of these branches an arm is given off on each
side on the third piece from the commencement of the double series, and bi-
furcate so as to form a bunch of small armlets ; beyond this the two main
divisions of the rays continue on, each composed of a single range of pieces,
until the third piece beyond the lateral arms just mentioned, after which
they are each composed again of a double series of pieces, on the third of
which another arm is thrown off on each side, and bifurcates as before. After

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 257

this each main branch bifurcates without much divergence of the subdivisions,
which are short and divided, so as to form together a bunch of small bifur-
cating arms, thus making altogether apparently not less than several hun-
dred small armlets, or ultimate division of the rays, to the entire series.

The small armlets are all short, and form clusters at the extremities of
the divisions of the horizontally extended strong rays, where they curve up-
wards, and fold together in bunches like tlie fingers of a clenched fist. They
are each composed of a single series of small pieces, which are wider than
long, with a minute patelliform piece at the underside of each, as in Forbesio-
cri?ius.

Interradials three or four to each space, with others above belonging appa-
rently more properly to the vault ; first interradial series hexagonal and rest-
ing in a notch between the upper sloping lateral margins of the subradials.
Anal series consisting of a single free row of very small pieces resting upon the
upper side of the largest subradial, so as to present much the appearance of
an abortive armlet. Surface merely finely granular, with the exception of a
small linear ridge along the middle of each armlet. (Vault unknown.)

Height of body, exclusive of vault, O'SO inch ; antero-postericr diameter,
0*90 inch ; transverse diameter, 1*40 inch; greatest transverse diameter be-
tween the extremities of opposite rays, 4 inches ; length of each of the two
main divisions of each ray, 0-t>5 inch. Column at its connection with base, 0'2S
inch in diameter, and composed of pieces only O'Ol inch in thickness, or ten,
to the tenth of an inch.

This species is related to Onychocrinus asteriformis = (Forbesiocrinus as-
tericeformis, Hall,) but differs in attaining a much larger size, as well as in.
having the two main divisions of each ray widely divergent and proportionally
longer, instead of nearly parallel. Again it differs in having the«subdivisions
and armlets much more numerous ; also in having always five primary radial,
pieces to each ray.

If reliable characters should hereafter be found for separating generically.
Taxocrinus from Forbesiocrinus, it is possible the name of this species would
become Forbesiocrinus (Onychocrinus) diversus, unless equally good characters
may be discovered for separating the three groups generically. It is quite as
probable, however, that Forbesiocrinus and Onychocrinus may be both included
as subgenera under Taxocrinus, in which case the name of our species would,
become Taxocr,nus (Onychocrinus) diversus.

Locality and Position. — Burlington group, upper bed ; Burlington, Iowa.

Granatocrinus Shdmardi, M. & W.

Body elliptic-oval, the length and breadth being as about 07 to 44. Base
having the form of a nearly flat pentagonal disc, with modeyately prominent
angles ; columnar facet round, and a little more than half as wide as the base.
Radial pieces lanceolate oblong, or nearly three times as long as wide, most
projecting and slightly narrower at the lower extremity, nearly flat between
the pseudo-ambulacral areas, along the margins of which they project ab-
ruptly in the form of a prominent knife-like keel ; forming five-sixths the en-
tire length of the body, and each obliquely truncated on each side above, for
the reception of the interradials. Pseudo-ambulacral fields very narrow,*fex-
tending the entire length of the body, with almost exactly parallel sides ;
rather convex, and each with a moderately distinct, longitudinal mesial linear
furrow, on each side of which about 65 pore pieces may be counted ; lanceo-
late and supplementary pore pieces unknown. Interradiali p.ioces about one-
fourth the entire length of the body, rhombic in outline, on widest in the
middle, and tapering nearly equally to the upper and lower extremities ; all
rather distinctly sloping inwards from the lateral angles to the middle, so as
to present a notched appearance on the outer surfaces. (Openings of the
summit unknown.) Surface showing, by the aid of a good magnifier, in a,
cross light, microscopic longitudinal lines near the lower end of the radial

1866.] 17

25$ PROCEEDINGS OF TtlE ACADEMY Of

pieces, and on the interradials much stronger lines parrallel to their inferior
sloping sides.

Length, 0*G7 inch ; breadth, 0-44 inch.

At a first glance, this species might be mistaken for fhe common Pentremites
melo, of Owen and Shumard, from which it may be readily distinguished by
several well marked characters. In the first place it is narrower in proportion
to length, and differs in having its pseudo-amhulacral areas prominent instead
of sunken, and bounded on either side by a sharply elevated thin carina ;
■while its interambulacral areas are flat, or even a little concave, towards the
lower part of the body, instead of being convex. It likewise differs in having
scarcely a visible line, instead of a deep furrow along the sutures between the
radial pieces ; while its b3se is much larger, and not sunken, but on a level
with the lower ends of the radial pieces, which are likewise more protuberant
at the lower ends of the pseudo-auibulaeral fields.

In its larger and more prominent base, our species agrees more nearly with
a form described by us as a variety of P. melo, under the name P. melo, var.
projeclus, from which, however, it differs in all the other peculiarities men-
tioned. We now regard that form as a distinct species from P. melo.

Compared with P. elongatus, of Sliumard, which it resembles in general
form, it will be at once distinguished by its greatly narrower and more promi-
nent pseudo-amhulacral areas,. larger radial pieces, and proportionally larger
interradials, which extend up to near the centre of the summit. These two
forms may be regarded as the connecting links between the true Pentremites
(P. Godoni group) and the /-'. melo, or Granatocrinus group. P. elongatus,
however, falls clearly into the former, while the form under consideration
belongs to the melo group.

Named int honor of Dr. B. F. Shumard, of St. Louis, Missouri, who has
given more attention to the Blastoidea than any other person in this country.

Locality and position. — Burlington, Iowa, lower part of Burlington group
dI Suhcarboniferous series. Mr. Wachsinuth's collection.

Gbanatockinus Norwoodi, 0. & S. ?

Amongst some interesting Crinoids, loaned us for investigation by Mr.
Wachsmuth*, from the Burlington group at Burlington, Iowa, there is a
beautiful specimen, "resembling G. Norwoodi more than any other spe-
cies known to us, with all the numerous little jointed, thread like arms,
and a portion of the column attached. So far as we know, this is the only
specimen of this group ever found with the arms attached. As might have
been inferred from analogy, the arms in this type are apparently, in all re-
spects, exactly as in the true Pentremites. About thirty of them can be
counted arising from each pseudo-ambulacral area, though this is probably not
the entire number, as they are folded together so that many of them may be
hidden. They are very slender, simple, of uniform size, without any percep-
tible, taper, and composed each of a single row of pieces as long as wide, of
which about seven may be counted in the space of O10 inch. We are not
sure they are entire, though it is evident that those attached near the lower
pari of the areas must be at least twice as long as the body. The column
neaT the base is round and composed of thin pieces of equal size, but farther
down there are wider ones, with smaller between at regular intervals.

The body of this specimen is partly hidden by the arms, but as far as can
be determined it is as stated above, much like G. Norwoodi, with the following
differences : In the first place, the parts of its radial pieces forming the inter-
ambulacral spaces are not more than halt as wide as in specimens of G. Norwoodi
of the same size. These surfaces also slope inwards laterally, so as to form
a rather deep groove along the suture between each two radial pieces, instead of
forming a flat area across between the pseudo-ambulacra, as in G. Norwoodi.
Again its pseudo-ambulacral areas are proportionally nearly twice as wide as in
G. Norwoodi, while the portions of the surface exposed are more coarsely granu-
lated than in that species, and the granules differently arranged. As it seems

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 259

to be' also less like G. melo, or any of the other species known to us from this
horizon, we suspect it will be found to belong to an un described species, but
as we have not seen the summit, nor base, we are left in doubt on this point.
Should it prove to be new, however, we would propose for it the name G.
Jinibriatus.

Locality and position. — Upper beds of Burlington group, of Subcarbonif-
erous series, Burlington, Iowa. Mr. Wachsmuth's collection.

ASTEROIDEA.

ScecENASTEK Wachsmpthi, M. & W.
Body flattened, with a regular, distinctly pentagonal outline, the angles being
produced into five rather attenuated rays or arms, which are a little convex
above, and apparently as much as two-thirds as long as the diameter of the
disc, if not more. Disc concave in outline on the outer margin brtween the
rays, and imparting a slightly alate character to the latter, by extending a
little along their inner lateral margins ; like the dorsal side of the rays, com-
posed above of numerous small, slightly convex plates. Dorsal pores mode-
rately distinct between the plates. Plates of the under side of the disk about as
large as the dorsal plates, but flattened, scale-like, crowded, and having the in-
ward imbricating character of the genus very strongly marked. Ambulacra (as
seen in a compressed specimen) very narrow, their adambulacral plates mode-
rately large, oval-oblong, comparatively thin, and very strongly imbricating
outwards or towards the extremity of the rays. Between these two rows of
short, flattened spine-like scales are seen arising from the amlmlacral furrow,
and all inclining outwards toward the outer extremities of the rays. (Other
characters unknown.)

Diameter of disc, 1-22 inch; rays apparently extending as much as 0'90
inch or more beyond the margins of the disc.

This species will be readily distinguished from our S. fimbriatus, from the
St. Louis limestone, the only other known species of the genus, by its smaller
and less convex plates on the dorsal side, as well as by its much thinner, less
oblique and more strongly imbricating row of plates' along each side of the
ambulacra, and particularly by its much narrower ambulacral furrows. We
have not seen any traces of the row of short flattened marginal spines seen
around the disc of S. fimbriatus, nor have the similar little appendages seen
arising in a double row from the ambulacra of the species under consideration
been seen in S. fimbriatus, but it is probable these are generic characters that
exist in good specimens of both species. There may have also been similar
little flattened spines on other parts of the fossil, as" there are some appear-
ances of such little appendages projecting from the transverse sutures between
some of the rows of imbricating adambulacral plates.

We take pleasure in naming this interesting species after Mr. Charles
Wachsmnth, of Burlington, Iowa, its discoverer, to whom science is indebted
for the discovery of many interesting new types of fossils.

Locality and position. — Burlington, Iowa; upper part of Burlington lime-
stone of Subcarboniferous series. Mr. Waclismuth's collection.

MOLLUSC A.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

PTERIA (PtERINEA ?) JIORGANENSIS, M. & W.

Shell (left valve) exclusive of the posterior wing, obliquely subovate, mode-
rately convex, very thin ; anterior and basal margins forming an obliquely
descending, semi-oval, or semi-circular curve, from the anterior ear to the
posterior margin, which is prominently and rather narrowly rounded ; hinge
line somewhat less than the length of the shell, and ranging at an angle of
about 45° above a line drawn from the beak to the most prominent part of the
I860.]

260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

posterior basal margin ; Leak oblique, ratber convex, and placed very near
the anterior extremity of the hinge; anterior ear very srual), a little convex,
but separated from the swell of the umbo by an oblique, shallow, rounded
impression, — rounded at the extremity, and defined in outline by a very shal-
low marginal sinuosity ; posterior wing large, flattened, triangular, and defined
by a broad, moderately deep rounded sinus, — not equalling in length the most
prominent part of the posterior margin below the sinus — in young shells ra-
ther acutely angular, but more obtuse in adult specimens. Surface ornamented
with numerous linear, radiating costse, smaller than the flattened spaces be-
tween, and crossed by concentric raised lines, so as to form a neat cancellated
style of marking, quite as distinct on the ears (particularly the posterior one)
as on the body of the valve ; radiating costre increasing by intercalation, the
intermediate ones dying out at various distances between the free margin and
the beak, all more or less interrupted at various intervals by irregular, shallow,
concentric furrows of growth. (Right valve unknown.)

Length of the largest specimen, measuring obliquely from the most promi-
nent part of the posterior basal margin to the extremity of the small anterior
ear, 1-55 inch ; do. parallel to the hinge line, 1*41 inch ; height at right angles
to the hinge, 2 inches ; length of hinge and anterior ear, 1*17 inch ; length of
posterior ear, from the beak to its extremity, 0'91 inch.

This rather handsome species has more the aspect of certain Upper Silurian
forms, such as Avicula communis, Hall, than of any carboniferous species with
which we are acquainted, though of course presenting well marked specific-
differences.

It is a little remarkable, that all of the twenty- five or twenty-six specimens now
before us, are left valves, from which fact we may infer that the right valve,
being more fragile, was generally broken to pieces by the waves, before being
imbedded in the sediment. It is also probable that the right valve was less
convex, and more faintly marked than the other, as is usual in shells of this
kind. As we know nothing of the binge and muscular impressions of this
shell, we cannot determine whether it is a Pterinea or a Pteria. If a true
Pterin, and Kleins old pre-Linnaean names are to be retained, the name of our
shell will become Avicula morganensis.

Locality and position. — Coal Measures (below the middle), Morgan County,
Illinois.

DoLABRA STEKLINGEXSIS, M. & W.

Shell rhombic-cordate, being cordate in outline, as seen in an anterior and
posterior view, and obliquely rhomboidal as seen from either side. Posterior
margin obliquely truncated, with a long slope, which is slightly convex above
and faintly sinueus near the middle ; posterior basal extremity produced
obliquely backwards and downwards, with a more narrowly rounded or sub-
angular outline ; basal margin ascending forward, with a moderately convex
curve, and rounding up more or less gradually into the very short or almost
obsolete anterior side : hinge line short ; cardinal area moderately developed.
Beaks prominent, placed nearly over the anterior margin, strongly incurved,
and compressed antero-posteriorly ; umbonal ridges very prominent, sub-
angular, and extending from the beaks obliquely to the posterior basal ex-
tremity at an angle of about (38° below the horizon of the hinge, thus dividing
each valve into two subequal areas, of which the one behind is flattened or
slightly concave between the ridge and the moderately prominent postero-
dorsal edge, and that in front and below it convex. Surface marked with
concentric striae of growth. (Hinge and interior unknown.)

Greatest length, measuring obliquely from the beaks to the posterior basal
extremity, 2*20 inches ; diameter at right angles to the same, 1*50 inch ; con-
vexity of the two valves when closed, 150 inch.

This species is evidently related to Gjrtodonta Hindi, of Billings (see
Palaeonzoic Foosils of Canada, vol. 1, p. 151, fig. 131, a, b), from the same

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 2(51

geological horizon. It differs, however, in several important specific charac-
acters, being proportionally much more gibbous, shorter, and, in consequence
of its hinge line forming a wider angle with its umbonal axis, distinctly less
oblique. It also differs in having its anterior side much less prominent and
more broadly rounded below the beaks, which consequently have the appear-
ance of being almost terminal. Its beaks are likewise more compressed
antero-posteriorly, and its hinge line shorter. Our specimen does not show
the cardinal area very satisfactorily, though it is evidently moderately well
developed and shorter than in Mr. Hillings' si'eeies.

Until the hinge and interior of this shell can be examined, it is scarcely
possible to determine very clearly its generic character, but on comparison
with Cucullcea angustata, Sowerby, the type of McCoy's genus Dolabra,* and
other more obliquely truncated species, such as C. unilateraUs, Sowerby, C.
amydalina, Phillips, as figured in Phillips' Palaeozoic Fossils, we can scarcely
doubt the propriety of referring it to the genus Dolabra. Some of these
species have much the form and general external appearance of the genus
Cucull<ea ; while Sowerby's figure of an internal cast of the so called C. angus-
tata (Geol. Trans. (2), vol. v. pi. 53, fig. 25), seem to indicate a very similar
hinge. They appear to want the prominent posterior muscular support and
the radiating costas or striae of the more modern species of true Cuculltea, of
which, however, they are evidently palaeozoic representatives.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group, of Lower Silurian Series, at Ster-
ling, Illinois.

Mackodon micron em a, M. & W.

Shell rather small, very inequilateral, elongate-oblong, nearly twice and a-
half as long as high, rather distinctly convex in the anterior and central
regions, as well as along tbe oblique posterior umbonal slopes. Posterior
dorsal region compressed above tbe umbonal ridge. Cardinal margin straight,
nearly parallel to the base, and but little shorter than the valves. Ventral
margin long and straight, or but slightly sinuous in the middle, and rounding
up rather abruptly and nearly equally at the ends. Posterior extremity trun-
cated, with a slight forward inclination, sometimes faintly sinuous in outline.
Anterior side very short and rounded. Beaks rather depressed, but rising
moderately above the hinge and somewhat flattened on the outer side ; in-
curved, approximate, and placed near the anterior end. Surface ornamented
with radiating striae, which are oblique, coarse, and rather irregular on the
compressed posterior region, but become gradually less oblique, finer and
more regular anteriorly, so that on the middle and anterior portions of the
valves they are exceedingly minute, very regular, and only visible by the aid
of a go >d magnifier in a cross light. A few moderately distinct marks of
growth are also seen near the basal and posterior margins. (Hinge, area and
interior unknown.)

Length, 0-05 inch ; height (at beaks), 0 28 inch ; convexity, 0 24 inch.

This little shell has much the form and general appearance of Macrodon
carbonaria,=( Area carbonaria, Cox, Kentucky Geol. Report, pi. viii. fig. 8),
but may be readily distinguished, not only by its smaller size and less nearly
terminal beaks, but by the extremely minute size of its radiating striae on
the convex portions of its valves.

Locality and position. —St. Genevieve County, Missouri, in the Chester divi-
sion of the Subcarboniferous series, also in the same position, Randolph Co.,
Illinois.

* The g^nus Dolabra, as first pr >po«ed by Prof. McCoy, included along with the typical species,
such as Cucuttsea angustata and C. uniUderalis, Sowerby, C. amydalina, Phillips, &c, other forms
belonging to the subsequently established, genus Schizodus, King. After the separation of the lat-
ter group, however, the name Dolabra was of course left, tor the other genus.

I860.]

-62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

GASTEEOPODA.

Genus PLATYCERAS, Conrad, 1S40.

(Acroculia, Phillips, 1841.)

The germs PI at tic eras was proposed hy Mr. Conrad for a group of palreozoic
shells, Tery generally referred by European authors to the Montfort's genus
Ca'pulu*, published in l&10,=(Pileopsis, Lamarck, 1812.) Mr. Conrad's de-
scription of this g^nus reads as follows : " I propose to group in this genus
the PileOpsi.s tubifer, (Sowerby), P. rehtsa, (Sowerby), Nerita haliotis,
(Sowerby), and perhaps Bellerophon eornuarietes. These shells are suboval or
subglobose, with a small spire, the whorls of which are sometimes free and
soniet mes contiguous ; the mouth is generally campanulate or expanded."*
During the following year, Prof. Phillips proposed in his "Palreozoic Fossils,"
p. 93, the name Acroculia for the same fossils.

In this country Mr. Conrad's name has been generally adopted for these shells,
which is certainly proper, unh-ss they shall be found to agree with the older ge-
nus Capulus, since his name has priority over that proposed by Prof. Phillips.
Although agreeing with those who regard these fossils as being probably dis
tinct from the existing genus Capulus, we believe they are more nearly allied
to that group than is generally supposed to be the case by American palaeon-
tologists. The only reason assigned by Professor Hall for separating them
from the modern genus is, that he had never observed in them any traces of
the peculiar horse- shoe shaped muscular scar so conspicuous in the genus
Capulus.^ We have recently, however, found very similar muscular impres-
sions in two distinct species of this genus, one of which seems to be a variety
of P. subrectum, Hall, from the Keokuk group, while the other is a new
species describ <1 in this paper from the Waverly Sandstone, of Ohio. J In
both of these, internal casts show an elongate oval muscular impression on
each side, connected by a linear band passing around behind. It is also
worthy of ii"te that both of these species belong to the nearly or quite straight
section of the genus, for which Prof. Hall at one time proposed the name
of Orth onychia, § and hence are less nearly like the modern typical forms of
the genus Caputus than the great majority of the Pala?ozoic species.

A careful examination of extensive collections of these shells from our west-
ern pala?ozoic rocks, has also satisfied us that the animal must have been simi-
lar in habit- to Capulus and other types of the family Capulidce, to which they
evidently belong||, in being sedentary shells. This is shown by specimens
found attached to crinoids and other objects in such a manner that the
sinuosities of the lip exactly correspond to the irregularities of the surface to
which they are attached. For instance, we have now before us one of these
shells attached to the side of a Peulreinitrs Godoni, so as to entirely cover one
of the pseudo ambulaeral fields and two of the intermediate areas, and yet the
sinuosities of its lip conform so exactly to the irregularities of the side of the

* Palaeontolugical Keport, New York, 1840, p. 205.

f 12th Ann. Keport Kegents Uiiiversi y New York, p. 16. 1S59.

\ Similar muscular impressions are km>wn to occur in the Neritidx and other univalves.

\ It-port 4th I)ist. N. Y., 1843.

1 1 In a sheet entitled " Iowa Geological Survey, supplement to vol. 1. part ii, 1S5SV" issued in
1860 Prof. Hall described a patelliform Platyceras, lr> in Nauvoo, Illinois, under the name /'.//.-
sureUa, which In- says lias a perforation just anterior to the apex. Although this is merely men-
tioned as a specific character, distinguishing n from an otherwise similar species described in the
same paper, conchologists will readily understand that such an opening:, near the apex of the
shell, if oat oral must have been, judging from all analogy, for an excurrent or anal siph >n , as
in the FissureUidee, and hence would not only remove the species from tbegenus Plalyctras. hut
from the family Captdidie, and place it in the Fissurellidse, regarded hy the best systtmatists as
belonging t i a distinct order fri m that including the Capulida . A careful examination, however,
nfthe typical specimens ol P. fissurella, and other examples of the same species from the original
locality, now in ihe p sses-ion of one of ihe writers, leads us t" think the perforation alluded to
(whii h only exists in nne of the specimens), almost hejond doubt an accidental break in the shell,
not a natural perforation

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

2G3

Pentremi'te that the fit looks as if it might have been air tight. The corres-
ponding undulations of the lines of growth likewise show clearly that this nice
adaptation of the margins of the lip to the irregularities of the surface of the
Penfremite could not have resulted from accidental pressure when the edge of
the lip was somewhat yielding, since these curves in the marks of growth are
seen to extend up the sides of the shell some distance from the margin, where
there could have been no flexibility.

This habit of attaching themselves to Crinoids, has led some to think the cri-
noids were in the act of devouring these mollusks at the moment when they per-
ished, and that these mollusks constituted the chief food of the crinoids. So far as
our observations go, however, we do not think the evidence sufficient to es-
tablish this fact, since these shells are as often attached to the side of'the crinoid
below the horizon of the arms as to the summit, and hence out of reach of the
mouth, while the conformity of the margins of the shell to the inequalities of the
surface to which they are found attached, rather indicates that they grew there.
The probability seems to be, that like various other sedentary marine animals,
these mollusks, in their very young state, floated freely about until they found
a suitable place to attach themselves. We were at one time inclined to think
there might also be some reason for believing that the a lult shell at least some-
times changed its station, from the fact that iu some instances we observe the
lines of growth indicating strong sinuosities iu the lip during apart of the growth
of the shell, which afterwards became suddenly obliterated, to give place to a
different set of irregularities, as if the animal had changed its stat on and
adapted the sinuosities of its lip to a new surface. This, however, may have
been produced by the lateral expansion of the lip, by which it was brought into
contact with different inequalities as the shell increased in size. We have no
evidence that they possessed the power of excavating a depression in the sur-
face of attachment, as in Amalthea, or of secreting a shelly layer or support
under the foot, as in Hipponyx.

Prof. Hall has' proposed to establish two subordinate groups under this
genus, more or less distinct from the typical forms of Platyceras. These may
be distinguished thus : —

1. Platijciras, Conrad. (Typical.) Shell with apex incurved or spiral ; sur-
face concentrically striated, sometimes radiately plicate, rarely spiuiterous.
Pileopsis iubifer, Sow.

2. Orthonychia, Hall. Shell arched or straight, with concentric striae.
P.'aiycerns subrectum, Hall.

3. Igoceras, Hall. Differing from the last in having the surface cancellated.
Ex. P. plicatum, Conr.

It is, however, often very difficult to separate the species into these groups,
owing to the numerous gradations by which they bleud into each other.

PLATYCEKAS LJEVIGATUM, M. & W.

Shell small, dextral, subglobose, composed of two to two and a-half very
rapidly expanding contiguous whorls, the first of which is minute ; last whorl
forming much the larger part of the shell, evenly convex, and although in-
creasing rapidly in size, not properly campanulate ; aperture nearly circular,
being somewhat straightened on the inner side ; lip not sinuous in any
of the specimens examined ; surface nearly smooth, but showing fine lines of
growth under a lense, where not worn.

Length, 0-55 inch; breadth, 0 38 inch.

This little shell is not very nearly related to any of the other carboniferous
species of this country with which we are acquainted. It will be readily
identified by its small size, rapidly expanding whorls, smooth surface, without
folds or plications, and the non-sinuous, regular outline of its lip. From the
latter character, it would seem to have attached itself only to even surfaces.
In size and the regular smoothness of its surface it is quite similar to

18 i6.] -

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

P. bivalve, of White k Whitfield, from the Kinderhook group ; but it may be
readily distinguished by its much more rapidly expanding whorls and conse-
quently larger aperture. It also differs in having the apex of its spire distinctly
sunken below the upper side of the body whorl, instead of nearly even
with it.

Amongst foreign species, ours is perhaps most nearly allied to Pileopsis
angustata, of Phillips (Geol. Yorks. 11, pi. xiv, fig. 20), from which it also
differs in having its whorls much more rapidly expanding, and its aperture
proportionally much larger and more rounded.

Locality and position, — St. Genevieve county, Missouri, and Randolph
County, Illinois ; from the Chester division of the Subcarboniferous series.

Platyceras haliotoides, M. & W.

Shell rather small, ovate, very oblique and depressed ; composed of two very
rapidly expanding, nearly or quite contiguous volutions, the last one of which
is depressed above, narrowly rounded around the dorsal side, and forms nearly
the entire bulk of the shell ; apex of spire on a plane with upper side of the
b»dy whorl ; aperture large, transversely oval, being wider than high ; lip
sometimes sinuous on the outer or dorsal side ; surface with moderately dis-
tinct lines of growth. Exfoliated surfaces sometimes showing apparently
traces of revolving stria?.

Length, 0-73 inch ; breadth, 0-54 inch ; height, 0 41 inch.

This species will be recognized by its very oblique depressed form, and the
narrowly round character of the outer side of its holy whorl, which peculiari-
ties give it much the form of a Huliotis. Its first turn, which is quite small,
seems to have been sometimes free or slightly detatched from the body of the
shefl, and in other examples in contact with it. The marks of growth generally
indicate a rather broad, moderately deep sinuosity of the lip on the dorsal or
outer side.

Locality and position.— Waverly sandstone, fifty feet below the Millstone
grit, Richfield, Summit county, Ohio.

Platyceras pncum, M. & W.

Shell rather under medium size, in adult examples elongate conical and
oblique ; body portion nearly straight, especially on the posterior side ; apex
attenuate, pointed, laterally compressed and curved backwards (without any
lateral obliquity), so as to form a free hook of ab mt half a turn. Aperture
generally a little wider transversely than the antero-posterior diameter, and
usually shoeing a faintly subtrigonal outline, produced by the prominence of
the front, and the flattening of the posterior side of the body. Lip irregularly
undulated, prominent on each side, broadly sinuous behind and provided
with a very deep narrow sinus in front. Surface with the usual undulating
concentric striae crossed on the lower half of the body by small, rather obscure
longitudinal plications, and in front by a larger, but narrow prominent ridge,
upon which the lines of growth make a strong upward curve, so as to indicate
the presence of the anterior sinus during most of the growth of the shell.

Length, 1 inch; breadth (transverse diameter of the aperture), 0-70 inch;
antero-posterior diameter of the aperture, 0"55 inch.

This species is intermediate in size and some other respects between
Plat/jceras acutirostris= ( Capulus acutirostris, Hall) , and Platyct ras equilatera,
Hall. In size and general appearance it is most like the former, though it is
larger and differs in having its apex merely hooked instead of subspiral, as
well as in its prominent anterior ridge and deeper and narrower anterior sinus.
From P. equilatera it is distinguished by its smaller size, narrower and straighter
form (particularly at maturity), less incurved beak, prominent anterior ridge,
deep anterior sinus and portionady smaller aperture. It also wants the
antero-lateral sinuses of the lip seen in the typical forms of that shell.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 265

It is quite evident that the nature and position of the sinuosities of the lip,
as already suggested, in all the species of this genus, were modified to a con-
siderable extent by the nature of the surface to which the animal was attached
during life. A careful examination, however, of large collections of most of
the known American palaeozoic species, shows that there was generally a ten-
dency towards a uniformity in the sinus and the corresponding longitudinal
ridges, when present, iu each species, particularly in those of Carboniferous
age.

Locality and position. — Keokuk limestone, of the Subcarboniferous series, at
Nauvoo, 111.

Platyceras (Orthonychia) chestere.vse, M. & W.

Shell small, obliquely conical, more or less arched ; apex sometimes
rather attenuate, curved or directed backwards so as to stand nearly over the
posterior margin ; anterior and lateral sides expanding rather rapidly from
near the apex; aperture irregularly subcircnlar ; lip margin more or less
undulated. Surface marked by fine undulating concentric stria? of growth,
and usually with about five rather broad radiating furrows that extend from
the lip to the middle or above, so as to leave between them five broad obtuse
ridges, which are themselves sometimes faintly divided into smaller irregular
costae near the margin of the lip.

Height, or length, measuring from the anterior basal margin obliquely to the
apex, O-b'b' inch ; transverse breadth of aperture, 0-55 inch; longitudinal do.
of same, 0.53 inch.

The most marked feature about this little shell is the rather general pres-
ence of about five radiating furrows extending sometimes from near the apex
to the margin, so as to divide the surface into about five broad ridges, some-
times themselves faintly subdivided. This character is not in all cases dis-
tinctly defined, though the specimens generally show indications of it, while
in some instances it is a very conspicuous feature. In this character it is much
like the Burlington group species, P. quincyense, of McChesney, from which,
however, it is distinguished by its much smaller size, more rapid expansion
and more arcuate oblique form.

It is a specimen apparently of this species to which we have already alluded
as being attached to the side of a Pentremites Godoni. The individual so at-
tached is less attenuate, and has the five furrows less defined than the typical
specimens of the species, but it nevertheless seems to belong to this species.

Locality and position. — Chester division of the Subcarboniferous series,
Chester, Illinois ; also in same position Pope county, 111.

PLATYCERAS (OrTHONYCHIA) SUBPLICATUM, M. & W.

Shell small, depressed conical, somewhat oblique, rapidly expanding from
a subcentral apex; anterior slope slightly convex; posterior and lateral
slopes straight or a little concave ; aperture subcircular ; adductor muscular
scars finely striated and placed a little above the middle on each side ; elongate-
subovate or sublunate, being a little arched, with the larger end forward and
raised slightly higher than the other, and the posterior ends connected by a
linear depression running around behind ; surface (of casts) with a few large,
irregular radiating folds or plications extending from the margins of the aper-
ture more than half way up towards the apex.

Height, 0'36 inch ; anteroposterior diameter, 063 inch ; transverse, do.,
05b' inch.

We have only seen internal casts of this species, which probably do not give
a very correct idea of the nature of the apex, which in the casts is rather ob-
tuse and merely directed somewhat obliquely backwards and upwards. In
perfect shells it is doubtless pointed and more or less incurved. The plications
of the surface are obtuse and rather obscure in the internal casts. The sur-

1866.]

266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

face of the shell is prohahly also marked with more or less distinct lines of
growth. The internal casts show very satisfactorily the muscular scars.

This species has somewhat the general form of P. Jissurella, of Hall, hut
is smaller, less oblique, and differs in the possession of large radiating
plications.

Locality and position same as last.

Platyceras (Oethoxychia) ixfcndibcluji, M. & W.

Platyceras subrectum, Hall, 1S60. Supplement to Iowa Report, page 1, of

additional sheet; (not P. subrectum, Hall, 1859. Twelfth Report Regents

Univ., N. Y., p. 18.)

Shell straight, more or less elongate-conical, very slightly oblique, attenuate
near the straight subcentral apex, thence expanding, at first gradually, then
more rapidly to the irregularly subcircular or suboval aperture ; lip thin and
irregularly undulated, as if to correspond to an uneven surface of attachment.
Surface with more or less distinct, undulating, concentric striae, and near the
lip stronger marks or lamina? of growth; also generally with a few large,
irregular, undefined, radiating plications.

Length. 1*40 inch ; breadth about l-30 inch.

As remarked hy Prof. Hall, this species varies considerably in the degree of
expansion, some specimens being much more attenuated than others. It is
probable that in very young individuals the immediate apex may have been
curved or subspiral, but in all those we have seen it is straight, sometimes a
little compressed, and only removed from a central position by the slight
general obliquity of the whole shell without any curve. In some respects it
is similar to P. quincyense, of McChesney, from the Burlington division of the
Subcarboniferous series. It differs, however, even when, as is sometimes the
case, it is nearly as strongly plicated as that shell, in its more irregular, less
attenuate form and rougher surface, as well as in not having its folds or pli-
cations forming five regular, broad ridges, more or less flattened and concave
along their middle.

From P. fisnurella, Hall, the shell here described differs in being less de-
pressed or more attenuate, particularly near the apex, which is never oblique
as in that species.

Prof. Hall hail described the species under consideration, in the supplemen-
tary skeet quoted above, but as he by an oversight gave it the same specific
name {subrectum) he had previously applied to another species froui the upper
Heidelberg rocks of New York, it becomes necessary, in order to prevent con-
fusion, that our Illinois species should receive another name, and hence we
propose to call it P. infundibulum.

From the same locality and position with the above, we have a single speci-
men differing from the others in bein<_v greatly more slender and elongated. It
is perfectly straight, somewhat compressed laterally and about twice as long
as wide, being very attenuate above the middle and but slightly expanded be-
low. It is an internal cast, showing no surface markings, but preserving the
transversely elongate-oval muscular scar on each side, apparently connected
by a slender band behind. It is not possible to determine beyond doubt
whether this is a distinct species or only a variety of that described above,
without having more specimens for comparison. Should it prove distinct,
however, we would propose to call it Platyceras (Orthonyckia) extinctor, in
allusion to its resemblance in form* to a candle extinguisher.

Locality a n<l jiusition. — Keokuk division of the Subcarboniferous series,
Warsaw, Illinois.

Genus METOPTOMA, Phillips, 183G.

From Phillips's figures, and very brief diagnosis of the genu? Metoptoma,* it

* " Patcllifurrn, face under the apex truncate." Qeol. Yoiks, 11, p. 223.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 267

is evident he intended it to include only those patelliform palaeozoic shells
with the posterior side more or less truncated. Mr. Billings, however, and
some others extend it so as to include circular or oval species, showing no
traces of the posterior truncation, such as were referred by Phillips and others
to Patella. Although it is probable the typical truncated and the oval or cir-
cular species without the posterior truncation represent two distinct genera,
it is perhaps impracticable in our present state of knowledge to separate these
groups, owing to the fact that there are so many intermediate forms ; while
it is very rarely indeed that we can know anything in regard to the interior
of these fossil shells.

Phillips says nothing respecting the muscular impressions of his typical
species, but his figure of M. obloriga, which seems to represent an internal cast,
shows apparently a horse-shoe shaped scar, like that seen in Capulus, Hip-
ponyx, and the all'ed genera. Prof, de Koninck has also shown ( Sup. An. Fos.,
pi. lviii, fig. 1 and 2) this scar very clearly in M. pileus of Phillips, and M.
Solaris, = (Patella Solaris, de Kon.) From these figures it is evident, as ob-
served by Prof, de Koninck, that the open end of the horse-shoe shaped scar is
directed away from the truncated side of the shell, showing that the truncated
side is the posterior instead of the anterior, as supposed by Phillips.

Metoptoma. (Platycekas?,) ujibella, M. & W.

Shell much depressed or patelliform, circular in outline ; apex central or
very nearly so ; sides sloping about equally, with generally a slight concavity,
in all directions ; surface marked by fine lines and obscure wrinkles of growth.
Muscular scar on each side, elongate-oval and somewhat arched downwards,
with a narrower band connecting them behind.

Length and breadth each about 1*70 iych ; height about 0-70 inch.

Although not an uncommon shell, we have never seen a specimen of this
species with the apex entire, though insome of the casts it looks as if it may have
been suddenly projecting and possibly curved. Hence, we are in doubt
whether it may not fall more properly within the genus Platyceras, though it
is much more depressed and expanded than any species of that genus known
to us. As a general thing, the specimens are regularly circular or slightly
oval, and without traces of the peculiar truncation of the typical forms of
Metoptoma, though some of them seem to show obscure indications of it iu the
slightly less prominent outline of the margin on one side.

On one single partly-worn specimen, apparently agreeing in other respects
with the others, there are indications of small, irregular radiating costaa on
the lower half of apparently the anterior side. This may possibly be a dis-
tinct species, but we cannot be sure of this without more specimens for com-
parison, since the typical specimens are mostly internal casts.

Prof. Winched has described, from the Kinderhook beds at Burlington,
Iowa (Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., July, 1865), a somewhat similar
species, but judging from its measurements, it must be distinctly less depressed
than our shell, and differs in being " contracted at the aperture."

Locality ami position. — Burlington division of the Subcarboniferous series,
Quincy, Illinois ; also in same position on Honey Creek, Henderson county,
Illinois.

Po*LYPHEMOPSIS CHEYSALLIS, M. & W.

Shell subfusiform ; spire conical, moderately elevated, pointed at the apex ;
volutions nine, a little convex and increasing gradually in size, last one form-
ing about two-thirds the entire length and moderately produced below ; suture
distinct ; aperture narrow suboval, acutely angular above and narrowly
effuse below ; inner lip apparently wanting ; columella a little arched and
twisted ; surface showing only very faint traces of lines of growth.

Length, 0-55 inch; breadth, 0*23 inch; apical angle convex on the slopes,
divergence about 40Q.

>6]

268

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

This species has nearly the form of Loxonema Newberry!., of Stevens (an
elongated Macrocfie:lus), but is much smaller, and wants the characteristic
thickening and fold of the columella seen in that species. In size it agrees
more nearly with our Polyphemopsis inornata, frnm a higher position in the
coal-measures at Springfield, Illinois. It has its body volution more produced
below, and less disposed to become subangular around the middle ; while the
slopes of its spire are more convex in outline, owing to the proportionally
larger size of the middle whorls. This latter character gives it the chrysalis-like
form that suggested the specific name.

Locality an'dposltion.=H.o&ge's Creek, Macoupen County, 111. Lower Coal-
Measures.

Naticopsis Littonana, var. genevievensis.

Natica Littonana, Hall, 1856. Trans. Abany Inst., vol. iv. (p. 30, of
extract.)

The shell we here place provisionally as a variety of Natica Littonana,
Hall (a true Naticopsis), agrees almost exactly with authentic examples of
that species from the original locality, excepting that it attains some six or
eight times the size of the largest of the Indiana specimens, and yet has the
same number (four) of whorls. Some of the specimens have the oblique
lines rather more distinctly defined around the upper side of the body whorl
than we have seen on any of the typical examples of Naticopsis Lit-
tonana, but tli is might be expected from their much larger size. These lines,
however, are quite distinct on some of the unworn specimens of N. Littonana,
from Spergen Hill.

Our specimens of the shell under consideration show the inner lip to be
little thickened and very smooth, while the columella is moderately flattened.
The surface is quite smooth up to the area below the suture, marked by the
oblique, very regular stria?, which terminate very regularly and abruptly at
their outer extremities. In worn specimens these lines, however, are entirely
obsolete. It is not impossible that this may prove to be a distinct species
from the N. Liltununa, though we here place it provisionally as a variety
of that species.

Length, 0-73 inch ; breadth, 0'67 inch ; apical angle about 115°.

Locality and position.— St. Genevieve County, Missouri, and Randolph
County, Illinois, Chester division of the Subcarboniferous series.

Genus ANOMPHALUS, M. & W.

Shell depressed, sublenticular, imperforate, smooth and without a spiral band ;
volutions somewhat embracing above, and each hiding all the preceding ones
below ; aperture wider thau high ; peristome not continuous ; labium simple
and without a notch or sinus, projecting forward above ; labium a little sinu-
ous and slightly spreading in the more or less impressed umbilical region.

The type for which this genus is proposed is a little shell having somewhat
the aspect of a Rotella, but wanting the callus seen filling the umbilical im-
pression in that genus. At a first glance it might be mistaken for a small
Straparollus, but on examining the underside it is seen to be entirely without
an umbilicus, though slightly impressed in the middle ; while its lip continues
in below nearly to the centre, where it is abruptly deflected upwards, becomes
a little thickened, somewhat spreading and more or less sinuous, much as we
see on each side of some species of Bellerophon.

We have little doubt but this genus belongs to the Rotellidoe, which was
certainly represented during the deposition of the palaeozoic rocks, apparently
even by the typical genus Rote/la, — the well known Devoniau Ilelicites helicuii-
J'ormis of Schlotheim being apparently a true Rotella.

Anomphalus kotulus, M. & W.
Shell small, depressed, sublenticular, narrowly rounded ou the periphery ;

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 269

spire scarcely visible above the body whorl in a side view ; volutions three
and a half to four, increasing moderately in breadth, last one sloping with a
moderate convexity between the suture and the periphery, and slightly ex-
cavated in the umbilical region ; suture not impressed ; aperture transversely
suboval, being rounded on the outer side and straightened on the lower half of
the inner side, but modified by the return of the body whorl above. Surface
showing scarcely any traces of lines of growth, even under a good magnifier.
(Type of the genus.)

Breadth of a large specimen 019 inch ; height f>07 inch.

Locality and position. — Hodge's creek, Macoupen County, Illinois ; Lower
Coal Measures.

Genus Mickodoma, M. & W.

Shell small, rather thick, conical, imperforate, composed of flattened whorls,
the last one of which is more or less angular around the midille and little pro-
duced below ; aperture about as high as wide ; outer lip simple, straight, and
oblique in outline ; columella without folds or plications ; inner lip thin and
slightly reflexed at the base of the columella. Surface with revolving nodu-
lar ridges.

We have for several years past had under consideration a number of good
specimens of the little shell, for the reception of which this genus is proposed,
but delayed publishing a description of it because we were iu doubt respect-
ing its generic relations. At afiist glance it presents much the appearance of
a Murchisonia, or a rather elongated Pleurotom tria ; but even where the outer
lip is broken away, so that the sinus characteristic of these genera could not
be seen if it had existed, an examination under a good lense shows
that it has no revolving band, and that its lines of growth are without the
peculiar curve in passing across the whorls, so invariably accompanying the
sinus in the lip of Murchisonia and other shells of that type. It also resembles
some of the small, short species of Turritella, but in addition to its shorter,
trochiform outline, its outer lip presents an obliquity and straightness of out-
line that imparts a peculiar appearance to the aperture, not seen in that genus.
From our genus Orthonema, with which it is associated in the rocks, it differs,
not only in its shorter trochiform outline and nodular revolving ridges, but
also in its very oblique lines of growth and the consequent obliquity of its
outer lip.

It is not easy to determine the family affinities of this type, but it may pos-
sibly belong to the Littorinidce. It is probable that Pleuratomaria serrilimba
and P. biseriata, of Phillips, referred by Prof, de Koninck to the genus Troc/ius,
may belong to this genus. We doubt the existence of the genus Trockus,
as properly restricted to such types as the recent T. niloticus, Linnaeus, during
the Carboniferous epoch.

MlCRODOMA CONICA, M. & W.

Shell rather elongate conical or subtrochiform ; volutions seven, flattened
on a line with the slope of the spire, increasing rather gradually in size— last
one not much produced below the mesial angle, where it is only marked by
minute striae of growth ; suture rather deep ; aperture quadrato-suborbicular.
Surface ornamented by three distinct, revolving, nodular ridges, the largest
and lowest of which occupies the mesial angle of the body whorl, and passes
around immediately above the suture of the whorls of the spire, while the
upper one occupies the tipper margin of all the whorls just below the suture,
and the third one passes around midway between the others. Lines of growth
small and crossing the flattened slopiug sides of each whorl obliquely, so as
to indicate a distinct forward extension of the outer lip at its connection with the
body whorl above. Nodes of the revolving angles small, closely and regularly
arranged on the different ridges, so as to form oblique rows parallel to the
lines of growth.

Length, 0-21 inch ; breadth, 0-12 inch ; apical angle, 36°.

1866.]

270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

This species seems to be much like Pleuratomaria serrilimba, of Phillips,
judging from his figure, (Geol. Yorks. 11, pi. xv. fig. 30) ; but it is utterly im-
possible to make satisfactory comparisons with species so briefly described aud
poorly figured, without having access to authentic specimens.

Locality and position. — Macoupen County, 111. Lower Coal Measures.

Orthonema conica, II. & W.

Shell elongate conical, thin. Volutions (in adult shells) about nine, flattened
nearly on a line with the slope of the spire, or but slightly convex ; lower
ones sometimes a little projecting at their lower margins immediately above
the suture ; last one distinctly angular around the middle, and but modera'ely
produced below the angle, where it is a little convex. Umbilical region not
indented. Suture generally well defined between the lower whorls, aud merely
linear above. Aperture rhombic subquadrate. Surface showing, under a
magnifier, small, very slightly oblique lines of growth, which are sometimes
crossed on the middle of the flattened outer slope of the body whorl, by very
faint traces of two revolving ridges, and below the angle, on the under side.
by traces of another revolving ridge.

Length, 0-70 inch ; breadth, 0-30 inch ; apical angle a little convex on its
slopes, divergence about 30°.

This species will be readily distinguished from our O. Salteri, from the
same locality and position, by its larger size, smaller number of whorls,
greater apical angle, and particularly by never having the two linear revolv-
ing ridges just below the suture, so characteristic of that species. As men-
tioned in the description, it sometimes, though rarely, shows traces of two
very obscure revolving ridges on the flattened part of the body whorl, but
these are midway between its principal angle and the suture, while those on
O. Salteri are always very distinct, and placed just below the suture. The
principal angle on the body whorl of O. Salteri is also much more distinct,
being a true carina.

From the several species of Pohjphemopsis of our coal-measures, such as our
P. inornata, P. peraci/ta, &c, which it somewhat resembles, this species will
be distinguished by its angular body whorl ; and particularly by not having
this whorl produced below, and its columella curved outwards and trunca-
ted, so as to produce the peculiar effuse character of the base of the aperture
seen in that genus.

Locality and position. — Hodge's Creek, Macoupen County. 111. Lower Coal
Measures.

TROCHITA ? CARBONARIA, M. &. "W.

Shell small, depressed trochiform, or broadly conical, about twice as wide
as high, circular in outline as seen from above ; periphery alate and very
sharp, not serrate or crenate ; apex central, mammillated ; volutions about
five, flattened or a little concave in the middle ; suture merely represented by
a nearly obsolete line scarcely visible without the aid of a magnifier ; aper-
ture unknown ; umbilicus small, infundibuliform. Surface smooth on the
upper whorls, but showing moderately distinct, extremely oblique lines of
growth on the last turn.

Breadth, 035 inch ; height, 0-17 inch ; apical angle about 105°.

This little shell resembles quite nearly Trochella prisca, of McCoy, from the
Carboniferous limestone of Ireland ; from which it differs in its much smaller
size, and moderately distinct lines of growth. So far as we know, it is the
first shell of this type ever found in our American Palaeozoic rocks. Its alate
margin seems to project as a sharp rim around the periphery, and the general
aspect of the shell is very like that of the genus J'horus, though we have been
unable to see any indications of foreign bodies being attached to the margin.
We are not sure, however, but we would be nearer right in calling it Phorus
carbonarius, or Onustus carbonarius.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 271

Locality and position. — St. Genevieve Co., Missouri; Chester division of the
Siibcarboniferojis series.

Platyschisma hemcoides, Sowerby? (sp.)

The specimens before us agree so exactly with the figures and descriptions
of Sowerby's Ampullaria (Globulus) helicoides, from the English Mountain lime-
stone, that we are completely at a loss to find any characters by which it can
be distinguished. The largest of them are somewhat smaller than the aver-
age size of English specimens, and none of them are so depressed as the form
for which Phillips proposed the name Natica elongata ; their outline being
more nearly like Sowerby's fig. 2, pi. 522, Min. Con. On comparison with
specimens of the Belgian form from Tournay (usually referred to Sowerby's
species), which they never equal in size, and which seem to us probably dis-
tinct from the English species, they are found to differ in having the whorls
less rounded above, and the revolving strife within the small umbilicus coarser.
The surface is quite smooth, the apex rather obtuse, and some of the speci-
mens show indications of the faint sinus in the outer lip, which has caused the
European specimens to be sometimes referred to the genus Pleurotomaria.
There are no traces of a spiral band, however, and some individuals seem to
have had no notch or sinus in the lip.

Locality and position. — Chester limestone, of the Subcarboniferous series, St.
Genevieve Co , Missouri ; where it is quite abundant, aud occurs with a Nau-
tilus (Trematodiscus) we cannot distinguish from iV". sulcatus, Sowerby.

Pleurotomaria conoides, M. & W.

Shell small, regularly conoid-trochiform. longer than wide, the breadth be-
ing to the length about as five to six. Volutions five or six, increasing regu-
larly and rather gradually in size, — all obliquely flattened nearly parallel
to the slope of the spire, though the lower margin of each projects at i lie
suture slightly beyond the upper edge of the succeeding one below ; last one
angular around the periphery at the base, and flattened on the under side at
less than a right angle to the oblique slope above, but rounding abruptly into
the minute umbilical perforation within. Aperture rhombic quadrangular,
with nearly equal length and breadth ; inner lip straight and parallel to the
axis of the shell below, but curving out abruptly at its base. Surface orna-
mented with small, regular, oblique, arching sfria3 on the upper sloping sides
of the whorls, and minute sigmoid lines, crossed near the periphery by faint
traces of a few revolving stria?, on the under side of the body whorl. Spiral
band narrow, located at, or slightly above the periphery of the body volution,
and passing around its own breadth above the suture on the whorls of tbe
spire ; margined above and below by a raised line.

Length, 0-27 inch ; breadth, 0'23 inch ; apical angle regular, divergence
about 50°.

This species belongs to the trochiform section of the genus, including Pleu-
rotomaria obtusispira, and P. Riddellii, Shumard ; P. turbiniformw, M. & W.,
and P. Missouriensis, Swallow, (sp.) It differs from all these shells, however,
in being much smaller, although composed of about the same number of
whorls ; while it also differs from them all excepting the P. obtusispira in hav-
ing no revolving striae on the upper side of its whorls, and from that species
in having a more elevated spire, and rather coarse, instead of " extremely fine,
stria? of growth " on the upper slope of its whorls. In form and general ap-
pearance it resembles quite nearly Trochus coniformis, de Koninck (An. Foss.
pi. xxxvii. fig. 4, a, b,)* but differs in wanting the spiral striae, and of course
in the possession of a distinct, but narrow spiral band.

*This snell resembles so closely in form, surface markings and general outliue, several of our
American Carboniferous species of Pleurotomaria, that in case it had been described by a lees ex-
perienced palaeontologist than I'rof. de Koninck, we should have suspected it to belong to that
genusinstead of being a true Trochus. In one Pleurotomaria turbiniformis, for instance, and tbe
beautiful species described by Prof. Swallow under the name Trochus Missouriensis, the spiral
band is so very narrow and inconspicuous as to be easily overlooked, when the margin of the lip
is broken away.

1866.]

272 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Locality and position. — Hodge's Creek, Macoupen County, 111. Lower Coal
Measures.

Pleurotomaria Coxana, M. & W.

Shell attaining a large size, obliquely conoid-subtrochiform, longer than
wide; spire turreted, forming rather more than half the entire length. Vo-
lutions six to seven, convex, very prominent or obtusely subangular below the
middle, at which point those of the spire project out over the suture ; all flat-
tened or slightly concave above, with an outward slope of about 35° to the
axis, from the suture to the most prominent part, where the spiral band is
placed ; below this the underside is rounded convex to the small umbilical
perforation. Suture strongly defined by the convexity of the whorl just
above it. Aperture subquadrate. approaching subcircular in adult shells.
Surface ornamented by exceedingly fine, regular lines of growth, that run
very obliquely backwards, with a slight forward curve in passing down the
sloping upper side from the suture to the spiral band at ihe most prominent
part of the whorls ; between this and the umbilical perforation below they
make a backward curve. Casts also show some traces of much stronger re-
volving lines in the umbilical region.

As is not uncommon in species of this type, the divergence of the apical
angle varies considerably with age, being greater in young than adult shells.
In internal casts there is a moderately distinct umbilical perforation, which
seems to be very small, or nearly closed in specimens retaining the shell.
The lines of growth are exceedingly fine and regular, without any traces of
revolving striae, excepting near the umbilicus, and we are not sure they really
exist there, as only traces of apparently such lines have been seen.

This shell will be readily distinguished from all of those known to us, ap-
proaching it in size, such as P. tabulata, Conrad, and P. su/jscalaris, M. & W.,
by its more oblique form, more sloping and less angular whorls, as well as
by the absence of any traces of revolving stria? on the upper slope of its whorls.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. E. T. Cox, of New Harmony,
Indiana, to whom we are indebted for the use of the best specimen of the spe-
cies we have seen.

Locality and position. — Iron ore beds of Lower Coal Measures, at Nolan's
Furnace, Edmondson Co., Kentucky.

Plecrotomaria spironema, M. & W.
i

Shell rather under medium size, subglobose, its length and breadth being
nearly equal. Volutions five to six, increasing rather rapidly in size ; those
of the spire convex ; the last one forming more than four-fifths of the entire
length, and as much as nine-tenths the entire bulk of the shell, — rounded
regularly from the suture above to the umbilical region below, excepting
near the aperture, where it is a little more prominent below than above the
middle. Suture well defined. Aperture subcircular in general outline, but
rather strongly modified above the middle on the inner side, by the return of
the body whorl. Inner lip slightly thickened a.nd deeply arcuate below, but
wanting or exceedingly thin above the middle of the aperture ; columella tortu-
ous, with a slightly impressed furrow at the outer margin of the inner lip,
but without an umbilical perforation. Surface ornamented with regular, dis-
tinct revolving striae, crossed just below the suture by short little regular node-
like folds, confined to the narrow space between the suture and the spiral band ;
similar, but smaller, more crowded and longer curved wrinkles also radiate
from the umbilical region, on the under side of the body whorl. Lines of
growth obscure on all the specimens examined. Spiral band flattened so as
to be even with the general surface, nearly smooth, and placed half-way be-
tween the middle of the body whorl and the suture above, or about once and
a half its own breadth below the suture.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 273

Length and breadth of a medium sized specimen, each 0-45 inch; length of
aperture, 0*25 inch; breadth of do., 0'23 inch ; apical angle convex, diverg-
ence, 90°; breadth of spiral band at the aperture 007 inch.

This species is nearly related to P. Beckwithana of McChesney (New Palaeo-
zoic fossils, p. 61), with which we supposed it to be identical from Prof.
McCbesney's description, until we had an opportunity to compare it with
good examples of the P. Beckwithana from the original locality. On com-
parison with these, we find our shell to be readily distinguished by having
its spiral band located midway between the middle and upper margin of the
body whorl, instead of passing around the middle of the outer side. It like-
wise differs in showing no traces of revolving stria? on the spiral band, and
in having small wrinkles crossing the revolving striae on the under side of the
body whorl, while the little wrinkles around the upper edge of the whorls
are stronger and shorter than in P. Beckwithana. Again there is a differ-
ence in the revolving striae, those of our shell never having an intermediate
smaller one between two larger ones, as is generally the case with those of
McCbesney's species.

The close similarity between these two species, both in form and ornamen-
tation, shows the necessity for great care and precision in drawing up de-
scriptions of species, even where they may be widely different from all known
forms ; since we often find, in such cases, that other species are afterwards dis-
covered that cannot be distinguished by the original description from the
forms first described. Every word in Prof. McCbesney's description, except-
ing what is said in regard to the starting point of the spiral band, would ap-
ply equally well to our species. It is true, he gives the number of whorls as
four or five, while in our shell they may be described as numbering five or
six, but of course little reliance can be placed upon a difference of only one
whorl, where they are all counted to the extreme apex.

Locality and position. — Lower Coal Measures, on Hodge's Creek, Macoupen
County, Illinois.

Pleurotomaria valvatiformis, M. & W.

Shell minute, depressed, or about twice as wide as high ; volutions three
and a half to four, regularly rounded, and increasing rather gradually in size;
suture well defined in consequence of the convexity of the whorls ; umbilicus
proportionally small or closed ; aperture suborbicular, being a little straighter
on the inner side. Spiral band nearly or quite even with the surface of the
whorls, and placed on the middle of their outer side. Surface smooth, as
seen without a magnifier, but presenting traces of microscopic revolving striae,
in a good light under a strong lens.

Height, 0-04 inch; breadth, 008 inch.

This is by far the smallest species of the genus we have ever seen, and if it
were not for the fact that we find so many specimens of it not exceeding the
dimensions given above, we would think might be a young shell. This, how-
ever, taken in "connection with the absence, so far as yet known, of any spe-
cies in our carboniferous rocks agreeing near enough for this to be its young,
are sufficient reasons for believing it to be an adult shell. It is more nearly
like our P. micronema of this paper than any of its associates with which we
are acquainted, but in addition to its vastly smaller size (although having
nearly the same number of whorls), it differs in being much more depressed,
and in having proportionally much more slender whorls ; while its spiral
band passes around the middle of the body whorl, instead of between the
middle and the upper margin. In the position of its band it is nearer like
P. Beckwithana of McChesnej, but differs so widely in size, and other charac-
ters, as to render a close comparison unnecessary.

Locality and position. — Hodge's Creek, Macoupen County, 111. Lower Coal
Measures.

1866.] 18

t

274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

MURCHISONIA INORNATA, M. & W.

Shell very small, conic subovate ; axis imperforate'; spire short (for a Mur-
chisonia). Volutions six, convex, increasing rather gradually in size, last one
forming more than half the entire shell, most prominent around the middle,
but not even obtusely angular, a little produced below ; suture impressed.
Aperture slightly oblique, subovate in outline, being angular above, and
rounded and apparently faintly effuse below. Spiral band not distinguishable
from the general surface of the whorls, excepting from the curve of the minute
lines of growth, as seen by the aid of a magnifier ; apparently of moderate
breadth, and placed about half-way between the middle aud upper side of the
body whorl, passing around near the middle of those of the spire. Surface
appearing nearly smooth to the eye, but when examined with a magnifier,
seen to be ornamented with small obscure revolving striae, most distinct be-
low the middle of the body whorl ; crossing these, traces of very minute lines
of growth may be seen, by the aid of a good lens in a favorable light, curving
strongly backwards as they approach an undefined spiral band.

Length, 0-22 inch ; breadth, 0-13 inch ; apical angle about 38°.

This is one of those intermediate forms, that might, so far as can be deter-
mined from the shell, be referred with almost equal propriety to either Mur-
chisonia or I'ieurotomarin. Although we have placed it in the former genus,
we are not sure but we should call it I'leurotomaria inornata. It will be readily
distinguished from all the little species of either of these genera known to
us, that have neither costate nor carinated whorls, by its nearly smooth
surface and obsolete spiral band. Excepting in its much smaller size, and less
produced body whorl, it has somewhat the look of Murchisonia melanoides, de
Koninck, (An. Foss. pi. iii. sup. fig. 14, a, b,) but the more produced lower
part of the body whorl of that shell gives its aperture a different form, while
it has a well defined spiral band occupying a lower position on the whorls,
and no traces of revolving lines.

Locality and position. — Hodge's Creek, Macoupen County, Illinois. Lower
Coal Measures.

CEPHALOPODA.

Nadtilus [Trematodiscus] sulcatus, Sowerby ?

Amongst other specimens from the Chester group of St. Genevieve County,
Missouri, we have several examples of a small Nautilus, agreeing so nearly
with Sowerby's N. sulcatus that we are strongly inclined to believe it identi-
cal with that species. It attains about the same size, has a similar umbilicus,
the same number of whorls, with the same number of furrows and intermedi-
ate ridges on each side, and like that species has a small, nearly central si-
phon ; while it also agrees in the size and flexures of its lines of growth, as
well as in the variations it presents. The only differences we can see are
that our shell seems to have the whorls generally more compressed, and its
furrows and ridges sometimes more obsolescent on the outer volution of the
larger specimens. Still it generally agrees quite as nearly with the typical
forms of that species, as those usually referred to it by the most reliable
European authorities, and even more nearly than many of these do with each
other. (Prof, de Koninck's description of N. sulcatus agrees exactly with our
shell.) Its lines of growth make so strong a backward curve in crossing the
slightly concave, rather narrow periphery, that we were at first inclined to
think it a large Porccllia, but a closer examination soon satisfied us that it is
septate, and provided with a small, nearly central siphon. In short, it is a
typical example of the group for which wepropoSed the subgeneric name Tre-
matodiscus.

We are not aware of this species having been previously identified in Ame-
rica.

[July,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 275

Nautilus (Cryptoceras) rookfordensis, M. & W.

As the only specimen of this shell we have seen consists of not more than
half of a volution, we are left in some doubt whether it is a Cryptoceras or a
Gyroceras. Its volutions were evidently not embracing, as they are not at all
concave on the inner side, but rounded all around, so as to present a slightly
oval, or subelliptic section, the transverse diameter of which is to the dorso-
ventral, as 132 to 110. The half volution curves around an umbilical cavity
apparently rather more than half as wide as the greatest dorso-ventral diame-
ter of the volution at the same point. The siphon, although not quite in con-
tact with the dorsal side, is so near it as to give the internal cast the appear-
ance of having a small deep dorsal lobe. The septa are distant, measuring,
on the dorsal side, about two-fifths the dorso-ventral diameter of the whorl
at the point of measurement, and their 'edges pass almost directly around
the whorls. (Surface, number of whorls and aperture unknown.)

Length of a half turn, including a small portion of the last chamber, meas-
uring around the dorsum, 3-78 inches ; greatest transverse diameter at the
larger end, 1-80 inch ; dorso-ventral do., 1-60 inch.

It is probable, judging from analogy, that the lip of this species, in entire
specimens, will be found to be pinched out or projecting laterally on each ven-
tro-lateral margin of the aperture, as in some other species of this type. We
know of no other species with which it is liable to be confounded.

Locality and position. — Goniatite limestone, of the Kinderhook division of
the Subcarboniferous series, at Rockford, Indiana.

Note. — In the August number of the Proceedings of the Academy for 1865,
p. 165, we proposed the name Evactinopora, for a curious radiated body, evi-
dently belonging to the Polyzoa, from the carboniferous rocks of Missouri.
Since that time, farther comparisons lead us to think this fossil possibly
not generically distinct from Conodictyum of Miinster. If so, the name of our
species will of course become Conodictyum radiatum. It is a little remarkable,
however, that the known species of Conodictyum are from Jurassic rocks.

August 7th.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Fifteen members present.

August 14:t7i.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Fifteen members present.

August 21st.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty-two members present.

Prof. Cope exhibited the remains of a gigantic extinct Dinosaur, from the
Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey. The bones were portions of the
under jaw with teeth, portions of the scapular arch, including supposed
clavicles ; two humeri, left femur, and right tibia and fibula, with numerous
1866.]

276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

phalanges, lumbar sacral and caudal vertebrae, and numerous other elements
in a fragmentary condition.

The animal was found by the workmen under direction of J. C. Voorhees,
Superintendent of the West Jersey Marl Company's pits, about two miles
south of Barnesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J.

The bones were taken from about twenty feet below the surface, in the top
of the "chocolate" bed, which immediately underlies the green stratum
which is of such value as a manure.

The discovery of this animal filled a hiatus in the Cretaceous Fauna, re-
vealing the carnivorous enemy of the great herbivorous Hadrosaurus, as the
Dinodon was related to the Trachodon of the Nebraska beds, and the Mega-
losaurus to the Iguanodon of the European Wealden and Oolite.

In size this creature equalled the Megalosaurus bucklandii, and with
it and Dinodon, constituted the mo^t formidable type of rapacious terrestrial
vertebrata of which we have any knowledge. In its dentition and huge pre-
hensile claws it resembled cjosely Megalosaurus, but the femur, resembling
in its proximal regions more nearly the Iguanodon, indicated the probable
existence of other equally important differences, and its pertinence to another
genus. For this and the species the name of Laelaps aquilunguis was
proposed.

The following were some of the special characters.

Mandible. — Two portions, one from the anterior pari of the ramus. The
latter measure three inches in depth from the outer alveolar border, which is
a little more elevated than the internal, and 1.5 in. in thickness at the frac-
tured edge. A longitudinal series of vascular foramina extends along the
middle of the external face. The teeth are implanted in deep alveolae, had
oval compressed fangs, and lenticular compressed crown, with large pulp
cavity. The crown was elongate, subacute and slightly curved backwards,
minutely striate, and strongly serrate on both edges to near the fang ; this
portion of a young tooth yet in the alveolus measured 2Jin. long and ll-16ths
in transverse diameter.

Left Femur. — The great external trochanter massive and elevated to the
plane of the head, from which it is only separated by a slight depression, and
to which it is slightly transverse. The head not projecting far beyond shaft,
and without constriction below. In Megalosaurus the head is produced be-
yond a kind of neck, and the great trochanter is much smaller and lower
down, differing thus from the other known Dinosaurs. The femur of Lae-
laps is therefore much flattened from before backwards above, but is cy-
lindrical and curved backwards medially. Distally the condyles are more
like Megalosaurus than Hadrosaurus or Iguanodon, yet quite different from
the first. The length of the inner condyle greater than the transverse ex-
tent of the two, the popliteal groove deeper and the trochlear aspect more
concave, leaving a narrower connection between the condyles. The inner
condyle was much narrower and both more projecting than in Megalosaurus.
The third trochanter is small, and lower down than in any known Dinosaur,
being removed less than one-third the length of the femur from the inner
distal condyle.

In.

Length of femur, 31

Breadth across head and great trochanter, 6|

Circumference medially, 11

Antero-posterior length of inner distal condyle, 6.5

" " " outer " " 3.25

Transverse extent of united condyle, 4.5

" " popliteal groove (at middle) 1.5

Right tibia. — The tibia is more slender than that belonging to Megalosaurus
described by Prof. Owen, and the distal articular surface, instead of being

[A

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 277

lozenge-shaped, is cuneiform, the inner wide extremity oval rounded. In-
ner transverse breadth of proximal head one-fourth total length. Anterior
ridge very strong, much incurved, disappearing at between the proximal
fifth and fourth of length ; internal ridge on proximal half, strong, but not
reaching condyles. Posterior condyles separated by a deep notch, inner
larger than outer ; (outer larger, Megalosaurus bucklandii). Shaft much
compressed from before backwards, and distal articulation at right angles to
proximal, concave on its interior half.

In.

Length of -tibia, , 30.75

Circumference proximal head, 15.

Antero-posterior diameter do 7.5

Posterior transverse do. do .... 5.5

Transverse length distal condyle, , 7.

Longitudinal inner breadth, 2.5

Circumference o£ shaft at middle, 10.5

These long bones are hollow, with thick walls of dense bone ; diameter of
medullary cavity at middle of tibia 1.5 inch.

Fibula. — Twenty-three inches preserved, proximally concave and dilated ;
condyle curved, narrow acuminate oval, in profile concave, then rounded
descending; length 6 in., median breadth 1.75 in. Just below the condyle
on the inside is a deep concavity with abrupt superior and lateral walls. Shaft
less flattened below, but slender, reaching a width of 1^- in.

Humerus. — Both are preserved, but lack the distal condyle ; about half the
olecranar fossa of one remains, furnishing an indication of the breadth of that
extremity. They are proximally much dilated, having a very strong postero-
external ala and a shorter antero-internal dilatation. They are not half the
length of the femur ; the shaft is flattened antero-interually. Of the proxi-
mal articulating surface the proper condyle is lost, but a narrow surface
continuous with it externally does not extend further out on the dilation than
opposite to the middle of the shaft. Olecranar fossa large and well marked,
not near to penetrating ; medullary cavity of shaft relatively smaller than in
the bones of the leg.

In.

Length of humerus (restored), 12

Greatest proximal breadth, 3-75

Distal breadth across olecranar fossa, ., 3.

Circumference of shaft, '. 5.^

These humeri are relatively shorter than in Hadrosaurus and Iguanodon,
and the external alae do not pass so abruptly into the shaft as in them.

? Clavicles. — Two lateral elements are nearly similar to those identified by
' Owen in Iguanodon with clavicles, and by Leidy in Hadrosaurus with the
pubes. Their disproportionate size, as compared with the humeri in Lae-
laps, renders their recognition as clavicles difficult ; they are very unlike
usual forms of pubes. Each has a gentle sigmoid flexure, and a subtrigonal
section They are flattened at the inner extremity and dilated with a margin
at right angles to the shaft; the whole extremity is not preserved; the flat-
tened portion is hollow, while the shaft is entirely solid. Length 18.5 inches.
Phalanges. — No. 1. An ungueal phalange of remarkable size and destruc-
tive use. The depth at the proximal articulation is about the same as in
Megalosaurus bucklandii, (two inches without inferior tuberosity) but
the length is considerably greater. Form everywhere compressed, especially
at tip, rounded above. Below the articulating surfaces is the point of in-
sertion of a large flexor tendon, a flattened subglobular process, separated
by a groove except in front. The groove extends on each side distally on
the middle, to the tip. The general form is not unlike that of a rapacious
bird, but is more compressed.

1866.]

278 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

In.

Length on convexity, , 9f

Chord from articulatory surface, 6f

Surface slightly striated at the base on one side.

No. 2. Penultimate. Proximally higher than broad, distally broader than
high ; two elevated articular surfaces proximally, distal condyles separated
by a deep groove and much prolonged inferiorly ; a fossa on each side ec-
centric to the condyle. Superior outline straight, inferior descending
behind.

No. 3. Also penultimate, is flatter and more parallelogrammic .in section
than the last.

No. 4. Antepenult? more cylindrical, condyles broken.

In.

Length, No. 2, , 4.75

Proximal elevation, 1.75

" breadth below, 1.75

Breadth shank below, 1.25

Distal width, 1.25

" " of condyles below, 1.75

No. 3, proximal breadth below, 2.125

Breadth shank below, 1.50

Terminal and inferior breadth distal condyles, 1.875

No. 4. length, .6.

Vertebrve. — No cervical or dorsal vertebrae were preserved ; very few lum-
bars, a fragment of two of the connate sacrals and numerous caudals were
all as yet in Prof. C's possession. All are much constricted medially, or hour-
glass shaped, the centrum cylindrical in section throughout in most of the cau-
dals, the anterior of the latter and the lumbars of deeper vertical than trans-
verse diameter throughout. The articular surfaces were moderately shallow
biconcave in all, most strongly in the subproximal caudals. The neural arches
attached by permanent suture, and inferior surfaces for articulation of chev-
ron bones. None of the caudals offer indication of elevated neural spines ;
they appear to have been on the majority low, and of considerable longi-
tudinal extent. Articular surfaces for chevron bones cease near the middle
of series, so that we can safely infer that the tail was cylindrical. Zyga-
pophyses turned upward, not outward.

In.

Length of a median caudal, 4.625

Breadth centrum, 2.375

Length base neural spine, 3.25

Length of a distal caudal (with neural canal), 2.875

Diameter centrum transverse, Tl. 125

" " vertical, 875

Proximal caudal (with short diapophysis) length, 4.5

Depth centrum, ' 3.125

Width, " 3.

Lumbar, depth centrum, 4.5

The disproportion between the fore and hind limbs of the Iguanodon,
together with the compressed form of the tail suggested to Prof. Owen an
aquatic habit, a relation of proportions of limbs to habit seen in the tailless
Batrachia. The discovery of the massive short-toed foot of the Iguanodon
subsequently, has lent little countenance to the supposition of its entire adap-
tation to aquatic life. Dr. Leidy has regarded this disproportion in the cage
of the Hadrosaurus as an index of a habit like that of the Kangaroos (Macro-
pus, etc.), and that that monster rested in an oblique position on the hind
limbs and tail, and reached upwards with its muzzle and short fore limbs to
the foliage on which it fed.

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 279

That such a habit characterized the Laelaps is very probable ; the tail
was nearly cylindric, and from the extent of the condyles of the femur, the
hind limb must have been considerably flexed. The small size of the fore
limbs must have rendered them far less efficient as weapons than the hind
feet, in an attack on such a creature as Hadrosaurus ; hence perhaps the
latter were preferred in inflicting fatal wounds. The exceedingly eagle-like
character of the digits and claws and ornithic type of sacrum elucidated by
Prof. Owen, suggest a resemblance in the use of the limb.

The bulk of the species, as compared with that of Hadrosaurus, illustrates
again the law observed in the relation between Felis and Bos, Thylacoleo
and the herbivorous implacentals of its time, and the other raptorial and
herbivorous Dinosauria, which might probably be reduced to exact terms.

The remains indicate an animal of near 18 feet in length, which could pro-
bably raise itself to a height of six feet at the rump

To recapitulate ; the genus Laelaps belongs to the family Dinodontidse,
which is characterized by its contractile raptorial claws and slender digits.
aDd compressed sabre-shaped teeth. It differs from Megalosaurus in its femur
and from Dinodon in that teeth of the latter have two posterior serrate
edges separated by a posterior plane. From supposed Dinosaurian genera of
doubtful affinity, it differs e.g. from Regnosaurus Mant. in the totally different
humerus, and from Pelorosaurus and Streptospondylus in the vertebrae. Ce-
tiosaurus and Cimoliasaurus were perhaps mutilate like the Cetaceans, accord-
ing to Owen and Leidy.

In connection with the same fossil were found Cucullaea and Baculites sp.,
and not more than twenty feet off a femur of Hadrosaurus ; also portions of
Mosasaurus, Hyposaurus, Thoracosaurus and Bottosaurus, occurred in the
neighborhood.

The phalanges figured by Prof. Leidy (Smithsonian Contributions xii.)
Cretaceous Reptiles, Tab. 17, fig. 8 — 11, probably belong to the present species.
•They are included under the head of animals allied to Hadrosaurus.

In conclusion, the thanks of scientific men are due to Superintendent Voor-
hees for the interest and care evinced in the preservation of these valuable
specimens. Were all persons engaged in digging marl equally interested
in the preservation of bones which come under their notice, we might have
been far nearer an elucidation of this, one of the most extraordinary faunaj
which have been placed upon our planet.

August 2&th.
The President, Da. Hays, in the Chair.

Fourteen members present.

Gen. S. Wylie Crawford, M. D., U. S. A. was elected a Member.
The following paper was presented by permission, reported on favor-
ably by the Committee appointed, and ordered to be published :

Notes on the VESPERTILIONID.E of Tropical America.
BY H. ALLEN, M. D.

I.

The study of the Vespertilionidae of Tropical America has never been un-
dertaken by any one having large collections at his command. With others,
I have hitherto refrained from entering a field where such facilities, and an
acquaintance with type specimens, appeared to be necessary aids to produce

1866.]

280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

results of value. In these particulars I am now no better prepared than at
any other time ; since but comparatively few specimens have reached me from
its localities, and all its types are to be seen only in European museums. But
having been compelled while studying the fauna of California to institute
comparisons between some of its members and those of the Mexican provin-
ces, to determine questions of distribution, I some time ago drew up a few
descriptions of forms, which I now think are new. These, together with
notes upon two bats from Aspinwall and Maracaibo, I propose to submit un-
der provisional names. Should any or all of them prove to be old species,
their descriptions can, without confusion, be appended to the original meagre
diagnoses, and may thus add to what little we know of these obscure animals.

o. Inter femoral membrane relatively small ; each joint of tail a third shorter than
each of p ; terminal joint of tail exserted. Color of membranes and auricle blackish.

V. mcndus, n. s.

Fur above long and silky, and obscurely tri-colored ; basal third mottled grey-
ish-brown, with border toward skin whitish-grey ; apical third blackish-fawn, with a
tip of decided light dirty yellowish-brown. This tip hue is more marked toward
coccyx, and everywhere mingles with the blackish-fawn, so that the prevailing color
is seen to be mottled brown fawn, flecked with the lighter shade just men-
tioned. Beneath fur more bi-colored, base being blackish, with a faint white
line at root; tip being pale grey, verging to a whiter shade at pubis, where it is
almost uni-colored. The fur here also extends in a sparse degree nearly to the
region of the elbow. Head .less clothed than the other species. Base of foot
claws sparsely furnished with glistening brown hair. Auricle upright, nar-
row ; tragus subulate. External basal lobe of ear obscurely quadrate, rolled
inward at upper free border; tip of auricle bluntish ; external border very
slightly emarginate. Phalangeal callosity prominent, brownish. Wing mem-
brane to base of phalanges of toes ; small whitish tubercle at fibular side of ancle ;
membrane over calcareum also whitish. Membrane very small; interfemoral
membrane triangular; joints to the tail nine, the last free; nostrils oblique, pal-
mate ; lower border thin, upper border swollen. Teeth. — Central incisors
placed obliquely to the dental arch, bicuspid, internal the larger ; lateral
placed at right angles to dental arch ; cusps of equal length ; molars |, most
probably in adult §• Inferior incisors overlapping ; lateral incisors quadrilobed.

Measurements.

Length of head 6'" Length of foot 3'"

" " body ll'" Height of auricle 5'7/
" " tail I'M-'" " " tragus 37//

" " humerus l//-2/// 2d joint index finger J _"

" " thumb 1\'" Expanse 6//-6///

Young 9, No. 5#47, Museum of Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.
Maracaibo, Ven.

V. concisnus, n s.

Fur above silky ; prevailing hue obscure chestnut -ft am. Indistinctly bi-
colored, basal half being brownish-black. Upper portion of interfemoral membrane
sparsely covered with fur of the same color. Beneath fur more distinctly
bi-colored, the basal half or two-thirds being as above; apical portion, hoicever, being
light greyish-brown, verging to yellow toward region of pubis and russet about the
neck. Head woolly, of nearly the same color as the fur of the back, somewhat
lighter, and in one specimen nearly uuicolored. The basal third of posterior
Burface of auricles furnished with unicolored light greyish-brown hair.
Upper lip yery faintly whiskered. Auricle erect, bluntish at tip ; internal
basal lobe acute, less so, however, than V. subulatus. External border very
faintly scooped out; external basal obscure, turned inward at upper border;

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 281

tragus subulate, basal cusp turned forward ; nostrils palmate, inferior border
not well defined nor much swollen above ; lower lip not free. Membrane to
base of toes ; tubercle at base of fibula very faint, as the calcaneum is slightly
developed. Membrane over both of the same color as that elsewhere; joints
of tail ten, terminal one half ezsert. Teeth.— Central incisor in line of arch, the
medial cusp the larger ; lateral more at right angles to arch ; posterior cusp
much smaller than anterior ; palatal ridge absent; first and second premolars
subequal, the first being slightly the larger, and both thrown slightly inward
from dental arch ; molars, £. Inferior lateral incisors quadri-lobed.

Measurements.

Head V" Foot 3'"

Body 11'" Auricle 6'"

Tail 1".4'" Tragus 5'"

Humerus l''-4'" Length 2d joint index finger 2'"

Thumb 2£"' Expanse 9"

Two individuals. Nos. 1114, 1115, Mus. of Academy. Alcohol.
San Salvador.

V. exigcus, n. s.

Fur above basal three-fourths blackish; apical fourth grey. Toward the
coccyx the basal hue is more brownish, the tip glistening brown. Basal
third of upper surface of inter-femoral membrane covered with a thin patch
of nearly unicolored glistening hair. Beneath fur more tri-colored ; thin line
of whitish hairs at base; distal two-thirds blackish-fawn, apical third grey-
ish. Toward the pubis hair almost white, mixed with dirty yellow, and the
membranes to near elbow and basal third of interfemoral membrane possess
a scattering pelage of the same hue. Tip of auricle bluntish, internal basal
acute, external basal well marked, broadly crescentic ; tragus narrow, acuminate,
emarginate on the upper two-thirds ; nostrils with a well-defined lower edge,
palmate (as in 5547); membrane to base of toes ; joints of tail nine ; scarcely
any ex-calcaneal lobe ; calcaneum slender. Teeth as in V. mundus. Indi-
vidual young, and the second premolar above is not yet fully erupted. Late-
ral incisors below obscurely quadrilobed.

Measurements.

Length of head V" Length of foot 4"'

" " body 1'" " " auricle 6'"

" " tail l"-2"' " " tragus 3'"

" " humerus"l"-4"' " " 2d joint index finger 2'"

" " thumb 3'" Expanse 8"

One individual, $. No. 5373, Mus. of the Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.

Aspinwall, N. G. Dr. Hayer.

V. obscurus, n. s. (No. 8223 type.)

Fur above dark plumbeous at basal two-thirds ; woolly texture and obscure
fawn-brown at apical one-third. Below basal two-thirds blackish, apical
one-third yellowish-white ; more russet under jaws ; face very hairy ; mem-
branes furred ; lateral lower incisor square quadrilobed, raised considerably
above level of other teeth ; upper premolars in line, first little longer ; lower
premolars same ; interfemoral membrane triangular ; joints of tail nine, ter-
minal joint conspicuously exsert. Ear, external basal lobe irregularly quad-
rate ; other parts as other species of N. A. Vespertilio. Nostrils with lower
border everted, not elliptical.

Mutilated.

(8222.) Fur above basal two-thirds dark brownish-black, streaked with
bright olive-brown hairs at base ; apical one-third glistening olive-brown
below; basal four- fifths brownish- black, streaked with yellowish hairs at

1866.]

282 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

base ; apical third brownish-grey at neck, lighter at pubis ; teeth as 8223, —
also ear and membranes ; joints of tail ten ; in both feet and thumb large, but
specimens young.

Measurements.

Length of head V" Length of foot 4'"

" " body lr/ Heigh th of auricle 5///
" " tail \"-Z'" " " tragus ?>\"f

" " humerus l//-4/// Length of '2d joint index finger J. f"

" " thumb 3/" Expanse 8//-2///

Two young individuals, % . Nos. 8222, 8223, Mus. of Smithsonian Insti-
tution. Alcohol.

Lower California. John Xantus.

Also young individual mentioned in Mon. '(hoc. c;t.) as a variety of V.
nitidus {V. Oregonensis). It very closely resembles sp. 8222. Dry. No locality.

/3. Interfemoral membrane relatively large ; each joint of tail a third longer than
each of «; terminal joint not exserted, (a small tip of cartilage may be exserted ;)
color of membranes and ear light brown, excepting V. exilus.

V. agilis, n. s. "

Fur silky, above of a very dark plumbeous verging to black, with apical
fourth of a decided dark brown ; on back, running to a lighter shade on head,
where the fur has a more woolly texture. Fur wanting from region of loin
and interfemoral membrane. Beneath, the base of the fur the same as above,
apical fourth being of a lighter brownish grey ; basal third posterior sur-
face of auricles being clothed with a few sparse unicolored greyish hairs.
Auricle almost bluntish at tip, internal basal lobe sharply pointed ; tragus
acuminate, broad at basal third ; external basal lobe prominent, free, broadly
crescentic ; joints of tail nine, enclosed in interfemoral membrane ; nostrils
mutilated, oblique, probably palmate.

Measurements.
Length of head V" Length of foot 3'"

body I" " auricle V"

tail V-&" " tragus Z\"f

humerus l"-4'" " 2d joint index finger \'"

thumb 2\"' Expanse 9"

One individual 9. No. ? Mus. of Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.
Dr. Sartorius. Mirador, Mexico.

V. volans, n. s.

Fur: above dark plumbeous at basal third; apical third obscure, light
brown, scarcely any extension on membranes; basal third interfemoral mem-
brane same. Below, basal two-thirds plumbeous, shade lighter than above ;
apical third a light-brownish fawn. Moderate extension of hairs upon mem-
branes to near elbow, and upon basal third interfemoral membrane. Auricle
slightly "scooped out;" external basal lobe salient, quadrate; tragal lobe
very salient ; nostrils elliptical ; index finger strong, membrane uniting it with
middle finder, ample ; joints of tail nine ; tip barely exserted ; excalcaneal
lobe conspicuous ; upper incisors as usual; lower external scarcely if at all
quadrilobed; first and second upper premolars placed a little within line ot
arch. Skull: upper border anterior nares semicircular; facial bones abbre-
viated, causing the brain case to appear greatly inflated.

Measurements.
Length of head V" Length of foot 2\"f

" body Vr Height of auricle 57//

" tail \ff-<b,ff " tragus 3///

" humerus l"-5'" Length of 2d joint index finger V"

" thumb Z/f/ Expanse 9//

[Aug.

a
it
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ct

((

(I

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 283

One individual 9- No. 5398 Mus. Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.
Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cai. John Xantus.

V. exilis, n. s.

Fur : above, long, rich plumbeous two-thirds ; apical third pale russet yel-
low ; head and face surmounted with same ; conspicuous patch at basal half
interfemoral membrane. Venter same proportionate base of black ; apical
third paler yellow, running to white toward pubis ; small patch of same co-
lored fur at, base of interfemoral in front ; sparse hair runs on membrane
up to elbow ; thick labial fringe of dark brown hair running downward to
below level of lower jaw. Orbital wart also covered with prominent clump
of hair of same color. Auricle black ; external border slightly emarginate ;
internal basal acute; external basal prominent, equal sided; tragal lobe sa-
lient; nostrils scarcely elliptical; inferior border everted; lateral incisors
unicuspid; placed to central, as in other species; inferior incisors increasing
in thickness toward canines, lateral, most being obscurely quadrilobed (as in
other species ;) joints of tail nine, long, tip scarcely exsert.

Measurements.
Length of head 6'" Length of foot 3'"

" body l" Height of auricle G///

" tail V'V/r " tragus 2,\"f

humerus 1"-A/// Length of 2d joint index finger ly"
thumb 2\'" Expanse *i\"

One individual $. No. 5402 Mus. Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.
Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus.

V. TENUIDORSALIS, n. S.

Fur very imperfect. Above, blackish basal two-thirds ; dark brown apical
third; below blacker basal two-thirds; reddish brown apical third; (belly
and membranes denuded.) Auricle and tragus as V. exilis. Nostrils very
elliptical ; thumb and foot barely large ; joint of tail nine ; tip not exsert.

Measurements,

Length of head 6$"/ Length of foot 2\"f

" body 11"' " auricle 5"'

" tail 1">3"' " tragus 3"'

" humerus l"-3'" " 2d joint index finger V"

" thumb 2'" Expanse 1"-1Q''J

One individual 9- No. 5533 Mus. Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.

Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal. John Xantus.

V. YUMANENSIS.

Auricle and tragus as 5402 ; external basal lobe quadrangular ; pale brown
nostrils. Sides of face swollen; joints of tail eight; tip not exsert. Fur:
Above, long, silky, basal two-thirds and black ; apical third pale russet
yellow, extending on to membrane from body one-third the distance to elbow.
A small patch of pale yellow hairs at basal half of interfemoral membrane.
Below, black at basal half, dirty white apical half; extending on membrane
nearly to elbow ; patch on interfemoral of smaller size than that above. La-
bial fringe thick, extending to below lower jaw. Warts also surmounted
with a prominent clump of hairs of a darker color.

Measurements.

Length of head 7'" Length of foot 2'"

body 9"' Height of auricle Q'"

1866.]

tail l"-4'" " tragus 4"

humerus l"-3/// Length pf 2d joint index finger y"

thumb 1\'" Expanse 9"-4'"

284 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

One individual, young £. No. 5537 Mus. Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.

Fort Yuma. Maj. Gen. G. H. Thomas, U. S. A*

This last group includes those given in my monograph as varieties of V.
nitidus, where I proposed that the name V. oregonensis, which was attached to
one of the specimens, should be retained, in the event of their proving to be
distinct. Now that it appears probable that there is a group of closely allied
species of Vespertilionida3 inhabiting the southwestern portions of the United
States and Mexico, of which V. nitidus is a member, I have concluded to place
the so-called V. oregonensis under one of this group, V. obscurus, and give, pro-
visionally, new names to the others. " V. oregonemis" bears no locality. As
regards the distinctions between the above specimens and V. nitidus, it will
be seen that the prevailing deep-plumbeous basal half of the fur above, with
its%rich chesnut, olive brown, or, in some specimens from New Mexico, a
sandy-chesnut tip, and the lighter shades of the same colors to the fur be-
neath, sufficiently serve. The superior border of anterior nares is semicircular ;
the 2d premolar of upper jaw wedged in between 1st and 3d to a degree pre-
venting it from being visible in profile fror% buccal side.

A revised description of V. yumanensis is also given, to correct some errors
in the original notice. The representation of the tail and interfemoral mem-

* Compare the above descriptions with V. hypothrix, D'Orb.— Smoky brown, deeper above than
below, where the fur is mixed with grey. Hab. — Moros, Bolivia.

V. Isidori. D'Orb.— Glazed greyish fawn at tip of fur above, brownish black at base. The brown
is more marked on shoulders and back of neck. The head is also browner than that of the back
and loins, but less than that of the shoulders; the cheeks and parts beneath neck passing to
brownish cinnamon. Belly is dirty grey, with base brownish black. Hab. — Corrientes, S. A.

V. brasiliensis, Spix. — Size of V. subulatus. Black. Tail exsert. Hab. — Brazil.

V. mexicanus, De Sauss.— Gilt brown, with brown at base; beneath grey or pale, with blackish
base; eleven joints to tail. Hab. — Mexico.

The following is drawn up from personal examination of four dried specimens collected by Mr.
Sumichrast at Orizaba, Mexico.

Fur: Above, long, silky, plumbeous or deep blue slate at basal two-thirds, with obscure chest-
nut or dark brown at apical third; a very small patch of fur on interfemoral membrane; none on
wing membranes.

Beneath, fur short, thickly set; basal three-fourths dark plumbeous; apical fourth uniform grey
or dirty yellowish brown.

The skull is slightly crested at venter; proportions larger than other American species of Ves-
pertilio.

V. chiloe>tsis, Waterhouse.— Reddish black. More or less greyish on belly, (Castelnau :) rich
brown, (Waterhouse.) Upper incisors nearly subeqraal ; outer side of tragus obscurely crenated.

Hab. — Chiloe Islands, and extending upwards in Brazil (?).

V. kixnamon; Oervais. — Reddish cinnamon, deeper above than below ; tragus curvilinear at
lower part of outer border.

Hab. — Capellanova, S. A.

V. arsinoe, Temm.— Fur short; above black: beneath, blackish brown; points of hair "fallow;"
whitish at region of coccyx, so as to form here a whitish margin. No emargination on outer
border of ear.

Hab. — Surinam.

V. albescens, Geof.— Upper parts black, portion tipped with greyish in part. Inferior parts
black, tipped with whitish towards the pubis and coccyx. Hair above entirely blackish, not grey-
ish or fawn tip.

Hab. — South America.

V. iacteus, Temm.— Blackish brown at base above ; reddish brown at base beneath; tip whitish
both above and beneath.

Hab. — North America (?).

V. parvulus, Temm.— Prevailing tint black, with isabel tint on thighs.

Hab. — Brazil.

V. polvthrix, Isid.— Deep brown, chestnut above ; lighter, and marked with greyish below.

Hab. — Brazil.

V. laevis, Isid.— Marked as polythrix, but has remarkable proportionate development of wing
membranes.
Hab. — Brazil.

V. montanus, Philippi and Landbeck.— Ears ample, oblong; tragus straight; tail truncated;
above mouse color, beneath greyish white ; face above black. Stands between velalus and chilocnsis
Hab. Cordilleras at Santiago, 7000 feet above the sea.

[Aug.

m.

C.

1.

4

1

1

i>

1

3

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 285

brane in the Memoir, loc. cit., is taken from a young specimen ; and the ac-
count is otherwise too meagre. It is unfortunate that the original specimens
of this bat, recorded in the Memoir, are unavailable for comparison. They
were mislaid during the fire at the Smithsonian Institution in January, 1865,
and have not since been found.

II.

RHOGEESSA, n. g.

Skull. — Depressed, not crested ; occiput triangular, slightly swollen, supra-
occipital process subtrenchant. Nasal bones slightly decurved, in median
line forming a conspicuous linear fossa running to the nares ; superior
border of anterior nares rounded, not reaching line of infra-orbital foramen
above ; on palatal surface terminating on a line with the premolar. Orbital
processes but slightly swollen, lower than base of nasal bones. Sides of face
between these points concave, groove-like. Inner wall orbital space acutely
convex, incurved markedly at base. Infra-orbital ridge defining foramen be-
hind ; foramen on a line with first true molar ; cochleas not visible ; intermax-
illaries rudimentary ; lower jaw ramal angle rather broad, turned outward
from angle.

Dental formula —

i. c. m.
1 1 — 4 = 30

3 15

Molars as in Nyctkejus; lower premolars closely approximated; canines above
with a groove on palatal face deeper inferiorly, terminated by a cingulum ;
lower cingulum marked ; incisors above close to canines, slender, convergent,
unequally bifid at tip ; inner cusp the longer. Below, terminal tooth on either
side unicuspid ; remainder tricuspid ; external cusp inconspicuous. Ear
tapering, erect, disjointed, nearly as long as head ; internal basal lobe
rounded ; external basal almost null ; border inverted. Tragus erect, subu-
late, half height of ear, straight on inner, divergent on outer border ; basal lobe
comparatively small. Snout obliquely truncate or slightly tumid ; nostrils
circular, well defined, terminal, separated by a slightly scalloped space.
Mental plate obscurely triangular ; distal joint of thumb free ; wing mem-
brane to base of toes ; ex-calcaneal lobe present ; joints of tail eight, included
in a nearly naked triangular inter-femoral membrane.*

R. parvdla, n. s. (No. 7841 type.)

Ear sub-acute at tip ; lips whiskered ; eyes very small, each furnished with
a wart above ; similar growth seen beneath chin. Fur above silky, not thick,
of a light greyish-brown at basal third, fawn-chestnut-brown at apical two-
thirds ; that of head same color, running on to the ears one-half their height.
Beneath, basal third inclined to greyish ; apical two-thirds greyish-fawn.
Membranes almost black, naked, excepting basal fourth of interfemoral mem-
brane behind, which is furnished with a small, short patch of glistening fur.

♦Compare
Ntcticejus (N. crepuscularis).

Skull slightly depressed at vertex ; occiput obtusely triangular, entire, not swollen ; nasal bonea
flat, with a small shallow median fossa, not running to nares, which are irregularly rounded at
upper border, extending to level of infraorbital foramen ; on palatal surface broad, running to level
of premolar. Orbital processes acutely edged, inner wall orbit nearly fiat. Infra-orbital ridge and
foramen as in Rhogeessa, but no oblique groove on sides of face. Cochleas not visible. Lower in-
cisors all equally trifid; upper incisors unicuspid.

Ntctinomus (N. nasutus).

Skull much depressed at vertex. Occiput not completely defined, rounded, and swollen at supra-
occipital region. Nasal bones fiat, scarcely decurved, a small fossa seen at their base, and convex
at nares. Contour of anterior nares above obscurely tri-foil like, extending to level of infra-orbital
foramen, small on palatal surface running to level canine tooth. Orbital process swollen, poste-
riorly produced in front. Infra-orbital foramen at posterior third of orbito-nasal space. Inner
wall orbital space flat. Cochlea not visible. Upper incisors unicuspid; lower centrals bifid;
laterals unicuspid.

1866.]

286 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Measurements — 7841.

Height of auricle 6" Length of longest finger I'-ll"

" tragus 3" " thumb 2"

Length of head 7" " tibia 5"

" body 10" " foot 2 \"

" tail L'- 2' Expanse C- 7"
" forearm 1' 1"

Two individuals,^ and 5. Nos. 7841, 7842, Museum of Smithsonian
Institution. Alcohol.

Tres Marias, Mexico. Col. Grayson.

R. tumida, n. s.

Fur above bi-colored ; basal two-thirds pale yellow, apical third dark fawn,
less distinctly bi-colored towards loins, where it becomes woolly. Beneath as
above, fawnish toward the sides. Specimen deficient in fur at loins and wing
membranes. It is probable that the membranes at base of tail and sides of body
were clothed with fur. Snout tumid, not truncate ; nostrils circular ; sides
of face enlarged by large oblong swellings-; wart above eye, none under chin ;
lower lip tumid, free from gum ; lips not whiskered. Skull with nasal groove
less expressed, inner wall orbit less convex than N. parvtdus ; side of face
over infra-orbital foramen slightly swollen. Dentition as in preceding spe-
cies ; superior incisors not bifid — points probably worn off.

Measurements.
Height of auricle 6" Length of longest fiDger 2". 3"'

tragus 3£" " thumb 2{"

" head 7" " tibia 5"

" body 12" '< foot 2£"

Length of tail 1" Expanse 10- 3"

" fore arm 1-2"

One individual, J*. No. 8195, Mus. of Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.
Mirador, Mexico. Dr. Sartorius.

This genus appears to connect the Noctilionidae with the present family :
with the former through Nyctinomus, with the latter through Nycticejus. The
circular nostrils, sub-truncate snout, the detail of inferior incisors, the angle
of lower jaw — to Noctilionid?e ; the tapering face, marked median groove, taper-
ing tragus and pointed ear, number and general arrangement of teeth, extent
of hard palate, length of tail and attachment of wing membranes, — to Ves-
pertilionidae.*

It reminds one of Nycticejus and Lasiurus in the slightly tumid face (this is
more marked in B,. tumida) and the dentition ; while the shape and relative
length of the auricle and tragus, and the decurvation of nasal bones, recall
Vespertilio.

* The value of the presence of one or more phalanges to the index finger, in the classification ef
this group, is not yet determined ; so the fact that this finger in Rhngeessa is made up of two pha-
langes has not been made a fe iture of the diagnosis. My attention has been recently directed to
this subject by remarks made by Prof. Peters (Monatsbericht. der Kbnig. Acad, der Wissenscbaft,
Berlin, Oct., 18(55), in his paper on the true position of Anlrozous,— who, by the presence of two
phalanges to the index fiuger of Antrozous, would remove it from the position I assigned it—the
Vespertilionidas— to the Megadermatidse: placing it in proximity with Nyctophilia. Butso far as I
have observed, the distal end of the first phalanx is always abrupt ; the interval between it and the
com our of second finger is membranous in Nyctinomus. but partially ossified, forming thus a second
phalanx in Lasiurus, Anlrozous, Vespertilio, Scotopliilvs, and Nycticejus. lam not acquainted with
Nyctophilus, but in Mtgaderma lyra the second joint is relatively no larger than in Lasiurus or
Scotophilus. while it is more marked than it is in Anlrozous. From reading Mr. Tome's description
of Nyctophilus (Proc. Zool^Joc, 1858, 25), I would.with Prof. Peters, approximate it to Antrozous, but
would agree with Mr. Tomes in considering Nyctophilus and its congeners as members of Vesper-
tilionidffl. A»second phalanx exists in my new genus, while no such phalanx is seen in Nyctino-
vi us. 80 it w.ull appear, in absence of the observation that the um-phalangeal index finger is not
common to Noctiliouidae, that Shogeessa, is nearer Nycticejus than Nyctinomus.

fAug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 287

III.

In determining the species of Scotophilus of North America, I had been
influenced bv the authority of Major John Le Conte (Mon. on N. A. Bats) to
consider 5. carolinensis as distinct from S. fuscus, although suggesting at the
time that they might prove to be identical. I now venture to consider them
such, and make the former a synonym to the latter. This has not been done
hastily. It is not to be presumed that all the specimens of S. fuscus found in
this country are identical in every particular. They arrange themselves in
groups, of just sufficient definition to mislead the observer. But it is found,
upon careful comparison, that so vaguely are the boundaries of these groups
determined, that it is impossible to assign them precise limits. Among the
characters selected for this purpose, successively embraced and relinquished
(apart from the coloration of fur elsewhere noticed), are the infra-orbital fora-
men, whether it be well defined in front or open ; the zygomatic arch, whether
straight on inferior border and forming a right angle with the tuberosity of
superior maxilla, or curved on inferior border, and forming an obtuse angle ;
the inner side of orbital space, whether flat or convex ; the glenoid cavity,
whether transversely elliptical or lozenge-shaped ; the tragus, whether in-
curved at tip or straight ; the outer border of ear, whether emarginated or
nearly entire ; the nostrils, whether palmate or reniform ; and the proportion-
ate size of the foot and thumb. But it does not follow after all that I am
correct in this conclusion. A more acute observer than myself may yet divide
S. fuscus into sevt ral species.*

The extent of the ex-liniital distribution of this species is not yet deter-
mined. M. Gervais thinks it probable— and the extended study he has given
this group renders his opinion valuable — that S. dutertfeus is identical with
"carolinensis," and that both S. innoxius and S. furinalis may be found in
North America. I have seen several specimens of S. fuscus from Mexico which
present no differences from those met with in the United States.

Another specimen, however, from Mirador, Mexico, has peculiar coloration,
and may receive the following description :

S. MIRADORENSIS, n. S.

Head and auricle much as in S. fuscus. Inner border auricle inclined, ob-
liquely rounded; inner edge free ; anterior border nearly covering eye; tip
rounded, turned very slightly outward ; outer border scarcely if at all scooped
out ; basal third moderately re volute. External based lobe oblong and crescent! e,
not markedly turned inwards ; as long as interval between it and angle of mouth.
Tragus erect, nearly half as high as ear, straight on inner border, tip not in-
curved ; outer border divergent, slightly convex ; basal lobe obtusely rectan-
gular, turned somewhat forward. Nostrils snb-reniform ; posterior angle well
defined; space between nostrils as usual, naked, concave. Mental space illy
defined. The supra-orbital and gular warts as usual. Membranes light brown,
attached to base of toes ; phalangeal callosity of thumb marked ; tubercle
present on tibial side of foot ; a larger one on fibular side for membranous cal-
caneum. Joints of tail nine^; terminal and half penultimate free. Inter femoral

* The following is a list of the smaller species of Scotophilus of Europe in the collection of the
Academy :

Italy, Bon. Coll. Dr. T. B. Wilson.

1144.

Scotoph

. pipistrellus,

509.

<<

pipistrellus,

1155.

u

airy thee,

1182.

c<

Bonapartii,

1138.

(1

(.

616.

a

leueippe,

704.

u

albolimbatus,

It is not improbable that specimen No. 510 is the type of .S'. Uwippe. This specimen appears to be
almost identical witli 509, S.pipistrellus. The prevailing: hueof all the above South Eur pean species,
excluding alcythce. is a rich chestnut-brown fur above, with the apical one-fifth of a gilc yellowish-
brown. Beneath fawu-browu at basal two-thirds; whitish at apical third.

1S66.]

•

288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

membrane triangular ; ex- calcaneal lobe commencing 2///from ancle, abruptly
crescentic. Fur nearly unicolor, evcryiohere long and silky ; above of a lustrous
yellowish fawn-brown, somewhat lighter at base. Below same prevailing hue, a
shade or so paler. Head and base of ears covered as usual. Scarcely any exten-
sion upon the membranes, an extremely small patch alone being seen at the base of
the dorsum of inter-femoral membrane.

Measurements.

Lengtb of head 11'" Length of foot W"

bodyl"-6'" Height of auricle T"
" tail 2"- 3'" " tragus 4"'

" humerus 2" Length of 2d joint index finger 2'"

" thumb 4'" Expanse 13//-6///

One individual, 9 1 Mus- of Smithsonian Institution. Alcohol.
Mirador, Mexico. Dr. Sartorius.

IV.

A small collection of bats made by Dr. E. Coues, U.S.A., in 1864 and 1865,
was found to be comprised as follows :

7802. V. subulatus, Fort Whipple. Smithsonian Institution. Dry.

7803 " " " " " "

The only peculiarity in these specimens is a more extensive distribution of
the fur over the dorsal surface of the interfemoral membrane than is seen in
the more eastern specimens.

The fourth specimen was an imperfect skin. The proportions of the face
distorted, the wings broken, and the vertebra of the tail removed. Enough
remained, however, to detect marked differences between it and the others,
warranting, it is thought, a distinctive name.

V. macropus, n. s. prov.

Above, fur long, silky, basal three-fourths black, apical fourth uniform light
russet brown ; a small clump at base of inter-femoral membrane. Beneath,
same proportions as above, being at base black, at tip greyish-white, pure
white at pubis ; fur extends laterally on membrane midway to elbow. Wing
membrane attached midway between base of outer toe and ancle joint. In other re-
spects it closely resembles V. subulatus.

Measurements.

Height of ear 6"' Length of foot 4£'"

" tragus ?>{"' " 2d joint index finger V"

Length of humerus l»-4'" Expanse 8"-3'"
thumb 3'"
Mature. Dr. Coues' Private Collection.

Near Fort Majaor, Colorado River, New Mexico. Dr. E. Coues, U.S.A.

•

Other bats so far met with in New Mexico are Lasiurus cinereus, V. evotis,
V. lucifugus, V. nitidus, Corynorhinus macrotis, Antrosous pallidus.

[Aug.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 289

September 4th.

Prof. Carson in the Chair.
Thirteen members present.

September lltJi.
Mr. Cassin, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Twenty members present.
Mr. Thomas Meehao remarked :

I present to the Academy specimens of Pinus pungens, Michaux, gathered by
me on the east side of the Schuylkill River, in the Blue Mountain Ridge, near
Hamburg, in Berks County, about 75 miles from Philadelphia by the Reading
Railroad.

The greater part of the Pine here is of Pinus mops', with a few of P. rigida.
The P. pungent is scattered here and there amongst them. Further up towards
Port Clinton I saw it in comparatively large quantity, and on the opposite or
west side of the River, so far as I could judge by the appearance of the wood,
it seemed very abundant.

The discovery east of the Susquehanna is interesting from its formerly sup-
posed limited location on Table Mountain, North Carolina, by Michaux. Mr.
Loudon subsequently noticed its discovery in the Blue Ridge, in Virginia, and
more recently Prof. Porter, as recorded in the Proceedings of this Institution,
discovered it sparingly in the Alleghanies, near Huntingdon.

A very old collecter of plants, whom I accidentally met some few years ago at
Allentown, assured me that he had seen specimens .many years past in the
Blue Mountains, near there, but I supposed at that time he was probably mis-
taken. Its discovery now in the same ridge, leads to the probability that it is
by no means a local species, but may most likely be found scattered along the
mountain slopes from North Carolina to the Delaware.

In favorable situations it would probably become a larger tree than Pinus
inops. I measured one standing by the road side that was 5 feet in circumfe-
rence, about four feet from the ground. The tree was apparently 50 feet high.

Dr. Leidy exhibited specimens of a large Coccus on the Black Oak,
Quercus tiuctoria.

Mr. Cassiu remarked that the Crotophaga a?ii, from *Edenton, N.
C., presented this evening by Dr W. A. B. Norcom, though a com-
mon West Indian bird, was the third specimen, of which he had any
knowledge, that had been procured in the United States.

September ISth.

Mr. Vaux, Vice President, in the Chair.

Twenty-two members present.

The death was announced of Dr. A. A. Gould, of Boston, a cor-
respondent of the Academy.

September 25th.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty members present.
1866.] 19

290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Dr. E. B. Vandyke, and Mr. Frank H. Wyeth were elected members,
and iMr. Gabriel Manigault, of Charleston, S. C, was elected a corres-
pondent.

October 2d.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Twenty- eight members present.

The fallowing were offered for publication :

" Oo the Period and Ritio of the Annual Increase in the Circum-
ference of Trees." By Thomas Meehan.

" Third Contribution to the History of the Balaenidae and Delphin-
idse." By E. D. Cope.

October 9(h.

The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Twenty two members present.

October lQth.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Twenty-eight members present.

The following was offered for publication : "Synopsis of the Batrachia
,and Ileptilia of Arizona." By EJ. D. Cope.

Dr. Slack exhibited some living specimens of Menopoma, from the up-
per Alleghany River, and remarked that in the summer they appear of
a light slate color; in the winter, dark brown.

October 23(7.

The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.
Thirty members present.

Dr. Leidy exhibited a tusk, fragments of others, and molar te°th of Mastodon
• ohioticus from Big-bone-lick, Kentucky, belonging to the Museum. The spe-
cimens exhibited a remarkable degree of attrition, in various positions, which
he supposed to be due to their having been ground in and by moving masses
of ice.

Mr. Cope made a communication in regard to the Mesozoic Sandstone of
Pennsylvania, expressing the probability of its horizon being that of the Trias
of Europe, on account of some contained vertebrate remains which he had
previously described, and also from some bones of a Pterodactyle now in his
possession, for which he proposed the name of P. longizpinis.

Mr. Cassin made some remarks in regard to the existence of deposits in the
vicinity of Atlantic City, N. J., analogous to the Kitchen Middens of Northern
Europe aud similar to those noticed by Dr. Leidy, near Cape Henlopen, Dtl.

Mr. Ennis reported the existence of a similar shell bed near Cape May Court
House, N. J.

Dr. Leidy observed that during the past summer he had made another visit

to the Kitchen Middens of Cape Henlopen, in company with Mr. Cassin, Mr.

; Robert Frazer, and Mr. ^Canby of Wilmington. They bad noticed the shell

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 291

accumulations extending from just below the town of Lewes on Delaware Bay,
for about the distance of a mile or more to the base of a huge sand dune be-
tween the bay shore and the light-house of Ope Henlopen. Tbey had provided
themselves with ample means to examine the extent of the shell heaps, and
had been surprised to find that they were all quite superficial, from a few
inches to less than a foot in depth. In a number of places they appeared to
form hillocks, but they were only accumulations around the former sites of
trees, as indicated by the traces of stumps and roots.

They visited 'similar accumulations on the shore south of the Cape, and were
told that they were found in many positions down the coast.

All of those which were examined contained fragments of pottery, chips of
jasper, and stone arrow-heads. A few copper rings were also found, and in
one heap Mr. Canby found several English coins.

Dr. Leidy thought the shell-heaps were of no great age, and were probably
coteruporury with the discovery of the country by Europeans.

October 30th.

Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty six members present.

Drs. William Mayburry, and W. C. Dixon were elected members.

Dr. Hajrden, having just returned from a tour of exploration to the " Mau-
vaiscs Terres," or " Bad Lands " of White River, made some remarks in
regard to a side trip to the celebrated Pipestone quarry of North-eastern Da-
kota. He spoke of the locality as very inconspicuous, and that it would have
hardly attracted attention had the existence of this Pipestone bed not been
known to exist there. Not a tree is to be seen in the region round about, only
a few small bushes growing among the rocks. There is an escarpment, or
nearly vertical wall, extending across the valley of Pipestone creek nearly a
quarter of a mile either end of this wall, gradually passing from view beneath
the prairie. The entire thickness of the rocks is about 50 feet. The Pipe-
stone layer is about 11 inches in thickness; about 2|- inches is homogenous
and compact enough to be used by the Indians for the manufacture of Pipes.
The remainder is of various colors and texture, from a deep red to a cream, and
oftentimes mottled. The rock is soft, slaty, fragile, and underneath the Pipe-
stone is a bed of close-grained grey quartzite ; above there is about 6 feet of
the same rock, which must be removed with great labor before the precious
material can be secured. Still higher are 40 or 50 feet of reddish and varie-
gated quartzites, which, like the pipestone itself, are colored with peroxide of
iron. »

It is difficult to come to any positive conclusion as to the age of these rocks,
from the fact that no well defined organic remains could be found. It is the
opinion of the eminent geologist, Prof. Hall, that they belong to the Iluronian
series, and, from his large experience among those rocks, and the fact also that
he describes similar quartzites at a point within 60 or 70 miles of the quarry,
entitles his opinion to great weight. Rocks of the same age occur at Sioux
Falls, and upon the smooth surfaces may be seen, in great numbers, the out-
lines of what appear to be bivalve shells, but so close grained is the quartzose
matrix that no well-defined shell could be broken from it. If these rocks are
really charged with fossils, we are led to look higher in the geological scale for
the true age of the Pipestone bed.

Dr. H. remarked, in regard to the time of the opening of this quarry by the
Indians, he does not think they had any knowledge of the rock far back in the
past. No trace of stone implements were discovered in the vicinity, and he
could not ascertain that any had ever been found. Mr. Vaux, Vice-President
of the Academy, has examined large collections of stone implements and orna-

1866]

292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

ments from ancient Indian mounds, without ever seeing any made of the pipe-
stone. Acting on this suggestion, Dr. H. examined such works as were within
his reach, and he could not ascertain that the numerous and careful explora-
tions of the mounds in the Mississippi Valley have as yet revealed any ornaments
made from this rock. The Indians must therefore have discovered the quarry
since the stone age.

Dr. H. exhibited a number of ornaments manufactured from the Pipestone
by the North-west Fur Company. They consist of pipes of various patterns
and sizes, cups, candlesticks, etc. They are turned in a lathe. Within a year
or two this company have made nearly two thousand pipes, which they send
up to the Upper Missouri Indians, near the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and
trade them for a robe a-piece. Hereafter some doubt will be thrown upon the
genuineness of these Indian pipes.

On favorable report of the Committee the following were ordered to
be published.

On the Period and Ratio of the Annual Increase in the Circumference of Trees.

BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

The following experiments were instituted in order to ascertain whether the
production of wood in trees was more rapid during some portions of the grow-
ing .season than others, and at what periods growth commenced and ceased in
the species of tree chosen.

The Carolina poplar (Populus monilifera Ait.) was selected on account of
its rapid growth, enabling me to easily note the increase of circumference
each seven days.

The following table shows the result. For the sake of system, the same day
in the week was chosen. In order to tabulate the figures, the same date is
used for the three years ; but as the same day fell on different dates, there is a
difference of three days in each date. For instance, May 17 in 1863 is May 18
in 1862 and May 20 in 1866 — the three years during which the measurements
were taken.

1866.
April

12

22.

29.

£•

10

19

26

(Male catkins in flower.)

1862.
Ft. In.

1863.
Ft. In.

2-3
23

2-31
2-3*

omitted

2-3|

2-4J

2-4|
omitted

2-5J

2-5f

2-5|

2-6.}

2-6|

2-6|

2-6|

2-6|

2-6|

1866.
Ft. In.

3-6|

u
a

3-6|
3-6J

May

it

3-7

3-7J

u
u

1-10

3-7|

June

1-10.V

3-8

u

1-10|

3-81

u

1-11

3-9|

u

1-11|

3-9^-

July

2-

omitted

, 2- i

3-9|

u

3-10^

<(

2-1J

3-10*

u

2-2

3-10$

Au<*.

2-2J

3-10^

u

2-2J

3-10i

((

2-2|

3-114-

<(

2-3

3-II4-

((

2-3

3-114-

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 293

From these figures it appears the tree increased in growth only during the
three months between middle of May and middle of August, and that the
ratio of growth is much greater during the month between middle of June
and middle of Jul}' than during the month preceding and the succeeding
month.

Third Coatribution to the History of the BAL.2SNIDJE and DELPHINID.E.

BY EDWARD D. COPE.

DELPHINIDJB.

Orca destructor mihi sp. nov.

Among the species of this carnivorous genus of Cetaceans, the present ex-
hibits the most compact and powerful stiucture, and it, no doubt, is fully
equal to any of them in its sanguinary habits. The breadth of the pre-
maxilliary bones allies it to the species c rassidens and rneridionalis,
which have b»en called Pseudorca by some.

It diffeis from the latter species in the greater breadth and obtuseness of
the muzzle of its cranium and mandible— all we possess of it — and in the
smaller number of teeth ; the premaxillary bones are relatively narrower
throughout the greater part of their length. •

The width of the muzzle at the lateral maxillary notch is a trifle less than
three-fourths the length from that point to the end of the muzzle ; the width
at the fifth tooth is a little greater, and quite'three-fourths that distance. The
prenarial triangle is smooth, concave on each side the medium fissure, and
extends to opposite the penultimate tooth. Teeth ?, the posterior tooth

being the last of the maxillaries, instead of the mandibulars, as in rneridi-
onalis. The teeth occupy closely the intervals of the opposing series ; those
of the mandible are directed well outwards anteriorly. The intermaxillaries
form an elevated ridge exteriorly opposite the notch ; opposite the fifth tooth
above each is less than double the width of maxillary exposed exterior to it.
Behind the last tooth the margin of the maxillary is flared upwards in a
steep arch ; from opposite malar process to posterior tooth equals from pos-
terior margin of latter lo same of antepenultimate tooth. The mandibles are
much depressed distally, and the symphysis equals one-third the length of
the muzzle fiom the notch ; the chin projects beyond the broad extremity of
the premaxillaries. Measurements : —

in. lin.

End of muzzle to glenoid cavity 20 7

" " maxillary notch 11 6

" " last tooth (straight) 9 6

Length of symphysis 4

" ramus mandibuli to condyle 20 3

Breadth of muzzle at notch 8 45

" " fifth tooth 8 6

" " anterior tooth 4

Depth of ramus at last tooth 3 1

" " coronoid process 6 2

One specimen (No. 3679) is in the Museum Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, from the Southern Pacific ocean, off Paita, Peru.

Beluga, angustata m. sp. nov. Beluga caiodon m. Proc. Academy, 1865, 278.
A study of the skeleton of the Beluga c a tod on (or leuca-i), deposited by thj
Smithsonian Institution in the Museum of Columbia College, Washington,
convinces me that the species which 1 formerly regarded as the same is really
quite different. For the present the following comparison will suffice : —

1866.]

294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

B. artfjustata. B. cat^don Fabr.

Tripodal Prenarinl maxillary area; Triangular

Ten • Dorsal vertebrte and ribs ; Eleven

No vertebral canal Cervical vertebra ; One or two with vertebral

canals, spine of axis ele-
Spine of axis flat ; vated. tectiforin.

Corai-oid deflected from Scapula Coracoid long, slender, in

plane, short ; plane of plate.

Shorter, superior outline Elongate, superior mar-

regularly arched. gin with a long concav-

ity.
In the specimen of the B. c a t o d o n, the o. o. palatina are slightly in con-
tact ; in the B. angustata the contact is extensive and quite as in B. c o n-
c r e t a.

The B. canadensis resembles the B catodon, except in the form of
the scapula, and of the prenareal maxillary area, in which respect it does not
differ from the B. angustat a. Examination of a specimen received by the
Academy from Prof. BrunT't, of the Lavalle University, Quebec, shows the
postero-inferior process of the atlas to be present, Dr. Wyman's figure, pre-
viously cited by me, being erroneous in this respect.*

Puoc^na brachycium, Cope, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1865, 279.

The specimen supposed by me to be the Ph. communis, with which the
present species was compared, belongs to the Ph. vome ri n a* Gill, of the Cali-
fornian waters. Having since received from the Smithsonian Institution two
crania of the Ph com m u n i s, from the Nortli Atlantic, comparison shows a
greater resemblance to the Ph. brachycium. The differences are, the
maxillaries in communis are decurved, as in v o m e r i n a, and more than
in brachycium; in communis the vomer appears more posteriorly on
the palate, being less than Us own length in advance of tlie line of the
posterior teeth ; in brachycium this distance is nearly double the length
of the visible portion. The projecting portion of the pterygoids is equal to the
portion in advance of the posterior margin of the maxillaries, while in the
P. brachycium it is much less. The muzzle in advance of the posterior
extremity of the vomer is barely contaiued 2j times in the length to the ex-
tremity of the pterygoids, while it is one third that distance in the commu-
nis. In other respects the crania, including the teeth, are nearly similar;
and it must be admitted that the full establishment of our species must de-
pend on further investigations.

Sagmatias AMBLonox, sp. et. gen. nov.

Char. Gener. Supraorbital expansions of the o. o. maxillares obliquely de-
scending and diminishing to a thin edge. No triangular preuarial depression ;
gonys short; teeth very short, obtuse, numerous.

It will be a matter of importance in the completion of the characters of
this genus, to ascertain the presence of a dorsal fin. Supposing it to possess
one, it remains intermediate between Delphinus sect. Lagenorhynchus, Gray,
and Phocania, differing only from the latter in the cylindric form of the
teeth. Like the Phocsenre, the only species has the posterior extremities of
the intermaxillaries much elevated and smaller. Supposing it to lack the
dorsal fin, it will differ from Neomeris in the form of the teeth, from beluga
in the number of the teeth, and from Delphinapterus in the horizontal or-
bital plates and prenareal triangle of the latter.

Char, sp cif. Triangle* replaced by a rugose area, which measures two-
fifths the length of the muzzle from the notch. Muzzle entirely flat, premax-
illaries in contact from nares to within two inches of end. On anterior half
maxillaries not decurved to alveolar margin, but oblique ; exposed portion at

* Proc. Acad, Phila., 18C5, 178.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 295

basal one-fourth, one third breadth of combined premaxillaries, not recurved
on the margin. Antero-exteiior ridge of nasals prominent, enclosing two pita
behind margin of vomer ; median portion of f rentals separating nasals well from
supraocoipital, and the same from each other by an anterior process ; with an
anterior process of supraoccipital forming a prominent knoh. Supraoccipital
crest remarkahly strong and directed nearly horizontally forwards. Pterygoids
in contact on the median line, posterior margins widely divergent ; inferior
angles separated, much rounded, median depression considerable. Common
suture of palatines considerable, nearly equal gonys. Maxillaries closely in
contact on the palate, not exhibiting vomer or premaxillaiies, except a little
of the latter on the distal inch. Corouoid process of mandible everted : ramus
on distal half thickened internally, so that the dental series converge far less
on the posterior half its length than on the anterior. Occiput transverse, little
convexity between the posterior ridges of the temporal fossae. Latter large,
subrhomboid in outline. No portion of maxillaries visible between prenareal
swellings ; these elevations descend gradually anteriorly and are steep later-
ally, not grooved. Longest (right) prolongation of premaxillary not attaining
nasal hone.

The remaining and more prominent features of this species are apparent from
the following measurements : —

Length from end muzzle to convexity of occipital condyle 35-25

" " " notch 7-6

Depth of cranial chamber 4-9

Length of ramus mandibuli 11.75

" gonys 1 -25

Width at temporal fossa? 7

" orbits 6-5

" notch 3-79

" middle of muzzle 2*5

" of prenareal elevations 279

The shelving form of the supraorbital plates of this species suggests a re-
lationship to the Delphinus (Tursio) eu tropia, Gray, but it is evident that
the S. amblodon differs entirely from any species of Delphinus hitherto
known.

The habitat of this species is uncertain. It was taken off the ship Vincennes,
of the U. S. Exploring Expedition. On inquiry of Dr. Charles Pickering,
naturalist on board of that vessel, he has no record or recollection of the cap-
ture of such a species ; it was therefore probably procured while he was absent
from the ship from Cape Horn to Lima, or afterwards during his stay on laud
in Australia and New Zealand.

Delphinus longidens.

Of the type of D. (Tursio) obscurus Gray, but with considerably longer
muzzle and much longer prenareal triangle, the rugose surface of which ex-
tends to the end of the basal third of the length of the muzzle. Muzzle from
notch just twice the length of cranial chamber, shorter than mandible, flat above
on the basal two-thirds, the premaxillaiies continuous with maxillaries, not
bounding the triangle in front by a ridge. Sides of muzzle quite steep near
tip. Prenareal portion of triangle full plane. Premaxillaiies not visible on
palatine surface till near tip; pterygoids not in contact, prominent ridge. Teeth
slender, acute, spreading, four and an interspace iu an inch, so, anteriorly

not separated by alveolar partitions ; occiput flat, rounded in profile ; nasal
bones subtransverse, very near the moderate supraoccipital crest.

in.

Length of cranial chamber 4

v " cranium, total , 15-25

" mu/zle to notch 8-25

" mandible 1225

1866]

296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Length of symphysis mandibuli 1-25

" temporal fossa 250

Breadth between orbits 6*30

•' at notch 3 55

" at middle of muzzle 3-38

" of intermaxillary at middle 1-375

From the above it will be seen that the nearest ally of this species is the
Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus} clanculus Gray, in which the muzzle is
considerably shorter and the cranium relatively longer and wider; that is,
length of cranium proper equal in the latter to the length of the muzz'e, and
breadth at orbits a little greater than either. Its form renders a distinction
between Lagenorhynchus and Delphinus improbable, on present bases.
Habitat unknown. Museum Smithsonian, No. 388(5.

DELrHINCS PLAGIODON, Sp. 110V.

A robust species of the subgroup Tursio, (Gray), with a strongly depressed
triangle extending but little in advance of the posterior tooth. It is in many
points allied to the D. d o r i s, but differs in the muzzle being compressed
rather than depressed, especially at the tip, the teeth fitting very closely and
compressed transversely to the jaw, scarce four in an inch; aiid from the
specimen of the Museum Salem, in having the mandible heavy and much
prolonged at the symphysis. The form is an approximation to Steno, but the
symphysis is short, nevertheless not more so than in St. tucuxi Gray.
Until other characters are educed it will not be possible to distinguish Steno,
Tursio, Delphinus and Lagenorhynchus as more than one genus. In this
view I support the already expressed opinion of Lilljeborg.

Maxillaries much decurved, their elevation above the alveoli scarcely greater
than that of the premaxillaries above themselves. The latter form a very
strong rounded ridge, straight as far as visible in profile. Width at notch
two and two-third times in length. Prenareal part of triangle moderately con-
cave medially, with the term nal portion rugose. Supraorbital plates of
maxillary externally thickened ; in front of notch distinctly recurved. Ptery-
goids in contact, exteriork plane, inferior angle sharp, included depression
angulate. Vomer well displayed at middle of palatal face, not in contact with
maxillaries ; premaxillaries narrowly visible on the anterior half. Teeth 3<t
stout, occiput flat transversely, prolonged, rounded in profile, and not
acuminate, incurved. Supraoccipital crest rather weak. Measurements : —

in.

Length to outline of occipital condyles 17

" maxillary notch 9'80

" of temporal fossa 3-1

" upper tooth line , 8*25

" ramus mandibuli 14-4

" symphysis mandibuli 2

Depth of cranial chamber 4'75

Width at temporal crests behind 5-6

" above orbits .. 7'25

" at notch 3-55

•" at middle of muzzle 2-375

Habitat is unknown. No. 3884 Mus. Smithsonian.

This species resembles closely the figure of the D. doris given by Dr.
Gray in Zool. of Erebus and Terror, but does not at all agree with his descrip-
tion published in the Catalogue Cetaceans Brit. Mus., 1865, which applies
closely t» the specimen described by me, Proc. Academy, 1865. As the crania
which have fallen under my observation are those of undoubtedly distinct
species, I have been at a loss which to regard as the true D. doris. I think
it would probably be more acceptable to the describer of the latter to regard

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 297

the description written by himself as the more infallible test, than the figure
drawn by another, and therefore more liable to error. A figure of that which
coincides exactly with Dr. Gray's description will shortly be published.

It may be mentioned that the teeth of Delphinus erebennus, stated by
me to be truncate like those of the D. tu r s i o, on the authority of Dr. S. J.
Howell, are found on examination to have an exceedingly oblique truncation
behind, extending from the alveolar line to the apex.

PosToroRiA calvertexsis (Delphinas calvertctisis) Harlan, Proc. National In-
stitution 1842, 195.
This extinct species differs specifically from the recent P. b lain vil lei of

the Southern Atlantic Ocean.

Sibbaldids laticeps Gray.

Catalogue Cetaceans, Mus. Britt. 170. Bakcna rostrat.a Eudolphi, Berlin
Abhandl. 1820.

An examination of the skeleton of the cetacean described by Prof. Talia-
ferro, Proc. Acad. 1866, page 8, and now deposited in the museum of the
Academy by Dr. P. A. Taliaferro, has shown it to be the above named
species, which is therefore to be added to the United States Fauna.

Length from end of muzzle over convexity of back, forty-six feet nine
inches ; girth about nineteen feet: length from end of muzzle to axilla, (ex-
ternal measurement, ) fifteen feet ; breadth of head across inferior margin of
jaws, eight feet. Length of the pectoral extremity four feet, greatest breadth
fifteen inches; they were situated close behind the angle of the mouth. There
were 3(;0 lamina? of black baleen, extending on either side of the mouth about
six feet along the jaw, the longest about eighteen to twenty inches. The head
was acute. The folds of the throat many and capacious. The dorsal fin was
represented by a conical mass covered by horny integument, without any
membranous appendage, situated well posteriorly. The body near the tail
very slender. The flukes suddenly expand to a breadth often feet. The ver-
tebral line from the dorsal fin to the flukes, with six or eight knobs or humps.
Color, jet black above, including flippers, below white, sides beautifully
marbled by a combination of the two colors.

ft. in.

Total length of cranium 10 3

Length supraoccipital to inferior margin of foramen magnum 2 7

" o. maxillare from orbital process frontal 6 3

Width do. at 3 ft. 1£ in 7*5

Breadth cranium from posterior angle to angle of orbital processes

of frontal 4 8

From latter to plane posterior angle supraoccipital 2 2

Width supraoccipitals behind 3 3

" nasal meatus anterior to o. o. nasalia 925

The supraoccipital overarches on each side, a lateral longitudinal concavity,
which passes under or downwards, behind the horizontal frontal plates. Su-
perior inner edge of frontals raised ten inches above these orbital plates. Pre-
maxillaries only three inches in diameter, leaving a wide median gap on top
of the muzzle.

The os hyoides has very little longitudinal extent, the body being 9 inches
long, while the base of each ceratohyal is 5*5 inches across; body most pro-
longed posteriorly, where it is narrowed, truncate, and with a deep longitudi-
nal fissure.

The scapula is, as described for the species, like that of a Beluga, of con-
siderable longitudinal extent, and furnished with long coracoid and acromion.

Of the anterior extremity, the humerus is less than half the length of the
radius, thirteen inches long, with the articular surfaces for ulna and radius
nearly equal.

1866.]

298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

The atlas possesses an acuminate median diapophysis, curved back, and
with arterial perforation on one side. Spinal canal narrowed below, vertical
depth 5-5 inches; breadth above 3-5, below at middle, 2. A strong inferior
posterior process as in Beluga. Articular surfaces continuous.

The second, third and fourth cervicals with large completely united supe-
rior and inferior lateral processes. Neural canal broad, depressed ; centrum
transverse quadrate. Seventh cervical without inferior lateral process ; the
Buperior compressed slightly descending, equal depth centrum, 6 inches.
Articular surfaces of ribs on third to sixth dorsals, crescentic. Dorsal verte-
bra? preserved, eleven : probably one or more have been temporarily removed.
Neural spines elevated, especially on lumbar region, where the zygapophyses
Btand at only one-fifth the height of the arch and spine.

First rib, measurements :

ft. in.

Length, with curve of middle 2 11*5

Width at small tuberosity 4"75

" end 75

middle 5-5

One of the longer ribs, with a slight ala on one edge, six feet Ions'.

There are some peculiarities of the present individual which render its
identification with the Sibbaldius laticeps not yet entirely established.
Rudolphi observes that the acromion is v£ry rudimental in his type, while in
ours it is like the coracoid, well developed. Lilljeborg and Gray, 1. c, state
the dorsal fin to be compressed and fulcate, while in the Mobjack specimen it
is rudimental and conic. The hvoid bone is precisely as figured by Rudolphi.
The dorsal fin resembles that of the S. boreal is Fisch. (gigas Van Beu.), but
the species differs markedly in the following points :

Dubar says the posterior dorsal median line is keeled ; according to Dr. Talia-
ferro this one has several humps. Dubar's figure of the first rib differs very
much from ours : former, end emarginate, its breadth 2§ the length ; the latter,
end entire, breadth 4£ the length. Our specimen is entirely adult at a length
of 43 feet (axial) ; Dubar's specimen had attained 102 feet. This difference
is important, as growth ceases with the coalescence of the epiphyses, as in
other mammals. Lastly, Dubar's type possessed an inferior lateral process
on the seventh cervical, wanting in ours. >

The following extract from the Richmond Enquirer of Eighth month 23d,
1858, furnished me by Prof. Taliaferro, gives a lively account of the capture
of this specimen :

"On Wednesday, the 4th inst., an unusual excitement was manifested
among the fishermen at the mouth of North and Ware Rivers, on Mobjack
Bay, and in a few moments scores of canoes might have been seen pulling up
stakes and anchors, and making for the shore in every direction. It was soon
reported that an immense fish, supposed to be a whale, of incredible dimen-
sions, was cutting all sorts of capers in the Bay : blowing like ever so many
bulls, spouting water, and amusing himself by making a great rumpus, to the
great terror and peril of some of the citizens of the commonwealth, who ' go
down to the sea ' in small canoes. But after the lapse of a few hours nothing
more was seen or heard of the monster, and the report of his visit scarcely
excited attention, even if it commanded credence.

"On the Monday morning following, however, an extraordinary noise on
the river (North J near Belle Ville. the residence of Warner T. Taliaferro,
Esq., attracted the attention of the family about daybreak, and on hastening
to the shore, they beheld the creature aground ou a bar near the landing.

" The gentlemen, determined to attempt his capture, instantly le.iped into
a boat, and sent off for gigs, (small harpoons use I by our fishermen for strik-
ing the bonito, ) pulled around him to reconnoitre whilst the weapons were
being procured.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 299

" Whilst they were laying off, however, quietly reconnoitering the salient
and weak points of attack, nie asuring with their eyes the length and breadth
of their immense adversary, and impatiently awaiting the collection and
arrival of the materials of war, the tide, which unfortunately was flooding,
lifted him, just before the preparations for the attack could be completed,
from his perilous bed in the sand* and with a prodigious effort he threw him-
self off the bar, bounded into the channel, and in an instant was out of sight.

" Nothing more was seen of him, and it was feared he had made his way
out of the capes, and to the bergs and ice floes of more congenial latitudes,
after his uncomfortable experiences of shallow water. But on Wednesday
evening, the 11th hist., he was again descried making his way, like a small
propeller, straight up North River, rising every ten or fifteen minutes, throw-
ing graceful jets d'eau into the air more than thirty feet high, and sporting on
the surface of the water. When eff Burgh Westra, the residence of Dr. P. A.
Taliaferro, that gentleman, with his brother, Edwin Taliaferro, Esq., accompa-
nied by Mrs. , who, carried away by the excitement, insisted (under

threat of having her own boat manned) upon joining the expedition, and wit-
nessing the sport, as well as sharing the peril. Having hastily collected all
the fire-arms at baud, consisting of shot guns and five-shooters, and having
fastened a sword to a staff for a lance, they pushed off with a trusty crew of
negro oarsmen, in a launch of twenty feet in length, and rowed boldly for the
huge monster. He arose usually to breathe and spout water about every ten
or fifteen minutes, and then descended, reappearing at the expiration of that
time between a quarter and half a mile distant from the place of descent.

" Closely calculating the distance at which he would rise, and pulling in
the direction in which he disappeared, they succeeded in measuring so accu-
rately the time and space, that the third time he came to the surface after
they started, they found themselves within a few feet of him, as he lay with
his whole length expose 1 upou the water.

" To pour a heavy charge of buckshot into his flank was with Dr. T. the
work of an instant, when off the creature darted like lightning, pursued with
a hearty cheer by the boat's crew.

:' Again and again he rose, and again and again was the gallant boat with
her undaunted crew close beside him, pulling for their lives to head him, and
cut off his retreat from the river to the bay. For some moments, at one time,
he was seen swimming under the water, with his immense mouth, wide
enough to have taken in and crushed the frail boat, extended, and making
directly for her ; but a few quick and lusty back strokes of the oars put her
beyond peril, — and as he arose within ten feet of her quarter, a second dis-
charge of ball and buck drove him frantic upon a bar, and the blood- tinged
column of water which he spouted iuto the air told the story of a mortal
wound.

" Pulling the boat within a few feet of his body, far enough off to escape a
blow from his tail, Dr. T. courageously leaped overboard into five feet water,
and boldly attacked him with an impromptu lance, made of an old Toledo
blade which had done service in several wars. Though mortally wounded,
however, and attacked sword in hand, the whale would not yield himself van-
quished and a prisoner without another struggle, and, to the dismay of the
assailants and the crowds which had by this time collected on the beach, by
a convulsive and violent effort he floundered into deep water, and made a
straight run for the bay. But he was now too much exhausted to escape, and
the boat pulling fearlessly upon him, headed him within a few hundred yards,
and drove him again upon the shore, upou the estate, and near the residence
of Gen. Taliaferro, where cables and ropes were fastened to his tail, and he
was dragged to the shore by a force of over one hundred and fifty ne roes,
who had assembled to witness the sport, and despatched, after a most ex-
citing contest, from first to last, of over three hours.

" On dissection, the stomach was found to contain nothing but crabs.
I860.]

ii

300

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

The only other whale recorded as taken in the Chesapeake is mentioned in
the above article as having been captured near New Point Comfort, Matthews
County, north of Mobjack Bay, a few years previously.

On the REPTILIA and BATRACHIA of the Sonoran Province of the Nearctio

Begion,

BY EDW. D. COPE.

The material on which the present essay is based, is a collection made by
Dr. Elliott Coues during a sojourn of sixteen months in and ''travels over the
Territory of Arizona from east to west, chiefly near the parallel of 35°, and
along ihe valley of the Colorado from Fort Mojave to Fort Yuma." Notes
of observations made by Dr. Coues on the different species materially add
to their interest.

BATRACHIA.

Urodela.

Amblystoma ?nebulosum Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. (?.) v. 252, iii.

In the Siredon stage differing from the S. gracil is Baird in its oblique
branchial arches with finer pectinations, and in coloration. On the anterior
side of he third arch, twenty pectinations or rakers may be counted ; in the
S. pisciformis (or mexicanus) there are but twelve. Color in life
" shining green above, silvery greenish-white below, more yellowish about
legs and gills; a few obsolete scattered black spots on head and b ick. Eyes
and branchial fimbrias black," (Coues' notes). 455 — 56 9 from Jacob's well ;
No. 491^ from a deep water tank in the rocks of the San Francisco moun-
tains.

Male about seven inches long ; branchiae well developed ; gular derm free
half-way to symphysis mandibuli. Twelve costal folds. Muzzle slightly
narrowed jaws equal. Lateral and dorsal peritonaeum black. The lungs
extend to opposite the inguinal region. Corpus adiposum extending on
testes to their anterior extremity. Testes undivided, broad, length equal
half that from axilla to anus ; efferent vessels numerous, not entering directly
the vas uro-spermaticus. The latter is very slender, lying along the outer
margin, but not in contact with, the narrow kidney; opposite the latter re-
currently convolute, anterior to it straight, and extending to opposite axilla
with decreasing diameter. It empties into the rectum near the cloaca. Cloaca
protected on each side by a large vertical compressed gland, which is fringed
on its inferior border, (which is received into the lip of the cloaca,) and also
on its superior margin, which lies next the caudal vertebr e. It is continu-
ous in front of anus ; behind the two edges are pressed together. Integument
of cloaca throVn into numerous appressed vertical plicae, as in other Sire-
dons.

Stomach straight, extending to the left groin, filled with larvae of Diptera
Nematocera. Intestines long, rectum large.

Female smaller, many of the ova black. Tn these animals the tarsal and
carpal bones are fully formed, but cartilaginous. The pterygoid and pala-
tine teeth in continuous series, the latter slightly separated medially, and
coin eniric with maxillary series. On this character, preserved in a stage
of an allied species without branchiir, I proposed the genus Camarataxis, the
validity of which can only be established when the development of all our
Amblystomas is known. It is a stage nearer the larval condition than the
transverse series of A. o p a c u m, while the /\-shaped series of A. 1 u r i-
d u m is intermediate.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Anura.

501

Spea hammondii Baird, Pac. R. R. Rept. Williamson's Exped. 1857, 12.
Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1866, 81.
Two specimens.

Hyla arenicolor Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada. 1866, p. 84.

H. affinis Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Tab., not of Spix.

Two specimens. 732, "sides of abdomen and inside of thighs brightyellow
in life.'' — Coues.

Bufo frontosus sp. nov.

A species most allied to the B. americanus, but differing in the shorter
and more elevated cranium, longer and larger hind limbs, and more acumi-
nate parotoid glands.

The canthus rostrales not marked, the muzzle descending very steeply from
the anterior angles of the orbits, shorter than the elevated perpendicular
muzzle. Fiontal ridges higher than eyelids, rising steeply behind, termina-
ting in two short convergent tuberosities, divergent, with interior creuations
behind ; postocular ridge equally developed, sending a very small process to
the anterior acuminate extremity of the parotoids. Elevation of cranium at
parietal tubercle equal to length of same from the same point. Eye large ;
tympanum distinct, half eye; parotoid narrow, long, acuminate at both ends.
Elbow to anterior margin of orbit ; heel to end of muzzle. Skin everywhere
with numerous small tubercles; soles rough ; toes half webbed.

Brown above, with pale vertebral line, and three pairs of deep brown me-
dium sized spots, with paler centres. Sides and lips with small brown spots.
Femur and tibia with one indistinct brown cross-bar each. Below uniform
yellow.

Total length four inches, of which the head is 9 lines to postocular ridges ;
breadth between orbits 2-5 lines ; hind limb 5 inches; sacrum 1 inch across.
One specimen.

Bufo microscaphus sp. nov.

Head broader than long, obtuse, muzzle descending in full arc to labial
border from line of orbit; superciliary ridges well marked, but concealed by
the thick skin, plane, parallel; postorbital not prominent; vertical gutter
narrow. Eyes large, prominent, double tympanum. Parotoids broad, smooth.
Skin little roughened. Toes two-thirds webbed ; shovel very small, fre-
quently not black-edged, outer tubercle small, heel to end muzzle.

Above blackish, a black spot on each parotoid, and dark light centred bar
on femur and tibia ; a yellowish bar across front and palpebral, and spot on
nape ; muzzle dark.

Total length 1 in. 5-5 1. ; to postorbital ridge 7-5 1. ; fore limb 1 in. 9 1. ;
hind limb 3 in. 2 1. ; femur J included.

The oval, well separated parotoids and general appearance of this species
ally it to the B. s p e c i o s u s Girard, but in that animal the supraorbital
ridges are obsolete, and the metatarsal shovel is very much stronger. The
B. dorsalis Hallow. (B. woodhvusei Gird.) is also allied, but is in all pro-
portions and details more elongate, and has a stronger shovel and head
ridges ; it always has the dorsal band, which never exists in the microsca-
phus, and never the transverse face-band of the latter.

Numerous specimens in Dr. Coues' collection, ajso two previously in Mu3.
Smithsonian (4106, 4184), from the upper Colorado region, procured by H.
B. Mollhausen.

Rana h a 1 e c i n a Bosc.
Near Fort Wingate ; Zuni City.

1866.]

302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

REPTILIA.

Sauria.

Iguania.

Phiynosoma douglassii Bell. Tapaya ornatissima Girard, Herp. U. S.
Expl. Ex. 1858, 396.
Abundant, and exhibiting much variety of coloration, some being uniform
brown above, some with dark cross-bars, light edged behind, some with d;irk
oval spots, and some with dark yellow-edged spots; others have the tempo-
ral spines and sides of the head bright red. The length of the tail varies
from one and three-fourths to two and three fifths times in the total.
From Fort Whipple, San Francisco Mountains, and the Colorado Chiquito
River. The two from the last locality are the only ones with oval brown
yellow -edged spots. Dr. Coues says of this species: "Very abundant at all
points from Santa Fe to Fort Whipple, chiefly in dry and sandy or rocky
situations. The males are usually smaller and more delicate in form than
the females. Those of the latter sex taken after the middle of July were al-
most invariably pregnant, and the young appeared in great numbers after the
first of August. When on sand or soft soil, the horned frogs watch their
chance, and when they think nobody is looking, they quickly and quietly
bury themselves quite out of sight. This is accomplished by a gradual, in-
sinuating, lateral and forward wriggling of their bodies: nose down, and
paws drawn to their sides. vVhen newly caught, some of the larger speci-
mens are a little inclined to be irascible and pugnacious ; and they bite, but
rather weakly. If a dog approaches, they stretch up on their legs, swell out
their bodies, open their mouths, and make a low hissing noise. This is about
all they do, however. They always become tame and quiet after a few min-
utes' handling. They eat readily, snapping at passing flies, and catching
them by protruding their viscid, fleshy tongues. When tickled with a straw
they lean the whole body towards the side touched, humping up their backs,
and setting their horns ; but this is the utmost they do on the defensive, tor-
ment them as you may."

Phrynosoma brevirostre Girard, Herp. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1858, 377.

One specimen from Bero Springs (No. 407). This species is very near the
P. douglassii, but has the muzzle and nostrils of the P. cornutum
type, that is, the latter on the front of the muzzle ; the tail is also very short,
being a little over one-third length of head and body ; above with a few
pairs of pale-edged brown spots. I am not prepared to depend on its perma-
nent distinction from the P. douglassii.

Phrynosoma p la ty rh i n u s Girard, Stansbury's Report, Utah, Reptiles,
263.

Phrynosoma m o d e s t u m Girard, 1852, Herp. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1858, 365,
Tab. vi. Bero Spring.
Asa synonym of Ph. regale Girard, is to be placed Ph. Solaris Gray,
Catal. Sauria Brit. Mus., 229. Ph. b 1 a i n v i 1 1 e i Gray, 1. c. 228, is the com-
mon species of California which has been called Ph. coronatum by Gi-
rard. The latter species, of Blainville, has been sent by John Xantus to
the Smithsonian Institution from Lower California, where alone it has been
found.

Crotaphytus collaris J&y, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp. ii. 1842, 72, tab.

From Bero Springs and along the Colorado Chiquito River, where they are
abundant. Dr. Coues says of its habits: "Occurring on sand, logs, among
brush, etc. Throat very dilatable, os hyoides large and strong. Length 11
— 12 inches. Bites fiercely, and a little powerfully when caught. Common
all along the Colorado Chiquito River.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 303

" In confinement, this species is just the opposite of the smaller lizards and
of the horned frogs. They retain to the last their fierceness and irascibility,
and their biting inclinations. My specimens were all perfectly untameable,
though petted for several days ; they all ultimately died, apparently of pure
rage and chagrin at being trapped. They bit fiercely at the finger, and
whipped good-sized dogs. They also bite indiscriminately a stick or anything
else presented to them ; and hold on so tenaciously that I have hung them
up for half an hour by their hold on a stick or string. They were ever on
the alert, watching every motion with cuuning and wrathful eyes. Every
now and then they would seem to lose their tempers completely, and tug
frantically at their ' lariettos,' leaping fiercely about in all directious. They
refused all food, and their lovely colors faded very perceptibly some time
before death."

Crotophytus w i s 1 i z e n i i Baird, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1852, GO. C.
fasciatus Hallow., C. gumbelii B. G.
Colorado Chiquito River.

Holbrookia propinqua Bd., Gird., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1852, 126.

Navajo Springs ; Fort Wingate ; San Francisco Mountains ; Colorado Chi-
quito River ; Zuni City. " Very abundant ; not very agile."

Holbrookia maculata Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. 1850, 201.
Fort Whipple.

Holbrookia texana Troschel, Wiegm. Archiv. 1850, Tab. Bd., Gird., Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada. 1852.

Uta symmetrica Baird, Proc. Acad. 1 858.

Bero Springs, near Fort Wingate. ''On rocks in a canon. Very agile,
and difficult to secure. Tails very fragile.

" All have lemon or orange-yellow throats. Of some the bellies are plain
silvery while; of others bright greenish olive. Some are deep greyish-black
abore, others much lighter, with a dark lateral streak. The former I pro-
cured on light yellowish sandstone; the latter on dark blackish lava rocks.
Saw none except on rocks." (Coues' notes.)

Sceloporus consobrinusB.de. G., Marcys' Report, 1853, 237.

San Francisco Mountains ; Colorado Chiquito River ; Zuni Mountains. In
dry pine woods.

Sceloporus graciosusB. &.G., Proc. A. N. S. Phil., 1852, 69. Sc. gracilis
B. k G., 1. c.
Colorado Chiquito River, in sandy situations ; Navajo Springs.

Diploglossa.

Heloderma h o r r i d u m Wiegmann, Herpet. Mexicana Tab. Baird U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. Tab.
Fort Whipple. Yellow orange, the black cross bars parallel and connected
margins of orange spots.

Leptoglossa.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Linn. var. gu 1 ar i s Bd. Grd. Cnem. gularia
B. G., 1. c. 1852, 128. On. gutUitus Hallow., 1. c. 1854, 192.

Fort Wingate ; Colorado Chiquito River; Lithodendron Creek.

" This is the lizard, par excellence, of Fort Whipple and vicinity. All sum-
mer it has been very numerous in and about the Fort — coming into our tents
at all times, silently and furtively hunting for flies. Although so familiar,
it is exceeding timorous and darts out of sight at the least movement or noise.
It is, I think,°by far the most agile of all its tribe. When running on level
ground the eye can hardly follow it ; but receives merely a dim impression of

1866.]

304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

a lengthy streak of black and yellow. I found it impossible to secure speci-
mens till I hit upon the expedient of shooting them with a small charge of
mustard seed shot out of an old fashioned pistol ; with which 1 could procure
any quantity ot them. They live chiefly in high dry open woods, among dry
leaves, at the feet of bushes, etc. They are emphatically ground lizards, not
tree or rock species."

Plistodon o b s o 1 e t u s Bd. Gird , 1. c. 1852, 129.

Plistodon guttulatus Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila,, 1852, 206.
Fort Whipple.

OPHIDIA.

Asinea.

Contia i s o z o n a n. sp. nov.

Char. Two postoculars ; six rows of gular scales. Rostral rounded, slightly
produced backwards. Scuta 158 1, 52. Twenty black half rings, separated
by equal spaces of pinkish ground color.

Descr. Eye small, diameter twice in length of muzzle. Preorbital nar-
rower above, not extending above lower margin of superciliary ; loreal twice
as long as high. Prefrontals and internasals much broader than long; frontal
slightly angulate in front, longer than broad ; parietals rather elongate, sub-
truncate behind. Postorbitals subquadrate, temporals 1 — 2. Postgenials
minute. Superior labials seven, all higher than long, eye over third and
fourth. Scales in fifteen rows, all broader than long. Tail four and two-fifths
times in total length, which is 10-25 inches. Below immaculate; tail com-
pletely six-annulate.

Another specimen from the Museum Smithsonian, from Rockville, Kane Co.,
Utah, from A. L Siler, indicates a variety. The body is longer than in the type,
and is crossed by twenty-five black bars, between these and on top of muzzle
Vermillion, below yellow. Scuta 167 I 52. Both specimens resemble the
Sonora semiannulata B.&G., but that species has two nasals, three
postoculars, the superior reaching the frontal ; frontal wider behind than
before, and only 149 gastrosteges.

Rhinochilus 1 e c o n t e i Bd. Gird., Catalogue 120.

A well marked variety, having fewer (twenty) black half rings on the body
extending to the gastrosteges and separated by a narrow interval. Abdomen
with subquadrate black spots opposite the former and their intervals. Other-
wise as types.

Phimothyra h e x al e p i s n. sp. nov.

Resembles the P. grahamiae [Salvadora B. G ) but differs in having a
shorter tail, five and one-third times in length, instead of four times ; eye
resting on sixth supralabial on account of the presence of three narrow pre-
oculars ; two or three loreals — largest higher than long; nostril on suture
between nasals and internasals; dorsal stripe narrow — one and two half scales
and lateral brown band wide, four and a half to five scales, whose superior mar-
gius are ochriceous at base. Rostral plate well developed, higher than broad.
Nasals elongate, much depressed, anterior extending behind first labial; post-
oculars two ; two long narrow temporals. Width of occipitals nearly equal
common suture. Nine superior labials ; first pair inferior labials much dila-
ted medially, their common suture nearly equal that of pregeneials. Scales
seventeen rows. Gastrostages 176, urosteges 75. Tail and below uniform
yellowish.

Fort Whipple. The stomach contained a Cnemidophorus sexlineatus.

Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope, Proc. Academy 1860, 246. Var.
chlorophaea, 1. c. 247.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 305

Specimen with the small spots (sixty-six dorsal usually divided) of the
variety described as above as a species.

Ophibolus b o y 1 i i Baird and Girard, Serpents 82.

Specimen with loreal minute on one side, wanting on the other. As tbe
practice of employing generic names which have not been explained by a di-
agnosis is a very questionable one, and only to be allowed in case of neces-
sity, I employ in this and other cases Baird and Girard's names in prefer-
ence to the prior ones of Fitzinger ; e. g. the above, in place of Lampropeltis,

Ophibolus p y r o m e 1 a n u s m. sp. nov.

Char. Scales in 23 longitudinal rows ; tail five and one-half times in total
length. Scuta 224, 1, 66. Fifty to fifty-eight black annuli on an ochraceous
white ground, on the body ; each anteriorly completely, posteriorly more or
less incompletely split by a Vermillion annulus ; all extending with irregu-
larities on the belly.

Descr. Head quite distinct from body, muzzle contracted. Frontal plate
broad, with prolonged apex ; parietals elongate, emarginate behind ; cephalic
shields otherwise asinpolyzonus, splendid us, etc. Postgeneials half
the Length of the pregeneials. Dorsal scales rather broad, outer series not
abruptly enlarged. In one specimen all the black annuli to the middle of
the tail are divided by the red, thus leaving the black as a margin to it ;
hence the number of these annuli is fewer; they are four scales wide behind
the middle of the bo'dy ; in another specimen only four anterior rings are
completely divided, those on the following third of the length being divided
by red on the sides ; the remaining annuli black, three scales wide ; white
annuli one and one-half scales ; anterior or nuchal red ; annulus widest, its
anterior black margin attaining parietals ; an ochraceous band from gular
region, not quite completed across parietals. Muzzle, prefrontal plates and
labial margin ochraceous, remainder of top and sides of head black. Total
length 30-5 inches. Nos. 731 — 760.

This species has a longer body than the known red-ringed species, and is
indeed most closely related to the 0. b o y 1 i i • it will always be distinguished
from the latter by the much more numerous annuli (twenty-eight in b o y 1 i i.)

Pityophis b el Ion a Bd. Girard Serpents. Stansbury's Exploration, 1852,
350.
Numerous specimens illustrate well the great variability of the shields 'of
this species. About half do not possess the anterior frontal (vertical,) several
have two loreals on one side, some have one preocular on one side, some on
both, (typically two ;) four postoculars occur on one side only in two speci-
mens, and one has the eye on one side resting on the fifth superior labial, the
others on the fourth. Apparently the most abundant snake in the region ex-
plored by Dr. Coues.

Masticophis testaceus Say, Long's Expedition, 1823. JTerpttodryas jlavi-
gularis Hallowell, Pr. A. N. S., 1852.

Masticophis taeniatus Hallowell, (Leptophis) Proc. Acad. 1852. M. schot-
tii B. G., Catalogue Serpents. Leptopkis lateralis Hallow., Proc. Acad.
1 853.
The young, of the form lateralis, the adult, the ta-eniatus.

Eutaenia vagrans B. & G., Catalogue.

Var. with top of the head black. From Zuni City, in water. Var. with
head brown ; like back from San Francisco Mountains.

Eutaenia orpata B. & G., D". S. Mexic. Bound. Surv. Tab. E. parietalis B.
& G., Catalogue Serpents.
A very distinct species from the last. Superior labials seven ; postgeneials
considerably longer than pregeneials. Tail three and three-fifths in total

1866.] 20

306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

length. Scuta 167, 1, 85. Lateral stripe on second and third rows of scales ;
vertebral band not visibly black margined. Color above apparently uniform
olivaceous until the skin is stretched.

Eutaenia cyrtopsis Kennicott, Proc. Academy, 1860, 333.
Four specimens, Fort Whipple.

Eutaenia macrostemma Kennicott, I. c. 1860, 331.

Two specimens, Fort Whipple.

The following comparative table will assist in the recognition of these and
some other scarcely known species of the genus.

Scales in nineteen rows ; lateral stripe on the second and third
rows :

Form stout. Temporal small, not attaining the reduced last
upper labial ; superior labials seven ; nuchal blotches same
color as head : one series of numerous brown bars connect-
ing the light stripes, none of which are black edged.... scalaris*

Form slender. Temporal large, margining the last three upper
labials, none of which are reduced ; superior labials eight
(seven ;) general color brown, large nuchal blotches aud a
double series of very small lateral spots'black ; latter form-
ing continuous zigzag on stretched skin ; no black margins, cyrtopsis.

Form slender, tail three and two-fifths in total ; head narrow,
elongate, loreal longer than high ; seven superior labials,
temporal not extending beyond penultimate ; above uniform,
except on stretched skin, where there is a broad border to
dorsal vitta and one lateral row of black spots separated by
rufous ornata.

Scales in nineteen rows ; lateral stripe on third and fourth.

Form stout, head short, rounded, occipital regions convex ;
labials V — 8, temporal plate small ; gastrostega 138 — 148 ;
tail one- fifth total length. Olive brown, unspotted, dorsal
and lateral stripes yellow, black bordered ; lips, chin and
a postoral crescent to near occipitals, with occipital spots,
golden yellow ; two small black nuchal spots.... (sp. nov.) flavilabris.f

Scales in nineteen rows ; no longitudinal bands.
Olive brown, with four series of small black spots, and a
trace of two exterior anteriorly ; eight superior labials, last
very small, no black margin on the sixth or posterior mar-
gin of eighth, but a strong black band from eye across pos-
terior margin of seventh to mouth. Sides of head white,
extending upwards as two areas, margining each occipital ;
behind each a black nuchal spot separated by a narrow white
line from its fellow, and extending over occipital plates and
half of frontal ; prefrontals transverse sumiclirasti.J

Scales in twenty-one rows, lateral stripe on the third and

fourth.
Frontal plate longer than occipital suture ; temporal small,
margining only anterior part of penultimate labial ; post-

* T/iamnophis scalaris Cope, Pr. A. N. Sci., 1S60, 309, from Jalapa, DeOca. Also Orizava, Prof.
Sumii hrast, Nop. 3(5. 37.

I Two specimens Museum Smithsonian, from the Tahle Land or Southern Mountains of Mexi-
co, pent by Dr. Chas. Saiturius — vi.le Proc. Academy, 1805, 197. One specimen exhibits eight
upper labials, the other seven; in the latter, one preucular is divided, and four posterior superior
iabialw united.

X The markings of this species are entirely peculiar: it is also distinguished by the transverse
or narrow prefrontals and internasals. Orizava, Mexico, Prof. F. Sumichrast ; No. 45.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 307

ge.neinls longer than pregeneials ; superior labials eight ;
loreal higher than long, olivaceous, with one row of small
black spots below, and two rows above the lateral stripe.
Two small black nuchal spots and a short postoral pale
crescent macrostemma.*

Scales in twenty-one rows, lateral stripe on the second and
third.

Frontal plate shorter than common occipital suture; tempo-
ral small, superior labials eight, postgeneials equal or
shorter than pregeueials. Ashy, sometimes brown, with
narrow, unmargined stripes and very small lateral spots
in two rows vagrans.

Heterodon nasicus B. & G. Stansbury's Explorations, 1852, 352.

Proteroglypha.

Elans e u r y x a n t h u s Kennicott, Proc. Acad., Philada., 18G0, 337.
T*wo specimens. Fort Whipple.

Solcnoglypha.

(Jaudisona molossus Bd., Gird., Catalogue. Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv., Tab.
Two specimens ; dry rocky ground, San Francisco Mountains.

Caudisona scutulata Kennicott, Proc. Acad. 1861.

One specimen, twenty inches long; San Francisco Mountains.

Caudisona confluenta Say, Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., ii. 1823,48. Baird
and Girard, Catalogue, 8.

Four specimens of this species, which correspond more or less closely with
Say's diagnosis, one of them especially, in having the cervical maculae con-
fluent into a band. The animal called by this name by Baird and Girard, and
named Q. lecontei by Dr. Hallowell, which is found on the eastern slopes of
the Rocky Mountains and the central plains of Kansas, Missouri, etc., differs
from the Arizona form, as I pointed out in t^ynopsis of Crotali in Mitchell's Re-
searches, not having then seen specimens of the latter ; yet the two are pro-
bably varieties of but one species. They differ as follows :

Var. confluenta: sixteen superior labials, (eight to) ten rows of scales
between superciliaries ; ground color above bluish slate, no yellow band be-
tween eyebrows, on rostral, or margining labials in front. Spaces between
dorsal spots orange

"San Francisco Mountains (510). No. 801 under a log on a mountain,
altitude 12,000 feet. 572. No. (378, thirty-one inches long, had an adult Sialia
m e x i c a n a in its stomach."

Var. lecontei: fourteen superior labials, six between superciliaries. Ground
color, and space between spots brown ; a yellow margin to mouth and rostral
plate, and band between supercilia.

No specimens from Arizona.

Caudisona 1 u c i f e r Baird and Girard, Catalogue, p.

The numerous specimens of this species brought from Arizona by Drs.
Coues and Irwin are nearly black, especially the head.

509 — 511, etc., San Francisco Mountains.

* In Mus. Smithsonian there are two varieties, neither of which agree strictly with Kennicott's
type. First, the two from Dr. CoueS. in which the lateral spots are minute, not in contact, and
the dorsal vitta more or less black margined; and second, three specimens from Mirador, Vera
Cruz, Dr. Sartorius. In these the spots are quadrate, large, including the inferior row; those
of the two superior in contact at their angles. Gastrostega of the first 163, of the latter 100.

1866.]

308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Caudisona pyrrha sp. nov.

Scales in twenty-five series, broad and rounded, the two inferior rows
smooth. Head short and very obtuse, the nostrils opening subvertically.
Superior labials higher than long, three rows of temporals smooth ; scales of
vertex small, keeled ; those more anterior, striate. Superciliaries broad oval,
striate. Canthus rostralis none. Inferior labials fifteen, the first and second
margining a plate which meets its fellow in front of the geneials, and is in
other species a continuation of the first. Gastrosteges 178, urosteges 24;
joints of rattle 9. The general tint of this species is a bright salmon red, the
scales of the inferior rows punctulate with brown. Other details of structure
and coloration are given in the description below.

The species is one of the most handsomely colored of the genus. Its affini-
ties are with the C. m i t c h e 1 1 i i m., but it exhibits an even higher degree
of subdivision of the head shields. Mus. Smithsonian, No. 6606.

I am now acquainted with eighteen well defined species of this genus,
while one or two named remain to be further investigated. They are dis-
tributed as follows :

Regio Neotropica 5

S. R. Brasiliana 2

S. R. Mexicana .' 4

Regio Nearctica 13

S. R. Sonoriana 10

S. R. Californiana 1

S. R. Media 3

S. R. Orientalis 2

18

The intensity of distribution is then the Region of Lower California, Upper
Sonora and Arizona, which has seven peculiar species, and three which enter
from the neighboring districts.*

The scattered nature of the literature of this subject renders a synopsis of
the species of this important genus desirable. The genus divides itself into

two natural sections :

•

I. Top of muzzle covered by three pairs of symmetrical shields in contact ;
nasals distinct.

a. Rattle acuminate.
C. DUitissA Linn. Scales in twenty-nine rows, four rows scales below or-
bit. Yellow, with two brown longitudinal bands on anterior part of body,
remainder with black rhombs embracing yellow centres. Surinam and
Mexico, to Vera Cruz.

C. terrifica Laurenti. Four rows scales below orbit ; brown, with two
darker bands above anteriorly, and a series of large darker dorsal rhombs
with yellow outlines. Brazil, Mexico.

C. basilisca. Cope. Two and three rows scales below eye ; rows on body
29; labials 14. Yellow- brown, with large adjacent chestnut-red, yellow-
bordered dorsal rhombs, alternating with chestnut spots ; no longitudinal
bands anteriorly. Western Mexico.

a.*. Rattle parallelogrammic.

C. molossus Bd. & Gird. Twenty-nine rows of scales, eighteen labials,
separated by five rows from orbit. Brownish-sulphur above, with small
transverse reddish dorsal rhombs, the angles produced as lateral bands ; no
longitudinal bands on neck; tail black. Arizona, New Mexico.

* These facts have been pointed out, Pioc. Acad. 1S61, 294.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 309

II. Nasal plates distinct; muzzle with small plates or numerous scales above.

a. Muzzle with two marginal shields above each cantbus rostralis.

p. An elevated narrow cuneiform rostral.

y. The rattle acuminate.

C. polysticta Cope. Scales 27 rows ; sup. labials 14; separated from orbit
by two rows. Gray-brown, with seven longitudinal rows of brown spots; top
of head variegated. Mexico.

C. triseriata Wagler. Scales twenty-three rows ; two pairs of large scales
on top of muzzle ; six rows between orbits. Yellowish, with a dorsal series
of sub-round brown spots. Mexico.

C. confluenta Say. Scales 25-7 ? (-9) rows ; labials 15 to 18, separated
from orbit by four rows ; six to ten rows between superciliaries Yellow line
from supercilium above angle of mouth ; a medial dorsal row of brown spots
emarginate before and behind, with two alternating lateral series. Central
and south-west North America.

yy. The rattle parallelogrammic.
C. lucifer Bd. Gird. Scales 25-7, labials 15-16, with four rows above them.
Numerous sub-round blackish dorsal spots, separated by narrow yellow lines :
a light band from supercilia above angle of mouth. Pacific region North
America and Arizona.

C. scutulata Kennicott. Scales 25 rows, superior labials 16 ; three or four
rows interorbital scales, bounded in front by two shields. Yellow stripe from
eyebrow above rictus oris ; yellowish-brown, with a dorsal series of truncate
brown yellow-edged rhombs ; tail black-ringed. Arizona.

C. atrox Bd., Gird. Scales 25-7 rows, labials 15; muzzle with small
scales above; yellowish, with a dorsal series of complete yellow-edged brown
rhombs ; yellow band from supercilium above angle of mouth. Texas and
Sonora. Tail black-ringed.

C. adamaxtea Beauvois. Scales 27 rows; labials 15 — 16; muzzle above
with small scales, acuminate. Brown, with three series of brown yellow-
edged complete rhombs, tbe median larger, only separated by tbeir yellow
margins ; a yellow line from supercilium to angle mouth. Florida and
Georgia.

C. horrida Linnaeus. Scales 23 — 5 rows, all carinate ; labials 12 — 14 ; two
rows between them and orbit. Light line from superciliary plate to angle of
mouth ; two series of dorsal rhombs, confluent except on the anterior part of
the body, forming transverse zigzag blotches ; tail black. Eastern district
of North America.

/?/S. An equilateral broad or depressed rostral. Rattle acuminate.
C. enyo Cope. Scales 23 rows, sup. labials 13; superciliaries separated by
six rows ; scales on muzzle small. Above yellow, with a median series of
small transverse rhombs, which are prolonged into vertical lateral black
bars; former median and longitudinal on neck; light line to above canthus
oris. Lower California.

C. Tigris Kennicott. Scales 21 — 3 rows, numerous smooth plates on top of
muzzle ; labials 14, separated by two rows from orbit, superciliary space wide.
Yellowish ash, with small doral blotches on anterior one, and cross-bands on
posterior two-thirds of body. Deserts of Gila and Colorado.

an. Upper margin of canthus rostralis with small scales like the others.
c. Prenasal in contact with rostral; superciliary prolonged into a horn.

C. cerastes Hallowell. Two elongate preorbitals ; rostral broad as high ;
rattle parallelogrammic. Scales 21 — 3; labials 11 — 13. Light yellowish,
1866.]

310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

with several series small brown spots, median largest. Deserts of Gila and
Colorado.

m. Prenasal separated from rostral by scales; superciliary not prolonged.

C. mitchellii Cope. Rostral broad as long ; scales 25 rows ; labials 16,
separated from orbits by three rows ; two elongate preorbitals, one loreal ;
yellowish- gr«y, with indistinct quadrate dorsal spots separated by yellow,
and becoming cross-bands on posterior fourth. Rattle parallelogrammic.
Lower California.

C pyriiha Cope. Rostral broad as long ; head very obtuse rounded. Scales
25 rows, seven between superciliaries, three below orbit; labials 14; two
very small preorbitals and four loreals. Pale vermillion varied with yellow
on the sides of the belly, with numerous large reddish-bay transverse hexa-
gons, which become transverse bands on posterior two-ihirds of length ;
yellow below. Rattle subacuminate. Arizona.

The C. lepida of Kennicott remains, which is the type of a genus now first
defined under the name of

Aploaspis m., and characterized by the presence of a single large nasal
shield, which is pierced by a small central nostril.

I. Muzzle with numerous smooth plates above.

A. lepida Kennicott. Rostral broad, low ; scales of top of muzzle and
vertex large, smooth ; upper preorbital very small, loreals three ; labials
twelve, separated by one row from orbit ; no postocular band. Rio Grande,
Texas.

Testddinata.

Aromochelys carinatus Gray, Catal. Shield Rep. Brit. Mus. Ozotheca
tristycha Agassiz, Coutrib. N. Hist. U. S., vol. i.

To the forty-four species procured by Dr. Coues may be added the follow-
ing, procured by Dr. Irwin from the neighborhood of Fort Buchanan (near
Tucson), in the southern part of the territory :

Uma notata* Bd. Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope.

Gyalopium canum Cope.

Added chiefly by Maj. Emory, on the United States and Mexican Boundary
Survey, mainly according to the Report by Prof. Baird.
Cnemidophorus melanostethus Cope.

" gracilis Bd. Caudisona atrox Bd., Gird.

Euphryne obesa Bd. " tigris Ktnn.

Uta graciosa Hallow. " cerastes Hallow.

Sceloporus clarkii Bd., Grd. Tropidonotus validus Kenu.

Dipsosaurus dorsalis Hallow. Ophibolus splendidus Bd., Gird.

Callisaurus ventralis Hallow. Phimoihyra grahamice Bd., Gird.

Phrynosoma regale Gird. Sonora semiannulata Bd,, Gird.

" maccallii Hallow. Chionactis occipitale Hallow.

Coleonyx variegatus Baird. Diadophis regalis Bd. Gird.

Bufo alvarius Gird.

" debilis G. (insidior Gird.)
Hyla cadaverina Cope.
In all, sixty-eight species, referrable to twenty-seven genera. Of the latter
there are :

* This is the only adult in the Smithsonian Museum, a young specimen having previously served
as the type. The genus is distinguished from Callisaurus hy the presence of a series of spines
moveable on their Liases, on the outer margin of the f >ot.

The coloration is peculiar ; ground color black, covered everywhere by large yellow (red ?) disci-
form spits, whose margins are everywhere nearly in contact, leaving a pattern like the refuse of
a button-maker's plates; each spot has a black centre. Leugth eight inches, tail short.

[Oct.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3H

I II, III.

Entirely or nearly entirely Nearctic : extensively Nearctic : extending into

Nearctic. distributed in Mexi- Continental district of
can district of Neo- Neotropical.

Phrynosoma, tropical R.

Crotaphytus, Cnemidophorus,

Holbrookia, Sceloporus, Heterodon,

Plistodon, Ophibolus, Masticophis,

Contia, Eutaenia, Elaps,

* Diadophis, Tropidonotus, Caudisona,

Pityophis, Rana, Bufo,

Aromochelys, Spea, Hyla.
Amblystoma.

Sonoran Species 19. Species 13. Species 22.

IV. Genera confined to the Sonoran district, which extend into the Mexican :

Uta, Heloderma, Euphryne, Phinaothyra.

Sonoran species 5.

V. Genera confined to the Sonoran district which do not extend into Mexico:

Callisaurus, Dipsosaurus, Uma, Sonora,

Gyalopium, Chionactis.

Species 6.
VI. Genera chiefly Mexican, which extend into the Sonoran district, (the
first two to the Rio Grande) :

Coleonyx, Hypsiglena, Trimorphodon.

Species 3.
Of the nineteen species embraced in the first table, there are —
Found in Pacific district, Middle district, Peculiar,

Phrynosoma douglassii. Phynosoma douglassii, Phrynosoma, 5 sp.,

Crotaphytus collaris, Crotaph. wislizenii,
Holbrookia maculata, Holbr. propinqua.

" texana, Contia isozona.

Plistodon guttulatus, Diadophis regalis,

" obsoletus, Amblystoma nebulosum.

Pityophis bcllona,
Aromochelys carinatus.

1 sp. 8 sp. 10 sp.

Of the thirteeen species of the second table there ate of the same character —
Sceloporus graciosus, Sceloporus consobrinus, Ophibolus pyromelanus,
Ophibolus boylii, " clarkii, " splendidus,

Spea hammondii. Eutsenia vagrans, Eutasnia cyrtopsis,

Rana halecina. " macrostemma,

" ornata,
Tropidonotus validus.
3 sp. 4 sp. 6 sp.

Of the twenty-two species of the third table of genera, the distribution in
the same respects is as follows :

Masticophis tieniatus, Cnemidophorus 6-lineatus, Cnemid. gracilis,
Caudisona lucifer. Heterodon nasicus, " melanostethus,

Masticophis testaceus, Elaps euryxanthus,

Caudisona conflueuta, Caudisona scutulata, •

" atrox, " pyrrha,

Bufo dorsalis. " molossus,

" tigris,

" cerastes,

Bufo microscaphus,
« Hyla arenicolor,

" cadaverina,

2 sp. 6 sp. 11 species.

1866.]

Confined to the

Sonoran dist.

312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

It then appears, from the preceding tables, that the species of this district
are of the following distribution :

Occurring in the Pacific district 6

middle " 18

Tab. I 10

II 6

III 11

IV ..... 5

V 6

VI 6 *

— 44

We may now institute some comparisons with the Reptile fauna of Cape St.

Lucas, based on the material obtained by Consul Jno. Xautus ; and give first a

Tab. VII. Genera common to Cape St. Lucas and Arizona :
Caudisona, Uta,

Trimorphodon, Callisaurus,

Hypsiglena, Sceloporus,

Pityophis, Phrynosoma,

Tropidonotus, Dipsosaurus,

Eutaenia, Cnemidophorus,

Fhimothyra, Bufo,

Masticophis, Hyla.

Ophibolus,
Seventeen, of which five are peculiarly characteristic of the Sonoran dis-
trict among those of the Nearctic Region, as per tables iv. v. \ i.

I have already pointed out (Proc. Acad. 18G1, 305*) that of the sixteen spe-
cies of Ophidians of Cape St. Lucas eight are peculiar to it ; as the Hypsiglena
of Arizona is probably not different, the number should be reduced to seven.
Of the remaining nine there are —

Of the Pacific district, Sonoran, S. Central,

Ophibolus boylii. Caudisona atrox, Caudisona atrox,

Trimorphodon lyrophanes,
Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus
Tropidonotus validus,
Eutamia cyrtopsis
Phimothyra grahamise,

Masticophis testaceus, Mastic, testaceus.
Stenostoma humile.

I species. 8 sp. 2 sp.

Of the Lacertilians, of which no synopsis has hitherto appeared, there were
fourteen in the Xantusian collections. Of these there were —

Confined to the Cape, Also Sonoran, Represented in Sonoran

Diplodactylus unctus Cope, Uta stansburiana, by —

Phyllodactylus xanti C, Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

Uta nigricauda C,
" thalassina C,
Callisaurus dracojitoides Blv. C. ventralis Hall.,

S ■cloporus zosteromus C, S. clarkii B., G.

Phrynosoma coronatum. Blv.
Ctenosaura hemilopha, C,
Cnemidophorus niaximus, C,

" hyperythrus C,

Xantusia vigilis Bd.

II sp. 2 sp. 2 sp.
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus Blv., one sp., belonging entirely to the Pacific
district.

* In enumerating the Ophidian genera of Central America in the same connection, by a lapsus
calami Hydrodipsas waa written instead of Hydromorpfius Peters,and not properly corrected. The
former is really Kast Indian (Malaccan), and is the same as that previously named Cantoria by
Girard, — a fact apparently not before noticed.

)ct.

[Oc

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 313

There were four species of Batrachia of the following range :

Peculiar to the Peninsula, Hyla curta Cope, s. n.
Extending to Pacific district, " regilla B., G.

Extending to South Central, Scaphiopus couchii, (var. varius C )

" " " Bufo punctatus B., G.

The relations of the Sonoran district fauna, then, to that of Cape St. Lucas,
are as follows :

Total number Sonoran 68

Confined to it 45

Total number Cape St. Lucas 34

Confined to it 19

Common to the two 10

Cape St. Lucas sp. in South Central district 4

" " Pacific district 3

The only genus occurring at Cape St. Lucas which does not exist elsewhere
in the Regio Nearctica, is Ctenosaura, which is Mexican.

Prof. Baird has regarded (Proc. Acad. 1859, 300) the Sonoran and Lower
Californian provinces as identical, and has pointed out the slight affinity of
the latter to the Pacific district. It appears from the preceding that, in re-
spect to the reptiles, they constitute provinces nearly as distinct from each
other as the Sonoran is from the Central, a conclusion agreeing with that
attained by Dr. John L. LeConte from a study of the Coleoptera, (vid. Proc.
Acad. 1861, 335). That these, and the Pacific province, are more nearly re-
lated to each other than to the Eastern province, is sufficiently apparent on
general Herpetological and other grounds, as set forth in Prof. Baird's masterly
review of the distribution of North American Birds, Sillinian's Journ. Sci.
and Arts, 1866.

Dr. Giintber has indicated the Tropic of Cancer as the approximate division
line between the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions ; the writer (1. c. 1861,
306) has regarded tbis as the parallel of its eastern extremity, and placed the
western several degrees further north. More recently Prof. Baird (1. c.) has
indicated a less oblique division, raising the eastern extremity to the mouth
of the Rio Grande, and terminating it on the west at Guaymas. While he
characterizes the line as "arbitrary" for the birds, it is much less so for
terrestrial vertebrates ; in these the transition of faunse is striking and quite
abrupt.

Description o/Hyla curta Cope, supra.

Form stout, size small, breadth of jaws entering total length two and two-
third times. Males without gular vocal vesicle. Tongue nearly one-t'iird
free. Femur posteriorly unicolor ; basal fold weak. A dark labial border
and band from nostril to axilla, above ashy brown, with a dark interocjlar
triangle and a broad dorso-lateral band on each side, "often broken into
elongate spots. Limbs punctulate and cross-barred.

Muzzle projecting beyond nares not very prominent ; cantbus rostralis well
defined, straight, loreal region not concave. Eyes little prominent, diameter
less than distance between origins of canthus rostralis, three times that of
tympanum. Vomerine fascicles entirely between nares, choanre small. Skin
smooth to sparsely and finely tuberculate above. Digits sto.ut, dilat-ations
well defined except on the inner anterior; all the latter free, the posterior
not elongate, webbed to base of second phalanx. Hind foot measures one
and two-thirds width of head ; the heel extended reaches anterior margin of
orbit. The sacral diapophyses are slender, like those of H. pickeringii.
Tarsal fold distinct, cuneiform process small ; heel extended reaches anterior
orbit.

The groin is sometimes mottled with black, and the sides often with brown,

1866.]

314 PROCEEDINGS OP TIIE ACADEMY OF

or marbled, which may extend over the iliac region. Sometimes all the dark
markings are marbled with paler. There is a band on the front of the hu-
merus, and the hind limbs are frequently double-banded.

Linee.

From end of muzzle to cant bus oris 3-9

" " to vent 12

Length of fore limb 7'4

" hind " 184

" " foot 8-6

Interorbital breadth 1'8

Like capistrata, p alii at a, and the Eastern pickeringii, this is
one of the smallest species of the genus ; in form it is the. most distantly re-
moved from the typical forms, approaching distantly Chorophilus, which it
resembles in color. The lack of a vocal vesicle, not rarely occurring in the
genus Rana, I have not observed in any other species of this genus.

No. 5293, 19 specimens (half rf), Cape St. Lucas. Jno. Xantus.

November Qth.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Thirty three members present.

The followiug were offered for publication :

" Fifth contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America." By
Ed. D. Cope. " On the Habits of the Agricultural Ant of Texas."
By Gideon C. Lincecum.

Dr. Hayden made some remarks in regard to an extensive chalk deposit on
the Missouri river. He also exhibited to the Academy some fossils, fishes and
shells, which had been taken from these chalk deposits by Mr. Geo. A. Prop-
per, a resident of Yankton, the capital of Dakota Territory. This formation
has been known for many years, and represents No. 3, or Niobrara group of the
Cretaceous series of this region. It commences at a point on the Missouri
river not far from Blackbird hill, overlapping, on the high hills, Nos. 1 and 2
of the Cretaceous series. Near the mouth of the Vermilion River it begins to
occupy the country, to the exclusion of any other rocks, and passes beneath
the bed of the Missouri near the Great Bend. It is thus visible for nearly 400
miles along the river. The fossils which have thus far been taken from this
bed are not numerous in species. The Ostrea congesta, Conrad, is perhaps the
most abundant shell. It is found in many localities aggregated in vast masses,
reminding one much of the little raccoon oyster that is left by the receding of
the tide along the shores of the sea islands of South Carolina.

In< ceramus problematicus is abundant between Blackbird hill and mouth of
Big fr-ioux river. It is found in a grey, rather hard, chalk limestone, which
forms the base of the formation No. 3, and the rock is used much by the set-
tlers for building purposes and for burning into lime. I. p&eudomytiloide* and
/. cviculoides are found at different localities. This rock varies greatly in
eoler as well as texture, from a lead grey to milk white. It is oftener a deep
rust color, owing to the presence of the peroxide of iron. It resembles very
much our common chalk of commerce, and might be used for similar economi-
cal purposes. Although the organic remains thus far found in this formation
do not positively affirm it, yet there can be hardly a doubt that it is the Ame-
rica n representative of the white chalk beds of Europe. The fish remains are
mai y of them quite well preserved, and as they belong apparently to unde-
sci'bed species, they are placed in the collections of the Academy for future
study.

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF I HILADELPHIA. 315

The deaths were announced of Mr. Francis A. Wolgamuth, a mem-
ber, and of Dr. Robert W. Gribbes, of Columbia, S. C, correspondent.
Also that of Mr. Robert Kennicott, correspondent, which occurred near
Behring's St. aits.

November 13^.

The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Thirty-five members present.

The following was offered for publication : " Description of the
Hot Springs of Soda Creek, &c." By E. L. Berthouul.
Mr. Isaac Lea read the following letter :

New Garden, 5th of Oth mo., 1866.
Isaac Lea.

Dear Friend, — As science is the accumulation of facts, and the legitimate
inductions derived from them, I offer no further apology for this intrusion.

Our Helieidse and other land shells generally pass the day in damp secluded
places, among grass, under logs and fallen leaves, and even buried beneath the
surface of the earth in dry weather, and are consequently difficult to find.
From these retreats they sally forth during the night, enlivened by the falling
dew — or still more by a shower of rain — in quest of food and pleasure. But
here they are screened from observation by the darkness of the night.

Knowing their habits, and having often found them under boards or other
dejected matter, it occurred to me several years ago to make this knowledge
available in collecting such shells. My success has been most gratifying to
myself — may it not prove equally so to others? "The plan which I adopted is
this : On a summer evening, after rain, I lay a wet board on the wet grass any-
where in my yard, lawn, or pasture, and on the following morning find the
shells adhering to the under surface. In this way I have at various times ob-
tained the following species in greater or less abundance : —

Succinea avara, Vallonia minuta,

Hyaliua indentata, Bulimus marginatus,

arborea, Leucocheila contracta,
Gastrodonta suppressa, corticaria,

Strobila labyrinthica, peutodon,

Anguispira alternata, Isthmia ovata,
Patula striatella, gouldii,

Helicodiscus lineata, milium,

Pseudohyalina minuscula, armifera.

Only a week ago, on removing a small log from my pasture, where it had lain
some months, I accidentally detected a few shells of Isthmia milium, hitherto un-
noticed in this vicinity. The next evening, after rain, I laid three boards, each
four feet long and six inches wide, upon the spot, and the next morning ob-
tained 250 1st. milium, 15 Leuc. pentodon, 3 Gast. suppressa, and 6 Pseud, minus-
cula.

The plan here suggested is susceptible of extensive application to the pur-
poses of the practical conchologist and travelling collector of shells, wherever
they may chance to pass the night ; especially so, as I have found by repeated
trials that a bucket of water thrown on the grass and covered with a board
affords all the conditions necessary for success about as well as a shower of
rain. No cumbrous apparatus is required to load the traveller; the means will
always be at hand wherever he may chance to lodge, and a few moments of
the evening and morning will suffice to set his traps and bag the game.

The record of a journey across this wide continent, so conducted, would

1866.]

316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

probably exhibit the ever-changing mycological fauna of the country in a very
ditferent light from what it now appears. New species would no doubt be dis-
covered, and the boundaries of the old ones more accurately determined.

Within the week I have obtained 366 /. milium in the locality mentioned,
and after considerable search have found only a single shell in the whole field,
more than four yards from the spot first designated ; a singular instance of
the extreme localization of a species which is quite numerous at that point.
Which is respectfully submitted by thy sincere friend,

E. Micheker.

Dr. Hayden reported the discovery of a Mastodon tooth in the Post-
pliocene drift near Fort Kearney, and another in the same formation
in the bluffs opposite St. Louis.

E. D. Cope pointed out the anomalous relations existing between the tibia
and fibula in certain of the Dinosauria, as illustrated by the genus Laelaps.
He remarked: The distal extremity of the tibia is transverse, and much com-
pressed, and does not exhibit any of the usual appearances of an articular sur-
face, neither the reptilian condyle, nor a cotyloid cavity sufficient for an astra-
galus of the size necessary for an animal of such bulk. A bone, presenting a
broad hour-glass-faced articular surface was discovered with the other remains,
and had puzzled the anatomists who had seen it. This piece exhibits, along its
whole posterior aspect, two faces, which form a reentrant angle for a fixed arti-
culation : this is found to have been applied to the extremity of the tibia, ex-
actly, and to have been fixed by strong articular ligaments. The medially con-
stricted condyle presenting forwards and a little downwards exhibits so little
analogy with the artragalus, as to suggest other interpretations, and, after a
careful examination, it seems evidently the distal extremity of the fibula.
This element furnishes a small articular surface at the knee, and fitting the
tibia by the concavity of its inner face, becomes greatly attenuated at its distal
third, where it is, in consequence of an obliquity of its direction, applied to the
anterior face of the former bone. It then spreads into a plate extending to the
inner margin of the tibia, while the solid shank is continued along the outer
margin, and both terminate in the massive condyle which embraces the whole
extremity of the tibia, like an epiphysis.

One other example only of this structure is known in the Vertebrata, of
which I only find mention in Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles x., p. 204, tab. 249,
fig. 34-5. This author studied the distal extremity of a tibia with applied fibu-
lar condyle, from Honfleur, which he was not able to assign to any known spe-
cies or genus, but which he, with usual sagacity, includes in the chapter
devoted to Megalosaurus.

He however regarded the face of the tibia receiving the condyle-bearing
bone as the inner, instead of the anterior, stating that the tibia is laterally
instead of antero-posteriorly compressed, so anomalous is this structure among
vertebrates. He regarded the bone as the astragalus, and did not perceive any
connection between its ascending apophysis and a fibula, partly because a
fibula with distinct distal articulation was received with the same bones.

The fibular condyle possesses an articular facet on its exterior extremity,
(anterior, Cuvier), probably adapted to a corresponding face of a calcaneum.
Its plane is transverse and does not cover the whole extremity, the anterior
margin and a knob on the antero-superior part of the extremity projecting
beyond it. Exterior to the middle of the upper margin of this piece, and at the
internal base of the ascending apophysis, it is perforate, as is the cavity above
the condyles of the humerus in the higher apes, and may have received a simi-
lar coronoid process of an astragalus.

As compared with the species examined by Cuvier, this fibular condyle has
a less elevated form ; in Cuvier's specimen the ascending apophysis was flatter,
broader and directed toward the calcaneal facet instead of from it ; it lacked

fNov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

317

the submedian perforation. Its tibial face appears to have been rounded, not
angulate. The tibia presented an ascending ridge, to the face of which the
ascending apophysis was applied ; in the Laelaps aquil unguis there is no
ridge, the apophysis reposing in a slight concavity. This apophysis, like the
slender portion of the fibula, is composed of dense bone.

Cuvier describes at the same time a bone of which he says, " il ne serait pas
impossible que 1'os (fig. 39) fut la tete superieur du perone du pied que. je viens
de decrire." This piece has a shank compressed at right angles to the direction
of its head, a form so unlike the fibula? of known Dinosauria, including Mega-
losaurus and Laelaps, as to render its pertinence to the animal possessing the
forementioned tibia, to say the least, very doubtful.

The direction of the condyle indicates the articulation of the tarsal elements
to have been at a considerable angle with the shank of the leg, and that the
animal was entirely plantigrade, and was unable to extend the foot in line with
the lower leg. The animal's weight was no doubt shared by another tarsal
bone, besides the astragalus, owing to the anterior position of the former.

In most known Dinosauria the relations of tibia and fibula are similar to
those in the modern Lacertilia. It would appear then that this class existed
under two ordinal modifications ; the first, including Scelidosaurus Ow., Hylaeo-
saurus Mant., Iguanodon Mant., and Hadrosaurus Leidy, may be called the
Okthopoda ; the second including Laelaps Cope, and probably Megalosaurus
Buckl., may be termed the Goniopoda.

November 20ih.

The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Thirty- seven members present.

The following was offered for publication : " Descriptions of some
new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera." By Tryon Reakirt.

November 27th.

The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Forty-two members present.

On favorable report of the Committees the following were ordered
to be published :

Fifth Contribution to the HEPPETOLOGY of Tropical America.

BY E. D. COPE.

The following species, previously unknown to the scientific system, are
selected from the collections made at different points in Mexico by the
esteemed correspondents of the Smithsonian Institution, Drs. Arthur Schott,
Francis Sumichrast, Berendt, and Major.

OPHIDIA.

Himantodes tenuissimus m. sp. nov.

Vertebral series of scales small, like the rest, altogether in seventeen
rows. Head broad, very obtuse, prenasals approaching each other ; loreal
subquadrate ; preorbitals 2 or 1, postorbitals narrow, two. Superior labials,
eighth, fourth and fifth, sometimes third in' orbit. Frontal anterior suture
longer than lateral, which converge behind; length of shield three-fourths
common suture of parietals ; temporals 1 or 2 — 3.

18G6.]

318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Body exceedingly slender and compressed. Gastrosteges 250, anal divided,
urosteges 157. Total length 2 feet 9 inches, tail 105 inches; length of head
5 lines.

Ashy white, with fifty transverse black light-edged spots on the body,
which approach closely on the median line ; on the tail 39 spots. Below,
belly minutely punetulated ; tail brown spotted.

The absence of the dorsal shields would indicate a wide separation of this
species from the type of the genus H. cenchoa L., but for the existence
of H. gemmistratus Cope, in which this series is much narrowed,
approaching the ordinary form of scale.

Smithson., No 6563; Schott, No. 903. This, with the three species follow-
ing, form part of the collection made by Dr. Schott under direction of Governor
Ilarregin, of Yucatan.

Mesopeltis sanniolus m. genus et spec. nov.

Char. Gen. — Maxillary, palatine and pterygoid bones elevated laminifcrm,
the first bearing slender teeth to opposite middle of orbit. Cephalic shields
normal; posteiior genials quite small, the first pair united into an ovoid
shield which is in contact with the symphyseal. No scale pores. Anal divided.
Body compressed, head quite distinct, with large eye and vertical pupil.
Scales smooth, without larger vertebral series.

Char. Specif. — Muzzle contracted, labial margin and mandible especially so,
from under the orbit. Rostral not visible from above ; two short nasals ;
loreal narrow, erect ; preoculars two, very narrow, the inferior very small.
Vertical, nearly twice as long as broad at its middle ; a little longer than
parietal suture ; its outlines straight. Superior labials eight— nine, the sub-
orbitals the fourth and fifth, longitudinal. Inferior labials ten, the anterior
four very small, the fifth narrow, oblique. Back and belly equally rounded ;
scales in fifteen series. Tail cylindrical. Gastrosteges 156 ; urosteges 55
.(approximately).

Length of head and body 11 inches.

Above light brown, with one series of small dark brown spots on the median
line separated by intervals nearly equal to their diameter. A broad nuchal
band continued to middle of frontal shield. Lips and sides with numerous
pale brown spots ; under surfaces generally with minute brown punctu-
lations.

Smithsonian No. 6564.

This is another of the Lrptognath forms which occur in the tropics of both
worlds, but most abundantly in the neotropical region. It is more distinct
from Leptognathus D. B. than is Tropidodipsas Gthr.

Conophis concolor m. sp. nov.

The largest species of the genus : form stout, tail A\ times in total length.
Scales in nineteen rows, broad. Frontal region and muzzle narrow elongate,
anterior to frontal shield, equal length of latter, and considerably longer than
occipitals. Rostral with a strong concentric groove below, nasals distinct,
elongate ; loreal longer than high, parallelogrammic ; preorbitals not reaching
frontals ; postorbitals two, rather large. Superior labials eight, eye over
fourth and fifth, penultimate higher than long, last nearly as elevated. One
elongate inferior temporal, the superior subdivided, (in two specimens.)
Inferior labials 10. Gastrosteges 166', urosteges 72. Color above pale yel-
lowish brown ; a brown band, from the end of the muzzle through the eye, is
lost a short distance behind opposite the mouth, and on one of the specimens
two incomplete dotted lines extend from the sides of the frontal, and, diverg-
ing, are lost on the nape. Superior labials and rostral margined with brown
below. Under surfaces light yellow.

Total length 32 inches.

Two specimens (138).

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILAT ELPHIA. 319

This species furnishes a strong degree of sulcation of the elongate posterior
maxillary teeth. Tlie sulcus is deep, and its external margins approximated,
though not closed, as in the fangs of Proteroglyphs. The tooth has an ele-
vated trenchant ridge on its posterior aspect.

Coluber flavirufus m. sp. nov.

Intermediate in characters between C. triaspis Cope and C. e m o r y i
Bd. Gird. Scales in twenty-seven series, all rather small, four median rows
only slightly carinate. Frontal, vertical and prefrontal shields longer than broad,
length of former equal to common suture of parietals. Orbitals 1 — 2, the
anterior large, nearly reaching vertical ; the single loreal obliquely truncate
behind, nearly triangular. Labials nine, fourth, fifth and sixth margining
orbit. Orbit large, its diameter equal distance from nares to its anterior
border. Two or three narrow elongate temporals between labials and parietal,
anteriorly declined and in contact with postoculars. Postgeneials very
slender, separated by scales, nearly equal pregeneials ; inferior labials 13.
Tail slender, 4? times in total length. Length of a young individual 1 foot
10 inches.

Ground-color yellow, below unspotted, above marked with brick-red spots,
broadly brown margined. There are from 40 to 47 of these to opposite vent,
some of them divided and alternating, aud a row of alternating >pots on the
sides ; alternating with the latter an irregular series of still smaller mark-
ings. A longitudinal included yellow line on the nape ; a similar brown
mark on frontal plate, and transverse band on prefontals ; other head mark-
ings few and broken, including a narrow line from orbit to canthus oris.

Smithsonian, No. GufiG. Yucatan.

This species has been found also at Tabasco by Dr. Berendt, and sent to the
Smithsonian Institution. This specimen has the orbit a little smaller, three
instead of two oblique temporals, and 47 dorsal spots. t

Bascanion suboculare sp. nov.

Gastrosteges 200, anal i, urosteges 111.

Scales in seventeen longitudinal rows, the two external larger, the median
half their width. Tail three and five-sixths times in total length. Muzzle
short, rostral plate little visible above. Orbit moderate ; its longitudinal
diameter equal transverse width of superciliary plate. Frontal plate narrow,
sides concave, length equal from its anterior margin to end of muzzle, and
greater than length of common occipital suture. Internasals of nearly equal
diameters ; prefrontals bent down on loreal region. Nasals large, loreal
longitudinal ; preoculars two, inferior minute, superior not reaching frontal,
prolonged backwards over orbit, and with strong canthal ridge. Postoculars
two ; occipitals not emarginate behind. Superior labials seven, the fourth
very large, supporting not only the orbit, but the pre- and postoculars ;
fifth subtriangular apex truncate by inferior temporal; sixth and seventh
large and nearly equal, longitudinal. Temportls in a superior and inferior
row of 3 the upper extending to end of occipitals, the lower to last labial.
Pregeneials little longer than broad, much shorter than postgeneials. In-
ferior labials nine, the fifth largest, the eighth longitudinal, narrow.

Length of head and body 64 in. 5 lin. ; of tail 22 in. (j lin.

Habitat. — Central Guatimala ; specimen from between Coban and Cluse;).
Henry Hague, Collector.

This large species belongs to the section of the genus characterized by two
preocular plates which embraces B. constrictor Linn., B. f 1 a v i v e n t r i*s
Say, B. v e t u s t u m Bd. Gird., and B. anthicum Cope. From all
these it differs in the arrangement of the labial and temporal shields, and the
greater number of abdominal and caudal scuta.

1866.]

320 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF

Scolecophis scytalinus sp. nov.

Scales in seventeen rows, each nearly as broad as long, the vertebral series
larger than any other, but equal on anterior seventh of body. Head little
distinct, obtuse, muzzle broad ; frontal plate broad, anterior suture one-
fourth longer than lateral or posterior, length greater than common suture of
occipitals. Superciliary small, one narrow preocular, two subquadrate post-
oculars. Loreal subquadrate, nasals distinct ; rostral slightly produced
backwards above, internasals one-fourth size of prefrontals. Temporals 2 —
2 or 3 anterior long. Superior labials eight, first and second much
separated by prenasal, fourth and fifth below orbit, seventh and eighth
elongate. Inferior labials eight, two anterior in usual contact, postgeneials
shorter than pregeneials. Gastrosteges 207, anal 1, urosteges 7, entire, 71
paired.

Total length 23 in., of tail 4 in. 9 lin.

Color above red, each scale tipped with blackish ; a broad black collar, ten
scales wide, not extending on the gastrosteges. Head yellow above, front of
head black to postoculars and anterior part of occipitals, tipping chin.

Museum Smithsonian, No. 658.1. Collected by Dr. Berendt near Tabasco,
Mexico.

The genus was defined by the author in the Proceedings of Academy for
1861 to embrace S. atrocinctus D. B. and S. zonatus Hallowell,
which differ from Tantilla in the presence of the loreal plate, and from Ery-
throlamprus in the entirety of the anal shield. The present discovery gives
further evidence of the stability of this form. Rhadinsea annulata
(Enicognathus Dum., Bibr.,) was procured by Dr. Berendt at the same place.

Tantilla calamarina sp. nov.

Scales in fifteen longitudinal rows, head flat, not distinguished ; tail con-
tained six and three-fifth times in the total length. Pre- and postorbitals one
each, small ; superior labials six, third and fourth bounding orbit, and pre-
and postorbital scales. Superciliaries small. Prefrontals descending to con-
tact with second labial ; nasal* large ; internasals narrow ; frontal longer than
broad, angulated in front, occipitals elongate, embracing a'scale in their emargi-
nation. Temporals 1 — 1, the anterior not in contact with the postocular.
Inferior labials seven, fourth largest, the first widely separated from each
other by contact of pregeneials and syinphyseal ; pregeneials longer than
broad, postgeneials minute.

Length 7 in. 7 lin. ; of tail 1 in. 1 1.

Color brown, end of muzzle yellow, lower surfaces and occipital region
pale. Sides and top of head and three longitudinal bands blackish ; the latter
extend on the common line of the third and fourth, and on the vertebral series
of scales.

Allied to the T. planiceps Blainville.

Museum Smithsonian, No. 6600 ; sent in a valuable collection from Guada-
laxara, Mexico, by I. I. Major.

Typhlops basimaculatus sp. nnv.

Preocular plate present, single, a little wider than ocular ; nostril situate on
a suture which extends to the rostral. Rostral narrow, not angulated nor pro-
minent. Eye invisible, ocular plate extending to labials. Scales in eighteen
longitudinal rows. Superior labials four. Body compressed behind, tail
narrowed, obtuse, three-fourths transverse diameter of former. Head depressed,
muzzle from above rounded truncate.

* Color yellow, scales of seven dorsal rows with a large brown spot at base,
which is visible through superjacent scales ; pattern resulting, reticulate.
Top of head and end of tail immaculate.

Total length 12 in. 3 1. ; vertical diameter at posterior third, 3 lin.

Ha hitat.— Cordova and Orizaba, Mexico. Prof. Sumichrast says, it exca-
vates galleries in the earth ; is found more rarelv under stones.

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 821

1

This species is nearest the T. coecatus Jan., which is found on the Gold
Coast, West Africa.

Museum Smithsonian, No. 6G02.

SAURIA.

Plistodon sumichrasti sp. nov.

No freno-nasal plate ; scales of body in twenty-eight longitudinal rows, the
laterals not oblique. Inner posterior toe shorter than the fourth. The limbs
being extended, the anterior digits reach the base of the external posterior.
Two extended transverse plates behind each parietal ; exterior to the latter
a large oblique temporal separated from labials by a trapezoid plate. Superior
labials nine, eight much largest. Auricular meatus two-thirds eye slit. Four
supraorbitals. Interparietal narrower than frontal, shorter than from ante-
rior angle, latter to end muzzle acuminate anteriorly ; frontonasals longitudi-
nal, largely in contact, internasal transverse, well separated from rostral by
supranasals. Preirenal higher than long.

Grayish olive with an indistinct blackish band on each side commencing at
the ear ; tcp of head light yellowish brown; below pale. End of muzzle to
vent 3 in. 7 lin. ; to fore arm 1 in. 3 1. ; length posterior limb 18*5 lines.

This species is allied to the P. marginatus Hallow., of Japan, and the
P. fasciatusof the United States. It is the second species now known in
Mexico ; the other, P. lynxe Weigmann, is smaller, and in form and color
like a Mabuia.

Museum Smithsonian, No. 6G01. Orizava, F. Sumichrast.

Diploglossus chalybaeus sp. nov.

Thirty four rows of scales on the body, those of the body rectangularly
arranged, sixteen near the base of the tail ; those of the tail with sixteen
strise, the median of which is raised so as to give an angulated appearance.
Scales of the posterior part of the body with eight and nine striae, those of the
anterior regions smooth. Internasal broader than long, angulation front ;
frontal truncate anteriorly, convex and broader posteriorly ; frontoparietals
small, separated by their width. Interparietal nearly or quite as large as
parietal, succeeded by a median plate. Five supraorbitals, marginals | 3 ;
frenal and prefrenal touching ; or frenonasal above postnasal. Limbs Ex-
tended along the sides, separated by the length of the hind limb.

Length of larger specimens from end of muzzle to vent 3 5 in. ; do. smaller
specimen 2*5 in. ; vent to end of tail of same 3-5 in.

Sides of head and body with limbs, black ; sides of head aud neck with some
small greenish spots. Dorsal region for a width of s«ven and two half rows of
scales olive brown, the edges of each row blackish and forming narrow imper-
fect lines ; top of head spotless ; below pale greenish.

Habitat. — Mountains of Orizava, Vera Cruz, at an elevation of from 4000 to
6000 feet ; Prof. F. Sumichrast, Museum Smithsonian, No. (it)03.

Gerrhonotus ophiurus sp. nov.

This species belongs to the subtype of the genus represented by G. t e s s e 1-
1 atu s, but differs from the latter in the much longer tail and shorter limbs,
and different arrangement of plates on the head, viz. :

Group I. Three pairs of supranasals, with azygus plate between first pair;

scales 1JL

One preoeular, two loreals, posterior canthal descending to
labials. Legs separated by length, of hind leg. Belly im-
maculate ; tail shorter ventralis.

Two praeoculars, two loreals, posterior canthal descending to
labials. Tail moderate ; extended legs separated by length
of fore arm ; brown above witk ten cross bands ; belly black
spotted •••• tessellatus.

lSrjtj.J 21

822 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Two pneoculars, three loreals, not separated by the single pos-
terior can thai ; prenasal in contact with first labial. Tail
2-75 times head and body ; extended limbs separated by
length of humerus ; red with ten light cross bands, v-shaped
backwards ; belly not black spotted ophiurus.

Three loreals, posterior canthal divided, each half correspond-
ing to a loreal ; prenasal separated from contact with first
labial ; tail twice head and body. Light olive with seven or
eight dark cross bars ; below yellowish marbled with olive., infernalis.

The first species is Pterogasterus ventralis Peale and Green, Journal Acade-
my, yi. 233.

The G. ophiurus is 13 inches in length.
Habitat. — Orizava, Mexico, Prof. F. Sumichrast.

Xenosaurus grand is Gray, Cubina grandis Gray, Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist,
xviii. 270. Xenosaurus fascia tus Peters, Monatsberichte Berlin Acad.

The genus Xenosaurus, first defined by the able Zoologist of the University
of Berlin, is of much interest. Prof. Peters referred it with doubt to tlie Helo-
dermidse, and in my system of the Sauria,* 1 have followed his suggestion, not
having had the opportunity of studying its skeleton. This having been
afforded by the specimens sent to the Smithsonian Institution by F. Sumichrast,
my conclusion regarding it is as follows : It is a Diplogloss in all points, pre-
senting the anomaly of very strong inferior frontal crests, which fail of under-
arching the olfactory lobes of the brain, approaching in this respect equally
the Gecconidse and Varanidse. The anterior limb of themesosternum is shorter
than in most of the Diploglossa. Parietal fontanelle distinct. The Xeno-
sauridse will stand in the system between the Gerrhonotidse and Heloderniidae
with the following diagnosis :

No premaxil/ary foramen, dentition strictly pleurodont, teeth with elongate
cylindrical shanks attached on inside of alveolar parapet ; head tubercularly
scaled, temporal fossa not over-roofed by dermossif cation ; mesosternum cr%ici~
form.

While the characters of the Helodermidse are :

No premaxillary foramen ; teeth with short dilated bases, obliquely anchylosed ;
head tubercularly scaled, temporal fossa overarched by dermoossification ; mesos-
ternum ivithout lateral limbs, longitudinal.

The supraorbital ossification in Xenosaurus is a triangular piece over the
anterior third of the orbit, attached to the prefrontal bone, not as in the other
Diploglossa, continued to the postfiontal. The ball of the eye is defined by
fourteen flexible sclerotic plates in front, whose contact is valvate except round
the pupil, where each one dilates and overlaps the next, forming an imbricate
circle.

Sceloporus heterurus sp nov.

Four and five rows of supraorbitals besides the internal and external margi-
nals. But little difference in size of dorsal, 'ateral and abdominal scales, the
first with strong keel and mucro, not serrate, in 45 transverse rows between
interscapular and sacral regions. Caudal scales much larger, with elevated
keels continued as ridges, in eighteen longitudinal rows 8 lines beyond vent.
Head scales smooth, the anterior frontal not divided ; occipitals distinct. Some
large marginal scales in front of auricular meatus. Femoral pores seventeen.

Color bright leek green with numerous delicate brown lines directed
obliquely forward towards the back and there turning backwards ; a narrow
line ascending from arm to interscapular region receives a longitudinal one
from orbit; a longitudinal line in front of thigh.

Total length 6 in.; from muzzle to vent 2 in. 6 1.

* Proceedings Academy, 1S64. 228.

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 323

Museum Smithsonian, No. 6589. Received from Mirador, near Vera Cruz,_
from Dr. Charles Sartorius.

This species is near the Sc. grammicus Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexi-
c a n a , the type of which I consider to be sp. No. 641, Mus. Berolinense. In
it there are but 38 rows of dorsal scales, three rows of supraorbitals, and no
auricular marginal series.

BATRACHIA.

Lithodytes rhodopis sp. nov.

Near the L. griseus (Hallow.) of the same region, but of a more elongate
form ; Ihe head narrower with smaller orbits and larger membranum tympani ;
toes more elongate, and with smaller dilatations ; there are peculiar dorsal
folds ; the groin and femur are also not marbled as in the L. griseus.

Greatest breadth cranium one and two-fifth times between tympanum and
end coccyx, equal between former and end of muzzle. Diameter of orbit equal
from same to exterior nares, 1*5 times to equal longest or vertical diameter
of tympanum (2 to 2-5 in L. g ri s e u s ;) largest in young individuals. Vo-
merine series transverse, posterior well separated, not extending outside of
line of interior margin of nares. Canthus rostralis well marked. A plica from
posterior angle of eye extends to the anterior dorsal region nearly meeting its
fellow ; nearly opposite their termini a dorso lateral fold originates and passes
to the line of the ilia ; a third extends from over tympanum to near groin:
generally minutely rugose above. Heel to considerably beyond muzzle.
Sole and fourth digit, 1-3 to 1-5 width of cranium ; metatarsals with series of
small tubercles, and with a distinct inner cuneiform process ; a slight web be-
tween proximal phalanges. Anterior digits without dilatations. End of fore-
arm to end of muzzle. End muzzle to end coccyx 1 in. 7 lin. Same to pos-
terior margin tympanum 7 '5 lines. Hinder limb from end ilium to heel 1 in.
7'5 lin., foot 1 in. 4 lin.

Above dark gray, shaded with pink ; a darker pale edged bar between ocu-
lar fissures, a longitudinal blotch of the same on top of muzzle ; back with in-
distinct darker markings. Side of muzzle and head in spots on labial mar-
gin and cross-bands on limbs with sole of whole foot darker ; a decurved
black line from nostril over tympanum above humerus. Concealed faces of
limbs and margin of mandible brown punctulate ; below generally yellowish
white. In another specimen there is no interorbital cross-bands, but two
longitudinal stripes from muzzle to nape, and two from orbits converging on
coccyx, and embracing a dark shade. Young, clay color with pink shades to
rose color.

Habitat. — Vera Cruz, at Orizava and Cordova. Prof. Sumichrast's Collec-
tion.

Ont he Agricultural Ant of Texas. (MYRMICA MOLEFACIENS.)
BY GIDEON LINCECIJM.

This is No. 2 of my catalogue — is inodorous, having no smell of formic acid.
It is a large reddish brown ant, dwells in the ground, is a farmer, lives in
communities, which are often very populous, and controlled by a perfect
government ; there are no idlers amongst them. They build paved cities, con-
struct roads, and sustain a large military force.

When one of the young queens, or mother ants, comes to maturity, and has
received the embraces of the male ant, who immediately dies, she goes out
alone, selects a location and goes rapidly to work excavating a hole in the
ground, digging and carrying out the dirt with her mouth. As soon as she
has progressed far enough for her wings to strike against the sides of the hole,
she deliberately cuts them off. She now, without further obstruction, con-
tinues to deepen the hole to the depth of 6 or T inches, when she widens the

1866.]

324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

bottom of it into a suitable cell for depositing her eggs and nurturing the
young. She continues to labor out-doors and in, until she has raised to ma-
turity'20 to 30 workers, when her labor ceases, and she remains in the cells,
supplying the eggs for coming millions, and her kingdom has commenced.
But very few of the thousands of mother ants that swarm out from the differ-
ent kingdoms two or three times a year succeed in establishing a city. How-
ever, when one does succeed in rearing a sufficient number of workers to carry
on the business, she entrusts the management of the national works to them,
and is seen no more outside.

The workers all seem to understand the duties assigned to them, and will
perform them or die in the effort.

The workers increase the concealment, which had been kept up by the
mot her ant during the period of her personal labors, of the passage, or gate-
way to their city, by dragging up and covering it with bits of stick, straw and
the hard black pellets of earth, which are thrown up by the earth worms, un-
til there is no way visible for them to enter ; and the little litter is so ingeni-
ously placed, that it has more the appearance of having been drifted together
by the wind than to have been the work of design.

In about a year and a half, when the numbers of the community have greatly
increased, and they feel able to sustain themselves among the surrounding
nations, they throw off their concealment, clear away the grass, herbage and
other litter to the distance of 3 or 4 feet around the entrance to their city,
construct a pavement, organize an efficient police, and, thus established,
proclaim themselves an independent city. The pavement, which is always
kept very clean, consists of a pretty hard crust about half an inch thick, and
is formed by selecting and laying such grits and particles of sand as will fit
closely over the entire surface. This is the case in sandy soil, where they can
procure coarse sand and grit for the purpose, but in the black prairie soil,
where there is no sand, they construct the pavement by levelling and smoothing
the surface and suffering it to bake in the sunshine, when it becomes very
hard and firm. That both forms of these pavements are the work of a well
planned design, there can be no doubt with the careful investigator. All the
communities of this species select their homes in the open sunshine, and con-
struct pavements. Their pavements are always circular and constructed pretty
much on the same plan. During the ten years drouth that prevailed here, and
which seemed very favorable to the increase of this species of ant, they suf-
fered their pavements to remain fiat, sometimes even basin-form. But the
■drouth could not continue always. The rain, which would be certain to drown
the ants should it come upon their flat and basin-form pavements, would re-
turn again some day, and they seemed to know when this much dreaded event
would occur. At least six months previous to the coming of the rain, they
.commenced, universally, building up mounds in the center of the. pavements.
'To these mounds in the prairie they brought the little pellets of earth, thrown
to the surface by the earth worms, and piled them up into a circular mound a
foot or more in height. In sandy soil it is constructed of coarse sand, and in
rocky situations they build it of gravel, and the pieces are so large, and the
.mound so high (18 inches to 2 feet, with a four feet base) that the beholder is
.overwhelmed with wonder. I know of one of these stone pyramids nearly 3
■ feet high and 5£ to G feet base, in which there are many little fragments of stone,
. some of them carried to the very top, any one of which would weigh more
than 25 ants. Internally the ant mound contains many neatly constructed
cells, the floors of which are horizontal ; and into these cells the eggs, young
ones, and their stores of grain are carried in time of rainy seasons.

The mound itself, and the surface of the ground around it, to the distance

of four or five feet, sometimes more, from the center, is kept very clean, like a

pavement. Everything that happens to be dropped upon the pavement is cut

,to pieces and carried away. The largest dropping from the cows will, in a

: short time, he removed. I have placed a large corn-stalk on the pavement,

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 325

and in the course of two or three days found it hollowed out to a mere shell ;
that too, in a short time, would be cut to pieces and carried off. Not a green
thing is suffered to grow on the pavement, with the exception of a single spe-
cies of grain-bearing grass, (Aristida stricta.) This the ant nurses and culti-
vates with great care ; having it in a circle around and two or three feet from the
center of the mound. It also clears away the weeds and other grasses all
around outside of the circular row of Aristida, to the distance of one or two
feet. The cultivated grass flourishes luxuriantly, producing a heavy crop of
small, white, flinty grains, which, under the microscope, have the appearance
of the rice of commerce. When it is ripe it is harvested by the workers, and
carried, chaff and all, into the granary cells, where it is divested of the chaff,
which is immediately taken out and thrown beyond the limits of the pave-
ment alwaj s to the lee side. The clean grain is carefully stored away in dry
cells. These cells are so constructed that water cannot reach them, except in
long wet spells, when the earth becomes thoroughly saturated, and dissolves the
cement with which the granary cells are made tight. This is a great calami-
ty, and if rain continues a few days it will drown out the entire com-
munity. In cases, however, where it has continued long enough only to
wet and swell their grain, as soon as a sunny day occurs they take it all out,
and spreading it in a clean place, after it has sunned a day or two, or is fully
dry, they take it in again, except the grains that are sprouted ; these they in-
variably leave out. I have seen at least a quart of sprouted seeds left out at
one place.

They also collect the grain from several other species of grass, as well as
seed from many kinds of herbaceous plants. They like almost any kind of
seeds — red pepper seeds seem to be a favorite with them.

In a barren rocky place in a wheat field, a few days after harvest, I saw quite
a number of wheat grains scattered over the pavement of an ant city, and the
laborers were still bringing it out. I found the wheat quite sound, but a little
swelled. In the evening of the same day I passed there again ; the wheat had
dried, and they were busily engaged carrying it in again.

The species of grass they so carefully cultivate is a biennial. They sow it
in time for the autumnal rains to bring it up. Accordingly, about the first of
November, if the fall has been seasonable, a beautiful green row of the ant rice,
about 4 inches wide, is seen springing up on the pavement, in a circle of 14 to
15 feet in circumference. In the vicinity of this circular row of grass they
do not permit a single spire of any other grass or weed to remain a day; leav-
ing the Aristida untouched until it is ripe, which occurs in June of the next
year they gather the seeds and carry them into the granaries as before stated.
There can be no doubt of the fact that this peculiar species of grass is in-
tentionally planted, and, in farmer-like manner, carefully divested of all other
grasses and weeds during the time of its growth, and that after it has matured,
and the grain stored away, they cut away the dry stubble and remove it from
the pavement, leaving it unencumbered until the ensuing autumn, when the
same species of grass, and in the same circle, appears again, receiving the
same agricultural care as did the previous crop ; and so on, year after year, as
I know to be the case on farms where there habitations are, during the sum-
mer season, protected from the depredations of cattle. Outside of the fields
they sow the grass seeds, but the cows crop it down two or three times, when,
finding that there is no chance to carry on their agricultural pursuits, they cut
it all away and re-establish the clean pavement. Our cattle did not often crop
the ant rice until their increased numbers have forced them to feed on all
kinds of grass. That, however, has turned out favorably to the ant interest.
For, while the prairies are being denuded of the stronger grasses, we have a
delicate little biennial barley (Hordium pusillum) that is filling all the naked
places. It rises from 3 to 6 inohes, producing fine grain for ant consumption.
It matures about the last days of April, and from that time all the agricultural
ants are seen packing it home daily through the summer. This species of ant

1866.]

326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

subsists entirely on vegetable seeds. I have sometimes seen them drag a cat-
terpillar or a crippled grasshopper into their hole, that had been thrown upon
the pavement, but I have never observed them carrying any such things home
that they had captured themselves. I do not think they eat much animal
food.

I have often seen them have prisoners, always of their own species. I could
not discover the nature of the offence that led to the arrestment ; still I have
no doubt as to the fact of its being so, and that the prisoner is very roughly
forced along contrary to its inclination. There is never more than a single
guard having charge of a prisoner, who by some means having obtained the
advantage, and attacking from behind, had succeeded in seizing it with the
mandibles over the smallest part of its back, and so long as it maintains this
grip, it is out of the reach of harm from the prisoner.

In some cases the prisoner quietly submits, and folding up its legs, forces
the captor to carry it along like a dead ant, as I thought it really was,
until I caused its captor to drop it ; when, to my surprise, it immediately
sprang to its feet, and, running wildly, succeeded in making its escape. It oc-
curs more frequently, however, that the prisoner does not give up so tarnely,
but continues to make every effort to rid itself of its detainer. I have many
times observed the prisoner manifesting all the indications of terror and great
reluctance at being so unceremoniously dragged along. It will lay hold of
and cling to everything that comes in reach, and by this means greatly
retard the progress of its captor. When at last they arrive on the city pave-
ment, half a dozen or more of the national guard, who are always on duty,
rush upon the prisoner, aiding the seemingly fatigued captor, who still main-
tains its potent grip upon the now almost helpless prisoner, seize it by the
arms, legs, everywhere, and in a very rough manner hurry it down into the
entrance to the city, and out of the reach of further observation.

The agricultural ant is very tenacious of life. I dissevered the head of one
at 4 P. It. on Sunday, and the head remained alive, retaining sufficient strength by
pressing with its antenna; against the slip of glass upon which it lay to move
itself and change its position, until 10 A. M. the next day.

It seems to be an established law amongst all species of ants, and particu-
larly with the species in question, that when any disaster occurs to their city,
the first thing to be done is to take care of the young, and, if possible, secure
their safety; and so, when by any accident one of their cities gets torn up, it
will be seen that they universally rush to the nursery apartment ; and every
one that can, takes up an egg, the pupa?, the young in any stage of advance-
ment, ami will save its life or lose its own. As far as I can understand and
read their actions, every one understands its duty, and will do it or lose its
life. I have observed the guards, when a sudden shower of rain would come
up, run to the entrance of the city, and there meeting with another party
coming up from below, would crowd themselves together in the hole in such
manner as to form a complete obstruction to the ingress of the water, and
there remain overwhelmed with the accumulating rain until it ceased. If the
shower continues over fifteen minutes, they are found to be still closely wedged
in the aperture and all dead ; and there they remain until the balance of the
pavement guards, who during the shower had climbed some weed or blade of
grass that grew near the border of the pavement, come down, and with some
difficulty succeed in taking them out. They are immediately taken to some
dry place on the pavement and exposed to the open air half an hour at least;
after which, if they do not revive, they are taken off from the pavement, some-
times to the distance of sixty yards, and left on the ground without further
care.

Long-continued rainy seasons, by deeply saturating the earth, will dissolve
the cement of their cells, flood them, and drown the ants out entirely. I have
allusion now only to the agricultural species of the genus. The first year after
my arrival in Texas, I noticed that there were a great many uninhabited ant

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 327

hills, with pavements still smooth and nude of grass or weeds, indicating that
they had been very recently occupied. The missing communities were all dead
— extinct — had been destroyed by a series of rainy seasons. Then, there were
but few of these ant cities to be found that were occupied. But when the
drouth set in, the earth being no longer filled with water, they began to multi-
ply very rapidly. City after city appeared as the dry weather continued, and
now, 18G3, at the close of a ten years' drouth, they have spread so extensively,
that their clean little paved cities are to be seen every fifty or sixty yards, espe-
cially along the roadsides, in the prairies, walks in yards and fields, barren
rocky places, &c. In beds of heavy grass, or weeds, or in deep shady wood-
lands, they very seldom locate a city. They prefer sunshine and a clear sky.
This ant does not work in the heat of the day during hot weather, but makes
up the lost time during the night. I have often found them busily engaged at
2 and even 3 o'clock, A. M. Before day, however, they call off the workers,
ami rest till about sunrise. In more favorable weather, when they can operate
all day, they do not work late at night.

In regard to courage, there can be no mistake in stating, that when the
interests of the nation are involved, this ant exhibits no signs of fear or dread
of any consequences that may result to self, while engaged in the discharge of
its duties.

The police or national guards of a community which has been established
three or four years, number in the aggregate, of the parties on duty, from one
to two hundred. These are seen all the time, in suitable weather, unceasingly
promenading the environs of the city. If an observer takes his stand near the
edge of the pavement, he will discover an instantaneous movement in the en-
tire police corps, coming wave-like towards him. If the observer imprudently
keeps his position, he will soon see numbers of them at his feet, and without
the slightest degree of precaution, or the least hesitation, they climb up his
boots, on his clothes, and as soon as they come to anything that they can bite
or sting, whether it be boot, or cloth, or skin, they go right to work biting
and stinging ; and very often, if they get good hold on any soft texture, they
will suffer themselves to be torn to pieces before they will relinquish it. If
they succeed in getting to the bare skin, they inflict a painful wound, the irri-
tation, swelling and soreness of which will not subside in twenty-four hours.

If any worm or small bug shall attempt to travel across their pavement, it
is immediately arrested, and soon covered with the fearless warriors, who in a
short time deprive it of life. Woe unto any luckless wight of a tumble-bug who
may attempt to roll his spherical treasure upon that sacred and forbidden
pavement. As soon as the dark, execrable globe of unholy material is discov-
ered by the police to be rolling on, and contaminating the interdicted grounds,
they rush with one accord upon the vile intruder, and instantly seizing him by
every leg and foot, dispatch him in a short time. Sometimes the tumble-bug
takes the alarm at the start, while only two or three of the ants have hold on
it, expands its wings and flies off with them hanging to its legs. If it fails
to make this early effort, it very soon falls a victim to the exasperated soldiery.
The ball of filth is left on the pavement, sometimes in the very entrance to the
city. In due time the workers take possession of it, cut it into fragments, and
pack it off beyond the limits of the incorporated grounds.

I have not observed that anything preys to any considerable extent upon
this species of ant. Chickens and mocking birds will sometimes pick up a few
of them, but not often. If anything else in Texas eats them. 1 have not noticed
it. Neither have I observed their nests bored into or dug up in middle Texas.

The agricultural ant is of but little disadvantage to the farmer, however nu-
merous, as it is never seen six inches from the ground, nor does it cut or
trouble any growing vegetable outside of its pavement, except the seeds of the
noxious weeds and grasses. Sometimes it is found stealing corn meal, broom-
corn seeds, &c; but it is only when it finds them on the ground that it steals
even these.

1866.]

328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Children occasionally get on their pavement, and are badly stung. A few of
these pavement lessons, however, generally obviate that inconvenience. The
pain of their poison is more lasting, will swell and feel harder, than that of the
honey bee. If they insert their stings on the feet or ankles of the child, the
irritation will ascend to the glands of the inguinal region, producing tumours
of a character quite painful, often exciting considerable fever in the general
system ; the irritation will last a day or two, but I have seen no permanent
injury arising from it.

During protracted spells of dry weather, they are frequently found in great
numbers in our wells. They seem to have gone there in pursuit of water, and
not being able to get back, to make the best of a bad condition — in this unfore-
seen dilemma — they will collect and cling together in masses as large as an
ordinary teacup, in which condition they are frequently caught and drawn up
in the bucket. When they are thus brought up, though they may have been
in the water a day or more, they are all living, though half drowned and barely
able to move. While in the well they are all afloat, and at least one-half the
mass submerged. As it is known that this species of ant cannot survive 15
minutes under water, how they manage when in a large half-sunken mass to
survive a day, or even longer, is a question to which I may fail to give a
satisfactory solution. I may, however, from experiments I have made
with single individuals, in water, venture the assertion that there is no pos-
sible chance for the submerged portion of the globular mass, if it remain in
r.he same condition in relation to the water, to survive even half an hour.
Then we are forced to the supposition that by some means or other the ball
must be caused to revolve as it floats. The globular mass must be kept roll-
ing, and make a revolution every four mi?iutes, or the submerged portion must
die. To accomplish this somewhat astonishing life-preserving process, there
is but one possible alternative. It can be effected only by a united and
properly directed systematic motion of the disengaged limbs of the outer tier
of ants, occupying the submerged half of the globular mass.

I saw to-day (June 15), in a clean-trodden path near my dwelling, quite a
number of this species of ant engaged in deadly conflict. They Mere strewed
along the path to the distance of 10 or 12 feet, fighting, most of them, in sin-
gle combat. In some few cases, I noticed there would be two to one engaged,
in all of which cases the struggle was soon ended. Their mode of warfare is
decapitation, and in all cases where there were two to one engaged the work
of cutting off the head was soon accomplished. There were already a num-
ber of heads and headless ants laying around, and there was a greater number
of single pairs of the insatiate warriors grappling each other by the throat on
the battle-field, some of whom seemed to be already dead, still clinging to-
gether by their throats. Among the single pairs in the deadly strife there
were no cases of decapitation. They mutually grapple each other by the throat,
and there cling until death ends the conflict, but does not separate them. I do
not think that in single combat they possess the power to dissever the head ; but
they can grip the neck so firmly as to stop circulation, and hold on until death
ensues without their unlocking the jaws even then.

The cause of this war was attributable to the settlement of a young queen
in close proximity (not more than 20 feet) of a very populous community that
had occupied that scope of territory for ten or twelve years. Ar first, and so
long as they operated under concealment, the old community did not molest
them ; but when they threw off their mask, and commenced paving their city,
the older occupants of that district of territory declared war against them and
waged it to extermination. The war was declared by the old settlers, and the
object was to drive out the new ones or exterminate them. But the warriors
of this species of ant are not to be driven. Where they select a location for a
home, nothing but annihilation can get them away. So, in the present case,
the war continued two days and nights, and resulted in the total extermina-
tion of the intruding colony. From the vastly superior numbers of the older

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 329

cottiers, though many of them were slain during the war, they nevertheless
succeeded in destroying the entire colony, without any apparent disturbance
or unusual excitement about the great city. Their national works and govern-
mental affairs went on in their ordinary course, while the work of death was
being accomplished by their resolute bands of triumphant warriors.

They do not interrupt, in any way that I have discovered, the small black
erratic ant, when it comes on their pavement. They even permit the erratic
ants to erect cities on any portion of the incorporated limits, and do not mo-
lest them. It may be that the little fellows serve them some purpose. But
when they build too many of their confederate cities on the pavement of the
agricultural ant, it seems to be an inconvenience to them some way, but they
do not go to war with them, nor attempt to rid themselves of the inconveni-
ence by any forcible means. They, however, do get clear of them, and that by
instituting a regular system of deceptive and vexatious obstructions. The
deception is manifested in the fact that it appears to have suddenly become
necessary to raise the mound two or three inches higher, and also to widen the
base considerably. Forthwith are seen swarming out upon the pavement hosts
of ants, who go rapidly to work, and bringing the little black balls
which are thrown up by the earthworms in great quantities everywhere in the
prairie soil, they heap them up, first at the base of the mound, widening till all
the near erratic ant cities are covered up. At the same time, they raise the
entire pavement an inch or so, and in prosecuting this part of the national
work deposit abundantly more balls upon and around the erratic ant cities
than anywhere else. The little ants bore upwards through the hard sun-dried
balls, which are constantly accumulating — getting worse every hour — until
the obstruction has become so great that they can no longer keep their cities
open ; and, finding that there is no remedy for the growing difficulty, they
peaceably evacuate the premises. There is found on almost every pavement,
at this season of the year, three or four small pyramidal mounds, that have
been constructed for the purpose of crowding out the little erratic ants.

The extensive, clean, smooth roads that are constructed by the agricultural
ants are worthy of being noticed. At this season of the year their roads are
plainest and in the best order, because it is harvest time, and their whole force
is out collecting grain for winter supplies.

I am just this moment in from a survey of one of these roads, that I might
be able to make an exact and correct statement of it. It is over a hundred
yards in length, goes through twenty yards of thick weeds, underruns heavy
beds of crop grass 60 yards, and then through the weeds growing in the locks
of a heavy rail fence 20 yards more ; and throughout the whole extent it is very
smooth and even, varying from a straight line enough, perhaps, to lose 10 or
12 yards of the distance in travelling to the outer terminus. It is from 2 to 1\
inches wide ; in some places, on account of insurmountable obstructions, it
separates into two or three trails of an inch in width, coming together again
after passing the obstruction. This is the main trunk, and it does not branch
until it crosses the before-named fence, beyond which is a heavy bed of grain
bearing weeds and grass. Their prospecting corps travel far out, and when
they discover rich districts of their proper food they report it, and a corps of
foragers are immediately dispatched to collect and bring it in.

11th June, 1863. — My son, Dr. Leonidas, called my attention to an assem-
blage of the males and females of the agricultural ants (Myrmica molefaciens)
which took place about 2 P. M., and continued in session until 4 P. M. They
were all winged ants, and there were many thousands, perhaps millions, of
them, -thickly covering the ground over an area of 10? yards in length and 10
wide. They came from all directions, and were evidently the production of
many kingdoms of this wonderful species of ant. There must have been, at
least, five males to one female, and all parties were rushing hither and thither
over the entire area, described above, in a frantic, amative furor. Each female
would be found covered and wallowing on the ground with clusters of from

1866.]

330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

four or five to twenty males ; and there were hundreds thickly rushing over
the ground in search of females that were not to be found. The air was full
of them flying around, going off and returning; some of them, perhaps, just
arriving.

When a female became satisfied with her numerous lovers, by a great and
violent effort she made shift to extricate herself from their rude embrace and
immediately fly away. After 4 P. M. they began rapidly to fly away, and in the
course of an hour they were all gone, leaving their disconsolate, exhausted
lovers, who made no effort to follow. Many of the males were already dead,
and a still greater number^Jay helpless on the ground ; but there were hundreds
of thousands who were still active, and they collected together in the horse-
tracks, cracks in the ground, and other places sheltered from the south wind,
which prevails at that season of the year, and becoming perfectly quiet, were,
at G P. M., lying still in heaps of from half a pint to a quart, sometimes more.
At this hour I examined the entire field, and there must have been very near,
if not quite, a bushel of the exhausted and dying male ants.

A strong south wind was blowing during the time the females were flying off,
and the larger portion of them were drifted by the wind into the timbered lands
to the north ; many of them, however, succeeded in forcing their way a few
hundred yards against the wind, and alighting, which seemed to be the effect of
fatigue more than desire, they immediately, by writhing and doubling them-
selves in various ways, cast off their wings, which were no longer necessary,
and running rapidly till they found a' little clean spot of earth, went hurriedly to
work digging holes in the ground, which they accomplished with apparent ease
and considerable facility. They dig and bring out the dirt in considerable pel-
lets with their large caliper-like mandibles, carrying it not exceeding two inches
and dropping it in a circle around the hole they are making ; very soon they had
buried themselves out of sight. Two hours after they had commenced flying
away from their lovers, hundreds of holes, with a little circle of black dirt
around them, might be seen. In every clean-trodden piece of ground, and in
the roads and paths, these new tenements were thickly set long before sun-
down.

Only one of these mother ants is necessary to start a kingdom. I saw no
instance where two of them were at work at the same hole. In some favorable
spot of ground there would be found a great many of them at work excavating
their holes, sometimes within a foot of each other. None seeiued to know that
any other ant was near. While one was out with a load of dirt, I placed a stick
in her hole ; returning, she did not know the place, and in searching around
soon found another one's hole, into which she immediately plunged. Very soon
the owner of the establishment pushed the intruder out, who made battle as
soon as they were fairly out on level ground. The conflict soon became despe-
rate, and after they had fought for the space of a minute or two the intruder
seemed to give way, and, extricating herself from her highly incensed antagonist,
plunged into the hole again ; the owner followed, and after some time succeed-
ed in dragging the invader out once more; and also, after a dire conflict, in put-
ting her to flight. The victor went to work again, but in the fight she had been
injured, as I noticed every time she came out with a load of dirt she would stop
awhile, and with one of her feet rub and fix something about her mouth. She
seemed to be in pain, and did not work so vigorously as before the fight.

It would not do for many of these new queens to prove successful in building
up kingdoms. There is some antagonistic action to prevent it. The male and
female congress, I have attempted to describe above, happens two or three times
every year, arid should all the queens succeed in establishing colonies, they
would in a very few years occupy the entire surface of the earth.

This species of ant — and I think it obtains with the whole genus, like the hor-
net, wasp, yellow jacket, &c. — do not go off from the old hive in swarms like the
bee, but a single mother ant, after congress with the males, goes off alone and
sets up for herself. She works very busily until she has raised 20 or 30 neuters

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 331

to work for her, when she ceases to labor, and, remaining in-doors, lays all the
eggs that produce the coming millions. The laborers are long-lived, so are the
queens.

28th.— I extract from my journal : This morning I found the males where 1
left them last evening. The greater portion of them were still active, and
seemed to be quite careless as to their fate. Hundreds were dead or dying.
Great numbers had climbed up the little weeds, many of whom were dead, but
still clinging by their jaws, which were fast gripped to some little leaf or twig.
The females had buried themselves by the time it was dark last night, and,
closing up their holes, remained shut in all night. But few of them had opened
their doors and gone to- work at an hour by sun this morning. The number of
their holes is truly wonderful. I saw many places where there were at least
fifty of their holes to the square rod, and northwardly they extended for miles.
When these mother ants succeed in boring their holes to the depth of six or
seven inches they close them up, and employ themselves widening the bottom
of them a little, forming small cells for the purpose, as I suppose, of making
room for the deposition of their eggs. They do not, as I can discover, need
any food yet. At 5 P. M. of this day I visited the place again, and found the
male ants all dead. They were drifted into the gullies by the winds into
heaps, and thousands of them besides lay scattered over the ground. Some of
the females were still engaged deepening their holes, and their little piles of
black dirt were to be seen everywhere.

29th Jul;/. — A month has passed. I went round to-day and found that, in
all those thousands of female ants, who made so brave a start excavating new
homes, there was but one that was a success, and it was concealed with a little pile
of trash. There may be more, but I did not find them, and the winds have swept
away their little piles of dirt, so that there are no signs of them left. From
some cause they are all gone. Eight or ten days after they had shut up their
holes I dug up quite a number of them ; found them looking well, but they
had no eggs or anything else in the little cell. They seemed to be sleeping.

I have never witnessed similar assemblages in any other species of ant,
though I have seen it often take place with the agricultural species.

Long Point, Texas, Oct., 1866.

Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal LEPIDOPTERA,

Series II.
BY TRYON REAKIRT.

26. Neonympha lupita, nov. sp.

Female. Upper surface uniform dull brown, with a narrow, double, darker
brown, marginal line.

Underneath paler ; three narrow terminal lines on both wings, of which
the interior is the broadest, and most clearly defined ; a minute black ocellus
near the apex of the primaries, ringed with pale brown ; three transverse
brown stripes on the same, between the middle and base ; two extending
from the costa to the inner margin, while the third and central one stretches
over only one-third this distance.

Secondaries with three submarginal ocelli, black, encircled with yellowish
brown, one near their apex, and the others close together, above the anal
angle ; three indistinct transverse lines above the middle, with several shortev
ones towards the base. Expanse 1*25 inches.

Body of the same dull tint ; antennae ferruginous.

Hub. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Win. H. Edwards.
Orizaba. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt. )

27. Papilio asterioides, nov. sp.

Mile. Upper surface black, marked nearly as in Asterius ; the inner yellow

18(56.]

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

macular row upon tbefore wings is almost obsolete, except the spot upon the
inner margin, which is prolonged into a dash.

Hind wings marked as in Asterius 9, but the blue clouds between the yel-
low bands are reduced to small rounded patches, insensibly diminishing to the
outer angle ; that upon the abdominal margin is lunulate and covers a ful-
vous crescent, not ocellate as in Asterius ; tail not so long as in that species ;
emarginations white ; expanse 3*5 — 4 inches.

Below much paler ; primaries with a series of submarginal rounded yellow
spo's, and between these and the cell another of large fulvous sagittiform
spots ; a minute yellow spot on the end of the cell ; one, somewhat larger,
above the origin of the fourth subcostal veinlet.

Secondaries as in Asterius, with the exception of the anal mark, which is
simply a lunule as on the upper surface, and of the existence of a very minute
fulvous spot within the cell, rarely obsolete, always much less than the cor-
responding one in Asterius; the yellow emarginations are also considerably
narrower than in that form.

Hal. — Mexico. Coll. Entom. Society.

A very remarkable approximation to our most common species of Papilio,
and indeed the general similarity existing in color and form has been almost
sufficient to induce me to regard it as only a singular aberration, or a well
marked local race.

Upon a closer and structural examination, however, we discover the follow-
ing points of difference in this most essential particular.

First, the antennae of Asterius are fully a line longer than in the new type ;
secondly, the fourth subcostal veinlet is thrown off one-third nearer the cell
than in our endemic species ; thirdly, in it the cell is broader than in the
corresponding tf, and the disco-cellular veins ot equal length ; fourthly, upon
the secondaries the upper disco-cellular does not form so great an angle with
the second subcostal, and the intervals between the median veinlets are
larger, consequently the cell is both broader and longer.

This adds a fourth member to that group of segregated forms, ranging over
the largest portion of central and southern North America, and consisting
heretofore of Asterius, Aristor, and Indra.

Mr. Win. H. Edwards is in possession of a beautiful new species from Ari-
zona, belonging to the same series, which I hope he will soon describe.

28. Lycjena isola, nov. sp.

Upper surface brownish black, glossed with violet blue ; a black terminal
line, broadest at the apex of the fore wings, thence diminishing to the anal
angle ; a small rounded, submarginal black spot near the latter ; fringe
white.

Underneath dark ash grey : primaries with two submarginal, slightly
waved whitish lines ; interior to these a row of six large rounded black spots,
all ringed with white ; two white streaks at the end of the cell.

Secondaries with a submarginal row of indistinct brown spots, of which the
three nearest the anal angle are black, the first and third irrorated with me-
tallic golden-green atoms, and the third surmounted by a yellowish lunule ;
all the others are preceded by whitish crescents ; above these there is a suf-
fused white belt, and still farther, two double rows of waved and crenulated
whitish lines ; a small subcostal black ocellus near the base.

A narrow terminal black line edges the outer margin of the four wings ;
fringe ashy white. Expanse "88 inches.

Antenna? black ringed with white.

Hal). — "Mexico (near Vera Cruz)." Win, H. Edwards.

29. Thecla Xami, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface drab brown tinged with olivaceous, costa and outer
margin of primaries broadly margined with blackish-brown.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

333

Secondaries with a narrow terminal line, edged interiorly, at the anal angle,
with a short white line ; two tails, the outer short, and tipped with white, the
inner one three times the length of the outer, and fringed exteriorly with
white. Fringe brown.

Under side reddish brown, suffused with greenish and olivaceous, espe-
cially on the apical area of the fore wings and over the whole hind wings. A
transverse white line, bordered interiorly by a ferruginous streak, runs from
the outer third of the primaries' costa, nearly parallel with the outer edge, to
the abdominal margin. Secondaries with a terminal white line, and a small
black anal patch ; the lower part of the area enclosed between those two white
lines is strewn with violaceous ash-white atoms, and there are two prolonga-
tions of the inner white line, respectively down the first and second median
veinlets, usually uniting with the ashy space below. Posterior to this line
there are three oblong black spots encircled with white, and following the cen-
tral of these a larger violaceous brown patch. Expanse 1*12 inches. An-
tenna? black, annulated with white, club ferruginous.

Female. Upper surface reddish ochreous ; the black margins are much
broader than in the male. Underneath the surface is more greenish ; expanse
1-25 inches.

Hub. — " Mexico (near Vera Cruz)." Win. H. Edwards.

30. . Thecla zoe, nov. sp.

Male. Upper side brilliant, shining blue, a black border of moderate width
on the primaries, broadest at the apex ; narrower upon the secondaries, which
have two tails, the inner being the longest and tipped with white ; there is
the usual smooth sexual spot at the end of the fore-wings' cell, and obliquely
below, and connected with it a large black patch.

Underneath brown tinged with purplish ; on the primaries a submarginal
band of obsolete dashes and a sinuated median row of six black spots extend-
ing from the costa to the first median veinlet.

Secondaries with three transverse bands and lines ; the first is composed of
interrupted black spots and dashes, bordered posteriorly with pale silvery-
blue ; the second is a waved black line, above which is super-imposed a broad
stripe of silvery-blue atoms, and the third is marginal and silvery blue ;
there is besides a large black anal patch, and a small black spot above and
midway between the two tails, surmounted by a reddish crescent ; also a large
rounded black dot above the cell. Fringe brown ; expanse 1*4 inches.

Body above glossed with lustrous blue ; underneath brown, abdomen yel-
lowish.

Hob. — " Mexico (near Vera Cruz)." W. H. Edwards.

31. TlIECLA BARAJO, nOV. Sp.

Female. Upper side shining greenish blue ; costa of primaries, and a very
broad outer belt, black ; secondaries with a broad brownish-black outer mar-
gin, cut by a narrow, submarginal, white line ; two tails, the fringe from the
apex of the primaries to the lower of these, white ; this has the anterior side
fringed with black, and the posterior with white ; hence to the anal angle the
fringe is black.

Underneath light brown ; the fore wings crossed between the middle and
apex by four transverse white stripes, of which the first runs parallel with
and close to the outer margin ; the second starts near the apex, and in com-
mon with the other two, rising respectively at three-fourtlis and one-half the
length of the costa, converges towards the inner angle ; a short line running
above the submedian vein unites the three ; the third is bent very abruptly
immediately before this junction.

Secondaries have two submarginal white lines, united at the outer angle
and on the second and first median nervules ; the upper one, in the space
included between these two veinlets, is replaced by a black line surmounted

1866.]

334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

by a fulvous lunule ; the lower half of the inner line is bordered interiorly by
a narrow black line, and the enclosed spaces and outer margin below the
upper tail are filled with black patches ; there are four white lines, two from
the costa, one from the base, and one from the inner margin, all converging
towards and uniting above the fulvous lune ; the first and last are edged pos-
teriorly by a narrow black line, and the third and fourth are broadly inter-
rupted by the submedian vein. Expanse 1*5 inches.

Body above glossed with greenish blue, beneath brownish ; antennae black
with white annulations.

Hab. — " Mexico (near Vera Cruz)." Win. H. Edwards.

32. Nisoniades Me.ticanus, nov. sp.

Upper side brownish black, a submarginal row of pale brownish spots on
both wings ; on the primaries an interior tortuous row of nine spots, of
which the first five are pure white and well defined, the others are sometimes
obsolete ; a white discal spot.

Underneath paler, glossed with purple at the base of the primaries ; their
apex and the secondaries shining olivaceous brown ; a row of five white spots
runs from the costa of the primaries, and a white discal spot ; the veins of the
secondaries are prominently outlined in dark velvety brown ; expanse 1 inch.
Fringe brown.

Body and antenna? as in N. Catullus.

Hab. — " Mexico (near Vera Cruz)." W. H. Edwards.

A neotropical representative of our own Catullus. There are, in my col-
lection, several new and allied South American forms, which replace this
species upon the Amazons, and further southward ; they will be described
hereafter.

33. Pykgus montivagus, nov. sp.

Upper side dark olive brown ; primaries — a marginal row of minute white
spots, sometimes obsolete, followed by a submarginal series of larger ones ; an
irregular transverse, maculate band, composed thus : three oblong dashes
from the costa, preceded by a small dot, then three rounded or subquadrate
and smaller spots, and following, two large subquadrate patches, the last
usually presenting a brown indentation on the outer side ; a large quadrangu-
lar discal spot, between which and the third, fourth and fifth of the transverse
band are a small dot, and two narrow streaks ; above the discal spot are one
or two small dashes, and below it two conical spots; the outer half of the
co-ta has four or five linear spaces upon it.

Hind wings with a marginal and submarginal row of rounded spots, and a
mesial baud of five or six oblong bars ; all the markings of the upper surface
are white. Fringe white, cut with black at the end of the nervures.

Under surface primaries have the markings of the upper side, repeated and
enlarged ; ground color pale olive brown.

Secondaries pale olive brown, lighter towards the base ; a curved black
line on the projecting shoulder, terminating in an enlarged knob; two trans-
verse white maculate bands ; one near the base of three spots, edged pos-
teriorly with brown lines, the other is mesial, of irregular outline, and
bordered with black lines on both sides ; a submarginal and a marginal
series of white lunes, surmounted by darker lines ; abdominal area white,
with a dark maiginal line and projecting shadow at the anal angle. Ex-
panse 1-20 inches.

Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt. )
" Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

Most probably an alpine modification of the common Pi/rgus oileus.

34. Pyrgus macaira, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface pearly- white, apex of primaries strewn with dark
brown atoms, with indistinct traces of an interior submarginal line ; base of

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 335

both wings heavily powdered with radiating black atoms ; excepting this, the
secondaries are immaculate ; fringe brown, darkest on the primaries. ^

Underneath the primaries have a trapezoidal brownish space at their apex,
behind winch there is a transverse band, widening upon either margin.
Secondaries have a very broad dark griseous-brown terminal band, commenc-
ing just before the apex, and ending at the submedian nervure; there is also
a triangular baseo-cstal patch, divided into three parts by white lines, the
two outer are sometimes coalescent, and an oblong bar extending down the
submedian vein, seemingly composed of three sections, of which the basal is
linear; the second and "largest, and the third, somewhat less, are rounded,
quadrangular and triangular in different individuals ; the interior portion of
the wing — the area contained within these markings— is obscured with dusky
atoms ; the abdominal margin is aligned with brownish griseous.

Body above brownish black, beneath whitish ; antennae above dark brown,
incompletely annulated with white, underneath paler, club ferruginous ; alar
expanse 1 — 1'15 inches.

Female. Pearly white ; fore wings pearly white ; a brownish black space
at the apex, interior to this, two transverse bands ; and a submarginal row
of connected lunulse, all of the same color. Hind wings with a narrow termi-
nal black line, and a submarginal lunnlate band usually reduced to two
luuules on the middle of the outer margin, sometimes, though rarely, com-
plete ; short black lines run up the veins from the outer margin ; fringe brown
upon the fore-wings, soiled white upon the hind wings.

Underneath as in the male, the fore wing markings much plainer ; those
upon the secondaries very indistinct, and the terminal border is considerably
widened ; body and antennas the same ; alar expanse 1-37— 1*45 inches.

Hub. — " Mexico, (near Vera Cruz)." Win. H. Edwards.
Orizaba. (Coll. Try on Reakirt.)

35. Carcharodus mazans.

Upper surface purplish brown, strewn with grayish white points ; three
transverse dark brown bands extending from the primaries' costa to the ab-
dominal margin of the secondaries ; the first is at two-fifths the length of the
wings ; the second and broadest at four fifths, and the third is terminal. In-
terior to the second are three small white spots ; two, close together, are near
the costa, the other slightly below the middle ; fringe brown ; wings strongly
scalloped and indented ; expanse 1 inch.

Underneath brown ; the markings reproduced very indistinctly ; body and
antenna? brown.

Hub. — " Mexico, (near Vera Cruz)." Wm. H. Edwards.

36. Erbsia sydra, nov. sp.

Wings of the shape of E. Otanes, Hewits. Upper surface dark brown ; base
of both wings reticulated with indistinct rufous lines; three incomplete rufous
lunulate lines extending a short distance only from the inner margin of the
secondaries ; on the primaries a small yellowish white spot near to awd above
the middle of the outer margin, between which and the inner angle there are
two indistinct rufous yellow spots; expanse 1-25 inches.

Underneath dull umber-brown, with a purplish brown border on the outer
margin ; the spots of the upper side reproduced, and dark brown waved lines
towards the base. Secondaries paler, shaded with grayish purple and pur-
plish brown ; several waved lines toward the outer n;argin, above which a
series of indistinct ocelli, followed by a row of connected lunula?, between
which and the base are numerous zigzag and curved lines ; there are but slight
chromatic variations over the surface ; prominent shadings only on the costa,
near the apical angle and along the outer margin.

Hub. — " Mexico, (near Vera Cruz)." Wm. H. Edwards.

Related to E. oiunes, Hewitson.

1866.]

336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

37. Pieris lenoris, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface sulpliur yellow, a narrow black line at the apex of
the primaries.

Underneath the secondaries and apical portion of the primaries vivid orange
ochreous ; posterior portion of the primaries as above. On the hind wings
there are two grayish black spots on the costa, and another below the cell at
the exsertion of the first median veiulet. Wings shaped as in Pi. Margarita ;
expanse 2-35 inches.

Bab. — " Mexico, (near Vera Cruz)." Win,. H. Edwards.

Allied to Pi. isandra, Boisd.

38. Fieris pasion, nov. sp.

Upper surface chalky-white, immaculate.

Under surface : fore wings' apical area and hind wings suffused with pale
creamy ochraceous, otherwise as above ; upon the secondaries are four narrow
transverse greenish-gray lines ; two respectively running from the upper
thirds of the first and second subcostal veinlets to the costa ; the third starts
at the upper fourth of the submedian vein, bounds the lower portion of the
cell, is discontinued in the lower, and reappears in the upper disco-cellular
interspace ; the fourth, between the last and the margin, is composed of two
connected segments, rarely with a part of a third, all being contained within
the median interspaces ; the nervules here and upon the apex of the prima-
ries are outlined in the same color ; expanse 2-25 — 2-40 inches.

Hah. — "Mexico, (near Vera Cruz. ") Wm. H. Edwards.

The ornamentation of the under side approaches very nearly to some spe-
cies of Hesperocharis.

39. Synchloe ardema, nov. sp.

Female. Upper surface black ; fore wings with a waved row of seven spots
across the apical half of the wing, an abbreviated row of four white spots
within these, running down from the costa, and an isolated spot, opposite the
fifth of the first row, between it and the outer margin, all wi.ite ; two pale
luteous spots in the middle and lower median interspaces. Hind wings black,
rarely with an indistinct orange brown shade across the disc ; fringe black,
spotted with white.

Underneath: fore wings the same, with the enlargement of the white spots,
the addiiion of two submarginal lunes, of two spots within the cell, and of an
orange tawny streak at the base of the costa. Hind wings with a sub-basal
band of four spots ; a narrow mesial band extending from the costa to the sub-
median vein, and a marginal series of lunes, all ochreous ; intermediate be-
tween these last a series of six rounded white spots ; a tawny orange spot near
the anal angle ; expanse 1*87 inches.

Body and antennae black, the latter annulated with white ; palpi streaked
with whitish ; legs tawny orange.

Hab. — "Mexico, (near Vera Cruz)." Wm. H. Edwards.

I regard both this and the S. tellias, of Bates, as local modifications of S.
lacinia, Hiibner.

40. Neoxympha xicaque, nov. sp.

Upper surface pale brown ; fore wings with a broad dark brown terminal
border ; two narrow transverse waved and angulated lines, one extending
across the wing just beyond the cell, the other contained within the cell ; in
the upper portion of the area, enclosed between the first and the marginal band,
there are two rounded black spots, of which the anterior is the largest.

Hind wings with two mesial, strongly angulated red-brown lines, of which
the portion of the upper one nearest the abdominal margin is usually obsolete :
following these is a series of six rounded black spots, of which the first and
third are the least, and the second is sometimes prolonged posteriorly, the
sixth is usually wanting ; the margin presents three continuous red-brown

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 337

lines, obscured by a darker shade towards the apex ; of these the two outer
conform in outline with the indentations of the margin, the interior presents
a lengthened arc from the abdominal margin to the third median veiulet, be-
tween which and the costa it is thrown into three shorter curves.

Fringe brown and white alternately ; expanse 1'75 inches.

Underneath pale bro^n, darker towards the base, suffused with fuscous;
two continuous broad red-brown lines extend from the subcostal vein of the
fore to the abdominal margin of the hind wings; following these are two ocelli
upon the fiist, and six upon the latter, all black, pnpilled with white, and
surrounded by reddish brown rings ; of these the first upon the primaries is
much the largest, the second upon the same, and the third upon the secon-
daries, minute and rather indistinct, the two apical ones of the latter closely
approximating, and their other three at equal distances apart — all these five of
nearly the same size ; tire border of the primaries is replaced by three narrow
lines, ami those upon the secondaries remain as on the upper surface ; the
area enclosed between the inner mesial line, and the base is, upon the secon-
daries, much darker than the rest of the surface.

Body brown ; antennae brown with incomplete pale annulations ; club whitish
beneath.

flub. — "Mexico, (near Vera Cruz.)" Wm. H. Edwards.

More nearly allied to N. canthus, L., than any other of its congeneric asso-
ciates, but still very disiinct.

41. Thkcla jalan, no v. sp.

Female. Upper surface white glossed with black ; a dark olive brown shade
occupying the apical area and extending along the costal and outer margins
of the primaries.

Secondaries bordered with a narrow black line, preceded by a white one as
far as the submedian vein ; interior to this a broad olive brown band, running
from the costa down to the second median vein, thence to the margin bright
orange, containing a small black spot in the first interspace, and also on the
anal lobe, upon which there are some violet atoms ; two black tails of equal
length, the uppermost being tipped with white.

Underneath pure white ; ou the primaries four broad transverse olive
brown bands, including the marginal, all tapering towards their inner mar-
gin ; a pale orange spot at their base.

Secondaries with seven convergent and tapering bands, six of which unite
in a waved black line that covers the large orange anal spot; this contains
three black spots, of which the one at the anal angle is much the largest, and
surmounted by a white ray.

Body blackish above, yellowish white beneath ; head with an orange front-
let; first and second articles of the palpi white, the third black; antennae
black ; expanse 1*45 inches.

Hub. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

42. Goniloba poyas, nov. sp.

Male. Upper surface dark olive brown, with long greenish hairs on the
abdominal margin, and covering the body. Fore wings with a large tri-par-
tite orange-ochreous spot about the end of the cell, interior to, and obliquely
below which, there is an oblong sexual spot, of closely appressed grayish
white scales.

Secondaries immaculate ; a bright yellow fringe extends from the costa to
the first median vein; for the remaining distance the ciliae are brown.

Underneath, apex of primaries tinged with purplish, the sexual mark is
wanting, but there is a bright yellow spot connecting the upper ochreous one
with the costa,. Secondaries underneath, as above, save that the yellow color
of the fringe extends slightly over the edge of the wing.

Wings shaped as in G. tityrus, Fab., but the anal lobe is more obtus'd;
expanse 1-75—2 inches.

1866] 22

338 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Body brown, clothed with long hairs ; anus encircled with long, bright yel-
low hairs ; legs reddish ; antennae black, under side of club bright yellow.

Hah. — Brazil. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm.
H. Edwards.

43. Thecla cestri, nov. sp.

Mile. Upper surface brown, glossed with slaty-blue around the body ; a
large velvety-black sexual mark on the primaries, and two, rarely three,
smaller black spots on the outer margin of the secondaries towards the anal
angle ; each of these is preceded by a bluish gray ray ; there is also a narrow
terminal black line. Fringe of the primaries brown and white alternately ;
that of the secondaries white in the middle, and brown at either angle.

Expanse 1 — 1*13 inches ; margin of fore wings sinuated ; of the hind wings
rounded, and slightly lobed at the anal angle.

Underneath : primaries dull brownish-olivaceous, tinged with yellowish,
basally ; a sinuated transverse row of six brown or black luues runs down
from the costa, midway between the cell and the outer margin, beyond these
the space is occupied with gray shades, containing a marginal row of oblong
brownish dashes, of which the nearest to the inner angle is most distinct.

Secondaries grayish, transversed by numerous waved and luuulate lines
and rows of spots ; a subbasal row of five extending to both margins, of which
the first four are orbicular, and the fifth lunulate ; of these the second from
the costa is the largest ; a mesial series likewise stretching to both, and di-
minishing towards the abdominal margin ; both of these rows are yellowish-
brown, edged posteriorly with blackish curved lines ; from the upper middle
of the central one, a diffused shade of the same color extends towards the
outer margin ; on the upper angle there is a large lune, followed by several
smaller ones, and towards the anal angle the two or three black spots of the
upper surface are reproduced.

Body brown above, clothed with long slaty-blue hairs, whitish beneath ;
antennse annulated with black and white ; club black, tipped with yellowish
brown.

Female. The lower half of the secondaries above is bluish gray, containing
three marginal black spots, and underneath the markings are reduced in size
and become paler. Expanse *95 inches.

Hah. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

44. Thecla jdicha, uov. sp.

Female. Upper surface brownish black, glossed with bluish gray on the
posterior portions of both wings, but slightly upon the primaries, largely so
on the secondaries; a narrow terminal black line edges the outer margin of
the latter, preceded interiorly by a pale bluish white line ; a single tail, long,
black tipped with white. Fringe of primaries orange brown ; of the secon-
daries yellowish-ochreous as far as the tail, afterwards bluish gray. Expanse
1*25 inches.

Underneath: primaries brownish gray, suffused with purplish at the base
and towards the apex ; a short narrow discal arc, an oblong curved bar be-
tween it and the base, an irregular curved broad band beyond the discal arc,
and a submarginal series of lunulas, all dark brown ; the second and last of
these are edged with white interiorly, the third exteriorly, and the discal
curve on both sides ; the outer margin presents a large ochreous patch.

Secondaries, costa and posterior portions purplish gray, the remainder pale
ochrey-yellow ; four transverse lines, all dark ochrey-brown on the anterior
half, and olive brown or black edged with white on the posterior half of
the wings ; the first and third are most distinct, these and the fourth extend
from margin to margin, while the second is simply a discal curve ; some shinr
ing orange brown atoms occupy the anal angle.

Body black above, clothed with bluish gray hairs, yellowish-white beneath ;

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 339

the tibia? and tarsi are incompletely annulated with black and white alternately,
but in sections of unequal value.

Eab. — " Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Win. H. Edwards.

45. Thecla yojoa, nov. sp.

Female. Upper surface, brownish, bluish gray on the hind portion of the
secondaries ; these are margined by a narrow black terminal line, above which
towards the anal angle are four rounded black spots of which the third is the
largest, and surmounted by a yellow crescent; a long tail proceeds from the
extremity of the first median veinlet.

Under surface pale brownish-gray; a transverse, nearly straight line runs
across the primaries from the costa to the first median veinlet, midway be-
tween the cell and the outer margin ; the area beyond this is irrorated with
whitish, upon which is superimposed a double row of marginal spots; also a
white discal streak. Secondaries with a similar transverse line and discal
arc, the first broken into three portions, each of which forms an almost right
line; the upper is equal to the other two combined, and which are obliquely
below and interior to it, as is also the lower to the middle one ; an indistinct
series of marginal ocelli, covered by a continuous row of lunula?, — the first and
third from the anal angle are dark brown, and surmounted by a yellowish
lune. Expanse 1*13 inches.

Antennae ringed with black and white; club tipped with ferruginous.

Hub. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

46. Thecla istapa, nov. sp.

Female. Upper surface brownish, bluish-gray on the hind portion of the
secondaries ; these are margined by a narrow black terminal line, above which
towards the anal angle are four rouuded or luriulate black spots, of which the
last two are the largest ; a slender tail proceeds from the extremity of the first
median veinlet.

Under surface pale brownish-gray ; an obsolete double row of brownish lu-
nules, separated by whitish crescents along the outer margin of the prima-
ries ; within, a curved row of six dark brown spots, edged exteriorly with
white.

Secondaries have a brown discal arc, a dark brown spot within, and another
above the cell, both ringed with white ; beyond tVie cell a sinuated row of
dark brown streaks and dashes, edged posteriorly with white ; following these
is a series of white sagittate marks, and a marginal row of indistinct brown
ocelli, ringed with white. The second from the anal angle is black, covered
by a luteous crescent ; there is also a small black spot on the anal lobe, simi-
larly surmounted. Expanse "85 inch.

Body and antenna? as in Th. yojoa.

Hah. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

Very closely allied to the preceding species, especially upon the upper sur-
face; underneath, however, the differences are considerable.

47. Erycides lilea, nov. sp.

Upper surface shining blue-black, irrorated with lustrous green particles
over the basal area and the body ; a large fulvous red costal spot on the pri-
maries, cut by the sub-costal vein ; outer margin of both wings, including the
anal angle of secondaries, fringed with white hairs, especially long upon the
latter.

Underneath as above, but destitute of the green irrorations. Expanse 2-25
inches.

Body blue-black, the palpi, excepting the terminal joint, and a collar, ful-
vous-red; antenna? black.

Var. a ; the abdominal margin is fringed with dark brown hairs, encroach-
ing slightly upon the white anal cilia?.

Hub. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

A local race of the well-known Erycides palemon.

1866.]

340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMT OF

48. GONILOBA AZUL, HOV. Sp.

Upper surface dark brown ; basal third of both wings brilliantly glossed
with shining blue ; on the primaries, a short, translucent-white costal bar,
towards the apex cut into five spots by the subcostal veinlets and radials ; a
broad mesial, transverse, transparent, white band, composed of six sjjots, ex-
tends from the inner third of the costa to near the outer margin, a short dis-
tance above the inner angle.

Underneath brown, with a darker median shade on both w'ngs ; markings
of primaries remain the same ; a yellow spot at their base, and beyond, as far
as the central transverse baud, glossed along and below the costa with shining
blue.

Costa of secondaries broadly white at the base, and tapering towards the
middle, there terminating ; a small brown spot at the shoulder, before which
it is faintly yellowish. Expanse 2*5 inches.

Body brown, clothed above on the thorax with shining blue hairs, below
with ochreous yellow ; abdomen brown, the segments marked with blue hairs
above and brown below. Head and collar lustrous green ; palpi yellowish-
white. Antennae black.

Hub. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

49. Leptalis mita, nov. sp.

Male, Above sulphur- yellow ; fore wings with a black outer margin,
broadest at the apex, there extending along the costa a little more than quar-
ter its length, and terminating in a rounded knob, resting upon the first me-
dian veinlet ; the interior outline of this marginal band is sinuated, and
shaped much as in the allied species kollari and licinia, presenting two inte-
rior, deeply curved indentations, and a short, nearly straight line on the
costa ; tins border also contains in its upper part an oblique yellow bar,
touching the costa, and rounded posteriorly. Basal portion of costa powdered
with black atoms ; a short oblique black bar runs to the sub-costal vein, at
about the middle of the margin.

Secondaries immaculate. Expanse 1*87 inches.

Underneath sulphureous ; the outer portion of the black margin disappears,
leaving only a transverse apical black belt, extending to neither margin ; the
black costal bar remains, and there are some contiuued black atoms in the
cell below it.

Secondaries present a transverse blackish ray below the cell, which reaches
to neither edge.

Body : thorax above black, covered with yellowish-green hairs, below
yellow ; abdomen yellowish-white ; antennae black, with white annulations ;
(dub purplish-brown.

Hab. — "Mexico, near Vera Cruz." Wm. H. Edwards.

Wings shaped as in Lept. licinia ; of the described species, it approximates
most nearly to the Lp.pt. isodrita, Boisd., of Brazil, of which it is probably a
northern modification.

50 Achlyodes Hevvitsonius, nov. sp.

Upper surface : primaries grayish brown, flecked with spots, and crossed
by lines of paler hue ; a dark brown terminal line along the outer margin,
followed by a right line of pale grayish brown, which runs obliquely inwardly
from the apex, becoming lost in the discal shades ; then a large apical tri-
angular fulvous-brown patch, with the base placed on the costa, and an
oblique band of the same color running from the lower portion or apex of the
triangle down to the middle of the inner margin, the veins and veinlets cross-
ing both becoming dark brown during their passage ; a large interior trape-
zoidal patch, darkest at either end, extends from the costa to the lower part
of the cell, and a subbasal transverse band stretches from the subcostal to
the submedian vein, both fulvous brown.

Secondaries ochraceous, more brownish on the abdominal margin, and

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 341

tinged with orange towards the costa ; a terminal brown line as on the fore
wings; a narrow discal bar, a broad belt across the middle of the cell, con-
nected above with two equally broad spots, b >th extending to the costal
nervure, and commingling below with the dark abdominal shades ; an irregu-
lar tnmsverse band, twice bent at right angles near its middle, beyond the
cell, extending from the first subcostal veinlet to the submedian vein ; all
dark brown ; expanse 2-5 inches.

Underneath the primaries are ochreons, paler towards the outer margin,
and with au ashy apical spot ; the markings of the upper surface are almost
obsolete.

Secondaries dull orange brown; markings as above, but very indistinct;
the abdominal and apical areas are strewn with ashy atoms.

Antennae black, ochraceous beneath.

Hah.— " Mexico, near Vera Cruz." W. H.Edwards.

This, most beautiful as well as one of the largest species of its genus, does
not assimilate closely with any of its associates.

I have many other new species ot this genus, which I hope to figure at
some future time ; it is impossible to describe them.

At the time that I wrote the " Notes upon Exotic Lepidoptera," &c, I had
had no opportunity of consulting any of Dr. Folder's numerous writings in
the " Wiener Entom. Monatschrift." I have now to regret having redesoribed
several of his species; an error which, however unfortunate, from uselessly
multiplying difficulties in the correct determination of species, is scarcely to
be avoided when two Entomologists are working upon the same subject at the
same time. I append their corrected nomenclature, together with some other
synouymical reciificatious.

Pap. semperi, Felder.

Pap. semperi, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschrift v., p. 297 (1861).
" " " " vi., p. 282 (1862).

" Zool. d. Novara Exp.
Atr<ph. erylhrosoma, Reakirt, Proj. Eat. Soc. Phil., iii., p. 447. n. 2
(1864).

Pap. D/udalus, Boisd.

Pap. dcedalus Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschrift, v., p. 298 (IS 61).

" Zool. d. Novara Exp.
Pap. palinurus, Fab., Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., hi., p. 463 (1864;.

Pap. nysTASPES, Feld.

Pap. hyutaspes, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschrift, vi., p. 2S3 (1882).

" Zool, d. Novara Exp.
Pap. varasi, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii., p. 465 (1864).

Pap. lbdeboukia, Esch.

Pap. llorsfield'a, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii., p. 476 (1864).

Pap. gordion, Felder.

Pap. gordion, Feld., Zool. d. Novara Exp.

Pap. eurypylus, L., Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii., p. 4S1 (1864).

Pap. Euphrates, Felder.

Pap. Euphrates, Felder, Wied. Eit. Monatschr., vi., p. 383 (1862),

" Zool. d Novara Exp.
Pap. Moorei, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii., p. 485 (1864).

Leptocircus decius, Felder.

Lept. decius, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vi., p. 284 (1832).

" Zool. d. Novara E<p.
Lept. meges, Zink., Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii., p. 494 (1864).

1866.]

342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Papilto caleli, Reakirt.

Pap. alcamedes, Felder, Zool. d. Novara Exp., p. 36, n. 26, t. vii., f. c.
(1865).
Hob. — Guatemala. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)
Mexico. (Coll. Entoin. Soc.)

New Granada? (Coll. Felder.)
A species of considerable range, and presenting slight modifications through-
out, which, however, are not local or confined to particular sections. These
are well expressed by Dr. Felder, 1. c, p. 27, and may be briefly stated
thus. — In the varying size of the white or yellowish white spot between the
two last median veinlets of the fore wings, and also in the width of the sub-
triangular green band ; in the presence of one or two greenish streaks of dif-
ferent lengths within the cell above the white spot, and in the longer or
shorter red spots upon the hind wings.

Papilio tonila, Reakirt.

Pap. aristomenes, Felder, Zool. d. Novara Exp., p. 38, n. 27, t. viii., f. a.
(1865).

Bab. — Guatemala. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.)

Mexico. (Coll. Entom. Soc. and Felder.)

The only difference between Dr. Felder's excellent figure, and the speci-
mens in my possession, and the cabinet of the Society is, that his aristomenes
has a white dash above the subcostal vein of the primaries — absent in all
which I have seen. I do not doubt but that they are identical. I do not
believe that tonila is the 9 of caleli, as indicated by Dr. FeMer in his
Speci<s Lepidopterorum, p. 296, n. 107 (1864) ; it is more nearly related to
the $ of int/lotes, Gray, than cahli is to the ^ of that species.

Pap. caleli and tonila belong to a group of nearly allied forms of peculiar
facies, all inhabiting the northern parts of South, or the tropical portions of
North America ; their co-members are mijlotes, Gray, timias, Dbldy., and
eurimedes, Cram. ; the last, possessed of the greatest range, is most probably
the parent stock of the other and segregated species.

Papilio gundlachianus, Felder.

Pap. Gundlach., Feld. Verhl. d. Zool. hot. Gesellsch. in Wien, p. 294, n.

75 (1864).
Pap. Columbus, Guudl. Herr. Sch. Corr. Bl. Zool. Min. Vereins, xvi..

p. 141 (1862).
Not Pap. Columbus, Hewits. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., n. ser., i., p. 98

(1851.)
Pap. Grotei, Blake, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iv., p. 313 (1865.)

Description of the Hot Springs of Soda Creek, their location, number, temp-
erature and altitude, and the Geological features of the surrounding
locality; together with the remarkable discovery of a human skeleton
and a fossil Pine Tree in the Boulder and Gravel formation of Soda Bar, Oct.
13th, 1860.

BY E. L. BERTHOUD, C. E.

Soda Creek is in Long: 105° 40/. Lat. 39° 35/. Approx. altitude above the
sea 6570 feet.

Time of- observation 10 A. M., Oct. 13th, 1860. Wind W. S. W. Sky
cloudless. Therm, in air 57° F. Temperature of Soda Creek 45° F.
1st. Spring temperature of water 98° F.

2d.

a

u

a

99° "

3d.

u

a

<<

55° "

4th.

[<

»

ti

54° "

5 th.

[4

u

a

55° '"

6th.

a

u

a

91° "

7th.

a

a

((

90° "

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 343

There are numerous other cold and warm springs that issue from the sur-
face in every direction, but not deep or large enough to give a fair average
temperature. The water of these springs deposits on the surrounding ground
and stones a saline efflorescence of a pure white, and with a soda or saline
taste. Several of the hot springs are continually depositing a tufa, which has
formed around them all dome-shaped hillocks, with basin-like cavities in the
centre, from which the water, mingled with a constant rush of bubbles of gas,
boils up like a seething caldron. The waters have an acid taste not unpleas-
ant, with decidedly chalybeate qualities, which approximate it very much to
the famed Congress Springs of Saratoga, N. Y. Iron is deposited by several
of the springs, giving a reddish tinge to the tufa. The springs are situated from
three to thirty feet above the level of Soda Creek, a clear cold mountain stream,
with gravelly bed ; for a long distance below the springs, the gravel in the bar
and bed of Soda Creek are cemented by the tufa deposited by the hot springs.
It has evidently been always a place of resort for the mountain sheep (Ovis mon-
tana,) mountain goat (Capra Amer.) and buffalo (Bison Amer.) who delight to
lick the incrustations and drink the waters of these springs. This is shown by
their numerous bones found above and under ground near the springs. Indeed,
as late as Jul}' 3d, 1860, three mountain sheep were killed near these springs.
In the springs, both hot and cold, confervas and a few grasses grow ; no fish, how-
ever, are found in them; no Crustacea except perhaps one about 1^ inches long,
which is found in the hot springs, and which has a hard covering and rudiment-
ary legs. This insect, crustacean, or whatever it may be, is very much of
the color, size and shape of the kind found in Great Salt Lake, by Captain
Fremont, in 1843 — 44.

The flora of the neighboring region to these springs is rather scanty,
and comprises the following more common species :
Juniperus communis. Sesleria dactyloides.

Juniperus virginianus. Bromus, sp. undet.

Pinus variabilis. Poa, " "

Pinus fraseri. Elymus hystrix.

Salix tristis. Helianthus, sp. undet.

Populus angulata. Aster, 2 sp. undet.

Populus tremuloides. Cynoglossum, sp. undet.

Alnus incana. ^Euchroma coccinea.

Cornus sericea. ^Cactus opuntia.

Solidago secunda ? Astragalus, 3 sp.

Stanleyi integrifolia. Baptisia, 1 gp. undet.

Camelina, 1 sp. Sisymbrium, 1 sp.

Draba, 2 sp. Barbarea, 1 sp.

Calochortus luteus. Fragaria virginiana.

Sorbus, sp. undet. Rubus spectabilis.

Spiraea, " " " idaeus.

Rosa, " " Ribes floridum.

Vaccinium, sp. undet. Ribes, 2 sp. undet.

What, however, renders the locality of the Hot Soda Springs still more re-
markable, aside from their singular character, and the picturesque scenery
of their surrounding location, is the following fact recently developed :

About the last days of September, 1800, two miners, who had been for two
months and a half opening a mining^ claim about 200 yards S. W. of the springs
and at the foot of the hill marked on the map^oda Hill, reached at last in the
gravel, boulders and rocky deposits of Soda Bar, a depth of 22 feet; here at
this depth and about 3 yards from the foot of the hill slope, they found a human
skeleton, lying on its face and imbedded in a deposit of gravel, sand, small
boulders, and fragments of the adjacent rock in situ, which from 2 feet below
the surface in this locality yields a very fine rich quality of coarse gold. The
skeleton, all whose larger bones, though very light and porous, were yet intact,
and whose skull was also entire, was in a very tolerable state of preservation •

1866.J

344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

under the skeleton and about 2 feet lower down, they found upon the sur-
face of what the miners call "red rock," the trunk, limbs and roots of a small
pine tree, identical in all respects with the red pine (P. variabilis) of the adja-
cent slopes ; the bark appeared charred and blackened, the wood was light,
yellow and apparently sound, showing the fibrous woody structure, the knots,
the annual rings of growth, identical with variabalis : on exposure to air, how-
ever, it soon became soft and crumbled, more like rotten, or water soaked wood.
The roots and limbs appeared as if violently compressed or forced in the seams
of the underlying rock. There, then, was a point conclusively shown, namely,
that prior to the cause which covered Soda Hill, Soda Bar and Dry Diggings
Hill with its enormous beds of gravel, sand and boulders, and its native gold,
(which is eveiywhere sought for in this locality, from the lowest points of
Payne's and Illinois Bars, 2\ feet above Clear Creek up to the highest points
where it can availably be mined and hauled to water) man roved and dwelt in
this region, timber grew, and everything requisite to furnish food to mankind
and the brute creation must have flourished in proximity. Here then we have,
within the period of man, evidence that either the convulsions which caused
the emergence of the Rocky Mountain range in Western Kansas is a very late
geological phenomenon, or that some sudden cause, the upheaval per-
haps of the higher Central range, through the metamorphic granite, the talc
and mica slates of the lower Eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, scooped
out the low interior mountain basin in which the Gregory, Russell, Nevada,
Lake and other gulches now mined and populated are located ; and that then,
as the floods, be they of mud, water, or snow and ice, caused by the disturbed
equilibrium of the older chain of mountains, by the sudden emptying of Moun-
tain Lakes perhaps, or by the sudden melting of snows and deluges of rain,
then subsided, and the vast fissures through which Clear Creek now finds its
way into the Platte gave way to the pent up waters ; then perhaps the receding
waters, still carrying a vast amount of detritus as the waters subsided, left them
in their present location. Indeed, one is at once surprised at the location of
the so-called Pike's Peak Gold Mines of Gregory and Clear ('reek.

After looking over a lofty mountain road for 16 miles, we descend from 1000
to 2000 feet into an interior mountain basin, surrounded on all sides by mountain
ranges of much greater altitude, and through which but one avenue has been
opened, where Clear Creek or Vasquez^Fork of Platte river finds its way into
the vast prairies extending from the foor of the mountains to the Missouri river.
Perhaps it may be urged that glacial phenomena may account for this anoma-
lous fact. In answer we can say that, from the evidence before us, the climactic
condition of the present time, carried out by the identity of the long buried
flora of the period when this convulsion took place with the one now in ex-
istence, forbid us from supposing that the Central range (or Snowy range, more
commonly so-called.) was ever the seat of Glaciers large or extensive enough
to cause phenomena at all adequate to explain the changes and erosions now
so plainly seen in the valley of Vasquez Fork, or in the upper mining region.
The lofty summits of Long's and Pike's Peaks, the intermediate lofty chain, the
high mountains between Clear Creek and Bear Creek, although they retain in
places deposits of snow and small beds of ice, yet nothing is ever found upon
them answering the appearance of constant glaciers, whose accretion in cold
summers and diminution in warm summers write upon the bare mountain
peaks a history of their force and continued action. As a proof of the recent
date of the convulsions that have in ages'past furrowed and torn up the Plu-
tonic rocks of the east side of the range, that have upreared the tertiary strata
at the foot of the mountains, until their almost perpendicular strata form a
secondary valley parallel with the valley of the South Platte and has spread
over the vast plains of the Platte and Kansas Rivers, the boulders, gravel and
sand formed of Feldspathic granite, it is interesting and valuable, and may
be a guide, a clew to the solution of the question by which the valley of the
Platte, the interior prairie of South Park, the complete want, over a vast ex-

[Nov.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

345

tent of country, of timber and vegetable soil may be accounted for, by the
draining and disappearance of vast bodies of fresh water ; whatever cataclysm
buried this member of the human family, be he Aztec, Indian, Esquimaux or
Mound builder, he is for the region above mentioued, " homo diluvii testis."
We confess that our preconceived notions of the antiquity of this globe have
received a severe shock by this discovery, and have modified our views of the
relative antiquity of the strata of this globe and the age of this part of the con-
tinent ; with a wish that some more able pen will help to elucidate this strange
point, we present these few fads.

A list of minerals found in the Rocky Mountain Mining Region, between Long. 105°

and 10G°. ' Lat. 40° and 39° N.

Native iron.

Magnetic iron

ore.

Quartz crystals.

" copper.

Bog-

ore.

Milky quartz.

<< gold.

Specular "

ore.

Vitreous quartz.

" silver.

Tourmaline.

Smoky quartz.

" alum.

Garnet.

Argentiferous galena

Sulphuret of iron.

"Wavellite.

Kaolin.

" lead.

Stilbite.

Laumonite ?

" copper

Arragonite.

Brown coal.

" zinc.

Carb. of lime.

Graphite.

Auriferous pyrites.

Mica.

Manganese.

Arsenical pyrites.

Talc.

Selenite.

Blue copper ore.

Feldspar.

Gypsum.

Green copper ore.

Albite.

Alabaster.

December Aili.
The President, Da. Hays, in the Chair.

Thirty seven members present.

Dr. Leidy made some remarks upon a collection of fossil bones, re-
cently brought from the Mauvaises Torres of White Ptiver, Nebraska,
by Prof. Hayden. Among the fossils he exhibited the fragments of a
jaw, upon which he characterized a new sabre-toothed tiger, under the
name of Drepnnodon or Machairodus occidentalis, a species larger than
its cotemporary the D. prioiasvus.

December \\th.
The President, Dr. Hays, in the Chair.

Fifty three members present.

The following were presented for publication: " List of Coleoptera
collected in Lycoming Co." " List of Coleoptera collected near Fort
"Whipple." " Revision of the Das^titii," and " Additions to the Cole-
opterous Fauna of the United States, No. 1." By John L. LeConte,

M. D.

" Descriptions of some new Cicindelidse from the Pacific Coast," and
" Descriptions of new Coleoptera of Central America." By Geo. H.
Horn, M. D.

" On a new genus of Homoptera." By Henry Shiner.

The elections postponed from the last meeting for business were held
with the following result :

Albert R. Leeds, A R. Calhoun, Joseph C. Turnpenny, John Ford,
Edwin J. Houston and W. S. Grant, were elected members.

1866.]

346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

December 18th.

Mr. Yaux, "Vice-President, in the Chair.

Fifty members present.

The following were presented for publication : " On the consump-
tion of force by plants." By Thomas Meehan.

" A second study of the Icteridge." By John Cassin.

December 25th.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Twenty members present.

The meeting adjourned until the following evening, Wednesday,
Dec. 26th.

December 2Qth.
Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Forty-two members present.

On favorable report of the respective committees, the following were
ordered to be published :

List of COLEOPTEEA collected in the Mountains of Lycoming County, Pa.
BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D.

During the first week of June, 18GG, I had the good fortune to make one of a
party who visited Lycoming County, to indulge in the pleasure of trout-fishing.
Our station was on the Loyalsoc Creek, about thirty miles from Williamsport.

The collection contained so many species not previously known in Pennsyl-
vania, that it has seemed to me, though small in extent, to merit particular con-
sideration ; the more so, because it indicates the necessity of greatly-increased
collections in the mountain regions, before we can begin to map out accurately
the distribution of our species. The names correspond with those in my list
of North American Coleoptera.

Some of the more interesting new species, belonging to groups which I have
already investigated, I have named. The descriptions will be found in the fol-
lowing pages of this volume. Two of them I have dedicated to members of
the party, who, although unknown to the literature of science, appreciate
enthusiastically the beauties of nature ; and manifested, by their ardent pur-
suit of the finny game, and their accurate knowledge of his habits, such natu-
ral taste for scientific employments, as would, doubtless, had earlier oppor-
tunity favored, have much diminished the labor yet to be performed by stu-
dents of Zoology in this country.

Nebria pallipes. Olisthopus parmatus.

Cychrus (Sphaerod.) canadensis. Pterostichus sustcntus.
Lecontei. rostratus.

Schizogenius amphibius. honestus.

Calathus (Pristodactyla) impunctata. mancus?

Platynus angustatus. caudicalis.

marginatus. mutus.

extcnsicollis. Luczotii.

molestus. coracinus.

licvis II Lee. stygicus.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

347

Pterostichus lachrymosus.
Myas foveatus.
Amara ? n. sp.
Dieajlus politus.
Anomoglossus emarginatus.
Chiasmus sericeus.

cordicollis.*
pensylvanicus.
Atranus pubcscens.
Anisodactylus Harrisii.

nigerrimus.
Eurytrichus nitidipennis.
Bradycellus vulpeculus.

rupestris.
Harpalus longicollis.
spadiceus.
Stenolophus ochropezus.
Patrobus angicollis.
Herabidiuin nigrum,
n. sp.
simplex.
planum.
semistriatum.
Tachys tripunctatus.

nanus (inornat. Say),
flavicauda.
Necrophorus pj'gmeeus.
Catops Spencianus.

terminans.
Scydmoenus bicolor.
Batrisus globosus.

two other species.
Falagria cingulata n. sp.
Mylla?na sp.

Aleocharini, 6 sp. not determined.
Coproporus ventriculus.
Conosonia crassum.

Knoxii n. sp.
opicum.
Bryoporus testaceus.
Pliilonthus lomatus.

one other sp.
Xantholinus cephalus.
Baptolinus macrocephalus, var?
Lathrobium punctulatum.
collare.

spec, not described.
Oryptobium badium.
bicolor.
Sunius longiusculus.
Stenus egenus.
Oxytelus sculptus.
Trogophlceus not described.
Anthophagus caesus.

near verticalis.

Amphichroum laevicolle n. sp.
Anthobium sp.
Hister americanus.
Olibrus nitidus.
Carpophilus brachypterus.
Epursea not described.
Endectus nematodes.
Philothermus glabriculus.
* Clinidium conjungens.
Lathridius liratus.
Corticaria pumila.

americana.
Litargus 4-spilotus.
Cytilus varius.
Platycerus quercus.
Onthophagus Hecate.
Aphodius n. sp.
Hoplia trifasciata.
Cremastochilus canaliculatus.
Throscus Chevrolatii.
Cryptohypnus planatus.

pulchellus.
Elater nigricollis.

luctuosus.

fuscatus.

rubricus.
Melanotus inwqualis.
Limonius aurifer.
ectypus.
Sericosomus silaceus.
Prionocyphon discoideus.
Cyphou ruficollis and var.
pallipes.
modesta.
Photinus corruscus.
Podabrus punctatus.

Pattoni n. sp.
Telephorus Carolina,
rectus.
tuberculatus.
Attalus flavilabris.
Clerus thoracicus.
Cis, sp. not determined.
Phellopsis obcordata.
Boletophagus depressus.
Paratenetus punctatus.
Corphyra terminalis.
Canifa pusilla.
Penthe obliquata.
Melandrya striata.
Anaspis flavipennis.

rufa.
Mordella scapularis.
Asclera ruficollis.
Curculionidae not determined.

* This is the species which I have regarded as C. chlorophanus D"j. I am informed by
my friend. Mr. Salle, that the types of the latter belong to the western species known as C. 8 0 1 i-
t a r i u s Say.

1866.]

348

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Tomicus pyri.
Molorchus bimaculatus.
Leptura ruficollis.

sphaericollis.
Orsodacna Childreni.
Chrysomela vulgatissima.

(blue var. )
Haltica violacea Mela.
Diabrotica vittata.

Galleruca decora.
Engis 4-maculata.
Dacne heros.
Triplax sanguinipennis.
Mycetina perpulchra.
Psyllobora 20-maeulata.
Hyperaspis elegans.
Spymnus lacustris.

List of COLEOPTERA collected near Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr. Elliott

Coues, U. S. A., in 1864—65.

BY JOHN L LECONTE, M. D.

At the request of Dr. Coues, it was my intention to prepare a catalogue of
the Ooleoptera, thus far known from Arizona. On reflection, it seems to me
that such a list would be at present of but little value to entomologists ; partly
because all the species previously examined by me are mentioned in my memoir
on the Ooleoptera of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary,* but still more, because
Dr. G. H. Horn, recently Surgeon of California Volunteers, having spent four
years in collecting through California and Arizona, has returned with much
new material. Any list of species now made would, therefore, soon be ren-
dered useless by the investigation of his collections. For these reasons I
have confined myself to a list of the species submitted to Mr. Dike and myself
by Dr. Coues. The new species are described with others iu the present num-
ber of the Proceeding's.

Amblychila cylindriformis.
Cicindela obsoleta (race /?).

nigrocoerulea.

guttifera.

punctulata var.
Calosoma carbonatum.
Lachnophorus elegantulus.
Discoderus impotens.
Tachys audax.
Acilius fiavomaculatus.
Laccophilus truncatus.
Hydroporus stria tell us.
Berosus punctatissimus.

subsignatus.
Hydrocharis glaucus.
Silpha truncata.
Creophilus villosus.
Belonuchus formosus.
Philonthus flavolimbatus.

inquietus.
Saprinus pratensis.
Tribrachys caudalis.
Trogosita n. sp ?
Lasconotus laqueatus n. sp.
Aulonium longum n. sp.
Dorcus? mazama.
Canthon indigaceus n. sp.
Oehodams simplex.
Trox punctatus.

Macrodactylus angustatus.
Plusiotis gloriosa.
Cyclocephala manca n. sp.
Xyloryctes Satyrus.
Dynastes Tityus.
Strategus cessus n. sp.
Gyascutus sphenicus.
Ancylochira alternans.
Melanophila atropurpurea.
Acmajodera amplieollis n. sp.

decipiens n. sp.
Agrilus Couesii n. sp.
Chalcolepidius VVebbii.
Cryptohypnus inops.
Horistoiiotus simplex.
Photinus nigricans.
Chauliognathus scutellaris.
Pristoscelis convergens n. sp.

atricornis n. sp.
Amphicerus punctipennis.
Eurymetopon abnorrae.
Epitragus n. sp.
Zopherus n. sp.
Eleodes obscura.

sulcata.

obsoleta.

extricata.
Embaphion contusum.
Blapstinus pubescens.

*Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci., PhiU.,2J ser , iv. 9, (1858).

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

349

Oorenopiis sulcipennis.
Hypophlceus parallelus.
Sitophagus planus.
Notoxus, two species.
Pentaria trifasciata.
Meloe sublsevis.
Megetra cancellata.
Epicauta maculata
sericans.
ferruginea.
Lytta biguttata.
puberula.
Tetraonyx fulva.
Nemognatha immaculata.
Tanymecus lautus.
Prionus californicuS,

Criocephalus sp.
Sphenotheca suturalis.
Tylosis sellatus.
Elaphidion procerum.

tenue.
Clytus sagittatus.
J^thecerus Wilsoni Chevr.

Arhopalus Wils. Horn.

Clytus cinctus Chevr.
^Edilis spectabilis.
Tetraopes basalis.
Oncideres sp.
Chrysomela dislocata.
Chrysomelide not determined.
Hippodamia convergens.

Revision of the DASYTINI of the United Scates.
BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D.

Having recently had occasion to examine all th e species of D a s y t i n i in
my collection, I have detected among specimens received since the publica-
tion of my previous memoir, in 1852, several undescribed species. In order
to fix more definitely the characters, not only of the new species, but of those
previously described, I have prepared a sketch of the genera and analytical
tables of the species before me.

Much of the Pacific district yet remains unvisited by collectors, and a large
increase in the number of representatives of this tribe may be expected from
future eypiorations.

In all the genera found in our territory, as far as known to me, the terminal
spurs of the anterior tibiae are very small. They may be tabulated as follows ;

A. First joint of tarsi not shorter than the second;

(claws of tarsi equal in length, second and
third joints of tarsi not dilated, and last joint
of palpi not securiform in any of our genera):

Anterior tibiae with an external row of spines Pristoscelis.

Anterior tibiae without spines :

Membranous appendages equal, nearly as long

as the claws ; in great part connate.. Listrus.

Appendages connate ; one long, the other shorter Dolichosoma.

One appendage long, connate, the other denti-
form All onyx.

Both appendages short, connate, usually denti-
form Dasy tes.

Membranous appendages long, equal, free to the

base Eschatocrepis.

B. First joint of tarsi shorter than the second Melyris.

On comparing this table with those of European genera, as given by
DuVal* and Kiesenwetter,f it will be seen that the characters here ascribed
to Listrus correspond with those of Lob onyx, and those of Escha-
tocrepis with those of Haplocnemis. The differences will be men-
tioned under the respective genera.

* Genera des Coleopt. d'Europe. iii , 190.
f Insecten Deutscblands, iv., 624.

1866.]

350 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

•

PRISTOSCELTS Lee.

Under this name I have grouped the species of North America, in which
the anterior tibiae are furnished with a distinct series of spines on the outer
margin. Important differences in pubescence and form exist among the spe-
cies, which have, so far as they were known to him, been distributed by
Motschulsky into genera, which he has named Byturosomus (Group I.), Tri-
chochrous (Group II.), and Emmenotarsus (Group III.) In order to avoid a
change of gender in the specific names of the species thus far described, I
have arbitrarily made the generic name masculine, instead of feminine, as
required by a strict adherence to classical construction.

The following table expresses the relations between the species before me :

I. Prothorax twice as wide as the head, pubescence

prostrate, with a few intermixed longer

erect hairs 1. f u s c u s.

Prothorax scarcely one-half wider than the head :

II. Pubescence prostrate without intermixed erect hairs :

Legs entirely black :

Sides of thorax broadly rounded :

Pubescence fine 2. ater.

Pubescence dense 3. oregonensis.

Sides of thorax strongly rounded 4. laticollis.

Legs brown or testaceous :

Thorax quadrate, sides feebly rounded : antenna- black ;

Pubescence fine, femora darker 5. fulvitarsis.

Pubescence coarse, femora and tibiae uniform

in color 6. a t r i c o r n i s.

Thorax narrowed in front, not transverse; legs rufous :

Elytra nearly uniform in color 7. convergens.

Elytra broadly margined with rufous 8. umbratus.

Thorax transverse, narrowed in front 9. antennatus.

Thorax transverse, sides strongly rounded;

Elytra coarsely punctured 10. brevicornis.

Elytra finely punctured 11. erythropus.

III. Pubescence intermixed with erect hairs :
a. hides of thorax not distinctly serrate :

Body above densely clothed with coarse brown hair:

Pubescence short, antennas and feet black 12. b r e vip i lo sus.

Pubescence long, antennas and feet rufous 13. hirtellus.

Pubescence long, antennae and feet black 14. sordidus.

Body above with fine gray pubescence:

Antennas and legs black, body black :

Thorax narrowed in front, sides feebly rounded... 15. suturalis.

Thorax not narrowed in front :

Sides feebly rounded, and

distinctly sinuate behind.. 16. q u ad r i col 1 i 8.

not sinuate behind, hind angles distinct... 17. T e j o n i cu s.

Sides moderately rounded, hind angles indistinct :

Head moderate :

Elytra moderately punctured.

T ,, i f 18. conformis.

Legs black < ,„ , . ,

6 (19. squalidus.

Tibia? and tarsi pale 20. cruralis.

Elytra very coarsely punctured :

Thorax transverse 21. aenescens.

Thorax not wider than long 22. p u n c tipennig.

Head very large, not narrower than the

thorax 23. grandicepe.

[Dee.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA, 351

Legs rufous or testaceous, body black :

Thorax finely sparsely punctured 24. pedal is.

Thorax coarsely sparsely punctured 25. texanus.

Black, elytra and legs rufous 26. r u fipe n n i s.

b. Sides of thorax distinctly serrate:

Entirely black, elytra densely punctured 27. serrulatus.

Black, elytra and legs rufous 28. serricoll is.

-» Group I. Byturosomus Motscb.

But one species of this group is known to_ me. It is of oblong oval form,
rather more robust than the other species ; the prothorax is twice as wide as
the head, and in the male is wider than the elytra ; it is wider than long,
broadly rounded on the sides, and obliquely subsinuate each side at the base;
the angles are all rounded. The pubescence of the thorax is less dense than
that oi' the elytra ; a few longer suberect hairs are intermixed with the pros-
trate ones. The front tibiae are longer than usual, slender and slightly
curved in the male, and the row of small spines on the outer side is very
distinct. The appendages of the claws are broad, and connate with the claw ;
the outer one is free for a very short distance.

1. P. fuscus. Dasytes fuscus Lee. Pr. Ac. N. Sc, vi., 169. Byturosomus
griseus Motscb. Bull. Mosc. 1859, ii., 395. B. rufipes Motscb. ibid.

Vallecitas, San Diego County, California ; May. The differences between
the sexes are. so great that unless found together they might be readily con-
sidered distinct species ; in the male the thorax is wider than the elytra, and
much less densely pubescent ; the elytra are gradually narrowed from the
base; the abdomen is composed of six ventral segments, and the front tibiae
are elongated, and curved inwards : in the female the body is not attenuated
behind, the thorax is as wide as the elytra, gradually narrowed in front, aud
densely pubescent ; the abdomen has but five ventral segments, and the ante-
rior tibite are not curved. In both sexes the fourth joint of the antenna' is
narrower than the fifth, though somewhat triangular.

Col. Motschulsky has by some accident interchanged the names of D.
fuscus and D. griseus Lee. Of the latter I had but a single specimen,
and was therefore unable to furnish him with a type; D. fuss us, on the
contrary, was collected by me in large numbers, and has been freely distri-
buted.

Group II. Trichochrous Motsch.

In this group the body is elongate, or elongate oval, the thorax not more
than one-hnlf wider than the head ; the pubescence is prostrate without any
intermixed hairs, though in some species (antennatus, brevicornis,
&c.) clothed with long and coarse pubescence, the hairs lie less closely on the
surface than in the others. The characters given in the synoptic table will
enable the species to be recognized without difficulty.

2. P. ater. Pristoscelis atrus Bland. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii., 253.
Abundant near San Francisco. This species ditfers from P. 1 a t i c o 1 1 i s

by the larger size, by the thorax being more distinctly transverse, with the
sides less rounded, and the posterior angles more distinct, although obtuse;
the sides of the thorax, as in the next two, are fringed.

3. P. oregonensis, elongatus, piceo-seneus, dense cinereo-pubescens,
thorace longitudine sesqui latiore, lateribus fimbriatis late rotundatis, apice
late emarginata, basi late rotundata, angulis anticis subacutis, posticis obtu-
sis baud rotundatis, disco subtiliter sat dense punctato ; elytris modice con-
vexis, confertim subtiliter punctatis ; subtus nigricans, antennis palpisque
nigris, tibiis tarsisque picescentibus. Long. 3-5 — 4 mm.

Oregon, and at Fort Crook, California, Dr. G. H. Horn. This species is

1866.]

352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

related to P. ater, but differs by the form of the thorax, and by the pubes-
cence being more dense, and less fine ; from P. 1 a t i c o 1 1 i s it differs by the
thorax being much less rounded on the sides, more emarginate at the apex,
causing the anterior angles to be quite distinct, and the hind ones less ob-
tuse.

4. P. 1 a t i c o 1 1 i s. Dasytes laticollis Mann. Bull. Mosc, 1843, 247.
California, near San Francisco. I am indebted to Col. Motschulsky for a

type of this species; other specimens were found by Mr. G. Davidson at Cape
Keyes. The thorax is wider than long, much rounded on the sides, equally
narrowed at base and apex, with the hind angles indistinct.

5. P. ful vi tar sis Bland, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii., 254.

Middle California, Mr. Ulke A slender species, still smaller than the pre-
ceding, with the thorax scarcely wider than long, fringed with long hairs on
the sides, which are broadly rounded, and with the hind angles distinct, ob-
tuse. rlhe antennae are black, and the legs testaceous, with the thighs some-
what darker. In the male the sixth ventral segment is visible ; the fifih joint
of the antenna? in both sexes is wider than the sixth, and the fourth joint is
triangular, rather broader than long.

6. P. atricornis, elongatus, nigro-a?neus, pube cinerea minus subtili
dense vestitus, capite subtiliter haud dense punctato ; thorace capite paulo
latiore, convexo modice punctato, latitudine loagiore, antrorsum subangus-
tato, lateribus paulo rotundatis pilis longioiibus fimbriatis, basi rotundata,
angulis posticis rotundatis ; elytris thorace vix latioribus, convexis, sat dense
punctatis, transversiin subrugosis, margine laterali pilis longioribus fiinbri-
ato ; antenuis nigris, pedibus rufo-testaceis. Long. 4 mm.

Fort "Whipple, Arizona, Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A. The autennse are as long as
the head and thorax ; the third joint is slender, and longer than the fourth,
which is somewhat triangular; the fifth is not wider than the sixth ; the
eleventh is one-half longer than the tenth, oval and subacute at tip. This
species in color resembles P. fulvitarsis, but is much larger, with the
thorax slightly narrowed in front, and the legs of a uniform bright reddish-
yellow. The anterior tibia? on the outer margin are armed with 5-7 small
spines.

7. P. convergens, elongatus ae.neo-fuscus, nigricans, pube subhelva
minus subtili dense vestita, capite parce punctulato ; thorace capite paulo lati-
ore, convexo modice punctato, latitudine longiore, antrorsum sensim angus-
tato, lateribus paulo rotundatis, basi cum angulis posticis rotundata; ely-
tris thorace vix latioribus, convexis sat dense punctatis et transversim ru-
gosis, humeris, indeterminate rufescentibus ; ore, antennis pedib usque rufo-
testaceis. Long. 4 mm.

One specimen from Fort Whipple, Arizona, Dr. Coues. This species closely
resembles the preceding in size, form and sculpture, but the pubescence is
yellowish, and the antenna? and oral organs are not black but reddish-yellow.
The color is brownish- black, with a faint metallic tinge, and the humeri are
distinctly reddish brown. The antenna? are out little longer than the head,
the third joint is slender, not longer than the fourth, which is triangular
and nearly equal to the fifth, which is not wider than the sixth ; the tenth,
as usual, is oval, acute, and longer than the preceding.

8. P. umbratus, elongatus, fusco-aeneus, sat dense minus subtiliter
cinereo-pubescens, pilis vix longioribus concoloribus intermixtis, thorace lati-
tudine paulo breviore, antrorsum sensim angustato, lateribus parum, basi
magis rotundatis, apice haud emarginata, angulis obtusis, parce subtiliter
punctato ; elytris ferrugineis sutura late infuscata, sat dense punctatis ; abdo-
minis apice pedibusque late ferrugineis, antennis palpisque piceis, vel nigris.
Long. 2 5 mm.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 353

Mas segmento ventrali sexto prominulo, profunde foveato.

Two males, Fort Crook, California, Dr. G. H. Horn. It resembles in form
P. convergens, but that species is much larger and uniformly pubes-
cent, whereas in the present species the coarse pubescence on the elytra is
intermixed with somewhat longer suberect hairs of the same color ; the long
erect hairs observed on the head and thorax of the species of the next divi-
sion are wanting, and I have therefore regarded it as properly placed next to
P. convergens.

9. P. an t en n at us. Trichochrous ant. Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1859, ii. 394.
Dasytes griseus Lee, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., vi. 169.

One specimen found by me at San Diego, Cal. ; others from the plains near
the Rocky Mountains were given me by Mr. Ulke. This species is easily re-
cognized by the thorax being broader than long, gradually but strongly
narrowed in front, with the sides feebly rounded, and the hind angles obtusely
rounded ; the elytra are coarsely punctured, and clothed with long brownish
pubescence; the antennae are piceous, somewhat paler at base ; the fifth joint
is obviously wider than the sixth in the female, and the feet are ferruginous ;
The last ventral segment of the male is longitudinally broadly impressed, a
character I have not observed in any other species of the present group.

10. P. brevicornis. Dasytes br. Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., vi. 169.
San Diego and Middle California. The pubescence is coarse, and the sides

fringed with very long hairs ; the thorax is broader than long, equally nar-
rowed at base and apex, with the sides much rounded ; the elytra are coarsely
and more densely punctured than in the preceding ; the antennas are piceous,
sometimes nearly testaceous at base ; the third joint is scarcely narrower
than the fourth.

11. P. erythropus. Dasytes erythropus Lee, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc, vi. 170.
Texas. The pubescence is coarse and dense, and the sides of the thorax

somewhat serrate ; the spines of the anterior tibiae are small, and not very
distinct, so that this species might readily be referred to Listrus. Its
natural affinity seems to be, however, with the preceding, from which it dif-
fers by the narrower form, by the thorax being more strongly rounded on the
sides, with the base not at all wider than the apex, and by the much less
coarse punctuation of the elytra.

Group III. Emmenotarsus Motsch.

The species of this group resemble in form those of the preceding, but
differ in having long, erect, black hairs intermingled with the finer prostrate
pubescence ; in b r e v i p i 1 o s u s, however, the erect hairs are gray, and but
little longer than the pubescence, so that without careful examination they
might be overlooked. The row of spines on the outer margin of the anterior
tibias is more conspicuous than in most of the species of the preceding group.
The sixth ventral segment of the males is visible and concave beneath.

12. P. brevipilosus, elongatus convexus, fusco-niger, asnescens, pube
sordidabreviuscula dense vestitus, capite thoraceque parce punctulatis pilis
longis erectis intermixtis, hoc latitudiue breviore antrorsum haud angustato
base valde, lateribus late rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis parum distinctis ;
elytris thorace haud latioribus sat dense punctatis, pilis erectis brevibus inter-
mixtis vix conspicuis, margine laterali pilis longioribus fimbriato. Long. 4 mm.

Middle California. A species of more cylindrical form than usual, and
easily known by the mtermixed hairs of the elytra being of the same color as
the pubescence, and scarcely longer than it.

13. P. hirtellus, modice elongatus, fusco-asneus, pube sordida longa
densissime vestitus, pilisque elongatis erectis intermixtis. Capite thoraceque
punctulatis, hoc latitudine breviore, antrorsum sensim angustato, basi valde,

1866.] 23

854 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

lateribus late rotundatis, angulis posticis rotundatis baud distinctis ; elytris
thorace paulo latioribus, sat dense pimctatis ; antennis palpis pedibusque
ferrugineis. Long. 4 mm.

Cape San Lucas, Lower California, collected by Mr. Xantus. In the male
the bead is but little narrower than the thorax, the antennae are longer than
the head and thorax, strongly serrate, with the third joint triangular, not
narrower than the fourth or fifth ; in the female the thorax is about one-half
wider than the head, the antennae are shorter than the head and thorax,
moderately serrate, with the third joint narrow, and the fourth triangular, but
not as wide as the fifth. The intermixed erect hairs are of the same color as
the pubescence, but much longer.

14. P. sordid us. Dasytes sordidus Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi.
169.

'San Diego, California. The pubescence is as coarse as in the preceding,
and the intermixed hairs as long, but the thorax is considerably rounded on
the sides, and not narrowed anteriorly ; and the antennae palpi and legs are
black.

15. P. suturalis. Dasytes sut. Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 169.
San Diego, California. The pubescence is cinereous, and fine, more dense

at the suture, sides and tip of the elytra, which are more finely and densely
punctulated than in the allied species ; the thorax is narrowed from the base
to the tip, the sides very feebly rounded and slightly serrate, the base broadly
rounded, and the hind angles well marked, and somewhat obtuse. The elytra
in the male are Dot wider than the thorax at base, and gradually narrowed
behind. The third joint of the autennae is scarcely triangular, the fourth is
slightly dilated, but not so wide as the fifth. The female only differs from
the male by the elytra not being narrowed from the base, and by the anten-
nae being a little shorter.

16. P. quadricollis. Dasytes quadr.~Lec, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila.,
1859, 75.

Fort Tejon, Cal., Mr. Xiin'us. Easily recognized by the thorax being quad-
rate, with the sides scarcely rounded, subsinuate behind, with the posterior
angles rectangular, not rounded; the base is broadly rounded, as in the pre-
ceding species.

17 P. tejonicus, elongatus, niger, fenescens, pube longiuscula minus
subtili sat dense vestitus, pilis longis nigris erectis intermixes, capite thorace-
que parce punctulato, hoc latitudine breviore, subquadrato antrorsum haud
angustato, lateribus late rotundatis, basi rotundata, angulis posticis obtusis
haud rotundatis ; elytris thorace latioribus, sat dense punctatis, pedibus saepe
nigro-piceis. Long. 2-5 — 4 mm.

Fort Tejon, California, Mr. Xantus. The pubescence is coarser than in the
neighboring species, but less so than in P. s o r d i d u s. It differs from P.
quadricollis by the sides of the thorax not being sinuate behind, and
from P. conformis, &c, by the more distinct hind angles and less rounded
sides. The feet in several of the specimens before me are dark brownish.

18. P. conformis. Dasytes conf. Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, vi. 169.

San Diego. The pubescence is gray, and not very fine, and in some speci-
mens is denser at the suture and sides of the elytra, as in P. suturalis.
The sides of the thorax are strongly rounded, and the hind angles indistinct;
the elytra are not wider than the thorax and the punctures are finer than in
P. aenescens, and about as in quadricollis an^ Tejonicus.

19. P. squalid us. Dasytes sq. Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 169.
Differs from the types of P. conformis only by the gray pubescence

being more dense, and the sides of the thorax a little less rounded, and by
the smaller size.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 355

20. P. cruralis, elongatus fusco-aeneus, pube minus subtili cinerea
vestitus, pilis brevibus concolonbus intermixtis, capite thoraceque sat dense
subtilius punctatis, hoc latitudine sesqui breviore lateribus et angulis fortiter
rotundatis, basi late rotundata ; elytris subtilius punctatis; antennis palpis
femoribusque nigris, tibiis tarsisque flavo-testaceis. Long. 2-5 mm.-

Two specimens, Oregon, Dr. G. H. Horn ; the sixth ventral pegment is visi-
ble in each, and is not impressed. This species is very similar to P. sq ual i -
d u s, but the erect hairs are much shorter, and of the same color as the pube-
scence, and the tibia5 and tarsi are pale.

21. P. aenescens. Dasytes xn. Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc, vi. 170.

San Diego and the Islands off Santa Barbara. The pubescence is very fine,
and the intermixed black hairs numerous ; the thorax is a little wider than
long, more rounded on the sides than in the preceding, but with the hind
angles somewhat distinct; the elytra are a little wider than the thorax, and
much more coarsely punctured than in the allied species.

22. P. punctipennis, elongatus, niger nitidus subaenescens, pubc
cinerea 'subtili vestitus, (pilis nigris erectis intermixtis?) capite thoraceque
parce punctulatis, hoc latitudine vix breviore, lateribus rotundatis, basi ro-
tundata, angulis posticis obtusis parum distinctis; elytris thorace vix latiori-
bus parcius profunde punctatis. Long. 2-25 mm.

Santa Catalina Island, California; five specimens in bad condition. Much
smaller than P. aenescens, with tbe thorax less transverse, and the sides
gradually converging, and less rounded before the middle.

The erect hairs are nearly all rubbed off in the specimens before me, but 1
think that the species belongs to the present group.

23. P. grandiceps, elongatus, aeneo-niger, pube subtili cinerea minus
dense vestitus, pilis nigris erectis intermixtis, capite magno, antice depresso
laevi, inter oculos convexo parce punctulato, pone oculos puuetato ; thorace
capite paulo angustiore, latitudine sesqui breviore, apice truncato, basi late
rotundata, lateribus modice rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis indistinctis ;
elytris thorace vix latioribus, sat dense profunde punctatis. Long. 5 mm.

Middle California; one specimen given me by Mr. Ulke. As usual, the
under surface is densely clothed with cinereous hair; the large size of the
head enables this species to be recognized at first sight.

24. P. pedalis, elongatus, nigro-aeneus, pube subtili cinerea sparse
vestitus, pilis nigris erectis intermixtis; capite thoraceque parce punctulatis,
hoc latitudine breviore, lateribus rotundatis, basi late rotundata, angulis pos-
ticis obtusis fere indistinctis ; elytris thorace baud latioribus, fortiter puncta-
tis et transversim subrugosis ; antennarum articulis 2 — 4 piceis, pedibus fer-
rugineis vel piceis. Long. 3-5 — 4 mm.

Santa Catalina Island, California. This species has the usual form, the
thorax being more than one-third wider than the head, and resembles in ap-
pearance P. T ej o n i cu s ; it is distinguished by the red or brown feet, and
the more strongly rounded sides of the thorax. In the specimens with dark
feet the tibiae and tarsi are paler than the femora, which are sometimes
nearly black ; such specimens may be distinguished from P. conformis
by the finer cinereous pubescence and the more strongly punctured elytra,
and from P. aenescens by the thorax being as wide as the elytra.

25. P. texanus, elongatus, nigro-aeneus, pube cinerea elongata minus
subtili laxe vestitus, pilis longis nigris erectis intermixtis, capite thoraceque
minus subtiliter punctatis, hoc latitudine breviore, lateribus fortiter rotunda-
tis, basi late rotundata, medio subemarginata, angulis posticis obtusis rotun-
datis ; elytris fortiter punctatis, antennis piceis, articulis 2 — 4 pallidioribus,
pedibus ferrugiueis. Long. 3-5 mm.

Two specimens, Texas. Differs from all the preceding species of this group

1866.]

356 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

by the stronger punctuation of the head and thorax. The form is about the
same as that of the preceding; the antennae are shorter than the head and
thorax, with the third joint slender, and the fourth not as wide as the fifth.

26. P. r u f i p e n n i s. Dasytes ruf. Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1858.
71.

Arizona, Mr. Schott, one specimen. Much larger (6 mm.) than any of the
preceding, and remarkably different, by the elytra being rufous, and as finely
punctured as in P. suturalis. The tborax is equably, tolerably strongly
punctured, very little narrower than the elytra, wider than long, much rounded
on the sides, broadly rounded at base, with the hind angles obtuse, rounded
and not distinct. The scutellum and a small portion of the suture are black.
The erect hairs and pubescence are in great part wanting, but enough re-
mains to show that both are cinereous. The feet are rufous, and the anterior
tibia? are armed with a very distinct row of spines on the outer side. The
antenna? are wanting in the unique specimen before me.

27. P. serricollis, niger nitidus, pube pallida parca elongata vestitus,
pilis erectis nigris pallidisque intermixtis, capite modice punctato, thorace
rotundato, convexo, fortiter, medio parce punctato, lateribus denticulatis, basi
latius rotundata ; elytris thorace baud latioribus fortiter sat dense punctatis,
rufo-testaceis ; anteunis nigro-piceis pedibus rufis. Long. 5-5 mm.

Two males, New Mexico and Colorado. The sixth ventral segment is not
excavated. Of the same size as P. r u fi p e n n i s, but quite distinct by the
form of the thorax, which is but little wider than its length, very much
rounded at the sides and apex, and more broadly rounded at the base, with
the hind angles not very distinct. The sides are strongly serrate, especially
in front of the middle. The black hairs are long on the thorax, but on the
elytra the pubescence is intermixed with pale erect hairs, only a few black
ones being seen.

27. P. serrulatus, nigro-virescens subnitidus, pube brevi albida minus
dense vestitus, pilis erectis nigris intermixtis, capite thoraceque modice punc-
tatis, hoc latitudine paulo breviore, antrorsum angustato, apice rotundato,
basi late rotundata, angulis posticis baud distinctis, lateribus serrulatis late
rotundatis ; elytris sat dense punctatis, transversim subrugosis ; antennis
nigro-piceis, ad thoracis medium extensis, extrorsum incrassatis, femoribus
piceis, tibiis tarsisque testaceis. Long. 4 mm.

Arizona, Dr. Irwin. U. S. A. The joints of the antennas 4 — 10 are gradu-
ally wider and obtusely rounded at tip. The spines on the outer margin of
the anterior tibiae are distinct, but less prominent than in the preceding
species.

LISTRUS Motsch.

The chief difference between this genus and the preceding is to be found
in the anterior tibiae, which have not any spines on the outer margin. The
appendages of the claws are broad, as long as the claws themselves and connate
with them almost to the tip ; in this as well as in the form of the palpi and
antennae it agrees with Pristoscelis ; the thorax is scarcely one -half wider
than the head, and is always serrate and fimbriate at the sides ; the pubes-
cence is uniform in texture, without any intermixed erect hairs.

The characters correspond with those ascribed to the European genu
Lobonyx, in the works of DnVal and Kiesenwetter, except that the antenna
are distinctly serrate, with the eleventh joint oval and not constricted at the
middle.

The sexual characters are not observed in the anterior tarsi as in Lobo-
n y x, but in the fifth and sixth ventral segments, which are more or less fove-
ate or excavated in the male.

The species in my collection may be separatedvas follows :

[Dec

BE

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 357

Elytra with denuded spots or bands :
Feet black :

Thorax wider than long, narrowed in front :

Elytra with denuded fasciae 1. Mo t s ch u Is k i i.

Elytra with denuded spots 2. interruptus.

Thorax not wider than long:
Pubescence long:

Bands of elytra angulated 3. canescens.

Bands of elytra transverse 4. difficilis.

Pubescence very short, denuded spots

indistinct 5. r o t u n d i c o 1 1 i s.

Feet testaceous 6. 1 u t e i p e s.

Elytra uniformly pubescent, without denuded spots :
Feet black; thorax not transverse :

Pubescence fine and short 7. obscurellus.

Pubescence long and dense 8. senilis.

1. L. M o t s c h u 1 sk i i, elongatus, aeneo-niger, pilis pallidis longis seri-
ceis irregulariter vestitus, maculis denudatis variegatus, thorace latitudine
breviore, antrorsum angustato, apice truncato, lateribus valde rotundatis ser-
ratis, basi fortiter rotundata; elytris thorace vix latioribus fortiter punctatis,
transversim subrugosis, fasciis curvatis denudatis ornatis ; antennis pedibus-
que nigris. Long. 4 ram.

Dasytes canescens\ Lee. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 170.

Middle California, abundant; Oregon. I take pleasure in naming this
species after Col. Motschulsky, who has mentioned, Bull. Mosc. 1859, 391, the
error I committed in referring it to the species described by Manuerheim. It
differs by the more robust form, larger size, more transverse thorax and more
densely punctured elytra.

In the male the sixth ventral segment is prominent, but not excavated, the
fifth is not excavated. In the female the sixth ventral segment is not visible.

2. L. interruptus, elongatus aeneo-niger, pilis pallidis longis sericeis
irregulariter vestitus, thorace latitudine paulo breviore, antrorsum angustato,
apice truncato, lateribus valde rotundatis serratis, basi fortiter rotundata;
elytris thorace paulo latioribus, fortiter punctatis, transversim subrugosis,
fasciis denudatis interruptis ornatis; antennis pedibusque nigris, illis articulo
2ndo piceo. Long. 3-75 mm.

One pair, Nebraska, Mr. Ulke ; one specimen, Santa Cruz Island, Califor-
nia, Mr. C. M. Bache. I should hesitate to consider this as distinct from the
preceding, but for the sexual characters. The fifth ventral segment of the
male is broadly emarginate, clothed behind with velvety black hairs, and the
sixth segment is prominent and concave.

The only differences I can find between this and L. Motschulskii are :
the thorax is a little more convex and less transverse, the elytra comparatively
a little wider, and the denuded fasciae are interruptsd so as to form spots ;
and the second joint of the antennae is piceous.

3. L. canescens Motsch., Bull. Mosc. 1859, ii. 391. Dasytes can. Mann.,
Bull. Mosc. 1843, 247.

.Middle California ; for authentic types of this species I am indebted to Col.
Motschulsky. The thorax is nearly round, serrate on the sides, the denuded
bands of the elytra are not interrupted into spots, and the antennas are
entirely black. The fifth ventral segment of the male is deeply excavated,
emarginate and clothed behind with black velvety hair, the sixth segment is
prominent and concave The antennae are described by Mannerheim as rufo-
teslaceous at base, but they are entirely black in the specimens sent by Col.
Motschulsky.

1866.]

853 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

4. L. diffi cilia. Dasytes cliff. Lee, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 170.
San Jose, California. This species is narrower than L. Motschulskii

or in t err u p t u s, and of the same form as the preceding, from which it
differs by the hand behind the middle of the elytra being broad and scarcely
angulated. The sixth ventral segment is visible in both sexes, but in the
male the fifth is marked with a deep rounded medial fovea.

5. L. rotundicollis. Dasytes rot. Lee, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 1 70.
San Jose, California. Differs from all the preceding by the pubescence

being much shorter and less unequally distributed, so that the spots on
the elytra become obsolete. The thorax is scarcely wider than long, narrowed
in front, moderately rounded and serrate on the sides, broadly rounded at the
base; the elytra are slightly wider than the thorax, and somewhat more
coarsely punctured than in the foregoing species. The sixth ventral segment
is visible in both sexes, but in the male the fifth segment is excavated nearly
to the base, and the excavation is fringed with black velvety hairs, and the
sixth segment is depressed in the middle.

6. L. lute i pes. Drtsytes lut. Lee, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 170.
Southern portion of California ; San Diego, Fort Tejon. The feet and

antennae are ferruginous, the outer joints of the former are fuscous. The
thorax is as long as its width, moderately rounded at the sides, which are
serrate as usual ; the elytra are a little wider than the thorax, strongly punc-
tured, with the spots near the base smaller, and the transverse bands wider
than in the other species ; the pubescence is long and coarse. I observe no
sexual character in the four specimens in my collection.

7. L. obscurellus. Dasytes obsc. Lee, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 170.
One specimen, San Diego ; a strongly punctured species, very short hoary

pubescence ; the thorax is rounded, convex and finely serrate at the sides ;
the elytra are wider than the thorax and more convex than usual. The des-
cription of L. punctatus Motsch., 1. cit. 390, agrees with my specimen,
except that the antennae and feet are entirely black ; while in the description
cited the second and fourth joints of the antennas, the tip of the tibiae, and the
tarsi are stated to be " plus minusve testaceo-piceis."

8. L. senilis. Dasytes se?iilis Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vi. 170.
Kansas, New Mexico, Texas. The sixth ventral segment is visible in both

sexes ; the fifth in the male is feebly truncate, with a narrow fringe of velvety
black hair behind at the middle.

DOLICHOSOMA Stephens.

1 refer to this genus two species in which one claw is furnished with a
connate appendage as long as itself, and free only at the tips, and the other
with a short appendage, rounded at tip, leaving the outer half of the claw
free. The second species shows a character not observed in any Pristoscfdis
or Listrus ; the thorax each side about half way between the middle and the
lateral margin is marked with a distinct longitudinal line.

1. D. f o v ei c oil i 8. Dasytes foveieollis Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. iv. 243.

Nebraska, near the Rocky Mountains, and northwards. A slender, dark
blue species of large size, having the third joint of the antennae triangular,
and nearly as large as the fourth, which is equal to the fifth. The pubescence
is very fine, cinereous and sparse, intermixed with erect black hairs. The
sixth ventral segment is prominent in both sexes ; the fifth is broadly emargi-
nate at tip, and excavated in the male, the excavation being bounded by an
elevated ridge each side.

2 D. nigricornis. Pristoscelis nigr. Bland, Pr. Ent. Soe Phila.
Kansas and Nebraska, Mr. Ulke. A small species of blackish bronze color,

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 359

clothed with prostrate cinereous hair ; the thorax is more than one-half wider
than long, and considerably rounded at the sides, which are distinctly ser-
rate ; the antennae are black, with the third and fourth joints triangular, but
a little narrower than the fifth. The thighs are piceous, the tibiae and tarsi
paler. I should have referred this species to L i s t r u s, but for the fact tiiat
the appendage of the outer claws is as long as the claw itself, and entirely
connate, while that 'of the inner claw is about two-thirds as long, obtusely
rounded at tip, leaving the tip of the claw free.

ALLONYX Lee.

This genus agrees in character with Dolichosoma, except that the outer
claw is slender, with a feeble dentiform dilatation at base: the inner claw is
furnished with a broad obtusely rounded appendage connate almost to
the point of the claw* in the first species, and entirely masking the point in
the second. The mandibles are acute at tip. The antennae are shorter than
the head and thorax, feebly serrate, with the third and fourth joints nearly
cylindrical, and narrower than the fifth. The thorax is marked with a deeply
impressed transverse line near the base, which bends forward each side, and
extends to the apex, forming thus a longitudinal furrow, about one-third dis-
tance from the lateral margin. The sixth ventral segment is prominent and
impressed in both of the specimens before me.

1. A. sculptilis Lee, Class. Col. North America, 193. Dasyles sculptilis
Lee, Proc. Acad. N#. Sci. Philada., 1859, 75.

One specimen. Fort Tejon, California ; Mr. Xantus. The pubescence is
very fine and sparse; the thorax transverse, not narrowed in front, sides
rounded in front, sinuate behind, with the hind angles rectangular and pro-
minent. The elytra are nearly parallel on the sides, and the tip is broadly
rufo-testaceous ; the antennae, palpi aud legs are rufo-testaceous, the hind
femora blackish at tip; the palpi are also blackish at tip ; the inner claw is
free at tip. Somewhat resembles a small Trogosita in appearance.

2. A. plumbeus, elongatus, plumbeo-niger, opacus, pube cinerea
longa depressa dense vestitus, capite piano punctulato, sulculo supraoculari
brevi insculpto ; thorace capite paulo latiore, latitudine vix breviore, a basi
antrorsum subangustato, apice truncato, lateribus subsinuatis, basi medio
truncata, utrinque oblique siuuata, angulis posticis rectis, alutaceoet punctu-
lato, linea profunda utrinque versus latera insculpto; elytris postice paulo
dilatatis, confertim punctulatis, pone basin oblique profunde impressis ; labro,
antennarum mandibularumque basi, pedibusque ferrugineis, palpis totis ni-
gris ; ungue interno apice baud libero. Long. -16.

One specimen from Colorado, given me by Dr. S. Lewis. Quite different in
appearance from the preceding. It is possible that dissection would indicate
a relationship between this genus and Danacea of the other continent;
but the want of sufficient material prevents me from making the investiga-
tion.

DASYTES Fabr.

In this genus are to be included the following species, which, although
differing in appearance, agree in having the tarsal claws similar in form,
acute at tip, and armed with a basal dilatation, or a rounded lobe shorter
than the claw itself. The sixth ventral segment is prominent in both sexes.
Our species may be arranged as follows:
Thorax with a deeply impressed lateral line.

Basal dilatation two-thirds as long as the claws 1. hudsonicus.

Basal dilatation one-half as long as the claws 2. b r ev i u s c u 1 us.

* By a ty|> graphical error in the table of genera (Class. Col. N. Am., 193) tlie appendage of the
claw is described as " narrow, and free almost to tlie base." The line defining A 11 o n y x should
not have been indented.

1866.]

360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Thorax without lateral lines ; basal dilatation of claws

dentiform :

Elytra with denuded black bands 3. seminudus.

Elytra equably pubescent :

Sides of thorax broadly rounded 4. p u s i 1 1 u s.

Sides of thorax strongly rounded 5. cat a 1 inae.

1. D. hudsonicus, elongatus, ater, pube subtili cinerea parce vestitus.
pilis brevibus erectis nigris intermixes, capite subopaco rugose punctato ;
thorace subtilius punctato, latitudine breviore, a basi antrorsum angustato,
apice truncato, lateribus subbisinuatis, basi late rotundata, angulis posticis
rectis, linea arcuata utrinque profunda impressa, ad basin ambiente minus
profunda; elytris thorace paulo latioribus, subtiliter punctatis et transversim
subrugosis. Long. 4 mm.

One male collected in Hudson Bay Territory by Mr. R. Kennicott, given me
by Mr. Ulke. The antennae are as long as the head and thorax ; the second
joint is as long as the third ; the third is narrower than the fourth, which is
triangular and equal to the fifth. The ungues at the base are dilated into an
obtuse rounded lobe, which leaves only one-third of the claw free. The sixth
ventral segment is prominent, and deeply excavated.

This species wouid be quite as well placed in Group III ofPristoscelis,
except that no spines are visible on the outer side of the anterior tibiae ; the
general appearance, as well as the sculpture of the thorax, indicate an affinity
with the next species, from which it differs by the finer mmctuation and pu-
bescence, and by the sides of the thorax being slightly Disinuate, feebly an-
gulated at the middle, and not serrate.

2. D.b r e v i u s c u 1 u s Motsch., Bull. Mosc. 1859, ii. 396.

One female, California ; given me by Mr. A. Murray. My specimen differs
from that described by Col. Motschulsky in having the antennae and feet of a
uniform black color; but as will be seen in the descriptions of other species
of this tribe, these characters are not constant, and I therefore consider the
specimen before me as belonging to his species. The pubescence is coarser
than in the preceding, and the black hairs are not very obvious ; the thorax
is more sparsely and quite finely punctured at the middle, and more rugosely
at the sides, which are broadly rounded and slightly serrate; the elytra are
less finely punctured ; the ungues are armed with a lobe, which is obliquely
truncate at tip, and leaves one-half of the claw free.

Two specimens from Nebraska, given me by Mr. Ulke, differ from the Cali-
fornian specimen by the sparse punctures of the middle of the thorax being
less fine. I am unwilling to regard them as indicating a distinct species.

3. D. seminudus, elongatus, niger, pube cinerea vestitus, capite tho-
raceque, sat dense subtilius punctatis, hoc latitudine sesqui breviore, convexo,
lateribus rotundatis subserratis, fimbriatis, basi late rotundata, angulis pos-
ticus obtusis ; elytris subtilius punctatis, transversim subrugosis, basi an-
guste, fascia media lata apiceque densius cinereo-pubescentibus ; pedibus
nigro piceis, unguibus dente lato armatis, diruidio externo liberis. Long.
2-5 mm.

Variat antennarum articulis 2 et 3, tibiisque piceo testaceis vel piceis.

Two females from Middle California, in the collection of Mr. Ulke, are be-
fore me; in one the antennae and feet are almost black, in the other thesecond
and third joints of the antennas and the tibiae are much paler.

4. D. p u s i 1 1 u s Lee.. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi. 170.

San Diego, California; a small coarsely pubescent species, having the tho-
rax nearly twice as wide as its length, moderately rounded and finely serrate
on the sides ; the elytra are coarsely punctured ; the second, third and fourth
joints of the antennae and the legs are ferruginous in one specimen ; but in
three others the antennae are entirely black, and the feet, especially the hind
thighs, are dark.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 361

Several badly preserved specimens from Sta. Catalina Island agree in sculp-
ture, but the sides of the thorax are much more rounded, the legs are nearly-
black, and the elytra are less coarsely punctured. If is a little smaller, being
1*6 mm. long. It may be named D. catalina?.

The dilatation of the claws in»both species is broad, and about half as long
as the claw.

ESCHATOCREPIS Lee.

In this genus the appendages of the claws are as long as the claws, narrow,
rounded at tip, and free quite to the base. In this respect it agrees with the
European genus Haplocnemis, but differs by the antennae being scarcely
serrate, gradually thickened externally, with the fifth joint, as in several spe-
cies of Pristoscelis, slightly wider than the contiguous joints.

The thorax is not wider than long, feebly rounded on the sides from the
base nearly to the tip, where they are slightly sinuate, thus rendering the
anterior angles somewhat prominent ; the disc is feebly channelled, and
marked each side with a deep impressed line extending from the tip to the
base.

1. E. constrictus Lee, Class. Col. North America, 193. Dasytes con-
strictus Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi. 170.

Variat pedibus obscuris : Listrus constricollis Motsch., Bull. Mosc, 1859.
ii. 390.

San Diego, and Fort Tejon, California. The fifth ventral segment of the
male is marked with a small rounded impression near the tip.

MELYRIS Fabr.
The only two North American species known to me are of small size, very
coarsely punctured, without elevated costse on the elytra.

1. M. b a s a 1 i s Lee, Class. Col. N. America, 93. Dasytes basalts Lee, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi. 171.

One specimen, Georgia.

2. M. crib rat us Lee, loc. cit. Dasytes cribratus Lee, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., vi. 171.

Middle and Southern States.

I have not identified the following species :

Dasytes p a r v i c o 1 li s Mannh., Bull. Mosc, 1843, 248.

Listrus tibialis 3fotsch., ibid, 1859, ii. 391.

Trichochrous californicus Motsch., ibid, 1859, ii. 393.

Trichochrous cylindricus Motsch., ibid, ibid.

Additions to the COLEOPTEEOUS FAUNA of the United States. No. 1.
BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D.

It is my intention, from time to time, to publish descriptions of the new spe-
cies which have been obtained too late for insertion in the " List of the Coleop-
tera of North America," and the "New Species of North American Coleoptera,"
in course of publication by the Smithsonian Institution. As the parts of those
two works now in print treat of the same families as are contained in Part I.
of the " Classification of the Coleoptera of North America," published by
the Institution, the papers of this series will be confined within the same
limits. Any interesting discoveries in the succeeding families, in which the
penultimate joint of the tarsi is connate with the last joint, (Tetramera and
Trimera of the Latreillean method,) and in the Rhynchophora, will be de-
ferred, or made known only in faunal memoirs.

The descriptions of individual members of genera and families are in the

1866.]

362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

present state of progress of Entomology very undesirable ; the complication in
bibliography and the difficulty of reference being sources of greater injury
than the advantage resulting from the knowledge of the species thus published.
And the motives which induce me, on the present occasion, to violate my well-
established opinions of what is best for the interests of science are ; first, the
number of genera not previously represented in our territory; and secondly, by
numbering the papers in a regular series, to render them really supplements to
the " List " and " JSTew Species " above mentioned. At the same time I shall
rigidly exclude from this series any species which can be described in any
monographic or faunal memoir which may soon be elaborated. Varieties or
races of described species which have not been previously noticed in print will
also be mentioned.

Since the publication of my last descriptions of Coleoptera, the metrical
system of weights and measures has been adopted and authorized by the
Government of the United States. The measurements used in the present
series are millimetres, and can be converted approximately into hundredths of
an iaeh, (the measure used in my previous memoirs,) by multiplying by four.

CICINDELA Linn.

1. C. obsoleta Say. A remarkable variet}', or rather race, of this species
was collected at Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A. It is of
large size, (19 mm.,) dark blue color, tinged with green, the thorax less flat-
tened than in race p r a s i n a , but less convex than in race vulturina, with
the pale, markings of the elytra perfect, as in the best developed specimens of
the latter: viz., a humeral spot, a submarginal spot before the middle, a medial
band not attaining the margin, composed of two spots connected by an oblique
line, an apical lunule, consisting of a terminal margin dilated into a spot
anteriorly about one-fifth of the length of the elytra; the legs and under sur-
face are dark blue, with the last ventral segment black.

2. C. longilabris Sen/. A variety of this species occurs in Colorado, in
which the color above is dark brown slightly bronzed, the humeral lunule
entire, connected with the medial band by a narrow submarginal white line,
and the apical lunule entire and dilated anteriorly into a large spot. The
under surface and legs, as usual, are blue green. For a specimen I am indebted
to Dr. S. Lewis.

3. C. nigroccerulea Lee. Mr. Ulke has a specimen of this species,
from Colorado, in which the color above is dull leek-green, and the elytra are
immaculate.

4. C. rufiventris Dej. Chaudoir (Cat. Coll. Cicindelites, 1865,) con-
siders C. 16-punctata and C. cumatilis as varieties of this species.

5. C. dorsal is Say. Chaudoir (loc. cit.) regards C. media Lee. and C.
Saulcyi Guerin as varieties of this species. I have in the list already placed
the former as a race of C. d o r s al i s, but the much smaller size, and the
less development of the tooth on the right mandible of the male, seem to
establish the specific nature of C. Saul cyi.

G. C. repanda Dej.. C. 12 -guttata Dej. is placed by Chaudoir as

a variety of this species.

7. C. obliquata Rirby, as I learn from a drawing
made by Mr. Andrew .Murray, from the type in the
British Museum, is quite distinct from any species known
to me. The annexed wood cut will show the character of
the markings better than any description. The species
should hereafter be known as C. K i r b y i.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 363

8. C. f o r m o s a Say. Chaudoir regards C. generosa Dej. and venusta Lee.
as being varieties of this species.

9. C. rugifrons Dej. Besides the races indicated by me in the List,
Baron Chaudoir places as a variety of this species C. scutellaris. From
this view I must dissent, regarding the finely and densely rugous prothorax of
the latter as constituting an essential difference between the two.

10. C. rectilatera Chattel., Bull. Mosc, 1843, 69.3, is the species found
in Texas which I erroneously considered as C. d e c o s t i g m a, and subse-
quently proposed to name C. t e x a n a (List, p. 1 ).

11. C. purpurea Oliv. Chaudoir places C. splendida as a variety
of this species.

12. I learn from Mr. Sall6, as well as from Baron Chaudoir's Catalogue, that
the species described by me, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. xi. 62, as C. viatica Chew.,
is different from that species. It may be called, from its locality, C. pime-
r i a n a.

BLETHISA Bon.

B. multipunctata Dej., Sp. Gen. ii. 266. A specimen which, on close
comparison with European specimens, shows no difference, was found at
Ottawa, C. W., and presented to me by Mr. B. Billings. Two others from the
neighborhood of Chicago are in the collection of Mr. Ulke.

NEBRIA Latr.

N. o bl i qu a, alata nigra, thorace longitudine duplo latiore postice angus-
tato, lateribus antice rotundatis, postice obliquis hand sinuatis, basi truncata,
angulis posticis obtusis baud rotundatis, canaliculate, antice profunde trans-
versim impresso ad basin fortiter impresso et parce punctato ; elytris oblongis,
thorace latioribus, striis subpunctatis, 3io puneto pone medium impresso :
autennis palpis tarsisque piceis. Long. 11 mm.

Colorado. I have seen two specimens belonging to Dr. S. Lewis, one of
which he has generously placed in my collection. In form this species
resembles N. moesta, but the sides of the thorax are not sinuate near
the base, the hind angles, though well marked, are not rectangular but
obtuse, the elytra are less convex, and the third interval has but one im-
pressed puncture, which is on the third stria, about one-fourth from the tip.

CYCHRUS Fabr.

C. Guyotii, ameo-niger, thorace latitudine hand longiore, postice valde
angustato, lateribus anguste fortiter marginatis, disco rugoso postice punctato ;
elytris ovalibus convexis, anguste marginatis, dense crenato-striatis. Long.
27 mm.

LeConte, List of the Coleoptera of North America, p. 58, (1st issue, 1863).
One specimen collected among the Black Mountains of North Carolina, was
given me by Prof. A Guyot. A remarkable species, resembling in its characters
C. Andre w s i i, but as large as C. v i d u u s.

The specimen is a female, and on comparison with the same sex of C.
A n d r e w s i i, it is found to differ not only in size and by the more coarse
punctures of the base of the thorax, but also by the labrum being less
elongate, the lobes less slender, the emargination more broadly rounded, and
not extending so near to the base as in that species ; the sides of the thorax
are distinctly angulated near the middle.

DYSCHIRIUS Bon.

D. obesus, rufo-testaceus parum nitidus, epistomate late emarginato, alis
rotundatis, thorace latitudine breviore ovato, antice parum angustato ; elytris

1866.]

361 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

fuscis aenescentibus, fere obsolete striatis, subovatis thorace baud latioribus,
apice late subtruncatis. Long. 6-5 mm.

Le Conte, List of the Coleoptera of North America, p. 58, (1st issue, 1863).
One specimen, collected near San Francisco. California, given me by Dr. G.
H. Horn. This species is related to D. mar in us Lee, but is much stouter in
form ; the thorax is comparatively larger, and the elytra more obviously sub-
truncate.

The publication of subsequent pages of the work, in which the descriptions
of this and the preceding species first appeared, has caused the page above
quoted to be cancelled, and I have therefore rendered any future reference
to it unnecessary by transferring them to the present memoir.

APEXES Lee.

A. nebulosa, depressa picea, opaca, capite thoraceque confertim
rugosis et subtiliter punctatis, hoc latitudine sesqui breviore canaliculato
postice angustato, angulis posticis obtusis distinctis, basi sinuatim rotundata ;
elytris thorace sesqui latioribus, striis impunctatis, interstitiis planis, 3io bi-
punctato, fuscis, limbo lato fasciisque duabus obliquis obscure testaceis ; abdo-
mine testaceo, antennis palpis pedibusque pallidioribus. Long. 6-5 mm.

Cape San Lucas. Lower California ; Mr." Xantus Of the same size as A.
s i n u a t a, but quite different in color, lustre and sculpture. The elytra are
rather broader than in the other species, and the oblique pale bands are not very
distinct ; the anterior one runs backwards towards the suture, and the pos-
terior one runs forward, producing a resemblance to the markings in some
Bembidia of the group Nolaphus. The antenna? are scarcely as long as the
head and thorax united ; the claws are feebly pectinate, each being armed
with two to three teeth. The rugosities of the head are longitudinal, and
quite densely placed, with some intermixed punctures.

RHOMBODERA Reich.

R. b i c o 1 o r Lee. I have two specimens from Illinois, which differ from
the type by having the head black; they are thus intermediate in color
between R. pallipes, in which the head and thorax are black, and R.
b i c o 1 o r. in which both are yellow. I prefer regarding all as belonging to
one species.

PTEROSTICHUS Bon.

P. superciliosus. Feronia superc. Say, Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., iii.
144, ed. Le Conte, ii. 92.

A specimen from West Virginia, 15 mm. long., given me by Dr. S. Lewis,
differs from P. moestus in having the thorax less narrowed behind, the
hind angles more broadly rounded and feebly carinate ; the basal impressions
finely punctured, separated from the reflexed margin by the feeble carina just
mentioned; the elytra are much less obtuse behind, shining, (at least in the
male,) deeply striate and tinged with purple; the third interval has four punc-
tures, as in P. m o e s t u s. The outline is nearly the same as in P. s t y g i -
c u s, but the thorax is somewhat more narrowed behind.

In Say's description of Feronia superc. the base of the thorax is said to be
"wider than the petiole," and in the description of F. moesta, "not wider than
the petiole." The descriptions otherwise accord with each other, and the
other distinctive characters between P. moestus and the specimen before
me are not mentioned ; yet, as the original types of F. sitperciliosa are
destroyed, I prefer rather to adopt the name than to regard the species under
consideration as a nondescript.

The form and sculpture of the thorax is nearly the same as in P. p r o -
t e n s u s Lee, (Xew Species of X. Am. Col., 12,) but the form in that species
is more elongate, the elytra are more deeply striate, not tinged with purple,
and there are but two dorsal punctures.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 365

SELENOPHORUS Dej.

S. subtinctus, elongato-oblongus, niger nitidus, thorace capite parum
latiore latitudine breviore, postice angustato, angulis posticis obtusis baud
rotundatis, margine laterali piceo, ad basin utrinque vage impresso, punctu-
lato ; elytris iridescentibus, thorace paulo latioribus, striis profundis, ad
apicem magis exaratis, 2da punctis 6 — 8 parvis impressis, 5ta punctis 3 vel 4
parvis parum distinctis, autennis palpis pedibusque testaceis. Long. 6-5 mm.

Louisiana ; one specimen given me by Mr. Ulke. Allied to S. iricolor,
but smaller and narrower, with the hind angles of the thorax not at all
rounded, and the base each side strongly punctulate.

HYDROPORUS Latr.

H. obesus, rotundatus convexus, postice acutus, subtiliter reticulatus,
parce subtiliter punctulatus, piceus, capite, thoracis lateribus, elytrorum fas-
ciis et lineolis pedibusque pallidis ; epistomate baud marginato, occipite ob-
scuro, thorace utrinque linea arcuata ad basin extensa impresso, elytris utrin-
que subtiliter biseriatim punctatis ; antennis extrorsum, tarsisque piceis.
Long. 3 mm.

One male, California, Mr. Ulke. Of the same size and form as H. punc-
tatus and cuspidatus, but rather more obtuse in front, and very distinct
by the epistoma not being margined in front, and by the thorax each side being
marked with a deep curved line, concave inwards, extending from the middle
to the base. This line is twice as distant from the middle as from the side, and
meets the base at an obtuse angle. The pale markings of the elytra consist of
a basal band, another behind the middle, and an apical spot ; the bands are
composed of short lines more or less confluent, and are dilated at the margin
into larger spots ; the epipleuras are testaceous ; the usual lines are composed
of small crowded punctures, the surface is finely reticulate, and towards the
suture small sparsely scattered punctures are visible, which become obsolete
towards the sides.

H. 12-lineatus Lee. and H. scitulus Zee. are the only other species
in my collection having the thorax similarly impressed, but the lines in them
are less acutely defined, and the body is not rounded.

H. vitiosus Lee. A male specimen from Texas, sent me by Mr. Salle,
agrees in form and arrangement of colors with the female type from Illinois,
but differs by the punctuation, which is quite strong, and not dense, nearly as
in the male of H. oppositus. The agreement in other respects is so com-
plete that I would not be justified in regarding it as belonging to a different
species.

H. sellatus, ovalis convexus, modice elongatus, nitidus, subglaber, ca-
pite nigro-piceo subtiliter baud dense punctato, ore maculaque occipitali tes-
taceis, thorace testaceo, apice infuscato, basi late piceo, profunde punctato,
lateribus obliquis rectis, cum elytris (lateraliter visis) angulum valde obtusum
formantibus ; elytris pallidis, profunde sat dense punctatis, punctis majoribus
versus suturam et in vitta dorsali parum distincta digestis, sutura, lineolis pau-
cis, plagaque postica irregulari subsuturali maxima nigris ; subtus niger, rude
punctatus, pedibus testaceis, antennarum apice femoribusque infuscatis. Long.
35 mm.

One specimen from Dacota, given me by Mr. Ulke. This species has the
same size and nearly the same form and sculpture as H. s u t u r a 1 i s Lee, but
is more equally attenuated in front and behind, and the punctures of the elytra
are somewhat finer and more dense ; the pale yellow elytra, with the large black
posterior spot, will enable it to be easily recognized. The spot extends from
before the middle to within a short distance of the tip, and from the suture
three-fourths way to the sides ; the anterior outline is formed by the confluence
of two short lines, and the exterior outline is lobed ; the whole suture is black-

186(5.]

366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

ish, and the same color extends along the inner portion of the base ; a small
discoidal brownish line is seen before the middle, and nearer the side than the
suture ; the punctures are tolerably dense and deep, and in the position of the
usual lines are seen a few scattered larger punctures ; the epipleurse are pale.
The body beneath is very coarsely punctured, as in H. suturalis and allied
species.

COLYMBETES Clairr.

C. notatus Sturm. Dytiscus not. Fabr. I have a male specimen, found in
Montana, which agrees with the figures and descriptions of this common Euro-
pean species. The head is black, with the front part and two spots on the ver-
tex pale. The thorax is pale, with a transverse medial black spot; the basal
and apical edge are narrowly margined with black ; the sides are rounded and
do not form a perceptible angle with the outline of the elytra. The elj-tra are
pale, thickly and coarsely irrorate with black, leaving the suture and two al-
most obsolete lines on each pale ; scutellum black. Body beneath black, legs,
prosternum, abdominal sutures and large apical spot testaceous. This species
is smaller and more convex than C. b in o t a t u s, and on account of the broadly
rounded sides of the thorax is more obtusely rounded in front, more parallel on
the sides, and more acute behind. The ungues of the anterior and middle feet
are very unequal, the inner one being one-half the length of the outer one,
which on the front feet is nearly straight.

C. tostus, elongato-ovalis, modice convexus, antice paulo magis obtusus,
capite nigro antice pallido, vertice immaculato ; thorace testaceo, nebula media
basique infuscato, lateribus late rotundatis ; elytris lateribus subparallelis, con-
fertim minus subtiliter nigro-irroratis, sutura antice lineisque utrinque duabus
abbreviatis parum distinctis pallidis relictis ; subtus piceo-ferrugineus, pedibus
prosternoque pallidioribus. Long. 11mm.; hit. 5-5 mm.

Mas unguiculis anterioribus elongatis subsequalibus, fere rectis.

Femina elytris a basi ultra medium longitudinaliter profunde sat dense aci-
culatis.

A male from North Red River, and a female from Idaho. This species has
nearly the form of the preceding, but is less convex ; and is easily known by
the absence of the vertical spots, and by the color of the under surface. The
inner claw of the front tarsi of the male is scarcely shorter than the outer one ;
they are slightly sinuous, but nearly straight.

HELOPHORUS Fabr.

H. fortis, elongato-oblongus, subtus nigro-piceus, supra fusco-testaceus
nitidus, capite virescente, punctato ; thorace parce punctato, versus latera parce
granulato, latitudine sesqui breviore, postice paulo angustato, lateribus
late rotundatis, postice subsinuatis, angulis posticis fere rectis, sulcis 5 profundis
exaratis ; elytris postice fusco et pallido nebulosis, striis profundis fortiter punc-
tatis, interstitiis parce uniseriatim punctulatis ; pedibus testaceis. Long. 5 —
0-5 mm.

San Francisco, Mr. Bolander. Differs from II. oblong us Lee. by the tho-
rax being more strongly punctulate, narrowed behind, with the hind angles less
obtuse, and by the markings of the elytra forming a little group behind the
middle, the angle of which is directed forwards. The granules at the side of
the thorax are more distinct, and are marked with a central puncture.

LIMNEBIUS Leach.

L. suturalis, ovalis convexus, niger nitidus, capite thoraceque parce
subtilissime punctulatis, hoc lateribus fiavis diaphanis, elytris parce subtiliter
pubescentibus, stria suturali antice abbreviata, limbo laterali, et apicali flavo
diaphano, parce subtiliter, praecipue postice punctulatis ; pedibus piceis, antennis
basi fiavis. Long. 1-5 — 2 mm.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 367

Mas abdomine elytris paulo longiore, articulis duobus ultimis connatis, fere
glabris ; 6to triangulari, impresso, imo apice rotundato, longe ciliato.

Femina abdomine simplici, elytris hand longiore.

Pennsylvania, New York and Lake Superior. There are five specimens be-
fore me. This species differs from the European species, except L. atom u s,
by the distinct sutural stria, which extends from the tip to within one-third of
the base. I have observed no sexual difference in the legs. The last two ven-
tral segments of the male are connate, forming a plate, which is triangularly im-
pressed at the base, but rounded and ciliate with long hairs at the tip.

NECROPHORUS Fabr.

N. Hecate Bland, Proc. Ent, Soc. Phila., iv., 382.

Kansas and Colorado. This species resembles in the form of the thorax N.
Melsheimeri Kirby, but differs by the smaller size, the less finely punctured
head and thorax, and by the deeper dorsal channel of the latter ; the red mark-
ings vary in size, being sometimes as in N. m arginatus and Melshei-
meri, except that the black extends slightly upon the epipleurje behind the
humeri ; and sometimes so broad that the two bands become united, leaving
only the base, apical margin, small common sutural spot, sutural margin
behind the middle, and another small lobed spot near the side, black. The
club oYthe antennas is entirely ferruginous. Length 11-5 — 20 mm.

I have received, through the friendly attention of Mr. A. Murray, sketches of
the thorax, elytra and antennas of N. ob scums and hebes Kirby; the
former does not appear to be different from that which I have recognized as N.
M e 1 s h e i m e r x^Kirby ; the hind trochanters are emarginate in the female,
but the inner angle is recurved in the male. N. h e b e s is a species unknown
to me, differing from N. marginatus and Melsheimeri by the club of
the antennas being entirely black, and the posterior red band being represented
by a large irregular spot, touching neither the side nor the suture ; the epi-
pleurae, as in the species named, are entirely red.

N. confossor Lee., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., vii. 19.

From Oregon. Appears to be a -variety of N. m a r i t i m u s Mann., with
very broad markings ; the red bands are as broad as in N. marginatus or
N. Melsheimeri, from which it differs by the thorax being scared}' nar-
rowed behind, and with a wider depressed margin ; the first joint of the antennal
club is black, as in N. Melsheimeri, and the hind trochanters of the
female are emarginate, while, as in that species, the inner angle of the male is
strongly recurved.

N. p y g m ae u s Kirby. In the List of Coleoptera of North America I have
incorrectly placed this as a synonym of N. mortuoru m, from which it dif-
fers by the absence of the red spot at the base of the epipleurae.

N. defodiens Mann, seems to be a larger form of N. pygmoeus,
with narrower markings. I have specimens from Oregon, intermediate in size
between the very small Canadian form and the large specimens found in Rus-
sian America.

SILPHA Linn.

S. opaca Lmn. The occurrence of this species in Arctic America, on the
borders of Mackenzie and Slave Rivers, is mentioned by Mr. A. White, in Rich-
ardson's Arctic Searching Expedition, p. 474. I am indebted to Mr. Ulke for a
specimen collected by Mr. Robert Kennicott, in the Hudson Bay Territory.

LEPTINUS Muller.

L. americanus, ovalis depressus, testaceus, confertim subtilius rugose
punctatus, pube pallida sat dense vestitus, thorace latitudine breviore antror-
sum angustato, lateribus rotundatis, basi late rotundatim emarginata, anguli?

1866.]

868 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

posticis subacutis ; elytris apice late rotundatis, abdornine paulo brevioribus.
Long. -2 mm.

Keokuk, Iowa, Dr. Brendel. This species agrees with the figures and
descriptions of the European L. testaceus, and I have had no opportunity,
by comparing specimens, to observe the differences which probably exist.

My object in describing the species is not only to make known the dis-
covery of the genus on this continent, but to call attention to some hitherto
unnoticed characters which seems to indicate that its place is not in the family
Silphidae, in which it has been thus far classed.

The head resembles very much that of a Hydrophilide, Philhydrus or Cer-
cyon, for instance, the upper surface being slightly convex, not narrowed
anteriorly, but broadly rounded, both on the sides and in front; the labrum is
broad, transverse and not prominent, the mandibles do not project; the anten-
nae are inserted on the under surface of the sides of the front, slender, longer
than the head and thorax ; the first joint is as long as the two following united,
the second is shorter, but scarcely thicker than the third ; the outer joints are
very slightly thickened ; all the joints appear equally opaque and pubescent ;
the eyes are entirely wanting ; the mentum is large, slightly concave, with the
hind angles acute, produced backwards over the gula, forming small carinas ;
the suture between the mentum and gula is distinct, but not as obvious as
usual ; the prothorax beneath is quadrately emarginate in front, s© that
the anterior angles project under the head; the anterior coxae are oval or
rounded, not prominent ; the cavities are open behind, almost separated by
the prosternum, and externally furnished with a narrow fissure, to the end of
which the prosternal suture runs ; the middle coxae are small, separated by a
narrow carinated mesosternum ; the trochantin is visible, and the side pieces
extend to it ; the hind coxae are flat, and not very large ; the tibial spurs are
long and slender, and all the tibiae are sparsely spinous ; the tarsi are all five-
j.ointed, and the fourth joint is slightly oblique beneath, and furnished with a
dense brush of hairs ; the first joint of the hind tarsi is as long as the three
following united ; the abdomen is flat, with the sixth joint short, but distinct.

It is to be observed, from the notes given above, that this genus differs from
Silphidae by — 1st, the form of the head, and the insertion of the antennae,
2d, the form of the mentum, 3d, the form and arrangement of the anterior
coxae, 4th, the structure of the fourth joint of the tarsi ; all of which are
characters of fundamental importance. It agrees with Hydrophilidae in the
form of head, insertion of antennae, general arrangement of mentum, gula
and prosternum, but differs by the regular antennae, not prominent anterior
coxae, aud structure of the fourth joint of the tarsi. The relations with
Mycetophagidae, to which it bears a superficial resemblance, and Cryptophagi-
dae, are too remote to be worthy of analysis. With Nitidulidae, especially the
genera having large mentum, it might also be considered to have some
affinity, but the fourth joint of the tarsi is not small, the anterior coxae
have no trochantin, and their coxal cavities are partially confluent and open
behind.

I therefore infer that Leptinus is a highly specialized type, representing a
distinct family, having less affinity with Silphidae than with Hydrophilidae.

Dr. Brendel observes in a letter, " This insect I found under a log in a mouse
nest, in company with fleas ; in the neighborhood were yellow ants, of the
same kind with which C e o p h y 1 1 u s lives."

ANISOTOMA 111.

A. conferta, ovalis, convexa castanea nitida, capite thoraceque minus
dense subtiliter punctatis, hoc brevi, lateribus magis rotundatis ; elytris seriatim
confertim punctatis, subtiliter parce obsolete transversim strigosis, stria sutu-
rali sola impressa ; pedibus testaceis. Long. 3 mm.

Mas tarsis anterioribus articulis 2 — 4 paulo dilatatis ; femoribus posticis

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3G9

dcnte parv'o apicali inferno recurvo armatis, tibiis posticis elongatis, paulo cur-
vatis. Femina latet.

One specimen, Illinois. This species has the form and almost the sculpture
of Hydnobius. It differs from all the other species in my collection by the
punctures of the intervals being as large and nearly as close as those of the
striae of the elytra, which thus appear thickly punctured in rows ; the trans-
verse ruga? are very fine, and not very distinct ; the carina of the mesoster-
nuni is finer than usual, but quite distinct.

ANOGDUS nov. gen.

Corpus late ovale, convexum, haud contractile; antenna? 10-articulata?,
articulis 1 — 2 crassiusculis, 3io triangulari, crassitie vixlongiore, 4 — 6 brevibus,
subtransversis, 7 — 10 valde transversis, clavam laxam magnam, articulis 1 — 6
paulo longiorem formantibus, 10 angustiore, apice obtuse rotundato : frons
apice et lateribus subtiliter marginatus. Mesosternum carinatum, metasternum
haud protuberans. Pedes breviusculi, crassiusculi ; femora incrassata ; tibia;
spinulosa? sensim dilatata?, calcaribus ina?qualibus terminates ; tarsi antici 5.
intermedin 5, postici 4-articulati, articulo lmo majore.

The species upon which I have established this new genus resembles, in
form and sculpture, a broad A n i s o t o m a, but differs by the antenna? having a
much larger club, in which the eighth joint is wanting, and the last joint nar-
rower than the preceding. From Cyrtusait differs by the first joint of the
club being as wide as the two following, and by the mesosternum being
carinated.

A. capitatus, late ovalis, convexus ferrugineus, nitidus, capite thor-
aceque sat dense subtiliter punctatis, hoc lateribus subtiliter marginatis fortiter
rotundatis, basi immarginata ; elytris striis dense subtiliter punctatis, inter-
stitiis sat dense transversim rugose punctulatis, alternis punctis parcis majori-
bus parum conspicuis, seriatim impressis. Long. 3 mm.

Florida, one specimen. The interior outline of the hind thighs is nearly
straight, armed with a minute tooth at the middle, and the apical angle is
rounded and prominent. The specimen is probably a male.

CYRTUSA Er.

To this genus belongs Amphicyllis picipennis Lee, New Species, p.
25. I am indebted to Mr. Ulke for specimens, which enable a more careful
examination to be made than was possible with the unique type ; the hind
thighs of the male are armed beneath at the apex, with a large and broad
tooth, acute, but not recurved at the tip. It differs from C. e g e n a Lee,
not only by size, color and sculpture, but by the legs being less thickened.
and by the tarsi being nearly filiform, while in C. e g e n a they gradually
diminish from base to tip ; the body is also somewhat contractile in C. e g e n a,
as in L i o d e s, but scarcely so in C. p i c i p e n n i s. The eighth joint of
the antenna? is not visible in either species.

COLENIS Er.

InC. impunctata Lee. the joints of the tarsi are 5, 4, 4 ; the anten-
na? distinctly 11-jointed, with the seventh joint wider than the eighth, but
smaller than the 9th ; the eleventh is elongate, oval and somewhat acutely
pointed at tip.

In C ? 1 a? v i s Lee, the tarsi are slender, with the joints 4, 3, 3 ; the mesos-
ternum is carinated ; the eighth joint of the antenna? is scarcely narrower than
the seventh ; the ninth and tenth are wider and larger, subtransverse ; eleventh
much larger oval, subacute at tip, and marked beyond the middle by a trans-
verse line ; the body is feebly contractile. These characters indicate a genus
intermediate between G o 1 e n i s, and Agaricophagus, for which the
name Aglyptus may be adopted ; it is distinguished from both genera by the
upper surface being smooth and impunctured, and by the front being finely
margined, both at the sides and anteriorly.

1866.] 24

370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

CHEVROLATIA DuVal.

C. amcena, rufa, flavo-pubescens, thorace latitudine longiore, ante
medium angustato, basi breviter earinato et utrinque bifoveato, foveis mediis
majoribus, elytris fovea basali versus scutellum, plicaque parva humerali
notatis. Long. 2 mm.

Washington, D. C, Fort Lee, near New York, Mr Hike. Agrees with the
description of the European C. insignis DuVal, (Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr , 1850,
2d ser., viii. 46,) but differs from the figure by the thorax being less elongated,
and more suddenly narrowed from the middle to the apex.

The genus will be easily distinguished among the Scydmaenidaj bj- the nar-
row body and approximate moniliform antenna?. The elytra are shorter than
the abdomen, leaving the pygidium exposed as in Eutheia.

I am indebted to the liberality of Mr. Ulke for the second specimen found
by him of this remarkable insect.

AGATHIDIUM Illiger.

A. politum, semiglobatile, testaceum nitidum, thorace elytris vix
latiore, his vix obsolete punctulatis, stria suturali ad medium antice abbre-
viata, humeris obtusis rotundatis ; sutura frontali nigricante, tarsis crassius-
culis. Long. 2-5 mm.

Mas mandibulo sinistro cornu elongato curvato nigricante armato.

One male, York Co., Pa. ; Dr. Melsheimer. This species differs from all the
other species from the Atlantic States, by the characters given above ; it
agrees in form and sculpture with the California)! A. p u 1 c h r u m, but differs
from it by the color, and by the tarsi being less slender. A. e x i g u u m, which
resembles it in size and sculpture, differs by the wider thorax and more per-
fect power of contracting into a ball, indicated by the humeral angles of the
elytra being more obtuse, and very obliquely truncate.

FALAGRIA Mann.

F. scutellaris, attenuata, nigricans, subtiliter sericeo-pubescens, tho-
race ovato, latitudine longiore, dense punctulato, profunde canaliculato, scutello
canaliculato, elytris convexis haud puuctatis, abdomine subtiliter puuctato,
ano pedibusque testaceis, antennis fuscis. Long. 3-5.

One specimen, Coney Island, near New York. Resembles F. bilobata by
the densely punctulate thorax, but differs by the thorax being more narrowed
behind, by the scutellum being distinctly channelled, and by the elytra being
not punctulate.

F. bilobata, attenuata, nigricans, pube sericante subtili vestita, thor-
ace ovato latitudine paulq longiore, dense punctulato, profunde canaliculato,
scutello vix canaliculato, elytris convexis subtiliter punctulatis, abdomine
punctulato, ano saepe testaceo, pedibus testaceis antennis fuscis. Long.
3 — 4-5 mm.

Aleochara (Aleodorus) bilobata Say, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc, vi. 156 ; ed. Leconte,
ii. 589

Western States — Illinois, Indiana, Missouri. In this and in the preceding
species the head is scarcely punctulate, and the hind angles of the thorax are
marked with a large puncture.

F. cingulata, attenuata, picea, tenuiter pubescens, capite antice vix,
postice parce punctulato, thorace ovato latitudine longiore, parce punctulato,
profunde canaliculato; scutello punctato, subtiliter earinato, elytris parce sub-
tilissime punctulatis; abdomine laevi, segmentis duobus primis piceo-testaceis,
reliquis nigris, antennis pedibusque piceo-testaceis. Long. 3 — 3-5 mm.

New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois. This species has the same form as F.
bilobata, but is very different in its sculpture. The very fine carina of the
scutellum is visible only under a high magnifier. The anterior dorsal seg-
ments of the abdomen, as in all the preceding species, are transversely im-
pressed, .with a line of punctures at the bottom of the impression, but the
dorsal surface is otherwise smooth.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 371

F. 1 a?viu s c ula, attenuata, picea, subamescens, tenuiter pubescens, capita
rotundata, vix parce subtilissime, pnnctulato, thorace ovato, latitudine longiore,
vix conspicue punctulato, profunde canaliculate, mox ante basin transversim
impresso; scutello piano et elytris subtilissime punctulatis ; abdomine laevi,
apice vix punctulato; antennis pedibusque piceo-testaceis. Long. 3-5 mm.

Fort Tejon, California ; Dr. G. H. Horn. Tbis species is of the same size and
form as F. c i n g u 1 a t a, but differs by the much less obvious punctures of the
head and thorax, and by the strongly marked transverse impression just in
front of the base of the thorax, which is less narrowed behind.

F. quadriceps, depressa, nigro-picea, nitida, subtiliter pubescens,
capite magno, basi late truncato, angulis posticis rotundatis, parce punctulato,
fovea frontali impresso, occipite breviter canaliculate ; thorace trapezoideo,
postice modice angustato, latitudine paulo breviore, punctulato, profunde
canaliculato ; scutello punctulato, baud canaliculato ; elytris^ thorace latiori-
bus, punctulatis, piceo-testaceis ; abdomine subtiliter punctulato, piceo ; an-
tennis fuscis, basi pedibusque testaceis. Long. 3-5 mm.

One specimen, New York ; April, under a stone. This species differs re-
markably from all the preceding by the head being not rounded but quadrate.
The base is broadly truncate, the sides behind the eyes are nearly parallel, and
the hind angles are rounded. The last joint of the maxillary palpi is smaller
than in the genuine Falagrise, and the tarsi are much less elongated ; the first
joint of the hind tarsi is as long as the three following united, which are nearly
equal, and the whole tarsus is about two-thirds the length of the tibia. The
antenna? are not longer than the head and thorax, are less slender than
usual, and but slightly thickened externally. The abdomen is broader and
flatter than usual, and scarcely narrowed towards the base ; the dorsal seg-
ments are very finely punctulate, and the first three are impressed as usual,
but the impressions are not punctured,

F. partita, nigricans, subtilissime pubescens, baud punctulata, capite
postice truncato, thorace ovato, latitudine baud longiore, profunde canalicu-
lato, scutello modice canaliculato, elytris paulo convexis ; pedibus testaceis,
antennis fuscis apice magis incrassatis. Long. 2 — 2-5 mm.

Florida and Louisiana. This little species might be easily confounded with
F. dissecta Er., but is somewhat larger, and has the scutellum much less
deeply channelled, and not bicarinate. The antenna? in both are less slender
and less elongate than in our other species.

*F. vaga, elongata, subdepressa, dense punctulata, subtiliter pubescens,
capite ad basin recte truncato, angulis posticis rectis rotundatis ; thorace lati-
tudine paulo longiore, postice modice angustato, medio late vage canaliculato ^
elytris thorace latioribus, at haud longioribus ; abdomine fere lam, versus ba-
sin pallidiore, ano testaceo ; pedibus testaceis, antennis fuscis. Long. 3-5 mm.
One specimen, Lake Superior I refer this species to the present genus with
some hesitation, but the head is so much more strongly constricted behind,
that I am unwilling to refer it to Tachyusa. The head is truncate behind, with
the hind angles less rounded, and the neck less slender ; the sides behind the
eyes are parallel. The thorax is as wide as the head, longer than wide, ob-
liquely truncate each side at the apex, with the sides straight, converging
slightly behind, base broadly rounded ; disc flattened, feebly but broadly
channeled. Elytra distinctly wider than the thorax, flattened, truncate at tip,
with the outer angle acute ; abdomen slightly narrowed at the base, impressed
as usual, but with the impressions not punctured. Hind tarsi with the first
joint not as long as the three following, which diminish slightly in length. The
antenna; are longer than the head and thorax, slightly thickened externally,
but the outer joints are somewhat distant, and not closely placed, as in the
genuine Falagria; ; the first three joints are elongated as usual. The last joint
of the maxillary palpi is scarcely one-half as long as the preceding, and is very
slender and acicular,

1866.]

372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

F. cavipennis, fere linearis, nigra, nitida, tenuiter pubescens, capite
lavi. thorace ovali, vel nigro vel piceo, latitudine longiore, parce punctulato,
medio vage longitudinaliter impresso, elytris testaceis, thorace paulo latioribus
at haud longioribus, fortiter granosis, deplanatis margine laterali elevato
acuto ; abdomine Levi, basi vix angustato, segmentis duobns primis, pedibus
antennisque testaceis, his apicefuscis. Long. 3-5 mm.

Mas segmento abdominis dorsali penultimo dente apicali ad medium armato.

Two specimens found by me on the sea-shore, at San Pedro, California.
This species agrees with the preceding in the form of the antenna?,
palpi, feet and head ; but the thorax is regularly oval, not narrowed behind :
the abdomen is less narrowed towards the base, and broader and natter than
in them ; the dorsal surface is entirely without punctures, even in the trans-
verse impressions of the first three segments. The antennas and tarsi are very
much elongated, as in F. bilobata, cingulata, &c. I observe no sexual
differences, except the one mentioned above.

The following table will distinguish the species of Falagria now before me :

I. Elytra smooth or punctulate.

A. Head rounded behind the eyes ; thorax deeply sulcate :

Thorax finely and densely punctulate.

Scutellum distinctly channeled 1. scutellaris.

Scutellum scarcely channeled 2. bilobata.

Thorax sparsely punctulate 3. cingulata.

Thorax nearly smooth , 4. lseviuscula.

B. Head subquadrate behind the eyes.

a. Thorax deeply sulcate :
Elytra densely punctulate :

Scutellum not channeled . 5. quadriceps.

Scutellum bicarinate, deeply channeled 6. dissecta.

Elytra scarcely punctulate, scutellum channeled 7. p art i ta.

b. Thorax feebly channeled 8. vaga.

c. Thorax not channeled 9. venustuta.

II. Elytra granose 10. cavipennis.

OLIGOTA Mannh.

0. pedalis, latiuscula, nigra, haud dense punctulata, subtiliter cinereo-
pubescens, thorace latitudine duplo breviore, a basi antrorsum angustato ;
elytris thorace longioribus, anoque piceis ; antennarum basi pedibusque tes-
taceis, illis articulis quatuor ultimis sensim majoribus. Long. -75 mm. fc

District of Columbia ; one specimen given me by Mr. Ulke. The antenna^
are as long as the head and thorax ; the first and second joints are long and
thick ; the third is hardly one-third the thickness of the second, nearly cylin-
drical, and not more than one-half longer than its width ; the joints 4 — 7
gradually thicker, the sixth and seventh rounded, eighth and ninth wider,
transverse, tenth not wider than the ninth, but longer and obtusely rounded at
tip. The upper surface is sparsely punctulate, but more distinctly so on the
elytra, which, as well as the tip of the abdomen, are piceous. The form re-
sembles that of a small Gyrophama.

MYPvMEDONIA Er.

M. rudis, ferruginea, rude punctata parce subtiliter pubescens, capite
nigro medio lsevi, thorace canaliculato, transverso, angulis valde rotundatis :
elytris nigricantibus, sutura late ferruginea, antennis fuscis basi ferrugineis.
Long. 5 — 5-5 mm.

Mas thorace granoso-punctato, disco late depresso ; abdominis segmento
ultimo dorsali subdentato, apice emarginato, segmentis reliquis apice et medio
leevibus.

Femina thorace punctato, haud impresso, abdominis segmentis dorsalibus
fere aequaliter baud dense punctatis, ultimo apice rotundato.

A very beautiful species found by Mr. Ulke at Washington, D. C, resting on
fences, before sunset. The sexual difference in the sculpture of the thorax is

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 373

remarkable ; in the female the punctures are large and deep, and about as
closely placed as on the elytra ; in the male the punctures are replaced by
elevated smooth granules, and the disc is very broadly depressed, or slightly
concave. The antenna? in both sexes are longer than the head and thorax,
moderately thickened externally, brown, with the basal joints reddish. The
head is black shining, coarsely punctured each side, and smooth in the middle ;
it is but slightly narrowed behind. The thorax is transverse, about one-half
wider than the head, rather flat, with all the angles rounded ; the dorsal chan-
nel is well marked. The elytra are coarsely and deeply punctured. The ab-
domen is moderately strongly but sparsely punctured ; the punctures are evenly
distributed in the female, leaving only a narrow apical margin of the segments
smooth ; but in the male they are accumulated at the base and sides of the
segments, leaving a wide apical margin and medial space smooth.

In one specimen the elytra are blackish only at the sides and tip, the rest of
their surface being ferruginous.

EURYUSA Er.

Eu. obtusa, linearis, depressa, punctulata subtiliter pubescens, picea,
pedibus, thorace elytrisque fusco-ferrugineis, his versus latera et ad scutellum
infuscatis ; thorace latitudine fere duplo breviore, coleopteris hand latiore, ante
medium rotundatim angustato, basi late rotundata, angulis posticis obtusis,
ante basin transversim leviter foveato ; abdomine versus apicem pilosello, ano
pallidiore, segmentis ventralibus margine postico testaceo ; antennis fuscis,
basi vix pallidioribus. Long. 3-5 mm.

Pennsylvania ; a specimen found at Columbia was given to me by Professor
S. S. Haldeman. The antennae are longer than the head and thorax, and not
much thickened externally; the joints 1 — 3 are nearly equal in length ; 4 — 10
somewhat shorter and gradually thicker, the outer ones but slightly wider than
their length ; eleventh twice as long as the tenth, pointed at the end when
viewed laterally. The thorax is much wider than the head, flattened, nearly
twice as wide as its length, very feebly channelled, rounded on the sides, es-
pecially before the middle, broadly rounded at the base. Hind angles obtuse,
not rounded, but not very well marked ; a feeble transverse impression is seen
near the middle of the base. The elytra are as long as the thorax. The dorsal
ventral segments are more finely punctulate than the thorax and elytra, nearly
smooth towards the extremity, and furnished with erect long hairs ; ventral
segments finely punctured, margined behind with testaceous. Feet and palpi
uniform reddish testaceous.

Another specimen from the same locality is paler, the abdomen being of the
same color as the head and thorax, with a fuscous cloud on the fourth — sixth
dorsal segments ; the hind angles of the thorax are less obtuse and very well
marked, the base being feebly sinuate near the sides. There is no conspicuous
difference otherwise, and I am disposed to regard it as the male of the type.

H0M(EUSA Kraatz.

H. expansa, lata, postice sensim attenuata, parnm convexa, testacea
nitida fortiter punctulata, subtiliter pubescens, thorace latitudine duplo breviore
antrorsum angustato, lateribus valde rotundatis, basi bisinuata angulis posticis
acutis productis ; elytris thorace paulo brevioribus, angulo apicali externo acute
producto ; abdomine capite thoraceque vix longiore, vix punctulato, longe pilo-
so ; antennis fuscis, basi apiceque testaceis, thorace haud longioribus, extror-
sum valde incrassatis. Long. 1-5 mm.

Two specimens found near Washington, D. C, in ants' nests, by Mr. Ulke,
who has liberally placed one of them in my collection. The dorsal surface of
the abdomen is a little darker than the thorax and elytra. This species is
Dinarda pedicula ria Dej., Cat.

GYMNUSA Grav.

G. b r e v i c o 1 1 is Mannh. A specimen was collected at Ottawa, C. W., and
1866.]

374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

kindly given to me by Mr. B. Billings, which does not differ from the descrip-
tions and figure of this species. I have had no opportuniry of comparing it
with European specimens.

TACHYPORUS Grav.

T. maculicollis, piceus, modice elongatus, antennis, palpis, pedibus,
elytris thoraceqne testaceis, hoc macula dorsali picea notato, elytris abdomi-
neque subtiliter punctulatis et pubescentibus, hoc nigfo-pilosello, segmentis
dorsalibus ventralibusque postice testaceo-marginatis. Long- 3-25 mm.

Two specimens, Quebec, Canada ; Mr. W. Couper. This species is less
elongate than T. j o c o su s, the abdomen being scarcely longer than the elytra,
which are about one-fourth longer than the thorax. The color, as above de-
scribed, will enable this species to be readily recognized. In the male the pe-
nultimate ventral segment is acutely emarginate, and the last segment pro-
longed; in the female the last dorsal is acutely four-toothed.

T. maculipennia, piceus, minus elongatus, antennis, palpis, pedibus,
thoraceqne testaceis ; elytris subtiliter punctulatis et pubescentibus, vitta sub-
marginali, gutta dorsali pone basin, apiceque testaceis ; abdomine nigro-
pilosello, subtiliter punctulato, segmentis postice testaceo-marginatis. Long.
2-75 mm.

One female specimen from Louisiana was given me by my lamented friend,
Dr. Schaum. This species is more robust than the preceding, and the abdo-
men is a little shorter than the thorax. The last dorsal segment is retracted,
and acutely four-toothed.

A female from Illinois, given me by Mr. Ulke, is 4 mm. long, with the abdo-
men conspicuously longer than the elytra ; the black markings of the latter are
reduced in size, so that the ground color is pale, with a common scutellar spot,
a large discoidal blotch, and a marginal elongate spot remain blackish. I
believe it to belong to the same species as the type above described. The last
dorsal segment is acutely four-toothed.

CONOSOMA Kraatz.

C. Knoxii, elongatum convexum, subtiliter sericeo-pubescens, capite
nigro, thorace elytrisqne testaceis, illo ante medium, his postice et extrorsum
nigris, abdomine nigro, basi testaceo ; pedibus antennisque flavo-testaceis, his
articulis 4 — 9 piceis, externis crassitie longioribus. Long. 3-5 mm.

One specimen, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. I have dedicated this beau-
tiful species to my friend Joseph Knox, of Pittsburgh, whose genial manners,
and well rewarded exertions in capturing specimens of trout added greatly to
the enjoyment of the excursion in which I discovered this and other interesting
additions to the fauna of Pennsylvania.

The species of Conosoma (Oonurus Er.) in my collection agree very nearly
in form and sculpture, and are to be distinguished by size and color rather than
by structural differences. Several are still undescribed, but the present species
may be easily recognized by the characters above given.

STICTOCRANIUS Lee. (n. g. Staphylinida?).

S. puncticeps, elongatus piceus nitidus, capite grosse punctato, fronte
transversim emprcsso, margine antico elevato; thorace obovali, capite paulo
angustiore, latitudine longiore, convexo lsevi, punctis utrinque 7 magnis cana-
liculaque brevi media insculpto; elytris hevibus punctis magnis 3 vel 4 versus
suturam alterisque paucis dorsalibus insculptis; abdomine immarginato parce
punctulato ; antennis pedibusque piceo-ferrugineis. Long. 2-30 mm.

Two specimens of this remarkable insect were found by Mr. Ulke, near Wash-
ington, D. C; one of them he has liberally placed in my collection. This new
genus is related to Euaesthetus and E d a p h u s, having the tarsi 4-jointed,
as in those genera ; but it differs from both by the peculiar sculpture above men-

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 375

tinned, by the more elongate form, and by the abdomen being not margined.
One species of Eusesthetus described by Erichson possesses the last mentioned
character, but has the same sculpture as the other species. The antenna? in
S t i c t o c r a n i u s are not as long as the head and thorax, the second joint is
thicker than the third, which is equal to the fourth : 5 — 8 rounded, nearly equal,
ninth very slightly larger, tenth and eleventh broader, the former nearly square,
the latter one-half longer, obtusely rounded at tip. The head is large, wider than
its length, moderately convex, very coarsely punctured; the front is trans-
versely impressed, and the anterior margin is elevated ; the eyes are moderate
in size, not very prominent, and are coarsely granulated. Thorax a little
longer than wide, obovate, gradually narrowed behind ; convex, smooth, with a
short impressed line at the middle, four discoidal punctures, forming a quin-
cunx, and four others on each side ; there is also a transverse range of punc-
tures near the base; the two posterior' dorsal punctures are elongated, resem-
bling the short medial line. Elytra convex, wider but not longer than the
thorax, smooth, with a few subsutural punctures, three or four in a short dor-
sal series, and three or four others near the side. Abdomen pubescent, cylin-
drical, not margined, very finely punctulate, pointed at the tip, one-half longer
than the elytra.

DELEASTER Er.

D. concolor, piceo-ferrugineus, pedibus testaceis ; capite laevi, postice
utrinque oblique impresso, vertice convexo, occipite transversim constricto ;
thorace capite vix majore, ovato, basi apiceque truncato, disco subtiliter cana-
liculate postice et utrinque ad latera late excavato ; elytris thorace duplo lati-
oribus, planis rugose punctulatis subopacis. Long. 7-5 mm.

Mr. Ulke received two specimens from San Francisco, California, one of
which he has liberally given to me ; it resembles the European D. dichrous
in size, form and sculpture, but differs by the head and abdomen not being*
darker than the thorax and elytra.

ANTHOPHAGUS Grav.
A. vertical is Say. I found on the shores of Lake Superior two speci-
mens of a variety of this species, in which the body is of a uniform black color,
the legs alone being brownish-testaceous ; a similar specimen occurred in Ly-
coming County, Pennsylvania, on the banks of the Loyalsoc.

LESTEVA Latr.

L. fusconigra Ma'clin, Bull. Mosc, 1853, 193; Phloeopterus fuse. Motsch.
Et. Ent., 1852, 78.

A specimen of this remarkable insect was collected in El Dorado County, Cali-
fornia, and sent me by Dr. J. G. Cooper.

AMPHICHROUM Kraatz.

A. laevicolle, nitidum, thorace ovali, latitudine breviore, angulis valde
rotundatis, disco convexo impunctato, lateribus depressis, elytris thorace duplo
longioribus, haud dense punctatis breviter pubescentibus, abdomine lsevi, bre-
viter pubescente. Long. 3-75 — 5 mm.

Mas, minor, niger, thorace elytrisque piceis, limbo omni testaceo, ano, anten-
narum basi, palpis pedibusque flavo-testaceis.

Femina, major, rufo-testacea, capite nigro-piceo.

I found this species abundant on the flowers of Cratwgus tomentosa, in Lyco-
ming County, Pennsylvania. It is closely allied to the California A. f 1 o r i-
bundu m Lee, but differs by the thorax being more distinctly transverse, the
hind angles more rounded, and the disc free from punctures. The antenna-
are a little shorter and less slender.

Specimens of the male occur in which the elytra are entirely testaceous, but
in general the disc is piceous, with the entire margin (including the suture) of
each pale.

1866.]

376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

PROGNATHA Latr.

P. punctata, castanco-fusca, nitida, capite thoraceque punctatis, elytris
thorace longioribus, crebre striatim punctatis, abdomine parce punctulato, pe-
dibus ferrugineis. Long. 4-3 — 6 mm.

Pennsylvania, Mr. Ulke ; Canada, Mr. Saunders. This species differs from
P. am eric an a by its dark color and much stronger punctures. In well
developed males the mandibles ascend in the form of a slender curved horn,
and the supra-antennal horns are long and straight, converging but slightly.
The elytra are free from the numerous short longitudinal lines seen in P. c o n-
v e r g e n s, and are tolerably strongly striate and punctured.

LISPINUS Er.

L. 1 a? v i c a u d a , minus elongatus convexus, piceo-niger nitidus, capite
parce punctulato, thorace elytrisque subtiliter parce punctatis, illo versus an-
gulos posticos fovea parva impresso, abdomine vix punctulato, segmentis piceo-
marginatis, ano dilutiore ; subtus piceus, antennis palpis pedibusque piceo-
ferrugineis. Long. 3-4 mm.

Illinois, Mr. Ulke. This species is less slender than the others in my collec-
tion, and is easily distinguished by the characters above given. The exposed
portion of the abdomen is not much longer than the elytra ; the latter are con-
vex, finely but not densely punctured, with the sutural stria deeply impressed.

MURMIDIUS Leach.

M. depressus, rotundato-ovalis, parum convexus, testaceus subnitidus,
subtiliter pubescens, thorace latitudine fere triplo breviore, lateribus rotun-
datis, antice fortiter angustato, disco aequaliter parum convexo, elytris seriatim
punctatis. Long. 1 mm.

This species has an extensive range in the Northern States. I have seen
specimens from Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, and Ohio. Of its habits I
know nothing.

Another species, of which I have received two specimens, collected by Dr.
Brendel, in Florida, agrees perfectly with the figure of M. o v a 1 i s in DuVal's
work, and with the description of Ceutocerus advena Germ. Ins. nov. p. 85. It
is quite distinct from M. depressus by the larger size (1-5 mm.), oval
convex form, shining lustre, less obvious pubescence, and by the sides of the
thorax being distinctly impressed, especially towards the anterior margin,
where just inwards from the antennal cavity may be seen a broad fovea. Ger-
mar expresses a suspicion that his species is different from Hister o v a 1 i s
Beck., but there is nothing in any of the works before me to warrant the belief
that two distinct species have been recognized by any European entomologist.

AMPHOTIS Er.

A. U 1 k e i, elliptica, depressa, brumneo-picea, fere opaca, pube brevi de-
pressa parce vestita, thorace confertim punctato, lateribus piceo-rufis subdia-
phanis, late depressis, angulis posticis subobtusis, hand rotundatis ; elytris
margine late explanato, guttis nonnullis pone basin alterisque fasciam denta-
lam pone medium formantibus piceo-rufis; sutura, costisque utrinque 5 paulo
elevatis breviter setosis, interstitiis sub-3-seriatini punctatis, lateribus fortiter.
margine depresso disperse punctatis ; subtus punctata, picea, pedibus piceo-
rufis. Long. 7-5 mm.

Washington, D. C, two specimens found by Mr. Ulke ; Massachusetts, Mr.
Sanborn. Differs from the species of L o b i op a (to which this genus is nearly-
allied) not only by the less setose upper surface, but by the costate elytra ;
there is a series of large punctures between the convex surface of the elytra
and the depressed less coarsely punctured lateral margin The mentum,
though bisinuate in front, has the exterior angles more prolonged than in the
other species of the genus, so that it appears broadly eniarginate.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 377

Differs from the European A. marginata by its larger size and narrower
form.

On examining a specimen of Lobiopa guttulata Lee, given me by Mr. B.
Billings, of Ottawa, C. W., I find that the antennal grooves are slightly conver-
gent, and do not follow the contour of the eyes as in Lobiopa undulata and
setulosa: it therefore appears to belong properly to Soronia Er. The tarsi
in both genera are narrow.

CYLLODES Er.

C. biplagiatus, rotundatus convexus, niger nitidus, subtiliter puncta-
tus, elytris plaga magna subbasali rotundata rufa ornatis, punctis paulo majo-
ribus striatim positis ; pygidio nudo ; antennis rufo-testaceis, clava fusca.
Long. 5 mm.

Two specimens were found on Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts, by Mr. Geo.
D. Smith, who has liberally placed one of them in my collection. This species
differs from the European Cater by the large red spot on each elytron near
the base.

The genus C y 1 1 o d e s is to be distinguished from the genera of Cychramini,
defined on p. 84 of my Classification Col. N. Am., by all the tarsi being di-
lated, and the prosternum produced behind the front coxae, covering the me-
sosternum in repose, and meeting the metasternum, which is somewhat promi-
nent between the middle coxae. The antennal grooves are short, not very well
marked, and converge on the under surface of the head.

PITYOPHAGUS Shuckard.

P. cephalotes, cylindricus, supra piceo-niger nitidus, fortiter punc-
tatus, capite convexo, lateribus pone oculos parvos rectis parallelis, thorace
capite baud latiore, latitudine paulo longiore, lateribus rectis, angulis haud
rotundatis, apice basique late rotuudato, elytris stria suturali impressa, hu-
meris rectis prominulis, lateribus parallelis, apice recte truncatis, pygidio
dense puuetato, concavo ; corpore subtus, antennis pedibusque piceo-ferrugi-
neis. Long. 5-5 mm.

One specimen, Columbia, Pennsylvania. This species resembles in form the
European P. f e r r u g i n e u s, but differs in color. The sixth ventral segment
is quite distinct in the specimen, which is therefore a male.

RHIZOPHAGUS Herbst.

R. cylindricus, elongatus cylindricus, transversim valde convexus,
piceo-ferrugineus nitidus, elytris postice sensim infuscatis, capite thoraceque
fortiter haud dense punctatis, hoc paulo angustiore, latitudine fere sesqui
longiore lateribus rectis, angulis posticis rotundatis ; elytris striatim puncta-
tis, interstitiis lasvibus, stria suturali postice impressa. Long. 5 mm.

Mas capite majore, thorace ab apice postice sensim angustato ; abdominis
segmento 6to ventrali conspicuo.

Femina capite haud latiore, thorace lateribus antice posticeque paulo
rotundatis.

Tennessee, Mr. Ulke. Larger and more cylindrical than our other species.

R. dimidiatus Mann., Bull. Mosc, 1843, 300. I found a specimen on
Point Kewenaw, Lake Superior, which does not differ from two Russian
American specimens in my collection.

R. bipunctatus. Colydium bipunctatum Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
iii. 325.

Middle and Western States, and Canada. This species in the Melsheimer
Catalogue is properly referred to Rhizophagus, but by a strange mistake I
have in my edition of Say's Entomological Writings (ii. 183) referred it to
I p s, and again in the List of Coleoptera of North America (p. 30), to P i t y o-
p hag us. This last error is corrected in the errata at the end of the work.

1866.]

378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

R. approximatus, linearis, minus convexus, piceus nitidus, capite
rufescente sat dense, thorace fortiter minus dense pnnctatis, hoc latitudine
baud longiore, lateribus late rotundatis, angulis omnibus rotundatis, margine
apicali basalique rufescente ; elytris lateril>us parallelis, apice late rotunda-
tis, striis e punctis majoribus approximatis compositis, hie inde subimpressis,
suturali postice impressa, interstitiis subrugosis ; subtus rufo- piceus, antennis
pedibusque piceo-ferrugineis. Long. 3 mm.

One specimen from New York given me by Mr. Ulke. Larger than the
next, wiih the thorax broader, and the punctures of the striae of the elytra
much more closely placed. This species agrees with the description of the
Russian American R. scalpturatus Mann., Bull. Mosc, 1852, 362, but on
account of the difference in locality it is unsafe at present to regard them as
identical.

R. re mot us, linearis, modice convexus, nigro-piceus nitidus, capite sat
dense, thorace fortiter minus dense punctato, hoc latitudine vix longiore,
lateribus late rotundatis, angulis omnibus rotundatis ; elytris lateribus sub-
parallelis, apice late rotundatis, striis baud impressis, e punctis majoribus
remotis compositis, suturali postice profunda, interstitiis laevibus ; subtus
rufo-piceus, antennis pedibusque piceo-ferrugineis. Long. 2-5 mm.

Several specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Ulke in the moun-
tainous portion of central Pennsylvania.

LASCONOTUS Er.

L. laqueatus, linearis, depressus, nigro piceus, opacus, subtilissime
punctulatus, capite utrinque oblique impresso, impressionibus postice conni-
ventibus, medio subcarinato, thorace latitudine paulo longiore, lateribus
parallelis postice rotundatis, disco excavato, costa utrinque elevatanec apicem
nee basin attingente, antice hamo elevato inclusa; elytris sutura, costis utrinque
tribus, quartaque interna basali brevi anguste elevatis, interstitiis subtiliter
biseriatim punctatis. Long. 3 mm.

One specimen; Arizona, Dr. Coues. Intermediate in size between L. com-
plex and L. pusillus, and quite different from both by the characters
above detailed. The discoidal costae of the thorax are separated by a wide
excavation, as usual, and do not attain either the base or the apex; in front
they are surrounded by a deep impression, limited by a hook-shaped elevated
line, the outer leg of which is a little longer.

L. simplex, valde elongatus, cylindricus, piceus, opacus, pilis parcis
obsitus, capite antice late biimpresso, medio vix elevato, thorace punctato,
latitudine fere sesqui longiore, lateribus parallelis tenuiter marginatis, angulis
omnibus rotundatis, disco late sulcato, lineis elevatis solitis fere obssletis ;
elytris sutura costisque utrinque quatuor elevatis, interstitiis biseriatim cri-
bratis. Long. 2-5 mm.

One specimen from Cape San Lucas, Lower California; Mr. Xantus. Easily
known by the cylindrical form, and the almost obsolete sculpture of the tho-
rax ; the usual discoidal costae and the hook-formed elevations surrounding
their anterior extremity can be barely traced. The four costae of the elytra
are acutely and equally elevated, and the intervals each marked with two
rows of quadrate punctures.

AULONIUM Er.

Au. Ion gum, elongatum, ferrugineum, nitidum, vertice subtiliter bitu-
berculata, thorace punctulato latitudine longiore, punctulato, utrinque pro-
funde bistriato, a basi ad medium irregulariter biseriatim punctato, antice late
excavato, vage bituberculato, et utrinque costato ; elytris pone medium piceis,
punctulatis, striis subtiliter punctatis, baud impressis. Long. 4-75 — 5-5 mm.

Arizona, Dr. Coues. This species is as elongate as Au. tuberculatum,

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 379

but has only two thoracic tubercles, which are less elevated than in Au.
pa rallelopi pedum, though more distinct than in Au. ae q u i c o 1 1 e.
The striae of the elytra are composed of finer punctures than in these spe-
cies, though a little more distinct than in Au. tuberculatum.

SYNCHITA Hellwig.

S. 1 a t i c o 1 1 i s Ditoma latieollis Lee. New spec, p. 66.

The specimen which served as the type of the description had lost the an-
tennae, but so resembled in form, sculpture and coloration, our common D.
quadriguttatum, that I had no hesitation in referring it to the same
genus. I have since obtained a more perfect specimen, and find that the club
of the antennae is solid ; as the antennae are not received in grooves, I have
placed the species in Synchita. An approach to the Ditoma-like sculpture is
seen in S. v a r i e gata Lee, but less decided than in the species in question.

NAUSIBIUS Redt.

N. repandus, linearis, depressus, fusco-piceus, subtiliter pubescens,
capite thoraceque confertim punctatis, illo lateribus baud reflexis, hoc lati-
tudine longiore, lateribus repandis, disco ante basin vix impresso ; elytris
confertim minus subtiliter seriatim punctatis, interstitiis angustis, vix elevatis ;
suhtus fortiter punctatus. Long. 3-5 mm.

Mr. Ulke has found at "Washington, D. C, several specimens of Nausibius
differing from N. d e n t a t u s by the smaller size, narrower form, and much
stronger sculpture; the upper surface of the head is uniformly and slightly
convex, not depressed and reflexed at the sides as in the last named species ;
the sides of the thorax are not toothed in outline ; the anterior angles promi-
nent, rounded, the hind angles acute, with four very feeble undulations be-
tween them. The tooth of the hind thighs is as prominent as in N. d e n t a t u 8.

LATHROPUS Er.

A species of this genus has bpen found abundantly by Mr. Ulke, near
"Washington, D. C, which by description I cannot distinguish from the
European L. sepicola, except that the alternate intervals of the elytra are
scarcely more elevated.

I fouud several specimens at Fort Yuma, California, differing from those
given me by Mr. Ulke in being brown instead of black, the sides of the
thorax somewhat more rounded, and more distinctly repand, and the alternate
intervals of the elytra distinctly more elevated.

I am not prepared at present to discuss the value of these differences, and
therefore confine myself to making known the existence of the genus in North
America.

Trogosita pusillima Mann., Bull. Mosc, 1843, p. 303, from Sitka, is
probably a species of Lathropus, but must differ, according to description,
by the thorax having a dorsal impressed line in addition to the lateral
ones.

LiEMOPHLCEUS Lap.

L. angustulus, linearis, subdepressus, testaceus, subtiliter pubes-
cens, capite thoraceque confertim punctatis, hoc latitudine fere sesqui longiore,
postice paulo angustato, utrinque unistriato ; elytris striatis, interstitiis uui-
seriatim punctatis ; antennis capite thoraceque baud longioiibus, articulis
tribis ultimis majoribus. Long. 2 mm.

Washington, D. C. ; Mr. Ulke. Narrower than our other species, approach-
ing in form a Silvanus. The thorax is nearly one-half longer than wide,
tolerably densely and strongly punctured ; it is slightly narrowed behind the
middle, and the angles are rectangular ; the lateral stria is well marked, and
the disc is marked with a vague longitudinal impression.

1866.]

330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

This species belongs to the division with the scutellum transverse, and
the front very slightly emarginate, and represents in North America L. clema-
tidis of Europe.

ELMIS Latr.

E. latiusculus, oblongo-ovalis, paulo convexus, niger supra nitidus,
subtilissime reticulatus, thorace latitudine summa breviore, a basi antrorsurn
fortiter angustato, lateribus modice rotundatis, disco parce punctulato, lineis
a margine reraotis antice convergentibus ; elytris punctato-striatis, intersti-
tiis parce uuiseriatira punctulatis, lateribus carinatis ; antenuis pedibusque
rufis. Long. 1*5 mm.

In the mountain region of Pennsylvania; Mr. Ulke. This and the next
species belong to the second group of Eiichson (Ins. Deutschl., iii. 527), not
before known to be represented in our fauna. The characters above given
easily distinguish it from the European species described in his work. The
punctures of the striae of the elytra are but little larger, though less distant
than those of the intervals.

E. nitidulus, oblongo-ovalis, angustior, convexus, niger supra nitidus,
subtilissime reticulatus, parce subtiliter pubescens, thorace latitudine summa
baud breviore, a basi antrorsurn, angustato, lateribus paulo rotundatis, disco
parce obsolete punctulato, lineis convergentibus ; elytris punctis magnis re-
motis seriatim positis, stria 4ta profunda, interstitiis uniseriatim punctulatis,
lateribus subcarinatis ; antennis pedibusque rufis. Long. l-25 mm.

New York; Mr. Ulke. Smaller and narrower than the preceding, and
easily recognized by the different sculpture of the elytra. The punctures
representing striae are large and distant ; the fourth stria is deeply impressed,
so that the fourth interval is slightly elevated. The scutellum is almost or-
bicular in this species ; in E. latiusculus it is somewhat oblong, or oval,
while in our vittate species (E. vittatus, bivittatus and 4-notatus)
it is elongate and triangular. I also observe that the base of the
prothorax is feebly emarginate in front of the scutellum in E. latiusculus,
though much less so than in Limnius oval is and fastiditus. In L.
el eg ans, the scutellum is oval rather than orbicular, and in the List I have
placed that species in Elmis ; but it would be preferable to adopt the opinion
of Lacordaire, (Gen. Col. ii. 509), and regard the differences as not sufficient
to separate the genera.

DORCUS McLeay.

D. co status. In my List of Coleoptera of North America a new species
is mentioned under this name, but, by inadvertence, does not appear
in the Descriptions which accompany that work. On examining the single
female upon which I proposed to found the species, I am rather dis-
posed to regard it as an extreme variation of D. p a r a 1 1 e 1 u s. It agrees,
in form, size and sculpture, with that species, except as regards the elytra,
which are not deeply striate with convex intervals, but have the suture and
four narrow costae on each, elevated, shining and punctured ; the broad
spaces between these costae, and the whole of the apex, are deeply and densely
punctured. On close examination I perceive here and there faint remnants
of striae in the broad punctured spaces, and the difference in sculpture, so
striking at the first view, may be regarded as produced by the suppression of
some of the convex intervals between the striae of D. parallel us, the
suture, the third, sixth, ninth and outermost ones only being left. The spe-
cimen was found in western New York.

CANTHON Hoffm.
C. indigaceus, ovalis, convexus, nigrocyaneus nitidus, clypeo nigri-
cante antice bidentato, margine anguste reflexo, confertim rugoso, elytris vix
obsolete striatis. Long. 10 mm.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 381

Fort Whipple, Arizona, Dr. E. Coues, U. S. A. This species resembles, in
size and color, C. cyanellus Lee, but is more oval in form, and differs
by the surface being free from punctures, and by the form of the clypeus,
which in C. cyanellus is four-toothed, with the margin scarcely refiexed,
while in the present species it is formed as in C. lsevis. The eyes are
narrow ; the margin of the thorax is scarcely interrupted on the under sur-
face near the anterior angles, the tubercle seen in most species being nearly
effaced, though not absolutely wanting, as in C. cyanellus, simplex
and some otliers.

C. puncticollis, rotundato-ovatus, antice convexus, ater opacus, sub-
tiliter reticulatus, clypeo obtuse 6-denlato, margine reflexo, capite parce punc-
tato, antice rugoso, thorace parce et profunde, licet baud fortiter punctato,
lateribus medio angulatis ; elytris depressis, striis distinctis, interstitiis granu-
lis vix elevatis parcis obsitis. Long. U — 7 mm.

Two specimens, Cape San Lucas, Lower California, Mr. Xantus. This spe-
cies has the appearance of small specimens ofC. praticola Lee, and, like
it, has the eyes narrow, and the margin of the prothorax interrupted on the
under surface by a well marked tubercle, 'but differs from it as from all the
other species in my collection, having the last mentioned character, by the dis-
tinct punctulation of the head and thorax. The color is a dull black, as in
C. praticola; each elytron is slightly bituberculate at the base near the
scutellum in both specimens, but more distinctly so in the larger.

COPRIS Geoffroy.

C. remotus, cylindrico-ovalis, niger nitidus, capite punctato, clypeo
semicirculari, antice remote obtuse bidenticulato, thorace canaliculato irregu-
lariter puuetato ; elytris interstitiis con vexis kevibus, striis subtilibus punc-
tatis. Long. 14 mm.

Mas capite cornu cylindrico erecto frontali, thorace tuberculis quatuor
magnis externis compressis, intermediis conicis ; fovea magna utrinque
versus latera, plicaque brevi armato. Femina latet.

Texas, near the Rio Grande, two specimens. This species resembles, in the
armature of the head and thorax, C. moechus and C. anaglypticus,
but differs essentially from them by the clypeus being not incised at the tip,
but armed with two distant small obtuse teeth ; the punctures of the thorax
are larger and unequally distributed, the greater portion of the surface being
smooth; the medial tube»cles are distant, and not united ; the intervals
between the striae are smooth and convex, the strife themselves very fine, and
marked each with a row of punctures extending transversely.

GEOTRUPES Latr.

I have mentioned in the List, under the MS. name G. retnsns McLeay,
a remarkable species found, in the Southern States, underdecomposing fungi.
It is not described in the monograph of Geotrupes by Mr. Jekel,* and, in
fact, constitutes a group distinct from any of those characterized by him.

The elytra are broadly ovate, very convex, connate and destitute of strise ;
the clypeus is semicircular, with the lobes before the eyes large and rounded ;
the front in the r^ is armed with a shorthorn or acute tubercle, whicli in the
9 is reduced to a feeble elevation ; the prothorax of the $ is flattened and
declivous before the middle, and longitudinally broadly excavated, thus pro-
ducing a transverse somewhat lunate elevation about the middle ; in the
female a slight dorsal channel is seen, and a feebly-impressed fovea each side,
half way between the middle and the lateral fovea. The apical tooth of the
anterior tibia? of the ^ is broadly emarginate at tip, and prolonged inwards
into a slender acute process. The middle tarsi of tf are slightly larger than

*Annales de la Soc. Enormlogique de France, 1855, p. 513.

1866.]

382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

those of 9> but not thickened as in G. splendid us and its allies; the
upper surface is opaque and very densely granulated ; the second joint of the
antennal club is normal, that is, not received in the first. If a name for this
group is considered desirable, it may be called Mycotrupes.

G. retusus, nigro-seneus opacus, confertissime granulatus, fronte cornu
brevi vel tuberculo armato, thorace antice fortius angustato, lateribus antice
obliquis, postice incurvatis, margine laterali rellexo, basi utrinque sinuata,
angulis posticis retrorsum paulo productis, disco convexo, prope basin fere
retuso ; elytris fortiter marginatis, baud striatis, thorace vix longioribus.
Long. 14*5 — 17 mm.

From North Carolina to Louisiana ; rare. The sides of the thorax are
curved inwards for the hinder third of their length ; they converge obliquely
forwards from the broadest part, which is behind the middle.

CYCLOCEPHALA Latr.

C. manca, supra fusca, nitida glabra, thoracis lateribus, scutello stri-
gisque elytrorum utrinque duabus abbreviatis pallidis ; clypeo parabolico,
anguste marginato, antennis 9-articulatis. Long. 19*5 mm. ; lat. 9*5 mm.

Mas tarsis anticis incrassatis, ungue interno majore, crassiore, apice fisso,
antennarum clava haud elongata.

One male, Arizona, Dr. Coues, U. S. A. This species has an elongate form,
being somewhat similar in size and form to Chalepus trachypygus. The color
above is dark brown, the sides of the thorax and two short vittse on each elytron
are pale yellow ; the scutellum is pale yellow, margined behind with brown ;
the head is moderately punctured, the clypeus parabolic and very narrowly
margined ; the palpi and antenna? are brown, the latter have but nine joints,
, the sixth being thicker but not longer than the third ; the club is a little
longer than the joints 2, — 7 together, but does not present the elongate form
seen in the males of our other species ; the thorax is twice as wide as long,
gradually narrowed in front, rounded on the sides, finely and sparsely punc-
tured, sides pale, with a large brown cloud connected with the ground color of
the disc ; elytra sparsely punctured, punctures finer towards the tip ; a faint
trace of a discoidal elevated stripe may be seen, outside of which are two
parallel pale yellow vittse occupying the middle third of the length ; pygidium
and pectus testaceous, hairy ; abdomen brown ; the last segment and hind
margin of penultimate yellow ; feet testaceous ; trochanters, knees, margin
of tibise and tarsi brown.

LIGYRUS Burm.

L. rugiceps Lee. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1856, p. 21. For excel-
lent specimens of this species, found in Louisiana, lam indebted to Mr. Ulke.
The thorax is comparatively larger than in L. relict us. with the sides
more rounded in front, and nearly parallel behind ; the punctures of the
thorax and of the elytral rows are larger, shallower and more umbrlicated
than in L. relict u s, and those of the internals smaller ; the color is duller
black. The difference in size is considerable, the present species being but
13*5 mm. long., while L. relict us is from 18 — 22 mm. I observe no
sexual differences in the specimens before me. This species has been acci-
dentally omitted in the List.

STRATEGUS Hope.

S. cessus, elongato-ovalis, supra nigro-piceus, nitidus, capite confertim
punctato, fronte transversim carinata, clypeo triangulari apice rotundato, tho-
race ovate ad medium circulariter excavato, pone apicem transversim breviter
cornuto (r^) vel tuberculato 9 ! corpore ferrugineo, tibiarum margine tar-
sisque obscuris, mandibulis haud dentatis. Long. 31 mm. ; lat. 17 mm.

Arizona, Dr. Coues. Two other specimens are in Mr. Ulke's collection.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 383

This species resembles in form S. s pi e n d e n s, and, like it, presents
no great sexual differences. It differs from that, as from all other
species of the genus known to me, by the mandibles being broadly
truncate at tip, with the outer angle rounded. I may remark, in passing,
that the ^ of S. splendens resembles very much the 9 of S. J u 1 i a n u s,
but may be easily distinguished by the form of the clypeus, which in the
latter is more acute and subtruncate at tip, while in the former it is less
acute, and more rounded. The excavation of the prothorax likewise retains
iu the $ of S. Julianus a subtriangular form, while in S. splendens
it is quite circular.

PHILEURUS Latr.

P. ill at us Lee. On renewed examination of the fragments upon which
I established this species, with specimens of P. v i t u 1 u s Lee, N. Sp. p. SO.
from Cape San Lucas, I am convinced that they are identical ; the latter
name should therefore be suppressed. The species is common to the region
of the Colorado Desert, and Lower California, and is another example of the
propriety of including the latter province within the zoological, as it will
eventually be within the political, boundaries of the United States.

ANCYLOCHIRA Esch.

In my revision of the Buprestida? of the United States, I have divided the
species of this genus into two groups. The first contains those in which the
anterior tibise are emarginate internally in the male, and hooked at the ex-
tremity ; the last three dorsal segments of both sexes are rounded ; the fifth
ventral segment varies in form, according to sex ; the thorax is sometimes
subcarinate, but never channeled. The second contains the species having
the tibife alike in both sexes ; the antepenultimate dorsal segment is trun- '
cate or emarginate ; and the fifth ventral is alike in both sexes, broadly trun-
cate, with the angles slightly prolonged ; the thorax is always feebly chan-
nelled. A. sexplagiata, Langii and fasciata, which, in the List,
are placed in the first division, should be transferred to the second.

ACMiEODERA Esch.

A. amplicollis, robusta cuneiformis, senea, vel cyaneo-senea, punc-
tata, supra pube longa erecta villosa, subtus laxe ciiiereo-pubescens, thorace
lougitudine triplo latiore, lateribus valde obliquis parum rotundatis, fortiter
inarginatis, ad basin elytris latiore, fortiter punctato, medio canaliculato et tri-
angulariter excavato, ad basin utrinque excavato, vitta lata submarginali a
basi fere ad apicem extensa, flava: elytris nigris, vitta dorsali abbreviata, cum
altera matginali postice counexa, fasciisque posticis plus minusve connexis
flavis ; striis grosse punctatis, interstitiis angustis convexis uniseriatim
punctulatis. Long. 10—12 mm.

Fort Whipple, Arizona, Dr. Cones. At first sight this species resembles
the Texan A. semivittata Lee, but it differs very much in the form of
the thorax, by the elytra being narrowed behind from the base, and by the
striae being formed of very coarse punctures. It resembles, in the form of the
thorax, A. flavomarginata and opacula, but is more robust than
those species ; as in them the last ventral segment has an acute submarginal
crest around the tip.

A. decipiens, subcuneiformis, nigro-senea, punctata, pilis longis nigris
erectis villosa, subtus laxe cinereo-pubescens, thorace longitndine triplo latiore,
prope basin elytris latiore, lateribus rotundatis acute marginatis, vitta sub-
marginali antice abbreviata flava ornato, grosse punctato, medio canaliculato,
et triangulariter vage excavato, utrinque oblique excavato ; elytris a basi sub-
augustatis, versus apicem sensim rotundatim attenuatis, nigro-ameis fasciis
transversis varie connexis variegatis, striis antice punctatis haul impressis,

1866.]

384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

pone medium exaratis, interstitiis uniseriatim subtilius punctatis. Long.
10 mm.

One specimen, Arizona, Dr. Coues. This species resembles A. variegata
in the marking of the elytra, and general form of the body, but differs
essentially in the form and excavations of the thorax ; the sides are consider-
ably rounded, less oblique than in A. c o n n e x a, less suddenly and less
strongly incurved at the hind angles ; the transverse submarginal crest of the
last ventral segment is very short, almost as in A. o rna ta.

AGRILUS Sol.

A. Couesii, viridisenens, capite nitido, fortiter punctato, fronte bitu-
berculato, vertice transversiin valde excavato, thorace obscuro, rugose punc-
tato, costis elevatis duabus politis, snlco dorsali maximo lateribusque oblique
excavatis, his albo pubescentibus. lateribus fere rectis angulis posticis cari-
natis ; elytris confertim punctatis, sutura costaque utrinque dorsali fere ad
apicem extensa, elevatis laevibus obscuris, suleo subsuturali breviter cinereo-
pubescente, spatiis duabus laevibus nitidis versus apicem ornato, apice parce
spinosis ; subtus maculis argenteo-pubescentibus variegatus. Long. 11 mm.

One specimen, Arizona. It gives me pleasure to commemorate the valued
labors of Dr. Coues in Arizona by dedicating to him this beautiful species. It
is of a more tropical form than any other in my collection, and is easily recog-
nized by the characters given above ; the two spots in ths elytral sulcus unite
the elevated suture and the discoidal costa ; one is at the end of the latter, and
the other a little anterior. The scutellum is of the usual form, but is deeply
excavated and punctured in the middle, and not transversely carinate ; the
ungues are armed with a large tooth, which is not acute at tip. This species
is to be placed as a distinct group, before A. bilineatus. (Vide Lee. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. xi. 242.)

A. c unens, linearis, postice angustior, aeneus, opacus, capite convexo,
confertim punctato, vix canaliculato, thorace latitudine baud breviore, lateri-
bus fere rectis, postice paulo angustato, angulis posticis longe carinatis, disco
confertim punctato et transversim rugoso, medio obtuse canaliculato, lateri-
bus anguste depressis ; elytris versus suturam longitudinaliter impressis, ab
humeris sensim angustatis, apice serratis et singulatim rotundatis, confertim
sequaliter granulatis : subtus aeneus nitidus, subtiliter punctatus, abdomine
antice late canaliculato. Long. 5 ram.

Texas ; one specimen in the collection of Mr. Ulke. This species belongs
to the division having the claws distant, and armed with a broad, not very
prominent tooth.

XENORHIPIS Lee. (n. g. Buprestidse.)

X. Brendeli, aeneoater, opacus, capite thoraceque reticulatim punctatis,
hoc quadrato, subtilius canaliculato, ante medium transversim irapresso, ely-
tris granulis elevatis asperatis, margine praecipue postice serrulatis, plaga ba-
sali pallida ornatis. Long. 5 mm.

One specimen, Peoiia, Illinois; collected by Dr. E. Brendel and communi-
cated to me by Mr. H Ulke.

This new genus has the general form and sculpture of Anthaxia, but differs
from that as from all other Buprestidse by the antennae being pec'inate.

Body elongate, dull black, with a brassy tinge ; head and thorax sculptured
with shallow reticulations (as in Anthaxia); the former convex, with a broad
medial furrow; antennae longer than head and thorax, black, 11-jointed, first
joint obconical, second and following about equal in length, produced exter-
nally into a long process, which is near the base in the second joint, but gra-
dually changes its position until it becomes apical in the tenth joint ; eleventh
joint similar in length and form to the ramus of the tenth joint. Thorax
quadrate, wider than its length, with the angles acute ; slightly convex,

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 385

sculptured as the head, slightly channeled, and marked with a strong trans-
verse impression just before the middle; apical and basal margins bisinuate-
sides slightly rounded in front andsubsinuate behind. Elytra rough with ele-
vated points, sides serrate, more distinctly toward the tips, which are sepa
rately lounded ; broadly impressed each side at the base, and ornamente I
with a large pale spot, which extends nearly one-third the length, ani lades
insensibly into the black ground color.

Body beneath black, somewhat shiuing, under surface of prothorax reticu-
late, of trunk granulate like the upper surface. Feet piceous, hind tarsi with
the first joint as long as the others united, third and fourth joint with short
membranous lobes ; ungues simple.

The antenna? are inserted under small oblique ridges, the front is not dilated.
The mentum is broad, transverse, and apparently rounded in front. The pro-
sternum behind the coxa? is narrow, not angulated on the sides, acute at tip ;
the mesosternum is completely divided, and is not connate with the metaster-
uum ; the side pieces of the latter are moderately broad, the epiraera not cov-
ered by the abdomen, and the sternum itself is marked each side with a large
hairy depression. The hind coxa? are broad, scarcely narrowed externally,
and extend not quite to the side of the abdomen. The last ventral segment
is emarginate.

I consider this genus as representing a new group of the tribe Buprestini
(Lee. Class. Col. 151), between Buprestes and Anthaxia?.

DYSTAXIA Lee. (n. g. Buprestida?).

D. Murray i, elongato-ovalis, convexa, ltete viridi-senea, capite thorace-
que confertim punctatis, hoc trapezoideo a basi antrorsum angustato, longi-
tudine plus duplo latiore, lateribus obliquis recti's, basi bisinuato, angulis
posticis acutis; elytris thorace paulo latioribus, confertissime punctatis etsubti-
liter cinereo pubescentibus ; subtus confertim punctata, pube alba dense ves-
tita, antennis pedibusque la?te rufo testaceis. Long. 14 mm.

One female from California, presented to me by Andrew Murray, Esq. This
new genus is founded upon an insect of rather stout form, having the elytra a
little wider than the thorax, parallel and finely margined on the sides, round-
ed and not serrate at tip ; having the claws armed with a large but not very
acute tooth, and the membranous appendage of the fourth tarsal joint deeply
divided into two narrow lobes, as in Schizopus.

The head is short and convex, the antenna? inserted under very slight fron-
tal ridges, and are feebly serrate in the female; the joints 1—4 are smooth
and shining, the following ones slightly porous, and feebly pubescent on the
sides. The eyes are transverse, elliptical, moderate in size, and finely granu-
lated. The labrum is small and deeply emarginate ; the mandibles are short
and very stout ; palpi broken. The thorax is trapezoidal, sides straight, with
the lateral margin well marked behind the middle ; base broadly Insinuate,
hind angles acute ; scutellum transverse, acute at tip. Elytra destitute of
striae, each broadly rounded at the base, fitting closely the basal outline of the
thorax ; wider than the thorax, parallel and finely margined at the sides, ob-
tusely rounded at tip. Prosternum short, slightly produced over the meso-
sternum, obtusely rounded at tip; meS"sternum short, side pieces large, ex-
tending to the coxa? ; metasternum short, posterior outline sinuate, with an
oblique engraved line near the inner half; episterna wide, epimera very small.
Anterior and middle coxa? small; trochantin indistinct or wanting ; hind coxa?
extending nearly to the side of the abdomen, slightly wider inwards. Legs
slender, femora unarmed, tibia? with small spurs ; tarsi shorter than the tibia?,
joints 1 — 4 with membranous lobes beneath, second lobe slightly emarginate,
third lobe deeply emarginate, fourth lobe bilobed and much longer, claw joint
moderately long, claws armed with a tooth near the tip. Abdomen with fivo
ventral segments, the first and second connate, the fifth rounded at tip.

18rj6.] 25

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

A careful comparison of this singular insect with Schizopus laet us Lee,
(figured in Thomson's Arcana Naturae pi. xiii. f. 4), shows that, apart from
the form and number of the last ventral segments, and the less strongly ser-
rate antennae, which are sexual characters, the two genera differ very slightly ;
the side margin of the thorax is indistinct, even towards the base in Schizopus,
and the sides themselves are somewhat curved ; the scutellum is less trans-
verse, the punctuation of the upper surface is coarser, and the pubescence of
the under surface less dense ; the membranous lobes of the first, second and
third tarsal joints are much less developed ; and the labrum is somewhat
larger, though also emarginate. On comparing D y s t a x i a with an ordinary
Buprestide (one of the second division of An cy lo chira for instance}, there is
seen to be almost no difference in the head, except that the mandibles are
thicker and more obtuse, as many other genera of Buprestidae ; the prosternum
fits less accurately to the mesosternum ; the trochantins of the front and
middle cox.-e are less distinct, and the hind coxae are less dilated inwards. All
these are characters of feeble importance, and the only really well marked
distinctions, of more than generic value, consist in the divided membranous
tarsal lobes, and the toothed ungues. The last character is seen in several
genera of Buprestidae, and the former is certainly insufficient for more than a
secondary division of the family.

I therefore conclude that the family Scbizopodida? must be suppressed, and
that Schizopus and Dystaxia must be associated as a separate tribe, which
may be placed after Buprestini, under the name Schizopini, and characterized
by the lobe of the fourth tarsal joint being cleft.

STETHON Lee. (n. g. Eucnemidae).

S. pectorosus, cylindricus, antice paulo latior, piceus haud nitidus,
supra confertim punctatus, brevissime pubescens, capite magno, fronte obso-
lete canaliculata, thorace latitudine vix breviore utrinque obsolete bifoveato, et
pone medium obsolete canaliculato; elytris striatis, autennis, palpis pedibusque
ob?cure rufis. Long. 8 mm.

Two specimens of this species were found by Mr. M. Schuster, in central
Illinois, one of which he has kindly placed in my collection.

This genus is readily distinguished by the following characters : Head
large, eyes not touching the anterior margin of the prothorax; epistoma broad,
emarginate each side for the reception of the antennae, which are distant,
11 jointed ; first joint long, as usual, second very short, third twice as long as
wide, 4 — 10 quadrate, gradually shorter, more transverse, and slightly
narrowed inwards, eleventh rounded at tip, one-half longer than the preceding.
Maxillary palpi compressed, last joint securiform. Prothorax with a deep
channel beneath the lateral margin, for the reception of the antennae, this
chaunel sharply terminated under the hind angles ; side pieces excavated be-
hind for the reception of the anterior legs ; prosternum very broad, strongly
margined in front, lateral sutures much curved, convex outwards, not exca-
vated, posterior process broad, acuminate at tip. Metasternum with the side
pieces very narrow ; hind coxae broad, somewhat dilated internally, and ob-
tusely angulated. Last ventral segment obtusely acuminate at tip. Legs
short, tarsi not lobed beneath, first joint as long as the four following united,"
claws not toothed.

It resembles Otho (known to me only by figure and description), but
differs by the third joint of the antennas being longer than the fourth, by the
antennae being less approximate and not pectinate, and by the form of the hind
coxae. I infer also that the sutures of the presternum are different in direc-
tion, since such an important character would not have been overlooked in
the description of the European genus. It has also strong relations with
D en droc h aris, from which it differs by the non pectinate antennae, and
simple tarsi, as well as by the epistoma being distinctly emarginate for the
. insertion of the antennae, and by the eyes not touching the prothorax.

Pec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 387

FORNAX Lap.

F. b a s a 1 i s , niger, elongatus, subcuueiformis, dense subtiliter puncta-
tus, nigro-pubescens ; elytris vix striatis, basi late cinereo-pubescentibus, tho-
race latitudine paulo longiore, pone medium canaliculato, et triangulariter
late excavato. Long. 8 mm.

California ; Mr. Akburst ; specimens were also obtained by Dr. Horn. This
species is more robust than F. cy lin dr icoll is, to which it bears resem-
blance on account of the sculpture and thoracic impression, but it differs by
the grooves for the reception of the antennae being feeble, and ill defined, and
by the fourth tarsal joint being not at all dilated. It agrees with F. c y 1 i n-
dricollis in having the third antennal joint twice as long as the fourth,
and in the ungues being not toothed.

F. calceatus belongs to the genus Dromseolus Kies., which, as ap-
pears to me, should not be separated from Fornax ; to those who regard it as
distinct, the name Isarthrus Lee. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi. 48) will re-
commend itself on the ground of priority.

MICRORHAGUS Esch.

M. rufiolus, fusco-ferrugineus, helvo-pubescens, capite fortiter, tho-
raceque sat dense punctatis, hoc latitudine paulo breviore, lateribus rectis
parallelis, angulis posticis productis carinatis, ante basin breviter subcarinato ;
elytris a basi sensin attenuatis, apice rotundatis, punctatis, obsolete striatis ;
prothoracis margine superiore brevi anticeambiente, inferioread apicem paulo
abbreviata ; antennis elongatis, vix serratis, articulis 2 et 3 sequalibus, brevi-
bus, 4to conjunctis paulo longiore. Long. 5 mm.

Ohio; several specimens were collected by Mr. H. S. Fay, one of which was
kindly given me by M Ulke. The small size of the third antennal joint,
which is scarcely long than the second, readily distinguishes this species
from those previously > scribed. The upper marginal line of the thorax is
very short, the lower oi extends from the base almost to the tip : the hind
angles are strongly carii. te, and the carinas are straight.

M. pectinatus, Laearis, vix cuneiformis, piceus, helvo-pubescens,
capite confertim punctato, subcanaliculato, thorace latitudine breviore, antror-
sum subangustato, lateribus perparum rotundatis, linea marginali superiore
integra, angulis posticis deplanatis, disco sat dense profunde punctato ; ely-
tris profunde punctatis, vix obsolete striatis ; antennis rufo-piceis, pedibus
pallidioribus. Long. 4 mm.

Mas antennis pube erecta villosis, articulis 3 — 10 apice ramo cylindrico
munitis.

York Co., Pennsylvania ; kindly given me by Prof. L. Agassiz. This spe-
cies, by the entire upper marginal line of the thorax, and the pectinate an-
tennae, differs from all the other native species known to me ; in these charac-
ters it resembles M. pygmseus of Europe, but on comparison the sculpture
of the prothorax appears quite different ; in the latter the punctures are large
and shallow, while in M. pectinatus they are smaller and deep.

HYP0C03LUS Esch.

H. terminalis, elongatus, ater opacus, confertissime punctatus, sub-
tiliter helvo-pubescens, capite dense punctato subtiliter carinato, thorace
latitudine vix breviore, a basi antrorsum paulo angustato, lateribus ante
medium paulo rotundatis, dorso postice subcanaliculato, angulis posticis
acutis, obsolete bicarinatis ; elytris confertim rugose punctatis, substriatis ;
antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis, illis articulo ultimo prsecedentibus duobus
longiore. Long. 4 mm.

Ottawa, Canada ; Mr. Billings. This little species resembles in size and

1866.]

888 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

form Eucnemis amoenicornis, but is readily distinguished both by the
generic and specific characters.

The antenna? are about half the length of the body ; the first joint is rather
stout, and reaches to the hind margin of the eyes, the second is small, the
third about one-third longer than the fourth ; the joints 4 — 10 gradually in-
crease slightly in length and thickness, and the eleventh is longer than the
ninth and tenth united, parallel on the sides, and obtusely rounded at tip ;
the inflexed portion of the prothorax is broadly but distinctly concave, midway
between the prosternal suture and the side margin, for the reception of the
basal portion of the antennae ; the prosternal sutures are deep, and the poste-
rior spine rather broad. The hind coxae are gradually but strongly dilated
inwards, and broadly truncate behind, almost exactly as in Euc. amoenicor
n i s. First joint of middle and hind tarsi as long as the others united ; fourth
joint not dilated, claws small, simple.

The fine carina of the head extends from between the antennas to the occi-
put, and might, without careful observation, be regarded as an impressed
line.

Eucnemis frontosus Say seems to be better placed in this genus tban in
Nematodes, to which, in the List, I have referred it. The first joint of the
antenna? is much stouter than in N. atropos and penetrans; the in-
flexed portion of the prothorax is wider, and the prosternal spine is broader
and more obtuse.

Epiphanis comutus£sc/i. Many specimens of this species were found
by Mr. Ulke in the mountains of Central Penneylvania. I have also seen spe-
cimens from Canada.

NEMATODES Latr.

N. simplex, fusco ferrugineus, elongatus, minus subtiliter helvo-pubes-
cens, capite confertim punctato, antice valde convexo, thorace latitudine fere
longiore, antrorsum subangustato, lateribus rectis, confertim punctato, postice
vage subcanaliculato ; elytris ab humeris subaugustatis, striatis, interstitiis
confertim punctatis ; subtus punctatus, propectore haud sulcato, tarsorum
articulo 4to simplici ; antennis articulis 3 — -10 sequalibus. Long. 7-5 mm.

One specimen from New York in the collection of Mr. Ulke. Resembles in
appearance Agriotes oblongicollis. This species differs from those pre-
viously described by the entire absence of vague grooves for the reception of
part of the antenna?, and by the fourth joint of the tarsi not being dilated or
lobed. The first joint of the hind tarsi is as long as the three following.

CEROPHYTUM Latr.

C. convexicolle, subcylindricus, niger opacus, tenue pubescens,
dense fortiter punctatus, thorace longitudine plus duplo latiore, lateribus valde
rotundatis, angulis posticis baud prominulis ; antennarum articulo 3io lato
triangulari, 4to et 5to ad medium obtuse ramosis, tibiis tarsisque obscure
ferrugineis. Long. 7 mm.

One male specimen was sent me by my friend the late Dr. Schaum, as found
at Sacramento, California. It resembles closely the male of C. pulsator,
but the thorax is more rounded on the sides, especially behind the middle, so
that the hind angles are much less obvious ; the third joint of the antenna? is
also quite different in form, being triangular, with the outer angle obtusely
and slightly produced ; the fourth and fifth joints are produced at the middle
of the outer margin into obtuse processes ; the processes of the outer
joints originate near the base of each joint; in C. pulsator all the
processes originate at the base of their respective joints, and the third joint is
not different in form from the fourth. The tibia? and tarsi are tinged with
ferruginous.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 389

ADELOCERA Latr.

A. pyrsolepis, castanea, confertim punctata, squamis fulvis dense tecta,
paucis nigris intermixtis, tliorace latitudine baud longiore, antice angustato,
lateribns ante medium rotundatis, angulis posticis parvis, divergentibus, haud
carinatis, medio late canaliculato ; elytris dorso depressis, puuctis nigris mar-
moratis ; subtus, antennis pedibusque fuscis. Long. 13 mm.

New Mexico ; one specimen from New Mexico in Mr. Ulke's collection.
Allied to A. rorulenta Lee, but differs by the more robust form, brown
color, more dense golden fulvous scales, and by the less elongate thorax
having the hind angles divergent. It agrees nearly with the description of
the European A. le p ido pter a, as given by Candcze (Elat. i. 52), except
that there is no impression each side of the dorsal channel of the thorax.

A. mac u lata, nigra, supra nigro-squamosa, confertim punctata, uiacu-
lis pallide aureo squamosis ornata, thorace latitudine longiore, convexo,
antice angustato, lateribus parallelis antice rotundatis, angulis posticis rectis
planis, haud divergentibus ; elytris extrorsum obsolete striatis, dorso vix
depressis ; subtus pallide squamosa, antennis pedibusque fuscis. Long.
13 mm.

One specimen found near Philadelphia, by J. Johnson Brown, Esq., and
another at Washington, D. C, by Mr. Ulke. Related to A. a vita, but differs
by the pale scales not being uniformly diffused, but aggregated into spots.
The thorax is scarcely channeled, and is ornamented with four discoidal
patches of pale golden scales ; the sides, and to a less extent the apex, are
sprinkled with similar scales. The elytra are slightly depressed towards the
suture, and are feebly striate towards the base and sides ; there are small
scattered patches of pale golden scales, and two spots placed near the sides at
three-fourths of the length of the elytra, forming an oblique sinuous short
fascia; another spot is seen on the side near the apex. The front is not con-
cave ; the antennae are fuscous, and extend to about the middle of the thorax.
The feet are fuscous, and the tarsal grooves of the under surface of the pro-
thorax are distinct, though not well defined. The under surface of the body
is uniformly though not densely clothed with pale scales.

ALAUS Esch.

A. m e 1 a n o p s Lee. New Spec. Col. N. Am. 83 (March, 18G3), is A. n a j a
Cande'ze, Mem. Acad. Roy. Belgique, xvii. p. 18 (1864).

CRYPTOHYPNUS Esch.

C. quadripustulatus Genu., Zeitsch. Eat., v. 142; Cande'ze, Mon.
EL, iii. 76. Elater quadr. Fabr., Syst. El., ii. 248.

Specimens which agree with the descriptions of this European species were
found by Mr. Ulke at Washington ; they all belong to the variety in which
only the humeral spot of the elytra is present. The resemblance in form to a
small Cardiophorus, mentioned by Candeze, is very striking.

C. gen til is, niger, pube brevi subtili flavo-cinerea vestitus, thorace
confertim subtiliter punctato, linea dorsali vix conspicua, latitudine vix
breviore, a medio antrorsum angustato, et lateribus rotundato, angulis posti-
cis acutis, haud divaricatis, breviter carinatis, apice testaceis ; elytris striatis,
interstitiis convexis, dense punctulatis, utrinque maculis duabus flavis orna-
tis ; sutura postice, epipleuris, tibiis tarsisque testaceis ; femoribus antennis-
que piceis, his articulo 3io 2ndo paulo longiore. Long. 3-5 mm.

Nebraska; two specimens were received by Mr. Ulke, one of which he has
kindly placed in my collection. In the male the thorax is a little wider just
in front of the base, so that the hind angles appear somewhat divergent, and
the antenna? are slightly longer than in the female. The anterior elytral spot

1866.]

390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

extends from the humerus backwards, about one-third the length of the ely-
tron, growing broader posteriorly, and inclining towards the suture ; the pos-
terior spot is transverse, reaching neither the suture nor the side, and is placed
about the posterior third of the length.

In form this species is similar to C. c h o r i s, from which it differs altogether
by its sculpture.

MEGAPENTHES Kies.

M. angularis, fusco rufescens nitidus, dense helvo-pnbescens, tho-
race latitudine paulo longiore, lateribus postice parallelis, antice rotundatis,
disco convexo sat dense punctato, punctis umbilicatis, postice vix canalicu-
lar, angulis posticis fortiter bicarinatis ; elytris striis punctatis, interstitiis
baud couvexis, rugose punctatis, antennis pedibusque paulo pallidioribus,
illis articulis 2 et 3 conjunctis 4to haud brevioribus. Long. 10 mm.

One specimen ; Missouri. This specimen agrees with the description of M.
modestus Cand., Mon. EL, ii. 507, from northern Hindoostan, except that
the thorax is scarcely channeled near the base, and that the antennae can
hardly be said to be ferruginous, nor the feet red.

ANCHASTUS Lee.

A. bi color, ferruginous, subtilius pubescens, capite thoraceque sat
dense punctatis, hoc latitudine fere longiore, angulis posticis vix divergenti-
bus, unicarinatis, lateribus rectis prope apicem rotundatis, disco convexo
postice canaliculato ; elytris nigerrimis, striis punctatis, interstitiis planis
punctulatis ; antennis obscuris, articulis 3io et 4to aequalibus. Long. 7 mm.

One specimen from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, in the collection of
Mr. Ulke. The membranous lobe of the third tarsal joint extends slightly
beyond the fourth joint.

MELANOTUS Esch.

M. gradatus, nigro-piceus, pube brevi subtili vestitus, thorace convexo,
latitudine haud breviore, lateribus subparallelis, antice rotundatis, basi dense
subtiliter, apice rude punctato, angulis posticis unicarinatis ; elytris striis
punctatis, interstitiis planis punctulatis, pedibus piceo-ferrugineis ; antenna-
rum articulo 3io sequente paulo breviore. Long. 13*5 mm.

One specimen from Maryland, in the collection of Mr. Ulke. Very distinct
by the punctuation of the thorax, which is coarse near the anterior margin,
gradually becoming fine and very dense at the base. The head is coarsely
punctured, the front somewhat flattened and vaguely impressed ; the thorax
is feebly channeled behind the middle. The third joint of the antennae is
about twice as long as the second, and but little shorter than the fourth.

M. opacicollis, fuscus, capite dense punctato, thorace latitudine haud
breviore, antice angustato, lateribus late rotundatis, confertissime punctulato,
opaco, pube erecta grisea dense vestito, versus apicem punctato, angulis pos-
ticis bicarinatis ; elytris nitidis, striis punctatis, interstitiis parce punctulatis,
cinereo-pubescentibus ; antennis pedibusque ferrugiueis, illis articulo 3io
prsecedente sesqui longiore. Long. 10 — 11 mm.

Rock Island, Illinois ; Mr. B. D. Walsh. The disc of the thorax is mode-
rately convex, very feebly channeled, covered (except near the apical margin
which is moderately punctured) with a very fine punctuation, so dense as to
make the surface dull ; the pubescence is short and erect. The front is
slightly depressed ; the third joint of the antennae is not dilated, and is one-
half longer than the second. This species is very distinct by the sculpture of
the thorax.

The female differs by the thorax being more convex and less narrowed in
front. The antennae are alike in both sexes.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 391

LIMONIUS Esch.

L. pectoralis, cylindricus, niger, vel nigro piceus, pube plurnbea sub-
tili vestitus ; capite punctato fronte paruin convexa, recte truncata ; thorace
latitudine paulo longiore, valde convexo, antice et postice paulo angustato,
lateribus late rotundatis, disco subtilius minus dense punctato, ante basin
breviter canaliculato, angulis posticis subtiliter carinatis testaceis, margine
apicali saepius testaceo ; elytris lirabo latoruf'o-^)iceo, striis profundis punctatis,
interstitiis planis confertim rugose-punctatis ; subttis piceus, punctatus, pro-
sterni lobo antico, protboracis angulis anticis et posticis laate testaceis ; pedi-
bus obscuris, vel piceo-rufis, antennis piceis, basi dilutioribus, articulo 3io
secundo paulo longiore, 4to vix breviore. Long. 7 mm.

Fort Simpson, Hudson Bay Territory. This species is quite different from
any other in my collection, and seems, by description, to be related to the
European L. cylindricus. As in that speeies, the carina of the hind
angles of the thorax is very near the side margin, and the prosternum is
feebly channeled between the front coxae. Tbe prosternal sutures are deeply
excavated anteriorly, and the yellow color of the under surface of the front
angles extends along the prosternal sutures half way to the front coxae.

L. infernus. Specimens of this species, labelled Elater nimbat us
Say, are contained in the collection of Dr. Melsheimer, now belonging to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The descrip-
tion of Say does not represent the characters of the species in a recognizable
manner, but, as his specimen was obtained from the elder Melsheimer, there
can be no doubt of tbe authenticity of the specimens now in the collection.

ATHOUS Esch.

A. limbatus, nigro-piceus, subtiliter pubescens, capite fortiter punctato,
fronte valde excavata, margine reflexo testaceo, thorace latitudine longiore,
antice convexo postice subcanaliculato, lateribus paulo rotundatis, angulis
posticis carinatis limboque laterali angusto testaceis, confertim punctato ;
elytris striis punctatis, interstitiis fere planis parce punctatis, basi, limbo
externo angusto, epipleurisque luteis ; subtus rufo-piceus, pedibus, prosterni
vitta, lobo suturisque piceo-ferrugineis ; antennis obscurioribus, articulo
2ndo parvo, 3io triangulari elongato. Long. 8 '5 mm.

A specimen from Northern California, given me by Mr. Ulke. The third
joint of the tarsi is very slightly prolonged beneath, and the fourth joint is
small. The carina of the hind angles of the thorax is very near the margin.

A. mnntanus, niger nitidus, subtiliter cinereo-pubescens, capite fortiter
punctato, fronte excavata rubra ; thorace latitudine longiore, antice convexo,
dense fortiter punctato, punctis umbilicatis, basi margineque nigricante,
angulis posticis rectis, carina ad marginem contigua ; elytris striis profundis
punctatis, interstitiis convexis parce punctulatis (basi rufis ?) ; antennis rufo-
piceis, articulo 2ndo parvo, 3io elongato triangulari. Long. 12 5 mm.

A badly preserved specimen from Montana Territory is in my collection. It
resembles in appearance A. equestris, but is smaller, and the elytra are
shining, and finely punctured, while in that species they are opaque, and
coarsely scabro-punctate. The base of the elytra is bright rufous, but the
marking is irregular, and may therefore be not constant ; the tarsi are want-
ing, but from the other specific characters I have no doubt that they are lobed
as in A. equestris.

A. undulatis Kiesenwetter, Ins. Deutschl. iv. 320 ; Candcze, El. iii. 450 ;
El. undulatus De Geer ; El. trifasciatus Herbst, &c.

Mr. Ulke has received, from Hudson Bay, specimens which agree with
the description of this species, thus far found only in Northern Europe and
Asia. I owe to his kindness the specimen in my collection.

1866.]

392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

CORYMBITES Latr.

C. teres, cylindricus, nigro piceus, fusco pubescens, fronte depressa,
capite thoraceque dense fortiter punctatis, punctis umbilicatis, lioc latitadine
longiore, convexo, lateribus rectis parallelis, angulis posticis vix obsolete cari-
natis, baud divergentibus ; elytris striis subtiliter punctatis, interstitiis planis
punctnlatis ; antennis pedibusque fuscis, illis articulo 3io 4to aequali, tnangu-
lari. Long. 12-5 mm.

One female froti California, given me by Mr. Ulke. Tbis species is allied to
C. cylindriformis, but differs by tbe coarse and dense punctures of tbe
bead and tborax ; tbe latter is not channeled. The antennae scarcely attain tbe
base of the elytra, which are slightly tinged with brassy lustre.

C. trapezium, niger, nitidus, vix conspicue pubescens, thorace latitu-
dine breviore, fortiter marginato, lateribus rectis antice convergentibus,
angulis posticis divarhatis, baud carinatia, disco paulo convexo, confertim
punctato ; elytris subtiliter punctatis, punctisque paulo majoribus striaetini
positis, margine latiusculo reflexo ; antennis articulis 3 — 11 conipressis,
sensim paulo angustioribus, 3io 4to aequali. Long. 21-5 mm.

Texas ; sent to me by Mr. A. Salle. Tbis remarkable species does not
resemble any other seen by me, but I have found no characters to warrant me
in separating it as a distinct genus. The body is elongate, not convex, shining
black above, and almost glabrous. The head is punctured and the front is
broadly concave, or rather excavated ; the antennae are longer than the head
and thorax : the second joint small, the third equal to the fourth, triangular
compressed, following joints gradually a little narrower, eleventh distinctly
divided, terminal portion a little shorter. Thorax trapezoidal, sides straight,
strongly margined; hind angles divergent, not carinated; di^c only slightly
convex, tolerably thickly punctured. Elytra as wide as the thorax at the
hind angles, lateral margin strongly refiexed, disc finely punctured, with not
very obvious striae composed of somewhat larger punctures. Hind coxae vevy
narrow externally, gradually somewhat widely dilated inwards (about as in
C. aethiops). Front tibiae compressed, longitudinally concave on the
anterior face ; tarsi compressed, more densely pubescent beneath than usual,
not shorter than the tibiae. Front lobe of presternum very short.

C. op a cuius, niger, subopacus, dense helvo-pubescens, capite punctato,
fronte concava, thorace latitudine baud longiore, convexo, obsolete canalicu-
lato, dense punctato, lateribus late rotundatis, angulis posticis acutis diver-
gentibus, carinatis ; elytris striis profunde punctatis, interstitiis angustis
rugose punctatis ; tibiis tarsisque obscure ferrugineis, antennis articulo 2ndo
parvo, 3io triangulari sequente vix angustiore. Long. 8-5 mm.

Oregon; in Mr. Ulke's collection. Somewhat allied to C. divaricatus
Lee, but the sides of the thoiax are rounded. The antennae are broadly ser-
rate, and a little longer than the head and thorax in the specimen described.

C. nicer ens, elongatus, niger, opacus, subtilissime cinereo-pubescens,
capite confertim punctato, fronte convexa, vage triangulariter impressa, tho-
race latitudine fere duplo longiore, parum convexo, dense punctato, lateribus
late sinuatis, angulis posticis divergentibus, apice truncatis, baud carinatis ;
elytris striis punctulatis, interstitiis fere planis, punctatis ; antennarum arti-
culo 2ndo parvo, 3io triangulari sequente paulo longiore. Long. 11 mm.

Oregon ; in Mr. Ulke's collection. The antennae in the specimen before me
are as long as the head and thorax ; the third joint is as broad as the fourth,
and slightly longer.

This species is allied to C. lobatus, but is larger, of a more opaque black
color, and tbe tborax is longer and less convex.

C. morulas Lee, new sp. North Am. Coleoptera, p. 85 (March 1863).

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 393

Specimens of this species from Montana have been subsequently described
by Mr. Bland, under the name C. brunnipes (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. 67).

It occurs at Pembina, and various other places in Hudson Bay Territory,
and also in Montana and the interior of Oregon and Washington Territory.

ANAMESUS Lee. (n. g. Elateridre).

A. convexicollis, 9 alatus, piceus, pubescens, capite confertim punc-
tato, fronte vage triangulariter iiupressa, oculis parvis lateralibus ; thorace
latitudine baud longiore, lateribus subparallelis, antice subrotundatis, angulis
posticis paulo divergentibus, acutis carinatis, disco convexo, subtilius punc-
tate ; elytris abdomine duplo brevioribus apice singulatim rotundatis, striis
baud punctatis, interstitiis punctulatis ; antennis subserratis, capite sesqui
longioribus, articulo 2ndo sequente paulo breviore. Long. 21-5 mm.

One specimen from Nevada in Mr. Ulke's collection. The abdomen has
seven ventral segments, the five seen ordinarily in Elateridse being increased
by the first, (usually concealed behind the coxae, ) becoming visible, and by the
addition of an apical segment as in the 9 °f Euthysanius (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sc. Phil. 1859, 74). In the latter, however, the number of visible segments
is eight.

The wings are well developed, and folded under the elytra, which are only
one-half the length of the abdomen.

Corresponding with the female above described is a male in Mr. Ulke's col-
lection, from Fort Tejon, California. The sculpture is the same; the eyes are
large and prominent ; the antenna? are longer than the head and thorax,
strongly serrate, with the external angle of the joints 2 — 10 acute ; the third
joint is similar to the fourth, though smaller. The elytra are as long as the
abdomen, somewhat dehiscent behind, and acute at tip, paler in color than the
head and thorax. The abdomen has six visible ventral segments, the last be-
ing provided with lateral pieces, as in the males of the allied genera. Length
13-5 mill.

I regard this as the male of the Nevada species, and, as indicating a new
genus, differing from Aplastus by the (usual) 5th ventral segment being
truncate at tip in both sexes, fully exposing the sixth segment; the fifth seg-
ment in Aplastus is rounded at tip, and the sixth retracted.

The two specimens of Aplastus optatus in my collection differ greatly in the
form of the antennae ; the one from Mr. A. Murray has the joints 4 — 10 more
strongly triangular, and more produced at the outer angle, than the specimen
found at Bodega (Cal.) by Mr. George Davidson. I was therefore induced to
regard the latter as a female, a view that is confirmed by the different struc-
ture of the last ventral segment in the two individuals ; the lateral valves,
quite conspicuous in the male, are absent in the supposed female.

The tribe Plastocerini thus exhibits in Western America a very beautiful
series of gradations from Aplastus, in whi h the sexual differences are slight,
through Ananiesus, where the elytra are shortened, and the ventral segments
increased in number, to Euthysanius, in which the ventral segments are still
farther increased, the abdomen excessively elongated, the elytra very short,
and the wings wanting. The female of Plastocerus is not yet discovered. A
correspondence with this regular degradation is seen in the form of antennae,
serrate in Aplastus, and Anamesus ; not greatly unequal in the sexes of the
former, much shorter in the female of the latter ; pectinate, with long
branches in males of Plastocerus and Euthysanius, 11-jointed in the former,
12-joiuted in the latter.

PLASTOCERUS Lee.

P. frater, piceo-castaneus, elytris dilutioribus, helvo-pubescens, capite
thoraceque pilis longioribus vestitis, illo scabro, hoc latitudine paulo breviore,
lateribus antice valJe rotundatis, angulis posticis divergentibus, carinatis,

1866.]

394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

dense punctato, subcanaliculato ; elytris striis punctatis, interstitiis punctatis
et rugosis. Long. 13-5 mm.

Mas articulis antennarum 3 — 10 ramo elongato externo munitis, llmo ramo
praecedentis requali ; abdomine segmento ventrali 6to prominulo.

Fort Tejon, California, Mr. Ulke's collection. This species, of which I have
seen but a single specimen, differs from P. Schaumii chiefly in the form of
the thorax, which is comparatively broader and more rounded on the sides.

LAMPROHIZA Motsch.

L. splendidula Motsch. Etudes Ent., iii. 47 ; Du Val, Clan. Ent. i. 20 ;

Gen. Col. Eur., iii. 161, pi. 39 ; Kiesenw. Ins. Deutschl., iv. 454.
Lampyrus splendidula Linn., &c, &c, (vide Kiesenw. loc. cit.)

A male of this European species was found by Mr. P. R. Uhler, near Balti-
more, Md., and kindly presented to me. It does not yet deserve a place in
our fauna.

PODABRUS Westwood.

P. Pattoni, niger nitidus pubescens, capite parce punctulato, thorace
impunctato, quadrato, latitudine baud longiore, lateribus paulo uridulatis,
angulis anticis oblique truncatis, posticis acutis prominulis, laete flavo mar-
gine antico et postico nigricante, dorso postice bigibboso et medio excavato,
margine laterali angusto reflexo ; elytris baud dense minus subtiliter rugosis;
antennarum articulo 3io praecedente paulo longiore et 4to paulo breviore, un-
guiculis appendiculatis. Long. 6-5 mm.

I found two specimens of this pretty elongate species in Lycoming County,
Pa. It gives me much pleasure in dedicating it to the Hon. B. F. Patton, to
commemorate his value as a friend, as well as his great interest in the object
of the journey during which the specimens were collected.

It resembles in form P. laevicollis, but may be distinguished from the
variety of that species with yellow thorax by the punctures of the head being
less fine and less dense, and by the rugosities of the elytra being more
obvious ; the thorax is a little broader, the outline of the sides is not concave,
but slightly convex, and the lateral margin is very distinctly depressed and
slightly reflexed ; the antennae and feet are black, tlie first and second joints
of the former are pale beneath ; the palpi are pale, with the tip black. P.
simplex Couper, Canadian Nat., 1865, (52, is also related, but the thorax
is comparatively smaller and less polished, and the base of antennae, the
mouth and the feet are yellow.

Descriptions of some new CICINDELID.ffi from the Pacific Coast of the

United States.

BY GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

The insects described in the present paper form part of a collection brought
by myself from the west coast, accumulated during a four years' residence in
California and the adjoining territories. Believing it important to make known
the existence of these species, the descriptions are here given in advance of a
more extended memoir on the Coleoptera of the Pacific slope of our country.

OMUS Esch.

1 33 v i s ater, subopacus, thorace latitudine baud breviore, trapezoides,
modice convexo, ad basin modice intricato-rugoso ; elytris sublaevibus punc-
tisque obsoletis irregulariter impressis. Long. -75.

This species differs from all the others of the genus in being almost entirely'
smooth and subopaque. The elytra are regularly oval, as in californicus, ex-
hibiting a few almost obsolete punctures irregularly placed like the foveas in

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 395

dejeanii and the larger punctures of the other two species. The whole surface
is very finely granulate, causing the subopaque appearance. For this species
I am indebted to C. F. Hoffman, Topographer of the Geological Survey of
California, who discovered it while exploring the high Sierras near the head
waters of King's and Tule" rivers. Two specimens, both males, were found.
It is to be hoped that further collections maybe made in this region, as all the
species collected were either new, or served to illustrate the descent of Arctic-
species. Omus audouinii has been found in the high ridges of the Coast Moun-
tain, near Santa Cruz, and californicus has been sent me from the same region
by Dr. J. G. Cooper. Doubtless many interesting discoveries will yet be made
iu the high mountain region^ of California and Oregon.

CICINDELA Liun.

senilis, atra, opaca, fronte albo-pilosa, granulato-rugosa, thorace latitu-
dine breviore, postice angustato ; elytris pone humeros sensim latioribus, pos-
tice baud serrulatis, lunula humerali oblique prolongata, fascia media perpen-
diculariter refracta ad marginem vix latiore ; subtus viridi-asnea, pleuris albo
pilosis ; labro albo, obsolete tridentato.

Mas palpis labialibus articulo ultimo pallido. Long. -47.

Related more closely to generosa, though much smaller than any
of the species of that group. The form is rather robust, the sides of
the elytra well rounded, with the apex scarcely serrate. The mark-
ings are rather broad. The middle fascia enters at a right angle to
the margin, bends rectangularly, the longitudinal portion being
longer. Color above black, almost entirely devoid of any metallic
lustre.

I obtained this species while in San Francisco, of M. Lorquin, from a large
box of insects said to have been collected in California. I bave, however, no
doubt as to the truth of the locality, as all the other species were undoubtedly
Californian ; but as some doubt always obtains when specimens are not actu-
ally obtained in their native regions, I have thought it advisable to state the
facts, that the locality of the species might hereafter be verified.
Two specimens are in my cabinet, both males.

v ib ex, viridis, fronte pilosa, utrinque subtiliter striata, thorace latitudine
breviore, subquadrato, postice vix angustato ; elytris pone humeros obtusos
sensim latioribus, postice hand serrulatis, punctato-granulatis, lunula hume-
rali oblique prolongata, interrupta, fascia media extus imperfecta obtuse re-
fracta, lunula apicali interruptis ; subtus cyaneo-aenea, pleuris albo-pilosis;
labro albo tridentato.

Mas palpis maxillaribus nigris, palpis labialibus articulo penultimo pallido.
Femina latet. Long. -48.

Fort Klamath, Oregon. The relationship of this species is evi-
dently with oregona and its allies, differing in its more elongate form
and the absence of the serrulations usually found in the tips of the
elytra in the species of this group. The lunules are both interrupted.
The extension of the humeral being oblique. The transverse portion
of the middle band is at a right angle to the margin, and the longitu-
dinal portion oblique. The labrum is distinctly tridentato, the front
covered with rather long erect hairs. The color is bright green.

For this species I am indebted to Dr. H. M. Cronkbite, Act. Assist. Surg.
U. S. A., by whom many valuable species were collected during his residence
in Oregon and California.

In the accompanying wood-cut the engraver accidentally cut away the sub-
apical spot. It is very small, however, and situated between the apex of the
apical lunule and the end of the middle fascia, being rather nearer the former.

gabbii, modice elongata, subcylindrica, supra olivaceo-asnea subnitida,

1866.]

396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

fronte subtilfter striata, thorace subcylindrico latitudine vix longiore, lateribus
rotundatis; elytris subparallelis, valde punctatis ad apicem subtilius serrula-
tis, spina suturali parva baud prominula, lunula bumerali obtuse flexa et ha-
mata, fascia media antice curvata deinde subito et acute refracta, ad suturam
oblique producta ad marginam cum lunula humerali et apicali conjuncta,
lunula apicali antrorsum valde producta; subtus viridi-senea valde albo-pilosa,
labro brevi, medio prominulo unidentato.

Palpis maxillaribus utrius sexus fusco-ameis, labialibus articulo penultimo
albido.

Femina elytris sutura valde ad apicem retracta. Long. -40 — 46.

This is one of the prettiest and the most singular of any of the
species yet reported from California. With evident relations with
group xii. (Lee. Revis. Cicind. of U. S.), it possesses characters
rendering it advisable to form a separate group for its reception,
the position of which is in immediate succession to that contain-
ing salt marsh and fluviatile species. The following characters
will serve to define it.
Thorax subcylindrical, sides rounded, posterior angles not produced in
either sex. The form is slightly depressed. The elytra of the female are
broader than in the male, with the tips narrowing obliquely. The markings
are narrow, united along the margin. There is no basal spot. The apical
lunule is prolonged anteriorly. The middle band curves toward the base, and
is suddenly bent at an acute angle, and obliquely prolonged toward the suture
and to near the apical lunule. The body beneath (except pectus and middle
of abdomen) densely clothed with white hair. Labrum is unidentate. Palpi
pale, with dark tips. Legs long, slender, trochanters and tip of abdomen
reddish.

This species is not uncommon on the salt marsh near Wilmington (San
Pedro), California. They fly rather poorly, and hide when pursued in the
short grass. They occurred during August. It is to be hoped that further
collections of this species may be made, as the greater number collected by
myself were destroyed by an accident to which all bottles are liable.

I dedicate it with pleasure to my friend Mr. Wm. M. Gabb, of the Geological
Survey of California, in recognition of his many very valuable services as a
collector in regions inaccessible to myself.

Notes on the habits of species previously described.

C. vulturina Lee. A beautiful green variety of this species has been
sent me from northern Arizona. Similar specimens are in the cabinets of Dr.
Le Conte and Mr. Ulke, from Fort Whipple, Arizona, where my specimen was
probably collected.

C. vulgaris Say, is found all over Oregon and California, whence collec-
tions have been sent me. In the Sierras on Kern river a beautiful sericeous
green variety existed rather abundantly.

C. oregona Lee. Six specimens of this species from Oregon form a
beautiful series, from the fully marked to that without any evidence of either
bands or lunules. They are all of a dull green color. For these I am indebted
to Dr. Cronkhite, U. S. A., who was stationed for some time at Fort Klamath,
whence many interesting species have been sent me. Specimens of this spe-
cies have been sent me from the southern Sierras. To this species must be
referred the fragments partially described, but not named, by Dr. J. L. Le
Conte ; see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 7, 16, and Revis. Cicind., Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc, vol. xi. p. 41, spec. 22.

C. hirticollis Say, is in every collection made near the sea or along
large rivers.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 397

C. duodecim-guttata occurs everywhere in the Pacific regions, ex-
tending into the valleys east of the Sierra Nevada.

C. h y p e r b o r e a Lee. has been sent me by Mr. Wra. M. Gabb,
from the coast range near Santa Cruz. The markings of this spe-
cies vary in their width. The two specimens in my cabinet have
the markings distinct, while two in the cabinet of Dr. Le Conte
have the humeral lunule and the middle fascia so expanded as to
become confluent. I give a figure of the two varieties, with a view
of completing the series of illustrations of our species.

C. pusilla Say was abundant in Owens Valley, in the beds of streams.

C. haemorrhagica Lee. occurred with the last. It is remarkable that
a species hitherto found only on the sea coast at San Diego, should occur so
far inland.

C. imperfecta Lee. has been sent me from Fort Vancouver, Oregon.

C. guttifera Lee. occurred in tolerable abundance at Fort Grant, on the
San Pedro river, Arizona.

Tetracha Carolina Hope occurred rather abundantly at Fort Yuma,
under chips, etc., on the borders of the Colorado. This insect has now been
found at almost every point from the central Atlantic coast of the United
States to Cape St. Lucas, at the southern extremity of Lower California. It is
probably found along the greater extent of western Mexico. For this and
many other species from this interesting region, 1 am indebted to Capt. John
E. Hill, of California.

i

Descriptions of some new genera and species of Central American COLEOP-

TERA.

BY GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

MACROPNUS.

Gen. Ch. — Mentum quadrate, sides moderately rounded, slightly emarginate
anteriorly. Labial palpi small, last joint ovoid, acuminate. Maxillae armed
internally with six sharp teeth in two rows, palpi moderate, last joint larger,
ovoid, slightly curved, and grooved above. Mandibles tridentate at the ex-
tremity, with a somewhat flattened, vertical, slightly recurved tooth on the
upper surface. Epistome parabolic, slightly margined, broader than the front,
from which it is separated by a slightly sinuate suture. Thorax convex, sides
strongly rounded, base moderately lobed, angles distinct, the anterior more
prominent. Scutellum moderate, twice broader than long. Mesosternum
produced, plane. Elytra very convex, suboval. Legs robust, anterior tibia?
tridentate. Tarsi shorter than the tibia?, last joint with an angular process
beneath. Claws unequal, the outer more robust and forked. Pygidium large,
convex, vertical.

Males. — Posterior coxae very large and very prominent internally. Trochan-
ter prolonged into a spine, curved inwardly. Femora broad, oval, bidentate on
their lower edges, flat internally, convex externally. Posterior tibiae stout,
arcuate, densely pubescent internally, obliquely rugose and deeply punctured
externally, obliquely truncate, inner angle much produced.

eras sip es, yellow, shining, head finely but sparsely punctured. Thorax
densely and finely punctured, with larger punctures at irregular intervals.
Elytra finely and densely punctured, obsoletely striate punctate, towards apex
more coarsely punctured. Beneath brown, scarcely shining, moderately
punctured and sparsely flavo-pilose. Length 1-07 inch.

1866.]

398 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Honduras, Dr. J. L. Le Conte. This beautiful insect has been for some years
in the Academy's cabinet. I have till the present deferred its description, with
the hope that in some of the many memoirs on the insects of Mexico and the
adjacent regions, its description might be found. The characters above given
render it inadmissible in any of the groups of the true Rutelides, combining the
characters of two groups in a manner rendering it inadmissible in either. The
horizontal labrum and posterior margin to the thorax define it as a true Rute-
lide.

Two groups form this tribe, Pelidnotas and Areodae, characterized mainly
by the absence of the frontal suture. The present genus can enter neither
group, as the presence of the frontal suture excludes it from the former, while
the forked tarsal claws exclude it from the latter, while the form of the mandi-
bles serves to distinguish it from either. By a modification of the characters
of groups of Areodae of Lacordaire, it might enter here to form the analogue of
Macropoides, of the Pelidnotae. I prefer, however, separating it entirely, to
form an intermediate group. With this view the Rutelidse verse may be thus
tabulated :

Epistome not distinct from front Pelidnotae.

Epistome separate from front.

Mandibles tridentate ; outer tarsal claws forked Macropni.

" simple; " " simple Areodae.

In addition to the above characters, it might be mentioned that the front is
twice as broad as long, the eyes large and convex, the epistome much broader
than the front, forming the canthi of the eyes by the posterior angle. The
head is short, being a third broader than long, and is deeply set in the thorax,
causing the eyes to be partially hidden by its anterior angles. The mesosternal
spine is moderate, flattened, and slightly grooved beneath. The large posterior
coxae depress the plane of the metasternum below that of the abdomen. Me-
tasternum truncate posteriorly and vertical. Posterior coxa? separate. The
abdomen forms an abrupt convexity beneath, thus causing the pygidium to
assume a rather more acute form than usual. The pygidium is very convex
from above downwards, and finely granulate, presenting a more rugose appear-
ance than any other portion of the insect. The species resembles our Cotalpa
lanigera in form, being, however, slightly more elongated, though less
elongated than either of the Areodae.

A single specimen, a male, from which the above description has been taken,
exists in the cabinet of the Academy.

BRANCHUS Lee.

obscurus, oval, slightly convex, black and opaque, sparsely covered with
short black erect hair, head very densely and coarsely punctured, front trans-
versely and longitudinally impressed ; thorax one-third broader^ than long,
densely and coarsely punctured, narrowed anteriorly, and emarginate ; sides
broadly rounded, slightly emarginate in front of posterior angles, which are
but slightly produced and rounded ; base rounded at the middle, emarginate
on each side. Thorax above with a median slightly elevated line, and two
fovea: ; on each side of the median line are four slightly oblique elevated ridges,
arranged in anterior and posterior pairs. Elytra subcostate, with densely
placed elevated granulations towards apex indistinctly foveate. Beneath smooth
shining, scarcely punctured.

Long. -55, lat. -30. Nicaragua.

Differs from the other species by its less convex form ; the sides of thorax are
also slightly emarginate before the angles. The elytra have a distinct ridge
continuous with the thoracic margin and extending very nearly to the apex.
The species of this genus may be divided into two groups ; floridanus Lee. has
the thorax very convex, while in woodii Lee. and obscurus Horn the thorax and
elytra are rather depressed.

J [Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 399

ANECTUS n. g.

Generic characters as in Branch us Lee, with the following exceptions:
Antennae more slender and elongate, the ninth joint rather suddenly dilated.
Mentum trapezoidal sides less rounded and less emarginate anteriorly. Gular
peduncle smaller, with the median notch hardly evident. Anterior tibiae
slightly emarginate at apex, outer angle not prolonged externally. Intercoxal
process of abdomen rectangularly truncate.

This genus, indicated but not named by Le Conte (Class. Col. N. Am.), may
be readily distinguished by the preceding characters from Branchus.

vest itu s, oval, very convex, black and opaque, densely clothed with short
ochraceous pubescense. Head very densely and coarsely punctured, front tri-
angularly impressed, epistome ferruginous ; thorax at base one-half broader
than long, densely and coarsely punctured, much narrower anteriorly and
broadly emarginate ; sides broadly rounded, at base broadly lobed ; posterior
angles slightly produced ; above with a slight transverse impression termina-
ting in two fovae, and four oblique slightly elevated lines arranged in anterior
and posterior pairs. Elytra very convex, obscurely costate and foveolate ;
marginal ridge not reaching the apex. Beneath finely and sparsely punctured.

Long. -63, lat. -35. Honduras. Cabinet of Dr. Le Conte.

This species is much more convex and more regularly oval than any of the
other Branchini. The legs are also more slender, and the insect has the appear-
ance of being able to move with considerable rapidity.

The tribe Branchini presents some difficulties regarding its proper classifica-
tion. The prominent ligula points to some affinity with the Praocini, but as
this organ is undoubtedly retractile, and capable of being protruded, its value
as a means of classifying the tribes of the Asididae seems hardly apparent. The
removal of certain tribes and parts of tribes (Scaurini pars, Blaptini, Fimeliini.
'Molurini pars, Pedinini, Opatrini and Trachyscelini,) this great subfamily
becomes more homogenous and capable of classification. The tribes above
mentioned have the posterior margins of the third and fourth ventral segments
coriaceous, — a character of great value in the subdivision of the family Tene-
brionidae.

The Branchini seem to have closer affinities with the Asidini and Nycteliini.
The prominent emarginate labrum, the contour of the front, and the slightly
channeled tarsi seem to point toward the Asidini, while the broad emarginate
and fissured gular peduncle and the form of the maxillary palpi indicate their
affinity with the Nycteliini. The form of the antennae serves to distinguish it
from both tribes, the eleventh joint being as large as the preceding, depressed,
and rounded at the extremity.

The following table will serve to distinguish the tribes of the subfamily
Asididae, characterized by the presence of a trochantin to the middle coxae, and
the hind margins of the ventral segments entirely corneous :

Head rhomboidal, narrowed behind. 1.

" short, not narrowed. 2.

1. Labrum prominent. Thorax emarginate Akisini.

Labrum partially concealed. Thorax scarcely

emarginate C ry p t ogl o s si n i.

2. Last joint of maxillary palpi securiform Asidini.

" " " " not securiform

Gula sulcate. 3.

" not sulcate. 4.

3. Antennae slender, last three joints broader Branchini.

Antennae robust, last joint generally smaller N y c t e 1 i i 11 i.

4. Maxillae unarmed P hy soga s t eri ni.

Maxilla? with a corneous hook.

Scutellum large, covering in great part the meso-

thoracic peduncle Molurini.

1866.]

400 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Scutellum small or absent, situated between the

elytra.

Mesosternum and intercoxal process of abdo-
men broad P r a o c i ni.

Mesosternum and intercoxal process of abdo-
men narrow triangular Coniontini.

Certain tribes admitted into this subfamily by Lacordaire have been sepa-
rated entirely. The Scaurini and Scotobiini have been separated from Crypto-
glossini, and the genera allied to Eulabis removed from association with Nycto-
poris, and Cerenopus from Cryptoglossa. The Sepidiini have been removed
from the Molurini. The genus Ogcoosoma must probably also be removed
from association with Moluris and Psammodes. The validity of the removal
of certain tribes and groups from the Asididae as received by Lacordaire, appears
to be still further substantiated by an examination of the manner in which
the pores of special sensibility are distributed on the terminal joints of the
antenna?.*

While examing the Nycteliini in the collection of the Academy, I found under
Gyriosomus a species named " multilineatus Melly," which does not belong even
to the subfamily. I can find no reference to such a species, and no genus into
which it may properly be received. The hind margins of the third and fourth
ventral segments are coriaceous. This insect should undoubtedly form a
new genus near Gonopus and Anomalipus, with which it has many points of
resemblance. The following table of the three genera exhibits their relations :

Kpistoma trapezoidal, broadly emarginate Gonopus.

" rounded, triangularly "
Epipleura indistinct, body very convex E ctatocnemis.

" broad, body flattened above and margined../ Anomalipus.

In the genus above indicated the last joint of the antenna; is very small, the
anterior tibiae much more flattened than in Anomalipus, and have the external
apical angle prolonged into a tooth, and a median tooth to both anterior and
middle tibiae. The tooth existing on the posterior edge of the apex of the an-
terior tibiae in Anomalipus is not present in this genus. The prosternum be-
tween the coxae is bisulcate, as in the other genera, and declivous in front and
not lobed as in Gonopus.

The species, for which I retain the name above given, is very robust. Head
broad, moderately coarsely punctured, with a vague impression each side of the
emargination. Thorax one-half broader than long, very convex, densely and
coarsely punctured, narrower in front, broadly emarginate ; sides strongly
rounded, narrowing posteriorly, angles acute, slightly prolonged, base emargi-
nate. Elytra broadly oval, very convex, humeri obtuse, partially covered by
the posterior angles of the thorax, costate, intervals with a less distinct elevated
line, on each side of which is a row of elevated points.

The female is larger and more robust than the male, and the apical tooth of
the tibia broader and more obtuse.

Length -9 inch. " Coquimbo."

RHINANDRUS Lee.

elongatus, elongate, black, subopaque, head long, very finely and
sparsely punctulate, thorax opaque, not punctured, scarcely longer than broad,

* This character, in its application to this family, was first pointed out by Schioedte (Annals
and Magazine of Nat. Hist. Men., 1865, p. 192, note). Its true value is not yet, fully determined,
but from the lew observations made by myself it promises to be, at least, a very useful character
in fixing the relationships of genera, the positions of which are still in some doubt. 1 have but
casually mentioned this character, hoping to have leisure to develop it in its application to our
North American genera at some future day.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 401

truncate anteriorly ; sides rounded, slightly margined, base truncate, angles of
thorax not prominent, the posterior rectangular. • Elytra elongated oval, con-
vex, one-half broader at middle than the thorax, base scarcely emarginate, not
broader than the base of thorax, humeri prominent, deeply light striate, and,
with the marginal, deeply punctured ; interstices elevated, scutellar stria short,
distinct and punctured. Beneath smooth, very finely punctured.

Long. -78 tf, -90 £. Yucatan and Nicaragua.

Very distinct from the species described from Cape St. Lucas by the charac-
ters above given. The thorax is evenly rounded, the posterior angles rectan-
gular, without being prominent as in gracilis Lee. The base is finely margined
by a line not reaching the angles ; in front of this a slight transverse elevation,
in front of which is an indistinct transverse impression. In the female these
characters are better marked than in the male. The antenna1 are shorter and
much more robust; in the male they equal in length the head and thorax. The
front is deepty notched both in male and female, exposing the connecting
membrane between the epistome and labrum, exhibiting sexual characters
similar to Zophobas. The anterior tibia? of the male are clothed internally
near the tips with a dense, short pubescence. In this species the presternum
is slightly produced behind the coxae, acute. Mesosternum declivous and
broadly channeled.

Between this genus and Zophobas there appear to exist close affinities.

On the Consumption of Force by Plants in overcoming Gravitation.

BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

Every one interested in Horticulture knows how uncertain is the successful
cultivation of the grape in the United States. The vines usually flourish well
for a few years, but in most instances become the prey of numerous diseases
before they attain any very great age.

In remarkable contrast with this general failure is the fact that grape vines
growing over trees are generally healthy and fruitful to a remarkable extent.
Branches from unhealthy vines on trellises, when they can get to ramble over
the twiggy branches of a neighboring tree, resume the health and vigor lost by
the parent or main vine.

These facts have had numerous observers, and are generally admitted. They
have been frequently discussed in Horticultural journals ; but every theory
hitherto brought forward has been refuted. For instance, it has been sug-
gested that the partial shade afforded by the tree benefitted the grape vine ; but
it is as perfect when growing over low bushes, on hot banks, exposed to high
and dry temperatures, as when luxuriating among the shady branches of the
tallest trees. Again, it has been suggested that as the vine is supposed to like
a dry soil the roots of the tree tended to absorb superfluous moisture, and thus
furnished the best conditions for the vine roots ; but healthy vines are found on
trees in impassable swamps : besides, the cases of branches from trellises be-
fore alluded to answer this supposition. Some have thought that as the for-
eign vine, growing under glass, thrives there so well principally on account of
the humid atmosphere, the evaporation from the trees' foliage might benefit the
vine growing over it ; but it has been further observed that they grow as well
over dead trees as over living ones : and so on, in like manner, every theory
has been refuted, and the true reason unexplained.

I think Mr. Darwin's discovery of tendril motion will afford the key to this
phenomenon, and enable us to form a new theory as to the origin and employ-
ment of force in vegetable growth.

Mr. Darwin has shown that the tendrils of plants are in continuous motion
for a long time until they find something to cling to, when motion at once

1866.] 26

402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

ceases. Motion is an attribute of vital force ; and vital force, whatever be its
origin, must be sustained by nutrition.

There are two forms of motion. The one we call growth, which is the mo-
tion of the cells individually; the other, in animals, we call muscular motion,
is the movement of the cells collectively. This tendril motion, unnamed be-
cause until lately unknown, is analogous to animal muscular motion, in its
being a collective movement of the parts.

In animals we know that nutrition will only suppty a given amount of force,
and that if muscular motion receives an undue proportion of this force, growth
(cell motion) suffers. In common language, the over-run horse gains no flesh.
On the other hand, the disuse of muscular power fattens the animal. If the
same division of motion exists in plants, and Mr. Darwin's paper shows it does,
it necessarily follows that if one form gets more than, its due share, the health-
ful balance is destroyed — in other words, the force necessary for excessive .ten-
dril motion in the grape vine exhausts the nutritive powers of the plant to sup-
ply ; growth suffers, and disease ensues.

To apply this principle to the case of unsuccessful grape culture, we find in
no system of grape management is any provision made for arresting tendril
motion, — but on the tree thousands of little twigs invite the tendrils at every
turn. No motion is expended except for what we might almost term healthful
exercise, — the balance is used in growth.

Observation on many species of climbing vines under similar circumstances
confirms these views. The growth and general healthfulness of every kind of
vine, is in exact proportion to the climbing facilities afforded it. The garden
pea will furnish a ready means of testing this proposition. It will be found
that difference in vigor, general healthfulness, and longevity, is strikingly in
lavor of those grown on twiggy brandies. Peas unstaked grow weakly, bear
early and sparingly, and die young. Honeysuckles ramble to great heights and
have large luxuriant foliage on fine wire trellises, but when dangling to one
straight stick they grow very little indeed. The most striking instance that
came under my observation was in some Wistaria sinensis which had been
trained to form self-supporting dwarf trees. The branches would only grow
two or three feet in a season, but a few of the shoots in time bending over and
reaching the ground, where they found a natural support, would grow
thirty feet during a single season. The observations in this way were so uni-
form, and the materials being everywhere, any one can verify this without it
being necessary for me to particularize further instances.

Every effort of nature is but an endeavor to accomplish an object. The his-
tory of a plant's life is a struggle with gravitation. The purpose of that strug-
gle is with the Author of its existence, but its immediate object is to elevate
itself from the earth. The force required for this is very great. In its young
days, however, it. goes on with vigor, — taking no thought, as it were, of to-mor-
row,— but, as it grows older, it becomes bowed down by the weight of its own
accumulations ; gravity tells on its wide-spreading branches, reminding it of
its growing weakness. It then prepares itself for its final dissolution by pro-
ducing fruit, which, fully accomplished, the struggle with gravitation ceases,
and dust to dust returns.

The whole of this enormous motive force must, as we have seen, be derived
from nutrition, — and the proper proportion due to each form of motion must
be provided and paid to it, or deranged action be the inevitable consequence.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 403

A second study of the ICTERID-E.
BY JOHN CASSIN.

2. Sub-family Quiscalin^e.

I. Genus QUISCALUS, Vieillot,

(Genus Quiscalus, Vieill., Analyse, p. 36.)

1. Qteiscalus.

1. Quiscalus purpureus, (Bartrara).

" Gracula purpurea, Bartram," Wilson Am. Orn. iii. p. 44.

Gracula purpurea, Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 289 (1791).

Monedula purpurea, Catesby, Carolina, i. p. 12, pi. 12.

Gracula quiscula, Linn. Syst. Nat., i. p. 109 (1758).

Oriolus ludovicianus, Gm. Syst. Nat., i. p. 387 (1788) ?

Quiscalus versicolor, Vieill. Nouv. Diet., xxviii. p. 488 (1819).

Quiscala nitens, Licht. Verz., p. 18 (1823).

Quiscalus purpuratus, Sw. Cab. Cy., p. 298 (1838).
Catesby Carolina, i. pi. 12. Vieill. Gal. i. pi. 108. Wils. Am. Orn. iii. pi.
21. Aud. B. of Am. pi. 7 ; oct. ed. iv. pi. 221. Bonap. Am. Orn. i. pi. 5.

One of the most abundant of the larger insessorial birds of Eastern North
America, retaining its place in the most highly cultivated districts, associated
in societies at all seasons, and in the migrating periods, especially in autumn,
appearing in immense flocks in the Middle and Southern States. Numerous
colonies remain during the summer, and rear their young within the corporate
limits of Philadelphia, and resort constantly to the. public squares (or parks) in
the most densely populated parts of the city, for the purpose of feeding on the
larvae of insects, especially of species of Lepidoptera, which infest the trees. In
some instances small parties have built nests and reared young in the public
squares of this city, but this bird evidently prefers the suburbs and open
country.

Bill about the length of the head, thick at base, curved at the end, edge of
upper mandible generally sinuated, commissure nearly straight, but curved
downwards distinctly at the point; wing moderate, with the third quill usually
slightly longest, but frequently about equal to the second and fourth ; tail
rather long, graduated ; legs and feet rather strong ; claws strong and sharp.
Total length 11 J to 13 inches ; wing 5 to 5 J ; tail 5^ to 6 inches.

Adult male. Entirely black, head, neck and breast with a fine steel-blue,
greenish-blue or violet-blue lustre, abruptly terminated on the neck behind,
extending on the breast in front, but abruptly terminated and giving place to
the fine golden and bronzed violet-blue, purple and green of the abdomen,
which are very nearly the same on the back and other upper parts of the body.
Coverts of the wing and shorter quills with fine bronze and bluish-purple lus-
tre, primaries narrowly edged with purple or bluish. Tail usually with a fine
blue lustre, but frequently changing to green ; bill and feet black.

The lustres of the plumage in this species (and in the next succeeding)
change in a considerable degree in different lights, and have an almost un-
limited variation in different ages and seasons, and even in individual speci-
mens of the same age apparently, and are difficult to describe. Frequently the
blue of the head and throat presents a green mixture or dominant lustre of that
color ; there is occasionally a well defined band on the back of the neck of a
fine golden and green lustre, and also frequently a large mixture of blue in the
lustres of the abdomen ; and lastly, the plumage of the back and abdomen
presents all these lustres with the feathers edged or tipped with fine golden,
green or violet, forming a singular iridescent character.

Adult female. Smaller than the male, with the lustres of the plumage

1866.]

404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

generally similar, but with generally a greater prevalence of green, and a
paler violet lustre than in the male. Total length about 10^ to 11£ inches.

Young. Entirely dull brownish-black, with usually a green lustre beginning
to appear on the head and breast, wings and tail.

Ilab. — North America, east of the Rocky Mountains. Spec, in Mus. Acad.
Philada. and Mus. Smiths. Inst. Washington.

Numerous specimens from various and widely distant localities in North
America, in the Academy Museum and in the Smithsonian Museum. Kansas
(Dr. W. A. Hammond), Hudson's Bay (Smithsonian), resident in Louisiana
(Mr. Audubon). The figures of Wilson of the male, and of Bonaparte of the
female, above cited, are very good representations of this species ; those of
Audubon are not, but seem to be of young or imperfect plumage.

2. QriscALUS acinus, Baird.

Quiscalus aglams, Baird, Silliman's Jour. 1866, p. 84.
Quiscalus baritus, Baird, B. of N. A. p. 556.

Baird, B. of N. A. pi. 32.

Specimens from Florida in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
This species is allied to but distinguishable from the preceding without
difficulty.

Smaller than the preceding species, with the bill comparatively longer and
more slender, more gradually pointed, with the upper mandible distinctly
curved downwards at the tip. Wing moderate, with the second, third and
fourth quills very nearly equal ; tail rather long, graduated ; legs and feet
strong, claws strong and sharp. Total length about 10J to 12 inches ; wing 4|-
to 5 J ; tail about 5 inches.

Adult male. Entirely black, head, neck and breast with a fine blue lustre,
changing to a fine golden purple or violet, abruptly terminated on the neck
behind, extending lower on the breast, and abruptly giving place to a silky
green lustre on the abdomen, somewhat mixed or variegated with purple and
violet. Back with nearly the same lustre as the abdomen ; rump and upper
tail coverts more variegated with golden green, violet and blue. External wing
coverts with fine blue lustre, changing to green, and frequently tipped and
edged with golden-green and violet. Shorter quills with fine blue lustre
changing to green. Primaries narrowly edged with bluish or green. Tail with
a fine green lustre ; bill and feet black.

Hob. — Florida ; Bahama Islands ? Spec, in Mus. Smiths. Inst.

In this species the lustres of the plumage seem to be more uniform, or much
less changeable or broken than in the preceding ; and in all the specimens now
under examination the shorter quills have a nearly uniform fine blue lustre,
changing to green, and more uniform than in the preceding, and the tail has a
green instead of blue lustre. These characters of the plumage, and the smaller
size and longer bill, furnish characters at once available for the easy recogni-
tion of this species. It is strictly of the same subgeneric group as the prece-
ding, and the two are the only species known to me which present variegated
and iridescent lustres of plumage. The two species form a subgroup which I
regard as typical Quiscalus.

2. Iloloquiscalus.

All the species of this subgroup, known to me, are black, with purple or
violet lustre of various shades in different species, wings and tail uniformly
with greenish lustre. In any one species the lustre is nearly uniform on all
parts of the head and body. These species inhabit the West Indies and the
continent of America as far north as Mexico.

In the large collection of Quiscahnse in the Museum of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, from the West Indies, in which the localities are most carefully and
accurately stated in the labels by Professor Baird, I have not succeeded in
finding any one species from more than one of the larger Islands. In other

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 405

words, it is my conclusion that at least the larger Islands, — Cuba, Jamaica, St.
Domingo and Porto Rico, — are each inhabited by a distinct species. That of
Trinidad seems to be the same species inhabiting South America.

3. Quiscalus baritus, (Linnaeus).

Gracula barita, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 165 (1766).

Monedula tota nigra, Sloane Nat. Hist. Jamaica, ii. p. 299.

Icterus niger, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 103.

Sturnus jamaicensis, Daud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 317 (1800).

Merops niger, iride subargentea, Brown Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 47G.

Quiscalus crassirostris, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 355 (1838).

Quiscala vulgaris, Temm. PI. Col. Tab. Meth. p. 10 (1838)?
Sloane's Jamaica, pi. 257, fig. 2. Brisson Orn. ii. pi. 10, fig. 1. Gosse B. of
Jamaica, pi. 53.

1. Gracula barita is a name given by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Syst. Nat.
i. p. 109 (1758), and he probably describes from a specimen collected by Dr.
Rolander, whose name he mentions, without citing any work or manuscript
and without giving locality, other than " Habitat in Americse Musis, cuius fructus
deuastat. Rolander," which, being interpreted, means that the locality is in
those parts of America where plants of the genus Mum (the plantain and
banana) flourish. The description, very probably, is that of a bird in plumage
not mature, but of this group, and is applicable with about equal propriety to
the young of any species of the subgroup here indicated as Iloloquiscalus. Dr.
Rolander visited Guiana and the Island of St. Eustatius, but published nothing-
relating to his ornithological collections, to my knowledge It is impossible to
determine the species or the locality from Syst. Nat. loth edition, or in any
other manner in especial relation to that edition, of which the present writer
is cognizant.

2. But in the 12th edition Syst. Nat. the case assumes much greater facility.
In this edition, i. p. 165 (1766), Linmeus cites as synonymes "Icterus niger;
Briss. Av. 2, p. 103, t. 10 f. i." and " Monedula tota nigra, Sloane Jam. 2, p.
299, t. 257, f. 2. Raj. av. 185, n. 28."

3. Brisson, in Orn. ii. p. 103, under the name Icterus niger, describes speci-
mens in the collection of M. de Reaumer, from Jamaica and St. Domingo : "On
le trove a la Jamaique et a St. Domingue d'ou il ete envoye a M. de Reaumer
par M. Chervain." He gives as a synonym " Monedula tota nigra," Sloane, as
above cited, who described, of course, from specimens obtained in " the hot and
distant Island of Jamaica," and, whatever the St. Domingo bird may be, Bris-
son also describes and figures that of Jamaica, uow well known, and usually
called Q. crassirostris.

Sturnus jamaicensis is a name given by Daudin to the bird described under
the name "Merops niger, iride sub-argenteo,'' by Dr. Patrick Brown, in Nat, Hist.
Jamaica, p. 476, which is undoubtedly this bird. Daudiu is in error, however,
when he gives " Monedula tota nigra," Sloane, as a different bird, though he is
quite correct in applying to it the name Gracula barita, Linn. (Daud. Tr.
d'Orn. ii. p. 320 )

There is, in my opinion, sufficient evidence that this species of Jamaica is
properly to be regarded as entitled to the name Quiscalus buriius, (Linn.) In
late authors this name has usually been applied to the species from Cuba,
which has no claim whatever. The present bird is stated to inhabit also St.
Domingo by Mr. Gosse, in Birds of Jamaica, p. 220, but I have seen no speci-
mens of it from that Island, nor from elsewhere than Jamaica.

Numerous specimens of this species are in the collection of the Smithsonian
Institution and in the Academy Museum, and are exclusively from Jamaica. It
is rather the largest of the group inhabiting the West Indies and has the bill
thick in both mandibles, curved in its terminal half, commissure inflexed and
curved at the end of the bill ; wing long, third and fourth quills longest and
nearly equal ; tail long, graduated ; legs and feet strong. Male larger than
the female,

1866.]

406

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Adult male. Black, head and body with dark purple lustre, uniform above
and below, and frequently changing to greenish on the rump, upper tail coverts
and abdomen. Wings and tail above with green lustre ; bill and feet black
(with a brownish tinge in dried specimens). Total length about 12 to 12£
inches, wings 6, tail 5£ inches.

Adult female. Similar to the male in color and general lustres of plumage
but usually with the latter more tinged with green. Much smaller than the
male, total length about 10 inches, wing 5, tail 4| inches.

Habitat. — Jamaica. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Mus. Smith. Inst.,
Washington.

4. Quiscalus Gundlachii, nobis.

" Quiscalus barytus, Vieill," D'Orbigny, De Sagras Cuba, Ois. p. 120.
" Chalcophanes Baritus, Wagl." Gundlach, Cab. Jour. 1856, p. 15.

De Sagra's Cuba, Aves, pi. IS.

Numerous specimens in the Smiths. Mus. and in the Acad. Mus., exclusively
from Cuba. This species is but little smaller than the preceding, the bill is
more slender and more gradually pointed and the tail seems to be compara-
tively longer. The color of the head and body in the Cuba bird presents a
more decided purple or violet lustre than in that of Jamaica, and the under
parts have a fine golden purple lustre quite wanting in the species of that
Island.

Similar in form and general lustres of plumage to the immediately preced-
ing, but rather smaller; bill more pointed and more gradually tapering ; tail
comparatively longer. Bill longer than the head, gradually curved and pointed ;
wing moderate with the third and fourth quills usually longest, but frequently
about the same length as the second ; tail rather long, graduated, the feathers
wide ; legs and feet strong ; claws curved, sharp. Total length about 1 1 J to 12
inches, wing about 6, tail 5| to 6]- inches.

Adult male. Black, head and body above with a fine purple or violet lustre ;
under parts with a fine golden purple lustre ; wings and tail above with a green
lustre ; smaller wing coverts purple changing to greenish ; tibia? and under
tail coverts greenish ; bill and feet black,

Female. Smaller. The specimens now under examination are not sufficient
to be reliable in either the lustres of the plumage or dimensions in the female.
Those which I regard as females are very similar to the males in lustres of
plumage, and there does not appear to be so much difference in the sizes of the
two sexes as in the species of Jamaica.

Hub. — Cuba. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philadelphia, and Mus. Smiths. Inst.,
Washington.

It is with great gratification that I name this species in testimony of my
high estimation of Dr. John Gundlach. a most excellent and accurate natural-
ist, who has with great ability studied and made known especially the orni-
thology of the Island of Cuba. The researches of this gentleman have in fact-
been of the greatest value in the Natural History of that Island.

5. Quiscalus brachypterus, nobis.

Numerous specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution from
Porto Rico.

This species resembles those from the Islands of Jamaica and Cuba, Q.
baritus, (x>. Gundlachii, especially the latter, but is smaller, with the bill more
slender; the tail shorter, and the wing disproportionately shorter. The last
character is the most immediately available in distinguishing from either of
those species. This bird is larger than cither of the succeeding in this memoir.

Bill about the length of the head, gradually tapering and curved at the tip;
wing short, third and fourth quills longest; tail moderate or rather long ; legs
and feet strong.

Adult male. Black, the entire plumage of the head and body with a dark
purple and violet lustre ; wings and tail above frequently with a pale greenish

[D

ec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 407

lustre, but quite generally purplish or lustrous black. Bill and feet black.
Total length about 11 inches, wing 5, tail 4 J to 5 inches.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colors, but smaller ; total length about
9£ to 10 inches, wing 4}, tail 4 inches.

Hab.— Porto Rico. Spec, in Mus. Smiths. Inst., and Mus. Acad., Philada.

Sixteen/specimens of this species are in the Smiths. Mus. from the Island of
Porto Rnco and one specimen from the Massena collection without label, in
the Acad. Mus. It resembles other species of this group in colors and lustres
of plumage, being most nearly related to those above mentioned from Jamaica
and Cuba, with which it has usually been confounded. It is distinguishable
without difficulty, on examination, by its short wings and tail. This is un-
doubtedly the species alluded to under the name " Quiscalus barita" by Mr. E.
C. Taylor in Ibis, 1864, p. 168, and stated by him to be very abundant in Porto
Rico.

6. Quiscalus niger, (Boddaert.)

Oriolus niger, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl. p. 31, (1783.)
Troupiale noir, de St. Domingue, Buffon, (name on plate.)
Le Troupiale noir, Buif. PI. Enl. iii., p. 241.

Buff. PI. Enl. 534.

Specimens of both sexes in the Smiths. Mus. from the Island of St. Domingo
or Havti, and distinct specifically from either of the preceding or any other
species known to me. This is, in my opinion, undoubtedly the bird figured by
Buffon as cited above, but not with entire success, the tail not being sufficiently
" etagee," though so described in his text. This figure is about the size of the
female ; the bill and feet are too lightly colored. It probably represents the
female in plumage not mature.

This species is smaller than either of the preceding, the male being rather
smaller than the female of the Cuba species, Q. Gundlachii, and the female (in
this species) much smaller than the male. The bill is straight, and gradually
pointed, not curved, more slender than in either of the preceding, and the
commissure nearly straight ; wing moderate, third and fourth (prills longest
and nearly even; tail rather long, graduated; legs and feet rather strong.
Easily distinguished from either of the preceding by its straight, sharp bill.

Adult male. Black, head and body with a dark purple lustre nearly uniform
above and below; wings and tail above with a green lustre. Bill and feet
bluish black. Total length about 10} inches, wing 5, tail 4} inches

Adult female. Similar to the male in color and lustres'of plumage. Smaller,
total length about 9 inches, wing 4}, tail 4 inches.

Hab. — St. Domingo. " Jeremie." Spec, in Mus. Smiths. Inst., Washington.

7. Quiscalus inflexirostris, Swainson.

Quiscalus inflexirostris, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 300, (1838.)

Cab. Cy. fig. 52, (wood cut.)

One specimen only in the Acad. Mus. seems to be this species, but which is,
unfortunately, without label stating locality. The bill is exactly the length
and otherwise very nearly as given by Mr. Swainson as cited above, though
somewhat thicker. It is the only specimen that I have ever seen in which the
commissure is an uninterrupted curve or arc of a circle, — not straight nor sin-
uated as in all other species known to me (except Q. niger of St. Domingo)
and described in this memoir. It is apparently adult, but probably in not
quite mature plumage.

Male nearly adult? Bill rather longer than the head, curved, the upper
and under mandibles nearly equal in thickness, commissure curved and the
edges of both mandibles indexed ; wing moderate, second, third and fourth
quills longest and very nearly equal ; tail moderate or rather long, graduated ;
legs and feet strong. Total length about 10 inches, wing 5, tail A\ inches,
tarsus about 1^, chord of upper mandible about one and four-fifths inches.

Black, entire plumage of head and body with a dark purple lustre ; wings

1866.]

408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

externally with a green lustre. In the present specimen, which is probably not
fully mature, the tail is plain black. Bill and feet black, the latter (feet)
brownish ; claws strong, brownish black.

Hub. — Unknown. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philadelphia, from the Massena
collection.

The lustres of the plumage in this species are generally similar to those of
all the other species of the sub-group here designated Iloloquiscalus, but the
purple is rather darker than in either. The specimen now described is prob-
ably not mature in plumage, and the lustres of the plumage, therefore, not
entirely reliable as characters.

Of all the specimens that I have seen of Quiscali, this comes the nearest to
Mr. Swainson's description and figure of Q. inflexirostris, and in fact there is no
other that I can suspect as possibly that species, on account of the peculiarly
curved bill. No locality is known to me, and at this time I do not remember
ever having seen the species mentioned by any writer since Swainson.

8. QriscALUS lugubris, Swainson.

Quiscalus lugubris, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 299, (1838.)
Chalcophanes minor, Cabanis Mus. Hein. L, p. 297, (1851)?

Cab. Cy. fig. 54 c.

This is another of the species of this difficult group, with the lustres of the
plumage uniform purple on the head and body, and green on the wings and
tail. It is rather smaller than the species immediately preceding (Q. inftexiros-
tris) and decidedly smaller than all others preceding. Specimens from Trini-
dad and South America in the Acad. Mus., Philada.

Adult male. Bill about the length of the head, commissure nearly straight,
but rather abruptly curved at the point ; wing rather long, third and fourth
quills longest and nearly equal ; tail rather long, graduated ; legs and feet
strong. Total length about 9i to 10 inches, wing 4£ to 4|, tail 4 to \\ inches.

Black, entire plumage of the head and body with a rich purple or violet
lustre tinged with golden ; shorter wing coverts or shoulders purple ; wings
and tail and upper and under tail coverts with a green lustre ; bill and feet
black.

Hah. — South America. Island of Trinidad. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada.

The largest specimen now before me is from Trinidad, all the measurements
of which are rather larger than as given by Mr. Swainson in his description,
as above cited. The smallest is probably from Brazil, and is that which at
present I regard as described by Dr. Cabanis as C. minor as above. In all the
species of this group, of which I have series of specimens, there is some diver-
sity of size, and, finding no other appreciable character than this diversity in
the specimens now under examination. I regard them as one species. This bird
seems to be the most common species of South America and of the Island of
Trinidad.

9. Quiscalus mexicanu's, nobis.

A single specimen in the Acad. Mus., selected with other birds from a large
collection made in Mexico by M. Bruzin, is different from either of the preced-
ing species. It is one of the smaller species and most resembles the immedi-
ately preceding (Q. lugubris), but is rather larger and has the bill much stronger
aud more curved Its colors and lustres are nearly the same as that species,
but seem to be of a richer golden-purple lustre on the under parts (as in some
species of Molothrus and in Q. Gundlachii of Cuba.)

Adult male. Bill longer than the head, thick, curved, especially in the
terminal third of its length ; wing moderate, second and third quills longest ;
tail moderate, graduated; legs and feet strong. Total length 9| to 10^
inches, wing 4.], tail 4} to 4.} inches.

Black, entire plumage of the head and body with a rich golden purple or
violet lustre, especialy on the neck behind and breast ; shoulders bluish purple ;
wings and tail and under tail coverts with green lustre ; the upper tail coverts

[D

ec

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 409

also show a green lustre in some lights, but are tinged also with purple ; bill
and feet black.

Hub. — Mexico. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada.

10. QlTISCALUS RECTIROSTRIS, nobis.

This is a small species, of which one specimen is in Acad. Mus. without label
stating locality. It is quite distinct from any other, though of the same gen-
eral colors or lustres of plumage and is strongljr characterized by its straight,
slender and sharp bill. It is smaller than either of the preceding, though the
present specimen may be a female.

Bill straight or very slightly curved at the tip, slender, gradually tapering.,
pointed, under mandible rather the thicker, commissure straight, edges in-
flexed ; wing moderate, third and fourth quills longest and nearly equal; tail
rather long, graduated ; legs and feet moderate ; claws curved, sharp. The
tail is scarcely as long, proportionately, as in other species of this sub-group,
and the legs, toes and claws rather more slender. Total length about 9i
inches, wing 4o, tail 4 inches. Female?

Adult ? Black, entire plumage with a dark purple lustre very slightly
changing to greenish on the wings and tail. Bill and feet black. In the spe-
cimen now described the shorter quills and wing coverts have the same purple
lustre as the body, while the edges of the primaries have a faint green lustre
scarcely preceptible, in which character this bird is peculiar in this sub-group.
Iu this specimen the under mandible is pale at the base, and the quills on their
under surface have a brownish tinge.

Ilab. — Unknown. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada.

This is a quite peculiar species, easily recognized amongst the birds de-
scribed in this memoir, by its straight slender bill. It seems also to have more
slender legs and feet and perhaps rather shorter tail than usual, though these
characters are scarcely to be relied on in prepared and dried specimens. The
entire plumage in mature age, has, I suspect, an entirely uniform dark purple
lustre, including wings and tail, or perhaps slightly greenish on those parts
only.

The seven species last above given (Nos. 3. to 10 of this memoir) are all that
I consider myself justified in regarding as entitled to be established and be-
longing to this sub-group, which I have designated Holoqaiscalus. In the
Academy Museum, however, there are several specimens in plumage not
mature, but probably of this sub-group, which I cannot refer to either of
these species and my present opinion is that there are other species yet
unknown.

3. Megaquiscalus.

The species of this sub-group are the largest of the genus Quiscalus. They
are easily recognized by their size, robust organization and long and graduated
tails..

11. Quiscalus major, Vieillot.

Quiscalus major, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxviii., p. 487, (1819.)
Gracula quiscula, Bartr. Trav. p. 290.
Gracnla barita, Wils. Am. Orn. vi., p. viii.
Quiscalus corvinus, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 300, (1838.)
Bonap. Am. Orn. i. pi. 4. And. B. of Am. pi. 187, Oct. ed. iv., pi. 220.
Numerous specimens from Georgia, South Carolina and other States and
localities in southern North America are in the the Acad. Mus. and also in the
Mus. Smiths. Specimens in Mr. Xantus' collection from Colima, Western
Mexico, seem to be this species, though not in mature plumage and may be
nearly allied only.

Form rather lengthened but robust ; bill strong, about the length of the
head ; wing rather long, second and third quills usually longest, though the

1866.]

410

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

first four quills are frequently nearly equal; tail long, graduated, lateral
feathers about 2} inches shorter than the central ; legs and feet strong.

Adult male. Black, head and neck with a fine purple lustre, rather abrupt-
ly defined on the lower part of the neck behind and succeeded by a fine green
lustre which passes into a purple or steel blue on the lower back and upper
tail coverts. On the under parts the purple lustre of the head and neck passes
more gradually into green on the abdomen; under tail coverts usually purplish
blue, frequently plain black. Smaller wing coverts with green lustre ; larger
coverts greenish bronzed ; quills frequently plain black, with a greenish or
bronzed edging and slight lustre. Tail usually with a slight bluish or greenish
lustre, frequently plain black. Bill and feet black. Iris yellow. Total length
about 15 inches, wing 7, tail G.V to 1 inches.

Adult female. Smaller. Upper parts dark brown, lighter on the head and
neck behind ; darker and nearly a dull black on the lower part of the back and
upper tail coverts ; under parts lighter, dull yellowish brown ; tibia; and under
tail coverts darker ; wings and tail dull brownish black : upper parts frequent-
ly with a slight greenish lustre. Total length about 12 J- inches, wing 5.^ to 6,
tail 5 1 inches.

Hab.— Southern North America. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Mus.
Smiths. Inst., Washington.'

12. Quiscalus assimilis, Sclater.

Quiscalus assimilis, Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 141, (1862.)
" Q. nitenti-niger, capite undique cum pectore purpurascentibus : long, tota
in mari 13-0, alas 6-7, caudae 7-0, in faem. 10-0, alae 5-2, eaudie 5-3, poll. Angl.
et dec."

'• Obs. Affiniss. Q. majori, sed crassitie minore et colore magis violaceo dis-
tinguenda." Sclater, as above.

Hab. — Bogota. Spec, in coll. Dr. Sclater, London.
This species I ha\#e not seen.

13. Quiscalus macrourus, Swainson.

Quiscalus macrourus, Swains. Cab. Cy., p. 299, (1833.)

" Quiscalus caudatus," Name on specimen in Massena collection.

Baird B. of N. A. pi. 58. Rept. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv. pi. 20.

Specimens from Texas, Panama and Vera Paz in the Acad. Mus. and from
Texas, Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala, and Turbo, and Carthagena. New Grenada.
in Mus. Smiths. Inst. In the large number of the Smithsonian collection,
probably representing all ages and stages of plumage, there is some variation
in size and in the shades or lustres of apparently adult males, but I have not
determined reliable characters for more than one species. This bird seems to
inhabit all of Central America and the adjacent countries of both North and
South America.

The largest species of this genus. Form lengthened but robust ; bill strong,
longer than the head; wing long, third quill usually longest; tail long, grad-
uated, outer feathers three to five inches shorter" than those in the middle :
legs and feet strong.

Adult male. Black, head, neck, back and entire under parts with a fine
bluish purple lustre ; lower part of back and the upper tail coverts and also
the abdomen and under tail coverts frequently with green lustre, though in
specimens apparently not fully adult those parts are sometimes bluish bronze,
inclining to dark steel blue. Wings and tail with a slight purplish lustre,
smaller coverts with bluish green and larger coverts with greenish bronzed
lustre. Bill and feet black. Iris yellow. Total length 17£ to 20 inches, wing
about 8, tail 8 to 10.} inches.

Female. Smaller, and generally resembling the female of Q. major, but
darker colored above. Entire upper parts dark brown, nearly black and with
a green lustre on the back ; wings and tail dull brownish black. Under parts
light, dull yellowish brown ; paler on the throat and with a trace of narrow

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 411

dark line from each side of the lower mandible. Tibiae and under tail coverts
dark brown. Total length about 13 inches, wing 6, tail 6.} inches.

Hub. — Southern North America and Central America. Spec. in. Mus. Acad.,
Philada., and Mus. Smiths. Inst., Washington.

14. QinscAMJS tenuirostris, Swainson.

Quiscalus tenuirostris, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 299, (1838.)

" Quiscalus orizivorus." Name on spec, in Massena collection.

Swains. Cab. Cy., fig. 51, b. c.

Specimens in Acad. Mus., without labels, from the Massena collection and
one specimen from Mexico in the Smiths. Mus., undoubtedly of this species and
clearly distinct from either of the preceding. The females are much lighter
colored than those of either Q. major or Q. macrourus, and easily to be distin-
guished, and in this species the slender bill is a strong and apparently reliable
character. It is carefully given by Mr. Swainson as above cited, and his de-
scription is quite sufficient for the identification of the species.

About the size of Q. major ; form lengthened and not so robust as in either
of the preceding ; bill much more slender, nearly straight ; wing long, third
quill longest ; tail long, graduated, outer feathers about 3 inches shorter than
those in the middle of the tail ; feet and claws more slender than in the pre-
ceding species.

Adult male. Black, the entire plumage with a fine purple lustre inclining
to steel blue on the wing coverts and upper tail coverts. Wings and tail with
a slight bluish lustre. Bill and feet black. Total length about 15 inches,
wing 6i to 7, tail 8 inches.

Female. General^ resembling the females of the preceding two species, but
much lighter colored. Head above and neck behind light brown, inclining to
chestnut or bay color ; back, wings and tail dark brown, or nearly brownish
black. Under parts light, dull yellowish brown, much paler on the throat ;
tibiae and under tail coverts dark brown. Total length about 11 to 12 inches,
wing 5]-, tail 5.] to 6 inches.

Hah. — Mexico. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Smiths. Inst., Washington.

This is an entirely respectable species, though apparently not much known
to naturalists. It belongs strictly to the sub-group of Quiscalus to which the
name Megaquiscalus is given in this memoir, all the species of which are char-
acterized by their large size and long tails. This bird is easily recognized by
its slender bill, and in the adult male the lustre appears to be nearly uniform
purple with little change or variation in any exposure to the light. The
female can easily be distinguished from that of either of the preceding by its
lighter colors, and especially by the quite different color of the head above and
neck behind. In one female specimen in the Massena collection the throat
might be described as dull j-ellowish white, and the entire under parts of the
body but little darker. One female specimen in the Mus. Smiths., undoubtedly
from Mexico, clearly determines the locality of this species.

15. Quiscalus palustris, (Swainson.)

Scaphidurus palustris, Swains. Philos. Mag., 1827, p. 437.

In one of the interesting and valuable collections from North Western Mexi-
co, sent to the Smithsonian Institution by Col. A. J. Grayson, late of the
United States Army, I am greatly gratified to find two specimens of a species
quite unknown to me previously, and which seem to be the Mexican bird de-
scribed by Swainson as above cited. These specimens are not in adult plu-
mage and are not quite so large as the dimensions given, but they are evidently
assuming the colors as given in the description, and I have no doubt are the
species. From Mazatlan, Mexico.

Mr. Swainson's description is : " Glossy blue black ; thighs brown ; bill
slender, commissure straight; legs slender; claws long, slightly curved.
Total length 15 inches, bill 1 7-10, wing Q\, tail 7i, tarsi If inches/'

"Inhabits the marshes and borders of the lakes round Mexico in flocks. M.

1866.]

412 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Vieillot's name for this group, Quiscalus, being already used in botany, I pro-
pose to call it Scaphidurus, as expressive of the singular boat-shaped tail com-
mon to most, if not all, of the species."

The specimens now before me are probably very nearly full grown, but have
not entirely assumed the "glossy blue black," though that color is plainly su-
perceding the immature plumage. The brown of the tibise is to be seen in
both specimens.

Both of Col. Grayson's specimens are males. About the size of Q. major ;
wing rather shorter ; tail long ; bill thick, nearly straight, slightly curved at
the point ; legs and feet strong.

//nil. — Mazatlau, Mexico. Spec, in Mus. Smiths. Inst., Washington.

1G. Quiscalus peruvianus, Swainson.

Quiscalus Peruvianus, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 354 (1838).
" Bill one inch and a-half long. Plumage glossy purple on the head and
neck, changing to green on the body beneath ; back, wings and tail black, with
aa obscure greenish gloss. Total length about 13j inches ; bill from the gap
1 7 , front 1£, wings 7£, tail from the base 7f, tarsus nearly 2, middle toe and
claw I' hinder claws If. Commissure of the bill slightly sinuated in the
middle. The purple of the head and part of the neck gradually becomes steel
blue on the breast, and then assumes a greenish tinge on the interscapulars and
under part of the body. The greater wing coverts, quills, back, rump, and tail
are almost entirely glossy black."

" Inhabits Peru. Mr. W. Hookers collection, Mus. Nost."
This is Mr. Swainson's description, as above cited. This species I have not
seen, though it is given in Mr. Jules Verreaux's Catalogue of the Baron Lafres-
naye's collection, recently presented to the Boston Natural History Society by
Dr. Henry Bryant, but which, I regret to say, I have not examined.

4. Hypopyrrhus.

(Genus Hypopyrrhus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 425.)

17. Quiscalus pyrohypogaster, (De Tarragon).

Cassicus pyrohypogaster, De Tarr., Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 252.
" Agelaius pyrrhogaster, (Tarrag.) " Gray Gen. iii. app. p. 15.

General form robust, plumage of the head with acicular feathers, and some-
what rigid ; Ming moderate, third and fourth quills longest ; tail rather long,
rounded ; legs and feet rather short, strong ; bill about the length of the head,
thick at base, curved slightly at the point. Wide abdominal transverse band
and under tail coverts bright scarlet, all other parts of the plumage black.
Acicular feathers of the head and throat lustrous, but other parts plain black.
A few axillary feathers scarlet. Bill ard feet brownish-black.

Total length about 11 inches, wing 5], tail 5^- inches.

//,,/>. — Northern South America; New Grenada. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Phila.

This singular bird is easily recognized by its scarlet abdominal band and
under tail coverts, and plain black general plumage. It is evidently of this
group, but possibly entitled to generic distinction.

II. Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson.

(Genus Scolecophagus, Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 494.)

1. Scolecophagus.

1. Scolecophagus ferrugineus, (Gmelin).

Oriolus ferrugineus, et nigcr, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 393 (1788).
Turdus hudsonius, et labradorius, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 818, 832 (1788).
Pendulinus ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. v. p. 320 (1816).
Wilson Am. Urn. iii. pi. 21. Aud. B. of Am. pi. 157 ; oct. ed. iv. pi. 222.
An abundant species of Eastern North America, specimens of which are

[Dec

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 413

common in collections, but of considerable variation in colors in plumages no
mature. Tail of moderate length, rounded at the end ; wing rather long,
pointed, second quill longest ; bill shorter than the head, much more slender
than in Quiscalus, pointed ; legs and feet rather strong ; claws slender, sharp.

Adult male. Black, with greenish-purple lustre on the head and body,
especially on the under parts, wings and coverts, rump, upper and under tail
coverts ; abdomen and tail with green lustre. The green lustre frequently ex-
tends over the back or entire upper parts of the body. Plumage usually more
or less edged and tipped with ferruginous, especially in autumn, which fre-
quently is so strongly marked as to give the prevailing color. Total length y
to 9£ inches, wing 4|, tail 4 inches.

Female. Dark plumbeous or ashy-black ; wings and tail with green lustre.
Back usually with a greenish lustre ; quills usually edged with ferruginous.
Smaller than the male. Total length about 8 inches ; wing 4J, tail 3J inches.

Young. Head and body dull ferruginous ; paler on the under parts ; stripe
over the eye pale dull ochre ; wings and tail black, with greenish lustre.

Ilab. — Eastern North America. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philada. and Mus.
Smiths. Inst. Washington.

2. Euphagus.

2. SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALtTS, (Waglei-).

Psarocolius cyanocephalus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 758.
Scolecophagus mexicanus, Swains. Cab. Cy. p 302 (1838).
Quiscalus Breweri, Aud. B. of Am., oct. ed. vii. p. 345 (1843).

Aud. B. of Am., oct. ed. vii. pi. 492.

This is a common species of Central and Western North America and
Mexico, of which numerous specimens are in the Smiths. Mus. and Acad. Mus.

Bill shorter than the head, thick at the base, conical, pointed ; wing long,
pointed, second quill longest ; tail moderate, rounded ; legs and feet rather
slender. Tot# about 9£ to 10 inches ; wing 5 to 5J, tail 4{- to 4£ inches.
Sexes nearly of the same size.

Adult male. Black, head only with bluish violet or purple lustre, all other
parts with fine green lustre ; bill and feet black.

Female. Dull brown, with a plumbeous tinge, lighter on the head and
breast, and frequently tinged with rusty or dull yellowish ; back darker : tail
and wings generally with greenish lustre. The young of both sexes have
nearly the entire plumage dull rusty brown, especially the head and under
parts of the body, but more as a color of the plumage, as in Molotkrus, than
with the feathers merely edged, as in S. ferrugineus.

Ilab. — Central and Western North America, Texas, Mexico. Spec, in Mus.
Acad. Philada. and Mus. Smiths. Inst. Washington.

3. Dives.

3. Scolecophagus Dives, (Bonaparte).

Lampropsar dives, Bonap. Consp Av. i. p. 425 (1850).
" L. Dives, Caban.," Bonap. ut supra.
Lampropsar dives, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 194 (1851)?
Quiscalus Sumichrasti, De Saussere, Rev. et Mag: Zool. 1859, p. 119.
Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, pi. 3, fig. 2, 3.

Apparently an abundant species of Mexico and Central America, of which
numerous specimens are in the Smiths. Mus. and Mus. Acad.

Bill about the length of the head, straight, thick, pointed ; wing moderate or
rather short, third, fourth and fifth quills longest, and generally nearly equal ;
tail moderate, rounded ; legs and feet strong.

Adult male. Black, with a weak greenish lustre in the entire plumage. Bill
and feet black. Many specimens would be regarded properly as only shining
black, the green lustre being scarcely perceptible. Total length 11 to 12 inches;
wing 5, tail 5 inches.

1866.] *

414 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Female. Smaller; total length 10 to 10^ inches. Colors quite similar to
those of the male, but of rather duller black.

Hab. — Mexico, Central America. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philada. (since about
1840 !) and Mus. Smiths. Inst. Washington.

4. Scolecophagus atroviolaceus, D'Orbigny.

Quiscalus atroviolaceus, D'Orb. La Sagra's Cuba, Orn. p. 121 (1839).

La Sagra's Cuba, Aves, pi. 19.

Apparently confined to the Island of Cuba. This is another of the robust
species, with the bill short and thick, and tail of moderate length and rounded
at the end.

About the size of, and general form very similar to the last species (S. Dives),
but with the wing longer {and lustre of plumage entirely different). Bill strong,
thick at base, and rather abruptly tapering, pointed ; wing moderate, third and
fourth quills longest; tail rather long, rounded ; legs and feet strong.

Adult male. Black, the head and entire body above and below with rich
violet or purple lustre ; wings and tail with green lustre. Shorter quills edged
with violet, smaller wing coverts violet, greater coverts and quills edged with
green. Bill and feet black. The entire plumage having a fine silky character.
Total length 10 to 10.} inches ; wing 5£, tail 4i inches.

Female. Smaller ; total length about 9 to 9J inches. Black, with the lus-
tres of the plumage very nearly as in the male.

Hab. — Cuba. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philada. and Mus. Smiths. Inst. Wash-
ington.

5. Scolecophagus jequatorialis (Sclater.)

Quiscalus a?quatorialis, Sclat. Cat. Am. Birds, p. 140, (1861.)
" Ps. cayenueusis. Amer. Merid." Label in Massena coll.

One specimen from the Massena collection in the Acad. Mus. seems to be this
species, though not in all particulars corresponding with Dr. Sclater's diagno-
sis, as above cited. It is smaller than either of the preceding species of the
subgroup herein designated Dives.

" Q. nigrosericeus unicolor, aeneo-nitens, alis intus brunnescentioribus ; long,
tota 9-5, alas 4-4, caudre 3 8, rostri a rictu 1-05, poll, et dec. Angl. 9 mari sim.
sed minor."

" Obs. Affinis speciei prase. (Q. Sumichrasti) et quoad formam similis, sed
crassitie minore."

" Hab. — Babahoyo." (Sclater, as above.)

III. Genus IDIOPSAR, nobis.

In the collection of the Smithsonian Institution I find a specimen of a very
interesting and singular bird, evidently letcrine, and allied to Quiscalus and
Scolecophagus, but not to be referred with any considerable degree of propriety
to either of those or to any other genus of this group. The tail is short, nearly
even at the end, and emarginate, and the wings long. General form short and
compact, bill about the length of the head, strong, slightly curved, with the
commissure much inflexed in both mandibles, culmen distinct. Legs and feet
moderate.

1. Idiopsar brachyurus, nobis.

Entire plumage of the head and body bluish cinereous or plumbeous, darker
on the upper parts and lighter on the under parts, nearly white at the base of
the under mandible, quills dark ashy brown, primaries edged externally with
light ashy nearly white; tail feathers dark brown, nearly black, edged with
light ashy. Lower abdomen or ventral region light ashy nearly white. Bill
dark horn color, under mandible lighter, especially at the base. Tarsi and
toes light brown.

Total length about 7£ inches, wing 4, tail 2|, bill 1 inch.

Hab. — Bolivia. "La Paz." Mus. Smiths. Inst. Collected and presented by
Mr. D. K. Cartter.
* [Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 4l5

IV. Genus POTAMOPSAR, plater.

(Subgenus Potamopsar, Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, p. 141.)

1. Potamopsar minor (Spix.)

Icterus minor, Spix At. Bras. i. p. 67 (1824.)

Spix At. Bras. 1 pi. 63, fig. 2.

Frontal feathers short, erect and rigid. Bill shorter than the head, rather
slender, and abruptly tapering, pointed ; wing rather short, third, fourth and
fifth quills longest and nearly equal; tail rather long, graduated; legs and feet
moderate, or rather slender.

Total length about 9 inches, wing 4, tail 4 inches.

Adult male. Entirely bluish black, with little or no lustre and nearly uniform
on all parts, including the wings and tail. Bill and feet black.

Hab. — Rio Napo (Mr. Lawrence), Rio Javarri (Mr. J. Verreaux).

It is perhaps expedient to follow Dr. Sclater in regarding this bird as Icterus
minor, Spix, as above cited, but neither the figure nor description of that author
will quite establish its claims satisfactorily. If really the' species of Spix, it is
one of his worst figures and descriptions, which is saying much !

This is a rare species in American collections, the only specimens that I have
seen being one in the Smiths. Mus , from Mr. Verreaux, labelled " Rio Javarri,"
and another, in my friend Mr. Lawrence's collection, labelled " Rio Napo,"
both undoubtedly correct.

V. Genus CASSIDIX, Lesson.

Genus Cassidix, Less. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 433 (1831.)

Genus Scaphidurus, Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 494 (1831) and Scaphidura,

Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 273 (1837), but not Philos. Mag. 1827, p. 436, which is

Quiscalus.

This is a group easily distinguished generically, especially by the strong bill
flattened above, and in adult plumage by the somewhat lengthened and proba-
bly partially erectile plumage of the neck. The color is black in all the spe-
cies, and in my opinion is always lustrous in the adults of both sexes. In the
young Lit all species known to me the color is dull or plain black. Specimens
in plumages not mature are much the more common in all collections, and
such have been repeatedly described, but very doubtfully to the comfort of the
student. It is quite impossible for me to coincide with those authors who re-
gard this group as but one species, and that by a name which is of quite
doubtful application to any !

I. Cassidix ater (Vieillot.)

Cassicus ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. v. p. 363 (1816.

Psarocolius palliatus, Wagler Syst. Av. No. 4 (1827.)

Del Grande, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Paraguay, i. p. 273.

Scaphidura barita, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 301 (1838.)

Scaphidura crassirostra, Swains. Cab. Cy. p. 301?
This seems to be the most common species of South America. Specimens
now before me are from Brazil, Cayenne, Ecuador and New Grenada, and are
quite identical with each other throughout, and in my opinion different speci-
fically from the species of Central America and Mexico, though about the same
size.

Large, entirely black, the upper parts having a fine bronzed yellowish and
greenish lustre, becoming violet on the rump and upper tail coverts. Bill very
strong and wide at base, curved in its upper outline, pointed, flat above and
extended into the frontal plumage, terminating in a semicircle. Plumage of
the neck rather full and long, and partially erectile. Wing long, pointed, first
quill longest, tail moderate or rather long, rounded, feet and legs strong, claws
sharp.

Total length about 14 to 16 inches, wing 7 to 8, tail 6 to 6 £ inches (adult).

1866.]

*16

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Hob. — Brazil, Ecuador. ^Probably inhabits nearly all of South America.
Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Smiths. Mus., Washington.

Easily distinguished from the species immediately succeeding (C. Mexicanus)
by the bronzed and yellowish lustre of the upper parts in the adult, which is
always present but varies much in extent (in the adult plumage only). The
entire head is fine blue, and the under parts have a yellowish violet lustre :
wings and tail purplish black. The bronzed lustre of the upper parts varies
according to age or stage of plumage, and is frequently restricted to a wide
transverse band across the upper part of the back and neck behind, and is to-
tally wanting in the young bird. The entire plumage in this species has fine
brilliant lustres, as herein described, except the wings and tail, which are rich
purplish black.

The young in this species has the bill always thick and strong, though not
so long as in the adult. The entire plumage (in the young) is brownish black,
frequently with the tips and edges of feathers showing some lustre. Total
length of young usually about 12 inches. The two descriptions of Mr. Swain-
son, cited above, I regard as very probably those of the adult and young of this
species.

2. Cassidix mexicanus, Lesson.

Cassidix mexicanus, Less. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 433 (1831.)
" Corvus mexicanus, Gm." Less, ut sup.
Corvus mexicanus, 6m. Syst. Nat. i. p. 375?

This is apparently an abundant species of Mexico and Central America.
Specimens in the Smithsonian Museum, from Mexico and Guatemala, and in
Mr. Lawrence's collection from Panama. It is easily distinguished, in adult
plumage, from the preceding by its fine violet purple lustre, nearly uniform on
the upper and under parts ef the body (not bronzed yellowish and greenish, as
in the preceding, C. ater).

Large, entirely black, with a fine violet purple lustre on the body above and
below; head bluish violet; wings and tail fine purplish or greenish black. Bill
very strong, thick, curved in its upper outline, pointed, flat above and extend-
ed into the frontal plumage, ending in a semicircle ; wing long, pointed, with
the second quill slightly longest ; tail rather long, rounded ; feet and legs
strong; claws curved, sharp. Total length 14 to 15 inches, wing 7£ to 8, tail
6 to 6J inches.

Young. Bill thick and strong as in the adult, but shorter ; entire plumage
dull brownish black, or with feathers edged and tipped with the lustres of the
adult. Total length usually 12 or 13 inches.

About the same size or slightly smaller than the preceding, with the legs and
feet rather stronger. Easily distinguished in adult plumage, but the two spe-
cies are very similar and scarcely distinguishable in young plumage, both be-
ing nearly uniform brownish black. This is very probably the species named
by Lesson, as above, but whether it is the Corvus mexicanus, Gmelin, may be
difficult to determine.

Hub. — Mexico, Central America. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Mus.
Smiths. Inst., Washington.

3. Cassidix oryzivorus (Gmelin).

Oriolus oryzivorus, Gm. Syst. Nat. L p. 386 (1788).
The Rice Oriole, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 423.

Gray Gen. ii. pi. 84?

This is a species much smaller than either of the preceding, and is, perhaps,
that figured by Mr. George Robert Gray in his great work, "The Genera of
Birds," as bove cited. For the purpose of more fully understanding this spe-
cies, I copy the original description of Latham, on the faith of which, only,
Gmelin gave the name : —

"Length nine inches. Bill an inch and a half long, black, stout, sharp, a
very little bent at the tip; flat on the top towards the base, where it is round-

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 417

ed, and passes far back on the forehead, and is there a little protuberant like
the former ones : the general color of the plumage is black ; the head, neck
and breast have a fine purple gloss ; the whole wing, and rest of the body,
black ; the tail consists of twelve feathers, and was five inches in length, but
had been longer, as the ends were spoiled ; the wings reached a little beyond the
insertion of the tail ; the legs were wanting."

" I found this species in the collection of Miss Blomefield ; it was supposed
to come from Cayenne. A label annexed gave_it the name of Oiseau de Ris
de grosse espece."

At present I have seen, in adult plumage, no specimen small enough to be
properly or without misgiving regarded as the species described by Latham,
nor do I quite understand the " protuberant " character of the bill as stated by
him. Further, in all specimens that I have seen the wings reach so far be-
yond the insertion of the tail that his description in that particular is by no
means applicable, and on the whole I am not without suspicion that this de-
scription is not of a bird of the genus Cassidix at all. This description is the
sole foundation of the species, if such it is, and the name, as given by Gmelin
on the faith of it, has been applied by nearly all late authors, evidently on the
supposition that there is one species only extant, which supposition I regard as
erroneous, and as probably so, the application of this name.

At present (assuming that this may be a species of Cassidix), two specimens
now before me, it is possible to refer to it, and so also is the bird figured by
Mr. Gray, as above. The two specimens before me are in young plumage, and
are the smallest of this genus that I have ever seen. The bill is smaller and
more slender than in either of the preceding, especially the upper mandible.
One specimen from the collection of my friend Mr. Lawrence, of New York, is
adolescent, the plumage on the body showing some edgings of purple lustre,
nearly uniform above and below. This specimen is from Brazil ; the other
specimen is in the Acad. Mus., and without label, stating locality. It is nearly
uniform brownish black, as in young birds of other species of this genus, but
with numerous traces of bluish purple lustre.

Mr. Gray's figure, which I regard as probably representing the nearly adult
of the same species as the two young birds here mentioned, is that of a bird
about 10£ inches in total length, of nearly uniform bluish purple color. The
young bird in the Acad. Mus. measures, total length 10 inches, wing 6, tail A\
inches.

4. Cassidix Vieilloti (Bonaparte).

Scaphidurus Vieilloti, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 426 (1850).

In the very extensive and valuable collection of birds of Central and South
America now belonging to the Smithsonian Institution, I find one specimen,
which, though in young plumage, may be different from either of the species
above mentioned. It is labelled, in the handwriting of Mr. Jules Verreaux,
" Scaphidurus Vieilloti, Bonap.," and the conclusion of that most accurate and
excellent ornithologist is always entit.ed to great respect and consideration.
The following is Bonaparte's diagnosis : —

"Sc. Vieilloti, Bp. (Cassicus niger? Vieill.) Gal. Ois. t. 89? ex Cayenna, An-
tillis. Mus. Darmstadt. Statura media, remigibus primit qualuor apice emargi-
nato dilitatis."

This specimen is in young plumage, being nearly uniform brownish black,
the bill slender, comparatively, and more narrow above than in any other I
have seen. The primaries are wide, but not especially so at their ends, and
have a slight emarginate character at their tips. Total length about 11^
inches, wing 5£, tail 4J inches. " Young male."

At present I regard this as the fourth species of Cassidix with which I am
acquainted.

The Annual Reports of the Librarian and Curators were read, as fol-
lows :
1866.] 27

418

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.

The Librarian most respectfully reports that the number of donations to the
Library from January to December, 1866, inclusive, is 1603.

Of these there were volumes 499

pamphlets 1102

maps 2

Total 1603

As follows :

Folios 16

Quartos , 402

Octavos 1158

Duodecimos 25

Maps 2

Total 1603

These were derived from the following sources:

Authors 105

Editors 132

Societies 488

Library Fund 318

Executors of Dr. Wilson 98

Edw. Wilson 175

Uathmell Wilson 235

Publishers 8

Isaac Lea . 7

Dr. Leidy 4

Minister of Public Works, France 4

Wm. S. Vaux 11

United States Congress 1

And were divided as follows :

Anatomy and Physiology 34

Antiquities 1

Bibliography 13

Biography 2

Botany 31

Chemistry 5

Conchology 73

Entomology 51

General Natural History 83

Geology 91

Helminthology 7

Herpetology 16

All of which is most respectfully submitted by

Surgeon General, IT. S. Army.

S. S. Haldeman

Chas. H. Hart

Hon. Secretary of the Navy

F. Levpoldt ...

Wm. M. Gabb...„

J. E. Gray, M. D.

1

4

Geological Survey of India

Chas. E. Smith...'.

War Department, U. S. Army...

Total J 1603

Icthyology 11

Journals 104&

Mineralogy „ 6

Ornithology 100

Physical Science 10

Mammalogy 5

Maps 2

Religion 1

Voyages and Travels 15

Total 1603

J. D. SERGEANT,

Librarian.

REPORT OF THE CURATORS,

For 1866.

The Curators, in presenting their Annual Report, take the opportunity of
expressing their satisfaction and pleasure in the prospect that their suggestion
of the last Report, in relation to an increase of accommodations for the over-
crowded Museum and Library, is likely to be carried out. The success of the

[Dee.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 419

Committee on the Building Fund, created for the purpose of obtaining means
for the purchase of a suitable lot of ground and the erection of a new and
larger Hall for the Academy, should encourage us to renewed efforts to secure
the most ample means for the objects of the Institution.

The Curators further take pleasure in announcing to the Academy that the
Museum, committed to their charge, is in a far better condition of preservation
than in the previous years. The liberal appropriations made by the Academy,
of which only three-fourths were expended, through the exertion of our asso-
ciate, Mr. Cassin, has enabled us thoroughly to disinfect and put in good order
our magnificent collection in ornithology.

Without expense to the Academy, under our direction and through the aid
of several members, students operating under the Jessup Beneficiary Fund,
the American Herbarium has not only been renovated, but all the plants have
been poisoned so as to secure them from future depredation, and now the
same process is being carried on with the General Herbarium. Through similar
aid, we have been enabled to put the Entomological Cabinet in good order.
All other portions of the Museum are in an excellent state of preservation.

The following account exhibits the contributions to the Museum of the
Academy in its various departments during the year :

Mammals and Birds. — Eight specimens of the former were presented by Mrs.
Mary Brainerd, C. J. Wood, A. H. Smith and Drs. J. F. Meigs and W. Camac.

One hundred and sixty-five specimens of 90 species of birds, chiefly from
Western America and the West Indies, were presented by the Smithsonian In-
stitution. Fifty-three specimens of 31 species were presented by Dr. H. B.
Butcher; and 28 specimens, mainly in young plumage, by C. J. Wood. Seven-
ty-three specimens were presented by W. S. Vaux, E. D. Cope, J. Leidy, J. F.
Cavada, Dr. E. Coues, C. S. Westcott, Jos. Jeanes, R. Bridges, J. G. Bell, T.
Julius, E. P. Borden, and Dr. W. A. B. Norcom.

Reptiles and Fishes. — Twenty-three specimens of the former, and 18 of the
latter were presented by Dr. Lemuel J. Deal, S. Powel, Miss Sallie Bridges, E.
Diffenbaugh, W. C. Henszey, and R. J. Hardie. Small collections of both were
also presented by Dr. Slack, and Mr. Hoopes.

Mollusks. — Thirteen hundred species of shells, of which 793 were new to our
Museum, were presented by the Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Tryon presented
84 species of shells, in addition to a small collection. Dr. C. J. Cleborne pre-
sented a collection of 140 species. Ninety-five species, in addition to several
small collections, were also presented by Rev. E. R. Beadle, John B. Eshleman,
T. A. Conrad, I. Lea, J. H. Thompson, Dr. LeConte, C. F. Parker, Miss Bridges,
Col. Jas. Greer, Patricio Paz, E. Gaussoin, Dr. E. Michener, S. Powel, and Dr.
Ruschenberger.

Articulates. — James H. B. Bland presented 207 specimens of 130 species of
Coleoptera. Eighty-eight species of insects were presented by Geo. A. Propper,
and 41 specimens of 35 species by Dr. H. B. Butcher. A few insects, crustace-
ans and worms, were also presented by Tryon Reakirt, Dr. C. J. Cleborne, C.
M. Wheatley, Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., R. A. Parrish, Jr., Dr. LeConte, K. K. Wom-
rath, W. McConnell, and S. Powel.

Radiates. — Of these, fourteen were presented by Dr. C. J. Cleborne, W. M.
Gabb, George W. Tryon, Jr., and Miss Bridges.

Fossils. — A collection of fossil fishes from the cretaceous formation of the
Upper Missouri was presented by George A. Propper. Sixty-four specimens of
fossils, together with several small collections, were presented by Dr. Geo. H.
Horn, Dr. A. C. Hamlin, W. A. Hendry, Col. James Greer, D. C. Collyer, E. D.
Cope, F. Ashurst, C. C. Abbott, Dr. W. Spillman, John Hanson, Mr. Da Costa,
W. B. Haseltine, J. Jeanes, Col Jas. J. Conner, J. F. Clew, 0. Biddle, E. Gaus-
soin, Dr. F. Poey, C. S. Westcott, W. Struthers, W. L. Cassin, and W. N. Allen.

Minerals. — Mr. Lea presented a fine crystal of Phlogopite, weighing 23 pounds,
in addition to 19 other minerals. Fifty specimens were presented by Dr. I. I.
Hayes, T. D. Rand, Dr. A. C. Hamlin, Dr. F. V. Hayden, Mrs. J. F. Watson,

1866.]

420 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Geo. Lewis, T. G. Smith, E. Gaussoin, J. C. Trautwine, W. W. Jefferis, Dr.
Ruschenberger, Mr. Godshall, M. A. Root, J. F. Clew, D. C. Collier, W. H.
Stephens, W. L. Cassia, W. C. M. Jones, and J. M. Watson.

Botany. — A collection of plants of the Wilkes' Exploring Expedition was
presented by the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. A. W. Chapman presented a
collection of plants from Florida. The subscribers of the Library Fund pre-
sented a copy of Sullivant and Lesquereux' Musci Boreali-Americana. Mr. E.
Diffenbaugh presented a collection of 83 species of plants. Mrs. M. A. Bush
presented a collection of 95 marine algae. One hundred and twelve species of
Californian and Rocky Mountain plants were purchased by the Academy.

Comparative Anatomy. — Two skulls were presented by Dr. Leidy and Col. A.
W. Putnam, and the skeleton of a snake was deposited by the Am. Philos.
Society.

The Museum of the Academy has been open, as usual, for the gratuitous ad-
mission of the public, two days in every week, except during the months of
April, May and June, when, by direction of the Academy, the Museum was open
five days per week. The number of visitors during the year was ^34,521, not
including those introduced personally by members, or admitted on other than
the public days, of which it is quite impossible to keep an account.

Respectfully submitted by

JOSEPH LEIDY,
Chairman of the Curators.

The election of officers for the ensuing year was held in accordance
with the By-Laws, with the following result :
President Isaac Hays, M. D.

Vice-Presidents Wm. S. Vaux,

John Cassin.

Corresponding Secretary Joseph Jeanes.

Recording Secretary H. C. Wood, Jr., M. D.

Treasurer W. C. Henszey.

Librarian J. D. Sergeant.

Curators Joseph Leidy, M. D.,

Wm. S. Vaux,
John Cassin,
E. D. Cope.

Auditors Joseph Jeanes,

Aubrey H. Smith,
Wm. S. Vaux.

Publication Committee Robert Bridges, M. D.,

Wm. S. Vaux,
John Cassin,
Joseph Leidy, M. D.,
Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.
The following were elected members :

Hugh Davids, Eben C. Jayne, George Vaux, Joshua T. Jeanes,
Coleman Sellers and George S. Schively, M. D.
The following were elected Correspondents :

C. C. Gray, M. D., U. S. A. ; J. J. Wisely, M. D., U. S. A. ; E. L.
Berthoud, Civ. Eng., Boulder City, Colorado Terr. ; Charles Elton
Buck, Chemist, New York ; and J. M. S. Thackara, of Puno, Peru.

[Dec.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 421

ELECTIONS FOR 1866.

The following persons were elected Members, — viz. :

jmu 30. — Robt. Frazer, Win. F Jones, Edw. L. Reakirt, Rev. E.
R. Beadle, Geo. W. Childs, Jas. H. B. Bland, Geo. M. Woodward,
Thos. Guilford Smith.

Feb 27.— Wm. R. White, John E. Graeff, Wm. Evans, Jr., Edw.
R. Wood, Philip C. Garrett, Chas. Hartshorne.

March 27.— Chas. S. Weseott, Thos. C. Stellwagen, M. D., Alfonso
DeFiganiere, Wm. C. Keehmle, Samuel E. Slaymaker, John Turner,
Chas. B. Durburrow, R. Shelton Mackenzie, D. C. L., Clemmons Hunt,
Jas. C. Parrish, Amos R. Little, J. A. Heintzelman.

April 24. — John B. Parker, Joseph Thomas, M. L\, Josiah Hoopes,
Chas. S. Lewis, Trvon Reakirt, Edw. K. Tryon, Jr., Rev. Geo. D.
Boardman, Lemuel J. Deal, M. D., R. S. Weber, M. D., Samuel R.
Shipley, Wm. Sellers, Joseph Walton.

May 29.— Jos. R. Rhoads, Wm. K. Gilbert, M. D., Samuel Huston,
S. Clarkson Taylor, Robt. S. Kenderdine, M. D., Daniel Haddock, Jr.,
Henry A. Dreer, Christian C Febeger, Henry Stille, M. D.

June 26. — Lieut. Henry Carpenter, Brevet Major U. &• A., Geo.
Guier, M. D.; of Costa Rica, Cent. Am., Henry B. Butcher, M. D.,
Jason L. Fenimore, S. Raymond Roberts.

July 31. — Geo. H. Horn, M. D., John G. Moore, Andrew Nebinger,
M. D., Chas. G. Ogden, Samuel L. Sbober.

Aug. 28.— Gen. S. Wylie Crawford, U. S. A.

Sept. 25 — E. B. Vandyke, M. D., Frank H. Wyeth.

Oct. 30.— Wm. Mayburry, M. D , W. C Dixon, M. D.

Dec. 11. — Jos. C. Turnpenny, Maj. A. R. Calhoun, Albert R. Leeds,
John Ford, Edwin J. Houston, Wm. S. Grant.

Dec. 26. — Hugh Davids, Eben C. Jayne, George Vaux, Joshua T.
Jeanes, Coleman Sellers, George S. Schively, M. D.

The following were elected Correspondents, — viz. :

Feb. 27— Geo. W. Clinton, of Buffalo, N. Y.

March 27. — Robt. Gray of Glasgow, Wm. Sinclair, of Glasgow, Rev.
Jos. Blake, of Gilmanton, N. H. ; D. C. Collier, of Central City, Cal.

April 24. — Dr. Hermann Credner, Jacob Stauffer, of Lancaster, Pa. •
Prof. Alfred l)u Bois, of Laurette, Park Co., Col. ; J. H. Baxter, M. D.,
U. S. A., Washington, D. C.

May 29.— Rev. W B. Anderson, of Rochester, N. Y. ; Samuel R.
Carter, of Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me.

June 26.— Geo. A. Otis, M. D., Wm. H. French, of White Haven,
Luzerne Co., Pa. ; M. Le Marquis de Caligny, France.

July 31. — Frank Cowan, of Washington, D. C.

Sept. 25. — Gabriel E. Manegault, of Charleston, S. C.

Dec, 26— Dr. C C. Gray, U. S. A., of Fort Randall. Dakota, Ter.
Dr. J. J. Wisely, U. S. A., of Fort Dakota, Dakota Ter. ; E. L. Ber
thoud, of Boulder City, Col. Ter. ; Chas. Elton Buck, of New York
J. M. S. Thackara, of Puno, Peru.
1866.]

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ACADEMY,

For 1866.

Letters were received and read as follows :

January 9(h. — Albany Institute ; Linnean Society ; Imperial Society of Mos-
cow ; L. H. Morgan.

January 16/h. — Lieut. Gen. U. S. Grant, Jan. 15th, and Maj. Gen. George G.
Meade, Jan. 17th, acknowledging the receipt of diplomas of membership.

January 23d. — Royal Society of Sciences, Upsala, Oct. 1st, 1865, acknow-
ledging the receipt of the Journal and Proceedings, and accompanying dona-
tions to the Library.

Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin, Aug. 11th, 18G3 ;
Royal Lombardy Institute of Sciences, Milan, Feb. 6th, 1863 ;
Natural History Society of the Osterlandes at Altenburg, Sept. 1st, 1865 ;
Imperial Royal Geological Society of Vienna, Sept. 22d, 1865 ; all acknow-
ledging receipt of the Proceedings.

Bohemian Society of Sciences, Prague, May 28th, 1864;
Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Sept. 23d, 1865 ;
Senckenberg Natural History Society, Frankfort on the Prague, Aug. 10th,
1865;
Upper Hesse Society of Natural and Medical Sciences, Giessen, Aug. 25th, 1865 ;
Society of Geology and Associated Sciences, Jan. 27th, 1865 ;
Natural History Society of Mannheim, Sept. 6th, 1865 ; all accompanying
donations to the Library.

January 30th. — R Wilson, Esq., in regard to a legacy left the Academy by
his brother, Dr. T. B. Wilson.

February Gth. — Prof. Durieu, Bordeaux, Aug. 18th, acknowledging election
as correspondent.

Boston Society of Natural History, two letters dated respectively May 1st,
1864, and Aug. 23d, 1866, acknowledging the receipt of the Proceedings.

Medico-Natural History Society of Jena, accompanying donations to the li-
brary, May 6th, 1865.

February \3lh. — Charles J. Wister, Esq., accompanying donation of photo"
graph of Mr. I. Lukens.

March (Mh. — Royal Library of Munich ;

Natural History Society of Freibourg ;

Physico-Medical Society of Wurzburg ;

Natural History Society of Brunn ;

Isis of Dresden ;

Royal Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Fine Arts, Brussels ;

Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam ;

Society of Natural Sciences, Gallen, Switzerland ;

Natural History Society of Augsburg ;

CORRESPONDENCE.

423

Royal Meteorological Society of the Low Country, Utrecht ;

Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam ;

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm ; all accompanying dona-
tions to the Library, and acknowledging receipt of Proceedings.

G. W. Clinton, Esq., Buffalo, March 3d, acknowledging election as corres-
pondent.

Imperial School of Mines, Paris, and

Bavarian Academy of Sciences, desiring supply of deficiencies.

March \3lh. — President of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, in regard
to Penn Square.

April 3d. — Smithsonian Institution, March 20th, acknowledging receipt o*
Proceedings ; also from

Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon, dated Dec. 26th, 1865, accompanying
donations to the Library.

May 1st. — Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences, Sept. 19th, 1865 ;
Bureau of Geological Investigations in Sweden, Stockholm, Nov. 6th and 10th,
1865 ; severally acknowledging receipt of Proceedings.

Imperial Leopold German Academy of Sciences, Dresden, Jan. 25th, 1866;
Royal Society of Sciences of Leipsic, Sept. 30th, 1865, accompanying dona-
tions to the Library. •

Society of Natural Sciences, Luxembourg, Oct. 30th, 1865 ;
Zoological Society of Frankfort, Jan., 1866;

Imperial Society of Sciences, Gottingen, Jan. 31st, 1866 ; acknowledging re-
ceipt of Proceedings and accompanying donations to the Library.

Royal Society of Edinburg, Nov. 1st, 1866, asking for a supply of deficiencies.
Society of Natural Sciences of Basle, Feb. 1st, 1866, concerning deficiencies,
and accompanying donations to the Library.

Mr. Winslow, of Munich, March 24th, 1866, in relation to ethnological casts.
Isaac Lea, LL. D., and G. W. Tryon, Jr., Esq., with regard to specimens pre-
sented by them to the Academy.

May 15/A.— A. W. Chapman, Apalachicola, April 28th, 1866;
J. il. Baxter, Washington, May 7 th, 1866 ;
Herman Credner, New York, May 4th, 1866 ;

Jacob Stauffer, Lancaster, Pa., May 7th, 1866; acknowledging election as
correspondents.

June 5th. — Robert Grey, Glasgow, May 12th, 1866, acknowledging receipt of
notice of his election as a correspondent.

Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Berlin, acknowledging receipt, of Proceed-
ings, and announcing that their publications had been sent in return.

July 3d. — American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., June 11th, 1866 ;
Senkenberg Natural History Society, Frankfort on the Main, March 15th, 1866 ;
Natural History Society of Danzig, Sept. 29th, 1865 ; severally acknowledg-
ing receipt of the Proceedings of the Academy.

Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, Sept. 24th, 1865 ;
Senkenberg Natural History Society, Frankfort on the Main, March 15th,
1866 ; severally accompanying donations to the Library.
Joseph Blake, Esq., Gilmanton, N. H., Jan. 4th, 1866;
M. B. Anderson, Rochester, N. Y., June 10th, 1866;

Samuel R. Carter, Paris Hill, Maine, June 4th, 1866; severally acknowledg-
ing election as correspondents.

Wm. H. Dall, San Francisco, June 10th, 1866, in reference to the operations
of the Behring's Straits' Expedition, Scientific Corps.

Alfred Du Bois, Buckskin, Colorado, June 12th, 1866, acknowledging election
as correspondent, and asking for information as regards contributions.

A. S. Christine, Principal of Carbon Academy, Lehighton, Pa., asking dona-
tions of objects of Natural History.

Dr. B. A. Gould, asking information concerning certain instruments in making
physiological researches into the physical history of man.

424 CORRESPONDENCE.

July lOfk.— George A. Otis, Assist. Surg. U. S. A., acknowledging the re-
ceipt of notice of his election as correspondent.

July 24th. — Helvetian Natural History Society of Berne, Dec, 1 865 ;

Royal Asiatic Society, London, April, 1866 ; each acknowledging the receipt
of the Proceedings.

Natural History Society of Prussian Rineland and Westphalia, Bonn, March
1st, 1866, accompanying donations to the Library, and acknowledging the re-
ceipt of the Proceedings.

Directory of the Society of Geology and Associated Sciences, Darmstadt,
Feb. 6th, 1866 ;

Mineralogical Society of Petersburg, Dec. 20th, 1866;

University of Lund, Sweden, Nov., 1865;

Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna, April 9th, 1866; severally accompa-
nying donations to the Library ; that from the University of Lund also asking
for exchanges.

Geological Society of India. Calcutta, Dec. 14th, 1865, asking exchanges, and
accompanying donation to the Library.

Natural History Society of Berne, 1866; accompanying donations to the
Library.

Royal Gymnasium and High School, Polten, in Lower Austria, April 26th,
1866," asking supply of deficiencies in their publications of the Academy.

Felix Fliigel, Leipsic, 1866, in regard to duplicates of the Proceedings of the
Academy.

Zoological and Mineralogical Society of Regensburg, asking supply of de-
ficiencies in their publications of the Academy.

August \4th. — A. Ramond de Corbineau, July 2d, 1866 ; and
Marquis de Caligny, Cherbourg, France, 1866 ; each acknowledging election
as correspondent.

M. McDonald, Professor of Geology in Military Institute of Virginia.

September Uth.— -British Museum, July 30th, 1866, acknowledging receipt of
Nos. 1 — 5 Proceedings, 1865.

Dr. L. M. Pendleton, Belfast, Maine, Aug. 13th, 1866, giving information of
the sale of the skin and skeleton of an elephant.

Dr. Jos. Szabo, Pest, Hungary, July 31st, 1866, announcing donation on
part of the Society of Pest of a fragment of a meteorite which fell in the north
east of Hungary June 9th, 1866.

Soci^te des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, Switzerland, Nov. 23d, 1865,
acknowledging receipt of Proceedings, Nos. 1 — "7, 1863, 1 — 5, 1864, and Jour-
nal, vol. v. pt. iv.

American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, Mass., Aug. 23d, 1866, acknow-
ledging receipt of Proceedings.

October 2d.— Natural History Society of Basle, Sept. 15th, 1866;

Batavian Society of Sciences, Rotterdam, Oct. 21st, 1865 ;

Royal Library of Dresden, Dec. 11th, 1865 ;

Royal Imperial Zoological Botanical Society of Vienna, Jan., 1866 ;

German Geological Society, Berlin, Nov. 4th, 1865;

Society of Natural Sciences, Leipzig, Nov. 20th, 1865 ;

Linnean Society, London, July 28th, 1866;

Royal Saxon Society of Sciences, Leipzig, Nov. 30, 1865 ;

Society of Natural Sciences, Weisbaden, Oct. 10th, 1865 ;

Society of the Friends of Natural History, Mecklenberg, Oct., 1864; severally
acknowledging receipt of Proceedings.

Boston Society of Natural History, Sept. 17th, 1866 ;

Geological Survey of India, May 11th, 1865 ;

Linnean Society of Bordeaux, June 8th, 1866 ; severally accompanying do-
nations to the Library.

Provincial Secretary's Office, Ottawa, Aug. 31st, 1866, accompanying dona-

CORRESPONDENCE. 425

tions on the part of the Government of Canada of the Atlas, &c, of the Geolo-
logical Survey.

Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna, June 30th, 1866, in reply to letter in
relation to deficiencies.

Geographical Society of Dresden, May 16th, 1866, accompanying donations
to the Library, and asking exchange.

Upper Hessian Society of Natural and Medical Sciences, acknowledging re-
ceipt of Proceedings, and directing mode of transmission.

October 9th. — Prof. Alfred Newton, of Magdalen College, England, acknow-
ledging election as correspondent.

October \6/h— Frank Cowan, Esq., Greensburg, Pa., Oct. 11th, 1866, acknow-
ledging election as correspondent.

October 23d. — Gabriel E. Manegault, acknowledging election as correspondent.

November 20th. — Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, March 15, 1866;

J. H. Baxter, War Department, Washington, Nov. 15th, 1866; severally
accompanying donations to the Library.

American Antiquarian Society, acknowledging receipt of Proceedings.

Smithsonian Institution, acknowleging receipt of Proceedings.

Imperial Mineralogical Society of St. Petersburg, Oct. 24th, 1866, inviting all
friends of science to their 50th anniversary.

Society of the Friends of Natural History, Berlin, Feb. 12th, 1866, acknow-
ledging receipt of publications of the Academy.

Zoologico-Mineralogical Society at Regensburg, accompanying donations to
Library.

December 4th. — Mrs. M. A. Bush, of Cohoes, N. Y., accompanying her dona-
tions of Algae.

December 18th. — Edinburgh Geological Society, accompanying donations to
Library and asking exchange.

Society for the Advancement of the Natural Sciences, Marburg, accompany-
ing donations to Library, and acknowledging receipt of the Proceedings'.

Royal Meteorological Institute, Utrecht, accompanying donations to Library.

Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester ;

Catholic University of Louvain ; severally accompanying donations to Li-
brary and asking supply of deficiencies.

Royal Public Library of Dresden ;

Natural History Society of Basle ;

Geological Society of Darmstadt ;

Royal Society of Amsterdam; severally acknowledging receipt of Proceed-
ings.

DONATIONS T'O THE MUSEUM.

1866.

Abbot, C. C. Oct. \6th. Tooth of Carcharodon and Lamna. Trenton Falls,
N.J.

Allen, W. A. Dec. \\1h. Vertebra of a Crocodile and bones of a Turtle.

American Philosophical Society. June 5th. Skeleton of the Rattlesnake.

Ashhurst, Francis. Oct. 16th. Fossil vertebra of a Shark and tooth of a Croco-
dile, from the Green Sand of Pemberton, N. J. Nov. \3th. Four verte-
brae of a Crocodile, from the Green Sand of Pemberton, N. J.

Beadle, Rev. E. R. Nov. 20th. Twenty-two species of Shells. Dec. 11 th. Re-
trorsa, Gould and Cyclophorus pernobilis, Gould, from Tavoy, Burmah.

Bell, John G. Jan. 2d. Cultrides rufipennis, G. R. Gray, from South America.

Biddle, Owen. April 10th. Fossil Wood.

Bland, Jas. H. B. March 6th. Eighty-one specimens, 54 species of Coleoptera,
mostly new to the Museum. June 5th. 126 specimens, 76 species, Coleop-
tera, from the vicinity of Philadelphia.

Borden, E. P. Dec. 11th. Specimen of Buteo lineatus, the red-shouldered
Hawk, Delaware County, Pa.

Brainerd, Mary. Oct. 9th. Mounted specimen of the Northern Lynx, from Jef-
ferson Co., N. Y.

Bridg-es, Sallie. May 8th. An Echinus, Loligo and 3 Reptiles, Santa Cruz.

Bridges, Dr. Robert. Aug. 21st. Two Phonipara canora, male and female,
from Cuba.

Burke, Isaac and Jesse T. May 1st. Bryttus cluetodon.

Bush, Mrs. M. A., of Cohoes, Albany Co. Dec. 4th. 95 specimens of marine
Algae.

Butcher, Dr. H. B. Jan. 23d. A collection of Birds, consisting of 31 species,
53 specimens, from Virginia and the District of Columbia, and a collec-
tion of Insects, about 35 species, 41 specimens, from the same location.

Camac, Dr. "YVm. April 10th. A mounted specimen of Geomys bursarius,
Wisconsin.

Campbell, Chas. B. Nov. 20. Very fine Albino Rat from Philadelphia,

Cassin, William L. Dec. 11th. A collection of Fossils and a collection of
Quartz Crystals, from the Delaware Water Gap, Monroe Co., Pa.

Cavada, J. F. June 5th. Ortyx Cubanensis, male and female, from Cuba.

Chapman, A. W., M. D. Aug. 1th. A large collection of Plants, from Florida.

Cleborne, Dr. C. J. Dec. Wth. 140 species of Shells, from various localities,
among which are fine specimens of rare and valuable species. Seven
specimens of Radiata. Two specimens of Tarautula, from Martinique,
West Indies.

Clew, J. II. May 29th. Two large masses of Rock Salt, from the Island of
Petite Anse, Louisiana. July 10th. A small collection of fossil bones of
an Elephant, from Island Petite Anse, La. Oct. 16th. Fragments of Ele-
phant bones, from the Salt Mines of Petite Anse, La.

Collier, D. C. Jan. 9th. Collection of Fossils, from Smoky Hill River, Col-

DONATIONS TO MUSEUM. 427

orado Territory. Aug. 14th. Specimens of Chalk, from bluffs, 75 feet high,
on Smoky Hill River, eastern boundary of Colorado Territory.

Conner, Col. Jas. J. June bth. Large mass of white ash anthracite Coal, with
distinct impressions of Sigillaria, from Schuylkill Co., Pa.

Conrad, T. A. Nov. 13th. Ten species of Shells (types). Nov. 20th. One
species of Shell.

Cope, E. D. Jan. 23d. Fossil Teredo and Nautilus, from Glassboro, N. J.
rune 12th. Silicified Wood, Glassboro, N. J. Dec. llth. Twenty speci-
mens of Birds, from Jalapa, Mexico.

Coues, Elliot, M. D. June bth. iEgialitis nivosus, Dendroica Gracese, from
Arizona.

Da Costa, J. Oct. 2d. Four teeth of Carcharodon and Otodus, from near Fort
Laramie.

Deal, Dr. Lemuel J. April 3d. 18 specimens, 8 species, of Serpents from Lou-
isiana.

Diffenbaugh, E. May 1st. Bryttus chajtodon, Bristol, Pa. Oct. 16th. 83
species of rare Plants, from Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Eshleman, John B. Dec. llth. Suite of Shells, 30 species, from Lancaster Co.,
Penna.

Gabb, W. M. March 6th. Three Corals, from California. June \2th. Large
Egg, from California, and Sponge, from Japan. July 10th. Specimens of
Virgularia elongata.

Gaussoin, Eugene, through Dr. Hayden. May 1st. Three fossil Corals and a
Shell, from Navassa, W. I. June 19th. A collection of Oolitic Phosphates
of Lime, Coral Limestone, Stalactite, and fragments of Indian Pottery,
from the Island of Navassa, W. I.

Godshall, Mr. July 10th. A mass of Quartzose brecia, Valley Forge, Penn-
sylvania.

Grasses. Jan. 2d. A collection of 62 species of Grasses, from California. Pur-
chased.

Green, Col. James. May 1st. Fossil Fish Scales, from the loess of the Missis-
sippi, in the vicinity of Vicksburg. June 5th. Six species of Helix and one
of Succiuea, from the loess near Vicksburg, Miss. Also a recent and new
species of Succinea, from the same vicinity. A collection of bones and
scales of a Fish, from the loess near Vicksburg, Miss. A small collection
of Devonian and carboniferous Fossils, from near Pittsburg, Pa.

Hamlin, Dr. A. C. April 10th. Specimens of Itacolumite and Auriferous
Quartz, from Georgia. May 22d. Sulphuret of Antimony. Carmel, Maine.
June 5th. Some fossil Bones and Shells from a railroad cutting. Maine.

Hardie, Robt. J. Sept. 4th. Horned Frog, from Texas.

Haseltine, Ward B. Feb. 13th. Fossil Wood, from Schuylkill Co., Pa.

Hayden, Dr. Nov. 6th. Specimens of Pipestone and other Minerals, from Da-
kota Territory.

Hayes, I. I. Feb. 13th. Fine large crystalline block of Cryolite ; smaller spe-
cimens of do.; 2 Cryolite with chalybite, galena and sulphuret of irou ;
Crystallized Quartz, Granite, Fluorspar, Feldspar, and Epidote,from Ivigtut,
Greenland.

Hendry, William A., of Halifax. March 6th. 12 specimens of Coal Plants, from
Glace Bay, &c, Nova Scotia.

Henszey, W. C. June bth. Diodon, from Atlantic City.

Horn, George H. June 12th. Fragments of jaws and teeth of a fossil Horse,
from Buena Vista Lake, Cal. July 10th. Enstrongylus gigas, from the
Coyote.

Jefferis, Win. W. Jan. 23d. A large cleavage crystal of black Biotite, pene-
trated by a crystal of Apatite. Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.

Jeanes, Jos. Jan. 2d. 4 Muscipeta Du Chailluii, 2 Chloropicus brachyrhyn-
chus, Chloropicus, nivosus, Bradyornis, sp. I, Nectarinia, sp., from Mr.
Du Chaillu's collections in Western Africa. June bth. Fossil Shells.
Scranton, Luzerne Co.

4S8 DONATIONS TO MUSEUM.

Jones, W. C. M. and J. W. Watson. Jan. 23d. Three specimens of Argentife-
rous Galena, from Baker Lode, Argentine Dist., Colorado.

Julius, Capt. T. Dec. llth. Fine specimen of Somateria spectabilis, the King
Duck, from Newfoundland.

Lea, Isaac. Jan. 23d. Emerylite in large cleavage crystals, &c. Unionville,
Chester Co. Feb. ]3th. Double terminated crystal of Quartz, 14 inches
long, from Jefferson Co., N. Y. Feb. 20th. Fine large crystal of Phlogo-
pite, from near Rossie, N. Y. This crystal is a hexagonal prism,
with oblique cleavage, weighing 23 pounds. May 1st. Large specimen of
Phlogopite, Rossie, N. Y. May 8th. Large specimen of Crysotile. Blue
Hill, Delaware Co., Pa. Eight species of fiuviatile Shells. May 22d. Ga-
lena. Ivigtut, Greenland. 14 Minerals, from Del. and Chester Co., Pa.,
and N. Y. May 22d. Galena. Ivigtut, Greenland. Nov. \3th. Five
species of Unio. Nov. \3th. Feldspar, from near Wilmington, Del.

Le Conte, J. L.,Dr. May 1st. Three bottles U. S. Coleoptera, 2 from Honduras ; 1
Apus longicaudatus, from Kansas; and a large Entornostracan, from Ohio.
Also a bottle of Arseniate of Potassa.

Lee, Peter, Benj. Oman and Daniel Austin, through Mr. Powel. Jan. 23d. A
collection of 15 specimens, 6 species, of Fishes, several marine Worms,
Crustacea and Mollusks, from Newport, R. I.

Leidy, Dr. Jos. Jan. 2d. Skull of a Manatus. April 10th. Crystallized Epi-
dote, from the vicinity of Germantown. Dec. llth. Ten species of Birds,
from Jalapa, Mexico.

Le-wis. Geo. T. April llth. Large specimen of Pachnolite. Ivigtut, Green-
land.

McConnell, Wm. July 10th. A large Spider.

Meehan, Thos., Mr. Sept. llth. Specimens of Pinus pungens.

Meigs, J. F., Dr. Sept. 18th. Specimens of the Jumping Mouse, Jaculus hudso-
nius.

Michener, Dr. E. Nov. 20th. One species of Shell.

Norcum, W. A. B. Sept. llth. Specimens of Crotophaga ani, shot at Edenton,
N. Carolina.

Parker, C. F. Dee. llth. Conus capitanus, Linn. A variety new to the Aca-
demy collection.

Parrish, R. A., Jr. July 10th. Luna Moths.

Paz, Signor Patricio. Feb. 20th. Collection of Mollusca, in alcohol, from
South America.

Plants. Jan. 23d. A collection of 50 species of high Alpine Plants, from the
Rocky Mountains. Purchased.

Poey, Dr. Felipe, Cuba. June 12th. Fossil vertebra of a Crocodile and costal
plate of a Turtle, from Cuba.

Propper, Geo. A., through Dr. Hayden, who retains the right of borrowing the
specimens. Nov. Qth. A collection of fossil Fishes, from the cretaceous
formation, No. 3, of Yankton, Dakota.
" Through Prof. Hayden. Nov. 13th. A collection of Insects from Daco-
ta Territory, consisting of 61 specimens of Coleoptera, 4 Orthoptera and 3
Homoptera. Yankton, Dae. Ter.

Putnam, Col A. W. Jan. 9th. 50 species of rare Plants, from the Rocky
Mountains. Purchased.

Rand, Theo. D. Nov. Qth. Ten specimens of Minerals.

Reakirt, Tryon. May 8th. Seven specimens of Lepidoptera.

Root, M. A. March 20th. Specimen of Mecca Oil Rock, from Mecca, Trumbull
Co., Ohio.

Ruschenberger, Dr. May 1st. Specimens of Essonite, Ceylon. Nov. 20th.
One species of Shell.

Slack, Dr. and Mr. Hoopes. Oct. IGth. A jar of Fishes and Reptiles, two Mam-
mals and a small collection of Shells, from Lake Superior.

Slawsin, John. March 20th. Mass of fossil Shells, from the Rocky Mountains,
in Colorado.

DONATIONS TO MUSEUM. 429

Smith, T. Guilford. April 11th. Large specimen of Bitter Spar. Chester,
Mass.

Smithsonian Institution. June 19th. A collection of Plants, from the western
Coast of South America and the South Pacific Islands, being a portion of
the botanical collection of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition. June 19th.
A collection of 148 specimens of Birds, representing 73 species of western
North America and the West Indies. Bee. llth. Seven specimens of Birds
from the West Indies and South America. Aug. 21st. fcix specimens of
Birds from Costa Rica and 4 specimens from Jamaica. A large collection ,
of Shells, embracing over 1300 species, of which 793 species are new to
the Museum ; an extraordinary increase, due in a great measure to many
of them being species from the Wilkes Exploring Expedition not previ-
ously distributed, while others are new species from Western America, re-
cently described by Mr. P. P. Carpenter, Smithsonian Institution.

Spillman, Dr. W., of Columbus, Mississippi. March 20tk. Fossil phalanx of a
large Reptile and 2 segments of a fossil Nautilus. May 1st. Two Coal
fossils. Western Alabama.

Stephens, Wm. H. July 24th. A large specimen of black Oxyde of Copper,
from Lake Superior.

Struthers, W. July 10th. Two Coal fossils, from Dorchester, New Brunswick.

Subscribers to the Library Fund. Oct. 9th. Musci Boreali Americana quorum
specimina exsiccata W. S. Sullivant et L. Lesquereux ediderunt. Ed. 2d,
1865.

Thompson, John H. Nov. 20th. Nine species of Shells.

Thompson, John, of New Bedford, Mass. May 1st. A marine Alga, from Cape
Horn.

Trautwine,-J. C. April 10th. Pachnolite, from Greenland.

Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. May 1st. 20 species land and fresh water Shells. On
condition not to be loaned. May 8th. Fine species of Indian Mollusca.
May 22d. Ten species of Shells from Cambodia. Nov. 13th. 18 species
of Unionidpe. Nov. 20th. Seven species of Shells. Dec. llth. 24 species
of terrestrial Mollusca. New to the Academy's collection.

Unknown donor, through Mr. Tryon. Jan. 23d. Three species of Crusta-
ceans, a Star Fish, and a small collection of Shells.

Vaux, William S. Dec. llth. 20 specimens of Birds, from Jalapa, Mexico.

Vogel, Charles. Nov. 20th. A brook Trout, caught in the Schuylkill River.

Watson, Mrs. J. Framton. Nov. 13th. Manganite, Ihlfeldt, Hartz, Marcasite
and a fine Mocha Stone.

Westcott, Charles S. June 19lh. Very fine mounted specimens of Aix sponsa,
the Summer Duck, and Ortyx Virginianus, the American Partridge; also a
Silurian fossil. Dec. llth. Fine specimen of Icterus Jamacaii.

Wheatley, C. M. May 1st. A collection of small Crustacea?, &c, from Cape
St. Lucas.

Wood, Christopher J. Aug. 14th. One Mus decumanus (pied variety), 1 Ar-
vicola and 19 specimens of Birds of Philadelphia, in young plumage.
Nov. 13th. Two Amazilia Riefferii £ <j>,lCyanomyia Cyanocephala, from
Belize, Honduras, and six specimens of young Birds, from vicinity of Phi-
ladelphia.

Woodward, G. M. April llth. A living Iguanian. Navassa, West Indies.

Womrath, F. K. Mantis, from vicinity of Baltimore.

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

1866.

JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS.

SWEDEN.

Lund. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, 1864. Philosophie Sprakvetenskap,

och historia und Matheinatik och Naturvetenskap. 1864-65. From the

University.
Stockholm. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Nv

Foljd, Femte Bandet, Forste Haftet. From the Society.
Ofversigt af kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar. Argangen

1 — 4 and 21 Argangen. From the Society.
Upsal. Nova Acta Regiaj Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. Seriei Tertiae,

Vol. V., Fasc. 2, 1865. From the Society.

DENMARK.

Kjobenhavn. Oversigt over det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs

Forhandlinger Aaret 1865, Nos. 1 — 3; 1866, No. 1. From the Society.

Videnskabelige Medelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn

•for Aarat. 1865. From the Society.
Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. 4de Binds, 3bie — 6to Haefte. Ny Raekke Iste
Binds, lste — 3bie Haefte. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

NORWAY.

Christianise. Det Kongelige Norske Fredericks Universitets, Aarsberetning for
Aaret 1863. From the University.

RUSSIA.

Moscow. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscow. Annee

1865, Nos. 2 to 4; Annee 1866, No. 1. From the Society.
Memoirs de L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. Tome 5, No. 1, to Tome

10, No. 2. From the Society.
Bulletin de L'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. Tome 5, No. 2, Tome 7,

No. 3, to Tome 9. From the Society.
Verhandlungen der Kon. Gesellschaft fiir die Gesammte Mineralogie zu

St. Petersburg. Jahrg.. 1863. From the Society.
Nova Acta Academia Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. Vols. 1 — 6

and Vol. 11 From the Society.

HOLLAND.

Amsterdam. Jaarbock van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
1863 and 1864. From the Society.
Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde uitgegeven door het Genootschap Natura Ar-

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 431

tis Magistra. 1851, Tweede and Derde An ; 1852, 4de and 5de Afl.

Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Verhandelingen van de k. Academie van Wetenschappen. Tiende Deel.

Amsterdam. 1864. From the Society.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen,

1863 & 1864, 8te deel 1865. Amsterdam. From the Society.
Arnheim. Nederlandsch Tigdschrift voor Jagtkunde. lste Jahrg. 3de to

12mo, Afl. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

GERMANY.

Altenburg. Mittheilungen aus dem Osterlande, Gemeinschaftlich herausgege-

ben vom Gewerbe-Vereine, von der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu

Altenburg. Banden 7er to 13er and I7er Band, les and 2es Heft. From

the Society.

Augsburg. Achtzehnter Bericht des Natur-historischen Vercins. From the

Society.
Berlin. Physikalische Abhandlungen der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin. Aus dem Jahre., 1864. From the Akademie.
Linnaea Entomologica. Her & 12er Bandeu. Presented by Edw. Wilson,

Esq.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte Jahrgangen, ler — 29er complete. 30er
Jahrg., les Heftes, Berlin 1835 — 1864. Presented by Rathmell Wilson,
Esq.
Same. 30er Jahrg., 5es & 6es Heft. From the Editors.
Berliner Entomologischer Zeitsclirift, herausgegeben von dem Entomolo-
gischen Vereine in Berlin. Neunter Jahrg. Vierteljahrsheft. 9er Jahrg.,
2es — 4es Vierteljahrsheft. lOer Jahrg. From the Society.
Wochenschirft des Vereines fiir Gartnerei und Pflanzenkunde. 8 Jahrg.,

Nos. 31 to 52. From the Society.
Zeitsclirift fiir die Gesammten Naturwissenschaftcn herausgegeben von
dem Naturw. -Vereine fiir Sachsen und Thuringen in Halle. Jahrgangen,
1864 and 1865. From the Society.
Zeitsclirift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 17 Band, 2es Heft,

to 18 Band, les Heft. From the Society.
Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu . Berlin

aus den Jahren, 1860 bis 1862. 1865. From the Society.
Monatsbericht der K. P. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Jan.,
1866, to June, 1866. From the Society.
Bonn. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereines der Preussischen Rhein-
lande und Westphalens. Jahrgangen 7er, Her and 22er, 1850, 1854
and 1865. From the Society.
Brunn. Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereines in Brunn. II. and

III. Banden. From the Society.
Bremen. Erster Jahresbericht des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines zu Bre-
men. From the Society.
IX. Jahres-Bericht des Instituts fiir Schwedische Heil Gymnastik in Bre-
men von Dr. Axel Sigfrid Ulrich. From the Editor.
Caasel. Malakozoologische Blatter. Herausgegeben von Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
lOer Band, pp. 177 to end; 12er Band and 13er Band, pp. 1 — 32. From
the Library Fund.
Journal fiir Ornithologie. Herausgegeben von Dr. Jean Cabanis und Dr.
Ed. Baldamus. 13 Jahgr., Heft 1, to 14 Jahgr., Heft II. From the Li-
brary Fund.
Danzig. Neueste Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig. 5en

Bandes, les Heft. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Darmstadt. Notizblatt des Vereines fiir Erdkunde. III. Folge, IV. Heft. From

the Society.
Dresden. Sitzungs-Berichte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis zu
Dresden. 1861 — 1864. From the Society.

432 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Novorum Actorum Academiae Csesareae Leopoldino-Carolinse Germanics

Naturae Curiosorum. Tome 24. From the Society.
Erster Jahresbericht des Vereins fur Erdkunde zu Dresden. From the
Society.
Diisseldorff. Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Westphalens. Neue

Schriften. Erster Band. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Frankfurt-am-main. Der Zoologische Garten. Nos. 7 to 12, 1865. From the
Editor.
Same. 1, 2 and 3 Jahrg. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Jahresbericht neber die Verhaltung des Medicinahvesens die Krankenan-
stalten. Herausgegeben von dem Aerztlicken Verein. VI. Jahrg., 1862.
From the Society.
Freiburg im Br. Berichte iiber dieVerhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesell-
schaft zu Freiburg. Band III., Heftes III. and IV. From the Society.
Giessen. Amtlicher Bericht iiber die neun und dreissigste Versammlung
Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte in Giessen.. From the Convention.
Elfter Bericht der Oberhessischen Gessellschaft fiir Natur und Heilkunde.
From the Society.
Gotha. Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt iiber wich-
tige neue Erforschungen auf dem Gesammtgerrete der Geographie von
Dr. A Petermann. 1866, IV — VIII. From the Library Fund.
Gottingen. Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der

Georg.-Augusts Universitat aus dem Jahre, 1865. From the Society.
Graz. Zweiter Jahresbericht des Vereines der Aerzte in Steiermark. From

the Society.
Halberstadt. Museum Heineanum von Dr. Jean Cabanis. 1 Theil, 1850-51.

Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Konigsberg. Schriften der K. Physikalisch Ekonomischen Gesellschaft zu

Konigsberg. 5es Jahgrang, les and 2es Abth. From the Society.
Leipzig. Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der K. Sachsischen Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Mathematisch Physische Classe 1864.
From the Society.
Des VII. Bandes der Abhandlungen der Mathematisch Physischen Classe
der K. Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. From the Society.
Jenaische Zeitschrifte fiir Medicin und Naturwissenschaft herausgegeben
von der Medicinisch-Naturw. Gesellschaft zu Jena. 2er Band, les — 4es
Heftes. From the Society.
Archiv fiir Anatomie Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medecin. Heraus-
gegeben von Drs. Reichert und Bois Reymond. From 1863, No. 1, to
1866, No. 3. From the Library Fund.
Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Herausg. von Carl S. V. Siebold

und Albert Kolliker. 16er Band, 2es Heft. From the Library Fund.
The same. Banden I. — XL From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Jahrbucher fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik. 4er Band, 3es Heft. From the
Executors of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Mannheim. Achtzehnter to 26er and 31er Jahresberichtes des Mannheimer

Vereines fiir Naturkunde. From the Society.
Miinchen. Annalen der Koniglichen Sternwarte bei Miinchen. XIV. Band.
From the Society.
Abhandlungen der Philosophischen Classe der K. B. Akademie der Wis-
senschaften. lOen Bandes, 2es Abth. Historischen Classe. lOen
Bandes. 1 and 2 Abth. From the Society.
Sitzungsberichte of the same, 1865. No. 3 of Second part wanting. From
the Society.
Nassau. Sechster Jahres-Bericht des Natur-historischen Vereins in Nassau.

From the Society.
Neubrandenburg. Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in
Meklenburg. 19 Jahrgang. From the Society.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 433

Regensburg. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-Mineralogischen Vereines in

Regensburg. 19er Jahrgang. From the Society.
St. Polten. Erstes und zweites Programm der No Landes-Ober Realschule in
St. Polten. From the Society.
Jahresbericht des Turnvereins in St. Polten fiir das Zweite Vereinesjahr.
From the Society.
Stuttgart. Correspondenzblatt des K. Wurttembergischen Landwirthschaft-
lichen Vereins. Neue Folge. Band 18, Jaghr., 1840. les Heft. Pre-
sented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie. Jahrg.,
1865, 4es Heft, to Jahgr., 1866, 3es Heft. From the Editors.
Wien. Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Jahrg., 1865, 15 Band. From the Society.
Sitzungsberichte der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math. Natunv.

Classe. L. Band, II. Heft, to LII. Band, V. Heft. From the Society.
Register zu den Banden 13 bis 50 der Sitzungsberichte der Math.-Naturw.

Classe V. Wien, 1865. From the Society.
Denkschrift der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathem.-Naturwissen-

schaftliche Classe. 24er Band. From the Society.
Jahrbuch der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt. 1865. No. 3, to 1866,

No. 2. From the Society.
Mittheilungen der K. K. Geographischen Gesellschaft. Jahrgagen I — VII.
Jahrg. VIII., Heft, I. From the Society.
Wiesbaden. Jahrbucher des Vereins fiirNaturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau.

I7es and 18es Heft.
Wurzburg. Wiirzburger Natunvissenschaftliche Zeitschrift. Herausgegeben
von der Physikalisch-Medicin. Gesellschaft. Sechste Band, le Heft,
and le and 2e Banden. From the Society.
Canstatts Jahresbericht liber die Leistungen in den Physiologischen Wis-
senschaften in alien Landern im Jahre 1864. From the Executors of
the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Sitzungs-Berichte der Physicalish-Medicinischen Gesellschaft fiir das Jahre
1860. From the Society.

SWITZERLAND.

Basel. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 4er Theil,

2es Heft, From the Society.
Bern. Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern aus dem

Jahre 1865. From the Society.
Geneva. Bibliotheque Universelle et Revue Suisse Archives des Sciences

Physiques et Naturelles. Nouvelle P^riode. Tome 24me, No. 95, to

Tome 26me, No. 104. From the Editor.
Bulletin de la Socie"te Ornithologique Suisse. Tome ler, ler Partie.

From the Society.
Memoirs de la Socie'te' de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneva.

Tome 18, Ire Partie. From the Society.
Actes de la Soc. Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles. 49me Session.

Compte Rendu, 1865. From the Society.
Lausanne. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Tome 8,

Bulletin No. 53 and 54. From the Society.
Neuchatel. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel.

Tome 7, ler cabier. From the Society.
St. Gallen. Bericht iiber die Thatigkeit der St. Gallischen Natunvissen-

schaftlichen Gesellschaft wahrend des Vereinigsjahres 1863-64. From

the Society.

FRANCE.

Bordeaux. Actes de L'Academie imperiale des Sciences, belles-lettres et arts
de Bordeaux. 3e Serie, 27e Ann6e, ler to 3me Trimestre. From tha.
Society.

28

434 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Actes de la Socie"te Linne"enne de Bordeaux. Tome 25, 3me Serie. Tome

5, IV., V. and VI. Livrs. From the Society.
Boulogne. Proces Verbal de la Seances Publique de la Societe d' Agricul-
ture, etc., de Boulogne sur Mer. Annee 1823. Presented by Edw.

Wilson, Esq.
Cherbourg. Memoirs de la Societe Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles. Tome

XI. From the Society.
Paris. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Cinquieme Serie, Zoology. Tome

IV., No. 3 ; Botanique, Tome III., No. 6, to Zoologie, Tome VI., No.

2 ; Botanique, Tome V., No. 2. From the Library Fund.
Annales des Mines. Sixieme Serie. 3e Livr. de 1865 to 6me Livr. de

1866. From the Minister of Public Works, France.
Bulletin mensuel de la Societe Imperiale Zoologique D'Acclimatation.

2me Series. Tomes II. and III. From the Library Fund.
Journal de Conchyliologie. Publie sous la direction de MM. Crosse et

Fischer. 3e Serie. Tome 5, No. 4, and Tome 6. Nos. 1 and 2. From

the Editors.
Same. Tome ler to 3me Series, Tome II. Ten Volumes.
Journal de la Physiologie de l'Homme et des Animaux. No. 24. Oct.

1863, and Tome 6me. From the Library Fund.
Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome 8. Livr. 3. Tomes 9

and 10. From the Library Fund.
Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Stances de L'Academie des Sciences.

Tome 60, Nos. 13 to 18 and 25 and 26; Tome 61, Nos. 1—24. Tables

of Vol. 59. From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Same. Tome 49 to No. 12 of Tome 60, and ten numbers of Tome 61.

From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Revue des Cours Scientifiques de la France et de l'Etranger. 2me Annee.

Paris, 1864 — 1865. From the Library Fund.
Memoires de L'Academie Royale des Sciences de L'Institute de France.

4to Tomes 1 to 34 inc. Annies 1816 to 1864. Paris, 1818—1864.

Tome 29 wanting. Presented by Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Bulletin de la Societe" Ethnologique. Annee 1847. Presented by Edw.

Wilson.
Comptes Rendus des Seances et Memoirs de la Soci6t6 de Biologie. Tome

ler de la 4me Serie. From the Society.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et applique'e. Recueil mensuel par

M. F. E. Guerin Meneville. From 1865, No. XV., to 1866, No. 10. From

the Editor.

BELGIUM.
Bruxelles. Annuaire de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des

Beaux Artes 1865. 31me Annee. From the Academy.
Memoires Couronnes et Autres Memoires published by the same. Col-
lection in 8vo, Tome I7me. 4to Tome 32. From the Academy.
Bulletin of the same. Tomes 18 and 19. 33me et 34me Anndes. 2me

Serie. From the Academy.
Liege. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege. Tomes 19 and

20. From the Society.
Louvain. Annuaire de l'LTniversite Catholique de Louvain. 1846 — 1848,

1852—1854, 1865, and 1866. From the Society.

ITALY.

Bologna. Rendiconto delle Sessioni dell' Academia delle Scienze delle Isti-
tut' di Bologna. Anno Accademico, 1864 — 1865. From the Academy.
Memoires of the same. Series II. Tome IV. Fasc. 2, 3, 4. Tome V.
Fasc. 1 and 2. From the Academy.
Torino. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Serie Se-
conda. Tomo 21. From the Society.
Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Vol. I. Disp. 1 and 2,
From the Society.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 435

PORTUGAL.

Lisbon. Memorias da Academia. Real das Scieucies de Lisboa. Scieneias.
Mathematieas, Physicas e Naturaes. Nova Serie. Tome III. Pt. II.
From the Academy.
Historia i Memorias da Aendemia Real das Scieneias de Lisboa, Classe de
Sciencies moraes politieas e Bellas-Lettras. Nova Serie. Tome III.
Pt. II. From the Academy.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Dublin. The Journal of the Royal Dublin Society. No. 34, Dec. 1865. Also
Parts 1 to 17. From the Society. #

Journal of of the Royal Geologial Society of Ireland. Vol. 1, parts 1 and

2. From the Society.

Transactions of the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland.

1843. Preseuted by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Report of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. 1847. Presented by

Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. Vols. 85 and 86. Presented by

Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Dublin. Vol.

3. 1848. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

The Dublin Philosophical Journal. No. 6. Nov., 1826. Presented by

Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 8 and Vol. 9, pt. 1.

From the Society.
The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 24. Science, part 5.

Polite Literature, part III. Antiquities, parts 5, 6 and 7. From the

Society.
Durham. Report of the Natural History Society of Northumberland and Dur-
ham. 1832. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq,
Edinburgh. Transactions of the Botanical Society. Vol. 8, pt. 1. From the

Society.
Annual Reports and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

1838—41. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Proceedings of the Royal Society. Sessions 1862 — 1865 — 1866. Presen-
ted by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Transactions of the Royal Society. Vol. 22, pt. I. From the Society.
Leeds. Report of the Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society

of the West Riding of Yorkshire. 1852—1854, 1865. From the Society.
Philosophical and Literary Society. The Annual Report. 1864 — 1865.

From the Society.
Catalogue of the Library of the Philosophical and Literary Society. 1865.

From the Society.
London. Notes and Queries. Parts 43 to 55. From the Editor.

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Vol. 17, pt. 1, to New Series Vol. II., part 1. From the Society.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 154, pt.

3, and Vol 155, pt. 1. From the Society.
Proceedings of the Royal Society. Vol. 14, Nos. 70 to 77. From the

Society.
Th^ Transactions of the Entomological Society. 3d Series, vol. III., part

2, to vol 5, part 3. From the Society.
Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Vol. 4, parts 5 and

6. From the Society.
Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society. From

1865, part 1, to 1866, part 1. Index 1848 to I860. From the Society.
Transactions of the Zoological Society, London. Vol. 5, part 5. From

the Society.

436 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Report of the Council of the Zoological Society, London. 1865. From

the Society.
The Popular Science Review. Edited by Jas. Samuelson. Vols. 1 to No.

20. 1866. From the Library Fund.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Nos. 92 to 104. From the

Library Fund.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. Vols. 1 to 9, except No.

1 of vol. 4. From the Society.

Journal of the same. Vols. 21 to 34 inc. 1851 — 1864. From the Society.
The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Vol. 24, part 3, to

vol. 25, part 2. From the Society.
The Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology. Vol. 8, No. 30, to vol. 9,

No. 33. From the Society.
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Sciences. New Series, No. 21 to 23.

From the Library Fund.
The Journal of the Society of Arts and of the Institutions in Union. Vol.

13. From the Society.
The Anthropological Review. 1865. Nos. 9, 10 and 11. From the

Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. Vol. 21, part 3, to vol.

22, part 3. From the Society.
List of Geological Society of London. 1865. From the Society.
The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal

of Science. Fourth Series, Nos. 201 to 214. From the Library Fund.
The Ibis. New Series, vol. I., 1865, to New Series, vol. II., No. 7. From

the Library Fund.
The Journal of the Chemical Society. Oct., 1865, to Sept., 1866. From

the Society.
The Naturalists' Miscellany. Vols. 1 to 18 inc. Presented by Rathmell

Wilson, Esq.
The Zoologist. Nos. 168 to 250. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
The Naturalist. Nos. 68 to 95 inc. 1856 — 1859. Presented by Edw.

Wilson, Esq.
The Farmers' Almanac for 1857 to 1864. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
The Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London. Vol. 1, Nos.

2 and 3. From the Society.

Royal Horticultural Society's Proceedings. Vol. 5, No. 8, to New Series,
vol. 1, No. 5. From the Society.

Triibner's American and Oriental Literary Record. Nos. 10 to 20 From
the Publisher.

The Athenaeum Journal. Nos. 1993 to 2031. From the Library Fund.

The Record of Zoological Literature. Edited by Albert C. L. G. Gunther.
1864. Vol. 1. From the Library Fund.
Manchester. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Man-
chester. Vols. 3 and 4. From the Society.
New Castle. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham.
Vol. 1, pt. 1. From the Society.

UNITED STATES.

Boston. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol.
6, pages 365, et seq., Vol. 7, pages 1 to 96. From the Academy v
Annual Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

1866. From the Trustees.
Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. 1, pt. 1.

From the Society.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. 10, pages 17
to 384. From the Society.
Cambridge. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, at the Annual

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 437

Meeting held in Worcester, Oct. 21, 1865, and Oct. 20, 186G. From

the Society.
Chicago. Proceedings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Vol. 1. pages

1 to 48. From the Society.
New Haven. The American Journal of Science and Arts. Conducted by

Profs. B. Silliman and Jas. D. Dana. Vol. 41, No. 121, to Vol. 42, No.

126. From the Editors.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1,

pt. 1. From the Society.
New York. The New York Medical Journal. Vol. 2, No. 10, to Vol. 4, No. 21.

From the Editors.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. Vol. 8, Nos. 6 to 12. From

the Society.
The Seventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the Cooper Union for the

advancement of Science and Arts. From the Society.
Philadelphia. The Medical News and Library. Edited by Isaac Hays, M. D.

From the Editor.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 13, part 2,

new series. From the Society.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 10, Nos. 74

and 75. From the Society.
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Edited by Isaac Hays,

M. D. New series, Nos. 101 to 103. From the Editor.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol. 6

pt. 1. From t*ie Publication Committee.
Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, from 1851 to

1865; 1861 wanting. From the Association.
American Journal of Conchology. Edited by Geo. W. Tryon. Vol. 2,

parts 1 to 4. From the Editor.
The Gardener's Monthly. Edited by Thos. Meehan. Vol. 8, Nos. 1—11.

From the Editor.
The American Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. 36, Nos. 1 to 6. From the

Editor.
The Practical Entomologist. Vol. 1, 1865. From the Entomological

Society.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Oct. and Dec,

1865. From the Library Fund.
The Dental Cosmos. New Series. Dec, 1865— Nov., 1866. From the

Editors.
Salem. Proceedings of the Essex Institute. Vol. 4, No. 7 — Vol. 5, No. 1.

From the Society.
St. Louis. The Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis. Vol

2, No. 2. From the Academy.
San Francisco. Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences.

Vol. 3, pt. 3. From the Society.
Ditto. Vols. 1 and 2. From Win. M. Gabb.
The Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal and Press. Vol. 9, No. 3. From

the Editor.
Washington. Catalogue of Additions made to the Library of Congress, 1865.

From the Librarian.

CUBA.

Habana. Repertorio fisico-naturales de la Isla de Cuba. Director Felipe
Poey. Eutrega 1 — 11, 1865, 1866. From the Editor.

CANADA.

Montreal. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. New Series. Vol. 2,

No. 6, Dec, 1865. From the Editors.
Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Industry, Science and Arts. Conducted

by the Editing Committee of the Canadian Institute. New Series. Nos.

60 to 63. From the Society.

438 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

ASIA.

Batavia. Naturkundig Tijdscbrift voor Nederlaadsch Iudie, uitgegeven door
de K. Naturkui dige Veruaiging in Nederlandsch-Indie. Deelea 26 and
27. From the Society.

Madras. Madras Journal, No. 25. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

OTHER SCIENTIFIC WORKS.

Adams' Genera of Recent Mollusca. Parts 27 to 36. London, 1856, 1858.

From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
A full and interesting Account of tbe great Hippopotamus. New York, 1863.

From Prof. S. S. Haldeman.
Agassiz, Alexander. Illustrated Catalogue cf the Museum of Comparative

Zoology at Harvard College, No. 2. North American Acalephie. Cam-
bridge, 1865. From tbe Author.
Alder, Joshua. Supplement to a Catalogue of Land and Fresh Water Shell?

fouud in the vicinity of New Castle. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Annual Reports of the Smithsonian Institution for 1863 — 1865. Washing-
ton. From tbe Institution.
Annual Report of tbe Geological Survey of India, 1864, 1865. Calcutta, 1865.

From the Survey.
Annual Report of the Surgeon General U. S. A., 1865. From tbe Surgeon

General.
Ansted, T. The Correlation of tbe Natural History Sciences. London, 1863.

From the Library Fund.
Anthropological Review. Nos. 0, 10 and 11. London, 1865. From tbe

Executors of Dr. Thos. B. Wrilson.
Ball, M. Figures of Crania of Seals. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Baird, Spencer F. The Distribution and Migrations of North American Birds.

From the Author.
Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in tbe

Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.
Basel, Wilhelm. Crania Helvetica. Sammlung Sehweizerischer Scbadelformen.

From the Library Fund.
Bastien, J. Fr. La Flore Jardiniere. Paris, 1809. From Chas. H. Hart.
Bates, Henrjr Walter. The Naturalist on the River Amazon. 2 vols. Lon-
don, 1863. From the Library Fund.
Beitriige zur Naturgescbichte der Vorwelt. Palteontographica. 13 Band, 6es.

Heft, to 16er Band les. Heft, 15er Band, 3e. Lief Cassel, 1816. From

the Library Fund.
Benecke, E. W. Geognostische Paleontologische Beitrage. Erster Band, le.

Heft. Munchen, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Bentham, G. Genera Plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis herbariis Kewensi-

bus servata definita. Auctoribus G. Bentham et J. D. Hooker. Vol.

Primi, pars ii. Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum ordines xi.

Londini, 1865. From tbe Library Fund.
Bergmann, C. Anatomische pbysiologische Uebersicbt des Tbierricbs.

Stuttgart, 1852. From tbe Library Fund.
Bernardi, A. B. Nuovi Generi 6 Nuovi Specie di Molluscbi Palermo, 1832.

From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Bertram, James G. The Harvest of the Sea. New York, 1866. From tbe

Library Fund.
Blackwell, John. A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. 4to.

Parts 1 and 2. London, 1861. From the Library Fund.
Bleeker, P. D. Atlas Icthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. 19

and 20 livr. Amsterdam, 1865. From the Executors of tbe late Dr.

Wilson.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 439

Description de quelques especes do Cobitiorides et de Cyprinoides de

Ceylan. Harlem, 1S64. From the Author.
Description des Especes de Silures de Suriname conserved aux Musee8

de Leide et d' Amsterdam. Harlem, 1864. From the Author.
Blyth, Edward. Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the Asiatic Society,

Calcutta, 1849. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Bodley, Rachel L. Catalogue of Plants contained in the Herbarium of Joseph

Clark, arranged according to the Natural System. Cincinnati, 1865.

From the Author.
Bohns, Henry G. General Catalogue, part the second, section third. Lon-
don, 1866. From the Publisher.
Bonaparte, C. L. Conspectus Volucrum Anisodactylorum. Presented by

Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Catalogo Metodico dei Ciprinidi d'Europa. Milano, 1845. Presented by

Ed. Wilson, Esq.
Conspectus Generum Avium. Lugduni Batavorum, 1850. Presented by

Ed. Wilson, Esq.
Brace, Chas. L. The Races of the Old World. New York, 1864. From the

Library Fund.
Brehrn, A. E. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Habesch. Hamburg, 1863.
Breyer, F. G. Observationes Anatomicae circa Fabricam Ranse Pipaj Berolini.

Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Brogniart Adolph. Memoire sur la Famille des Rhamn6es. Paris, 1826. Pre-
sented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Brown, A. D. Catalogue of the Genera Helix, Anostoma, Hypselostoma,

Streptaxis, Tomigerus, Bulimus, Orthalicus, Partula, in the Collection,

Jan. 1866. Princeton, N. J.
Brown Robert. Miscellaneous Botanical Works. Vol.1., containing, I., Geo-

graphico Botanico, and II., Structural and Physiological Memoirs.

London, Ray Society, 1866. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Bruhl, Carl Bernhard. Das Skelet der Krokodilinen dargestellt in Zwanzig

Tafeln. Wien, 1862. From the Library Fund.
Laqueus Owenii und Laqueus Tympanicus Petrosi, ein Nachtrag zu meiner

Schrift das Skelet der Krokodilinen. Wien, 1865. From the Library

Fund.
Brunet, C. J. Manuel du Libraire et de l'amateur de Livres. Tome 7me, 2e

Partie and Fin. Paris, 1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos.

B. Wilson.
Brnnnichii, M. Th. Ornithologie Borealis. Hafnia?, 1764.
Buchenau, Franz. Der Bluthenstand der Juncaceen. From the Author.
Bury, Mrs. Figures of Remarkable Forms of Polycystins or allied Organisms

in the Barbados Chalk Deposit, 1860 — 1864. From Isaac Lea.
Candolle, Alphonso De. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis regni vegetabilis.

Paris, Decima Quinta Fasi. II. Parisius, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Capellini, Cav. G. La Storia Naturale dei dintorni del Golfo della Spezia

Storia. Milano, 1865.
Descrizione Geologica dei dintorni del Golfo della Spezia val di Magra

Inferiore. Bologna, 1864. Carta Geolog. From the Author.
Balenottere Fossile del Bolognese. Bologna, 1865. From the Author.
Delfine Fossil! del Bolognese. Bologna, 1864. From the Author.
Les Phyllites Cretacees du Nebraska. Zurich, 1866. From the Author.
Catalogue of additions made to the Library of Congress Irom Dec. 1., 1864, to

Dec. 1, 1865. Washington, 1865. From the Librarian.
Catalogue Coquilles. From Isaac Lea, L. L. D.
Catalogue of the Foreign Shells in the Cabinet of the Manchester Natural

History Society. 1837. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Catalogue of the organic remains belonging to the Echinodermata in the Mu-
seum of the Geological Survey of India. Calcutta, 1865. From the

Society.

440 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Catalogue of the American Philosophical Society Library. Part II. Philadel-
phia, 1866. From the Society.
Catlow, Agnes. The Conchologists Nomenclator. London, 1845.
Chenu, Dr. Tables generates Alphabetiques de L'Encyclopedie d'histoire
Naturelle. Anneles et Coleopteres. Paris, 1860 and 1861. From the
Library Fund.
Chicago Academy of Science. Acts of Incorporation, &c. 1865. From the

Society.
Clark, Henry Jas. Mind in Nature; or the origin of life, and the mode of de-
velopment of life of Animals. New York, 1865. From the Library
Fund.
Coast Survey. Report of the Superintendent, showing the progress of the Survey

during the year 1863. Washington, 1864. From Prof. A. D. Bache.
Cobbold, T. Spencer. Eutozoa ; an introduction to the Study of Helminthol-
ogy, with reference, more particularly, to the Internal Parasites of Man.
Loudon, 1864. From the Library Fund.
Colleccao das Medalhas e Condecoracoes Portuguezas pertencinte ao Tom.
III., Parte II., das Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa.
From the Academy.
Conrad, Johann and Edward Susemihl. Die Vogel Europa's. Darmstadt.
Plates. I. plates 1 to 54 ; wanting, 22, 23, 29. 51, 52. II. plates 1 to
20; wanting, Hand 12. III. plates 1 to 6. IV. plates 1 and 2. V.
plates 1, 3 and 4. VI. plates 1, 2 and 3. VII. plates 5, 8, and 11. IX.
plates 2 to 6. XII. plates 1 and 2. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Cooke, M. C. Hardwicke's Science-Gossip. Loudon, 1866. From the Library
Fund.
Rust, Smut, Mildew and Mould. London, 1865. From the Library Fund.
Cooper, J. G. Description of a New California Helix, with Notes on others

already described. From the Author.
Cornish, W. F. Observations on the habits of Exotic Birds. Exeter, 1837.

From Edw. Wilson.
Cotta, Bernard. Die Geologie der Gegenwart. Leipzig, 1866. From the

Library Fund
Crax, Pauxi, and Penelope. Memoranda Manuscript. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Credner, Hermann. Geognostische Skizze der Umgegend New York. From
the Author.
Geognostische Beschreibung des Bergwerks-Distriktes von St. Andreas-
berg. Berlin, 1865. From' the Author.
Geognostische Reisseskizzen aus New Brunswick in Nord Amerika. From

the Author.
Geognostische Skizzen aus Virginia, Nord Amerika. From the Author.
Cypriani, Johannis. Historic Animalium. Lipsise, 1688. From Rathmell

. Wilson, Esq.
Daddow, Samuel Harries and Benjamin Bannan. Coal, Iron and Oil ; or the

Practical American Miner. Pottsville, 1866. From the Author.
Dall, W. A. Geognostische Skizzen aus Virginia, Nord Amerika. From the

Author.
Dalyell, Sir John G. Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland. 2 vols., 4to.

London, 1857. From the Library Fund.
Dana, Jas. D. Observations on the Origin of some of the Earth's features.
From the Author.
On Cephalization. No. IV. Explanations drawn out by the Statements
of an objection. From the Author.
Davis, J. B. On the importance of a due estimate of the different modes and
degrees of deformation of the Skull in the Study of Craniology. From
the Author.
Deo-land, C. D. Ornithologie Europaenne. 2 vols., 8vo. Le Trouve, 1849.

From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Deiters, Otto. Untersuchungen fiber Gehirn und Ruckenmark des Menschen
und der Saugethiere. Braunschweig, 1865. From the Library Fund.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

441

Delafosse, M. Suites a, Buffon. Mineralogies 3 vols of text; 1 of plates. Paris.
1860.

Delattre, M. A. Notes Ornithologiques sur les collections rapportiSes en
1853. Paris, 1854. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Delaunay, M. Essay on the Velocity of Light. Translated by Alfred M. Mayer.
From the Translator.

Denny, Henry. On the discovery of Ilippopotamic and other remains in the
neighborhood of Leeds. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Des Murs, 0. Traite General d'Oologie Ornithologique. Paris, 1SG0. Pre-
sented by Rathmell Wilson, Esq.

Desor, E. Les Palafittes ou constructions lacustres du Lac de Neuchatel.
Paris, 1865. From the Library Fund.

Dickson, Jacobi. Fasciculus Plantarum Gryptogamicarum Britanniae. Lon-
don, 1785. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Donncll, Robt. M. Observations on the functions of the Liver. From the
Author.

Donovan, E. The Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds.
Nos. 1 to 4. London, 1826. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Dublin International Exhibition, 1865. Kingdom of Italy. Official Catalogue.
Turin, 1865. From the Commissioners.

Dubois, Ch. F. Oiseaux de l'Europe. 200 — 210me. Livr's. Bruxelles, 1850.
From the Library Fund.
Oiseaux de l'Europe suite aux Planches. Bruxelles, 1865. From the
Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.

Dubois, C. A catalogue of rare specimens of exotic Conchology. London.
1821. From Prof. S. S. Haldeman.

Durckheim, Hercule Straus. Anatomie descriptive et comparative du Chat.
2 vols., 4to., and Atlas Folio. Paris, 1845. From the Library Fund.

Dusseau, J, L. Catalogue de la Collection d' Anatomie humaine. Compared
et Pathologigue de M. M. Ger et W. Vrolik. Amsterdam, 1865. From
the Author.

Ecker, Alexander. Crania Germanise meridionalis occidentalis. Freiburg im
B., 1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.

Engelmann, Wilhelm. Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis. Erster Band. Leip-
zig, 1846. Presented by Ed. Wilson, Esq.

Elliott, Danl. G. Monograph of Tetraoninae ; or Family of the Grouse. Parts
4 and 5. New York, 1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.

Erdmann, A. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning pit offentlig bekostnad Ut-
ford. Nos. 14 and 18. Stockholm, 1865. From the Geological Sur-
vey of Sweden.

Erichsons Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschland. Band 1, Lief. 2. Band
2, Lief. 3 to 6. Band 4, Lief. 1. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Eschrichr, Profs. Reinhardt and Lilljeborg. Recent Memoirs on the Cetaceae.
By Wm. Henry Fowler. London, for the Ray Society, 1866. From
the Library Fund.

Essex Institute. Historical Notice of Salem, 1866. From the Society.

Falconer, Hugh, and Proby T. Cautley. Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis ; being
the fossil zoology of the Sewalik Hills, in the North of India. Letter-
press, part 1, 8vo, and Plates, parts 1 — 9. London, 1846, 1847. From
the Library Fund.

Ferrusac, M. D. Essai d'une Methode Conchyliologique. Nouvelle Edition.
Paris, 1807. From Prof. S. S. Haldeman.

Figanier, Louis. The World before the Deluge. 8vo. New York, 1866.
From the Library Fund.

First Annual Report of the Visitors of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale
College. New Haven, 1866. From the School.

Flint, Austin. The Physiology of Man. Designed to represent the existing
state of Physiological Science, as applied to the functions of the human
body. New York, 1866. From the Library Fund.

Forster, F. The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Natural Phenomena. London.
From Edw. Wilson, Esq.

442 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Frauenfeld, George Ritter von. Bericht iiber eine Sammelreise durch Eng-
land, Schottland, Irland und die Schweitz. From the Author.
Zoologische Miscellen, 4, 5, 6. From the author.
Flicker, Antonius. Dissertatio Inauguralis de Oculo Reptilium Tubingae.

From Isaac Lea, LL.D.
Frost and Fire. By a Traveller. 2 vols., 8vo. Edinburgh, 1805. From the

Library Fund.
Gamgee, John and Joseph Law. General and Descriptive Anatomy of Do-
mestic Animals. 8vo. Edinburgh. 1861. From the Library Fund.
Gaudry, Albert. Animaux Fossiles et Geologique de 1'Attique. Lives 1 — 14.

Paris, 1862. From the Library Fund.
Gaussoin, Eugene. Memoirs on the Island of Navassa. Baltimore, 1866.

Atlas Folio. From the Author.
Geology and Modern Thought ; and Present Position and Future Prospects

of Geological Inquiry. From the Edinburgh Geological Society.
Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress from its commencement
to 1863. Atlas of Maps and Sections. Montreal, 1865. From the
Survey.
Gervais, M. Paul. Atlas de Zoologie. Paris, 1844. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Gialdie, Alessandro. Sul Moto Oudoso del Mare e su leCorrenti di Esso spe-
cialmente su quelle Littorali pel Comm. Roma, 1866. From the
Author.
Gould, John. An Introduction to the Birds of Australia. London, 1848.
Handbook to the Birds of Australia. 2 vols., 8vo. London. From the

Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
The Birds of Asia. Part 17. London, 1865. From the Executors of the
late Dr. Wilson.
Graells, M. P. Catalogue de los Molas'cos Terrestres y de agua dulce observa-

dos en Espaua, Madrid, 1846.
Grant, Robert E. On the Structure and Classification of Animals. London,

1833. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Gray, G. R. Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds contained in
the British Museum. London, 1855. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Grey, John Edw. Handbook of British Water Weeds or Algas ; the Diato-
maceae by W. Carruthers. 12mo. London, 1864. From the Author.
Grote, Aug. R. Notes on the Bombycida? of Cuba. Philadelphia, 1865. From
the Author.
Notes on the Zygaenidse of Cuba. Philadelphia, 1866. From the Editors.
Grote, Aug. R., and Coleman T. Robinson. A Synonymical Catalogue of
North American Sphingidie. Nov., 1865. From the Authors.
Lepidopterological Notes and Descriptions. No. 2. From the Authors.
Lepidopterological Contributions. New York, 1866. From the Authors.
Graesse, Jean G. T. Tresor de Livres rares et precieux. Tome 6me, 3 to 6

livrs. Dresde, 1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Giinther, Albert C. L. G. The Reptiles of British India. Published for the
Ray Society. London, 1864. From the Library Fund.
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vols. 4 and 5. London,

1862, 1864. From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos. Wilson.
The Record of Zoological Literature, 1864. Vols. 1st and 2d, 8vo. Lon-
don, 1865. From the Library Fund.
Gutzeit, Teodor fon. The Law of Twins of Crystals. Riga, 1865. From the

Author.
Hamlin Charles E. Catalogue of Birds found in the vicinity of Waterville,

Kennebec Co. From the Author.
Hanley. Twelve Plates of Conchologia Miscellania. Unpublished. Pre-
sented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Hartlaub, G. System der Ornithologie West-Africa's. Bremen, 1857. From

Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Hartwig, Dr. G. The Tropical World, 8vo. London, 1863. From the Li-
brary Fund.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 443

The Harmonies of Nature, or the Unity of Creation. London, 1866. From
the Library Fund.
Hastiugs, Charles. Illustrations of the Natural History of Worcestershire.

From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Herklots, J. A. Bouwstoffen voor eene Fauna van Nederland onder mede-
werking von onderscheidene geleerden en beoefenaars der Dirrkunde
bijeenverzameld door. Tweede Deel. Laiden, 1858. From Edw. Wil-
son, Esq.
Hewitson, W. C. Exotic Butterflies. Parts 55 — 59. July, 1865. From the

Executors of-the late Dr. Wilson.
Hitchcock, Edward. Outline of the Geology of the Globe, and of the United

States in particular. Boston, 1856. From Dr. Leidy.
Supplement to the Ichnology of New England. 4to. Boston, 1865. From

Dr. Leidy.
Hoffman, Herman. Icones Analytical Fungorum. 4 Heft. Giessen, 1865.

From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Hooker, Wm. Jackson. Species Filicum; being descriptions of the known

Ferns, particularly of such as exist in the Author's Herbarium, or are

with sufficient accuracy described in works to which he has had access.

5 vols., 8 vols. London, 1846, 1859. From the Library Fund.
Horsfield, Thos. A Catalogue of Birds in the Museum of the Hon. East India

Company; Catalogues of Birds, Mammalia, and Vol. 1 Catalogue of

Lepidoptera. 4 vols. Presented by Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Huxley, Thos. Henry. Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy.

London, 1864. From the Library Fund.
On our knowledge of the causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature.

London, 1863. From the Library Fund.
Indigenous Mammalia and Birds. Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens

that are presented in the British Museum. London, 1816. From Edw.

Wilson, Esq.
Jager, Hermann Friedrich. Anatomische Untersuchungen des Orycteropus

Capensis. Stuttgart, 1837. From Isaac Lea, LL.D.
Jan, M. le Prof. Iconographie generale des Ophidiens. lOme, 16me livrs.

Paris, 1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Jones, Thos. Rymer. The Animal Creation : a Popular Introduction to

Zoology. London, 1865. From the Library Fund.
Karsten, H. Flora? Columbne terrarumque Adiacentium Specimina Selecta.

Tome 2. Fasc. Tertius. Berolini, 1865. From the Executors of the late

Dr. Wilson.
Kaup, J. J, Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel. Darmstadt, 1844.

From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Katalog der Bibliothek des K. K. Hof Mineralien Cabinets in Wien, 1851.

From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Keyserling, Graf Eugen. Neue Cypriniden aus Persien. Gesammeltund be-

schrieben. Berlin, 1861. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Kiener, L. C. Species general et Iconographie des Coquilles vivantes. 9

vols. Paris. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
King, C. W. The Natural History, Ancient and Modern, of Precious Stones

and Gems, and of Precious Metals. London, 1865. From the Library

Fund.
Kjerulf, Lector T. Veiviser ved Geologiska Excursioner i Christiana Omega

med et farvetrykt Kart og flere traesmit. Christiana, 1865. From the

Author.
Koch, Ludwig. Die Arachniden Familie der Dressiden. les Heft. Nurn-

berg, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Die Prlanzenlause Aphiden getreu nach dem Leben abgebildet und besch-

riebeu. Heftes 1 — 9. Nurnberg, 1854, 1857. From the Library Fund.
Die Myriapoden, Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. let

and 2er band. Halle, 1863. From the Library Fund.

444 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Kolliker, A. Icones Histologic* oder Atlas der Vergleiehenden Gewebelehre.

les et 2es Abth. Leipzig, 18G4— 1866. From the Library Fund.
Kner, R. Lehrbuch der Zoologie zum Gebrauebe fiir Hiihere Lehranstiilten.

8vo. Wein, 1865. From Jos. Leidy, M. D.
Kuster H. C. Systematicb.es Conchilien Cabinet von Martini and Chemnitz.

ler Band, Heft 77. Nurnberg, 1863. From the Library Fund.
Lea, Isaac. On Leaia Leidyi, Cypricardia Leidyi, Descriptions of Fourteen

New Species of Melanidae, &c. Philadelphia, 1866. From the Author.
Tables of the Rectification of Mr. T. A. Conrad's Synopsis of the Family

Naiades of North America. Philadelphia, 1866. From the Author.
Lea, M. Carey. On the Nature of the Action of Light upon Iodid of Silver.

From the Author.
Leidy, Dr. Jos. The Ancient Fauna of Nebraska. Washington, 1853. From

the Author.
Leotaud, A. Oiseaux de Pile de la Trinidad Antilles. Port d Espagne, 1866.

From the Author.
Lesquereux, Leo. On Fucoides in the Coal Formations. From the Author.
Lesson, R. P. Histoire Naturelle des Colubres, des Trochilidees, et des Oi-
seaux Mouches. 4 vols , 8vo. Paris. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Leydig, Franz. Lehrbuch der Histologic des Menschen uud der Thiere.

Frankfort-am-Main, 1857. From the Library Fund.
Liebig, Justus. Induction and Deduction. Miinchen, 1865. From the Author.
Lilljeborg, Af Willi. Ornithologiska Bidrag. Upsala, 1860. From Rathmell

Wilson, Esq.
Livingstone, David, and Charles. Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi

and its Tributaries; and of the discover}' of the Lakes fchirwa and

Nyassi, 1858—1864. New York, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Lord, John Keast. The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia.

From the Library Fund.
Loven S. Om Ostersjon. of. From the Author.

2 vols., 8vo. London, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Luschka, Dr. H. Die Adergeflechte des Menschlichen Gehirnes. Eine Mono-
graphic von Dr. Hubert Luschka. Berlin, 1855. From the Library Fund.
Luthi, Jacobus C. Dissertatio Inauguralis sistens observations Nonnulias

Zootomicas Os Cordis cervi, &c. Tubiugae, 1814. From Isaac

Lea, LL.D.
Lund, P. W. Forstatte Bemcerkninger over Brasiliens und odo Dyrskabning

Kjobenhavn, 1842. From the Library Fund.
Blik pad Brasiliens Dyrever den for Sidste Jordomvaeltning. Kjoben-
havn, 1843. From the Library Fund.
Meddelelse af det ud bytte de i 1844 undersogte knoglehuler have af giret

tilkundskaben om Brasiliens dyreverden for Sidste Jordomva;ltning,

et brev Kjobenhaven. 1845. From the Library Fund.
Lyonet, Pierre. Traite Anatomique de la Chenille qui ronge le Bois de Saule.

A la Haye, 1760. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Mackall, Louis. An Essay on the Law of Muscular Action. Washington,

1865. From the Author.
An Essay on the Life in Nature. Washington, 1855. From the Author.
Extract from an unpublished Essay on Physical Force. Washington, 1865.

From the Author.
Malherbe, Alfred. Faune Ornithologique de la Sicile par 1843. Metz. From

Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Map of North America, on rollers. From W. S. Vaux.
Map of Fifteen Miles around Philadelphia. From Chas. E. Smith, Esq.
Maravigne, M. C. Memoires pour server a THistoire Naturelle de la Sicile.

Paris, 1838. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Marcou, Jules. Notice sur les gisements des lentilles trilobitiferes taconiques

de la Pointe-Levis au Canada. From the Author.
Une Reconnaissance Geologique au Nebraska. From the Author.
Le Niagara quinze ans apres. From the Author.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 445

Margo, Theodor. Uber die Endigung der Nerven in der Quergestriften Mus-

kelsubstanz. Pest, 1862.
Marsh, Geo. P. Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as modified by

Human Action. 8vo. New York, 1865. From the Library Fund.
Martini, von, und Chemnitz, Systematisches Conchilien Cabinet. 5en, bands

4er abthiel, heft 1. Nurnberg, 1865. From the Library Fund.
Martius, C. F Ph. v. Vortrage uber die Florenreiche oder Imperial Florae.
Maximilian, Prince zu Wied. Verzeichniss der Reptilien welche aufeiner

Reise im nordlichen America. Dresden, 1865. From the Author.
Verzeichniss der auf Seiner Reise in Nord Amerika beobachteten Sauge-

thiere. Berlin, 1862.
Mears, John W. Water Supply of our great Cities. From the Author.
Meigen, J. W. Systematise-he Beschreibung der bekannten. Europaischea

zeveiflugeligen Insecten. Vols. 1 to 6. Halle, 1851.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. III. 2 to 5, pt. 1. From the

Library Fund.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. Figures and De-
scriptions illustrative of British Organic Remains. Decade xi Monog.

ii., with 3 folio plates. London, i864. From the Executors of the late

Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Mercantile Library Company of Philadelphia, 1866. Forty-third Annual Re-
port. From the Library Company.
Messages and Documents of the War Department, 1865 — 1866. Parts 3 and 4.

Washington, 1866. From 4he Department.
Meteorologisch Jaarbock. 1 & 2 Gedeelte Uitgegeven door het K. Neder-

landsch Meteorologisch Institut, 1865. Utrecht, 1866. From the

Society.
Meteorologische Waarnemingen in Nederland en zijme Bezittingin uitgegeven

door het K Nederlandsch Meteorologisch Instituut, 1864. Utrecht,

1865. From the Institute.
Meyer, Hermann. Die Fossilen Ziihne und Knochen und ihre Auflagerung in

der Gegend von Georgensgmund in Bayern untersucht und abgebildet.

Frankfurt am-main, 1834. From the Library Fund.
Palaeontographica Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt. 12er band, •

6te Lief. 3er Band, 4er Band, 2e Lief. Cassel, 1865. 13er Band, 5te

Lief. Her Band, 5te Lief. From the Executors of the late Dr. Thos.

B. Wilson.
Meyer, H., und K. Mobius. Fauna der Kieler Bucht. ler band. Leipzig,

From the Library Fund.
Meyer, Bernhard. Kurzer Beschreibung der Vogel Liv-und Esthlands. Nurn-
berg, 1815. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Miguel, F. A. G. Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno Batavi. Tome 2.,fasc. 1.

Amstelodami, 1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Milne, Edwards H., A de Quatrefages et Emil Blanchard. Recherches Ana-

tomiques et Zoologiques. 3 vols.,4to. Paris. From the Executors of the,

late Dr. Wilson.
Moleschott, Jac. Untersuchungen zur Naturlehre des Menschen und der

Thiere. 10 Band, les and 2es Heftes. Giessen, 1866. From the Li-
brary Fund.
Molker.baur, J. H. Bryologia Javanica. Fasc. 45 — 46. Lugduni Batavorum,

1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.

Morch, 0. A. L. Catalogue Conchyliorum. From Isaac Lea, L. L. D.
Mortillet, Gabriel. Materiaux pour l'histoire positive et philosophique de
l'Homme. Premier Annee et Seconde Ann6e, Sept., 1865, to Juin,

1866. Paris. From the Library Fund.

Morris, F. 0. A History of British Birds. By parts 77 to 90. London. Pre-
sented by Ed. Wilson, Esq.

Motley, James, and Lewis Lewellyn Dillwyn. Contributions to the Natural
History of Labuan. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Mouhote, M. Henri. Travels in the Central Parts of India, China, Cambodia,

446

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

and Laos, during the years 1858, 1859, and 1860. 2 vols., 8vo. Lon-
don, 1864. From the Library Fund.
Moulins, M. Ch. Des. Note sur la Letter de M. Alph. de Rochebrune relatif
aux plantes Importees. Caen, 1865. From the Author.
Etude sur les Cailloux Roulis de la Dordogne, 1865. Bordeaux, 1866.
From the Author.
Mueller, Dr. C. Walpers. Annales Botanices Systematica. Tomi Sexti,

Fasc. VIII. Lipsiae, 1865. From the Library Fund.
Muller's Singvogel. Heftes 1 to 4. Nurnberg, 1799—1800. From Edw.

Wilson, Esq.
Murchison, Roderick J., Edouard de Verneuil and Count Alexander von
Keyserling. The Geology of Russia in Europe, and the Ural Moun-
tains. From the Library Fund.
Meyer, H. L. Colored Illustrations of British Birds and their Eggs. 7 vol-
umes, 8vo. London, 1850 — 1862. From the Library Fund.
Nageli, Carl. Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art. Zweite

Auflage. Miinchcn, 1865. From the Author.
Nameche, A. J. De Origine Evangeliorum de que eorum Historica Auctori-
tate. Ex Auctoritate propectoris Louvanii. From the Catholic Uui-
versity at Louvain.
New American Cyclopaedia. Vols. 15 and 16. New York, 1865. From the

Library Fund.
Nilsson, So. Ornithologia Sueciea. 2 vols., 8vo. Havnias, 1817. From the

Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Nitsch, Christian Ludwig. System der Pterylographie. Halle, 1840. From

the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Normand, N. A. J. Notice sur plusieurs Nouvelles especes de Cyclades. Va-
lenciennes, 1844. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Novara. Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den
Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil : Vogel, Fische und
Crustaceen. Geologischer Theil : 2er Band, 21 Abth. Statistich
Commercieller Theil : 2er Band. Wien, 1865. From the Executors
of the late Dr. Wilson.
Owen, Richard. Key to the Geology of the Globe. Boston, 1857. From

Dr. Leidy.
Page, David. The Past and Present Life of the Globe. Edinburgh, 1861.

From the Library Fund.
Palaeoutological Society's Publications. Two volumes issued for 1856. Pre-
sented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Publications of the volume for 1863. London, 1865. From the Execu-
tors of Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Palseontologie Frangaise. Terrain Cretace. Livrs. 19 — 21. Terrain Juras-

sique. Livrs. 8 and 9. Paris, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Pallas, P. S. SpicilegiaZoologica. 2 vols-, 4to. Berolini, 1767. From the

Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.
Panum, P. L. Untersuchung iiber die Entstehung der Missbildungen Zuniichst
in den Eiernder Vagal. Berlin, 1860. From the Executors of the late
Dr. Wilson.
Paravey, M. le Chevalier de. Eymologie du Nom de L'Aconit. From Mods.

Des Moulins.
Perthes, M. Boucher. Lettre relative aux Silex Tailles de Main d'homme ou

antehistoriques. From M. Boucher Perthes.
Perugia, A. Catalogo dei Pesci dell' Adriatico. Trieste, 1866. From the

Author.
Petermann, Dr. Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer Anstalt
iiber Wichtige neue Erforschungen auf dem gesammt gebeite der
Geographic 1866,11,111. Gotha, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Peters, Wilhelm. Ueber Cercosaura iiber die Mit dieser gattung verwandte
eidechsten aus Siid-America. Berlin, 1862. From the Executors of
the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 447

Pfeiffer, Ludovico. Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventiuni. Supple-
mentnm Secundum. Cassellis, 1865. From the Executors of the late
Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.
Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium. Cassellis, 1856.
Novitates Conchologicae — Abildung und Bescreibung neuer Conchylien.
22 Lief., II. Abtheilung. Meeres-Conchylien von Dr. W. Dunker. 8.,
9. Lief., Supplement III.; 2. and 3. Lief. Cassel. From the Executors
of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.

Phipson, T. L. Phosphorescence, or the Emission of Light by Minerals, Plants
and Animals. London, 1862. From the Library Fund.

Pictet, A. Ed. Synopsis des Neuropteres d'Espagne. Geneve, 1865. From
the Library Fund.

Pictet, F. J. Materiaux pour la Paleontologie Suisse. Quatrieme Serie,
Seconde 3me, 4me Livrs. Geneve, 1865. From the Executors of the
late Dr. Thos. Wilson.

Pictet, F. J., C. Gauden and Ph. de la Harpe. Me"moire Sur les Animaux ver-
tebres trouves dans le Terrain Siderolitique du Canton de Vaud et ap-
partenant a la Faune. Geneve, 1853, 1857. From the Library Fund.

Pictet, F. J., et A. Hambert. Nouvelles Recherches snr les Poisons Fossiles
du Mont Liban. Geneve, 1866. From the Author.

Poey, Felipe. Repertorio Fisico Natural de la Isla de Cuba. Tomo. 1 En-
trega 14. Habana, 1866. From the Editor.

Porcher, Francis. Illustrations of Disease with the Microscope. Part First.
Charleston, S. C, C. S. A., 1861. From the Author.

President's Address to the Royal Society. 1836. Presented by Edw. Wil-
son, Esq.

Pritchard, Andrew. A History of Infusoria, including the Desmidiaceae and
Diatomacere, British and Foreign. Fourth Ed. London, 1861. From
the Library Fund.

Prospectus of Messrs. de Schlagintweit's Collection of Ethnographical Heads
from India and high Asia. From the Author.

Quaterfages, Ad. Physiologie Comparee. Metamorphoses de L'Homme et
des Animaux. Paris, 1862. From the Library Fund.

Quetelet, Ad. Statistique Internationale (Population) publiee avec la Colla-
boration des Statisticiens. Officials des differents 6tats de l'Europe et
des Etats Unis d'Amerique. Par Ad. Quetelet, et Xav. Heuschling.
Bruxelles, 1865. From the Authors.

Quinary Arrangement of Birds. Manuscript. Presented by Edw. Wilson,
Esq.

Ramsay, A. C. The Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain.
London, 1864. From the Library Fund.

Reakirt, Tryon. Descriptions of some new Species of Danainae. Descrip-
tions of some new species of Eresia. Observations upon some Ameri-
can Pierinae. From the Author.
On Coloradian Butterflies. Philadelphia, 1866. From the Author.
Descriptions of some new Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Philadelphia,
1866. From the Author.

Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica. Parts 246 to 259. London, 1865.
From the Executors of Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.

Reichenbach, Heinrich G. Xenia Orchidacea. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der
Orchideen. 2er Band, 4es Heft. Leipzig, 1865. From the Executors
of the late Dr. Thos. B. Wilson.

Reichenbach's Novitiae Synopsis Avium. 8 numbers. Presented by Edw.
Wilson, Esq.

Reichenbach's Avium Systema Natura. 1 vol., 4to.

Reinhardt, Johannes. Vaagmaeren Trachypterus Vogmarus. Also an Eng-
lish Translation in Manuscript. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Reinwald, C. Catalogue Annuel de la Libraire Frangaise. 8me. Anne"e,
1865. From F. Leypoldt.

448 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde. Nautisch-Physi-
calischer Theil, III. Abtheilung. Wien, 1895. From the Austrian
Marine Department.
Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-Lande in den Jahren 1854 — 1856. Band
II., 2e Lief. Coleopteren. St. Petersburg, 1860, From Prof. S. S.
Haldeman.
Richardson's Revised sheets of Fauna Boreali Americana, with an unpub-
lished drawing. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Roth, Dr. J., and Dr. Andreas Wagner. Die Fossilen Knochen-Ueberreste

von Pikermi in Griechenland. Miinchen, 1854. From the Authors.
Royal Dublin Society. Evening Scientific Meeting, May 30th, 1837. From

Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Rutimeyer, L. Eocaene Saugethiere aus dem Gebiet des Schweizerischen

Jura. From the Library Fund.
Ryan, Matthew. The Celebrated Theory of Parallels. Washington, 1866.

From the Author.
Salisbury, Richard Anthony. The Genera of Plants. A fragment containing

part of Liriogamse. London, 1866. From G. E. Gray.
Sars. Norges Ferskvandskrebsdyr forste afsmit Branchiopoda 1. Cladocera
Ctenopoda. Christiana, 1865. From the Author.
Om de i Norge Forekommende Fossile Dyrelevninger fra Quartuerpe-
rioden, et Bidragtil vor Faunas Historie. Christiana, 1865. From the
Author.
Saussure, H. F. de. Monographic des Guepes Solitaires. Cahier 2. Paris,
1852. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Blattarum Novarum Species Aliquot. From the Author.
Schurz's Synopsis Mammalium. Pars I. and II. Solothurn, 1844.
Schlegel, H. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens, 1837. 2 vols., Text 1,
Plates. La Hage.
Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux d'Europe. One Number. From Edw.

Wilson, Esq.
De Vogels van Nederlandsch Indie. Haarlem, 1866. From the Librarv
Fund.
Sclater's Monograph of Calliste. Parts 2, 3 and 4. Presented by Edw. Wil-

. son, Esq.
Scoutetten, M. Discours. prononce a l'ouverture du cours public d'Hygiene.

From Edw. Wilson.
Scudder, S. H. On the Fossil Insects from Illinois, the Miamia and the
Hemeristia. Sept , 1865. From the Author.
Notes on Odonata. From the Author.
Shaler, N. G. List of the Brachiopoda, from the Island of Anticosti, sent
by the Museum of Comparative Zoology to different Institutions in
Exchange for other specimens, with Annotations. From the Author.
Shumard, B. F. A Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Fossils of North America. Part

I., Echinodermata. St. Louis, 1866. From the Author.
Sebright, J. S. The Act of improving the breeds of Domestic Animals.

London. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Secretary of the Navy, Report of, with an appendix containing Report from
Officers, Dec, 1865. Washington, 1865. From the Secretary of the
Navy.
Siebcld. Carl, Theodore V. und Albert Kolliker, Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaft-
liche Zoologie. 16er Band, les Heft. Leipzig, 1866. From the
Library Fund.
Simmonds, P. L. Waste Products and Undeveloped Substances. London,

1802. From ths Library Fund.
Simon, Eugene. Histoire Naturelle des Araignees (Araneides.) Paris, 1864.

From the Library Fund.
Smith, James. Researches in Newer Pliocene and Post tertiary Geology.
Glasgow, 1862. From the Library Fund.

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 449

Sowerby, G. B. A Catalogue of the Shells contained in the collection of the

late Earl of Tankerville. London, 1825. From Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Thesaurus Conchyliornm. Parts 24 and 25. London, 1866. From

Edward Wilson, Esq.
Stabile, Jos. Mollusques Terrestres vivants du Piedmont. Milan, 1864.

From Isaac Lea, LL.D.
Steiner, Lewis II. A Sketch of the History, Plan of Organization and

Operation of the U. S. Sanitary Commission. Philadelphia, 1866.

From the Author.
Stoppani, Antoine. Paleontologie Lombarde. 34 — 38 Livrs. Mulan, 1860

— 65. From the Library Fund.
Suites a, Buffo a. Echinodertnes and Acalephes. Paris, 1843, 1862.
Sundevall, C. J. Conspectum Avium Picinarum. Stocholmiae, 1866. From

the Library Fund.
Tenny, Sanborn A. M. A Manual of Zoology for Schools, Colleges and the

General Reader. New York, 1866. From the Library Fund.
Temminck, C. J. Esquisses Zoologques sur la Cote de Guine. 1 Partiej

Mam mi feres. Leiden, 1853, Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Toussaint, A. J D. S. On the Urinary Organs of Fishes. Leyden, 1835.

Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Trimbley, J. B. Annual Meteorlogical Synopsis for the year 1865. Toledo, 0.

From the Author.
Trimoulet, M. Henry. Etat Actuel de la Sericiculture Exotique. Bordeaux

1865. From the Author.

Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. A Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca inhabiting the.

United States. Part 1. Philadelphia. From the Author.
Tschudi, J. J. von. Reisen durch Slid America. Erster Band. Leipzig

1866. From the Library Fund.

Tuckerman, Edward. Lichens of California, Oregon and the Reeky Moun-
tains, as far as yet known, with an Appendix. Amherst, i860. From

the Author.
Tulasne, L R., and C. Selecta Fungorum Carpologia Junctis studiis edider-

unt Ludovicus Renatus Tulasne et Carolus Tulasne, 3 vols., Fol.

Parisiis, 1861, 1863. From the Library Fund.
Turnbull, Wm. P. Birds of East Lothian. Philadelphia. From RathmeU

Wilson, Esq.
Turnerum, Gulielmum Avium Praecipurura quarura Apud Plinium et

Aristotelem Meutio est. Contabrigiae. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Van Beneden, P. J. Recherches sur la Faune Littorale dq Belgique, Crus-

taces. Bruselles, 1861. From Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Van Bouwel, Dr. Henri de C. Quelques fieurs sur la tomb de Hugo Rothstein.

Aners, 1866. From the Author.
Vander Hoeven, J. Catalogus Craniorum diversarum gentium quae colle°-it

Lugduni. Batavorum, 1860. Presented by Edward Wilson, Esq.
Van Lindtii, Thos. G. Catalogue du Musee Zoologique. Presented by Edw.

Wilson, Esq.
Van Siebold, C. T. E. Observations quaedam de Salamandris et Tritonibus.

Berolini. Presented by Edward Wilson, Esq.

Verrill, A. E. Corals and Polyps of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition,

with descriptions of other Pacific Ocean Species. From the Author,

On the Polyps and Corals of Panama, with descriptions of new species.

From the Author.

Vieillot, M. L. P., et M. P. Oudart. La Galerie des Oiseaux. 2 vols., 8vo.

Paris, 1825. Presented by Rathmell Wilson, Esq.
Vieillot's Fauna Franchise. 9me Livrs. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.
Vignard, M. Description d'un Cone Nouveau. Presented by Edw. Wilson,

Esq.
Walker, Francis. Insecta Saundersiana. Diptera, Part IV., Coleoptera..

29

450 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Curculionides, Part II., Homoptera. London, 1858 — €0. Presented by
Edw. Wilson, Esq.

Wallich, G. C. The North Atlantic Sea Bed. Part I. London, 1862. Pre-
sented by Edward Wilson, Esq.

Ward, Henry A. Catalogue of Casts of Fossils from the principal Museums
of Europe and America Rochester, 1866. From Dr. Joseph Leidy.

Warren, Edward S. Notes on Polytechnic Schools in the United States. New
York, 1866. From the Author.

Wetherill, Chas. M. On the Crystallization of Sulphur, and upon the reac-
tion between Sulphide of Hydrogen, Ammonia and Alcohol. From the
Author.
A brief Sketch of the Modern Theory of Chemical Types. From the

Author.
On the Crystalline Nature of Glass. From the Author.
Experiments with the Ammonium Amalgam. From the Author.

■Winchell, Alexander, and Oliver Marcy. Enumeration of Fossils collected iu
the Niagara Limestone at Chicago, 111., with descriptions of several
new species. Cambridge, 1865. From the Author.

Winchell, Alexander. A Report on the Geological and Industrial Resources
of the counties of Antrim, Grand Traverse, Benzei and Leelanaw, in
the Lower peninsula of Michigan. Ann Arbor, 1866. From the Author.
A Plea for Science. From the Author.

Wood, Rev. J. G. Homes without Hands. New York, 1866. From the
Library Fund.

Wolf, James. Zoological Sketches. Second Series, parts 7 and 8. London,
1865. From the Executors of the late Dr. Wilson.

Wyman, Jeffries. Notes on the Cells of the Bee. Cambridge, 1866. From
the Author.

Young, Andrew. The Natural History and Habits of the Salmon. Wick,
1847. Presented by Edw. Wilson, Esq.

INDEX OF GENERA,

1866.

Accipiter..
Ach'.yodes

Acihus

Ac me a

Actinocrinus .

Actodromas .,

Acmaeodera 348,

Adamastor 26, 135,

Adelocera

Ad nines .

Aedilis .

Aegialitis

Aestrelata 135,

Aestrelate;e

Aethecerus

Agathidium

Agelaius 10,

Agraulis

Agrilus 348,

Alaudidae

Al >us ...

Aleoeharini

Allonyx 349,

Alnus

Amara

Amauris

Amblychila

Amblystoma 300,

Ampelidse

Am pel is

Amphicerns

Amphichroum 347,

Amphotis

Anamesus .,

Anas

Anaspis

Anatidae

Anectus

Anchastus

Ancylochira 348,

Angaispira

43
340
348

243

25:;

97
383
192

389

108

34!)

96

170

134
349
376

90
243
384

79
389
347
359
343
347
240
348
311

71

71
348
375
376
393

98
347

98
399
390
383
315

Anisodactylus

Auisotoraa

Anogdus

Anodonta

A no lis ,

Anomoglossus

Anomphalus

Anser

Anthobium

Anthophagus 347,

Ant h us

Antrostomus

Annra

Apenes ,

Aphodius

Aploaspis

Aquila

Archibuteo

Ardea

Ardeidae

Ardetta

Aromochelys

Arthopalus -

Articerus

Asclera

Aster

Asteroidea

Astragalus

Astrelateoe

Asyndesmus

Atbous

A tran us

Attains

Atthis

Aturia

Aulonium 348,

Auriparus

34?
368
369
35
12::
347
268
98
347
375
67
58
301
36 I
347
^10
49
46
95
95
95
310
349
108
347
343
259
343
26
55
391
347
347
57
4
378
It

Babtisia 343

Balaenidse 297

Balau us.. 237

452

INDEX TO GENERA.

Baptolinus

Barissia

Bascanion.. .. .

Basiliscus

Barbarica

Batrisus

Belemnoerinus.

Belodon

Belonuchus

Beluga

Bembidium

Bernicla

Berosus

Bison

Blapstinus

Blethisa

Boa

Boletophagus .

Botaurus

Brachyotus

Bradycellus

Branchus

Brenthis

Bromus

Bryoporus

Byturcosomus

Bubo

Bucephala

Bufo ,

Bulimus

Buteo

Butorides

127, 130, 128, 132.

347
132
319
123
343
347
251
249
348
293
347

98
348
343
348
363
126
347

95

50
347
398
246
343
347
351

49

99
301
315

4:;

95

Cachryx 124

Ca'ctns 343

Calamospiza 84

Calathus 346

Callidryas 238

Callipepla 94

Callisanrus 310

Callopora 115, 117

Calochortus 343

Calosoraa 348

Camel ina 343

Campylorhynchus 77

Canifa 347

Canthon 348, 380

Capri mulgid re 58

Capra .... 343

Parch a rod us 335

Carpophilus 347

Carpodacus 39, 80

Cassidix 415

Casta nea 41

Cathartes 42

Catherpes 41, 77

Catops 347

Caudisona 307, 311, 312, 31<

Centrocercus 40, 94

Cen turns 54

Cephalopoda 274

Cerenopus 349

Cerophytum 388

Certhiola 67

Certhia ... 79

Certhiidffl 78

Ceryle 59

Chaetetes 114, 116

Chaleolepidius 348

Cbamaepeleia 93

Charadriidae , 96

Chauliognathus 348

Chaulelasmus ..• 99

Chelopus 128, 123

Chevrolatia 370

Chionactis 310

Chlsenius 347

Chondestes 84

Chordeiles 41, 58

Chroecocephalus 99

Chrysomela 348, 349

Chrysomitris 80

Cici'ndela 348, 362, 395

Cinclus 66

Cinosternum 123, 128

Circus 49

Cis 347

Cistothorus 78

Clavigeridse 108

Claviger 108

Clerus 347

Clepsisaurua 249

Clinidiuni 347

Clytus 349

Cuemidophorus 125, 310, 303, 311

Ooecilia 132

Colaptes 56

Colenis 369

Coleonyx 125, 132. 310

Collyrio 73

Conodictyum 275

Corticaria 347

Colopteridae 59

Colymbida? .... 100

Colostethus 130

Coluber 319, 128

Columba 93

Columbidae 93

Colymbetes 366

Colymbus 100

Coniophaues 128

Conophis 318

Conosoma 347, 374

Contia 304, 311

Contopus 60

Cookilaria 135

Copris 381

Coproporus 347

INDEX TO GENERA.

453

Coronella 128

Corims 343

Corphyra 347

Corvus 91

Corvidae 91

Corymbites 392

Cotumiculus 84

Cotyle 72

Craxirex 49

Cremastochilus 347

Creophilus 348

Crinoidea - 251

Criocephtflus 349

Crocodilus - 123

Crotophaga 289

Crotophytus 302, 311

Cryptobium 347

Cryptophypnua 347, 389, 348

Ctenosaura 124

Cucullaea 261

Ourculionidae 347

Curvirostra , 39

Cyanocitta 92

Cyanospiza 89

Cyanura 92

Cyatlioerinus 252

Cychrus 3G3, 340

Cyclocephala 348, 382

Cygnus

Cyphou 347

Cyllodps 377

Cynoglossum 34

Cyrtusa 309

Cyrtodont.il 260

Cyrtonyx 94

Cystiguathus 132

Cytilus ... 347

Dacne 348

Dacnidae @7

Dafila 9-

Daption 26,136, 161, 192

Daptioneae 1 3 J

Dasytes 349, 359

Dekayia 115

Deleaster 375

Delphinidse 293

Del ph in us 295

Dendrocygna 98

Dendroeca 67

Dermatemys 128

Diabrotica 34s

Diamesopora 118

Diapopbis 310, 311

Dicaelus 347

Diomedea 175, 187

Diomedeidae 173

Diploglossus 321

Dipsosaurus 310

Discoderus 348

Dolabra 260

Dolichonyx 15

Dolichosoma 349, 358

Dorcus 348, 380

DraHa 343

Dynastes .'. 348

Dyschirius 363

Dystaxia 385

Eehinodermata 251

Elauus 48

Elaphidion 349

Elaps 127, 128, 307, 311

Elater 347

Eleodes 348

Elmis 380

Elymus 343

Embaphion 348

Emesis 248

Emmenotarsus 353

Empidonax 61

Endectus 347

Engis 348

Engystoraa 131

Epicauta 349

Epitragus 348

Epuraea 347

Eremophila 79

Eresia 335

Ereunetes 97

Erycides 339

Eschatocrepis 349, 361

Euchroma 343

Eueides • 243

Euphryne 310, 311

Euploea 240

Eurydorus 249

Eurymetopon 248

Eurytrichaus 347

Euryusa 373

Eutaenia ...305, 311

Euterpe 244

Evactinopora 275

Falagria 347, 370

Falcinellus 96

Falco 42

Ficimia 126, 132

Fistulipora 119

Forbesiocrinus 255

Fornax 387

Fragarla 343

Fringillidiv 80

Fulica 98

Fnl mar us 25, 26

Fustiger . ... 108

Galleruca 348

451

INDEX TO GENERA.

Gallinago 97

Gambetta 98

Garzetta 95

Gasteropoda 2GJ

Gastrodonta 315

Geothlypis. - 69

Gerrhonotus 312, 321

Geococcyx 51

Geotrtipes 381

Glaucidinm 50

Globicephalus 7

Goniloba 337, 340

Goniopoda 317

Graculus 100

Granatocrinus 257

Gruidse 95

Grus 95

Guiraca 88

Gyalopium 310

Gyascntus > . 348

Gymnokitta , 91

Gymnusa 373

Hadroporus 348

Hadrosaurus 9

Halcyonidse 59

Haiobana 162, 171

Halodromidse 173

Halisetus 49

Halodrominae 188

Haltica 348

Haplocnemis 349

Harpalus 347

Harporhynctaus 40, 65

Helianthus 343

Helicidse 315

Helicodiscus 315

Heliconius 242

Hellipora 118

Helmintbophaga 7o

Heloderma 303, 311

Helepborus 366

Herodias 95

Hesperiphona 39, 8o

Heterodon 307, 31 1

Himantodes 317

Himantopns 97

Hippodamia 349

Hirundinidse 72

Hirundo 72

Hister 347

Holbrookia 303, 311

Homoetrsa 373

Hoplia 347

Horistonotus 348

Ilvalina 315

Hydrocffaris 34*

Hydrochelidon 99

llydroporus 365

Hyla 301, 310, 311, 313

Hyperaspis 348

Hypoccelus 387

Hypophioeus 349

Hypopyrrhus 412

Hypsrglena 304

Icteria 71

[cteridse 90

Icterus 91

Ictinia 49

Miopsar 414

Inoceramus 314

Isthmia 315

J unco 85

Juniperus 343

Laccopbilus 348

Lachruipboms 348

Laelaps 276, 316

Laenianctus 124

Laemophlocus 379

Lagopus 94

Lamelli branch iata 259

Lamprohiza 394

Laniida3 73

Laridse 99

Larus 27, 99

Lasconotus 348, 378

Lathridius 347

Lathrobium 347

Lathropua 379

Leistes 14

Lepti n us 367

Leptocircus 341

Lcptodira 128

Leptalis 340

Leptura 348

Lesteva 375

Leucocheila 315

Ligyrus 3^2

Limnebius. 366

Limonius 347, 391

Limosa 98

Lispinus 376

Listrus 349, 356

Litargus 347

Lithasia 133

Lithodytes 132, 323

Lobonyx 349

Lophophanes 79

Lophortyx 39, 94

Lycsena 244, 332

Lytta 349

Macrodactylus 348

Macro. Ion 261

Macropnus 397

INDEX TO GENERA.

455

27, 135,

Sfacroramphus

Majaqueus...!

Mareca

Masticophis 127, 128, 305,

Mas (oil on

Mastodonsaurus

Mechanitis

Megalosaurus

Megapenthes

Megaquiscalus

Megetra

Melandrya

Melanerpes

Melanophila

Melanotus .347,

Meleagris

Melinsea

Melee .".

Melopeleia

Melospiza

Melyris

Mergus

Mesopeltis

Metoptoma

Melorchus

Micrathene

Mieiodoma

Microrhagus ,

Mimus

Mitrephoms

Molothrus 17,

Monocondylcea

Mordella..

Motacilla

Motacillidae

Murchisonia

Murmidius

Myas

Mycetina

Myiadestes

Myiarchus

Myiodioctes

Myllsena

Myrmedonia

Myrmica 104,

Naticopsis

Nauclerus

Nausibms

Nautilus 4,

Nebria 34G,

Nebulipora

Necrophorus 347,

Nectris 135,

Nematoerinus

Nematodes

Nemognatha

Neonympha 331,

Nettion

97

192
99
311
290
249
241
276
390
409
349
347
55
318
390
93
242
349
93
88
349
99
318
200
3-18
51
269
387
05
03
90
34
347
38
07
274
370
347
348
72
59
71
347
372
323

268
48'
379
274
363
115
367
192
251
388
349
336
98

Ninia.... 127, 128

N souiaiies 334

Notoxus 349

Numenius, ... 98

Nyctale 50

Nyctiardea 95

Ochodaeus 348

Olibrus 347

Oligota 372

Olistbopus 346

Omus 394

Oncideres 349

Ontbopbag'.s 347

Onychocrinus 255

Ophibolus 305, 310, 311

Urea 293

Oroscoptes 55

Orsodacna 348

Orthonema ' 270

Ortbopoda 317

Ostrea 314

Ossifraga 25, 31

Otus 50

Ovis 343

Oxytelus 347

Pagodrorna 136, 159

Pandion 49

Panvptila 57

Papilio 248, 341, 331

Paratenetus 347

Paridas 79

Passeriulus 84

Patrobus 347

Patula 315

Pelecanus 100

Pelecanidae 100

Pelecanoides 188

Pentaria 349

Pen the 347

PtrJicidae 94

Petrochelidon 72

Pha?nopepla 71

Phalacroeoracida) 100

Pbalaropodidae 97

Phasianidaj 93

Phellopsis 347

Phileurus 383

Pb lonthus 347, 348

Pbilothennus 347

Pbimothyra .304, 311

Phoebastria 187

Photinus 347

Phocaena 294

Phosbetria 186

Phyllobates 131

Phrynosoma 302, 310

Photinus 348

456

INDEX TO GENERA.

Pica 93

Picicorvus 91

Picus 52

Pieris 238, 33G

Pinus 289, 343

Pipilo 41, 89

Pityophagus 377

Pityophis 305, 311

Plastocerus 393

Platyceras 262, 347

Platyuus 346

Platyschisma 271

Plectrophanes 39, 84

Pleurotomaria 271

Plistodon 304, 311, 321

Plusiotis 34s

Poa 343

Poecile 7!)

Podabrus 347, 394

Podasocys 96

Podiceps 100

Podicipidse 100

Podilymbus 100

Polioptila 66

Polyborus 49

Polypbemopsis. 267

Poutoporia 297

Pocecees 84

Populus 41, 3-43

Poospiza 80

Potamopsar 415

Porzana 98

Priofinus 192

Procellariidaj 109, 172

Priocella 135

Prion 1G2, 107, 172

Prion us 349

Pristoseelis 348, 349, 350

Progne 72

Prognatha 37 0

Prionea; 134, 171, 162

Prionocypbon 347

Prunus 41

Pyranpa 71

Psaltriparus 79

Pseudohyalina 315

Pseudoprion 162, 164, 111

Psyllobora 348

Pteria 259

Pterodactylus 290

Pterogastcrus .".22

Pterosticbus 340,347, 304

Ptiliogonidae 7

Ptychemys 128

Pyrgus... 334

Pyrrhuloxia 90

Pyrocepkalus 41, 64

Quercus 5, 103

Querquedula 98

Quiscalus 403

Radiata 251

Rallidse 98

Rallus 98

Rana 127, 301, 311

Rannla 129

Recurvirostra 97

Recurvirostridre 97

Regulus 66

Rbantistea? 134

Rhegnops ... 128

Rbinandrus 400

Rbinoebilus 304

Rhinopora 1 19

Rbizopbagu* 377

Rbodotrinus 254

Rbogeessa 285

Rhombodera 364

Rhyacophilus 98

Ubytidodon 249

Ribes 343

Rosa 343

Rubus 343

Sagmatias 294

Salix 41, ::4':

Salpinctes 77

Saprinus 348

Sauria 302

S.ixicava 237

Saxieolida? " G6

Sayornis '. 60

Scaphidurns 417

Seapbiopus 312

Sceloporus 124, 310, 311

Sehizogenius 340

Schoenaster 259

Scleroporus 303, 322

Scolecopbagus 90, 412

Siolopacidie 97

Scolopax 38, 237

Scolecopbis 320

Scops 49

Scotophilia 287

Scydmsenus 347

Seym n us , 348

Seiurus., 71

Selnspborus 57, 365

Sericosomus 3 47

Sesleria 343

Sialia 66

Sibbaldius 297

Silpba .367, 348

Siphonops 129

Sitopbagus 349

Sitta 78

Sisymbrium 343

t

INDEX TO GENERA.

457

Smilisca 127

Solidago 343

Sonora 310

Sorbus 34H

Spatula 99

Sphaerodactylus 125

Spea 301, 311

Spiraea 34.';

Spizella 87

Sphenotheca 349

Spelerpes 132

Sphyrapicus 52

Stanleyi 343

Steganocrinus 253

Steganopus 97

Stelgidopteryx 72

Stenolopus 347

Stenorhina 127

Stenus 347

Sterna 99

Stethon 38G

Strategus 348, 382

Stictocranius 374

Strix 49

Strobila 315

Strom atocerium 1 18

Strotocrinus 253

Sturnella 23, 91

Succinea 315

Sun ins 347

Synbathocrinus 251

Sylviid83 6G, G7

Sympbemia 97

Synchita..'. 379

Synchloe 248, 336

Tachys 347, 348

Tachyporus 374

Tachycineta 72

Tanagridas 71

Tantalus 9G

Tantalidas 9G

Tantilla 126, 320

Tanymecus 349

Tetradiutn 114

Telephones 347

Terebratula 3

Teredo 3

Terias 238

Tetraonyx 349

Tetraopes 349

Thalasso'ica 25, 29

Thalassarche 187

Thecla 332, 337, 338

Thecadactylus 125

Thiellus

Thryo thorns

Thrasops

Tb rose us

Todus

To miens

Trematopora

Tribrachys

Triehas

Trichina

Trichochrous

Trimorphodon

Trochita

Tripr.ou

Triplax

Tringoides

Trocbilus

Troglodytidae

Trogon

Trogophloeus

Troglodytes

Trogosita

Tropidodipsas

Tropidonotus 310,

Trox

Tryngites

Turd id*

Turdus

Tylosis

Tvplilops 125,

Tyrannus

Uma

Unio 33,

Urodela

Uta 303, 310,

192
^78
127
347
38
348
118
348
69
9
351
310
270
127
348
98
56
77
37
347
78
348
127
311
348
98
G4
64
349
326
59

310
133
300
311

Vaccinium

Vallonia

Vespertilio

Vireo 41,

Vireonidas

Vitis

Xantliocpphalus

Xantholinus

Xantusia

Xenosaurus

Xanthornus

Xenorhipis

Xyloryctes

Zanaidura....
Zonoiriehia.
Zopherus

313

315

280

73

73

6

90
347
312

384
348

93

84

348

GENERAL INDEX.

Allen, Dr. H , Notes on the Vesper-
tiliouidee of Tropical America, 279.

Anderson, Rev. M. B., Election as cor-
respondent, 110.

Baxter, Dr. J. H., Election as corres-
pondent, 107.

Beadle, Rev. E. R., Election as mem-
ber, 3.

Berthoud, E. L., Description of Hot
Springs of Soda Creek, 342.

Blake, Rev. Jos., Election as corres-
pondent, 10.

Bland, Jas. H. B., Election as mem-
ber, 2.

Boardman, Rev. Geo. D., Election as
member, 107.

Butcher, Dr. Henry B., Election as
member, 238.

Calhoun, A. R., Election as member,
345.

Caligny, M. de, Election as correspon-
dent, 233.

Collier, D. C, Election as correspon-
dent, 10.

Carr, Col. Robt., Announcement of
death of, 100'.

Carpenter, H. C Election as member,
238.

Carter, L. R., Election as correspon-
dent, 110.

Cass, Hon. Lewis, Announcement of
death of, 237.

Cassin, John, Fasti Ornithologi-r, No.
II. : 9, 35 ; A Study of the Icterida?,
10 ; Remarks on Crotophaga Ani,
289 ; On Kitchen Middens at Atlan-
tic City, 290 ; A Second Study of
the Icterida?, 403.

Childs, Geo. W., Election as member, 3.

Clinton, Geo. W., Election as corres-
pondent, 7.

Cope, E. D., Remarks on a species of
Aturia found in tlie Marl Pits at
Glassboro, N. J., 3; Remarks on
skull of a Black Fish (Globieepha-
lus), 7 ; On the structure and dis-
tribution of the Genera of Arciferous
Anura, 107 ; Fourth contribution to
the Herpetology of Tropical Ameri-
ca, 107, 123 ; Remarks on extinct
vertebrates of the Mesozoic Red

Sandstone, 249; Remarks on Lae-
laps Aquiluiuus, 276; Third con-
tribution to the history of the Balse-
nidse and Delphinidae, 290, 293 ; Sy-
nopsis of the Batrachia and Reptilia
of Arizona, 290, 300 ; Remarks on
the Mesozoic Sandstone of Pennsyl-
vania, 290 ; Fifth contribution to
the Herpetology of Tropical Ameri-
ca, 341, 317; On Anatomical pecu-
liarities of some Dinosauria, 31b'.

Correspondence of the Academy for
186b', 422.

Cowan, F., Election as correspondent,
250.

Coues, Dr. Elliot, A critical Review of
the Family Procellaridas : Part III.,
embracing the Fulniarea?, 3, 25 ; A
List of Birds of Fort Whipple, Ari-
zona, 7, 9, 39; Monograph of the
Procellaridas : Parts IV. and V., 134,
172.

Crawford, Gen. S. W., Election as
member, 279.

Crozer, J. P., Announcement of death
of, 106.

Daniel, W. C, On the introduction of
Shad into the Alabama River, 108,
236.

Davis, Hon. Henry Winter, Announce-
ment of death of, 2.

Deal, Dr. Lemuel J., Election as mem-
ber, 107.

Dixon, Dr. W. C, Election as mem-
ber, 291.

Donations to the Museum, 427.

Donations to the Library, 431.

Du Boii, Prof. Alf. , Election as cor-
respondent, 107.

Dreer, H. A., Election as member, 110.

Durburrow, Charles B., Election as
member, 10.

Election of Officers for 1867, 420.

Election of members and correspon-
dents during 1866, 421.

Election of Standing Committees, 3.

Evans, R. E., Announcement of death
of, 106.

Evans, Win., Jr., Election as mem-
ber, 7.

GENERAL INDEX.

459

C. C, Election as member,
Election as mem-
Election as mem-

Febegor
110.

Femmorp, Jason L.,
ber, 238

Figaniere. Alf. de,
ber, 10.

Fiot, Aug., Announcement of death of,
106.

Ford, John, Election as member, 3-15.

Frazer, Root., Election as member, 2.

French, W. H., Election as correspon-
dent, 238.

Garrett, P. C, Election as member, 7.
Gilbert, Dr. Win, K., Election as mem-
ber, 110.
Gould, Dr. A. A., Announcement of

death of, 289.
Graeff, John E., Election as member, 7.
Graham, Col. J. D., Announcement of

death of, 2.
Grant, W. S., Election as member, 34F>.
Grav, Robt., Election as correspondent,

10.
Guier, Dr. Geo. Election as member,

238.
Grier, Dr. Wm. P., Announcement of

death of, 7.
Griffith, R. E., Announcement of death

of, 103.

Haddock, Dan'l, Jr., Election as mem-
ber, 110.

Hartshorne, Chas., Election as mem-
ber, 7.

Haydeu, Dr. F. V., Remarks on the
Pipestone quarry of North-eastern
Dakota, 291 ; On the chalk deposits
on the Missouri River, 314 ; On a
Mastodon tooth, 310.

Hays, Dr. Isaac, Remarks on Trichina
spiralis, 249.

Heerman, Dr. A. L., Announcement
of death of, 2.

Heintzelman. J. A., Election as mem-

Election as member

ber. 10.

Hoopes, Josiah
106.

Horn, Dr. Geo. H., Election as mem-
ber, 250 ; Descriptions of new Cole-
optera of Central America, 345, 397 ;
Descriptions of some new Cicinde-
lidse from the Pacific Coast, 345, .'J>94.

Houston, EJw. L., Election as mem-
ber, 345.

Huston, Sam'l, Election as member,
110.

Hutchinson, J. P., Announcement of
death of, 108

Hunt, Clemmons, Election as mem-
ber, 10.

Jones, Wm. F., Election as member, 3.

Kehmle,W. E., Election as member, 10.
Kenderdine, Dr. R. S., Election as

member, 110.
Kennicott, Robt., Announcement of

death of, 315.

Lea, Isaac, Reading of extract of letter
from Prof. Courtland, 7 ; Descrip-
tion of twelve Unionida? from South
America, 9, 33 ; Notes on some
members of the Feldspar Family,
107, 110 ; Description of five new
species of Unio, 107, 133 ; Descrip-
tion of two new species of Lithasia,
107, 133.

LeConte, Dr. J. L., Remarks on the
subfamily Clavigeridae, 108 ; List of
Coleoptera collected in Lycoming
Co., 345, 346; List of Coleoptera
collected near Fort Whipple, 345,

348 ; Revision of the Dasytini, 345,

349 ; Additions to the Coleopterous
Fauna of the United States, No. 1,
345, 361.

Leeds, Albert R., Election as member,
345.

Leidy, Dr. Jos., Observations on Indi-
an Relics, 1 ; Remarks on a phalanx
of an extinct reptile, 9; Remarks on
cancer of liver in Turkey, and on
Trichina, 9; Remarks on human
relics at Petite Anse, 109 ; Remarks
on fossils presented June 5th, 237 ;
Exhibition of a large Coccus, 289 ;
Exhibition of teeth of Mastodon
ohioticus, 290 ; Observations on the
Kitchen Middens of Cape Henlopen,
290 ; On Fossil Bones from Mau-
vaises Terres, 345.

Lewis, Chas. S., Election as member,
106.

Lindley, Dr. J. L., Announcement of
death of, 2.

Lincecum, G., Extract from letter to Mr.
Durand on Ants of Texas, 4 ; In re-
lation to certain species of Grapes,
6 ; On the small black erratic Ant,
101; On the habits. of the Agricul-
tural Ant of Texas, 314, 323.

Little, Amos R., Election as member,
10.

Lyman, Benj. Smith, Remarks on a
Slickenside found at Plymouth, Pa.,
107.

460

GENERAL INDEX.

Mackenzie, Dr. R. Shelton, Election as
member, 10.

Manegault, Gabr., Election as corres-
pondent, li90.

Mayburrv, Dr. Wm., Election as mem-
ber, 291.

Meeban, Thos., Observations on Pinus
pungens, &c, 289 ; On the Period
and Ratio of the Annual increase in

Rominger, Dr. Carl, Observations on

Cliaetetes and some related Genera,

101, 113.
Ruschenberger, Dr.W. S. W., Remarks

on fossil fish scales from Vicksburg,

Miss., 107.

Sellers,
107.

Wm., Election as member,

the circumference of Trees, 290, 292: Shinier Henry, On a new genus of

On the consumption of force by
plants in overcoming gravitation,
34(3, 401

Meek, F. B., Contributions to the Pa-
laeontology of Illinois and other
Western States, 251

Meigs, Dr. J. A., Observations on the
Cranial Forms of the North Aineri
can Indians, 107, 197.

Micheuer, E., On the Mollusca of Lan-
caster Co., 315.

Moore, J. G., Election as member, 250.

Nebinger, Dr. A., Election as member,

250.

O^den, C. G , Election as member, 250.
Ord, Geo., Announcement of death of,

Otis, Dr. Geo. A.
pondent, 238.

Election as corres

Parker, J. B., Election as member, 106.

Parrish, Jas. C, Election as member,
10.

.Pearsall, Robert, Announcement of
death of, 2

Poulson, Chas. A., Announcement of
death of, 7

Proceedings, presentation of the num-
ber for Nov. and Dec, 1865, 7.

Reakirt, E. L., Election as member, 2.
Reakirt, Tryon, Election as member,

107 ; Description of new species of

Diurnal Lepidoptera, 237, 238, 317,

331.
Reeve, Lovell, Announcement of death

of, 7.
Report of Librarian, 418.
Report of the Curators, 418.
Rhoads, Jos. R., Election as member,

110.
Riddell, Dr J. L., Announcement of

death of, 2.
Roberts, S. R., Election as member,

238

Homoptera, 3 15.

Shober. Sam'l L., Election as mem-
ber, 250.

Sinclair, Wm., Election as correspon-
dent, 10.

Slack, Dr. J. H., Observation on fos-
sils from Smoky Hill River, Col.
Ter., 2 ; Exhibition of living speci-
mens of Menopoma, 290.

Slay maker, S. E., Election as member,
10.

Smith, Thos. G., Election as member, 3.

Standing Committees for 1866, 3.

Stautfer, Jacob, Election as correspon-
dent, 107.

Stelhvagen, Dr. Thos. C, Election as
member, 10.

Stille, Dr. Henry, Election as member,
110.

Taylor, T. Clarkson, Election as mem-
ber, 110.

Thomas, Dr. Jos., Election as mem-
ber, 106.

Tryon, Ed. K., Jr.. Election as mem-
ber, 107.

Turner, J., Election as member, 10.

Turnpenny, J. C, Election as mem-
ber, 345.

Vandyke, Dr. E. B., Election as mem-
ber, 290.

Weber, Dr. R. L., Election as mem-
ber, 107.

Walton, Jos., Election as member, 107.

Westcott, Chas. S., Election as mem-
ber, 10.

White, Wm. R., Election as member, 7.

Wilson, Rathmell, Letter regarding
Dr. Thos. B. Wilson's legacy to the
Academy, 2.

Wolgamuth, Francis A., Announce-
ment of death of, 315.

Wood, E lw. R., Election as member, 7.

Woodward, Geo. M., Election as mem-
ber, 3.

Rogers, Prof. II. D., Announcement of| Wyeth, F. H., Election as member, 290.
death of, 237.

PROCEEDINGS

OF, THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCUM

OP

PHILADELPHIA.

i

No. 1.— Jan'y. Feb'y and March, 1866.

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets,

1866.

t

_ f »

PUBLICATIONS

OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Five volumes of the New Series of the Journal (Quarto) have been issued,
— 1847 to 1863. The price per volume of four parts is $10.00, or $3.00 per
part to members ; and to the public, $12.50 per volume, or $3.75 per part.

The First Series of the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes, octavo, may
be obtained at $24.00, or for separate volumes $3.25 per volume.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be
obtained at $24.00, to members ; and to the public, $30.00.

The Second Series of the Proceedings, commencing Jan. 1, 1857, (of which
nine volumes are now completed, Dec. 31, 1865,) may be obtained at $27.00,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; and to the public, $3.75 per
volume. These are now published monthly at $3.00 per annum, payable in
advance, to members; and to the public, $3.75.

Tne Society has established a Publication Fund; any person who may con-
tribute the sum of $75, will receive, during life, the Journal, quarto, and th«
Proceedings, octavo ; or separately, the Journal $&0, and the Proceedings $25.

BOOKS FOR SALE.

The Academy have a few copies of the following rare works, for sale at the
prices affixed.

Michaux' North American Sylva, 2 vols, octavo, Philadelphia, 1841, with 156
uncolored plates, $10.00.

Monograph of the Unionidse of North America, by T. A. Conrad. Complete
with 60 colored plates, octavo, 1840, $8.50.

Fossils of the Tertiary Formation of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.
Complete, with 49 plates, octavo, 1838, $5.00.

Description of Shells of North America, with 68 colored plates, by Thos.Say,
1830—34, $10.50.

Notice to Booksellers. — All the Publications of the Society will be sup-
plied to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the
public.

Application to be made to Wm. S. Vaux, Chairman of the Publication Com-
mittee, 1700 Arch Street, or to the Librarian, at the Hall of the Academy, cor-
ner of Broad and Sansom Sts.

■London, TRUBNER & CO.,
No. 60 Paternoster Row.

Agents, ■

New York, WM. WOOD & CO.,
No. 61 Walker St.

January 1*1, 186€.

CONTENTS.

Standing Committees for 1866 3

A Study of the Icteridae. By John Oassin 10

A Critical Review of the Family Procellariidae : — Part III ; em-
bracing the Fulmarese. By Elliott Coues, A.M., M.D 25

Description of twelve New Species of Unionidae from South

America. By Isaac Lea... 33

Fasti Ornithologise. By John Cassiu 35

List of the Birds of Fort Whipple, Arizona ; with which are incor-
porated all other species ascertained to inhabit the Territory ;
with brief critical and field Notes, descriptions of new species,
etc. By Elliott Coues, A.M., M.D 39

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

No. 2.-April and May, 1866.

i

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

1866.

! ___ _ _■ !l

PUBLICATIONS

OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Five volumes of the New Series of the Journal (Quarto) have been issued,
— 1847 to 1863. The price per volume of four parts is $10.00, or $3.00 per
part to members ; and to the public, $12.50 per volume, or $3.75 per part.

The First Series of the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes, octavo, may
be obtained at $24.00, or for separate volumes $3.25 per volume.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be
obtained at $24.00, to members ; and to the public, $30.00.

The Second Series of the Proceedings, commencing Jan. 1, 1857, (of which
nine volumes are now completed, Dec. 31, 1865,) may be obtained at $27.00,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; and to the public, $3.75 per
volume. These are now published monthly at $3.00 per annum, payable in
advance, to members; and to the public, $3.75.

The Society has established a Publication Fund; any person who may con-
tribute the sum of $75, will receive, during life, the Journal, quarto, and the
Proceedings, octavo ; or separately, the Journal $50, and the Proceedings $25.

BOOKS FOR SALE.

The Academy have a few copies of the following rare works, for s*le at the
prices affixed.

Michaux' North American Sylva, 2 vols, octavo, Philadelphia, 1841, with 156
uncolored plates, $10.00.

Monograph of the Unionidae of North America, by T. A. Conrad. Complete
with 60 colored plates, octavo, 1840, $8.50.

Fossils of the Tertiary Formation of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.
Complete, with 49 plates, octavo, 1838, $5.00.

Description of Shells of North America, with 68 colored plates, by Thos.Say,
1830—34, $10.50.

Notice to Booksellers. — All the Publications of the Society will be sup-
plied to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the

public.

Application to be made to Wm.S. Vaox, Chairman of the Publication Com-
mittee, 1700 Arch Street, or to the Librarian, at the Hall of the Academy, cor-
ner of Broad and Sansom Sts.

(London, TRUBXER & CO.,
No. 60 Paternoster Row.
Agents, i

| New Fork, WM. WOOD & CO.,
I No. 61 Walker St.

January 1*<, 1866.

CONTENTS.

A History of the " small black erratic Ant." By Dr. G. Lincecum,

of Texas 101

Notes on some members of the Feldspar Family. By Isaac Lea.. 110

Observations on Chaetetes and some related Genera, in regard to
their Systematic Position ; with an appended description of
some New Species. By Dr. Carl Rominger 113

Fourth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America.

By Prof. E. D. Cope 123

Description of five New Species of the Genus Unio. By Isaac

Lea 133

Description of two New Species of the Genus Lithasia. By

Isaac Lea 133

A Critical Review of the Family Procellariidse : — Part IV ; em-
bracing the iEstrelateae and the Prionese. By Dr Elliott
Coues,U. S. A 134

Critical Review of the Family Procellariidae; Part V; embracing
the Diomedeinae and the Halodrominae. With a general
Supplement. By Elliott Coues, M.D., U.S. A 172

Observations on the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,
based upon specimens contained in the Collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By J. Ait-
ken Meigs, M.D 197

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

No. 3.— June, July and August, 1866.

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
Corner of Broad aud SaDsom Streets.

1866.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Five volumes of the New Series of the Journal and Part I. of Vol. 6 (Quarto)
have been issued, — 1847 to 1866. The price per volume of four parts is $10.00,
or $3.00 per part to members ; and to the public, $12.50 per volume, or $3.75
per part.

The First Series of the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes, octavo, may
be obtained at $24.00, or for separate volumes $3.25 per volume.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be
obtained at $24.00, to members ; and to the public, $30.00.

The Secoud Series of the Proceedings, commencing Jan. 1, 1857, (of which
nine volumes are now completed, Dec. 31, 1865,) may be obtained at $27.00,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; aod to the public, $3.75 per
volume. These are now published monthly at $3.00 per annum, payable in
advance, to members; and to the public, $3.75.

The Society has established a Publication Fund; any person who may con-
tribute the sum of $75, will receive, during life, the Journal, quarto, and the
Proceedings, octavo ; or separately, the Journal $50, and the Proceedings $25.

BOOKS FOR SALE.

The Academy have a few copies of the following rare works, for s*le at the
prices affixed.

Michaux' North American Sylva, 2 vols, octavo, Philadelphia, 1841, with 156
uncolored plates, $10.00.

Monograph of the Unionidae of North America, by T. A. Conrad. Complete
with 60 colored plates, octavo, 1840, $8.50.

Fossils of the Tertiary Formation of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.
Complete, with 49 plates, octavo, 1838, $5.00.

Description of Shells of North America, with 68 colored plates, by Thos.Say,
1830—34, $10.50.

Notice to Booksellkrs. — All the Publications of the Society will be sup-
plied to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the
public.

Application to be made to Wm. S. Vaux, Chairman of the Publication Com-
mittee, 1700 Arch Street, or to the Librarian, at the Hall of the Academy, cor-
ner of Broad and Sansom Sts.

f London, T RUBXER & CO.,
| No. 60 Paternoster Row-

Agents, \

| New York, WM. WOOD & CO.,
(. No. 61 Walker St.

January 1st, 1866.

coisrTEisrTs

On the introduction of the American Shad into the Alabama

River. By W. C. Daniell, M.D., of Savannah, Geo 236

Descriptions of some new ppecies of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By

Tryon Reakirt 238

Contributions to the Palaeontology of Illinois and other "Western

States. By F. B. Meek and A. H. Worthen 251

Remarks on the remains of a gigautic extinct Dinosaur, from the

cretaceous green sand of New Jersey. By Prof. E. D. Cope, 275
Notes on the Yespertilionida; of Tropical America. By H.

Allen, M.D 279

•

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA

No. 4.-Sept., Oct. and Nov., 1866.

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
Corner of Broad aud Sansom Streets.

1-866.

PUBLICATIONS

OP

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Five volumes of the New Series of the Journal and Part I. of Vol. 6 (Quarto)
have been issued, — 1847 to 1866. The price per volume of four pans is $10.00,
or $3.00 per part to members ; and to the public, $12.50 per volume, or $3.75
per part.

The First Series of the Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes, octavo, may
be obtained at $24.00, or for separate volumes $3.25 per volume.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1856, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be
obtained at $24.00, to members ; and to the public, $30.00.

The Second Series of the Proceedings, commencing Jan. 1, 1857, (of which
nine volumes are now completed. Dec. 31, 1865,) may be obtained at $27.00,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; and to the public, $3.75 per
volume. These are now published monthly at $3.00 per annum, payable in
advance, to members ; and to the public, $3.75.

The Society has established a Publication Fund; any person who may con-
tribute the sum of $75, will receive, during life, the Journal, quarto, and the
Proceedings, octavo ; or separately, the Journal $50, and the Proceedings $25.

BOOKS FOR SALE.

The Academy have a few copies of the followiug rare works, for sale at the
prices affixed.

Micha'ux' North American Sylva, 2 vols, octavo, Philadelphia, 1841, with 156
unoolored plates, $10.00.

Monograph of the Unionidie of North America, by T. A. Conrad. Complete
with 60 colored plates, octavo, 1840, $8.50.

Fossils of the Tertiary Formation of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.
Complete, with 49 plates, octavo, 1838, $5.00.

Description of Shells of North America, with 68 colored plates, by Thos.Say,
1830—34, $10.50.

Notice to Booksellers. — All the Publications of the Society will be sup-
plied to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the
public.

Application to be made to VVm.S. Vadx, Chairman of the Publication Com-
mittee, 1700 Arch Street, or to the Librarian, at the Hall of the Academy, cor-
ner of Broad and Sansom Sts.

f London, T RUBNER & CO.,

Age

No. 60 Paternoster Row
nts, \

January 1st, 1866.

| New York, WM. WOOD & CO.,
I No. 61 Walker St.

CONTENTS,

On the Period and Ratio of the Annual Increase in the Circum-
ference of Trees. By Thomas Meehan 292

Third Contribution to the History of the Balaanida) and Delphi-

nidse. By Edward D. Cope 293

On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran Province of the

Nearctic Rsgion. By Ed w. D. Cope 300

Fifth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America. By

E. D. Cope 317

• On the Agricultural Ant, (Myrmica Molefaciens.) By Gideon

Lincecum 323

Descriptions of some new species of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By

Try on Reakirt 331

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OP

PHILADELPHIA.

No. 5.— December, 1866.

>

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
Corner of Broad and Sanson) Streets.

1866.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

Five volumes of the New Series of tlie Journal and Part I. of Vol. 6 (Quarto)
have been issued, — 1847 to 1866. The price per volume of four parts is $10.00,
or $3.00 per part to members ; and to the public, $12.50 per volume, or $3.75
per part.

The First Series of tbe Journal, 1817 to 1842, in eight volumes, octavo, may
be obtained at $24.00, or for separate volumes $3.25 per volume.

The First Series of the Proceedings of the Society, published in octavo,
1841 to 1850, of which eight volumes were completed Dec. 31, 1856, may be
obtained at $24.00, to members ; and to the public, $30.00.

The Second Series of the Proceedings, commencing Jan. 1, 1857, (of which
ten volumes are now completed, Dec. 31, 1866,) may be obtained at $30.00,
to members, or $3.00 per volume separately ; and to the public, $3.75 per
volume. These are now published monthly at $3.00 per annum, payable in
advance, to members; and to the public, $3.75.

Tne Society has established a Publication Fund; any person who may con-
tribute the sum of $75, will receive, during life, the Journal, quarto, and the
Proceedings, octavo; or separately, the Journal $50, and the Proceedings $25.

BOOKS FOR SALE.
The Academy have a few copies of the following rare works, for sale at the
prices affixed.

Michaux' North American Sylva, 2 vols, octavo, Philadelphia, 1841, with 156
uncolored plates, $10.00.

Monograph of the Unionid.-e of North America, by T. A. Conrad. Complete
witli 60 colored plates, octavo, 1840, $3.50.

Fossils of the Tertiary Formation of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.
Complete, with 49 plates, octavo, 1838, $5.00.

Description of Shells of North America, with 68 colored plates, by Thos.Say,
1830—34, $10.50.

Notice to Booksellers. — All the Publications of the Society will be sup-
plied to Booksellers at a discount of 20 per cent, on the prices charged to the
public.

Application to be made to Wm. S. Vaux, Chairman of tbe Publication Com-
mittee, 1700 Arch Street, or to the Librarian, at the Hall of the Academy, cor-
ner of Broad and Sanson) Sts.

(London, TRUBNER & CO.,

No. 60 Paternoster Row.
Agents, ■{

| New York, WM. WOOD & CO.,
L No. 61 Walker St.

January 1st, 1867.

CONTENTS.

Description of the Hot Springs of Soda Creek, their loeation.
number, temperature and altitude, and the Geological fea-
tures of the surrounding locality ; together with the remark-
able discovery of a human skeleton and a fossil Pine Tree in
the Boulder and Gravel formation of Soda Bar, Colorado

Territory. By E. L. Berthoud, C E 342

List of Coleoptera collected in the Mountains of Lycoming Coun-
ty, Pa By John L. Leconte, M. D 346

List of Culeoptera collected near Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr.
Elliott Coues, U. S. A., in 1864— G5. By John L. Leconte,

M. D 348

Revision of the Dasytini of the United States. By John L. Le-
conte, M. D....! 340

Additions to the Coleopterous Fauna of the Linked States. No.

1. By John L Leconte. M. D 361

Description of some new Cicindelida? from the Pacific Coast of the

United States. By Geo. II. Horn, M. D 391

Description of t-ome new genera and species of Central American

Culeoptera. By Geo. II. [lorn. M. D 397

On the Consumption of Force by Plants in overcoming Gravita-
tion. By Thomas Median -101

A second study of the Icteridae. By John Cassin 403

Report of the' Librarian 418

Report of the Curators f>r 186(5 418

Election of Officers 426

Elections for 1866 421

Correspondence of the Academy for 1866 422

Donations to the Museum 42'i

Donations to the Library 430

Index to Genera 451

General Index 46b

MBL WHOI LIBRARY

WH IfltfU