PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADELPHIA 1890. committee of publication: Joseph Leidy, M. D., Geo. H. Horn, M. D., Edw. J. Nolan, M. D., Thomas Meehan, John H. Redfield. Editor: EDWARD J. NOLAN, M. D. PHILADELPHIA: ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, LOGAN SQUARE. '1891. ^A-'. ^'j Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. February 13, 1891. I hereby certify that copies of the Proceedings for 1890 have been presented at the meetings of the Academy as follows : — ' Pages 9 to 40 . April 1, 1890 " 41 to 72 . May 13, 1890. " 73 to 144 . June 3, 1890. " 145 to 176 . June 17, 1890. " 177 to 192 . July 29, 1890 " 193 to 208 . September 9, 1890. " 209 to 240 . September 30, 1890 " 241 to 272 . October 14, 1890 " 273 to 304 . October 21, 1890 " 305 to 33(5 . October 28, 1890 " 337 to 384 . December 23, 1890 " 385 to 400 . January 13, 1891 " 401 to 432 . January 20, 1891. " 433 to 464 . February 3, 1891 " 465 to 480 . February 10, 1891 EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. PHILADELPHIA : BINDER i KELLY, PRINTERS. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. IVith refei'ence to the several articles contributed by each. For Verbal Communications see General Index. PAGE. Allen, Harrison, M. D. On the distribution of color-marks in the Pteropo- dias 12 Baker, Frank C. Remarks on Urosalpinx perrugatus Conr 46 On the modification of the apex in Murex 66 Bancroft, Edward. Co-ossification of Axis vertebra with the third Cervical.. 419 Brown, Authur Erwin. On a new genus of Colubridse from Florida 199 Ellis, J. B. and Benjamin M. Everhart. New North American Fungi 219 Ford, John. Description of a new species of Helix 188 Hartman, W. D.. M. D. Description of new species of shells. (Plate III.) 284 Heilprin, Angelo. Barometric observations among the high volcanoes of Mexico, with a consideration of the culminating point of the North American continent 251 The corals and coral-reefs of the Western Waters of the Gulf of Mexico. (Plates VI and VII.) 303 The Eocene moliusca of the State of Texas. (Plate XI.) 393 The geology and paleontology of the Cretaceous deposits of Mexico. (Plates XII, XIII, XIV.) 445 Ives, J. E. On Arenicola cristata and its allies 73 Echinoderms from the Northern Coast of Yucatan and the Harbor of Vera Cruz. (Plate VIII.) 317 Jordan, David Starr. On the fishes described in Miiller's Supplemental Vol- ume to the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus 48 Keyes, Charles R. Synopsis of American Carbonic Calyptrrei das. (Plate II.) 150 Leidy, Joseph, M. D. Notices of Entozoa 410 Meehan, Thomas. Contributions to the life-histories of plants. No. V 266 ■Osborn, Henry Fairchild. A review of the Cernaysian Mammalia 51 Pilsbry, Henry A. On the anatomy of Aerope cafifra Fer. (Plate I.) 41 Note on a Southern Pupa 44 New East Indian Land Shells 186 New and little-known American Mollusks, No. 3. (Plate V.) 296 Trochida;, new and old 343 Description of a new Japanese Scalpcllum 441 Rand, Theodore D. Notes on the genesis and horizon of the serpentines of Southeastern Pennsylvania 76 Rex, Geo. A., M. D. Descriptions of three new species of Myxomycetes, /^ 3 2. with notes on other forms in Century XXV of Ellis and Everhari's North American Fungi 192 Sharp, Benjamin, M.D. An account of the Vincelonian Volcano. (Plate IV.) 289 Sterki, Dr. V. On new forms of Vertigo 31 Stone, Witmer. Catalogue of the Owls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 124 On birds collected in Yucatan and Southern Mexico 201 Pennsylvania and New Jersey Spiders, of the family Lycosidae. (Plate XV.) 420 Wachsmuth, Charles and Frank Springer. The perisomic plates of the Crin- oids. (Plates IX and X) 345 Woolman, Lewis. Geology of Artesian Wells at Atlantic City, N. J.... 132, 444 PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADELPHIA. 1890. January 7, 1890. Mr. Thomas Meehan, Vice-President, in the chair. Twenty-two persons present. The Council reported that the following Standing Committees had been appointed to serve during the ensuing year : — Ox Library. — Joseph Leidy M. D., W. S. W. Ruschenberger M. D., William W. Jefieris, Charles P. Perot, J. Bernard Brinton M. D. On Publication.?. — Joseph Leidy M. D., George H. Horn M. D., Thomas :Meehan, Edward J. Nolan M. D... John H. Redfield. On Instruction and Lectures. — Isaac C. Martindale, Edward Potts, George A. Rex M. D., Charles Morris and J. Bernard Brinton M. D. Standing Committee of Council on By-Laws. — AV. S. W. Ruschenberger M. D., Theodore D. Rand, and Isaac C. Marti ndale 2 10 proceedings of the academy of [1890. January 14. Dr. Charles Schaeffer in tlie chair. Tweuty-two persons present. The death of J. Frank Kniglit, a member, was announced. Pea-like Phosphorite from Polk Co., Florida. — Mr. Edw. Gold- smith stated that Mr. Jos. Will cox had received from Mr. E. R. Childers of Fort Meade, Fla., a specimen of rock which, it is stated, is about to be quarried for use as a fertilizer. The rock extends over a considerable area of territory that is tributary to Peace Creek, from the bottom of which stream a large amount of what is supposed to be phosphate of lime is now obtained by two companies operating there. It is essentially a phosphorite occurring in pea-like masses mixed with carbonate of lime, fragments of bones and shells, small pebbles of quartz and Limonite. Although the rock is brittle, a thin section was prepared for microscopic examina- tion. This was accomplished by Mr. Lancaster Thomas in a way that is worth noting. The specimen was completely soaked with boiled Canada balsam prior to the grinding. The result was a transparent slide. There was observed, besides the above mentioned mixture, amorphous silica in which were imbedded acicular crystals of apatite. The si)ecific gravity was found to be 2-675. The rock cannot be considered rich in phosphoric acid. The latter, however, appears fairly disseminated through the whole mass. The pea-like globules were tested separately, together with fragments of bone and the dull brown-colored Limonite, phosphoric acid being found in each case. A quantitative determination of the acid has of course com- mercial interest but is out of the question here. The name proposed for the rock was suggested by the pea-shaped globules. It may be considered as a variety of Phosphorite. January 21. The Pi-esideut, Dr. Joseph Leidy, in the chair. Nineteen persons present. A paper entitled " On the Anatomy of Aerope caffra Fer.," by H. A. Pilsbry was presented for publication. January 28. Mr. J. H. Redfield in the chair. Thirty persons present. 1890,] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 Papers under the following titles were presented for publication : — " Remarks on Urosalpinx perrugatus Conr." By Frank C. Baker. " On the Fishes described in Miiller's Supplemental Volume to the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus." By David Starr Jordan. " Geology of Artesian Wells at Atlantic City." By Lewis Wool- man. Mr. Carl Edelheim was elected a member. Henry ]M. Stanley was elected a correspondent. The following were ordered to be printed : — 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF COLOR-MARKS IN THE PTEROPODID^. BY HARRISON ALLEN. In a paper which I contributed to these Proceedings, 1888, p. 84, 1 endeavored to establish the proposition that the arrangement of the fur and the markings upon the skin in the mammalia were capable of being systematically treated. Especially I endeavored to corre- late the location of color-marks with physiological or morphological factors. Thus some of the markings are due, it is thought, to effects of heat and moisture, others to the presence of important glands, or of special organs ; a third group was explained ou the basis of bi-lat- eral symmetry, etc. The essay now presented is confined to the further elucidation of the subject, as illustrated in the fox-bats. Conformation to a gen- eral type of coloration is here easily discerned. While writers have mentioned some of the details, no evidence is presented why they may not constitute the plan upon which descriptions of species should be based. That some plan is needed is evident. In no group of mammals is it more difficult to identify si^ecies where no assistance is afforded by the examination of types or of collections which are authoritatively named. I hope that this difficulty may be lessened by mapping out the hair-bearing surfaces into regions, and by sep- arately describing each. The study of variable species is one of the most interesting phases of modern zoology ; the time has come ap- parently to devote greater care than has been the custom to the most variable of all the chai-acters of the mammalia, namely, the quality, coloration, and distribution of the hair. This exj^lanatiou is necessary to account for the minute description of well-known forms of bats in the ensuing pages. The regions which will receive names in the descriptions are as follows : The crown. The face. The " whisker." The inter-ramal space, i. e. — the region between the horizontal rami of the mandible. The post-mental space, i. e. — the space directly back of the men- tum. The occiput. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 The side, the front, and the back of the neck. The base of the prebrachium. The side, the front and the back of the trunk. The rum]), the lower part of which forms the sacral region. The infra-anal region or the space below the anus. The crown may be said to extend back as far as the ears. The occiput, to reach from the crown to the end of the curve from the crown to the neck. The face (exclusively of the dorsum of the muzzle) commonly has the hair directed in varying degrees backward. The face mav be naked except in clumps, or lines which will receive names accordino- to their locations. The " u-hisker" is the growth of hair which lies in front of the au- ricle. It connects the hair of the crown with that of the side or the front of the neck and the space between the rami. The hair of the face, when directed backward often slightly overlaps the " whisker." The space between the rami is either of the color of the crown, face or of the front of the neck. As a rule it is a feebly developed region. The post-me7ita I space is a subdivision of the foregoing. The side of the neck is an important region since the hair is here, as a rule, longer and coarser than elsewhere. The clumps usuallv described as " shoulder tufts," belong to the side of the neck. But the tufts are rarely differentiated. They are well .seen in Cephalotes peroni and Cynopterus marginatus. In most examples the entire cervical region is occupied with hair of a special character and, as already remarked, may be continuous with the hair in front of the auricle. The hair oit\\e front of the neck in marked contrast tQ that of the side is almost always thinner and softer and may be almost absent. Of a shade in common with that of the side it is often of a hue which re- sults from a mixture of this shade with that of the front of the trunk or space between the rami. In like manner the back of the neck is a weaker region than the side. Usually marked with the same colors as the side it mav be continuous with that of the back of the trunk or of the occiput. The base of the prebrachium is not to be confounded with the low- er part of the side of the neck where it forms the so-called shoulder- tuft. The hair usually forms a clump on the ventral side of the pre- brachium near the shoulder. It may be an extension of the color 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. of the side of the neck, of the side of the front of the body, or be a special development. The side of the trimk, next to the side of the neck, is the most impor- tant region. It appears to be controlled by the position of the mamma, since the tract begins at the upper border of the gland. In Cynop- terus marginatns it is confined to the region of the mamma. It ex- tends in all forms, other than the one named, the entire length of the trunk, becomes woolly and is lost on the inguinal, femoral or crural regions. This tract apjiears to be the same as the region for the colors on the flanks and inner surfaces of the legs of quadrupeds gener- ally. It is undoubtedly sexual in significance, for in addition to its relation to the mamma it lines the depression between the sides of the body and the wing-membrane and forms a sort of pouch in which the young are carried. The hair is uniformly soft and silky. The hair of the front of the trunk is shorter than that of the side, and usually of varyingly contrasted shades of color. The back of the trunk begins at the level of the prebrachia, usu- ally by a sharply contrasted line with the back of the neck ; but it may be continuous with that of this region as in Cynopterus, or be separated therefrom by a vertebral stripe, as in Harpyia, or by a nar- rowed tract, as in Pteropus vielanopogon. When hairless (in the adult), as in Cephalotes, the region is still sharply limited by the lines of the prebrachia. The re^io'rt o/^Ae sacrum is conveniently separated from that of the back since hair may be retained here when it is absent or rudi- mental elsewhere, as in Cephalotes and P. ynelanopogon. The " rump" includes the region last named and the loin. The infra-anal region is not separated by any limit from the side of the trunk but it is sometimes useful to speak of it distinctively. The shades on a single hair whether unicolored, or having the tip of a different color from the shaft, or the base of a different color from the shaft or tip, is always to be noted. The hair which extends from the body to the auricles, the wing-membranes and the inter- femoral membrane, is uniformly unicolored. The arm may be an exception, when it is covered with the hair of the front of the trunk. The hair at the front of the crown and sides of the face is generally unicolored, as also is the" whisker." On the side of the neck the hair may be unicolored when elsewhere the hair is bi-colored. 1890.] XATUR-VL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 The presence of circumpalpebral hair of contrasting color with the rest of the head, or of special patches of color about the eyes, which contribute such conspicuous features in many other quadrupeds, ap- pear to be absent in the Cheiroptera. An apparent exception may be made in the instance of P. capistratus ; but in this species the hair about the eyes embraces a wide region and if it receives the name circumpalpebral, this word must be in a different sense from the one previously employed in the essay on color-marks. The W'hite patches of hair at the base of the auricle and at the shoulder which are so note-worthy in Epomophorus do not appear to be generally retained. As already mentioned the clump last named is a differentiation of that of the side of the neck. The enormous development of the wings dominates nutritive proc- esses at the side of the body. With these changes the greater development of the hair — coarse, as in Pteropus, or long and soft, as in the order generally — appear to harmonize. The posi- tion of the mamma at the side of the pectoral region also assists in determining the tendencies to lateral developments if we can so con- clude from the line of soft, long fur which is so commonly found be- ginning about the mamma and extending down to the thigh. The prebrachium is distinctly ventral in its relations (for the association of the so-called occipito-pollical muscle in some forms, as in Molossus, is more pectoral than napal) and the coloration of the base of the skin-expanse naturally partakes of the shades of color of the chest and abdomen. The woolliness of the hair at and below the anus and at the sa- crum is not explicable. It may be in some way associated with the generative acts. Pteropus edwardsii. An adult male. Crown paler than the back of neck ; it is narrowed to a point between the eyes. Base of the auricle with a clump of dark brown (almost black) hair. Directly in front of the auricle is a broad band of hair (the " whisk- er") which unites the crown with the hair of the side of the neck. Oircum-palpebral patch black, faintly defined. Cheek-patch black, distinct. Labial hairs black, highly developed at the ricti. Post-mental patch black, distinct. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. The side of the neck with long, coarse, unicolored, reddiish hair, tlie longest of any in the body excepting that of the side of the trunk. The front and back of the neck like the side, but the hair is less red and shorter. The hair is blackish at the basal third or fourth. 2'he side of the trunk about the mamma, with long silky, black uni- colored hair. This tract is continuous with that of the outer side of the leg and wing membranes where it becomes shorter and thinner. The abdomen andihe base of the prebrachliim almost entirely black but with glistening yellowish tips which partially conceal the black color of the shafts. The hair is less silky than at the sides. The base of the prebrachium is of a brighter yellow than is the abdomen. Beloiv the anus and on the inner side of the leg the hair is woolly, black with grizzly tips. The back is black, hairs short, appressed, becoming longer woolly and grizzly at the sacrum and on the legs. The margin of the endopatagium with a faint line of short black hairs. Pteropus vulgaris. (1) An adult. Croivn and nape, and tract, in front of the auricle, dark chestnut- brown. The crown-patch advances beyond the eyes. No separate clump at the base of the auricle. Cir^cumpalpebral j)atch is of the same color as the crown and nape. The crown is unicolored ; the nape is bi-colored, the basal fifth be- ing black. Face uniformly covered with short, brown hair without distinct cheek-patch. Labial hairs brown, w^ell developed. Post mental j)atch, black, distinct, and continuous with the hair of the front of the neck. Side of the neck with very long silky, black hair. Front and back of the neck with hair of the same character but shorter ; that of the front is shorter than that of the back. The side of the trunk also with exceedingly long black, silky uni- colored hair. Some of the hairs are lightly tipped with gray. The front of the trtuik with short, black, unicolored hair. Base of prebrachium black, as in the neck. Arm, forearm and wing-membrane brown. Beloiv the anus the hair is also brown ; it is woolly in texture. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 The hack is brown with black at basal fourth. The hair of this tract where it extends on the wing-nienibraue, is silvery-yellow. The same color characterizes the hair of the extremities. Endopatagial hairs are conspicuous on the margin of both dorsal and ventral surfaces. (2) An Adult. The hair as above with the exception that the color on the side of neck, side of trunk, back and front of neck, and of chest and abdo- men is brown instead of black. Pteropus rubricollis. Three adult skins. (1) In no region is the hair differently colored at shaft and base. The crown, nape and whisker with long, erect, unicolored gray hair. The anterior portion of the crown advanced beyond the eyes well on the nose. The cheek covered with hair of the same character which is con- tinuous with the above. The ear is covered with hair on both sides. Cireum-palpebral patch black or gray. Labial hairs well developed, black. Post-mental patch large, black and continuous with the hair of the front of the neck. Side of neck, which has a distinctly ventral inclination, is cov- ered with very long silky, hair of a tawny yellow — the tips being chestnut-brown. The patch does not extend to the shoulder nor scarcely to the back and front of neck, where the hair is more brown. The shoulder and base of prebrachium is occupied with an equal- ly long patch of black hair which is continuous with the fide of the trunk. This line closely resembles that seen in P. vulgaris in hav- ing the hairs with ashy tips. The chest and abdomen of the same general color as the sides of trunk but more gray. The hair of the wing-membranes brownish, with gray tips. The back is covered with long, black, silky hair with ashy tips The tract advances well up on the neck, and the color of the side of the neck dominates scarcely at all the color of the dorsum or ven- tre. The expansion of the hair on the wing-membranes at the en- dopatagium is of the same color as the back of the trunk, thus pre- senting a marked contrast with the disposition in P. vulgaris, or is of a dull iron-gray. Gray hair covers the humerus and the fleshy part 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. of the forearm. The fur over the sacrmn is not differently colored from that of the back. The fur below the anus is long, gray, unicolored, and forms a con- spicuous mass of hair between the thighs. The thighs are clothed to a point nearly to the ankle with tawny- brown, or gray fur. Posteriorly the posterior extremity is covered to the base of the metatarsus, or to the bases of claws, with hair of the same color. (2) An adult skin. The color essentially the same as above. The crown is of a dark iron-gray color. The color of the side of the neck distinctly domi- nates the back of the neck as well as the front. P. edwardsii, P. vulgaris, P. rubricollis being all from the same localities, viz., Madagascar, the following statements respecting them may be useful : In all the crown is distinct from the neck ; the cheek hairy ; the whisker is present ; a disposition exists for the circumpalpebral hair to be distinct ; the labial hairs are abundant and of black color ; the color of the side of the neck not markedly dominating that of the back or the front; the side of the trunk di^stinctly differentiated. P. rubricollis is different from the other species, inasmuch as the hairs are not dark at the base and (with the exception of the tips) are of the same color their entire length. Pteropus edulis. Seven specimens examined. (1) An adult skin (No. 2745). Crown black with dark red tips. The patch extends well between the eyes. Base of auricle naked. " Whisker " narrow, — confined to a rather small tract, which meets the backward directed black hair of the face to form a " cowlick." Cheek patch is absent. Labial hairs inconspicuous, scarcely differentiated from those of the face. Circumpalpebral patch absent. Side of neck with long, stiff, unicolored, reddish hair distinctly dominating the back of the neck to form a mantle, but yielding to the ventral colors on front of the neck. Post-mental tuft of black hair conspicuous. Black hair extends on the face and the neck as far back as the line of the ears. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 The base oj the prebracTiium and the chest thence to the middle of the ventre of a peculiar dusky shade of color which appears to be intermediate between the color of the side of the neck and that of the chest and abdomen. The side of trunk with long soft black hair with ashy tips ; it is more woolly than on the chest and abdomen. The back is occupied by a narrow tract of appressed, black hair with grizzled tips. Sacrum iron-gray, — same color of fur extends on the posterior extremities to the upper third of the legs. The texture is distinctly woolly. The chest and abdomen covered with short slightly woolly hair of a dark smoky black color with ashy tips. The hair below the anus does not differ from that of the abdomen. A few hairs are seen on the dorsal surface of the endoiiatagium. (2) Adult skin. (No. 6538.) As in preceding. The crown is more red, the black hair of the neck below the mandible forming a long distinct " cowlick " in the middle, and extending back on the line of the ears. Line of side of neck with basal plumbeous color. No intermediate color between the mantle and the color of the chest and abdomen. The bases of the hairs dark plumbeous on the crown and back of mantle. (3) Adult skin. A male (No. 6541). Red color extending entirely over the crown, below the eye and by a broad " whisker " to the surfiice between rami of the man- dible. The black color of the face is confined, indeed, to the muz- zle. The nape of the neck and the mantle is of a much lighter shade of red than the side of the neck and the crown. The shafts of the hair everywhere unicolored. (4) Young adult skin. A male (No. 3668). The black shades prevail. The crown, sides of face, front of neck, hair on humerus, space between the mandibular rami, being this color. The black hair of the abdomen tipped with brown instead of gray. Fteropus maklotii. An adult skin. Crown of head tawny, the basal half being black. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. " Whisker " black, as is also the neck between the horizontal rami of the lower jaw. Face l)lack sparsely covered with hair. Labial fringe none. Side of neck distinctly limited from the back and front. Hair longer and coarser than elsewhere. The basal half tawny, the apical half black with glistening ashy tips. Back of neck uniform dark brown. Front of neck black with glistening ashy tips. Side of trunk with long silky black fur with ashy tips. Front of chest and abdomen same in color but much shorter and stouter. Back covered with uniform dark brown, appressed hair. Over sacrum same, but more woolly and with ashy tips. Base of prebrachiinn not distinctly colored from the humerus, both being dark brown. Pteropus medius. Nineteen skins. (1) Crown dark brown, basal third much darker. Hair almost appressed. " Whisker " well defined but not forming a " cowlick " with the black hair of the face. Labial fringe absent. Hair between the horizontal rami of the lower jaw thick and soft, and of a black or deep brown color. Side of the neck with long, thick fur of a tawny or yellow tinge. Basal half black. Back of neck the same. The lower margin of the mantle is of a lighter hue than the rest. Base of prebrachium anteriorly (veutrally) clothed with short hair which is of the same color as the humerus, namely, very dark brown or black. Side of trunk with very long silky black hair. Base of the same hue as the tips. Front of chest and abdomen dull chestnut-brown. Basal half half black. Region below anus woolly, dark brown. Back with short appressed hair, dark brown to black with gray tips. Sacrum and legs woolly with same color as the back. (2) Same as No. 1. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 Crown more blackish ; base of prebrachium same color as mantle. (3) Same as No. 1. Crown and mantle everywhere tawny, no yellow tints on body. Chest and abdomen and base of prebrachium tawny throughout. (4) Same as No. 1. (smaller, probably immature). Croivn rich chestnut. Back of neck (mantle) light-yellow verging to a paler hue. Base of prebrachium the same as back of neck. Side of neck, front of neck and shoulder at base of humerus light chestnut. Front of cliest and side of trunk much the same but intermixed with black points. Back with many dark chestnut points to the prevalent black hair. (5) Same as No. 4. Front of chest and ahdovien nearly black. In P. medius it is clearly seen that the basal dark shades are more persistent than the tips. The region of the crown becomes variable as the chestnut 'and brown tips disappear and permit the basal dark shades to show and give various effects to the general color of the region. The back seems to be composed of the basal black — the entire length of the hairs being about equal to the dark portions of the hair of the side of the neck and of the mantle. In group No. 4. the prevalence of the lighter chestnut or yellow shades are substitutions for the tip-colors only for the darker brown or black of the other groups — with the exception of the base of the prebrachium, where the hair is entirely yellow, as in group 3 it is entirely tawny. Pteropus poliocephalus. Six skins of adults. Croxvn and face and region between the horizontal rami of man- dible dark gray. Hair in front of the ear thicker than elsewhere and verging to black. No basal contrast. The hair is thick and long except on the face. Labial fringe absent. Side of neck with very long and soft chestnut-colored hair. The base is black. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. The front and hack of the neck is of the same general character. The contrast between the parts and the side of the neck less notice- able than iu other species examined. Base of prebrachuivi black and distinctly differentiated from the fur of the surrounding regions. The side of the trunk slightly more fulvous than the rest of the chest and abdomen where the hair is of a uniform gray tint as the head. The arm thickly covered with fur of the same character. With the exception of becoming more woolly the hair of the region of anus, that below the anus and on the legs is of the same color. The back covered with appressed hair, but unusually long and soft. That over the lower sacrum and legs precisely the same as that of the body. There is a faint hem of hair on both surfaces of the free margin of the endopatagium. Remarks: The confluence of the crown, whisker, face, and region below the lower-jaw — in one color district ; the merging of the side of the neck with the front and back ; the imperfect differentiation of the color of the side of the trunk from that of the chest and abdomen ; the exact resemblance between the front and back of the body and legs, readily distinguishes this species from any examined. With the reduction of the color-regions to three, namely, the head, neck, and body, the retention of the black tuft of hair at the base of the prebrachium is remarkable. Pteropus melanopogon. Twenty-four specimens of the skin of this variable form were ex- amined, four of these were identified as male and nine as female. The remainder were undetermined, nine of this remainder were im- mature. The specimens will be examined under these heads : — (1) Two individuals, male. Crown to a little beyond the eyes unicolored black ; the rest of crown chestnut at tips — the shaft and base being black. Nape of the neck unicolored red- yellow. " Whisker " unicolored, same color as nape. Face wnth tendencies to growth of reddish black hairs with black base on the cheek, lower eyelid and malar bones and along the hor- izontal ramus of the lower jaw. Between these localities the skin is nearly naked. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 23 The space between the horizontal rami covered Avith short hair of the color as tlie above. The side of neck with long yellow, red unicolored hair, but slightly differing from that of the back. The hair only with black base as it joins the hair of the back. The front of the neck sharply separated from the side in color and texture. It is less compact, unicolored dark reddish-brown much softer. There is no differentiation at base of prebrachiuvi. Chest and abdomen uniform dark brown, unicolored. The side of the trunk softer but scarcely longer, unicolored, almost cinereous. The infra-anal region more woolly. Back dark brown hairs closely appressed. The sacrum and parts beyond distinctly woolly. (2) Two specimens. Apparently old individuals. No black on croxvn. Fur everywhere tawny verging in places to light chestnut red, excepting the back of the body which is sulphur yellow. (3) One female. Croivn covered with brown hair having glis- tening yellow tips. " Whisker" long, yellow, unicolored. Clumps on the face (beneath eyes and on cheek) dark brown uni- colored. Side of lower jaw, including masseter muscle, dark brown unicol- ored. The thinly distributed long tawny hair of the front of neck in- vades the space between horizontal rami of the lower jaw — the post mental space alone being covered with a clump of brown unicolored hair as on lower jaw. Side of neck with slightly longer hair than the back, but of the same tawny yellow, no well defined line separating the two regions. The base of jirebrachium on ventral surface, dark brown, the hu- merus tawny yellow, axilla and side of the trunk dark brown. There- fore three colors are seen at side of body from the upper margin of ventral aspect of the prebrachium to the axilla. The resemblance to the same parts in P. medins is close. Side of trunk long, silky, dark brown, unicolored. Chest and abdomen light brown, unicolored. 24 TROCEEDINGS OK THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Infra-anal region scarcely woolly, same color as above, a conspic- uous cowlick at the median line at the interfemoral membrane. Back composed of a narrow tract of appressed, tawny, yellow hair with brown marginal lines which extend to knees. Prebrachium entirely naked on dorsal surface. One specimen only retained a few hairs on dorsal surface of the ulna. (4) One female. Uniform dark tawny brown everywhere ex- cept along the back of the body which is sulphur-yellow. The side of sorrel color and extending thence to the knees of the same brown shade as in group No. 1. No " cowlick" on front of the interfemoral membrane. (5) Two individuals, sexes not determined. Crown dark unicolored brown. Face, with the exception of a naked space between the eye and the cheek, covered with the same brown hair. " Whisker" well defined but partially concealed by a prominent cowlick which is formed by the whisker and the backward directed hair of the side of the face. Inter-ramal space, or the space between the horizontal rami of the mandible the same as the face and the crown. The fur of the front oj neck dark brown and sharply separated from that of the side of the neck as in group 1 of the males ; yet the base of the prebrachium is arranged as in group 1 of the females. The fur of the back of body dark brown with nearly black lateral lines. (6) Nine immature examples. (a) Seven of these were two-thirds grown, (6) one was about half grown, and (c) one with head and body measuring but six inches. Group (a). This exhibited the general arrangement of colors and of fur as in the adults. The fur everywhere was silky. The hair of the back in all examples save one was of a rich olive-brown. The exception showed the sulphur-yellow of the adult male. In example (6) the fur was everywhere dark brown excepting at the occiput Avhere it was a shade lighter. In example (c) the hair was of uniform light brown. The hair excepting that of the side of neck was scarcely differentiated either in color or length. 1890.] XATl'RAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 In all the nine individuals the skin over the dorsal aspect of ulna was covered with a distinct narrow tract of hair. In the adults with but a single exception this line was absent. The crown tends to be very dark brown and unites with the side of the face and the inter-ramal space by a tract— the " whisker"-which extends between the ear and the eye. The color of the crown is usually abruptly contrasted with that of the occiput. The space between the eyes may be retained as a narrow patch of dark brown which is nowhere else seen upon the crown. The occiput is almost uniformly of a bright color. The back of the neck is chestnut and forms occasionally only a collar. The sides of the trunk are apt to be differently shaded from the front, i. e., they are either lighter or darker than the front. The region of the pelvis both front and back is almost uniformly woolly and darker than the adjacent fur on the loin and the abdomen. In twenty examples the crown of the head, side of face and under part of the head at the mandible tend to be differentiated from the rest of the body. The whisker is marked excepting in the very young. The side of the neck is less distinctly developed, yet the tendency for it to be so is seen in young individuals but six inches in length. The front of the neck is often sharply contrasted in color with that of the side — a peculiarity not seen in any other species ex- amined. The nape of the neck is apt to be of a lighter color than any other portion of the body. The differentiation at the base of the prebrachium is of a variable tendency. The hair of the side of the body is relatively less long than in other species. The sulphur-yel- low color of the back of the body is more marked in the female than in the male as is the disposition for the hair of the infra-anal region to be furnished with a " cowlick". The side of the tract on the back tends to be margined with hairs of a different hue from the one which is prevalent, as in P. vulgaris. The presence of a small tract of hair on the dorsal surface of the ulna in one adult only while it is detected in all the nine immature forms is a fact of in- terest. The naked patches on the face answer nearly to the lines of dark hair on the face in P. capistratus. The anterior part of the dark crown in some varieties is precisely of the nature of a median dorsal stripe and appears to be identical with the stripe similarly situated in the species last named. 3 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Pteropus capistratus. Of this species fifteen specimens were examined, five of these hav- ing a length of forearm of 100 mm. to 105 mm ; seven of 65 mm. to 80 mm. and three of 50 mm. The three last named were certainly im- mature. (1) Crorvn with median black line, the remainder being white. The' black line distinctly divided anteriorly on dorsum of muzzle. The eye surrounded with white hair which is directed backward and merges into that of the crown. An oblique black line extends across the face from near the inner canthusto the angle of mandible. Directly in front of the whisker a vertical black line extends. It broadens slightly and merges with the black of the front of the neck and space between the horizontal rami of the lower jaw. In the space last named the hairs are arranged in the form of two lines with a white space between. Side of neck white not longer than back. The occiput yellow- white. Base of hair of occiput, side, front and back of the neck black. The white hair of the crown and the side of face including the Avhisker unicolored. No differentiation at the base of prebrachiuiii. The color of the chest and abdomen dark brown with ashy or pale yellow-white tips. Side of body or color of arm scarcely differen- tiated. The space about nipple nearly naked (sexes not distin- guished). Back much the same, but hair slightly appressed. Margin lighter as in P. vulgaris. Sacrum and legs to ankle markedly woolly. Free margin of endopatagium hairy ; white hair on dorsum, arm and forearm. (2) Same as above with white tips supplanting the yellow- white of the nape of the neck and the occiput. (3) Same as above, everywhere darker, the base of the hair becom- ing conspicuous owing to the partial absence of the apical white. Black lines on the face absent except the median dorsal of the crown. The whisker light, uniform gray. The hair about eye and on crown is also gray but darker than the foregoing and is furnished with a dark brown base. The dark brown of the space between the horizontal rami of the mandible confined to the postmental space. (4) The very immature individuals have entirely white hair on back of neck. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 As already noted the lines on the face are essentially the same as the naked spaces in P. melanopogon. The white color approaches the borders of the eye-lids — a narrow line of integument alone intervening. No collar of black hair at this place discerned. The wing membranes are marked by numerous irregular lines as in Harpy la. Cephalotes peronii. Five examples of this species were examined. In two of the number, (a & b) the forearm measured 111 mm. in length ; in one (c) the forearm measured 75 mm. ; in one (d) (cer- tainly immature) the forearm measured 80 mm. ; and in another (e, also immature) it measured 65 mm. (a) The crown and occiput black. Face sparsely covered with short black hair which for the most part is directed backward and reaches almost to the ear, so that the " whisker" tract is obscurely defined if it be present at all. The side of neck provided with sparsely distributed hair. The part near the shoulder with an obscure rosette-like arrangement of unicolored olive-brown hair. The front of the neck is covered with short hair of the same color which appears to be on each side an extension of the rosette upward and to the front of the neck. The back of neck is of the same color with that of the occiput and crown but of a lighter shade. The hair is distinctly longer than on the side and is easily distin- guished therefrom by its darker hue. A row of long, very distinct bristles is present on both the upper and lower lips. The bristles of the muzzle and above the eye are also exceptionally conspicuous. The side of the trunk is distinctly separately marked from the front. The hair is of a unicolored mouse gray color, long and silky. It is continuous without interruption to the infra-anal and femoral regions. The hair of the front of the trunk is shorter. The color is brown to tawny. The endopatagium and mesopatagium is nearly one-half covered with soft hairs. The back is naked excepting over the sacrum where a few black hairs are found. Hair extends along the dorsal aspect of forearm. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. (2) (b, c & d.) The same as above excepting that the hair over the sacrum is present in a well-defined clump and extends upward one-third the length of the back. (3) (e.) Fur soft, short, appressed. Frontof neck, nearly naked; the front of trunk quite so. The sorrel clump is well developed. A faint but easily discernible longitudinal stripe extends the entire length of the back. The dorsal aspect of the humerus is covered with short hair. The hair over the forearm is more marked than in the larger and more mature specimens. Harpyia major. Nine examples adult ; sex unknown. Crown to back of eyes unicolored, erect white-gray compact hair. Crown to occiput the same with base plumbeous. Side of face without differentiation unicolored tawny, hair fuller and longer in front of the ear. Side of neck with long, relatively coarse hair — gray nearly entire length, but having rusty brown tips. Front of neck almost naked. ^acifc of nec^ with soft, shorter hair, the base is very dark, with gray tips. Side of trunk scarcely at all different from the front. Back of trunk — gray in color, long, erect, with basal two-thirds black. The black vertebral stripe does not extend beyond level of prebrachium. Endopatagium with hem of hair on dorsal surface. Interfemoral membrane naked beneath, sparsely covered in great part on dorsal surface with short, inconspicuous hair of the same color as that of the back. Cynopterus marginatus. Three specimens were examined, all adults — two males and one female. In one of the males the crown and face were mouse-gray. No evidence of a " whisker" was present. The hair of the space be- tween the horizontal rami of the mandible was of different texture from that of the face. The hair was longer and thinly covered the skin. The side of the neck without radiating hairs. The color of this region not differing from that of the front of the trunk which was slate-gray. The region of the mamma slightly rufus. The side of the trunk below the mamma with longer hair than that of the front but otherwise is not differentiated. That below the 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 29 anus is continuous with the line last named but is of a more rusty tinge. The hair of the back is longei" than that of the front. There is no mantle. The hair is slightly woolly over sacrum and on the thighs. The fur is everywhere unicolored. The second male like the foregoing, but the sides of the neck with long coarse radiating rusty red hair. This color dominates the front of the neck. The same colored but softer hair marks the position of the mamma. The infra-anal region was gray. The single example of a female was the same as the above, excepting that the rusty hue of the mamma dominates the color of the side of the trunk and the rusty hue of the side of the neck extends less evidently on the front. The differentiation of the region of the mamma is noteworthy in this species. The hair on the side of the neck, according to Dobson, is more rusty in the males during the rutting season than at other times. The region also may be of secondary sexual significance. It will be noted that the color in the single female scarcely differs from that of the male. To a less degree than in any form examined were the regions of the head and face distinguished. The distribution of the hair in families other than the Ptero- podidae is not subject to the same sharp contrasts of color, nor to the same variety within specific limits. The subject, however, is worthy of extended study. As a rule the disposition to the sides of the neck and body being more heavily furred than elsewhere is evident. In Chalinolohus (as remarked by Dobson^) the fur of the head and shoulders is darker than the rest of the body. Atalapha cinerea exhibits the same disposition for the hair in front of the ear and of the inter-ramal space to be darker than the adjacent regions as is noted in some species of Pteropus. In the young of Atalapha nove- boracensis while the head and back including the corresponding as- pect of the interfemoral membrane is uniformly clothed, the under surfaces of the head, neck, trunk and interfemoral membrane are naked. In Artibeus and Carollia an attempt at special disposi- tions of hair about the eye is clearly discernible. As is well known a white dorsal stripe on the head and back of Artibeus and on the 1 Catalogue of Cheiroptera in the British Museum. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. back in NoctiUo, are met with. In Chilonyderis davyi the back of the trunk is naked as in Cephalotes and Notopteris. In Vesperugo lasiopterus the disposition for hair to grow along the lines of the raised folds of the wing membranes is evident. The basal clump of hair which is so commonly present in Vesper- tilionidte aj^pears to correspond to those caudal vertebrre which are in axial line with the trunk. In the Pteropodidfe the arrangement of the verrucjie is not of the importance assumed in other families. Thus in the last named, the rictal wart may separate the facial from the inter-ramal regions. The same structure apparently determines the direction of the au- ricular expanse forward. The mental warts in like manner forecast the positions of mental leaflets in Noctilio, Chilonyderis and 3for- mops. The region of the warts at the side of the muzzle becomes the site of remarkable outgrowths in Synotus and Corynorhimts. In Molossus rufus a group of hair-bearing verructe limits the area of dis- tribution of the hair on the dorsum of the interfemoral membrane. Special patches of hair are met with on the same surface in the fe- male of Miniopteris schreibersii.^ For the opportunity of examining the material upon which the study of the Pteropodidse is based I am indebted, in great part, to the courtesy of Mr. F. A. Ward of Ward's Natural History Establish- ment, Rochester, N. Y. *Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1889, p. S22. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 ON NEW FORMS OF VEKTIGO. BY DR. V. STERKI. It was to be expected that a more exhaustive research for small PupidcB, and a closer examination of materials already in the dif- ferent collections, by one observer, would bring to light quite a num- ber not only of new species but of new varieties and local forms. There, are now six, or possibly seven new Vertigo, a part of them having been in my collection for more than three or four years, Availing for confirmation. Two represented by only two examples each — one of them from N. E. Ohio, the other from Illinois — are omitted here, although I am satisfied they are good species. The four to be i:)ublished here are established beyond a doubt, owing to the kindness of quite a number of conchologists, who fur- nished me specimens and sent me their whole collections of Pupidae for examination. In place of minute systematic descriptions, which will follow elsewhere, I prefer here pointing out their main charac- ters and comparing them with species already known. Vertigo callosa, sp. nov. There are in collections two diflferent species under the name of V. gouldii Binn. Their size and coloration is nearly the same, at least in most variations, as are also the apertural lamellte as to number and position. Yet they are decidedly and constantly distinct, espec- ially by the formation of the outer wall at the aperture. Judg- ing from the descriptions and more especially from the figures, the true V. gouldii is characterized as follows : the last whorl is somewhat predominating, thus rendering the whole shell more ovate or conic ovate ; the palatal wall near the aperture is decidedly fiat- tened, or impressed, the impression comprising also the crest and being especially well marked at the " auricle" (as I name the more or less projecting part about the middle of the outer margin, to have a concise expression), forming a roundish groove outside and a decidedly projecting angle inside, thus producing the " two curves meeting in the center of the peristome." A feature, not striking but only seen by careful examination, is the position of the short tooth- like lamella at the base, somewhat nearer the margin than the end of the columella, the base perceptibly widened at that place ; the said lamella is probably an equivalent of the inferior columellar 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. lamella, which in most of Vertigos stands very low, in many exactly at the base. The other species, V. callosa, has the last whorl relatively less wide, so that the whole shell is of a more oblong shape. In the pal- atal wall, only the part behind the crest is somewhat flattened, while the latter itself forms one unbroken curve from the base up to the suture, and at the moderately projecting auricle there is only a slight flattening. The inferior columellar lamella is at the end of the col- umella, sometimes wanting or a mere trace. Well worthy of notice is a peculiar formation of the surface, the epiconch showing micro- scopic wrinkles or foliations in the direction of the lines of growth producing a peculiar silky gloss, especially on quite fresh examples, and more in some forms than in others. The first two examples of this species I obtained in 1885 from Mr, Henry Moores, of Columbus, O., and in 1889 I saw a few more in his collection. In 1887 Mr. E. W. Roper sent me some others from Mass. Last year in different collections I saw quite a number of specimens from different places in New York near the metropolis, under various names : V. gouldii, milium, ovata and also mixed with hollesiana. Of the Ohio examples the color is somewhat lighter, the callus and the lamellse are strong and white, while in the eastern examples they are somewhat thinner and more of the color of the shell. The name callosa was thus mainly derived from the Ohio form (which, however, may be regarded as a variety). It is with some hesitation, however, that I now bring it under this head : it is the equivalent of the European V. pygmaea, Drap., of which I have examples for comparison from different countries of the old continent \ The two may even be identical ; at least it would be absolutely impossible to distinguish New York examples from most Europeans. Both forms agree also in certain variations of the aper- tural lamellffi; the inferior columellar lamella may be absent in either, or there may be present a small suprapalatal fold thus ren- dering the number variable from 4-6, the typical, however, being 5. An examination of the soft parts will probably decide the question ; so far I have not had an opportunity to make it. On our continent, the range of distribution of the two species — V. gouldii and callosa — seems to be somewhat different, the former having been found in New York, Ohio, Illinois and Colorado, the latter from Massachusetts to Ohio. 1 Which I have partly collected myself there during a mimber of years. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCEH OF THILADELPHIA. 33 "Vertigo binneyana, sp. nov. Last year, ]\Ir. W. G. Binney kindly pi-esented me with two exam- ples of a Vertigo collected at Helena, Montana, by Mr. H. Hemphill, which seemed to be of a new species; but yet I did not like to publish a description founded upon only these two specimens. Lately among a number of small Pvpidce from different parts of British America sent by INIr. Geo. W. Taylor of Ottawa, there were a few examples of this same species from Winnipeg, Manitoba, dead and weathered, but good enough to be identified. They are of the size and general appearance of V. calloaa, very narrowly perforate, cylindrical oblong, light chestnut-colored ; whorls 5, moderately rounded, nearly smooth ; aperature relatively small, peristome little expanded : outer wall with a well formed crest in- terrupted by a rather long revolving groove ; corresponding to the crest there is a callus of lighter color ; lamellfe 6 ; on the apertural wall a small supra-apertural and a well developed apertural; collu- mellar appearing rather massive ; at the base one, rather small but well formed, appearing tooth-like ; palatals 2, long, especially the inferior. L. 2-0 D. TO mill. Probabl}' there are other examjiles of this species in collections and more will be found in the northwest. It is named in honor of Mr. W. G. Binney to whom I owe the two beautiful specimens in my collection. "Vertigo oscariana, sp. nov. This is the most peculiar of our species. It is of the size of mili- um but oblong with either end nearly equally pointed, the last whorl being considerably narrowed and flattened towards the subtriangu- lar, small aperture; shell thin, delicate, of pale horn color, as is the palatal wall and margin ; the latter simple and straight, with a very slight, thin callus inside ; lamellae 3, whitish, rather small : one aper- tural, one columellar (longitudinal) and the inferior palatal ; some- times there is also a very small superior palatal. Length 1*5, diam. 0-8 m. m. This remarkable Vertigo has been detected in Eastern Florida, on the coast at Mosquito Is., etc., by Mr. Oscar B. Webster and his father, Mr. Geo. W. AVebster, of Lake Helen, Florida. These gen- tlemen took much pains to ascertain the range of distribution of this form and some others, and it is consequently only just to name the species in honor of Mr. Webster. The most striking char- acter of it, besides the narrowed last whorl, is the thin and 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. straight palatal wall and margin, so that, indeed, the shell appears to be immature. But when seen under a glass of sufficient power, the margin is completed and, as already mentioned, there is a thin callus at a little distance from the margin. Moreover, Mr. Webster wrote me that of more than 150 examples he had seen, all were alike. A few days ago, in a lot of P. corticaria Say, from Ithaca, N. Y., sent from Texas, there was one example of this species, the shell dead but in fair condition, a little larger and less fragile than the Florida examples, and with a well marked callus corresponding to a slight but distinct crest. The specimen may have been collected in New York, and from its appearance at least I would ascribe to it an origin north of Florida.^ By the kindness of Mr Webster I was enabled to see a living ex- ample. The foot and the lower parts of the head are nearly color- less ; head, eye-tentacles and neck light gray. Jaw very tender, thin, pale yellow, consisting of about 14 longitudinal plates, shorter and wider in the middle, longer and narrower toward either end ; it is much like that of V. tridentata, Wolf. Odontophore about 0'36 mm. long, 0*1 wide, about 110 square rows in each f+f+f teeth ; central very small ; laterals gradually passing into marginals ; the latter serrate. Different from that of V. tridentata. Vertigo rugosula, sp. nov. Related to V. ovata and gouldii ; in shape more elongated than the latter, more cylindrical and somewhat larger. Apertural parts and lamellae much like those of ovata, but the columella is decided- ly longer and straighter, and the inferior columellar lamella is distinctly placed on it. L. l-8-2'0 D. 1*1 mm. Of a peculiar forma- tion is the surface : of the 5 well rounded whorls, about one and a half of the upper are nearly smooth ; the following with exception of the last are distinctively and regularly striated, the last very finely but distinctly rugose in the sense of the lines of growth, near the aperture again striated. Color, dark chestnut. This is a beautiful species, of which I saw the first example in the collection of Mr. Bryant Walker, who had found it, in April last, at Pass Christian, Mississii^pi. Last September, Mr. W. G. Mazyck collected a number of them on Sullivan's Island, S. C. In either place they were in company of Pupa rupicola Say. Quite lately I have seen one example from Lee Co., Texas, sent by Mr. J. A. Sing- 1 Since the above was written, I found a few examples in drift froip Guadalupe River, Texas, collected by Mr. J. A. Singley, sent by Mr. Wm. A Marsh. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 ley; it was a dead shell, and not fully mature, but recognizable. The species consequently seems to be widely distributed along the South-Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.^ In eastern Florida, Volusia Co., etc., a form has been found to be quite common which I refer to this species, but as a distinct variety which may be called ovulum. It is somewhat smaller, ovate, the striation and rugosity of the surface are less marked, and the inferior apertural lamella is wanting ; in turn it has in most examples a lam- ella at the base (between inferior columellar and inferior palatal) and the callus in the palatal wall is rather strong. The coloration of part of them is somewhat lighter. It cannot be confounded with V. ovata Say, its relations to the type of rugosula being evident, and in addition, ovata has been found with it. Nor can it be referred to ventricosa : it is larger and stronger, of much darker color, its sur- face is not so smooth and polished, it has 3 or even 4 lamellie more, and the columella is longer. 1 Two specimens were sent in by Mr. H. Hemphill, who collected them at Fish Camp, Fresno Co., Cal. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. February 4. Mr. William W. Jefferis in the chair. Twenty persons present. A paper entitled " The Genesis and Horizons of the Serpentines of South Eastern Pennsylvania," by Theodore D. Rand, was pre- sented for publication.. February 11. Dr. Charles Schaeffer in the chair. Seventeen persons present. Papers under the following titles were presented for publication : — " Note on a Southern Pupa." By H. A. Pilsbry. " A Review of the Cernaycian Mammalia." By Henry Fairchild Osborn. " On Arenicola cristata and its Allies." By J. E. Ives. February 18. Mr. Harold Wingate in the chair. Nineteen persons present. A Remarkable Variation of Sternonitis Bauerlinii, Mass. — Dr. George A. Rex presented a series of specimens illustrating a strong- ly marked variation of Sternonitis Bauerlinii Mass., and the succes- sive phases of its reversion to the typical form. Four years previously, he had found on the surface of a decaying log in Fairmount Park, Phila., a patch of sporangia of a Sternonitis which, by a superficial inspection appeared to be Sternonitis Mor- gani Pk. Subsequent examination with the microscope, however, showed certain peculiarities of structure, not found in any known species of Sternonitis. These variant characters were so marked that they would have justified, had they proved constant, the creation of a new species and also, perhaps, a new generic type. All of the sporangia of the entire growth which covered a super- ficial area of five or six square inches, were alike in structure and perfectly mature, so that their unusual form was not due to irregu- lar individual development or immaturity. The sporangia differed in form from typical Sternonitis, in being irregularly three-sided, or 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 triangular in section in the upper two-thirds of their length, instead of being cylindrical as usual. This irregular shape was due to the anomalous position of the col- umella which was lateral and not central, running from the base of the sporangium nearl}'- to the end, in a spiral of about two and one- half turns, appressed and closely attached to the inner face of the sporangium wall. The internal capillitium, usually composed of radial threads run- ning from the central columella to the peripheral network was want- ing ; but in place of it, a few delicate threads bound the columella, at short intervals to the periphery, and then ramified for a little dis- tance upon the latter. The sporangium wall or periphery was most remarkable, being, in efiect, a rigid sheath of plasmodic matter, perforated by circular and oval openings, instead of the peripheral network of threads par- allel to the axis of the sporangium, which is characteristic of typical Stemonitis. At intervals, on the surface of this plasmodic sheath, knots were developed from which short threads branched in all di- rections, sometimes connecting with those binding the columella but generally blending with the substance of the sheath. As the season was advanced no other specimens were found in that year, but in the following year, three crops of Stemonitis were suc- cessively developed at intervals of about one month on the same area of log surface which had been carefully marked and noted. Bv a warrantable inference these growths were developed from the spores, or part of the same plasmodium as the specimens of the previous year. Each crop bore the main variant characters of the original specimens, but approached successively nearer the true Stemonitis type. The last found growth differed but slightly from Stemonitis Bau- erlinii Mass., yet, as it presented all its diagnostic characters, the whole series could logically be referred to that species. These and all similar variations in the sporangia of the myxomy- cetes, are caused by the irregular or unusual differentiation of the formative plasmodium during development. In the present case, the sporangium wall gained an increased amount of plasmodic matter at the expense of the central capillitium. Whether this change was abrupt, or the result of several genera- tions leading to it, could not be known, but the observations which were made, though lacking some of the essentials of scientific exact- ness, seemed to show- a very interesting example of the reversion of an extremely variant form to its original type. The speaker believed that this abnormal form would again be de- veloped and found, and he desired, therefore, to place it on record as Stemonitis Bauerlinii Mass. f fenestrata. He acknowledged his indebtedness to the courtesy of Mr. George ^Nlassee, the author of the species, for an authentic specimen of Stemonitis Bauerlinii. 38 proceedings of the academy of [1890. February 25. Mr. John H. Redfield in the chair. Fourteen persons present. The death of Dr. Charles C. Parry, a Correspondent, was an- nounced. The following was received : — Report of the Committee on the Hayden Memorial Geological Award. ^ The committee appointed by the Academy of Natural Sciences to recommend the award of the Hayden memorial medal for the most important contribution to the science of geology, has the honor to report to the Academy that is has selected Prof. James Hall, the State Geologist of New York, for the distinction of receiving the first award of this medal. In making the selection the committee feels confident that it will have the endorsement of every geologist both here and abroad, but it deems it due to the eminent character of the recipient, and of the work which he has done for fifty-eight years and is still doing for science, that these services should be here formally acknowledged. Prof. Hall was born at Hingham, Mass., on Sept 12th, 1811, and is therefore now in his 79th year. He commenced his scientific life in 1832 when, after graduation at the Van Rensselaer Polytechnic school he immediately assumed the duties of a Professor there. His dedica- tion to the special branch of research to which he has made so many and important contributions, began in 1836 when he was appointed Professor of geology at that institution, and the same year one of the Assistant Geologists on the then just instituted geological survey of New York. In 1837 he was made State Geologist in charge of the fourth division of the State. His final report of this district was made in 1843, and thence with the title of State Geologist he was placed in charge of the paleoutological work. From this date till 1879 five vol- umes of the paleontology of the terrains from the Potsdam sand- stone to the base of the coal measures have been issued. He has pre- pared a complete revision of the paleozoic brachiopoda of North America which is now in press and which has necessarily required researches as far west as the Rocky Mountains. He was also State Geologist of Iowa in 1855. In 1857 he was elected State Geologist of Wisconsin. He has besides prepared mon- 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 ographs of the Graptolites of the Quebec group (1865) ; two vol- umes of the geology and paleontology of Iowa (1858-9) ; the chap- tei's on geography, geology and paleontology, of Wisconsin in 1862 ; Fremont's exploring expedition Appendix A. (1845) ; Expedition to the Great Salt Lake (1852) ; United States and Mexican Bound- ary Survey (1857) ; United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Vol. IV. He has published volumes of reports of progress ever since 1866, when on the reorganization of the New York State Museum he was appointed director as well as State Geologist. Notable among these are Vol. VI, on the Corals and Bryozoa from the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamilton ; Vol. VJI, containing descriptions of the trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill — in fact eleven volumes altogether. He received the grand cross of the order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus from the King of Italy in 1882, -and the Walker quinquennial grand prize of $1000 from the Boston Society of Natural History in 1884. He is the only surviving founder of the American Association of ■Geologists which was organized in Philadelphia in 1840, and out of which grew the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was one of the charter members of the National Academy of Science, and one of the original founders of the Inter- national Congress of Geologists, at all sessions of the latter of which he has attended having been elected Vice-President representing the United States. He was elected a Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1843, one of the foreign members of the Geological Society of London in 1848, and received its AVollaston medal in 1858. He was elected Correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of Paris in 1884. He was the first President elected by the Geological Society of America on its organization in 1889. Probably no one living has influenced to a greater extent the do- main of invertebrate palaeontology, and much of the exactitude of knowledge which his researches have introduced into the New York reports have made these the standard of geological nomenclature and classification throughout x\merica. Joseph Leidy. J, P. Lesley. Angelo Heilprin. Persifor Frazer. William B. Scott. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. The following were elected members : — Mahlon Walker M. D., William H. Bricker M. D., Samuel G. Dixon M. D., David Jayne Bullock, Stephen Farrelly and Baird Halberstadt. The following were ordered to be printed : — 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rHILADELPIIIA. 41 ON THE ANATOMY OF AEROPE CAFFRA Fer. BY H. A, PILSBRY. In the Proceedings of this Academy f'^>' 1889, p. 277, the writer gave an account of the anatomy of a hoath African land snail. Helix knysnamsis of Pfeiffer, which was there placed provisionally in the genus Aerope, pending fuller knowledge of the organization of A. caffra, the only species heretofore referred to that genus. Through the continued kindness of Mr. John Ponsonby, of London, I am enabled now to describe, a specimen of A. caffra, which was mailed living at London, but encountering some untoward accident en route, reached me with the shell broken and the softer tissues of the animal in such a condition that the parcel was regarded with suspicion and aversion by the Post-office official who gave it me. Upon dissecting the snail — a fine, large specimen — I found it in com- paratively good condition, but somewhat softened by decomposition although I had placed it in alcohol as soon as received. The foot is shaped like that of A. kmjsnaensis, and measures about 42 ram. in length, 20 in greatest breadth. The sinus separating the sole from the head is quite deep. The sole is whitish ; the upper surface of the foot and head is blackish. The dorsal grooves, usu- ally prominent in Agnafha, are inconspicuous. There are, of course, no epipodial grooves nor caudal mucous pore.^ The buccal mass is very large and long, measuring 35 mm. in length. The radula (pi. I, fig. a) is 40 mm. long, 4^ wide. The formula of teeth is about 16-1-16. The rhachidian tooth (pi. I, fig. c, r, and b) is narrow, lanceolate, its basal-plate narrow, emarginate, but not nearly so dis- tinctly forked as in A. ktiysimensis. The laterals are large, set in very oblique rows, and increase rapidly in size from the inner to the fifth, which is very large. The basal-plates of the inner laterals are oblong, but those of the outer (fourth and fifth laterals) are nearly square. Outside of the fifth lateral tooth there are about a dozen 1 Two notices of the animal of A. caffra have been published : a short no e by- Morch, reprinted in the footnote of my previous paper on Aerope (Proc. A. N. S.. Phila., 1889, p. 177) ; and a description of the external appearance and habits of the: animal by Mr. J. S. Gibbons tin the Journal of Conchology, III,p. 95, July, 1880).. The species was collected at Port Natal and Port Elizabeth by Mr. Gibbons. There are short, thick, conico-triangular labial tentacles visible in the livmg ani- mal, as in Glandina, etc. These are wholly retracted in alcoholic specimens. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. very minute, slender teeth, almost obsolete. A complete half row of teeth is figured on the plate. The characters of the radula prove, as I had anticipated, that this species and A. knys7iaensis are congeneric, forming a group exhib- iting characters distinct from all other agnathous genera. Com- jjared with knysnaensis, the A. caffra differs in the greater speciali- zation of the radula, seen in the reduction of the lateral teeth to five on each side, instead of twelve ; and in the smaller outer laterals. I do not regard the minute teeth lying outside of the fifth lateral as " marginals" or uncini, but as degenerate lateral teeth ; true uncini being absent in the Agnatha, which in this respect hold somewhat the same relation to the Gnathojyhora that Rhachiglossa or Toxo- glossa bear toward Tcenioglossa. In the characters of radula, Aerope caffra represents the highest specialization of agnathous snail yet made known. The characteristics of the Agnatha, — oblique rows of thorn-shaped teeth, becoming smaller toward the center and the outer edges of the radula — are here exaggerated. In no hitherto known genus are the functional lateral teeth so few, or the outer ones so nearly lost.^ In no other genus is there so abrupt a break in the size of the lateral teeth. The tendency in Agnatha seems to be to- ward a type of radula analogous to that represented in Pectini- branchs by the Toxoglossa. The genitalia have considerable resemblance to those of A. knys- ■na'ensis. The vas deferens is curiously convoluted just below the twisted portion of the oviduct (see fig. f). The albumen gland (a. £/.) is very large, but perhaps more swollen in my figures than in a freshly killed animal. I did not find any spermatheca, but think that this was owing to the soft, partly decayed condition of the vis- cera. I did not dissect out the ovo-testis. The orifice of the gene- talia is very near the right tentacle. The blind sac opening below the mouth, supposed by Dr. Leidy to be the seat of the olfactory sense, is very long, folding upon it- self, terminating in the muscular tissues of the foot about one-third the length of the latter from the posterior extremity. When ex- tended the length of the sac is about 100 mm. 1 Rhytida may be considered more specialized in one respect: — the absence of a rhaciiidian tooth. 1890.] XATLRAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 Explanation of Plate I. Fig. a. Radula of ^4eroj;e cq/^Va, natural size. Fig. B. Enlarged view of rhachidian tooth. Fig. c. Complete half-row of teeth. Fig. D. Genitalia. P. penis ; ;;. /■. penis retractor muscle ; v. d. vas deferens ; a. g. albumen gland. Fig. E. Albumen gland, opposite side ; e. epididymis. Fig. F. Lower portion of oviduct, showing the convoluted vas de- ferens. Fig's G. H. I. J. K. Papa hordeacella Pilsbry. tv 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. NOTE ON A SOUTHERN PUPA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. During the past year the writer has had occasion several times to examine and determine specimens of a certain Pupa from various localities in the South, the extreme points being Arizona and Florida. It seems to him highly desirable to have a name and a recognizable de- scription and figure for a form so widely distributed, and so con- stantly separated by local naturalists from the already known spe- cies as the following : — Pupa liordeacella n. sp. (PI. I, figs, g, h, i, j, k.) The shell is of a long-ovoid shape, smaller and more slender than P. servilis Gould, translucent, waxen-white, finely striate ; the aperture is rounded, with a thin, expanded peristome. Within, there is on the parietal wall, an entering fold arising near the termination of the outer lip, its edge a trifle sinuous or nearly straight ; the columella has a fold about in the middle. There is a tiny, deep-seated fold on the base of aperture, near the columella, an entering fold within the outer lip, equidistant from the above-described parietal and colu- mellar folds, and a tiny denticle above it. The columellar fold is not situated so high on the pillar as in P. se7"vilis. The latter half of the body-whorl is flattened on the outer-lower portion, as the fig- ure J. shows. There is a low wave-like ridge or ' crest' also, but scarcely visible in many specimens. Alt. 1*8, diam. 8 mm. The figures were drawn with the aid of camera lucida. They should be compared with Gould's excellent figures of P. servilis, in Boston Journal of Natura^ History, vol. IV, plate 16, fig. 14, and those of P. pellucida in Strebel's Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna raexikanischer Land-und Siisswasser-Conchylien, Theil iv, pi. xv, fig. 10. The latter are the more valuable in this connection as they are not only faithful drawings on a sufficiently large scale, but are the only ones drawn from Continental specimens (Vera Cruz, Mexico). The measurements given by Strebel and Pfeffer are alt. 2^, diam. of last whorl fully 1 mm. ; alt. of aperture, t mm. Gould's P. servilis and Pfeiffer's P. pellucida were both described from Cuba. I see no reason for not following W. G. Binney in considering them synony- mous, pellucida having precedence. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF THILADELPHIA. 45 The shells above described were at first refei'ed to the P. pelln- cida of Pfr., or P. servUis Gld.; and later the writer gave to them the mss. name of P. hordeacella. Whether the characters of the form prove constant enough to give it specific rank, or whether it will finally be considered a variety or race of P. servlUs Gould, is a matter that my acquaintance with the group does not enable me to decide. In its ccmstantly much smaller size we have a perfectly tangible character that will enable one to readily sejiarate the two forms without the use of a magnifier. In this connection it will be perhaps useful to point out the fact that in the specimens sent out by Gabb as his Pnjm hordeacea there are two forms mingled. One is the present species ; the other is the true hordeacea, a form of about double the size of this, with a more acute, stronger crest or ridge behind the outer lip, and a decidedly pinched base to the last whorl. P hordeacea has the teeth of the outer lip more deep-seated and smaller than P. servilis or P. hordea- cella. The specimens before me are from the following sources : — Ari- zona, collected by Dr. Horn ; New Braunfels and other places in central Texas, collected by Mr. J. A. Singley and the writer; St. Augustine, Florida, collected by Mr. C. W. Johnson, of the Wagner Institute, Philadelphia. The figures on Plate I are drawn from New Braunfels specimens, which may be regarded as typical for the species. 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. REMARKS ON UROSALPINX PERRTJGATUS Conr M BY FRANK C. BAKER. This mollusk was described by Conrad in the American Journal of Science, Xew Series, vol. II, 1846, p. 397, as follows : " Fums per- rugatus Conrad. Manatee River. Fusiform, with remote longitu- dinal ribs, and large prominent revolving lines alternating with a fine line ; whorls longitudinally rugose, upjDcr half flat and oblique; aperture rather more than half the length of the shell, purple with- in ; labrum striate ; color of the exterior cinereous. Proportionally wider than F. cinereus, with fewer and larger ribs and lines." The only references I have been able to find, which have been made to this shell since the foregoing description, are those by Dr. W. H. Ball in Bulletin No. 37 of the United States National Museum, p. 120, and in the Blake Gasteropoda Re- port^ p. 214, in which he says: "There are three American species known to be- long to it ; ( Urosalpinx) N. cinereAis Say, ranging from Massachusetts to Flor- ida ; N. tavqxcensis Conrad, known only from the west coast of Florida lastly N. 2:>erru(/atus Conrad." Among a number of specimens of cin- erexis in the collection of the Academy of Natux-al Sciences of Philadelphia I found several trays of perrnga- tus, and as no really good description, and no figure has been pub- lished of this species, I take this opportunity of redescribing and figui'ing the same. Urosalpinx perrugatus Conrad. Shell fusiform, solid, cinereous, under the lens showing a scabrous texture ; whorls six, subcarinated, longitudinally plicate, the folds eight in number on the last whorl, large, rounded ; there are eigh- teen strong, spiral lirse, with fine intervening threads ; aperture ovate, rather more than half the length of the entire shell ; outer lip rounded, 1 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College, vol. XVIII, pt. 2. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 edge scalloped by the spiral lirre ; inner lip arcuate, smooth ; canal lougish, open, reflexed ; umbilicus none, but there is a furrow in its place, bounded by a fasciole ; aperture purple within ; apex knob- shaped, smooth. Alt. 32, diam. 15 mm. Aperture (including canal) alt. 6, diam. 6 mm. It is separated from cinereus by its greater proportional width, its stronger ribs and spiral line and more scabrous texture. It is at once separated from tampaensis by its sculpture ; that of tampaensis being latticed by the intersection of the longitudinal and spiral lines ; there are other differences Avhich will at once separate it from that species. Mr. Tryon, in his excellent Manual of Conchology, seems to have overlooked this species as it is not given in either text or index. Specimens have been collected at Cedar Keys, Florida, by Mr. H. Hemphill, and I uudei'stand from collectors that it has been found elsewhere on the west coast. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. ON THE FISHES DESCRIBED IN MULLER'S SUPPLEMENTAL VOLUME TO THE SYSTEMA NATURE OF LINNiEUS. BY DAVID STARR JORDAN. The edition iu German of the Systema Naturoe of Linnieus^ pub- lished by Professor Philipp Ludwig Statins Miiller at Nuremberg in 1776 has been long overlooked by naturalists, and thus for it has never been quoted by writers on fishes. My attention has been called by Mr. Leonhard Stejneger, to the fact that in the supplement- ary volume of this work a few fishes have been described. I give in the present paper a list of them. The copy of the work ex- amined by me belongs to the library of the United States National Museum. The following are the fishes mentioned : — "Der Buntkopf. Coriphaena lineata" (p. 203). " Der Kopf ist an diesem Fis.che gedriickt, uackt, abhiingig, und mit bunten Querlinien schon gezeichnet. Die Kiemendeckel sind glatt. Oben und unten sind zwey von einander abstehende, scharfe, liingere, und hervorstossende Ziihne vorhanden. Die Riickeuflosse hat ein und zwanzig Finnen, wovon vier scharf sind, die Brustfiosse eilf, die Bauchflosse sechs, und am After befinden sich fiinfzehn. Die Schuppen sind sehr gross, die Flossen, welche der Liinge nach steh- en, mit kleinen Linien bezeichnet, und der Schwanz ist abgerundet. Das Vaterland ist Carolina. Linnreus." This is the original of the description given by Gmelin in 1788. The name Coryphcena psittacus of Linnaeus, 1766, is still older, and the species will still stand as Xyrichthys psittacus. " Der Stachelbiirsch. Perca asper" (p. 204). A description of Stizostedion (=Liicioperca) luolgense, quoted from " Pallas, Reisen." 1 Des I Ritters Carl von Linne | Koniglich Schwedischen Leibarztes sc. sc. | voUstandigen | Nalursystems | Supplements= | und | Register=Band | iiber alle I sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs | mit einer | ausfiihrlichen Erk- larung ausgefertigel | von | Philipp Ludwig Statius Miiller | Prof, der Naturge- schichte zu Erlang. Mitglied der Rom. Kaiserl= | A kademie, wie auch der Ber- linischen Gesellschaft der | Naturforscher, etc. | Nebst drey Kupfertafeln. | Mit Churfurstl. Sachsischer Freyheit | Niirnberg. | bey Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe, 1776. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 This name antedates the use of the same name, Perca asj)er, for Aspro vulgaris by Gmelin. " Der kleine Seehahn. Trigla minuta" (p. 205). This is the Trigla minuta of Linnreus, Mantissa, and of Gmelin. It is said to come from the East Indies and is as yet unidentified. " Der carolinische Seehahn. Trigla Cai'olina" (p. 205). " Das Exemplar des Ritters war mehr als Finger lang, mit sehr feinen Schuppen besetzt und hatte ebenfalls drey fingerformige Fortsiitze. Die erste Riickenflosse hat zehen stachlige, die zweyte dreyzehn weiche, die Brustflosse fiinfzehn, die Bauchflosse sech.s, die After-flosse zwtilf, und die Schwanzflosse zehn Finnen. Der Kopf ist mit sternartigen Charactern gezieret. Die Seitenlinie ist einfach, und fast glatt. Der Sohwanz ist ausgerandet, und die erste Riickenfinue der Liinge nach mit Stacheln besetzt. Der Aufenthalt ist im Meere bey Carolina. Linnwus." This is identical with the description quoted by Gmelin from the Mantissa of Linnreus. I have not seen the latter work and do not know whether it is prior to the work of Miiller or not. Presuma- bly it is. '" Der Nelma. Salmo Nelma" (p. 207). This is Salmo nelma Pallas, Salmo leucicktJujs Giildenstadt, a Russian species of Stenodus. " Der Taimen. Salmo Taimen" (p. 208). This is the Salmo taimen of Pallas, " Der Lenock. Salmo Lenok" (p. 208). Also quoted from " Pallas, Reisen," the date of which is 1774 or 1775. This is the Brachymystax lenok (coregonoides), which accord- ing to Dr. Giinther may be the male of the preceding species. " Der Springfisch. Exocojthus exsiliens (p. 209). " In Carolina wird eiu Fisch dieses Geschlechts gefunden, dessen Bauchflosse bis an den Schwanz hinan reicht. Er ist der fliegenden AVachtel No I sehr ahnlich, aber das Exemplar, welches der Ritter bekam, war kaum liinger als ein Finger. Der Korper ist nicht sil- berftirbig. Die Flossen sind blass, und haben ein und andere schwarze Binde. Die Riickenflosse halt zehn, die Brustflosse fiinfzehn, die Bauchflosse, welche (wie an der ersten angefiihrten Art), mitten zwi- schen dem Kopfe und After anfangt, und nur ein Viertel der Lange vom Schwanze entfernet ist, mit dem Ende aber an die Schwanz- flos.se stosst (dergleichen nicht einmal an der ersten Art statt fin- det hat sechs, die Afterflosse eilf, und die Schwanzflosse, die am un- 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. tern Lappen am liingsten ist, hat zwanzig Finnen oder Strahlen. Lin mens." This is an abridgment of the description given by Gmelin of Exoccetus exsiliens. Unless some earlier description exists, the spe- cies will stand as Exoccetus exsiliens Miiller. " Der Bachkarpfe. Cyprinus rivularis" (p. 210). Quoted from " Pallas Reisen." This is the Cyprinus phoxinus lainuiens^ Phoxinus phoxinus. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 A REVIEW OF THE CERNAYSIAN MAMMALIA. BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSP.ORN. This remarkably interesting mammalian fauna of the lower Eocene of France has been derived exclusively from a small exposure of the Conglomerat de Cernay near Rheims and described in numerous papers by Dr. Victor Lemoine, Professor in the Ecole de Med- ecine de Reims. The collection is in the private museum of this author and his contributions are scattered through various French periodicals between 1878 and 1888. The Cernaysian fauna, it thus happens, is not thoroughly known or appreciated abroad except by those who have had the good fortune to examine the original types. The fossils are, for the most part, in beautiful preservation and the skulls of Ardocyon, Pleuraspidotherium and other forms are finer than anything known from European strata of corresponding age. The abundance of the Insectivora is especially notable, for these beds promise to throw as much light upon the early history of this order as the Puerco rocks do upon the Ungulata and Creodonta. In course of two visits to Rheims I have collected the following brief studies and original sketches for publication, after a careful comparison of my own observations with those published by Dr. Lemoine. I wash to express my high appreciation of the value of the paleon to logical discoveries of this author and my personal in- debtedness for the privilege of freely examining his collection. Articles upon the Cernaysian Mammalia, Lemoine, 1878-88. ('78a.) "Communication sur les Ossements Fossiles des Terrains Tertiaires In- ferieures des Environs de Reims." Sec. d'Histoire Naturelle de Reims, May 8th, 1878. ('78b.) " Recherches s. 1. Ossem. Fo.ss. d. Terr. Tert. Infer, d. Reims ; ]re par- tie, Etude du genre Arctocyon." Ann. des Sc. Naturelies, July 1878, T. VIII. ('79a.) " Comm. s. 1. Ossem. Foss. des Terr. Tert. Infer, d. Env. d. Reims;" Assoc. Franc, p. I'Avancement des Sciences, August, 1879. Reprinted, Rheims, 1880. ('80a.) " Terrains Tertiaires des Environs de Reims." Assoc. Franc, p. 1. Avanc. d. Sc; Reims, 1880. ('82a.) " Sur I'Encephale de P Ardocyon Duellii et du Pleiiraspidotherium An- inonieriP Bull. d. 1. Soc. Geo!, de France, 3e Serie, t. x, April, 1882. See also Comptes Rendus, April, 1882. ('82b.) " Sur deux Pla^iaulax tertiaires, recuellis a. Env. d. Reims." Comptes Rendus, Nov. 20th, 1882. 1 The list of papers relating to the Reptilian and Avian fauna of Cernay is equally extensive. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. ('83a.) " Etude s. 1. Neoplagiatilax d. 1. Faune Eocene infer, d. Env. d. Reim." Bull. d. 1. Soc. Geol. d. France. 3Ser.,T. XI, 1883. ('83b.) " Sur VAdapisorex, nouv. gen. d. manim. d. 1. faune Cernays. d. Env. d. Reims." Comptes Rendus, Dec, 1888. ('84a.) " Caracteres gen. d. Pleurai^pidotheriHDi, etc." Comptes Rendus, Dec, 1884. ('85a.) Etude s. C[uel. mamm. d. petite taille d. 1. faun. Cern. d. Env. d. Reims." Bull. d. 1. Soc. Geol. d. France, 3 Sen, T. XIII, Jan., ]88r). ('87a.) " Sur le genre Plesiadapis, etc." Comptes Rendus, Jan., 1887. ('87b.) " Sur I'Ensemble d. recherches paleon. faites dans 1' Terr. Tert. inf. d. Env. d. Reims." Comptes Rendus, Feb., 1887. ('88a.) " Sur quel. mamm. Carnassiers recuel. dans 1' Eoc inf. d. Env. d. Reims." Comptes Rendus, Feb., 1888. PERIOD OF THE CERNAYSIAN. Dr. Lemoine considers the Cernaysian parallel with the American Piierco and below the AVasatch level, as the fauna is evidently prim- itive and local beds are found above this horizon which contain Hyracotherium and other characteristic Wasatch genera. But Co- rypliodon is found in the Conglomerat de Meudnn, which is generally considered by French geologists as contemporaneous with the Cernay- sian. Upon the whole, the prevailing stages of development observed in the teeth of the different series are .somewhat more modern than the Puerco types and offset the contemporary character given by Arctocyon and Neoplagiatilax.^ The Cernaysian may, therefore, with some certainty be considered intermediate in time between the Puerco and Wasatch, and probably not ftir from parallel with the lower Egerkingen fauna recently described by Riitimeyer. I have arranged the following table, after consulting Professor Gaudry and the geological papers of Lemoine ('80a), de Lapparent (4, p. 1130) and Geikie (5, p. 844). Divisions of the Saessonian or Lower Eocene of France, Paris Basin. N. AMERIC.\. GT. BRITAIN. FRANCE. C. London Clay . . . Sables de Cuise • . . . ^ r, ' ,/ ' • ■' [ liyracotiieriiim. Oldhaven Beds B. Palaeonictis. Wasatch Argiles a lignites Coiyphodoii. Woolwich Beds Conglomerat de Cer- nay, (de Meudon) . . PleitraspidotJierium. (Plastic Clay.) A. Calcaires de Rilly la Montagne Protoadapis. Puerco Thanet Sands . . Sables de Bracheux ; de la Fere .... Arctocyon priniaevtis. Marnes de Meudon 1 Corresponding to Jllinclaenus and Plilodtts respectively. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 One marked feature of this fauna is that, while related to others of the lower Eocene, only one of the genera and none of the species have been found elsewhere. The order best represented is the I n- s e c t i V 0 r a with at least four genera, then the C r eo d o n t a with three genera, the ]M e s o d o n t a or L e m u r o i d e a, and the M u 1- t i t u 1) e r c u 1 a t a. The last is a distinctively Mesozoic order and embraces in this horizon the s\ng\e genus Neop lag ianlax, the surviv- or of an ancient and widely spread family. Leaving this exceptional type out of consideration, the following are the general characteristics of the Cernaysian mammals: 1. The teeth are tritubercular^ and in only one genus (Pleiiraspidotherium) is the hypocone of the superior molars fully developed ; the intermediate tubercles (para- and mela Connies) so characteristic of the Wasatch mammals, are not gener- ally well developed. In the inferior molars, the primitive triangle is, in most species, broken by the loss of the paraconid. 2. The brain is small ('82a p. 333, Ardocyon, Pleuraspidotherinm), with large olfactory lobes, narrow hemispheres leaving the optic lobes ex- posed and short transversely extended cerebellum. 3. The skull (excepting in the Lemuroidea) has a deep sagittal crest and broad, low occiput, with slender widely-arching zygomata, and the anterior nares small and terminal in position. 4. The feet are plantiyrade (again possibly excepting the lemurs). One feature of great inter- est to which Dr. Lemoine called the writer's attention is the invari- able presence of the a s t r a g a 1 a r foramen (see fig. 5, o/.) ; this is observed also in all Puerco astragali. The femur has a third trochanter and the humerus usually has the entepicondvlar fora- men. 1 The following is a table of the nomenclature which I have proposed for the tooth cusps equivalent to that employed by Gaudry in the " Euchainements du Monde Aninia/" p.oo. (See 1, p. 1072.) These terms express the homologies which exist between the upper and lower molar cusps, of all the known mam- malia excepting those with muitituberculate molars. Abbr. Molaires stipeneitres. Abbr. I, denticule interne du premier lobe protocone, pr. E, " externe " " " paracone, pa. e, " " " second " metacone, me. M, " median " premier " protoconule, pi. ni, " '■ " second " metaconule, ml. i, " interne " " " hypocone, Molaires inferieiires. E, denticule externe du premier lobe protoconid, pi^ (denticule interne ant^rieure) paraconid, pa^ I, " " du premier " metaconid, me<> c, " externe du second " hypoconid, hy p e r p r e m o 1 a r s with single external cusps. Inferior molars with less distinct crests, and m-^ w i t h a t h i r d 1 o b e. Fourth lower premolar simple with a posterior heel. This genus is evidently related as a more generalized form to the following but is distinguished by its smaller size, simpler ])remolars,, fuller dental series and relative absence of diastemata. PLEURASPIDOTHERIUM, Lemoine. /*. Auvionieri, Lem. '78a, p. 1.5, type species. P. Delessei, Lem. '8(la, p. ]0. Gen. char.: Dentition if cl p?! mf . Upper molars mainly quadritubercular, with small intermediate cusps. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. L o w e r m o 1 a r s q u a d r i t u b e r c u 1 a r w i t h d i s t i u c t t r a n s- versec rests; thirdlower molar withoutt bird lobe. T b i 1- d a 11 d f o u r t b u ]) p e r premolars w i t b single i n- t e r n a 1 and paired external cusps. F o ii r t b lower premolar quadritubercular. Upper jaw. Tbe incisors decrease in size laterally, forming a series witb tbe small canine, bebind wbicb is tbe rudimentary first premolar followed by a diastema. Tbe tbird premolar is tritubercular ; tbe fourtli bas in addition tbe trace of tbe protoconule and is tbus evidently as- suming tbe molar pattern. Tbe outer faces of tbe ])ara- and meta-cones are flattened witb a median cingulum cusp, presenting a resemblance to tbe same aspect of tbe inolnvs of Pachyno- lophus ; only tbe second and tbird molars bave developed tbe bypocone, and tbe crowns are still subtriangular. Lower j a w. Tbe lower median in- cisor is small ; tbe second incisor is Ti.EURAspinornERiuM (?) Au- large and nearly borizontal. Tbe an- MONIERI. a, Superior molar series, , . , • i . ,.i, i i i 4.1 omitting anterior premolar, xj. b, tenor triangle IS Still marked by tbe Inferior molars, omitting two an- persistence of tbe paracoiiid. terior premolars, X J .. Late-al and .j^j^^ ^ j^ ^^ ^ j^^^ ^ ^^ ^^,^^^^ inferior views of the premaxillary _ _ . reirion (reduced). /, paraconule. ativelyshort,deepandmaS- sive ('78a, p. 26). Dr. Lemoine estimates the posterior molar at c80 (antero-posterior diameter). The A. Gervaisii (type of Hyodedes, Cope^) is distinguished by three premolars, the elongate and rela- ^ " Tertiary Vertebrata," p. 259. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. tively shallow lower jaw ; the series is less compact ; the posterior molar varies in antero-posterior diameter (see c and d, fig. 5). The actual structure of the superior and inferior molars, as shown in the accompanying figures, is of great interest as the much worn molars of the type species have always been described as quadritu- bercular, and the published drawings of the Cernaysian specimens have given the impression that the crowns are covered with acces- sory cuspules. The eflfect of Avear upon the crown is seen in a com- parison of the second upper molars shown in a and b. The latter is a perfect example of the primitive tritubercular bunodont molar with Arctocyon. a, Astragalus and calcaneum. Abbrev. : cb, calcaneo-cuboidal facet; n, astragalo-navicular facet ; (t/, astragal ar foramen ; «<;/, ac/, superior and inferior astragalo-calcaneal facets. b, Terminal phalanx, superior, inferior and lateral views. the three secondary cusps, the proto- and meta-conules and hypocone in their initial stages of development. This type is seen in Miodaemis and Miolaphus (Platycfwerops), but is repeated in so many diflferent j)hyla that, considered independently, it forms an insecure basis for taxonomic deductions. The lower molars are mainly quadritubercu- lar ; the anterior half of the crown, or primitive triangle, is, however, prominent and in the first molar the paraconid is quite distinct. HYAENODICTIS, Lenioine. Proposed, '79, p. 5. //. Gaiidiyi, Lem. '85a, p. 204. G e n. c h a r. : L o w e r m o 1 a r s t r e n c h a n t with two ele- vated cusps (protoconid and metaconid), and a prominent heel supportingaposteriorpairof basal cusps (hy- poconid and entoconid). Fourth premolar trenchant with one m a i n cusp and two prominent basal cusps a n- t e r i o r a n d p 0 s t e r i 0 r. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 The molars of this genus differ from those of Wjl DissacHs, Cope, in the double ])osterior basal cus])s and from those of Triisodon, Cope, in the r- less distinct separation of the internal cusps (? metaconid). They apparently agree with both the above types in the loss or reduction /'. Hyaenodictis. in- of the antero-internal cusp (paraconid) of the teinal and superior views primitive triangle. There is a small cusp upon of the fourth premolar ^, , . , p ,, , , . and second molar, xi. ^"^ anterior slope ot the crown but this can hardly represent an element of the primitive triangle. TRICUSPIODON, Lemoine. Proposed '85, p. 204-5. See also '88a, p. 2. This genus is apparently well established upon the type of a single lower molar, bearing a lofty primitive triangle with the three cusps complete. This portion resembles the tuberculo-secto- rials of Palaeonictis, Stypolophus, Dich/midis, or on a large scale the recent Centetes but the crown as a whole is well distinguished by the rudimentary character of the heel. This consists of a low simple cusp instead of the broad talon seen in the above genera. Dr. Lemoine has rightly recognized this tooth as closely related in form to the molars of the Jurassic Peramus and Spalacotherium. Procyonictis (see '85a, p. 215) is founded upon a single tooth much less characteristic than the above. It is com- posed of a lofty main cone with anterior and posterior It is possibly a premolar of one of the above genera. MULTITUBERCULATA. NEOPLAGIATJLAX, Lemoine. A^. (Plagiaulax) eocaemis, Lem. '80, p. 12; A^. Marshn,"^^!), p. 12 (reprint). Genus established, '82b. N. Copei, '85, p. 213. This well-established genus is distinguished from Plagicmlax and Ptilodus by the presence of but one premolar. Dr. Lemoine's col- lection embraces a number of isolated teeth, among them the upper molars. These (c) are composed of three rows of minute cones sep- 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. ^vTriT]n|ir>^^^ IT*?!'?^ arated by well-worn longitudinal valleys. Each of these cones is subcrescentoid as in the upper molars of Tritylodon. The large upper premolar (a) has an indented bor- der and is similar to that found in the max- Fig. 6. ilia of Ctenacodon (Marsh) with much Neoplagiaulax. a, Prob- ,• ^, • j./e i. ably a superior premolar, re- ^^^^^ numerous serrations. It IS difficult ferred to N. Marshii. b, N. to form any positive opinion as to the posi- eocaenus. Probably a superior ^.j^,^ ^f ^.j^^ ^j^j^.^^ ^^^^.j^ ^gxxx^^ (6). It is premolar, c, A superior true _ . molar, the posterior portion of approximately the same size as the above tlie crown partly fractured, premolar, with One elevated row of seven All. figures enlarged approxi- . , , , mately, ^. marginal tubercles and one depressed row of five tubercles. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 4. A. de Lapparent, Traite de Geologic, Paris, 1885. 5. Archibald Geikie, Text Book of Geology, London, 1882. 1. Henry F. Osborn, "Evolution of Mammalian Molars to and from the Tritubercular Type." American Naturalist, Dec, 1888, p. 1067. 2. Max Schlosser, " Die Affen, Lemuren, Cheiropteren, Insectivo- ren, Marsupialier und Caruivoren des Europjiisclien Ter- tiiirs." Wien, 1887. 1890.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 63 March 4. The President, Dr. Joseph Leidy, in the chair. Seventeen persons present. The death of Jacob Ennis, a member, was announced. Hypoderas in the Little Bhie Heron : — Prof. Leidy stated that Dr. B. H. Warren had submitted to his examination some pieces of the flesh with areolar tissue and fat, from two individuals of the Little Blue Heron, Florida ccerulea, through which were scattered a num- ber of little egg-like bodies. These on examination proved to be a Mite of the genus Hypoderas, of Nitsch, of which a dozen species, found as subcutaneous parasites, in different birds, have been de- scribed by Giebel (Zeitschrift gesam. Naturwis. 1861, 438). The bodies in the Little Blue Heron were enclosed in connective tissue on the surface of the portions of muscles and elsewhere. They are white, elliptical, from 1'25 to 1'5 mm. long by 0'375 mm. broad, and are provided with four pairs of short, brown, bristly limbs. In other specimens, submitted by Dr. AVarreu, consisting of the carcass and portions of the flesh of four individuals of the Blue-bird, Sialia siali.). The nucleus consists of about one and a half glossy, horn-colored whorls ; a carina begins at the apex and continues round the apical whorl until it finally disappears in the sutui'e above the second whorl ; the lateral outline of the first part of the whorl descends outwardly in a straight slant to the 'carina, and from the carina to the suture below it slants inward ; the outward slant is three times the length of the inward Fig 3. slant ; the lateral outline of the second part of the whorl descends outwardly in a slight curve to the carina, and from the carina to the suture below it slants inward. The carina is situated but a short distance above the suture of the whorl below, almost concealed by the following whorl. The apical whorl ends with a small thread-like varix ; from this varix the wdiorls are nodulous until the spinose varices appear upon the third whorl ; there are nine ribs to each whorl until the spinose varices appear; the suture between the first and second whorls is a little impressed. Separated from Murex occa Sowb., by the carina being nearer the suture below and by the varix being slightly shouldered instead of rounded as in occa. The lateral outline of the whorl is convex in tribulus whilst in occa it is straight. Murex rectirostris, Sowb. (Fig. 4). The embryonic nucleus consists of about one and one-fourth,, smooth, polished, rounded whorls ; a carina begins after about one- half a whorl, traverses the whorl in an oblique direction, and finally runs into the lowest spiral line of the succeeding whorl ; the lateral A outline of the whorls shows a more or less rounded ap- pearance ; the carina runs just above the suture of the whorl below ; the top of the whorl is rounded. The Fig. 4. last apical whorl ends with a distinct, well-devoloped, horn-colored varix, succeeded by three rounded, high whorls of slow increase, each crossed by about fourteen small, rounded ribs, and having four spiral coi'ds ; the spinose varices appear upon the fifth whorl ; the suture between the embryonic whorls is impressed. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF THILADELPHIA. 69 Separated from Murex recurvirostrls Sowb., by tlie more oval out- line of the first part of the first whorl and by the carina being neai'er the suture in the latter species. It is also more depressed in form than tliat species. Murex brevispina, Lam. (Fig. 5). The nucleus consists of one and a half rounded, polished, brownish whorls, of which the first part is a little rounded knob becoming larger and acquiring a sharp spiral carina which encircles its base; the carina begins about mid- way of the whorl, and finally runs into the lowest spi- Fig. 5- ral line of the succeeding whorl. A lateral view shows a rounded outline ; the top of the whorl is rounded ; the tip is a lit- tle depressed. There is no decided varix at the end of the embryonic whorl ; the ribs of the succeeding whorls commence abruptly and continue un- til the spinose varices appear upon the third whorl ; there are about ten small, rounded ribs to each whorl. These whorls are shouldered and have a spiral thread below the shoulder ; the sutures are dis- tinct. This species is separated from Murex nigrispinosus Reeve, by the whorl being more depressed. Murex nigrispinosus, Reeve (Fig. fi)* The embryonic nucleus consists of about one and a half polished, rounded whorls; the first is a little rounded knob, and the second is provided with a fine, thread-like carina close to the sut- ure below ; the lateral outline of the whorls descend out- wardly in a curve to the carina, and from the carina to Fig. 6. the suture below it slants inward in a straight line ; the second whorl is but little higher than the first. The last apical whorl ends with a thread-like varix, after which they are succeeded by about two unarmed, high, unvarixed, rounded whorls of slow increase, each crossed by thirteen small, rounded, longitudinal ribs and scored by four fine, spiral lines ; the spinose varices appear upon the fourth whorl ; the suture between the first and second embryonic whorls is distinct. Separated from M. brevkplna Lam., by its more elongated form and less impressed suture. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Murex ternispina, Lam. (Fig. 7). The nucleus consists of one and a half brown whorls ; a carina begins near the end of the last embryonic whorl and runs into the a lowest spiral thread of the succeeding whorl ; this carina is a very faint thread and is scarcely noticeable unless looked for very closely ; the lateral outline shows a very Fig. 7. decided rounded appearance ; the extreme point of the embryonic whorl is a little depressed and bent down on one side. There is no varix at the end of the embryonic whorl ; the suc- ceeding ribs commence gradually even before the end of the em- bryonic whorl, and slowly increase in .size until the spinose varices appear upon the fourth whorl ; there are nine ribs to each whorl and these are crossed by four fine, spiral lines ; the suture between the embryonic whorls is impressed. This species is separated from its congeners by the presence of a thread-like carina near the ending of the embryonic whorl. Murex tenuispina, Lam. (Fig. 8). The embryonic nucleus consists of two faintly yel- lowish-white whorls ; the carina is quite close to the suture of the whorl below and is almost concealed. The varix at the end of the nucleus is small and Fig. 8. rounded ; this is followed by close set, rounded ribs which continue until the spinose varices appear upon the fourth whorl ; there are nine of these ribs to each whorl crossed by four fine, spiral lines ; the suture between the embryonic whorls is im- pressed. This species is separated from Murex brevispina Lam., by the less rotund outline of the first embryonic whorl and by the outline of the second being straight instead of rounded as in brevispina. Hurex recurvirostris, Sowb. (Fig. 9). The nucleus consists of about one and a half rounded, polished, brownish whorls, of which the second part is but little larger in out- Aline than the first ; a lateral view of the outline shows a rounded appearance; the top of the first part of the whorl is rounded ; the tip of the embryonic whorl is depressed and a little bent down on one side ; a carina Fig. 9- commences near the last half of the apical whorl and runs into the lowest spiral thread of the succeeding whorl. The varix at the end of the embryonic whorl is scarcely larger than the succeeding ribs ; after the varix the whorls continue to be 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 nodulous until the spinose varices ap])ear upou the fourth whorl ; there are about thirteen small, rounded ribs to each whorl, crossed ])v four spiral threads; the suture is impressed. Separated from Murex rectirostris Sowh., l)y the more rounded outline of the first part of the embryonic whorl and the absence of the shoulder upon the second i)art. Murex similis, Sowb. (Fig. 10). The nucleus c(msists of one and a half whitish, smooth, rounded whorls; the lateral outline shows a rounded appearance ; the first i)art of the whorl is a little rounded knob. Fig. lo. A sharp and well-defined varix appears at the end of the embryonic whorl, and this is followed by a number of high, rounded ribs, which cease at the appearance of the spinose varices upon the fourth whorl ; there are thirteen of these ribs to each whorl crossed by four fine, spiral lines. This species is separated from Murex ternispina Lam., by the ab- sence of the thread-like carina near the ending of the embryonic whorl. The sutures are not so deep as in the latter species.. Murex tryoni, Hidalgo. Upon examining this shell I was much surprised to find that it had an apex identical with that of the preceding species. This may prove to be but a variety of 31. similis as was thought by Dr. Dall. Murex cailleti, Petit. The embryonic apex of this species is identical with both simi- lis and tryoni. I have not been able, through lack of perfect speci- mens, to examine the apex of the typical motaciUa of ('hemnitz. Murex aduncospinosus, Beck. (Fig. 11). The nucleus consists of 2? blunt, conical, glossy, fulvus, flat-sided Awdiorls, which increase regularly from the apex ; the last whorl is margined below by a very fine thread just at the suture ; the lateral outline shows a cone of about Fig. II. two regularly increasing whorls, of which the second is twice as large as the first. There is a rounded varix of considerable size at the end of the last embryonic whorl after which they are nodulously ribbed until the hollow spines appear upon the sixth whorl ; these are crossed by four fine, thread-like spiral lines ; the sutures of the embryonic 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. whorls are distiuot. This is the largest aj^)Ox of the Tribulus or typical Mnrex gn.>up. The present species ditiers wholly fn.>iu all the other members of this group in having two and one-halt' whorls instead of one as in those hitherto described. The whorls are of a glassy texture, a feat- ure not possessed by the other members of the group. 1890.] NATIKAI. SCIENCES OF FIIILADELril lA. ON AKENICOLA CRISTATA AND ITS ALLIES. r.Y J. E. IVES. During the month of July of last year, my friend ^Ir. Uselma C. Smith collected some specimens of a polychaetous worm, belong- ing to the genus^4;-t''HVc)/a at Anglesea. about ten miles N. E. of Cape May. on the New Jersey Coast. The first specimens seen by him lay iipon tlie beaeh. apparently dead, having perchance left their burrows in the endeavor to reach the water. Upon further examina- tion he discovered a large colony concealed in the sand, along the e»ige of a pool of water formed by the washing over of the sea. Four of these specimens were obtained and subsequently handed over to me in alcohol for identitication. They correspond closely to Arenieo/a cristata described by Stimj^sou' in 185G from Charleston, South Carolina, and which, with a doubtful exception.* has not since been reported from the United States. In his recent paper" On Areuicola specimens from the Gulf of Naples," Dr. K. Horst^ has given a detailed account of this species from sj^ecimens obtained in the ^[editerranean. The forms from Anglesea answer both in general and microscopical characters to Dr. llorst's description, the only ditfereuce being that they possess on the ventral surface of the caudal segments small papilhv. which will be referred to again later. Dr. Horst has suggestetl the identity of this species with Arenicola a// ^iV/t/kN'fV described by I^iitken* from the West Indies, and u{>on examination I tind that theXew Jersey sj^cimens correspond as closely as possible to Liitken's description. As alreadv stated, there are on the ventral surface of the caudal segments small papilhv. and these doubtless represent those observed by Dr. Liitken in Arenicola antillensis. These papilhv. however, Dr. Ilorst did not tind in the Mediterranean specimens, but their presence or absence should not, in my opinion, be considered a specific character.. The length of the longest specimen is about 250 mm. " Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5, p. 114. * Webster," Annelida Cliretopoda of New Jersey," oOd Ann. Rep. New \'oik St.ne Mus., 1S79, p. 117. 5 Notes from the Leyden Museum, Vol. xi, p. -13. * Vidensk. Mcddcl. fra Naturk. Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1S64, p. lilO. 6 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Ill the collection of the Academy are six specimens from the INIanatee River on the West Coast of Florida, which, although presenting some slight differences, I regard as a variety o^ Arenicola cristata. They have no papillse on the ventral surface of the caudal segments ; the distal ends of the ventral bristles are not serrated and the secondary branchiae have fewer tufts and are less regularly arranged. The specimens are small, the longest about 140 mm. in length, and may be immature. Ehlers^ in his work on Florida- Annelids has already recorded this species from Florida under the synonym of Arenicola antillensis. On account of the impossibility of drawing any sharp lines of demarcation between the forms from the INIediterranean, New Jersey, Florida and the West Indies, I venture to believe that they must be regarded as representing one species, having an unusually wide distribution. From my study of the other species of the genus in connection with these forms from the New Jersey coast, I incline to the view put forward by Dr. von Marenzeller,^ who, not including Arenicola cristata and its synonym, Arenicola antillensis, reduces all the species of the genus to two : — Arenicola marina, L. and Arenicola ecaudata, John- .ston. The sixteen species of the genus which have been described may therefore be reduced to the following three : Arenicola marina L. 6 prebranchial and 1 3 branchial segments, secondary branchire with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral tufts. Europe, Greenland, New England, Vancouver Island, Mediterranean, South Africa, Chili (Coquimbo). Arenicola ecaudata, Johnston. 11-15 prebranchial and 13- 40 branchial segments ; secondary branchiae, arborescent. Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea. Arenicola cristata, Stimpson. 6 prebranchial and 1 1 branchial segments ; secondary branchiae, plumose. West Indies, Florida, South Carolina, New Jersey, Mediterranean. The occurrence of Arenicola marina on the northwest coast of Alaska renders it i^robable that it will also be found upon the arctic shores of Europe and Asia. From northwest Alaska it has un- doubtedly passed southward to Vancouver Island through Behring Strait, the western Gate of the North. Its distribution north and 1 " Florida-Anneliden," Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. xv, p. 173. 2 Zoologische Jalirbiichef, Bd. 3, pp. 12-15. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 south of the Tropics is very anomalous, l)ut future study of the intervening regions may throw some light upon the subject. The presence of the three species in the warm waters of the Mediterranean is interesting, and worthy of note. Our present knowledge of the distribution of the species of the genus may be summarized as follows : Arenicola marina, occurs in the temperate seas of both hemispheres, and in the arctic seas of the north ; Arenicola eeaudata is confined to the temperate seas of Europe, and Arenicola cristata is found in the temperate and tropical Atlantic, and in the ^Mediterranean. References to the complete literature of the subject will be found in Quatrefage's " Histoire Naturelle des Anneles, " and in the papers by Drs. von. Marenzeller and Horst, already referred to. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890- NOTES ON THE GENESIS AND HORIZONS OF THE SERPENTINES OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. BY THEODORE D. RAND. Except the serpentine and steatite of Chestnut Hill, north of Easton, Pa., the outcrops considered in these notes lie not far from the Laurentian anticlinal which enters the State at Morrisville, opposite Trenton, N. J., and extends in an almost unbroken belt to the Maryland line. In width it varies. Generally narrow north- east of the Schuylkill, but usually a prominent ridge, it sinks near Abingdon to appear again southwest of Jenkintown for two or three miles. At Chestnut Hill and the Wissahickon it again disap- pears for a short distance, rising again to great elevation (350- 400 feet) with a width of nearly a mile at the Schuylkill. Mr. Hall's map show's the Laurentian crossing the Wissahickon on the southwest flank of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, northwest of Thorp's lane, and Dr. Hunt^ speaks of the schists appearing on the north side of the narrow Laurentian belt at Chestnut Hill. I have been unable to find a trace of Laurentian along the Wissahickon or at Chestnut Hill except on Pajier Mill Lane on the northwest flank of Chestnut Hill. Southwest of the Schuylkill it preserves its elevation, its summits nearly or quite 500 feet above tide, and it widens, until at Darby Creek it is at least three miles wide, and north and south of Newtown Square at least six, though in this longitude there may be included some schist areas ; but the margins at Devon Inn, and south of Berwyu, on the north, and Sycamore Mills on the south, are well defined and exhibit the steep slopes with abundant outcrops so characteristic of this group. Southwest of this the northerly margin trends about S. S. W., passing West Chester one mile north of the Court House, while the southerly margin, defined between Ridley and Chester Creeks along Dismal Run by a px-ecipitous hill of 200 to 300 feet ele- vation, becomes ill defined, but as observed by Prof Rogers- probably takes a direction nearly west through or near Howellville, Delaware Co., and Westtown, in Chester Co., the belt narrowing to less than three miles. 1 Min. Fhys. and Phys : p. 437. 2 1st Geol. Survey of Pa., Vol. l,p. 77. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 Mr. Hall regards the rocks along Chester Creek from a mile south of Lenni to Cheyneys station, except a narrow belt at Glen Mills, as Laurentian underlying the schists and exposed by the deeper erosion along the creek, ^ but they are so unlike any of the rocks in the ad- mitted Laurentian belt and bear so close a resemblance to the hard- er gneisses of the Manayunk series that I believe Prof. Rogers' observations to be correct and that the Laurentian is included between gently curved and almost straight lines and that it does not present the contorted outline shown on Mr. Hall's map. These rocks are more fully described in connection with the Glen Mills ser- pentine. In the northwesterly boundary also of the Laurentian my observations confirm those of Prof. Rogers. Mr. HalPs map makes a schist area overlie the Laurentian from Bryn Mawr to Wayne.- In this area, I have described' many outcrops of typical Laurentian, well exposed, ■with not a trace of the schists west of Rosemont except the narrow belt on the northwest of the Lauren- tian along the bottom of Cream Valley. To define these areas more exactly will require very close and careful observations of excavations hereafter made, for the covering of soil in many places is so great that only thus can the underlying rocks be known. This Laurentian belt is the third of Prof. Rogers. Immediately southeast of it lies his second belt, and southeast of the second his first. Of these he writes, and most accurate are his descriptions :- — The First or most southern general division or group, may be approximately defined as extending from the lowest exposures on the river, or those near Gray's Ferry, to the upper end of Manayunk ; the second or middle belt, extending from Manayunk past the serpentine and soapstone range to a line a little north of the upper boundary of the County or City of Philadelphia ; and the third or northern extending thence to the northern edgeof the whole gneiss formation, and it is over- laid or limited by the older primal rocks in the vicinity of Spring Mill. First Belt. The southern or Philadelphia belt contains the following chief descriptions of ordinary gneissic rock, with many subvarieties. The most common or typical variety of all is the gray, bluish, rather finely laminated triple mixture of quartz, feldspar and mica, the quartz for the most part, white or transparent ; the feld- spar usually white, and very generally somewhat chalky from incipient decomposi- tion ; and the mica most commonly black or dark brown and in small plates. This rock occasionally includes small insulated garnets. The next most common species is a dark bluish-gray, sometimes greenish-black gneiss, composed of hornblende and quartz, with sometimes a little feldspar, the hornblende always greatly predominating. The rock is very usually fine grained and thinly bedded, its fracture and strucmre being controlled by the general paral- lel crystallization of the prevailing hornblende. 1 2nd Geol. Survey of Pa., C^ p. 2. 2 Qs 22. 3 2nd Geol. .Survey of Pa., An. Rep. 1S86, IV, p. 1573, etc. 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. A third common variety of the gneiss of this group is a micaceous quartzose rock, generally of a light gray color. Some beds of this species contain such a predom- inance of the crystalline quartz, in minute granular divisions, and such a subordi- nate amount of minutely disseminated mica, as to have a character of ordinary gray whetstone ; but this species of the gneiss is much more abundant in the middle belt than in the southern one. A much coarser kind of gray micaceous gneiss, con- sisting of a predominance of rather large flakes of mica, with a subordinate quan- tity of feldspar and quartz, occurs interstratihed with all these other species, as a very usual transition variety between the standard gray gneiss and the highly mica- ceous kinds verging toward mica-slate. It is very usual to find the typical gneiss, of a three-fold constitution, alternating with the hornblende species, and both of these alternating with the quartzose mica- ceous variety. As a general fact, not without exceptions, however, the more mica- ceous the rock is, the greater is the abundance in insulated crystals of common gar- net. Interposed among the above varieties of true gneiss are beds, more or less thick, of kinds so abounding in mica as to be entitled to the designation of true mica- slate. This rock prevails in two or three outcrops, both above and below Colum- bia Bridge, and it may be stated generally, that the further north we advance across the southern division of the gneiss, the larger is the proportion of the more mica- ceous varieties of the ordinary gneiss, and the greater the frequency of these bands of mica-slate. An interesting variety of the ordinary or more feldspathic kind, is one containing large, more or less insulated segregations of crystalline feldspar, the longer axes of whose crystals lie generally parallel with the lamination of the rock. This variety may be designated as a porphyritic gneiss, having that feature of an excess of crys- talline feldspar which is accepted by geologists as a distinctive character of the por- phyritic rocks and being, moreover, essentially similar to those well-known and beautiful granites which geologists agree to call Porphyritic. A band of this porphyritic gneiss occurs at the Falls of Schuylkill, just below the quarries, and ranges toward Nicetown in one direction, and toward the tollgate at the Lancaster Road, five miles west of Philadelphia, in the other. Another outcrop of the same feldspathic variety of the gneiss may be seen crossing the West Chester Plank Readjust east of Darby Creek. The Second or Middle Belt. The middle zone of the gneiss of Southern Pennsylvania, as it crosses the Schuylkill, consists of an alternation of four princi- pal varieties. Perhaps the most abundant of these is a very micaceous species of the ternary or mica, quartz and feldspar rock, holding garnets in greater or less pro- fusion. A very common feature in this rock is a wavy or minutely undulated lamination, arising apparently from a contorted or wavy structure in the coarsely crystallized mica, its predominant mineral. This would seem to proceed from the interference of the innumerable planes of cleavage, or — what is the same thing — of crystalline lamination, with the original planes of the deposition of strata. The twisted forms of the flakes of mica are frequently seen to be due to the displacing effect of grains, or crystalline bunches of included quartz. It would seem as if these minerals had crystallized or segregated, from their parent sedimentary materials, under a conflict of forces, the newly awakened crystalline energies being not always parallel to the original bedding of the deposit, but more fre- quently oblique to it. Perhaps the most common subdivision of the gneiss of this middle tract is a variety consisting almost exclusively of the above described wavy mica. This rock graduates into the more micaceous sorts of gneiss, by containing a less or greater mixture of finely granulated crystalline quartz or feldspar or hornblende. The southern half of the gneissic zone before us is characterized on the Schuyl- kill and Wissahickon, by containing an alternation of the above two varieties of micaceous gneiss or mica-slate, with beds of hornblende gneiss, the last-named rock being, from its thin lamination, sometimes entitled to the name of hornblende slate. The northern half of the zone consists largely of a fourth variety of the 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 more schistose class of the gneissic rocks. This is a gray fine grained binary mixture of granular quartz and minutely crystallized scales of mica, the quartz being the prevailing element. It is a species of whetstone and some of the more quaitzose bands would furnish masses well suited for employment as whetstones for scytlies. A very common, indeed a characteristic of this quite remarkable and extensive division of the micaceous gneiss group, consists in its peculiar fracture; the rocks breaking into long narrow chunks, comparatively smooth on their sides, but excessively ragged on their ends; a style of fracture strongly resembling that of half rotted fibrous wood. This peculiar rock is in greatest force toward the northern side of the middle gneiss belt, or between the serpen- tine or steatite, and the hard feldspathic gneiss of the southern margin of the third or northern gneissic belt. It is interstratified toward its southern side, with more or less frequent and thick bodies of the other variety of mica slate possessing mica in large and twisted scales, with an abundance of garnets. On its northern side it alternates to some extent with a greenish talcose slate, or, what is the same thing, the talc in this quarter replaces the mica in whole or in part in certain divisions of the group." There is probably in the rock termed by Rogers " altered primal" (whatever may be its geological age) a key rock, for this seems to lie quite persistently along both edges of the Laurentian though only occasionally visible. West of the Schuylkill it is well exposed, but it may be seen also at Willistown and near Westtown, Chester Co. It is thus described by Prof. Rogers, p. 154 : — " In the district of the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, the three members of which the primal series there consist, present the following aspects and dimensions : The lowest or semi-porphyroidal group, evidently an altered sandy-slate or ar- gillaceous sandstone, is remarkable for the regular parallelism of its lamination and bedding; the laminaj alternately light and dark, being exceedingly thin, many of them usually packing within the thickness of an inch. These laminae consist, where the rock wears its most metamorphosed form, of white earthy imperfectly developed feldspar, and perfectly developed hornblende. Besides these alternate whitish and dark streaks, the cross fracture of the rock displays a multitude ofovoi- dal concretionary crystallizations, generally only specks in size, but sometimes of the dimension of bullets, the larger and better formed concretions being frequently genuine crystals of feldspar. In some of the layers certain laminae are studded with isolated crystallizations of hornblende." 1st Geological Survey of Pennsyl- vania, Vol. 1, Page 68. Mr. Hall divides Rogers' first and second groups into three, in- serting a belt (the Manayunk schists) between Rogers' first and second ^ and states that it contains " alternations of the varieties of gneiss characteristic of the first belt and a predominance of sandy gneiss composed of quartz and a small amount of feldspar and mica in minute flakes. Mica schists and hornblendic slate alternate with finer grained gneisses, the mica usually light colored." He further states that it includes part of Rogers' second belt. It is possible that this arises from a misunderstanding of Prof, Rogers' use of the term " upper end of Manayunk," which is ev- idently used loosely. Rogers says " approximately defined." In- 1 2nd Geol. Surv. Penna. C p. 2. 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. asmuch as just above Mauayunk the more massive and less garnet- iferous schists of the first belt are well exposed, while about two miles above the centre of Manayunk the rocks of his second belt occur in most characteristic form, is it not most probable Prof. Rogers intended to refer to this point, especially, as when he wrote there was no well known place nearer than Manayunk? INIr. Hall's term, however, is convenient, but I regard it, and use it in these notes, rather as a synonym for all of Rogers' first belt except the Fairmount gneiss, and the porphyritic gneiss. By far the best exposure of these rocks as described is along the Schuylkill, but the structure is far from clear. The Fairmount gneiss, identical with the gneiss at the Chester, Leiperville and Avondale quarries is generally supposed to underlie the more mica- ceous rocks to the northwestward, yet almost everywhere is a pretty uniform northerly dip. There are alternations of soft highly mica- ceous schists passing by an increase of quartz and feldspar and decrease of mica into gneissoid schists and gneiss, also hornblende schists and gneisses, but in no case, except perhaps northwest and southeast of the porphyritic gneiss can a repetition be found to prove the apparent monoclinal to be, as it has been supposed to be, a succession of compressed synclinals and anticlinals. To the southeastward, the rocks as a rule are highly micaceous, and in these the Faiimount gneiss appears to rise as an anticlinal. In the cut of the Pennsylvania Railroad, about 33rd Street, thesouth- easterl}' dip at a moderate angle was clearly shown ; the northwest- erly edge has not been uncovered, but the strata weie nearly hori- zontal and were succeeded by mica schist within a hundred yards. The mica schists are visible southeast of the Fairmount gneiss, with gentle undulating dips, on the west side of the Pennsylvania Railroad near Powelton Avenue, and on both sides, at the approach to the tunnel at 31st and Market Streets ; northwestward of the Fairmount gneiss are alternations of mica schists, micaceous gneiss, hornblendic gneiss and allied rocks to the Falls of Schuylkill. On the Schuylkill a short distance west of the Girard Avenue bridge there was exposed a rock, mica schist on the outside, horn- blende schist within, and the passage of the one into the other was evident. At the quarry (now a coal yard) on the Germantown road at the crossing of the Germantown branch of the Reading Railroad, a similar change was apparent, the micaceous mineral here being the Philadelphite. INIay not these occurrences throw light upon the fact 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 that the hornblende rocks are more abundant in the deeper valleys and upon the remarkable alternation of hornblende schist and mica schist? At the Falls of Schuylkill we find the porphyritic gneiss before spoken of. This porphyritic gneiss Mr. Hall does not mention. Prof. Rogei's regards it as a mere alternation, but its great difference from any other of the rocks of the region, its surprising uniformity over long distances, both with and across the strike, in a region in which the alternations are as numerous as in this, as well as the fact that it widens rajndly southwestward, preserving all its charac- ters, points to it as more than a mere stratum. On the east side of the Schuylkill its visible width is not over two or three hundred feet. On Cobb's Creek it is nearly four miles. Its visible length is over eight miles ; the southwesterly part much cov- ered with soil. On Cobb's Creek it is ver}' well exposed. The southerly part is most porphyritic ; in the central parts, and north of the centre, schists appear with chai'acters of the Manayunk, and also of the Chestnut Hill series, while to the northwest the true porphyritic hard gneiss is well exposed about a quarter of a mile from the Chestnut Hill schists, near St. Denis Church, with no ]\Ianayunk schists visi- ble intervening. The hardness of this rock makes it everywhere prominent, and next to the Laurentian ridge, it is by far the most distinct formation of the region. While at the Schuylkill apparently monoclinal, and interstratified in the mica schists, I am disposed to regard it as an an- ticlinal, and at Cobb's Creek as two anticlinals, with an included synclinal of the schists. On each side of it, the schists exhibit cer- tain peculiarities alike on both sides, and on the northwest side near Wynnewood, and on Cobb's Creek, it appears to dip beneath the schists. In this porphyritic belt there is granite, unlike any other granite of the region. This granite is usually very coarse, composed of a flesh colored orthoclase and a peculiar chalk-white feldspar appar- ently not at all decomposed, but with very little lustre. It contains but little mica and quartz, much the larger part being the two feldspars, and it seems to be in small segregated masses in the schists rather than in beds or veins. Part of it is schistose. Sometimes it is a graphic granite, the structure developed by weathering and not conspicuous otherwise. Rarely it contains tourmaline, and no 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. other minenil so far as I have observed, thus differing greatly from the granite of the Fairmount gneiss. Some narrow bands of this gneiss are not porphyritic and are a very fine grained hard gneiss. Near Merion Station, Pennsylvania Railroad, one stratum closely resembles the helleflinta of Danne- mora. In the old quarry at the Falls of Schuylkill, immediately west of the stone bridge of the Reading Railroad there was quar- ried a gneiss, somewhat resembling the Fairmount gneiss, but por- phyritic, which the Fairmount gneiss is not. The Falls rock con- tains more feldspar and much less mica, and is much more compact. In a quarry on the west bank of the Schuylkill, about a quarter of a mile above the Park bridge, at the Falls, a great variety of rock may be seen, and it is not certain whether this quarry is in the porphyritic belt, or in the Manayunk gneiss. There is much coarse granite like that of the porphyry, also highly feldspathic gneiss like that of the lower quarry, but some beds show the mica so abun- dant as to make a true mica schist, and the curved and twisted feld- spathic layers hereafter referred to are found. In this quarry, pyrite and magnetopyrite occur with epidote which appears to be chang- ing into hornblende. On both sides of the porphyry, at the Schuylkill and west of it, the rocks are not essentially different. On the southeast they are somewhat softer and more evenly bedded and hornblende schist is more abundant, but in both there is the same evidence of folding and contortion, particularly exhibited by certain narrow feldspathic veins or beds, compressed sometimes to less than one-sixth their orig- inal length. So far as this region is concerned, this seems to be con- fined to the schists lying on each side of the porphyritic gneiss, and, on Cobb's creek, within it. It is in these schists that the serpentine rocks of Cresheim creek on the Wissahickon occur and also proba- bly all, or nearly all, of the southerly Delaware county outcrops. While the ]\Ianayunk schists contain garnets they are not abundant, but often large. There is one gneiss in Philadelphia which presents many points of difference from the other schists and gneisses of the region. This is the Frankford gneiss, best exposed at the quarries on Frankford creek. This gneiss is distinctly stratified. It contains compara- tively little mica and hornblende, some specimens are strictly felsite and granulite. It is extremely hard and of even texture making ex- cellent paving stone when properly broken for that purpose. Its 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 granite veins, or more properly segregations, are chiefly ortlioclase which contains at times Ghkill creek. The belt has a width of about four hundred feet. The serpentine and steatite have generally a greenish color; associated with the steatite massive, coarse quartzose feldspathic rock (granulite) occurs. The rock is different in character from the feldspathic rocks of the gneissic belt which form the mass of Chestnut Hill. The feldspathic rock associated with the steatite belongs evidently to the steatite belt.'' D^ p. 256 (A). "On the southern slope of Chestnut Hill the Upper Primal slates (hydro-mica slates) appear to have been altered into steatite and serpentine (§251). No limonite occurs on the flanks of Chestnut Hill." D^ p. 253. " The steatite and serpentines of this belt appear to be equivalent to the slates overlying the Potsdam sandstone. (Upper Primal Slates.) I see no e.\- planation for the alteration of the hydro-mica slates of the Upper Primal into steatite and serpentine in this locality." (Rogers, p. 94-5.) D^ p. 58- " Whether the serpentine and other magnesian minerals found at the base of the formation along the south flank of Chestnut Hill, north of Easton, be- long to this formation" (Chazy and Calciferous Limestone) " or not is still an open question." Visits to the locality forced me to a conclusion differing from the above. Passing up the west bank of the Delaware from Easton the limestone appears for a distance of nearly a mile dipping southeastwardly 60° to 80° then 200 feet are under cover, and then a narrow bed of steatite appears. The southeast wall is not visible, the northwest wall is Laurentian and were this the only exposure there might be no reason to question the conclusion that the steatite is an altered slate between the Laurentian and the limestone. East of this quarry may be seen Laurentian in place and the con- tact with the talc schist may be seen. Immediately north of it is another quarry apparently within the Laurentian, and here may be .seen masses of tons weight having all the appearance of Laurentian but converted in ])art or in whole into tale. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. One mass, five or six feet long, was nearly pure talc schist at one end, while at the other, much quartz remained and to the eye the rock looked like unaltered Laurentian.^ Northwestward of this quarry all visible rocks are Laurentian for about two hundred feet to a quarry of similar talcose i-ock quarried on a slope up and into the hill somewhat over one hundred feet. The quai-ry when visited had not been wrought for some time and large masses of the south wall had fallen in. These masses were Laurentian, the north wall was the same. Some of the fallen masses showed a change from syenite, or more strictly granulite, into steatite. Northwestward from this, the Laurentian was apparent for three hundred to four hundred feet, where another and much larger out- crop of steatite is quarried. The contacts here were not visible. Northwestward from this followed two hundred to three hundred feet of Laurentian including one very prominent overhanging cliff and then another exposure of steatite, in which was a considerable quarry. Northwestward of this the Laurentian again appeared. The dips were not clear but from what could be observed are not far from vertical. The hill adjacent to these quarries probably exceeds four hundred feet in height. It seems incredible that these four outcrops are an overlying stratum in three successive compressed synclinals. It is much more rational to conclude that they are in- terbedded in the Laurentian. On the Bushkill, which cuts the same hill about one and a half miles from the Delaware the outcrop is not so distinct but here also the steatite and serpentine are between walls of Laurentian, and in these hard unaltered Laurentian rocks may occasionally be found masses of rock apparently changing into steatite and serpentine. Dr. Hunt in his INIineral Physiology and Physiography seems to regard the change of gneiss into serpentine or steatite as almost an absurdity, and before visiting this locality I should have agreed with him, but here we certainly have Laurentian gneiss changing into steatite, or steatite changing into Laurentian gneiss. Considering the Delaware, Chester and Montgomery county ser- pentines in detail we find as follows : At the northeastern end of the Raclnor-West Chester belt there is Laurentian on the strike line, and on both sides of the belt, but. the exposure does not show the walls in place. About a 1 Apiece of this is in the collection of the Academy. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rillLADELPIIIA. 97 •quarter of a mile northwest is garnetiferous mica schist in place, and one hundred yards further northwest Potsdam sandstone. At the outcro]) northwest of Radnor station garnetiferous schist and gneiss were disclosed in a well not over two hundred feet north of the serpentine. In the strike line (southwest) and to the south- cast Laurentian fragments abound. About five hundred feet north- east of the northeast end of this exposure runs the Radnor and King of Prussia road. On this, to the northwest of the line of strike is an outcrop of Laurentian in place, while to the southeast and very close to the strike line is a very hard porphyritic contorted mica schist unlike any other outcrop of the region. Further west, between Radnor and AVest Chester, the serpentine is much concealed, but there are some outcrops of interest. The most important of these lie a little less than a mile south of the Pennsylvania Railroad, near Paoli, Green Tree and Malvern sta- tions and among the headwaters of Crum creek. Southeast the Laurentian is apparent, here and there in conspicuous outcrops. On the road leading to Malvern, we find, going north northwest, as follows : feet. Laurentian, Low ground, . . . . . . . . .100 Serpentine, ......... 250 Low, .......... 50 Garnet staurolite schist, ....... 100 Low, 500 Garnet staurolite schist, 100 Trap, 50 Garnet staurolite schist, ....... 200 Serpentine, . . . . 400 Low, 300 Garnet staurolite schist, ....... 200 Concealed, 300 Hydromica schist of the South (Chester) Valley Hill, . 5000 Showing here two distinct outcrops of the serpentine, with mica schist between them, and beyond the northernmost. About half a mile east of the ]Malvern road is a nearly parallel road leading to Green Tree. On a road connecting the two, just south of the serpentine, Laurentian is conspicuous. Going N. X. W. on the Green Tree road, the belt is again divided, the southerly outcrop being 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. close to wliere the two branches of Crum creek unite, the northerly just below where the road turns abruptly E. N. E., and exposed more con- spicuously at a quarry an eighth of a mile W. S. W. of the bend. Here white quartz is abundant, much like that which abounds at cer- tain j)laces in the mica schists southeast of the LaFayette belt, and the garnetiferous schist is visible in the E. N. E. part of the road. About a quarter of a mile east of the Green Tree road is another road leading also to Green Tree and joining the former road where the east northeast direction changes to north northwest. Two small branches of Crum creek cross this road, and unite just below it. Southeast of the east one there is serpentine which extends about sixty feet beyond the northwest side of the creek. The ground is then low to the west branch, beyond which is an area of serpentine probably eight hundred feet wide, but it appears to end very abrupt- ly, for on the line of strike the road mentioned just previously to this is not over six hundred feet distant, and in^it mica schists appear, while the serpentine is to be found only by careful search. On the strike line northeasterly (N. 35° to 52° E. wherever it can be ob- served) the serpentine outcrops are extensive but their margins are all concealed. Immediately southeast of the serpentine just mentioned southeast of the east branch of Crum creek, a road runs to Paoli, in a direc- tion nearly northeast. Going northeast we find serpentine followed by fragments of loose trap, fragments of garnet-staurolite schist, then serpentine, trap, serpentine, trap, garnetiferous schist and finally hydromica schist. While it is impossible to fix the boundaries of these rocks with any accuracy, there can be no doubt that we have here an area of the garnetiferous schists included within serpentine areas and bor- tlering the northernmost on the north. This schist appears nowhere on the south unless at one point in the road last mentioned southeast of the east branch of Crum creek, but the outcrop is merely of loose rock and garnets in very small quantity and may not be actually in place. All observed dips in the serpentine were northwest 60° to 90°, but few dips seemed trustworthy and in the schists no exposures whatever giving trustworthy dips were found. Within a quarter of a mile of the northwesterly margin of the ser- pentine and garnetiferous schists are the hydromica schists of the South (Chester) Valley Hill very readily distinguishable from the 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99 garnetiferous schists, and throughout the whole distance Laurentiau rocks are found ch)se on the southeast. North and northwest of West Chester Laurentian also appears close to the serpentine on the southeast side, while in many places on the northwest side fragments of garnetiferous schists and loose garnets are found in the soil with occasionally staurolite. About a mile and a quarter N. N. AV. of West Chester, the bold serpentine ridge ends abruptly, the mica schist fragments appearing in its line of strike, here S. 45° W. with an unusually uniform dip in the serpentine about 45° S. E., or toward the Laurentiau. The Laurentiau is not sufficiently exposed to give its dip, but the strike seems to be about the same as that of the serpentine. Southwest of this is a small outcrop of serpentine, a little south of the line of the strike of the former, and beyond are outcrops nearly five hundred feet apart to the northwest and southeast of a stream and low ground, evidencing a wide outcrop or two narrow ones. Northwest of the serpentine is garnetiferous schist. Southwest of this outcrop is a ridge geographically the continua- tion of the serpentine ridge, but apparently of Laurentian rocks, not visible in place, but abundant as loose masses, but on the road southeast of this hill garnetiferous schists with staurolite are exposed. The great mass of the Laurentian lies still further southeast, so that if the ridge is Laurentian, we have an included valley of the schists. No serpentine is visible. The ridge ends at the road from West Chester to Downingtown. At the time of my visit an alteration of this road had caused a cut to be made making a cross- section of the end of this ridge, showing to the southeastward Laurentian, dipping northwestwardly about 22,° overlying which was a bed of slaty steatite, or impure talc schist, and overlying this, mica schist and quartz, much contorted, the lowest part dipping conformably with the steatite and Laurentian, the upper so contorted that no structure was apparent. To the northwestward the Laurentian appeared dipping southeastwardly about 30° the middle being occupied by the mica schists but no steatite or talc appearing to the north. The exposure is probably two hundred feet wide. The rock which I have termed Laurentian at this exposure I believe to be such, but it is not so characteristic as to be beyond doubt. Further southwest on the line of this hill, after 400 to 500 feet of low ground, is another hill which contains two outcrops of limestone (Caleb Cope's). The southerly one has been excavated some two 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [l'S90. hundred feet into the hill, exhibiting a stratum of crystalline lime- stone probably 60 feet wide bounded on the northwest by garnetiferous mica schists, with feldspar nodules, most closely resembling those of Cream Valley, Radnor. On the southeast is a rock closely resem- bling the Laurentian, containing interbedded limestone. This is not far north of undoubted Laurentian, and is either that rock, or as Dr. Frazer has suggested,^ a more recent formation made up of the fragments of the underlying rocks. In this quarry a satisfactory exposure gave strike N. 40° E. dip 55° S. E. Northwest of this outcrop are 100 feet of the schists, and then a very small exposure of sac- charoidal limestone, apparently an anticlinal in the schists. The steatite outcrop is 450 feet N. 50° E. from the southerly limestone, K. 65° E. from the northerly. A short distance northwest are the hydromica schists of the South (Chester) Valley Hill. Dr. Frazer^ thinks it probable that the serpentine of this belt is a metasomatized portion of the hydromica schists with which he regards it as lying in contact ; but towards the northeast we find between the hydromica and this serpentine, limestone, Rogers' altered primal, garnetiferous micaschists,Potsdam sandstone and steatite, the garnet- iferous mica schists much more nearly continuous (apparently) than the serpentine. North of Radnor station fully a thousand feet of the above rocks intervene between the hydromica schists and the serpen- tine. I have nowhere seen the hydromica schists of the South Valley Hill in contact with the serj^entine. The LaFayette Belt. On the southeast side of the Laurentian anticlinal is the LaFay- ette belt, but along nearly its whole course there intervenes visibly between it and the Laurentian a schistose rock, including crystals of mica like the feldspar crystals in a porphyry and more rarely visible a thin bedded gneiss resembling the altered primal of Rogers so largely exposed on the northwest side of the anticlinal. The schist is very uniform and persistent but it is nowhere well exposed. At times, as on the southwest bank of Meadow Brook north of 1 C 4 p. 294. 2 " These resulis seem to lend a high degree of probability to the theory that at least this beh (Ralnor-West Chester) is a metasomatized product of a layer or layers of the hydromica schists in contact with which it lies and with whicii its rela- tions are abundantly made out by very different processes of comparison, viz., stratigraphically, geographically and chemically." Trans. Am. Inst. M. E. Troy Meeting, Oct. 1883. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101 Roberts' road a mile and a half south of the old Lancaster road, and also on the Coopertown road (or Roberts' road as they run together) west of the bridge over Darby creek, it becomes a coarse granite or porphyry, containing, however, but little quartz. Some portions exactly resemble part of the garnetiferous schist, northwest of the Lauren tian, but I have nowhere observed garnets in it, though a loose fragment of rock found on the Roberts road near MeadoAV brook contained staurolite. The rock in contact with the LaFayette belt on its southeastern margin is rarely visible at the point of contact. It may however be seen at Rose's quarry, and also on the Roberts road east of Meadow brook. It is a fine-grained mica schist, not contorted, not wood-like in its fracture, like that near the steatite belt to the south- east. It occasionally contains garnets but it is not distinctly garnetiferous like that further southeast. It contains strata of schistose hornblende rock which, at one locality 200 feet north of the West Chester and Philadelphia road, a mile east of Newtown Square near the south line of Newtown Township, appears to be changing into serpentine and these horn- blende rocks are quite persistent, being found as far southwest as the Willistown outcrop. The best exposure of this belt is at Rose's quarry near the Schuyl- kill. Here the dip is 45° to 55° S. 30° to 40° E^ and beds of ser- pentine above may be traced into enstatite below. Southwest are large masses of enstatite in great quantity. This is also the case at the outcrops on Darby creek and in Marple. Chromite was mined near Darby creek in this belt. (Moro Phillips Chrome Mine.) The LaFayette belt may be traced by distinct outcrops from a point about half a mile north of the Schuylkill to Rosemont station P. R. R. Southwest of Rosemont, the outcrops are more indis- tinct but careful search will disclose them between the old Lancaster road and the Radnor and Chester road ; on this road a wide outcrop suddenly appears and continues (except at Darby creek where some low ground intervenes, beneath which it is doubtless concealed) to the Philadelphia and West Chester road about a mile and a half east of Newtown Square. Beyond this for a short distance it becomes in- conspicuous or absent, but the ground is level and there are no good exposures of any kind. About half a mile further southwest it is again exposed as the great ]\Iarple outcrop, about a mile and a half northwest of Palmer's Mill on Crum creek. 102 TROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Southwest of this, the next exposure of the serpentine which I have seen is at Blue Hill between Crum and Ridley creeks. This outcrop lies near Sycamore or Bishop's Mills on Ridley creek and nearly in the strike of the LaFayette belt. The Marple outcrop lies south of this line, probably indicating a curve in the Laui'entian, but the adjacent rocks on the northwest are not visible in place at Marple. The elevation of the region immediately northwest is in- dicative of the Laurentian. At Blue Hill the Laurentian again seems to almost surround the serpentine. Just north of the school- house the Laurentian appears in place with a strike nearly south, immediately west of abundant fragments of honeycomb quartz per- haps indicative of underlying serpentine, and not over 300 feet north- west of abundant serpentine in place. Further northeast the Lau- rentian occupies the entire hill, which here is quite elevated, with steep slopes on the northwest and southeast, and a more gentle one on the northeast to Crum creek. In the serpentine where it has been quarried on the Providence road opposite the Blue Hill school-house is a small quantity of gran- ulite appai'ently a dyke. On the road along the creek south of the serpentine a decomposed granite or granulite appears, the indications being quantities of small masses of crystalline feldspar. The locality southwest of Newtown Square is not well exposed. Laurentian, unaltered, may be seen at the fork of the roads three- quarters of a mile west of Newtown Square and its strike would bring it northwest of, but very close to, the serpentine. The Castle Rock enstatite seems to be continuous with this serpentine, separated from it only by Crum creek and the immediately adjacent low ground. This locality is not far from the Willistown exposure next described and is probably identical with it. The Willistown outcrop, like that northeast of Radnor station, appears to be largely within the Laurentian, which extends from West Chester eastward as close to it as any rock can be observed. To the northward Laurentian is everywhere. Following the serpen- tine table land eastward, the serpentine fragments in the soil sud- denly, within less than 100 feet, are replaced b}^ hornblende frag- ments and, a short distance beyond, Laurentian rocks form a steep bluff. This bluff' rises precipitously from the north branch of Ridley creek on the east, and from the Philadelphia and West Chester road on the north. The Laurentian dips S. 25° E. 65°. The rocks are partially exposed along the road and going west are as follows: 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 First. Liiurentian. Second. A porpliyritic gneiss resembling Rogers' altered primal as found northwest of the Laurentian. Third. A micaceous schist in very small quantity. Fourth. Hornblende fragments. Fifth. Serpentine. The serpentine extends along the road several hundred feet. North of it is Laurentian, but no contacts are visible. About a quarter of a mile west of it appears the same rock spoken of as resem- bling Rogers' altered primal, striking, like the former, N. 65° to 70° E. but the dip not certain. Beyond this west to West Chester and north for several miles the Avhole region is Laurentian. It will be seen that all these outcrops of serpentine are close to the margin of the Laurentian, two of them at least within its mar- gin, though there is no sufficient evidence to prove whether they are of that age or more recent. INIr. Hall, as before stated, thinks it safe to assume that they are among the most recent deposits, but the section of the Radnor belt shows going northward from the Lau rentian axis several rocks between the serpentine and the Potsdam sandstone, seeming to indicate that here at least the serpentine is the oldest except the Laurentian, and that the steatite is more recent than the serpentine but below the Potsdam, unless in a synclinal. On the southeast side of the Laurentian the existence of the Pots- dam is not certain where the serpentine occurs, but as above stated it does occur at Waverly Heights in Montgomery county, between the Laurentian on thenorthwestand the schists on the southeast and there are in Radnor and Lower Merion certain rocks in the same rela- tive position Avhich closely resemble Potsdam. If this is Potsdam then the serpentine is again between the Laurentian and the Pots- dam, but the very positionof the serpentine, so very close to the Lau- rentian, would indicate that it w'as an older rock than the mica schists to the southward. We come now to the consideration of the outcrops which are not near the Laurentian. Of these perhaps the most important are the steatite belts N. W. & S. E. of the Radnor and LaFayette serpen- tines. THE NORTHERLY RADNOR BELT. Outcrops of this belt lie nearly parallel to the great Radnor belt but extend a mile further northeast and all lie within a lineal dis- 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. tance of about two miles, ending about three-quarters of a mile south- west of the northeast end of the Radnor belt, bearing precisely the same relation to it and to the Laurentian axis as does the steatite of the better known Soapstone quarry belt to the LaFayette belt. The exposure of the northerly belt is poor, but it is of no little interest on account of its similarity to the soapstone quarry belt and to the fact that along its line occur garnetiferous schists followed by Potsdam sandstone and limestone. A trench dug for water pipe on the property of Judge Hare about a mile northeast of Radnor Sta- tion afforded a tolerable section. The trench was about N. 75° W. while the strike of the belt is probably N. 60° E. ; the distances given are corrected so as to approximate the dip line. Foot of hill E. Mica schist, decomposing steatite with numerous 40 feet cavities filled with ferric oxide exactly resembling that of the soapstone quarry below LaFayette w^here the ochre is due to weathering of Breun- nerite. With this was chlorite schist. 90 feet Slaty serpentine. 200 " Hard serpentine. 300 " Talc schists and hard serpentine. 350 " Rogers' altered primal. 375 " Mica schist. 425 " W. Rogers' altered primal. A half mile southeast of the LaFayette belt, lies the steatite belt,, in which quarries for soapstone have been wrought for over a cent- ury. The LaFayette belt appears to end northeastwardly in a small valley of an afHuent of the Schuylkill, not far from the river. The steatite belt however extends further northeast, and crosses the Wissahickon near Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, ending in the schists of Chestnut Hill, near Thorp's lane a short distance southwest of the turnpike. This is another, but probably purely accidental resemblance be- tween the two belts, both being much shorter, but beginning much more northeastwardly than the corresponding parallel serpentine belt. The characteristic of this belt is a steatite including masses of very hard black serpentine. These have resisted erosion and some- times appear along the outcrop like huge boulders, some of them, near the soapstone quarry, being separate and of many tons' weight. Some of the black masses are pseudomorphs after staurolite. ^ 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Nov. 21st, 1871. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105 Prof. Rogers, whose plutonic views as to most of the serpentines are well known, recognized this belt to be an altered schist though he regarded it as " metamorphosed by infusion of magnesian matter from the dyke of intrusive serpentine which everywhere adjoins it."^ But it is this " intrusive serpentine " which contains the pseudomorphs after staurolite. This belt has afforded more minerals than any other serpentine of the region, except, probably, Wood's mine in Lancaster county, perhaps because of the more extensive quarrying in it. Dolomite is abundant, sometimes in peculiar crystallizations. The following also have been found, Breunnerite in fine crystals, chalcopyrite, bornite, magnetite, tremolite, staurolite, actinolite, chalcanthite, epsomite, Millerite, apatite and Hallite. Southwestward of the Schuylkill it appears at numerous outcrops ending on the Black Rock road about a mile northeast of Bryn Mawr. The Cresheim Creek Outcrop, and Small Outcrops near Media. Near the mouth of Cresheim creek on the Wissahickon in Fair- mount Park, Philadelphia, are two small outcrops of actinolite and antholite. The southeastei'ly, about 700 feet S. E. of the mouth of Cresheim creek, is well known. It lies about two miles south- east of the steatite belt, and is wholly within the schists. Mr. Hall mentions a similar outcrop at the Flushing school-house in Bucks county, and excepts these from his generalizations as to the serpen- tines. The outcrop is immediately in the Manayunk schists, is quite insignificant and appears to be a local alteration of hornblende-like rock. About 500 feet N. W. of Cresheim creek is another similar out- crop much better exposed, which, I believe, has never been described. It appears undoubtedly interstratified in the schists with a dip of about 45° N. 40° W. The schists can be seen almost in contact (within one foot) and the dip and strike of the antholite and of the schists seem the same. The schists contain garnets and staurolite. It is with these I should class all or nearly all the outcrops southwest of the Marple Barren Hill school-house and also those southwest of' Media, including a part if not the whole of the great outcrop west, of INIedia. In Mr. Hall's map of Delaware county published in C^ are shown a number of outcrops of serpentine extending southwestward 1 Geol. of Pa., Vol. 1, p. 71. 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. from the large INIarple outcrop south of Newtown Square, most of them in two lines the continuation of which marks the northwestern and southeastern margins of the many adjacent outcroj^s west of INIedia. He also maps several south and southwest of the latter. It is not an easy task to map these serpentine areas, their margins are ill defined, and generally covered with soil. While, therefore, their general location may be correct, in some minor points they do not agree with my observations, but accurate mapping would require a topographical survey and numerous excavations. I have visited most but not all of the minor outcrops. At some I was unable to find the serpentine, but wherever found it was apparently a small bed of hornblende-like rock interst ratified in the Manayunk gneisses, altered more or less into antholite, steatite, ser- pentine and honeycomb quartz, except the outcrop on the east bank of Ridley creek northwest of Media where there is unaltered ensta- tite, also apparently a narrow interstratified bed. On Mr. Hall's ma}) a small area of serpentine is shown as almost a continuation of the great Marple outcrop and both are represented to be in the schists. I believe the Laurentian to bound the Marple serpentine on the northwest as it certainly does a short distance to the northward. Between the two areas intervene Chest- nut Hill schists with the chai-acteristic quartz in large quantity. The rocks of the small area are steatite and antholite and very un- like the enstatite and hard black serpentine of the large outcrop. At this locality and southwestward many of the outcrops of ser- pentine are accompanied by outcrops of?, granite, or granulite, often coarse, sometimes fine grained, containing orthoclase, oligoclase, quartz and mica, the latter in small quantity but at times in large ■crystals, the quartz also in small quantity, the mica being rarely dis- seminated. This will be more fully described in the consideration of the Media outcrop. The Larue Outcrop West of Media. This outcrop, or rather series of outcro]is, occurs in or on the borders of an elevated table-land, occupying the greater part of the area lying between Ridley and Chester creeks, extending southwardly a little south of the railroad from Philadelphia via Media to West Chester. On the northwest, the road from Lenni, through Lima, to Sycamore Mills is on it, but near the edge, while on the north. Dismal Run marks the boundary and on the east. 1890.] NATURAL SCIEN'CES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107 Ridley creek. Within this area are several outcrops of serpentine, and scattered over a large part of its surface, amidst the soil, is the honeycomb quartz which usually results from the alteration of serpentine. This has given rise to the impression that the under- lying concealed rock is serpentine. On Mr. Hall's map certain areas are marked serpentine without question, and between the areas so marked the map is lined green. ]\ly observations are that in much of the area colored serpentine, while that rock may exist, it constitutes but a small proportion of the area, while in much of the lined portion serpentine does not exist. It is true that it is impossible to define the areas of serpentine and other rocks in the table-laud. The covering of soil is deep and the exposures very few, but there are some that throw much light on the structure. The region lies directly in the strike of the schists so well exposed near Media and north of it and resembling the ^lanayunk series. INIr. Hall, as already stated, believes these schists to lie at low angles and to overlie the harder gneisses which appear over a large area further west, but in the cut at INIedia, which Mr. Hall quotes in support of this, ^ the alternations of differing materials certainly dip about 70° to 90° southeast and I think this steep dip is, the rule, with very few exceptions. The only section through this table land, and that by no means satisfactory, is afforded by the excavations of the railroad, which crossing the valley of Ridley creek by a very high bridge, passes southwestward to Chester creek at a grade usually below the level of the adjacent land. Decomposition of the rocks has, however, gone on to so great a depth, that undecomposed rock is rare, and the walls of the cuts, in many places are little more than loam, but there has evidently been no transporting of material, the rock having decom- posed in place. Usually the falling down of the upper part of the slopes obscures the lower, but the excessive and violent rains of the past season have washed the sides so that the rocks are very clearly exposed, the stratification is clear and distinct, and the sections are as convincing as if of hard rock. Indeed the opportunity for observa- tion is exceptionally good. On the west bank of Ridley creek the railroad enters a cut about a hundred yards from the bridge. This is in schists much like those on the east with a strike about X. 40° E. and a nearly vertical dip. The strike and the railroad tangent are here nearly parallel, the railroad 1 Vol. C 5 p. 59. 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890, bearing 5° or 10° north of the strike going westwardly. Here may be seen some very hard compact gneiss, both granitic and hornblendic, interstratified in the schists. About a mile from Ridley creek, a short distance west of Elwyn station, the schists are very feldspathic and dip 70° to 90° southeast. West of this is a deep cut, the schists continuing very feldspathic with coarse crystalline feldspar in thin beds, all much decomposed, some hornblendic gneiss and some included quartz, and some massive beds of a granite almost granulite, the strike and the dip about the same. Suddenly, on the north side of the cut, honey-comb quartz appears, followed by serpentine, and this by a coarse hornblende rock, containing grains of a yellow mineral, probably chrysolite, and this is followed by serpentine to the end of the cut probably 200 feet. On the south side of the railroad the feldspathic schist continues without a trace of serpentine, but the hornblendic rock does appear on the south side. This will be referred to hereafter. AVest of this, the ground is lower, and there are no exposures for about a quarter of a mile to Chrome Run, which rises on the extreme northern edge of the table-land, and flows nearly south into Chester creek. On the east side of the creek are large serpentine areas, but there is evidence too of much granulite, here being the celebrated Black Horse moonstone locality. Along the creek the ground is low, but near where the State road crosses it, its bed is a granulite excessively jointed, hence easily quarried and making a good build- ing stone. The dip and strike are not clear. On the west side of the creek at the railroad, much earth has been removed to construct embankments and here the granulite is in large quantity but poorly exposed. On the east side of the creek a similar removal of earth lays bare a ridge of diorite, part of it very compact, part schistose, with the unusual strike N. 30° to 40° W. and a dip of 70° to 90° northeast. This is cut off by large masses of granulite striking X. 20° E., some of it fine grained, some containing large crystals of feldspar, in fact al- most a porphyry. The contact is concealed, but the diorite is visi- ble within a foot of the granulite. It would seem difficult to ex- plain this except by regarding the granulite as intrusive, and per- haps the diorite here is similar to that of the hornblende rocks in the cut to the east before mentioned. The close correspondence of these occurrences with the observations of the Canadian geologists as to the Black Lake serpentines here- after mentioned is apparent. 1890.] NATURAL SCIEXCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 Between Chrome Run and the next creek west is a cut, in the easterly part of which serpentine and honeycomb quartz occur. To- w-ard the middle of the cut, decomposed granulite appears, embed- ded in which are masses, sometimes pebble like, sometimes bedded, of actinolite, all much decomposed. Following this the granulite is distinctly stratified, mostly regular, some of it contorted, striking S. 20° E. nearly vertical, looking much like that west of Elwyn. It contains some hornblende and actinolite. The valley of the creek beyond is quite deep, with steep banks, and the floor of the valley rises very rapidly northward. On the hill between Chrome run and this creek, near the railroad, honeycomb quartz is visible in the soil, but, going northward, schists soon appear in quantity, succeeded by masses of granulite ; and this, near the source of the creek, and near the point at which the Lima road forks to Lenni od the west and to Glen Riddle on the east, gives place to honeycomb quartz. None of these rocks seem absolutely in place, but their quantity is so great, that their existence under the surface cannot be doubted. Returning to the railroad, the next cut is that in which Glen Riddle station is located. In this the chief rock is the decomposing granulite with serpentine and honeycomb quartz, the serpentine and granulite so intermixed and so decomposed, that it requires close examination to distinguish them, but the serpentine can be seen in unquestionable granulite, and the granulite in unquestionable ser- pentine-like rocks. In this cut there appears to be a gentle westerly dip and the propoi'tion of the granulite to the serpentine seems to increase as the depth increases. The cut west of that at Glen Riddle and east of Lenni, the lo- cality of vermiculite, actinolite, yellow quartz, Delawarite and Lennilite, shows the granulite much more massive and less decom- posed than any of the preceding. This cut is a curve on the southerly slope of a steep hill, so that the south bank is compara- tively low, that on the north rising steeply probably 100 feet. The top of the hill is honey-comb quartz, then there is a terrace, probably made in the grading of the railroad, apparently almost entirely granulite, and then on the slope to the railroad is granulite, some of it with crystals of feldspar an inch or more in size (Delawarite, Lennilite), some very fine grained, much of it very heavy bedded and compact, very hard and entirely undecomposed, and some of it soft and decomposed. 1 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. In this occurs vermiculite, or Hallite, and actinolite, apparently the result of the decomposition of an interbedded mineral, some- times in lenticular masses, sometimes in narrow beds, and in some places looking as if the grauulite itself had changed into serpentine. One measurement gave strike N. 45° E. dip 65° N. W. The only- certain thing, however, was a general northeast and southwest strike. On the north side of the cut there was much more granulite than serpentine, on the south side more serpentine than granulite, but both were intermixed on the two sides. In the road which skirts this hill, south of and generally lower than the railroad, the same intermixture of granulite and serpentine may be seen, the granulite greatly in excess. In the hill northeast of the cut is an abandoned serpentine quarry. Here also the granulite occurs in the serpentine, looking more like a dyke than elsewhere except on Chrome Run, and at Crump's quarry hereafter mentioned, but the exposure does not decide the question. West of the Lenni cut and near Lenni station, the ]\Ianayunk rocks, or rocks very like them, appear in a large quarry, the rock here being a schistose gneiss. From Lenni and Glen Riddle roads lead northwestward and join- ing, run through Lima to Sycamore Mills, on Ridley creek, near Blue Hill. On the Lenni road the gneisses appear, followed by loose masses of the honeycomb quartz ; on the Glen Riddle road, the quartz only is seen at the surface, but where the underlying rock is exposed by washes in the road gutters, it is seen to be gneissic or schistose and not serpentine or quartz. The honeycomb quartz is visible along this road nearly to Sycamore Mills, in other words from near Ches- ter creek, to near Ridley creek, but not immediately on either. About a mile west of Sycamore Mills is a road close to the Middle- town public school, or the Barren Hill school-house. It covers a considerable area visible on the south bank of Dismal Run, but on the Lenni road it is not visible, the surface being a loam with inter- mixed honeycomb quartz. On the Lima-Lenni road, northeast of the school-house, on the de- scent from the table land to Ridley creek, near the mouth of Dismal Run, the granulite suddenly appears in great quantity and evi- dently in place. Northwestward of Dismal Run the Laurentian with all its characters occui's in abundance, forming a steep ridge probably 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCKS OF riIILADP:LPIIIA. Ill 200 feet liigli divided by a branch of Dismal Run into a smaller hill on the northeast known as Roundtop and a much longer one to- ward the southwest called Poplar Hill. Dismal Run seems to be the boundary between the Laurentian on the northwest and the ser- pentine on the southeast, flowing in a remarkably straight course about N. 60° E. The road mentioned as crossing the Lenni- Lima road at the Barren Hill schoolhouse shows the serpentine in quantity with its characteristic vegetation immediately southeast of Dismal Run, but as soon as the higher land is reached the serpen- tine disappears, and honeycomb quartz is found in the soil in greater or less quantity, but no rocks in place. To avoid confusion I should state that there is another " Barren Hill Schoolhouse " in Marple about a mile and a half north of Palmer's Mills. The authorities, with characteristic economy, seem to have selected the serpentine outcrops in this vicinity as sites for Public Schools, perhaps upon the theory that knowledge would grow where nothing else would, but a worse education for the young can hardly be found than the surroundings of the three contiguous schools of INIarple, Blue Hill, and Middletown, They are a disgrace to our civilization. Eastward along this road, about a quarter of a mile from the schoolhouse, on an aflluent of Ridley creek, occur great quantities of the honeycomb quartz, completely covering the ground, but even here the vegetation is not characteristic of the serpentine. About a quarter of a mile further east a steep bluff on the north of the road discloses the schists and in them a large mass of kaolinized feldspar, whether a bed or dyke is not clear. A short distance beyond, the road runs into the road from Lima to the Rose Tree Inn, and on this also the schists are seen. This brings us about a half mile northwest of our point of departure at Ridley creek and the railroad. Examining now the more central part of the area we find on the State road, east of the road from Lima to Glen Riddle, loose honey- comb quartz, but at the foot of the hill, where Chrome Run crosses, two quarries in granulite. This rock lies in beds from a few inches to a foot in thickness, rarely more, and it is excessively jointed. East of this is more honey-comb quartz and a little serpentine. On the same road east of the Black Horse tavern there is more quartz. About a quarter of a mile east of the tavern a small stream flows northeastwardly into Ridley creek. Its valley and the next 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. valley to the north, form the locality kno\yu as Mineral Hill. Leaving this for a moment, we find along the road indications of ser- pentine and about a quarter of a mile west of Ridley creek large and abundant masses of enstatite, east of which are again the schists. The Mineral Hill locality consists chiefly of the bed of the stream above mentioned which rises south of the State road and flows northeastwardly into Ridley creek. The descent is rapid and the stream has cut quite a gorge. Its bed is full of the fragments of the rocks, but the exposures of the rocks in place are not satisfactory. Serpentine, actinolite and granulite, the latter containing the moon- stone and sunstone which have made the hill famous, are abundant. At one place the serpentine could be seen apparently interbedded in decomposed granulite. A section on this creek where there had been a deep wash shows very much the same as in the cuts near Glen Riddle, viz. : N. W. 1. Granulite decomposed into fragments but the fragments hard and seemingly unaltered grow- ing harder southeastward, strike N. 40° E. dip northwest irregular but steep. 2. Hallite (?). 3. Honeycomb quartz. 4. Granulite like (1). 5. Hallite (?). 6. Granulite decomposed. 7. Granulite decomposed including lenticular mas- ses of actinolite decomposed and in same stratum 7 feet N. W. serpentine and quartz. 8. Hallite (?). 9. Granulite including lenticular actinolite. 10. Soft green. (Serpentine ? Chlorite ?). 11. White soft rock including curved crystals (of serpentine ?). 12. Soft serpentine. 13. Hard serpentine. 14. Concealed. S. E. 15. Large masses of undecomposed granulite. About a quarter of a mile above the mouth of the stream is Crump's quarry. Here the serpentine, rather light in color and comparatively soft has been quarried, largely by machinery, toothed wheels rotated by steam ])ower cutting deep grooves in the rock 6 feet. 6 6 o O 2 6 6 (( 3 t( 1 (( 1 <( 1 a 2 (( 10 (< in (( 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 and forming slabs. The numerous joints in the rock cause many of these to break up into i)ieces too small for use, and the quarry has not been wrought for some time. The whole quarry is in serpentine, but the north wall is granulite. At the contact there is a stratum about one foot thick of soft micaceous rock like Hallite or JefFerisite. In the granulite are lenticular masses of the Hallite. Farther southeast is a section of this granulite, and there appears on the northwest, serpentine, then a thin stratum of Hallite, then granulite fragmentary, then a V-shaped mass of Hallite and frag- mentary granulite, then serpentine. The strike is about N. 50° E. and the dip curves 70° southeast on the southeast side, to 80° north- west on the northwest side. Some of the granulite resembles the Lee- lite of southern Chester county which passes into Deweylite. This •exposure is 10 or 12 feet across and the appearance is that of a dyke. About fifty feet southeast of this is a similar exposure, of similar character, with strike about the same, dip 70° southeast, and on the northwest of it, Hallite enclosing decomposed granulite. The ravine northwest of this shows few exposures, but granulite is abundant, here inclosing sunstone and Amazon stone. South of the Black Horse Inn is one of the largest areas of serpentine, and in this, a large quarry w'as wrought for many years. In this vicinity large masses of granulite are abundant, some of them containing very beautiful moonstone. Here occurs also corundum in crystals in albite, the locality being about a quarter of a mile south of the Black Horse Inn on the road to Elwyn. On this road the chief rock is the schists, with serpentine close to the Inn, and also about a quarter of a mile north of the railroad, the latter apparently not over 50 feet wide. For brevity, I have used the term granulite to indicate the feld- spathic rock so abundant in this region. Most of it is strictly gran- ulite, a mixture of feldspar and quartz, the feldspar fi'equently oligo- clase and gi-eatly predominating, some of it probably containing no quartz at all. In some of it hornblende occurs but usually in very small proportion, as in the so-called granite quarries on Chrome Run near the State road. In the schistose varieties mica occurs, but it is probably absent in the compact varieties. Some of it is very fine grained, some coarse with crystals of feldspar an inch or more across, in fact a porphyry. In decomposing some of it bi-eaks up into small angular fragments, which are quite hard, and some of it 114 TROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. passes into kaolin, while in some places it appears to be changing into a serpentine-like mineral. I have described the region thus minutely because my conclusions in regard to it differ from Mr. Hall's, and because the exposures at any one place are not convincing. Mr. Hall's theory requires a lower region of schists, lying at low angles, overlaid by the serpentines in one or more synclinal basins. I have been unable to find an instance of a dip under 70°, while there are hundreds 70° and upwards. AVhere the schists and granulites, and the serpentines, occur in con- tact, and both walls can be seen, one is included in the other in a mode precluding any theory of synclinal or anticlinal folding and to make interbedding the only possible explanation. Whether the granulites are all stratified, or whether some of them are igneous is a more diflicult question. It is certain that some of them are stratified, as in the cut west of Elwyn and that east of Glen Riddle station, but others, as on the east side of Chrome Run and in Crump's quarry, have a plutonic asjiect and resemble very closely the granulite dykes which penetrate the chrysotile bearing serpentines near Black Lake and Thetford P. Q. At this place the explorations for chrysotile have well exposed the rock, which Dr. Ells of the Geol. Survey of Canada informs me is an altered intrusive diorite. Penetrating the serpentine are frequent dykes of granulite from a foot wide upwards, with the dyke character distinctly marked. The serpentine being hard and undecomposed, the eflfect of the dykes was apparent in slickensides and slaty, fibrous and jointed structure. Two small dykes which I examined were de- composed next to the serpentine and the whole appearance was almost a counterpart of that shown at Crump's quarry at Mineral Hill above described. Of these exposures Dr. R. W. Ells writes. . " In all these areas (Thetford, etc.) the serpentines are closely associated with the dtorites, of some portions of which they are undoubtedly, in part at least, an alteration product, in contact with the black Cambrian slates on the one hand, and with hard whitish granulite on the other. The latter, which sometimes assumes the nature of a granite, frequently occurs in huge masses, or dykes, cutting the serpentine rocks both here, and at Black Lake and Thetford." Geol. Can. 1886, J. 29. Speaking of the asbestus (chrysotile) mines of Belmine, he says : "The serpentine is associated with considerable masses of whitish granulite * * * * ii^ places * * * * a true granite. This appears in places to cut the serpentine after the manner of true dykes. * * It is presumable that in most cases at least the rock is to a great extent an alteration product of some form of dioritic rock rich in olivine." Id. p. 43. 1890.] NATURAL BCIENCi:S OF rillLADELPIIIA. 115 I think the weight of the evidence is, that underlying this region are highly feldspathic schists inclosing beds of enstatite and perhaps other hornblende-like minerals, that through this probably penetrate dykes of granulite, that the enstatite, etc. have become serpentine and allied minerals, while the schists and granulite have decomposed. The serpentine also in many parts has changed into quartz, and this quartz now lies strewn upon the surface as the most abundant rock, simply by reason of its stability. Were a section of rock from the Glen Riddle cut spread upon land and exposed to the weather for a few seasons, probably nothing would be left but soil and the honey- comb quartz, which last would probably appear to be the chief, if not the only rock, while in fact it does not constitute two per cent of the volume. This theory would account for the excellence of the soil in most parts of this area, indeed over nearly all of it where the serpentine is not actually visible at the surface. This was well de- scribed by an intelligent farmer with whom I conversed, in the words, " where the serpentine lies deep the ground is good." I am informed that in nearly all the wells, even where the honey-comb quartz is quite abundant at the surface, the rock reached is a gneiss or schist. In one respect this Media outcrop is anomalous. It appears to be the only one away from the Laurentian in which enstatite appears. On the east branch of Ridley creek, that is northeast of the table- land, there is a small outcrop of this rock with a strike which would carry it into the area under consideration. This enstatite is in the schistose gneisses, apparently as an interbedded mass, and is in the direct line of the outcrops arranged in line to Palmer's Mills as shown on Hall's map. The exposures are poor, but that they are all within the schists is unquestionable and with them in some cases a coarse granite is associated, apparently interstratified in the schists. It is further true that the northwestwardly part of the Media out- cro}), or rather series of outcrops, does border the Laurentian, and that the serpentine lying along Dismal Run may be a continuation of the Blue Hill serpentine, and may be entirely distinct from the southerly outcrops which are certainly in the schists. The Serpentine of Glen Mills on Chester Creek. Mr. Hall finds a narrow synclinal of schists with serpentine over- lying the gneisses of Chester creek which he regards as Laurentian. I have already stated my reasons for thinking these gneisses a part 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. of the Manayunk group. A recent careful examination confirms me in this and indicates that the serpentines of this vicinity, like those farther east, are altered beds in the Manayunk gneisses. The serpentines are shown on Mr. Hall's map as four distinct out- crops, one on each side of the creek, on a line passing N. 50° E. through Glen Mills, and two on a parallel line about three-quarters of a mile S. E. near Sharpless' feldspar quarry. The outcrop west of the creek nearest Glen Mills is confined to a very trivial exposure in the road. That southwest of it I could not find. East of the creek were trivial exposures of honey-comb quartz loose on the surface, but I believe considerably north of Mr. Hall's line. At Glen Mills, the topographical base of Mr. Hall's map is incor- rect or the roads and railroad have been changed since it was made. The road to Sharpless' quarry is correct and the green spot at its westerly termination correctly indicates the location of the serpen- tine there. The railroad north of this crosses the old creek bed as shown, diverting the creek to the west side of the railroad, which, however, does not continue on the east side, but crosses immediately below Glen Mills station, and thence continues on the west side. This crossing and the station are about a half mile north of the road to Sharpless' quarry, and at this point there is another bridge over the creek connecting four converging roads, or more accurately, per- mitting the road along the creek to cross, going northwardly, from the w^est bank to the east, and a northeast and southwest road to cross the creek. It is on this last road I observed the honey-comb quartz east of the creek. On Mr. Hall's map these roads are located a considerable distance north of their true position. Beginning at the creek about a half mile north of Glen Mills sta- tion and this bridge, at the point at which on Mr. Hall's map, trap in Laurentian is indicated, a very compact garnetiferous gneiss is found. South of this, a recent cut for a railroad to the n^w House of Refuge shows the same gneiss interbedded in the Manayunk gneisses, some decomposed, some not, some contorted, some regular, showing a strike about N. 20° E. with a southeasterly dip of 20° to 50°. South of this is another excellent exposure on the railroad and about here should'be the northerly margin of the schist area, but the same rocks appear, and continue with constant exposures, down the creek to and beyond the Sharpless road. Close to the road and to the north of it is a quarry evidently not wrought for many years. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 The hard gneisses appear iu the bottom and side. The face of the quarry shows alternations of the hard gneisses with decomposed rock. At the north wall of this quarry a very regular stratum gave strike N. 30° W. dip 50° N. E. West of this, along the railroad there is a prevalent easterly dip 45° to 70°. The strike is quite ir- regular, owing to contortions in the strata ; N. 0° E., N. 30° E., N. 20° W. were observed. South of the Sharpless road is low ground and a creek flowing from the northwest; south of this is a hill showing the gneiss with a cut 150 feet long through part of it. At the north end the gneiss is very massive and irregular. In the middle it is coarse and very feldspathic, over this part a southeast dip is visible, at the south end there is a northwest dip of 70° to 90° with a strike N. 60° E. On the Sharpless road, east of Chester creek the same gneisses ap- pear much decomposed. Along the bottom of the creek mentioned as flowing from the northwest into the Chester creek at the Sharpless road the same gneiss is quite abundant in loose masses. On the west bank of Chester creek close to the serpentine, no out- crops are visible but there are loose masses of the gneiss, and 300 feet south, it occurs in place. The outcrop at Joel Sharpless' is shown as tAvo in a line N. E. and S. W. I found but one, at the summit of a high hill about one hundred yards south of the road and approximately par- allel to it (N. 70° E). The only rock visible is the honey-comb quartz but it is in large quantity over several acres of ground. The gneiss is visible in the road and occurs also in large loose masses in the next field south of the quartz. The Sharpless feldspar and mica quarry is not to the north of the serpentine but to the southeast, and on the east side of the small creek shown on the map. This quarry is in an exceedingly coarse granite containing much orthoclase and mica, the latter crystallized, the orthoclase in the upper part kaolinized, Some crystals of the mica are more than a foot iu length and breadth, but the larger crys- tals seem very irregular, and I am informed that much of the mica was unmerchantable. The quarry has not been w'rought for years and evidently the work was not systematically conducted. Very large beryls occurred in the granite. AH the Delaware and Montgomery county outcrops close to the Laurentian are characterized by the general very dark color and great 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. hardness of the serpentines, and by the rarity of minerals, except varieties of serpentine, and asbestus, enstatite and quartz, the latter resulting from the alteration of the serpentine. At nearly all the outcrops there is evidence, and at some of them almost absolute proof, that the serpentine results from the alteration of the enstatite. Chromite, Genthite and Ripidolite occur rarely. The pseudomorphism of enstatite into serpentine may be most clearly seen at Rose's quarry on the La Fayette belt about one thou- sand feet west of the Schuylkill, where the same stratum is enstatite below, serpentine above, but rocks in process of change may be found at many of the other outcrops, especially along the great Radnor belt, also at the outcrop S. W. of Newtown Square and where the LaFayette belt crosses Darby Creek near the southwest corner of Radnor Township. It is true that Dr. T. Sterry Hunt ' contends that the origin of the serpentine and related magnesian rocks was to be found in deposits of hydrous silicates like the magnesian marls of the Paris basin and that the enstatite, etc. are derived from the serpentine. In the region under discussion, the evidence is that the enstatite and the serpentine are pseudomorplious one of the other. Inas- much as there frequently occur serpentine pseudomorphs after other minerals, in which the crystalline form of the original mineral is pres- ent, e. g., after chrysolite, enstatite, staurolite, pyroxene, hornblende, etc., while there is no evidence whatever that any of these minerals, or probably any others, except quartz, have resulted from the decom- position of serpentine, I incline to the other view. This is supported too by the mode of occurrence. The enstatite at Rose's quarry on the Schuylkill opposite LaFayette station is found at the bottom ; as the stratum rises it can be seen to be more and more changed grad- ually until, near the top, true serpentine results and the enstatite disappears. There is, throughout, evidence of ^reat pressure in a slaty structure and slickensides, proof that the forming mineral occu- pies the greater bulk, which would be the case if serpentine is the re- sulting mineral. Enstatite being a crystalline mineral would it not, if formed by dehydration from a hydrous magnesian silicate change abruptly into more or less crystalline masses rather than in the uni- formly progressive mode in Avhich we find it, whereas the latter is exactly as we should expect to find hydration occur. 1 Min. Phys. & Phys., p. 432. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 It will be instructive in this connection to quote observations of of Dr. Genth and others in regard to these and like serpentines. Speaking of tlie corundum of Chester, Mass., Dr. F. A. Genth' says : " The whole deposit lies in a talcose slate and serpentine between gneiss and mica slate in the centre of the Green Mountains." Dr. Genth ^ shows that the chromiferous and nickeliferous ser- pentines and talc slates owe their existence to the decomposition of chrysolite rocks. " In Pennsylv.inia, where the unaltered chrysolite rock has never been observed, a rock has been found which is its representative and contains the same constituents, only in different proportions. In Nortii Carolina the granular chrysolite always contains small quantities of enstatite (bronzite), in Pennsylvania on the contrary we have an enstatite (bronzite) rock containing small grains (from 5 to 10^) of chrys- olite. It is best developed at Castle Rock, Delaware county, also near Wood's Chrome Mine in Lancaster county. In all the chrysolite rocks small grains or crystals of chromite are disseminated through the mass of the rocks; in the serpentine, which has resulted from (he alteration of the chrysolite, these crystals or grains are still present and give evi- dence of the original mineral " ■* Dr. Julien * writing of the dunyte beds of Is . C.says, "the dunyte beds are everywhere and exclusively found inclosed in a stratum of hornblende gneiss black and slaty. This forms the upper layer and largely occupies the central zone of the mass of gneisses and schists entirely of types identical with those found in the White Mountains of New Hampshire." Dr. R. W. Raymond, '' speaking of the Jenks corundum mine in Macon Co., N. C, and quoting Prof. Kerr says, " This mountain tract of Laurentian rocks ^ =!^ * along the middle of the belt now specially under consideration a discontinuous line of outcrops appears at intervals from Cane creek in Mitchell county through the intervening counties of X. C. into Union county, Ga. These are called in the State Geological Report dykes of chrysolite or dunite," and adds, " I should not be surprised if future careful study of all the localities should show these chrysolite beds to be inter- calated members of the formation in which they occur." He then concludes as a result of his studies that the rock is un- doubtedly sedimentary in character, the dunyte sometimes inter- 1 Am. Phil. S.. September 19th, 1873. 2 Sill. Jour. Vol. 2, pp. 111-202. 3 Dr. Genth, Am. Phil. So., Aug. ISth, 1882, page 394. 4 Proc. Boston Soc. of Natural History, Vol. XX, p. 11, Dec. 6th, 1882. 5 Trans. Am. Inst. M. E. 1876. 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. bedded in the gneiss in large layers one to six meters in thickness and that four modes of alteration of this dunyte occur, viz. : — 1, Chalcedonic. "When all the bases have disappeared and the chalcedony remains as an exceedingly cellular mass of thin scales and plates parallel or anastomosing with the greatest irregularity, a chalcedonic schist or siliceous sinter is the result, often bearing some resemblance to a buhrstone." 2. Hornblendic. " The final result is a green actinolite rock or schist or grayish-white amphibolyte or tremolyte schist. 'x Talcose. 4. Ophiolitic. 5. Dioritic." One prominent feature of the most of the Pennsylvania outcrops above described is the abruptness of their appearance and disappear- ance, in this respect resembling far more plutonic masses than inter- stratified beds or synclinal basins. If interstratified they should be somewhat lenticular in outline. If synclinal the adjacent dips being steep as seems to be always the fact they should also show a more or less lenticular or boat-shaped outline. On the contrary, where ex- posed they often appear abruptly and end abruptly, well shown at the outcrops east and northwest of Radnor station, on the Radnor and Chester road near Darby creek, in Marple, at Blue Hill where a hill or ridge of considerable height is serpentine to the southwest bounded by Laurentian on the northwest and wholly Laurentian on the northeast, the strike of the Laurentian being nearly south, that of the hill nearly northeast and southwest.^ Nevertheless the posi- tion of the serpentine belts close to the Laurentian on the one side and with mica and hornblende schists on the other, seems to for- bid our regarding them as intrusive rocks. The subject is beset with difficulties but the theory of interbedding, notwithstanding the difficulty of explaining the want of continuity and the abrupt ap- pearance and disappearance, seems the only one tenable. It is true that the great Conshohocken trap dyke strikes almost with the adja- cent rocks, but nevertheless it does not do so exactly, its bearing west- wardly being more southerly, so that at the Schuylkill it is in the hydromica schist of the South (Chester) Valley Hill. It then cuts at a very acute angle the limestone, Potsdam and, mica schists of Cream 1 The outcrops of the Radnor-West Chester belt are on a hne nearly east and west but the outcrops themselves all cross this line bearing more N. E. and S. W. except tliat northeast of Radnor station. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OK PHILADELPHIA. 121 Valley, reaching the Laurentian at Devon, south westward of that seeming to retain no longer its rectilinear aspect. I believe, therefore, that there are in this region certainly tw'o, and perhaps four horizons of serpentine ; one in the Laurentian, a second, perhaps in, but certainly if not in, almost immediately above, the Laurentian, a third of altered schists, probably a synclinal in mica schists of the Chestnut Hill series and the fourth altered horn- blende-like rocks in the Manayunk schists. It may be that the first should be groui)ed with the second, and the third with the fourth. It would seem probable that at the close of the Laurentian period in this region magnesian silicates were abundant, possibly derived from the trap rocks so common in the Laurentian of Delaware County, or from volcanoes whose existence the trap dykes indicate ; that subsequently, portions of the rocks were eroded and probably sorted by wave action, and owing to their high specific gravity formed beds in the more recent schists similar to the magnetite beds of the Laurentian. As to the age of these schists much more must be learned before we can feel any certainty. Lithologically they are Montalban and Huronian, but if there is no fault and the sandstone at Waverly Heights and vicinity is Potsdam, the schists adjacent to the Lauren- tian are of that age or more recent. This the exposure on the Paper Mill road at Chestnut Hill seems to confirm. I have seen no evideuce of the supposed fault and much to lead me to believe that it does not exist — at least that it does not exist as an extensive fault. Minor faults are common. The belief that the Potsdam is absent west of the Schuylkill has, I believe, led to this error and to the connecting of the North (Chester) Valley Hill with the Barren Hill ridge i ; whereas they are,, apparently, as shown on the map in C*^, parts of the opposing legs of a synclinal underlying the Chester-Montgomery limestone vallev,, and my observations make the structure west of the Schuylkill almost precisely that shown in C**, at Spring Mill, viz., going northwest from the 1 -Laurentian ; 2-Rogers' altered primal ; 8-Pots- dam ; 4-limestone No. 2 of Cream Valley ; 5-Hydromica schist (South Valley Hill); 6-Limestone No. 2 (of Chester Valley) ; 7-Potsdamof 1 Prof. Lesley, Notes of the Geol. of the Schuylkill river, 1884, p. 6, says: " On the east side of the river at Spring Mills the limestone is evidently faulted against the azoic rocks of the Philadelphia belt." But the visible succession is southtast, 1-Laurentian, 2-Roger's altered primal, 3-Poisdam sand>tone, 4- limestone, 5-hydromica (with trapj, 6-limestone, 7-Potsdam northwest. 9 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. North Valley Hill, 8-Conglomerate probably lower Potsdam, 9-Lau- rentian. Nos. 2 and 8 are not on the map in C^ This would in- dicate a broad synclinal, the Laurentian at the base, the hydromica schists at the centre and the limestones of Cream Valley and of the Chester Valley identical. There is one fact not easy of explanation. The South Valley Hill on a line from Radnor station to the King of Prussia is over two miles wide and is a broad elevated table-land. Close to this line two valleys begin, draining northeastward, dividing the table-land into three hills. Of these the middle and the northernmost end west of the Gulf road, forming promontories projecting as it were into bays. East of these promontories the whole region is limestone. The southernmost division of the hill preserves its elevation and crosses the Schuylkill at Conshohocken, but it is less than half a mile in breadth. Now if the limestone were in strata nearly horizontal, we could readily ex})lain this by supposing a deposition subsequent to the ele- vation and denundation of the hydromica, but on the contrary all ob- servable dips are vertical or nearly so. This seems opposed to the theory of a simple synclinal. Is it possible that the limestone underlying the hydromica has 3Deen folded and crumpled up with it, in minute compressed anti- clinals and synclinals like that exposed on the Schuylkill below Potts Landing, that the hydromica has been removed by erosion, leaving the ridges of limestone ? This is but conjecture. The structure, however, is quite evident, and no other explanation seems to satisfy the con- .ditions. In the cut of the Pennsylvania Schuylkill Valley Railroad through the hydromica schist hill at Conshohocken, what appeared to be decomposed hydromica schist was underlaid by limestone. In this connection may be mentioned the fact that the basin of the Conshohocken Water Works, on this hill of hydromica schist, has two or three times suddenly emptied itself through holes in the bot- tom without visible outlet — easily explicable if the limestone under- lies, but difficult otherwise. If the hydromica schist overlies the limestone, then the sandstone X)n the north side of the hydromica hill, and on the south side of the Chester Valley cannot be Potsdam, as Prof Rogers, Prof Lewis and the writer supposed, but must be more recent. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 Except the Conslioliocken trap dyke, aud the numerous dykes of the Laurentian, mostly small and apparently of limited length, I have nowhere found trap in the region. I have visited the localities at which the trap is shown on the map in Vol. C* except Howellville, Delaware county, which is in Laurentian, and I believe that on Chester creek and also on Colleen brook near Darby creek a very compact gneiss has been taken for trap. In the schists and gneisses east of the porphyritic and especially in the Fairmount gneiss the granite is usually segregated, but it is prob- able that intrusive masses occur. ^ 1 2nd. Geol. Survey of Pa. Ann. Rep. 1886, IV, 1602, & plate 1570. 124 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF [1890. CATALOGUE OF THE OWLS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. BY WITHER STONE. In the following list I have not followed Mr. Sharpe's Catalogue of Birds in the arrangement of the genera and species as was done in the Catalogue of the Muscicapidre (Proc. Phila. Acad. 1889, p. 146), since his work seems to differ in this respect from most of the recent works on the subject. But, having adopted the names and arrangement of the North American species, as given in the A. 0. U. Check List, I have endeavored to interpolate the foreign genera and species in their proper places, and to make the nomenclature conform, as nearly as possible, to the code of the American Orni- thologists' Union. The total number of species and subspecies of Striges seems to be somewhat over 200 and of these the Academy collection contains 113, represented by 525 specimens including the types of 14 species. The principal individual collections to which the specimens be- long are as follows : Massena collection, covering the whole world. Gould collection, Australia. Boys collection, India. DuChaillu collection. West Africa. Prince Momfanoi collection, Siam. Pease and D'Oca collections, Mexico. Townsend collection. Western N. A. and Sandwich Islands. Cassin and Krider collections, mainly N. A. Abbott collection of skins, North America and West Indies. The majority of these were contained in the private collection of Dr. Thomas B. Wilson and w'ere presented by him to the Academy. After each species are given the localities from which the Academy has specimens. Family STRIGIDJE. Strix aluco Linn. (=/S'. Jiammea of authors.) Specimens from France and Liberia. Strix aluco javanica. (Gm.) India, specimens collected by Capt. Boys. 1890.] NATURAL SCIEXCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 Strix aluco delicatula. (Gould.) Types, from Australia, Gould's collection. Strix pratincola Bonap. 1 Specimens from Penn., N. J., N. Y., Dist. of Col. and Cal. " Strix pratincola perlata. (Lieht.) i One from Brazil and two from Nicaragua, probably the latter | belong to the race guatemalae Ridgw., but I cannot distinguish them I from the South American bird. Strix pratincola furcata. (Temm.) i Several specimens from Cuba. i Strix novae-hollandiae Steph. A series from N. and S. Australia and Is . S. Wales, Gould col- lection. Strix castanops Gould. Types of the species from Tasmania, Gould's collection. Strix tenebricosa Gould. Type of the species from Is^ew South AVales ; also one from the j Massena collection. ' Strix Candida Tick. One specimen from India. Strix capensis Smith. ; Three specimens from Cape of Good Hope. Rhodilus radius. (Horsf.) One specimen from India, Capt. Boys' collection. I Family BUBONIDAE. | Asio otus. (Linn.) A series froni Europe, Rivoli collection. Asio wilsonianus. (Less.) A series from Pennsylvania and Ncav Jersey. Asio madagascariensis. (Smith.) i One male, Madagascar. Asio capensis. (Smith.) ' Specimens from South Africa and ]\Iorocco. j Asio accipitrinus. (Pall.) i Specimens from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, California ; South America, India and France ; also one specimen from the Sandwich Islands {A. sandvicensis Blyth.) collected by J. K. Townsend, M. D. ! 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. PULSATRIX PERSriCILLATA. (Lath.) Young in various stages of plumage also adult male and female, from Brazil, Nicaragua and Jalapa, Mexico. There is also a spec- imen from Peru which seems to differ from any described phase of this species. It is uniform chocolate brown above, lighter than per- spicillata and showing a tendency to darker coloration on the head, the breast and throat are chocolate uniform with the back, the white being confined to a spot on the chin, the rest of the under sur- face is fulvous, the white spots on the wing coverts are much less marked than in perspicillata and are suffused with fulvous. Mr. Ridgway, whom I consulted about this specimen, writes me that there is in the National Museum " one specimen with no white whatever on the chin, while a large majority have no trace of white or light colored markings on the Aving coverts." I think it probable, there- fore, considering the variation in this group, that this is merely a phase of perspicillata rather than a distinct species or race. CiCCABA HULULA. (Daud.) Several specimens from South America. Cacciba nigrolineata. (Scl.) Jalapa, Mexico, from the D'Oca collection. CiCCABA VIRGATA. (CaSS.) Specimens from Mexico, Cayenne, Bogota and Trinidad, Some of the South American specimens are in all jirobability Mr. Cassin's types, but there are no data to show wdiich they are. CiCCABA SUPERCILANS. (Peltz.) Brazil. CiCCABA ALBOGULARIS. (CaSS.) Several specimens from South America including the types of the species. CiCCABA HYLOPHILA. (Temm.) Columbia and Brazil. [The species of the old genus Syrnium form a very perplexing group when a subdivision is attempted. The northern genus Sco- tiaptex is easily separable ; then there are the typical Syrniums from the more northern portions of both continents, the species varying more and more from the type as they go south. I have followed Sclater and Salvin in grouping the South American naked-toed spe- cies together in the genus Ciccaba. The African forms seem to vary in much the same way, but for convenience I have left them as well as all the other old world species in the genus Syrnium. The synonymy of the generic names which have been applied to these species seems to be considerably involved.] 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127 Syrnium nuchale Sharpe. Rivers Moonda and Ogobai, West Africa collected by DuChaillu. Syrnium woodfordi. (Smith). Cape of Good Hope. Syrnium leptogrammicum. (Temm.) Sumatra. Syrnium newarense. (Hodgs.) Malabar. Syrnium ocellatum Less. India. Syrnium sinense. (Lath.) Java. Syrnium nivicolum Hodgs. India. Syrnium stridulum. (Linn.) (^S. alaco, authors.) Specimens from France, Sweden and Algeria. Syrnium nebulosum. (Forst.) Specimens from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Syrnium uralense. (Fall.) Sweeden, from Kinberg's collection. Syrnium uralense fuscescens. (Tem. and Schl.) One specimen from Japan. SCOTIAPTEX cinereum. (Gm.) One specimen collected by J. K. Townsend in the Rocky Mts. ScoTiAPTEX cinereum lapponicum. (Retz.) One typical specimen from Russia, and another marked " Northern Europe " which is darker with considerable rufous on the hind neck. Nyctala tengmalmi. (Gm.) France. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni. (Bonap.) " Fort Resolution, HudsonBay Terr.," presented by the Smith- sonian Institution. Nyctala acadica. (Gmel.) Pennsylvania and other parts of the United States. Also one from Cassin's collection marked Bogota. Nyctalatinus harrisi (Cass.) One specimen which is in all probability the type though it bears no label Avhatever. Megascops scops. (Linn.) Specimens from France, Senegal and one from the Himalayas which seems to be identical with European specimens, though it should perhaps be referred to the race pennahis. Megascops scops capensis (Smith.) A distinct dark race represented by several specimens from Cape of Good Hope. Megascops scops hendersonii. (Cass.) Types. A male and female marked " Off Novo Redonda, came on board." These birds are smaller than any other specimens of 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Megascops in the collection and seem to constitute a distinct race. They are very bright in their markings and are much lighter on the back than South African specimens. Megascops sunia. (Hodgs.) India, Megascops elegans. (Cassin.) One specimen from Japan, type of the species. I do not think this is the bird described by Sharpe under Scops elegans from China, as his description does not suit the type before me. M. elegans seems to me to be more nearly related to M. menadensis from the Celebes. (See also Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 640.) Megascops magicus. (Miill.) A specimen from Siam is doubtfully referred to this species. Megascops magicus menadensis. (Q. & G.) Celebes. Megascops magicus leucospilus. (Gray.) India. Megascops lettia. (Hodgs.) Specimens collected in India by Capt. Boys and compared with the type by Dr. T. B. AVilson. July 1851. Megascops lempiji. (Horsf.) Specimens from Java, Borneo and India. Megascops rufescens. (Horsf.) Specimens from Sumatra. Megascops sagittatus. (Cassin.) Three specimens from Malacca, types of the species. Megascops leucotis. (Temm.) Four specimens from Fazogloa. This is a very distinct species and reminds one of an Indian Bubo in miniature. Megascops asio. (Linn.) Series from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Megascops asio maccallii. (Cass.) One immature bird from New Mexico. Megascops asio semitorques. (Schl.) Specimens from Japan. Megascops brasilianus. (Gm.) Series from Cayenne, Brazil, etc. Megascops brasilianus Guatemala e (Sharpe) ? Several specimens doubtfully referred to this race. Megascops brasilianus ustus. (Scl.) Specimens from Peru and Columbia. Megascops brasilianus watsoni. (Cassin.) Type of the species from Orinoco. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 Megascops barbarus. (Scl. and Salv.) One darkly colored specimen from Mexico. There is another INfegascops (No. 2442) from Panama, reddish- brown above with very fine transverse markings, and marked below with rufous cross bars, very fine and very close together so as to appear nearly uniform on the breast. This specimen does not agree well with any described phase, but is perhaps related to barbarus. Megascops cooperi. (Ridgway.) One specimen agreeing well with Mr. Ridgway's description and easily distiuguished by the bristly toes from any member of the brasilianus group to which it approaches in coloration. LoPHOSTRix CRiSTATA. (Daud.) Four specimens from Cayenne representing both phases of plum- age. SCOTOPELIA PELI. Bp. One immature specimen from W. Africa collected by DuChaillu. Ketupa ceylonensis. (Gm.) Specimens from Bengal and two from Capt. Boys' collection. Ketupa javensis Less. Specimens from Java, Sumatra and India. Bubo bubo. (Linn.) France and Switzerland. Bubo virginianus. (Gm.) Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Bubo virginianus subarcticus. (Hoy.) Specimens from Iowa and California and also the type taken in Wisconsin, presented by Dr. Hoy. Bubo virginianus magellanicus. (Gm.) Specimens from South America. Bubo mexicanus. (Gm.) Specimens from Cayenne. Bubo bencjalensis. (Frank.) India. Collected by Capt. Boys. Bubo ascalaphus Sav. Morocco and Egypt. Bubo capensis Smith. Cape of Good Hope. Bubo maculosus. (Vieill.) Cape of Good Hope. Bubo cinerascens Guer. Fazogloa. Bubo lacteus. (Temm.) Senegal, W. Africa. Bubo coromandus. (Lath.) India, collected by Capt. Boys. Bubo nipalensis Hodgs. Himalayas. Bubo orientalis. (Horsf ) India and Java. 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Bubo leucostictus Hartl. Moonda river, W. Africa, collected by DuChaillu. Nyctea nyctea. (Linn.) Specimens from New Jersey, and some from northern Europe. Surnia ulula. (Linn.) Europe. SuRNiA ULULA CAPAROCH. (Miill.) Nova Scotia. Speotyto cunicularia. (Molina.) Bolivia and Peru. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. (Bonap.) Specimens from California, Oregon and New Mexico. Speotyto cunicularia floridana. Ridgw. One specimen from the west coast of Florida. Gymnasio nudipes. (Daud.) Two specimens from St. Thomas, W. I. Gymnasio lawrencil (Scl. & Salv.) Cuba. Athene noctua. (Scop.) France and Algeria. Athene brama. (Temm.) India. NiNOX LUGUBRis. (Tick.) India. NiNOX scuTELLATA. (Raffl.) Sumatra. NiNOX BOOBOOK. (Lath.) S. and W. Australia, from Gould's collection. NiNOX novae-zealandiae. (Gm.) New Zealand. NiNOx maculata. (Vig. & Horsf.) Tasmania. NiNox PUNCTULATA. (Q. & G.) Celebes. NiNOX CONNIVENS. (Lath.) New South Wales. Gould's collection. NiNOX STRENUA. (Gould.) Types of the species from New South Wales, Gould's collection. Also the type of Athene rufa Gould, which seems to be a phase of this species, from Pt. Essingtou, North Australia. Glaucidium passerinum. (Linn.) France. Glaucidium gnoma. Wagl. California and Washington Territory. Glaucidium pumilum. (Temm.) Two specimens, one from S. America and the other with no local- ity. These are the specimens described by Ridgway, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, pp. 97 and 98. Glaucidium siju D'Orb. Cuba. Glaucidium nanum. (King.) South America. Glaucidium jardinii. (Bonap.) New Grenada and Brazil including the types of G. langshergii Ridgw. (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, p. 98). Dr. Wilson's name is written " lanshergii " on the stands. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 Glaucidium phalaenoides. (Daud.) A large series of specimens in both phases of plumage, varying in both size and coloration. Glaucidium bkodiei. (Burton.) India. Glaucidium perlatum. (Vieill.) Senegal and South Africa. Glaucidium radiatum. (Tick.) Himalayas. Glaucidium castanopterum. (Horsf.) Java. Glaucidium cuculoides. (Gould.) India. MiCROPALLAS WHITNEYI. (CoOpcr.) One specimen from Arizona, presented by the Philadelphia Zoo- logical Society. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. GEOLOGY OF ARTESIAN WELLS AT ATLANTIC CITY, N. J. BY LEWIS WOOLMAN. During the past three years there have been drilled for the Con- sumers' Water Company at Atlantic City, IST. J., four artesian wells. These are of various depths as will be more particularly noticed further on. As the work progressed I have been studying it from a geological stand-point, believing that a careful record of the succession of strata penetrated and of their included fossils would, in connection with information yet to be obtained by developments at other localities, lead to valuable results. Among these would be the construc- tion of a true vertical section across the State from Camden to the sea, showing the amount of dip and the thickness of each of the various Quaternary (?), Miocene, Eocene and Cretaceous beds includ- ing also the determination of the number and location of the different water-bearing strata. "Whatever results have been arrived at, their attainment is due primarily to the co-operation of three members of the company, Dr. T. K. Reed, Jos. H. Borton and F. Helmsley, who have afforded every facility for geological investigation. Credit is also due J. H. Moore, contractor for the first three wells and P. H. & J. Conlin, con- tractors for the fourth well, for much information and for the care they and their assistants have taken to preserve specimens every few feet. These they placed in small dairy salt sacks with Dennison's shipping tags attached, on which they marked the depth and description of material. In scientific circles thanks are due Prof A. Heilprin for valuable assistance in paleontology and geology, to C. Henry Kain and his co-laborer, E. A. Schultze, for authoritative identification of diatoms, to Dr. D. B. Ward of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., for photo-micro- graphs of the same which have aided the author in their study, and to C. L. Peticolas of Richmond, Va., for cleaning and separating the diatoms from numerous specimens of earths. Well No. 1 is situated at the S. E. corner of ]\Iichigan and Arctic Avenues ; the other wells are grouped within a radius of 100 feet of each other upon a knoll within the meadows about one-fourth of a mile nearly N. W. of No. 1. Well No. 1 was sunk to a depth approximating 1150 feet. At about 1100 feet a plentiful supply of fresh water flowed to five feet 1890.] NATURAL SCIKNCICS OF PHILADELrHIA. 133 or more above the surface. This water since 1887 has been furnished through street mains to many hotels and cottages. Well No. 2 was a))audoned at 325 feet, on account of an accident. Well No. 3 was then sunk to 1400 feet, or lower, but without success in obtaining water. Drilling was suspended at this point and the pipe is now being withdrawn in the hope of developing some of the water strata that were undoubtedly passed through probably in a partially closed condition.^ These three Avells were bored by the process usually used in rock countries by means of the drill and sand pump. The succeeding well. No. 4, was put down by the hydraulic method in Avhich the drill has a hollow body with perforations near the cutting end. To this drill, as the work proceeds, are added section after section of tubing. Down this tubing water is forced by pressure through the per- forations above noted and rising between the tube and the casing flows out at the top, continually carrying mixed Avith it the loosened material from the bottom in finely divided form. This process is much used along the New Jersey coast and is well adapted to soft strata and where no solid rock occurs. In well No. 4, water flowing above the surface was found at 328, 406, 429 and 554 feet. By pumping, the 328 feet level yielded about 50 gallons a minute, but the 406 feet, only about five gallons. The water from each of these, although fresh at first, proved salty on being pumped and these strata were therefore cased off. Owing to the toughness of the clay, the pipe — a ten-inch one — could not be driven further than 424 feet ; the boring was therefore continued without casing, the walls remaining intact W'ithout such support until a total depth of 578 feet was reached. In sand at 429 to 430 feet, a very small flow of fresh water Avas obtained, but at 554 to 560 feet a gray water-bearing sand was pierced, from which, I am informed, there flowed 50 gallons a minute. By pumping, this yield was at once increased to 150 gallons, and afterwards to 200 gallons. This water has now been pumped several weeks. It proves pure and fresh and is pleasant to the taste. From well No. 3, there were preserved 184 specimens of earth from as many different depths. These were comj^ared with a care- fully kept record of strata furnished by J. H. Moore and the upper ' As this article was going to press information was received that a water- bearing stratum was opened at about 720 feet that flowed 10 gallons a minute. 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. part collated with 37 additional specimens from well No. 4. From this the accompanying section has been constructed, which it is believed is an accurate representation and grouping of strata. Upon the left is a minute description of the various changes in material copied verbatim from a record furnished by J. H. Moore, with the insertion, however, in brackets of the depths of the various water-bearing hoi'izons, as learned from the development of the other wells. Upon the right the section is subdivided so as to show the grouping of the strata into larger beds having certain characteristic features. For convenience, each of these is marked by a letter, and a corresponding letter heads each paragraph relating to the same in the succeeding detailed description. A — Underneath 30 feet of ordinary beach sand there exists 15 feet of blue nuid. This was probably the bottom of an old thoroughfare or channel. It contains the usual shells of the coast, the oyster, the clam and the scallop, and also one single minute organism belonging to the foraminifera and identical with the only living species — a No7iionina^no\\ found on the beach. B — Beneath this is a series of sands and gravels 220 feet in thick- ness, varying from whitish to yellow in color and alternating from very fine sand to very coarse gravel. At 84 to 116 feet and again at 228 feet, these gravels exhibit pebbles containing fossils that show them to be of Devonian and Silurian origin. Similar fossiliferous pebbles are plentiful at Straf- fordville north of Tuckerton, and also in the cuts of both the Camden and Atlantic and the Reading Railroads, at about 14 miles from Atlantic City. All of these localities are about 60 feet above tide. Certain yellow gravels and sands at 135 to 160 feet, may be seen apparently matched on a hill N. E. of EUwood, 120 feet above tide and 21 miles distant. Specimens from the hill and the well are quite undistinguishable. These data indicate a dip of from 12 to not over 15 feet per mile for these gravels. The gravels and underlying white sands of this section are the same respectively as are referred to in the New^ Jersey survey reports as the yellow- gravels and the glass sands. The former have been named by Prof. H. Carvill Lewis, the Glassboro gravels. They are spread over the Atlantic seaboard in this and other States southward and are re- garded by many geologists as Quaternary in age. This section terminates in the well at about 265 feet. \ 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 C — The dci)th last named marks the passage from these nearly hor- izontal Quaternary strata to the commencement of a long series of INIiocene beds with slightly increased dip. The uppermost bed of this series consists of 118 feet of reddish-brown sand ranging from light to dark in color. It contains a dark clay seam at 289 feet and another at 320 feet described as "green clay;" each of these is about 5 feet thick; from beneath the latter the first flow already noted in well No. 4, was obtained. This red sand bed contains wood throughout that was continually brought up by the hydraulic process in very small fragments, otherwise it is nonfossiliferous. D — Below these red sands, or from 383 to 658 feet, occurs the most remarkable development of diatomaceous clays yet discovered in the Avorld, being 275 ^ feet in vertical extent. Excepting a few pure sand beds, not over from one to ten feet in thickness, this entire horizon is more "or less made up of this low order of microscopic plants. As might be expected the diatoms of this deposit are marine forms. Associated with the diatoms are also a number of sponge spicules, many of them of the pin-head forms that are characteristic of salt water sponges. At 540 feet were fouufl a few clam and other shells in fragments, but so worn and broken as to be unidentifiable si^ecifically. One, however, was either a Modiola or a Mytilus. This deposit is already especially interesting to microscoj)ists, and will become increasingly so until it will attain world-wide publicity. On this account a minute description is here inserted : — 383 to 390, Clay ; 1 t.- i • j- o<.A * '>ni o 'i 1 -^ ^ich in diatoms exce])t the sand 390 to 391, band, pure white ; )■ '■ 391 to 406, Clay. j '^^'^^■' 406 to 410, Gray sand — No diatoms. 410 to 429, Clay — Moderately rich in diatoms. 429 to 430, Dark sand — No diatoms. 430 to 480, Clay — Diatoms associated with about 5 forms of for- aminifera and much comminuted shell. 480 to 510, Sandy clay — Moderately diatomaceous. 510 to 535, Clay — Very rich in diatoms. 1 Since the preparation of the section, diatoms have been noticed, though very sparingly, in the next lower 20 feet. This would increase the total thickness of the diatom beds to nearly 300 feet. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1^<90. 535 to 554, Sandy clay — Moderately rich in diatoms. 554 to 560, Clear gray sand — No diatoms. AVater bearing stratum. Kan 4. K^K Altei'nations of pure clays) ^r i r ^ obO to 575, ^ •' > More or less diatomaceous. and sandy clays. ) 575 to 600, Sandy clays — Moderately diatomaceous. 600 to 620, Brown clay — Rich in diatoms. 620 to 632, Brown clay — Diatoms in greatest abundance. 632 to 658, Chocolate clay and comminuted shell. Poorly diatoma- ceous. The forms from the richest portions at 400, 525 and 625 feet, have been most carefully observed under the microscope and identi- fied by C. Henry Kain and E. A. Schultze. They have determined 149 species which are distributed among 49 genera. This includes a number of new species, named, described and figured by them in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.^ They are indicated in the following enumeration which includes all so far listed. There will probably, however, be a few forms yet to add. Forms marked rare, are of rare occurrence in the well and not necessarily so elsewhere. AcTiNOCYCLUS Ehrenbergii, Ralfs. AcTiNOCYCLus suBTiLis, (Grev.) Ralfs. AcTiNOCY'CLUs iNTERPUNCTATus, Bright. Rare. AcTiNOCYXLus Ralfsii, W. Sm. AcTiNoDiscus Atlanticus, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. ACTINOPTY'CHUS aREOLATUS, Ehr. ACTINOPTYXHUS GrUNDLERI, A. S. AcTiNOPTY^CHUS SPLENDENS, (Ehr.) Grun. AcTiNOPTYCHUs ujsTDULATus, Ehr. var. Halion YX, Grun. Several varieties. AcTiNOPTYCHus VULGARIS, Schumau, var. ViRGiNiCA, Grun. Several varieties. Amphitetras minuta, Grev. Rare. Anaulus birostratus, Grun. Very rare. ASTEROLAMPRA Mary'landica, Ehr. AuLACODiscus Crux, Ehr. Two varieties. Aulacodiscus Petersii, Ehr. AuLACODiscus SoLLiTTiANus, Norman. AuLiscus Caballi, a. S. AuLiscus CffiLATUs, Bailey. iVol. xvi, pp. 71 to 76 and pp. 207 to 210; Plates LXXXIX., XCII., and XCIII. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137 AuLiscus PRUiNOSUS, Bailey. AuLiscus (Glyphodiscus ?) spiNosus, Christian. BiDDULPiiiA AURiTA, (Lyngb.) Breb. Biddulphia alternans, Christian. BiDDULPHiA Baileyi, W. Sm. Biddulphia Brittoniana, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. Biddulphia Cookiana, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. Biddulphia Woolmanii, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. Biddulphia decipiens, Gruu. Rare. Biddulphia elegantula, Grev. Biddulphia pulchella, Gray. Rare. Biddulphia rhombus, (Ehr.) W. Sm. Biddulphia seticulosa, Grun. Biddulphia Tuomeyi, Bailey. Biddulphia turgida, (Ehr.) W. Sm. Biddui>phia longispina, Grun. Biddulphia Weissflogii, Grun. Cerataulus (Californicus ? var.) n. sp., Kain & Schultze. CoccoNEMA LANCEOLATUM, Ehr. Rare. GosciNODiscus Argus, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS ASTEROMPHALUS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS CONCAVUS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS ECCENTRICUS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS ELONGATUS, Grun. COSCINODISCUS EXCAVATUS, Grev. Several varieties. COSCINODISCUS (ilGAS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS ISOPORUS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS Lewisianus, Grev. Rare. COSCINODISCUS lineatus, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS Nottinghamensis, Grun. Rare. COSCINODISCUS OcuLus Iridis, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS PERFORATUS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS RADIATUS, Ehr. COSCINODISCUS RHOMBicus, Castracane. COSCINODISCUS ROBUSTUS, Grev. COSCINODISCUS SENARIUS, A. S. COSCINODISCUS SYMMETRicus, Grev. Cestodiscus ovalis, Grev. Cestodiscus RHOMBICUS, Grev. Ch.etoceros (didymus ? Ehr.) 10 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Craspedodiscus coscinodiscus, Ehr. Craspedodiscus coscinodiscus var. Nankookensis, Grun. Cyclotella operculata, Kutz. Cymatopleura solea, W. i^m. DiCLADIA CAPREOLUS, Ehr. DiSCOPEEA PHYSOPLEA, Ehr. DiMEREGRAMMA NovA C^SAREA, 11. sp., Kaiii & Schultze. DiMEREGRAMMA NovA CiESAREA var. OBTUSA, 11. var., Kaiii & Schultze. DiMEREGRAMMA FULYUM, (Greg) Ralfs. Epithemia Gibba, (Ehr.) Kutz. Rare. Ethmodiscus? sp? Castracane. Eucampia Virginica, Grun. Rare. EuNOTiA monodon, Ehr. Two varieties. EuNOTiA ROBUSTA, (Ehr.) Ralfs. Several varieties. EuNOTiA Americana, ii. sp., Kain & Schultze. EupoDiscus Argus, Ehr. Eupodiscus radiatus, Bailey. E^UPODiscus RoGERSii, Ehr. Varieties with 3, 4 & 5 processes. Eupodiscus sp. ? GONIOTHECIUM OBTUSUM, Ehr. GONIOTHECIUM ODONTELLA, Ehr. 'GONIOTHECIUM RoGERSII, Ehr. Grammatophora SERPENTINA, Ehr. var. Ra»e. Hemiaulus affinis, Grun. Hemiaulus bipons, (Ehr.) Grun. Hemiaulus polycistinorum, Ehr. Huttonia Reichardtii, Grun. var. Hyalodiscus l.evis, Ehr. Hyalodiscus Stelliger, Bailey=(PoDOSiRA maculata, W. Sm.) LiRADiscus MiNUTus, Grev. Mastogonia Actinoptychus, Ehr, Mei,osira sulcata, (Ehr.) Kutz. Plagiogramma Gregorianum, Grev. Pleurosigma Virginiacum, Peticolas. Pleurosigma, Sp. ? Fragments of a very large form allied to P. angulatum. PsEUD-AULiscus RADIATUS, Bailey. Pyxidicula cruciata, Ehr, Rhabdonema Atlanticum, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 Raphidodiscus Febicjerii, T. Christiau. Rhaphoneis gemmifera, Ehr. Rhaphoneis amphiceros, Ehr. Rhaphoneis Belgica, Grun. Rhaphoneis fluminensis, Grun, Rhaphoneis scalaris, Ehr. Rhizosolenia Americana, Ehr. Rhizosolenia styliformis, Bright. SCEPTRONEIS CADUCEUS, Ehr. Sceptroneis gemmata, Grun. Stephanogonia Actinoptychus, Ehr. Stephanogonia polygona, Ehr. Stephanopyxis apiculata, Ehr. Stephanopyxis ferox, (Grev.) Ralfs. Stephanopyxis Corona, (Ehr.) Grun. Stephanopyxis Grunowii, Grove & Sturt. Stephanopyxis limbata, Ehr. Rare. Stephanopyxis Turris, (Grev.) Ralfs. Stictodiscus Buryanus, Grev. Stictodiscus Kittonianus, Grev. SuRiRELLA Fe^igerii, Lewis. Tabulina testudo, J. Brun. Terpsinoe intermedia, Grun. var. Triceratium American um, Ralfs. Triceratium condecorum, Bright. Triceratium Ehrenbergii, Grun. Triceratium Ehrenbergii, (Discoplea undulata, Ehr.) Triceratium Fisherii, A. S. Triceratium Heilprinianum, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. Triceratium Kainii, n. sp., Schultze. Triceratium indentatum, n. sp., Kain & Schultze. Triceratium Kainii, Schultze, var. constrictum, Kain & Schultze, n. var. Triceratium Marylandicum, Bright. Triceratium obtusum, Ehr. Triceratium robustum, Grev. Triceratium semicirculare. Bright. = (Euodia Bright- WELLii, Ralfs.) Triceratium spinosum, Bailey. Triceratium Solenoceros, Ehr. Rare, Triceratium tessellatum, Grev. Triceratium undulatum, Ehr. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Tryblionella Hantzschiana, Grim. Tryblionella scutellum, W. Sm. Many of the forms are found everywhere from top to base of this section. Among these Meloslra sulcata is one of the most frequent. Others are found predominating only at certain horizons ; among these may be noticed a beautiful iridescent, many-rayed disc form, Act'in- ocyclus Ehrenbergii which is chai'acteristically abundant at 625 feet ; it occurs sparingly at 525 feet but is scarcely if at all seen at 400 feet. At about 525 feet the genus Rhaphoneis, an elongated form, occurs more frequently than elsewhere and in many varieties. Associated ■with it at this same depth are a number of rare forms heretofore found only in this country in an Artesian well at Cambridge, Md., at a depth of 275 feet, and again in a well at Fortress Monroe at a depth of 558 feet. The general resemblance seen in strewn mounts from Cambridge and Atlantic City is so great as to suggest an exact identity of strata. More light, however, will be needed to definitely settle this point. Respecting Rhapho7ieis, the variety of forms grading almost insensibly from one to the other is so great that it is possible to so arrange a dozen or more side by side in a line that differences are not readily appreciable except by skipi:)ing over ijitermediate forms and comparing those some distance apart. In fact, T. Christian has shown me a slide containing 16 such forms from the Cambridge well, and C. Henry Kain has remarked respecting these same forms at Atlantic City, that they " present such variations of structure as to suggest the advisability of decreasing the number of species usually considered as belonging to this genus." There is a curious anomaly in connection with a newly described elongated species, Biddulphia Brittoniana, found at 525 feet. In this the two frustules composing one individual and usually present- ing their convex sides outward, have never been observed in that manner, but instead, two frustules separated from different individuals are found with their convex sides inward and fastened together by the interlocking of curiously hooked seta; at both ends of each frustule. At 425 feet five foraminiferal forms are associated with the diatoms. After chemical treatment of earth from this depth for the cleaning and sej^aration of the diatoms one species of foraminifera, a Textularia remained intact in the form of a siliceous infernal cast — the shell having been destroyed bv the acids used. 1890.] NATURAL SCIKNCES OP^ PHILADELPHIA. 141 In the sands interbedded between these diatoniaceous clays occur the three lower of the water-producing strata noticed in connec- tion with well No. 4. The upper one as before stated proved un- satisfactory ; the middle gave but a scanty flow, and the lower yielded an abundant supply of water. In a letter received by the writer from the late Prof. George H. Cook he says : " I have written the well contractors and also marked on a geological map the location and dip of strata and the depth and location of the wells on the water-bearing stratum from which Atlantic City may reasonably hope to get a supply of good water and have assured them that it should be carefully looked for at 530 to 600 feet below sea level," and in a letter to a member of the com- pany he named 577 feet as the probable depth. This came very close to the fact as was afterwards realized. In the letter to the writer just quoted he states "that the bored Avells at Barnegat, Harvey Cedars, Weymouth, May's Landing and Pleasant Mills have all the same quality of water, have passed through similar strata, and are on a dip of 25 feet per mile." Assuming as probable that the wells at Pleasant Mills and well No. 4 at Atlantic City draw from the same stratum, and measuring the distance between the two locations at right angles to lines drawn through each parallel to the trend of the cretaceous strata we have 22 miles. The well at Pleasant Mills is of 34 feet depth below tide. This would make the dip for at least the upper })ortion of the Miocene beds 23 to 24 feet per mile, thus harmonizing wdth the views of the late State Geologist. E — Beneath the diatomaceous clays and occupying the next 103 feet, or from 658 to 761 feet, occurs a series of fossiliferous beds as fol- lows : Chocolate clay, comminuted shell, slightly diatomaceous. See foot- note page 135. 19 f 5 ft. Green marl full of shelly 677 to 700. Fossil ^' 8 ft. Sandy clay full of shell [- . . 23 [ 10 ft. Light sand full of shell j 8 ft. Coarse gravel & sand nonfossiliferous "\ 6 ft. Quicksand nonfossiliferous ^ 26 12 ft. Dark chocolate clay nonfossiliferous 3 „^„ , -^ ., f 4 ft. Sandv marl and shell ) „. /26to iOi. lossili^_» ^ ' 1 VI 1 n ( • • ^^ (. 27 ft. Green marl with shell ) Tough clav mixed with gravel . . 4 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. These beds are probably the same as the Pliocene shell out- crops at Shiloh and Jericho near Bridgetou, N. J. The lower of the two fossil horizons within this section showing some of the rarer forms found at these localities. The species found here will be again re- ferred to in connection with those from greater depth. F — The next interval of 83 feet is occupied by sands, the upper 73 feet being reddish-brown in color and much like those above the diatom beds and the lower 13 feet being a gray micaceous quicksand. G — Between 844 to 955 feet are included a clay and a marl bed as follows : 844 to 905. Fossil {^^^^■^"^^^?°^'^*^"^'^y' | ... 61 i a fesv fossils at 875 feet. ) r Green marl ; lower 2 feet a bed of pon-"^ 905 to 955. Fossil < derous oysters so broken by the drill ^ . 55 C as to be undeterminable as to species. ) H — The next section from 955 to 1095 feet covers 140 feet of pecu- liar greenish-yellow sands with many streaks of loam of the same color. It contains barnacles throughout, indicating a shallow sea. This was further corroborated by a few shallow water mollusks at about 1000 feet. I — From 1095 to 1225 a series of 130 feet includes two marl beds and is best described thus : 1095 to 1126, { Dark greenish-gray clay ; j ^ ^ 3^ ( abundance of foraminitera. j 1126 to 1146, Dark green marl. 20 1146 to 1170, Dark green marly clays 24 1170 to 1225, Fossil, | ^^^^ ^^^'^^ S'^^" ""'^'^ ' ^''"''^'^'' ] 55 L granulata ?it IISO feet. ) From this point downward, as far as the boring continued, to 1,400 feet or thereabout, is one continuous bed of tough clay, light to dark slate in color and containing multitudes of foraminifera especially in the lighter colored clays. There are also from this bed a few mollusks and quite a number of specimens of deep sea corals belonging to the genus Flaeocyathus very similar to an undescribed form from the Miocene deposits of San Domingo and now in the Academy's collection. The life forms of this division indicate a deepening sea. The fora- minifera very closely resemble species described in 1846, by d'Orbigny from the Miocene clays around Vienna. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143 Forms representing at least 14 genera occur in all the clays be- low 1,095 feet while about five of the same generic forms have been observed between 430 to 480 feet. The genera are as follows : — Nodosaria, Dentalina, Cristellaria, Robulina, Nonionina, Rota- Una, Rosa/lna, Bulemlna, Uvigerlna, Amphistigina, Guttulina, Bil- oculina, Triloculina and Textularia. It now remains to enumerate the fossils, excepting the microscopic , ones already listed. Although generally in very fragmentary con- dition, it has been possible to name 82 species of mollusks, exclusive of 8 forms determinable by genera only. Besides the mollusks there were representatives of eleven other life forms, among them a few varieties of corals and a bone belonging to an animal of the crocodilian order. Identifications of all the fossils, excepting the microscopic, have been very kindly made by Prof. A. Heilprin. Specimens obtained from both wells No. 1 and No. 8 are included. In those from No. 3 the depth where each was found is given ; in No. 1 this is not known. Of the 41 molluscan forms from well No. 1 and noted in the Academy's Proceedings for 1889, all but 12 were again found in well No. 3. The list is as follows : Anomia probably ephippium. Arca centexaria. A RCA subrostrata, 682. Arca (idonea?) Arca lienosa, 725. Arca plicatura. Artemis acetabulum. ASTARTE obruta, 682. ASTARTE PERPLANA, 700. AsTAKTE Thomasii, 875. AsTARTE CUNEIFORMIS, 695. AsTARTE compsonema, 725, 875. Amphidesma subreflexa, 750. Cardita granulata, 682, 750, 885, 1180. Cardita arata. Cardium creticuloides "I or LEPTOPLEURA, j Cardium laqueatum, 700. Corbula cuneata, 750. Corbula idonea, 700. 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. CORBULA ELEVATA, 752. CORBULA SP. ? 900. Chama congregata, 700, 750. Crassatella melina. Cytherea 8P.? DONAX VARIABILIS. . GOULDIA LUNULATA Or AsTARTE, 1350. LUCINA TRISULCATA, 752. LUCINA CRENULATA, 752, 875, 1350. LlTCINA FOREMANI, 695-730. Mactra lateralis, 682, 752. Mytiloconcha incurva. Mytilus incrassatus, 682, 752. Mysia acclinis, 752. nucula 0bliqua=proxima, 730. Ne^ra sp., 1335. OsTREA Mauricensis, 682. (182,725. I OSTREA sp., ^^ 955^ jQ()Q I Pecten Madisonius, 682, 750. Pecten Humphreysii, 677, 700. Pecten vicenarius. Pecten Marylandica, 726, 1000. Pecten comparilis. Pectunculus parilis, 726. Pectunculus lentiformis, 752. Perna maxillata, 682, 750. Saxicava arctica, 740. Tellina subreflexa. Tellina declivis, 752. YoLDiA or Leda, 752. VoLvuLA or Bulla, 1380. Venus altilaminata 682, 730. Venus sp.? 687, 750. DiSCINA lugubris, Cerithium sp.? 875. CoLUMBELLA (AmYCLA) COMMUNIS, 740. Cylichna sp. ? Crepidula sp. ? 690, 750. Dentalium sp. ? 690. Proc.AcHd.Nat.Sci.Phila. 1390. Plate I. "fllsbry del. PILSBRY ON AEROPE AND PUPA. 1890.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 145 i Dentalium dentalis, 1400. 1 FuLGUR Shiloiiensis, 730. FuLGUR sp.? G82, 750, 875. ; Fusus devexa, 726. | Murex Shilohensis, 730. Natica catenoides, 677, 756, 875. Natica duplicata, 690, 750. ' Neptunea migrans, 875. '• Neptunea sp. ? 730. Oliva canaliculata,=Carolinensis, 695, 726. PeRISTERNIA FILICATA, 730. Pleurotoma Marylandica, 890. \ Pleurotoma pseudeburnea, 740. T/\ ' Pleurotoma limatula ? 875. - ^ ' Petaloconchus sculpturatus, 1000. \ Turritella Cumberlandia, 682. ! turritella ^quistriata, 752. ' Turritella plebeia, 677. Turritella indenta ? Turritella secta, 875, 900, 1400. Turbinella Woodi. Tritia trivitata, 726, 875. Tritia peralta, 875. Tritia obsoleta. Trochita centralis, 695, 750. Turbo eboreus, 750. Terebra indenta, 730. Terebra simplex, 690, 730. r Placocyathus. Coral -| AsTREA. ( Dendrophy'llia. f Lamna tooth. „. , Odontaspis tooth. h ish -' _ , Mylobates tooth. I Fish scale. Gavial — Tooth. Crocodilian Bone — Femur or humerus. EcHiNoiD spines. OpERCULA of GASTEROPODS. Crustaceans | Manacles, Balanus ( Crab's claws. 11 146 PROCEEDIN(iS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Of the molluscan forms named above whose depth is known, 54 were from the two fossiliferous beds included between 677 and 757 feet. Of these 37 were found in the lower of the two divisions — 10 of these and 17 others making together 27, Avere found in the upper of the two divisions. Of the forms in both divisions, 26 have been found at Shiloh and Jericho, and include several species especially characteristic of these localities and j^robably belong to the same bed. Five of the above and nine others wei'e found at 875 feet, viz : — ASTARTE ThOMASII. AsTARTE CoMPSONEMA. Also at 725 feet. Cardita granulata. Also 677 to 757 and below. Cerithium. CORBULA. FULGUR. LiTciNA CRENULATA. Also 757 and below. Lyrosoma sulcosa. Also lower. Natica catenoides. Also 677 to 756. i^eptunea migrans. Pleurotoma Marylandica. Pleurotoma limatula. Also lower. TURRITELLA SECTA. 'Tritia trivittata. Also 725. The following three shallow water species were obtained at about 1000 feet in association with Balanus. OSTREA. Pecten Marylandica. Petalaconchas sculpturatus. Cardita granulata occurred at 1180 feet also at 875 feet and in both divisions of the horizon, between 677 to 757 feet. In the tough clay bed below 1335 feet were the following: Dentalium dentalis. GOULDIA LIMATULA Or AsTARTE. LuciNA CRENULATA. Also higher. Ly^rosoma sulcosa. Also at 875. Ne^era sp. ? Pecten comparilis. turritella secta. VoLVULA or Bulla. To these should be added the coral (Placocyathus) before noted. 1890.] XATUKAL .SCIEXCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 The evidence as to the sections from .383 feet to 1225 feet, Avhere the bottom of the very dark green marl bed is reached, is preponder- atingly in favor of Miocene age for these strata. In view of the lack of distinctive Eocene fossils below that depth the occurrence of Placocyathns and the still decided Miocene aspect of the few molluscan remains, it may be concluded that the boring has not yet passed through the Miocene. The occurrence of Turritella plebeia and Pecten Hwnphreysii in these wells, and of Turritella plebeia in a well at Cape May Point at a dejith of about 400 feet, would indicate for the u])per portion a INIiddle INIiocene age, while all below would be Lower iNIiocene. Reference has already been made to the dip of the yellow gravel and of the diatomaceous clays, the latter being placed at 23 to 24 feet per mile. The shell marl at Shiloh outcrops about 60 feet above tide, and the distance between parallel lines of strike for Shiloh and the well'i^ 35 miles. The bottom of what is probably the correspond- ing shell stratum in the well is at 757 feet. A calculation ])ased on these data gives 23 feet to the mile as the dip for the Shiloh beds. The water from Winslow well, and from Atlantic City Well No. 1 at 1100 feet, are of the same quality as proved by analysis. This favors their being from the same stratum. Winslow is distant 30 miles and the depth of the well thei-e below tide is 215 feet. Based on these figures the dip of strata in that portion of the well is 29 to 30 feet per mile ; this increase of dip is probal)ly correct. In fact when we take into consideration the greater thickness seaward of the sands and clays in the lower jiortions of the well, together with the oscillations of sea level as shown by the character of the fossils, these being alternately shallow sea and deep sea forms, it is quite likely we shall yet find a still greater increase of dip for the base of the Miocene. The results of this examination indicate a greater thickness for the Miocene deposits of the southern part of the State than has generally been held by geologists, and as a consequence increases the heretofore estimated dip of the underlying Cretaceous and Eocene beds in that section of the State. These INIiocene shell and diatom l)eds are no doubt closely related to beds of similar character and of the same age in Maryland and Virginia. The author is not however at present able to trace any one stratum continuously. The diatomaceous clays at Atlantic City occur above beds containing Perna, while in the States just named similar clays occur below Perna beds. That there are several Perna beds would seem to be the solution of this problem. This however remains vet to be demonstrated. 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. April 1. Mr. Thomas Meehan, Vice-President, in the chair. One hundred and twelve persons present. The deaths of John Jordan Jr. and Frederick Graff, members, were announced. Mr. Theo. D. Rand gave before the ]Mineralogical and Geological Section the substance of his paper on " The Serpentines of South- eastern Pennsylvania, " with lantern illustrations. April 8. Mr. Gavin W. Hart in the chair. Seveliteen persons present. April 15. The President, Dr. Joseph Leidy, in the chair. Twenty-nine persons present. Variatio7is in Bidimus exilis. — Dr. Benjamin Sharp called attention to two varieties of Bnlimus exilis which he had found on the islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica. One variety was charac- terized by broad dark brown bands, which run parallel with the coil of the shell ; while the other was peculiar in possessing small and very faint bands, which in many specimens were entirely absent. The banded variety was found to be common in Guadeloupe, while the bandless one was rare. In Dominica, which is separated from Guadeloupe by a channel of only twenty-three miles, the banded variety was very rare, while the light or loandless one was compara- tively common, although individuals were by no means so common in Dominica as in Guadeloupe. He spoke of the probable cause of the variation and suggested that it was due to some environ- mental action. The island of Dominica being wholly of volcanic origin, w^ould produce a different kind of food from the Grande Terre portion of Guadeloupe, which in formation is purely coral. It was on this portion of Guadeloupe that the specimens of B. exilis were collected. It is known that Dominica has mauy species and some genera of plants that are peculiar to the island, and this difference of food may in some way account for the differences in this species of land snail. Dr. Sharp said that it is probable that the dearth of laud shells on the volcanic islands and their corapara- 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 tive plenty on the coral and continental islands of the Caribbean group is due to the absence of carbonate of lime in the former and its presence in the latter. Hemarks on the exuviae of snakes. — Dr. Benjamin Sharp further spoke on the exuviae of two snakes, Avhich were shed in the labora- tory of the Academy two days previously. These snakes, Eutameia sirtalis, B. & G., had been presented to the Academy on the 19th of March, 1890, and had been captured the day before in New Jersey. The whole process of shedding the skin had been observed. One of the snakes was in the water when first seen, and coming out upon the sod it shrugged and shook itself for a moment ; then getting between the glass of the vivarium and the box containing the earth, the skin parted at the jaws and the animal crawled out leaving the exuvia. The cerebral portion being fixed, the animal passed through the opening, so that the discarded skin, as is always the case, was turned wrong side out. One of the specimens was interesting as it was entirely perfect, without the slightest rent and not a scale missing. The other was perfect, but there was a considerable rent on each side of the jaw. The operation took less than one -minute. The snake was startled about the middle of the process. It crawled away from the exuvia very rapidly. April 22. ]\Ir. Thomas Meehan, Vice-President, in the chair. Twenty-three persons present. The following were presented for jiublication : — " New East Indian Land Shells." By H. A. Pilsbry. " Description of a new species of Helix." By John Ford. April 29. The President, Dr. Leidy, in the chair. Twenty-six persons present. The folloAving were elected members : — Abraham Barker, William K. Shryock and Walter Conrad. The following was ordered to be printed : — 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN CARBONIC CALYPTR^ID^. BY CHARLES R. KEYES. There has always been a considerable diversity of opinion as to what term should really be applied to that paleozoic group of gasteropodous shells commonly referred, by most American writers, to Platyceras of Conrad. The described species of this group have been variously and indifferently assigned to Capulus Montfort,^ Fileopsis Lamarck,' Actita Fisher von Waldheim,^ Platyceras Con- rad,* Acroculia Phillips,^ OHhonychiaHaW and some other genera. Of these Capulus and Platyceras have become at last generally adojDted ; the former having preference with most European, and the latter with the majority of American authors. Generic Considerations. It may be premised here that the two genera just mentioned are practically coextensive ; and since the first has precedence — of more than thirty years — it should be used instead of the second. Even if the group to which Conrad gave the name Platyceras is a valid one it is very questionable whether the term could stand, inasmuch as it has been preoccupied for three- quarters of a century. It has long been known that Geoffrey in 1764 proposed for a genus of coleoptera the name Platyceras, a term which was later employed by Latreille * and which continues to the present day in good usage as originally proposed. Taking advantage of this fact OEhlert '■' has recently revived Phillips' name Acroculia for the Platyceras group of shells ; but this of course cannot i)e adopted. As regards the actual generic characters of the various species, their specific limitations, range of variation and the distribution in time and space of the different varieties, greater confusion has, 1 Conch. System., vol. II, p. 54. (1810.) 2 Anim. sans Vertebr., t. VI, (2), p. 16. (1822.) 3 Mem. de la Soc. imp. d. Naturalistes de Moscau, t. VI, p. 234. (1823.) * Ann. Rep. N. Y. Gaol. Sur., p. 205. (1840.) 5 Palte. Fobs. Cornwall, p. 93. (1841.) 6 Rept. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 172. (1843.) "> Hist, abregee des Insectes, 1764. 8 Precis des caracteres des Insectes, 1796. 9 Bill, de la Soc. Geol. de France, (3), t. XI, p. 602. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151 perhaps, nowhere existed among fossil uiollusks than in tlie group under consideration. This utter hick of agreement among Avriters is directly traceable to a number of causes : the majority of the species have been described from very few or single specimens, with little regard to tlie forms already known ; no attention whatever was paid to variability and indeed the range of the latter has only very lately been made out with any degree of certainty ; comparisons with in- dividuals from localities more or less widely distant have been made only in excei^tional cases. General Features. The leading characters of generic value in modern Capulus, as shown by the more typical shells, as C. humjar- icus Linne, are the obliquely conical shape, the small, often closely incurved or coiled spire, the broad campanulate aj)ertural portions and the peculiar horse-shoe-shaped muscular impressions. In the paleozoic forms heretofore referred to Platyeeras these features have been made out most clearly in C. paralius (AV. & W.) and C. equi- latendia (Hall) ; though the affinities are not less striking in many other species. In a group of more than three hundred described paleozoic spe- cies having so few salient characters for classification and such a great range of variation as the forms assigned ta Platyeeras it is hard to foresee the difficulties in attempting to arrange satisfactorily the manv different forms. The genus may ultimately admit of a suitable separa- tion into several more or less well marked subdivisions ; and the many forms make such an arrangement very desirable. It can, however, only be accomplished after a careful and critical revision of the en- tire group. The placing of Platyeeras, OrtJionychia, etc., as sub- genera under Oipulm, as has been done by ZitteP and others, man- ifestly does not meet the requirements, at least in so far as the Amer- ican species are concerned. It is probable that all of the described Platycei-ata cannot be included under Capulus. Just which ones, re- mains for future comparisons to decide. There seems to be good ground for believing that further study will show that a number of the paleozoic forms in question belong more properly to genera closely allied to Capulus rather than to Capulus itself. This would carry back the antiquity of certain modern genera farther than has hitherto been considered possible, A recent critical examination of certain des- cribed Platycerata also discloses that they belong to families entirely difterent from those supposed. 1 Handbuch der Pal?eontologie, II Band, p. 210. 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [1890. General Relations. There is often considerable embarrassment in attempting to separate certain paleozoic Capnli, on the one hand from some forms of Platysfoma, especially from those species in which there is a greater or less tendency for the shells to nncoil ; and on the other hand from various genera of Patelloid shells. As might be expected in a group of gasteropods presenting so few constant characters, which can be satisfactorily relied upon as classificatory criteria, it is often impossible to clearly distinguish between certain of these species. Many structural features long regarded as of much importance in identification have recently ^ been shown to possess very little, if any, specific value, owing to their great variability. It has therefore become necessary to consider as of the utmost signifi- cance, the basing of species upon general resemblances rather than upon unimportant varient characters arising from the diverse conditions of environment imposed by a more or less extensive geo- graphic and geologic distribution. Therefore in choosing for classi- ficatory purposes the characters of any group it is evident that only those features exhibiting the least tendency to modification are available. Even the most constant structures appear to lose much of their stability at some period during the existence of the group — whether specific, generic or family ; while other characters more or less variant in the earlier stages of development, later become less liable to change. At some time these features blend and thus appear the transitional forms. It may be assumed, then, that in many groups of the same genetic origin some varieties will present features that have remained for a long time practically unmodified ; w^hile others exhibit the same characters in a highly specialized, but ever changing condition. And it is of great interest to note that the latter — those having greatly exaggerated features — are the forms wiiose existence is of comparatively short duration ; and that with these intensified structures the development is rather rapid, while their culmination results in a great diminution of the gi'oup's vitality, or more commonly its extinction. Number of Species. Among the first to notice the existence of Carbonic Capuli in the continental interior were Yandell and Shu- mard, who called attention to the association of a species with an Acrocrmus (afterwards described by the former author as A. shu- viardi). These writers attempted to prove that the crinoids were carnivorous in their habits, and that they subsisted on moUusks. 1 Keyes : Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc, vol. XXV, p. 231. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15o Capulus acutirostris, however, was the first species of this group of gasteropods described from the Carbonic rocks of tlie Mississippi basin ; and was so denominated by Hall in 185fi. The publication of this diagnosis was followed in quick succession by definitions of other forms by Stevens, Hall, Swallow, McChesney, Winchell, White and Whitfield, and Meek and AVorthen ; so that the total number of species that have been brought to notice from the carbonic rocks of North America is more than two score. A part of this number are, however, to be regarded as synonyms, reducing the actual num- ber of species as now recognized nearly one-half. I. Habits of the Carbonic Calyptr^eans. Variation in Form. It has been noted frequently in the descrip- tions of various paleozoic species of Capulus that the shells often pre- sent a more or less well-defined quinquelobate appearance and that the apertural margins are for the most part sinuous or crenate. In the absence of salient classificatory characters these features were regarded usually of much importance for specific distinction. It was not until a comparatively recent date that their true significance was indicated. The fact here referred to is the attach- ment of fossil Capuli to foreign bodies and particularly to the calyces of crinoids. The observations on this habit of the ancient Capuli has been fully considered elsewhere but may be here briefly summarized by stating that, in all the examples examined — upwards of sevei'al hundreds — (1) the gasteropod shell invariably lies over the anal opening of the crinoid ; (2) the mollusk remained in this position for a considerable period, probably for the greater part of life, as is shown by the shells on highly ornamented calyces and by the removal of them from their places of attachment and tracing the growth of the shell by the concentric grooves made on the ventral plates ; (3) the growing shell followed closely the inequalities of the surface upon Avhich it rested — depressions giving rise to furrows and protuberances to folds or nodes ; and (4) shells simply lying on flat surfaces are much more depressed and proportionally broader than those clinging to the vertical or inclined portions of calyces in which the anal opening is situated laterally. The third of these statements is perhaps best illustrated by crinoids having low interradial areas and elevated radial regions and is the probable explanation of the frequent occurrence ofthe more or less distinctlyfive-lobed calyptrsean 1 Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc, vol. xxv, 1888. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. shells. Heretofore this pheuomeuon has admitted of no direct causal iuterpretation. Attachment to Crinolds. The adherence of gasteropods of the genus under consideration to fossil crinoids was at first thought to furnish conclusive evidence of the carnivorous habits of the Crin- oidea ; and inasmuch as it was at that time considered that the aper- ture in the vault was the mouth, this explanation seemed very plaus- ible. Consequently the conclusion was very naturally reached that the criuoid, when it perished, was in the act of devouring the raol- lusk. jNIeek and Worthen^ appear to be the first to question the prev- alent opinions regarding the intimate association of crinoid and gasteropod ; and to suggest that the mollusk was, in all probability, stationed on the echinoderm for a protracted period, perhaps even for the greater portion of its life. But notwithstanding the fact that the univalve was almost invariably situated over the ventral aper- ture, and that this opening was recognized as the anus, these writers do not seem to entertain for a moment the idea that the gasteropod may have been nourished upon the refuse matter from the crinoid. The latter view more recently has been preferred by Wachsmuth and is now favorably received by other paleontologists. In every instance of the several hundred specimens lately examined the calyptnean covers the anal opening of the crinoid ; and, so far as observable, it is always the anterior portion of the molluscan shell that is directed toward the vault aperture. In those examples where the shell has been removed its impression made on the ventral surface shows that the anterior margin of the peristome was at the edge of the opening in the dome — a .position that would have brought the mouth of the mollusk directly over the anus of the crinoid. From an examina- tion of the concentric markings made by the molluscan shell on the vaults of Strotocrinus (Plate II, fig. 7) and some other genera, it appears that the forward end of the Capulus was always stationary at the margin of the dome opening ; and that, as the growth of the shell continued the posterior portion was removed farther and farther from the ventral aperture of the crinoid. The food of recent crinoids consists chiefly of animalcules and microscopic plants and the living Calyptrseidse subsist on food of a similar nature. From analogy it might be inferred that the food of fossil crinoids and mollusks must have been like their modern rep- resentatives. So far as the echinoderms are concerned there seems 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 340, e^ se,/. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 to be no serious objections to this inference. But with the uni- valves their position throuy-h life indicates that their sustenance was, in great part at least, of a somewhat different character. The anatomy of the crinoid and the position of the molluscan shell are not in accord with the supposition that the calyptnean may in anv way have been nourished on the food of the crinoid. This woiiUl im[)ly that the gasteropod was parasitic in its habits, a view wliich, though held by most writers, does not appear to be structur- ally substantiated. While no doubt the Capulus derived the greater part of its food from excrementitious matter, nourishment from other sources may also have been obtained and in all probability it was very similar to that of the crinoids and the living Calyptrajida^. Furthermore there does not seem to be the slightest indication that the crinoid was in any manner inconvenienced by the attachment of the gasteropod, except, perhaps, in a few cases where the mollus- can shell had encircled the posterio-lateral arms, Avhich were in consequence slightly pressed outward. The only really noticeable effect of the presence of Capulus on the crinoid is a comparatively shallow depression or groove on some of the vault plates — marking the position of the shell lip ; though in the majority of specimens even this feature is not well pronounced (Plate II, figs. 6 and 7). There are no grounds for the view advanced by TrautschohP in re- gard to Cromyocrinus st«ip^e.i'Trauts. and its adhering Capttlus para- siticus Tvsxnts. from the loAver Carbonic of Russia. He says: " Es ist nicht unmoglich, dass der oben beschriebene cylindrische Pro- cessus der Analplatten zum Schutz gegeu diese Verfolger des (V. simj)lex aufgebaut ist." The " cylindrical jDrocess" here referred to is manifestly a ventral sac and therefore was not caused by the pres- ence of the gasteropod. Illustrative Examples. In some crinoids, as Gilbertsocrinus, the plates of the vault are more or less convex or nodose. This nodosity of the ventral plates reaches a high development in such forms as G. tuberosue Lyon and Casseday, from Crawfordsville, Indiana. Nearly one-half of the known individuals of this species have a gasteropod adhering. The specimens illustrate well the adaptation of the apertural margin of the shell to the irregularities of the crinoid al surface, for it is clearly observable, as first pointed out by ]\Ieek and Worthen, that the contact of the gasteropod shell and crinoid is not the result of accidental pressure, but that the moUusk 1 Die Kalkbriiche von Mjatsclikowa, p. IIS. 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. adhered to the surface of the crinoid for a considerable period, as is shown by the sinuosities of the peristome corresponding exactly to the inequalities of the surface beneath. In young shells the sinuosities of the apertural margin are comparatively much more pronounced than in older individuals. Many of the latter exhibit much irregularity in the lines of growth, which might at first appear to be due to a change of station, but closer inspection shows that this is not the case. When the plates of the crinoidal vault are no- dose, as in Gilbertsoerinus tuberosus, the lines of growth in adult shells, contrary to the more usual manner among gasteropods gener- ally, are far from being even approximately parallel to one another ; and in the lip of the shell a sinus caused by a nodose plate at one period of growth may be represented in the next by a projecting lobe which extended into a deep depression between the nodes of two contiguous plates. In considering the structural peculiarities of the calyptrtean shell three features — the general form, the configuration of the aperture, and the surface markings — appear to have been susceptible of con- siderable modification as the result of the sedentary habits of the mollusk. An examination of a large series of certain species of Capulus reveals the fact that the variant tendency in all three of these particulars is much greater than might be supposed ; and when the attachment of these gasteropods to foreign bodies is taken into con- sideration the causes for such varietal development become manifest. It has been shown that the mollusk doubtless remained fixed throughout a greater portion of life, and that the surface upon which it first settled determined in great part both the form of the shell and the shape of its aperture. When the surface of attachment was flat, as in the vaults of Gilbertsoerinus and Stroiocrinus, the molluscan shell was greatly depressed and the peristome ample ; but when the foreign body was strongly convex the shell was more conical, with a comparatively much smaller aperture. It has been stated elsewhere that, in regard to the second of the three variant features observable in the calyptra^an shell, the margin of the per- istome partakes of all the inequalities of the surface to which the gasteropod adheres. Few of the species attached to crinoids may be said to have true surface ornamentation, for the longitudinal folds or jilications in the shell are in many cases due chiefly to the char- acter of the surface of attachment. In some specimens of Capulus injundibulum (M. & W.) there have been noticed, in addition to the 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 undefinedlonffitiidinal folds, several series of small couspicuous nodes; but these in all examples seem to result from the peculiar nodose or- namentation of Platycrimis hemisphericus with which the univalves are associated. It appears, then : (1) that some, if not the majority, of the ancient Capuli were stationary during life ; (2) that the nourishment of many of these sedentary gasteropods was derived, in great part at least, from the excrementitious matter from crinoids ; and (3) that the form of the peristome and its marginal configuration, being dependent upon the surface of attachment, have small value as characters for specific distinction. The Carbonic species of Capulus in which sedentary habits are positively known from the attachment of the gasteropods to echi- noderms, together with the various species of crinoids intimately as- sociated, are given in the accompanying synoptical table, page 158. Range of Variability. Among modern gasteropods attention of late has been called frequently to the variation in the form of the shell as the result of differences in the local conditions of station. In the extension of this inquiry to fossil groups many difficulties are met with, among which the most formidable, perhaps, is the inability to obtain enough material for an adequate consideration of the subject. Usually the shells of any one species are not abundant locally, nor is the representation from localities, more or less widely separated geographically, sufficient to permit of satisfactory com- parisons. Lately Capulus has unexpectedly furnished a very interest- ing series illustrating the range of variation in several species. The comparison is perhaps most striking in the projection of ten speci- mens of Capulus equilateralis as recently ^ graphically represented. The case referred to is only a single one of many to be found among the raollusca. It is very significant in its bearing upon the true basis of species ; and indicates plainly that, in attempting to separate specimens specifically, too much stress should not be j^laced upon in- dividual characters. Other Causes of Variation. In connection with variation of species it is of great interest to note the apparent effect of gravitation in altering the form of some gasteropod shells. This phase can be more satisfactorily considered in Capulus equilateralis and C. infundihulum than in most other species, because w'hen attached to the vaults of 1 Variation exhibited by a Carbonic Gasteropod, Am. Geol., vol. Ill, June, 1889. 158 proceedings of the academy of [1890. Synoptical Table of Crinoids and Associated Capull Crinoids. •2 ^ -2 •2 IV5 2 ?s s cc •d '-C eo « 2" •^ 55 ^ • •^ <» .« ■o d^ O CO J 5D •5 Si, ^ CD ^ C) C3 ^ CJ ^ cf^ Gilbertsocrinus tuberosus. Gilbertsocrinus typus. Actinocrinus verrucosus. Physetocrinus ventricosus. Strotocrinus regalis. Dorycrinus immahirus. Agaricocrinus americanus. Eucladocrimis millebrachiatus. Arthroacaniha p'undobrachiata. Pterotocvimis acutiis. Pterotocrinus depressus. Pterotocrinus bifurcatus. Poteriocrinus coceinus. Platycrinus hemisphericus. Platycrinus pileijormis. Acrocrinus shumardi. Cromyoerinus simplex. Marsupiocrinus ccelatus. Melocrinus globosus. Pentremifes godoni. 1890.] NATL'RAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 159 crinoids the station of each individual is definitely known. As stated already, the firstofthese formsgenerally rests on flat-vaulted crinoids ; while the second connnonly adheres laterally to such echinoderms as Platycrinns hem isphericus. Cajmlus eqmlatercd'is when occupying the same position is pendant, the apex of the shell being directed down- ward instead of in the opposite direction as when resting on the ventral surface of such species as Gilbertsocrimis. The shell thus pendant exhibits a decided tendency to straighten, or uncoil, con- sequently becoming longer, the apex freeing itself completely from the body whorl. In comparison, therefore, with a representative example of C. equilateralis those shells resting on flat eriuoidal vaults are very much depressed, the aperture proportionally broader and the spire more closely coiled. Those individuals attached laterally to crinoids have a tendency to become more conical, the aperture being relatively smaller, while the spire is entirely free from the last volution and the apex often extends to a considerable distance be- yond the posterior margin of the aperture. On the other hand Capulus infundihulum is commonly a mure or less elongate conic shell. AVhen attached to Platycrinus it often assumes a very different aspect. As growth proceeds the posterior side becomes relatively shorter, the apex slightly curved backwards and not unfrequently there is a marked tendency toward a strongly arcuate form. II. Geographic and Geologhc Distribution. General Considerations. The Calyptrteidre are widely distributed both in space and time. The earliest appearance of this group of gasteropoda is in the Calciferous strata of the Lower Silurian. From this time onward its development is rather rajDid, and attains a considerable expansion in the upper paleozoic, where in numerical representation, size and variety of form it is rather remarkable. There is then a gradual and general decline toward the close of the paleozoic. The ancient Capuli are confined chiefly to Europe and North America, though two forms have been described from the Carbonic rocks of Australia. During Silurian and Devonian times New York seems to have been the great center of the development of this group ; while in the interior of the American continent these gasteropods did not become common until the beginning of the Car- bonic. Range of American Species. Relative to the geographic and geologic distribution of the American species of Capulus during 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Carbonic times the results thus far reached have been merely suggestive. In other zoological groups the evidence has been much more satisfactory of a reasonable co-ordination of the vertical and horizontal ranges of the various species, especially in the Carbonic strata of the ]\Iississippi basin. In general* the question of geo- graphical distribution during geological time has appeared to elicit but little attention, partly, perhaps, by reason of the many difficulties encountered in such investigations ; and partly on account of in- sufficient material for intelligent comparisons. It is now known that many species, though perhaps originally described under sevei-al different names, have a much wider geographical and geological dis- tribution than has been supposed. Several of these species have already been indicated ^ ; and it is certain that an extended study of the forms belonging to the various zoological groups, from diverse horizons and from localities widely separated geographically, would be productive of many important results in the elimination of a large number of now recognized species, thereby placing paleontological science on a much firmer basis for more accurate deductions and more suggestive conclusions relative to the true status of ancient biological phenomena. The long period of comparative quietness during the deposition of the Carbonic rocks of the Mississppi basin and the concomitant more or less undisturbed conditions of environ- ment thus imposed Avere particularly favorable to a wide geographic dispersion of the various species, and to their persistency through long periods of time. The majority of the species of Capulus appear to be more or less widely distributed in space, especially such forms as C. acutirostris, C. parvus, C. eqmlateralis and others. The Kinderhook forms of the genus are, on the whole, extremely unsatisfactory for systematic determination, since the most of them are merely internal casts. They form, however, an important feature of the fauna inclosed in these rocks. The Burlington and Keokuk species are very closely related, and in part extend through both epochs, after which the genus is of rare occurrence in the con- tinental interior. It is of considerable interest to note that this numerical reduction after the close of the Keokuk was accompanied by a marked depauperization of the individuals which struggled through to the end of the Paleozoic. Through all the St. Louis, and Kaskaskia Coal Measures the species Avithout exception are di- minutive. The C. acutirostris of the St. Louis became reduced to 1 Keyes: Proc. Acad. Nat.Sci. Phila., July 31, 1888. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 nearly one-lialf the size it possessed in the Keokuk, notwithstand- ing the fact that this species had perhaps a wider geographical range than any other congeneric form occurring within the Mississippi basin and was therefore better adapted to preserve its full vigor, at least in some parts of its distribution. The changes in the broad mediterranean sea that once spread over the interior of North America have been referred to elsewhere' in connection with the striking structural features of the crinoids of the Carbonic period and will also be considered in detail in another place. Stratigraphical Catalogue. carbonic. Lower Carbonic. Capulus piso (Walcott). occidens (Walcott). Kinderhook Beds. Capulus formosus (Keyes). lodiensis (Meek). parcdius (White & Whitfield). subpiicatus (Meek & Worthen). corniiformis (Winchell). haliotoides (Meek & Worthen). Burlington Limestone. Capulus biserialis (Hall). cyrtolites (McChesney). equilateral is (Hall). fissurella (Hall). infundibulum (Meek & Worthen). latus (Keyes). obliquus (Keyes). quincyensis (McChesney). tribulosus (White). Keokuk Shales and Limestones. Capulus acxdirostris Hall. equilateralis (Hall). fissurella (Hall). 1 Keyes : Genesis of the Actinociinidae, Am. Nat., vol. XXIV, p. 243, ft seq. 1890. 12 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Capulus infundibuhim (Meek & Worthen). sulaatinus (Keyes). St. Louis Limestone. Capulus acutirostris Hall. Kaskaskia Limestone. Capulus chesterensis (Meek and Worthen). ovalis (Stevens). Upper Carbonic. Lower Coal Measures. Capulus sjyinigei'us (Worthen). Upper Coal Measures. Capulus jKirvtisSwaWow. III. Descriptions of Species. Generic Diagnosis. Shell depressed, subglobose, or obliquely sub- conic ; body whorl very large. Aperture ample, expanded ; labrum more or less sinuous, inner lip not aiichylosed to the spire. Surface ■glabrate, plicate or sometimes spiniferous ; lines of growth often unibricate. The shells which have been referred to Platyceras present a man- ifold variety of forms. It is, therefore, not improbable that a fuller Bxamiuation and comparison of all the known species will demand a somewhat diiferent arrangement and subdivision of the group than that now existing. In this .section the shell presents few salient characters for consideration. As already stated it is often with ex- treme difficulty that the forms of this group can be satisfactorily separated from certain varieties of Platystoma and various genera of Patelloid shells. In general, however, the test of Cajmlus is coiled, subspiral, arcuate or subconic with a relatively small spire and an immense, rapidly expanding body whorl, while the surface is usually without ornamentation. The large majority of the species of this group possesses tough, massive shells which are generally, therefore, in a much better state of preservation than most of the associated molluscan remains. 3fuscular Scars. The internal scars so prominent in the shells of living Cajndus and modern allied genera are seldom observable in paleozoic forms. Hence, having never noticed in individuals of the latter the peculiar horse-shoe shaped impressions, Hall ^ assigns this 1 12th Ann. Reg. Rep. 1859, p. 16. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 163 as tlie only reason for regarding Capuhis and Platyeeras as distinct genera. Since the time that the American author first expressed this opinion, a sufficient number of fossil examples have been found to indicate clearly the real nature of these scars. A careful comparison shows that they are not very different from those of typical Capuli, though considerable variation is noticeable in the several forms and even in shells of the same species. Extended comparisons do not con- firm the recent statement of M. G^hlert ^ who thus remarks : " Sur les monies internes des especes que nous publions, nous avons egalement observe des impressions musculaires qui, tout en presentant certaines analogies avec celles des Capulus recents montrent neanmoins des caracteres distincts, suffisants pour justifier la creation du genre paleozoique que avait ete prevu par Conrad, Phillips et Hall." As exhibited in C. infundibulum and some other species the muscular scars consist of a transversely elliptic impression on each side connected by a narrow band traversing the posterior side of the shell. In adult examples the scars are situated about one-fourth the distance from the apertural margin to the apex. In some ex- cellent internal casts of Capulus protei (Qilhlert) from the lower Devonic of Mayenne the muscular impressions are somewhat different from those of congeneric species from America. The scar on the right side is comparatively large, oval and well defined ; a narrow sinuous band passes around the spire posteriorly and terminates on the left side in an enlarged scar similar to, but much smaller than, that on the right. In some specimens the linear band does not appear to be perfectly continuous from one side to the other. Capulus occidens (Walcott). Platyeeras occidens Walcott, 1884. Pala;. Eureka Dist., p. 254, pi. xxiv, figs. 9,9a. Capulus occidens Kf^yes, 1890. Am. Geol.,vol. V. Shell small, composed of about one and one-half volutions, the last rapidly expanding ; spire minute ; body whorl oblique, rather sharply rounded dorsally. Aperture large, irregularly triangular ; labrum sharj), sinuous. Surface marked by numerous lines of growth ; and apparently by a few small undefined longitudinal folds. Horizon and locality. Lower Carbonic: Eureka District, Nevada. This species appears to be more closely related to C. cyrtolites Mch., from the Burlington limestone, than to any other congeneric form of the INIississippi basin. The apex, however, is more closely 1 Bui. Soc. geol. de France, (3), t. XI, p. 60-5. 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. coiled than in that species and the body whorl is much more ex- panded. Capulus ■? piso (Walcott). Plalyccras piso Walcott, 1884. False. Eureka Dist., p. 254, pi. xxiv, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. Shell below medium size, composed of about two loosely-coiled volutions, gradually expanding ; body-whorl broadly rounded and, for the most part, free from the spire, which is rather small ; several small obscure longitudinal folds are discernible toward the aper- ture. The latter is subcircular or subovate ; lip sinuous. Surface exhibiting only numerous fine lines of growth. Horizon and locality. Lower Carbonic : Eureka District, Nevada. There is some doubt as to the correct generic reference of this spe- cies. The shell appears to differ in several important particulars from Capulus and it is not improbable that eventually this form will be placed elsewhere. Capulus formosus (Keyes). [Plate 11, fig. 8.] Platvceras fonnosum Keyes, 1888. Proc. Am. Philosophical SciC, vol. xxv, p. 242, figs. 8 and 9. Reprint, p. 14. Capulus foj-mosiis Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell arcuate, slightly oblique, enlarging rather rapidly to the ample, irregularly pentalobate aperture; posterior side rather short and concave ; lateral slopes nearly straight. Apex obtuse. Surface marked by five broad well-defined longitudinal plications, each of which is composed of several smaller folds ; these are crossed by sin- uous lines of growth. Horizon and locality Kinderhook beds : Marshall county, Iowa. The two specimens of this species found are both attached to the vaults of specimens of Dorycrinus immaturus W. & Spr. described in the eighth volume of the Illinois Geological Survey. This spe- cies resembles, in some respects, C. paralius (W. & W.) but is sim- ply arcuate instead of being coiled. Capulus cornuformis (Winchell). [Plate II, fig. 5.] Platyceras conutforme A. Winchell, 1863. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, p. 18. Platyceras cornuforme Keyes, 1889. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 294. Shell small, arcuate, forming about half a volution, rapidly ex- panding ; young specimens often broadly and obtusely subcarinate along the dorsum. Aperture irregularly oval or subcircular ; mar- gin sinuous. Surface glabrate ; lines of growth scarcely discernible. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 165 Horizon and localities. Kinderhook beds : Burlington, Iowa ; and Lodi, Ohio. This is one of the smallest of the Lower Carbonic species of the genus ; but may have attained a larger size than the type specimen indicates. A large form from Lodi, Ohio, labeled Platyceras cornuforme by Meek seems to be more closely related to C. paralius (W. & W.) than with species in question. Capulus haliotoides (Meek & Worthen). Platyceras haliotoides Meek cS; Worthen, 1S6G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., July, 1866, p. 264. Platyceras haliotoides'Wtt^ ik.\^<:>\\\\&r\, 1868. Gaol. Sur. Illinois, vol. Ill, p. 458, pi. -xiv, figs. 3a, 3b. Shell below medium size, very obliquely ovate, forming about two very rapidly expanding volutions, which are contiguous, except near the apertural margin ; whorls rather compressed, somewhat sharply rounded along the periphery. Spire slightly elevated above the level of the body whorl. Aperture ample, oval ; labrum sinuous. Surface marked by undulating lines of growth and often by a few low, obscurely defined ridges. Horizon and localities. Kinderhook beds : Richfield and Newark, Ohio. This form is commonly found only as internal casts and the sur- face markings are therefore rarely preserved. The species usually does not have the labrum touching the spire, nor the latter as closely coiled as is shown in the figures of IVIeek & Worthen. Capulus lodiensis (Meek). Platyceras i^Orthonychia) lodiense Meek, 1871. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1871, p. 170. Platyceras [Orthonyckia] lodiense Meek, 187.5. Geol. Sur. Ohio (Pals.), vol. II, p. 313, pi. xiii, figs, la, lb. Shell l)elow^ medium size, obliquely conic, anterior slope moder- ately convex, lateral slopes straight, or very slightly concave, pos- terior slope concave ; a narrow rounded ridge extends anteriorly from near the apex to the labrum. Aperture subelliptic ; margin somewhat sinuous. Surface apparently marked by fine lines of growth only. Horizon and localiixj. Kinderhook beds : Lodi, Ohio. Capulus lodiensis seems to be very closely related to C. suhplica- tus, with which it should, perhaps, be regarded as synonymous ; the chief difference being simply the more plicate character of the lat- ter. It has been elsewhere shown that the plications are extremely 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. variable and are dependent largely upon the accidental station of the mollnsk. The type specimen is imbedded in a hard matrix — only the interior of the shell being exposed to view. Meek's figures were made from plaster casts of the interior, so that no surface mark- ings are discernible. Capulus paralius (AVhite & Whitfield). [Plate IT, figs, la, lb.] Platyceras paralmvi White & Whitfield, 186'2. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. His- tory, vol. V'lII, p. 303. Platyceras paralium Keyes, 1889. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 294. Capulus paralius Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell small, forming about two rapidly expanding volutions, which are not contiguous ; apical portions minute, slender, laterally com- pressed, subangular along the dorsum, more or less distinctly plicate. Aperture irregularly pentagonal ; labrum sharp, deeply sinuous, or somewhat serrate. Surface marked by few subimbricate lines of growth. Horizon and localities. Kinderhook beds : Des Moines and iVIar- shall counties, Iowa ; Lodi, Ohio. The apical portion of the shell is more slender and extended than the type would indicate from a casual examination. The smaller specimen figured (Plate II, fig. lb) shows the spire perfectly pre- served. The type (Plate II, fig. la) has the longitudinal folds much more prominent than is apparent in a representative specimen of the species. In some examples the plications are hardly notice- able. This species is widely distributed geographically, ranging froniLe Grand, in central Iowa, to the southeastern part of the State and thence to Ohio. Capulus subplicatus (Meek & Worthen). Platyceras [Orihonyc/iia) subplicatum Meek & Worthen, 1866. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, p. 265. Platyceras {Ortkonychia) subplicatum Meek & Worthen, 1868. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. Ill, p. 457, pi. XIV, figs. 4a, 4b, 4c. Shell small, depressed, obliquely conical ; anterior slope somewhat convex ; posterior and lateral slopes slightly concave or straight ; several large broad undefined plications extend from the apertural margin nearly two-thirds the distance to the aj^ex. Aperture sub- circular. Horizon and locality. Kinderhook beds : Richfield, Ohio. This species is known only from natural casts. The specimens exhibit well the muscular scars which are described as " obliquely elongated, subovate or sublunate, and vertically striated, placed a 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 167 little above the middle of each side and connected by a linear band passing around behind." Capulus cyrtolites (McChesney). [Plate II, fig. 2.] Ptatyceras cyrtolites McChesney, 1800. Desc. New Foss. Pula;. Rocks Western States, p. 71. Platyceras cyrtolites Keyes, 1889. Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila., 1889, p. 288. Capiiliis cyrtolites Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell small, slender, arched ; composed of about one volution ; dorsally subangular, with a broad flattened area on each side ; pos- teriorly somewhat plicate. Apical portion small, incurved, some- times enrolled or contiguous. Aperture moderately large, subquad- rangular; lip sharp, sinuous. Surface marked only by strong undulating lines of growth, which are often somewhat imbricated. Horizon and localities. Burlington limestone : Burlington, Iowa ; and Calhoun county, Illinois. This species appears to be genetically related to C acutirostris (Hall) from the Keokuk and eventually the two forms may prove identical. C. cyrtolites is from the upper division of the Burlington limestone and differs very essentially from any known congeneric species from the same horizon. Capulus biserialis (Hall). Platyceras biserialis Hall, 1859. Geol. of Iowa, vol. I, pt. ii, Suppl., p. 90. Platyceras biserialis Meek & Worthen, 1868. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. Ill, p. 509. pi. XV, figs. 3a, 3b. Capulus biserialis Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell rather below medium size, somewhat ovate, subspiral, form- ing slightly more than one volution, regularly incurved. Aperture broadly oval ; margin rather sharp, undulating, with a broad rounded sinus anteriorly. The expanded anterior portion of the shell marked on each side by a longitudinal row of long, conspicuous, hollow spines, about six in number. Surface smooth showing nu- merous fine, sinuous lines of growth. Horizon and locality. Burlington limestone : Quincy, Illinois. A marked characteristic of this form and also of C. tribulosns (White) is that the tubular spines are arranged in longitudinal rows, while in the few other American spine-bearing Capuli there is no regularity in the distribution of the spinous process. The spines are easily broken and hence are seldom preserved to their full length ; often they are scarcely noticeable. 16(S PROCEEDIXGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Capulus latus (Keyes.) Platyceraslahtin Keyes, 1888. Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc, vol XXV, p. 242, figs. 10, 11. (Reprint., p. 14.) Platyccras latum Keyes, 1889. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1889, p. 290. Capulus latus Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell large, depressed, foniiiiig about one and one-half volutions, very rapidly expanding from the apex to the aperture, l)ut enlarg- ing transversely much more. than dorso-ventrally ; posterior side comparatively very short. Apex small, incurved, but free from the body of the shell and nearly in the same plane as the general curva- ture. Aperture very large, campanulate, transversely elliptic ; lip attenuate and slightly sinuous. Surface marked toward the aperture by a few small nearly obsolete folds, and by numerous sinuous lines of growth. Horizon and locality. Burlington limestone : Burlington, Iowa. This species is from the white compact layers of the upper division of the Burlington beds. The specimens like the majority of fossils from this stratum are usually more or less exfoliated. Capulus obliquus (Keyes). [Plate II, fig. ?>.] Platyccras obliqimni Keyes, 1888. Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc, vol. xxv, p. 241, figs. 12, 13. (Reprint., p. 13.) Platyceras obliqimm Keyes, 1889. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 290 Capulus obliquus Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell of medium size, irregularly oblong, subspiral, forming one volution ; regularly enlarging, slightly more rapidly transversely than in the opposite direction, to the aperture. Apex large, obtuse, ftir removed from the body of the sliell, which is broadly arcuate ; very noticeably oblique to the plane of general curvature in the body of the shell. Aperture irregularly quadrangular in outline ; margin sharp and more or less sinuous. Surface marked by several undefined longitudinal plications, which sometimes form longitudinal series of obscure nodes ; these are crossed by numerous sinuous, often subimbricated lines of growth. Horizon and locality. Burlington limestone : Burlington, Iowa. This species is a transition between the so-called " Orthonychia" and " Platyceras" groups ; and is one of the few of this type occur- ring in the American Carbonic. Capulus quinoyensis (McChesney). [Plate II, fig. 9.] Platvceras quincyense McChesney, 1861. Desc. New Foss. Palte. Rocks West. States, p. 90. 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 Platyceras (juincyense McChesney, 1867. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. I, p. 49, pi. vi, figs. 6a, 6b. Platyceras [Ortkonychia) cjuincyense Meek ^; Worthen, 1868. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. Ill, p. 510, pi. XV, figs. 5a, 5b. Platyceras quincvense Keyes, 1889. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 290. Capiilus quincyoisis Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell of medium size, broadly conical, often more or le.ss elon- gated ; expanding very rapidly and regularly from the central or subcentral apex to the aperture. Usually five broad, rounded ridges extend from near the apex to the aperture, which is consequently Biore or less prominently quinquelobate ; the ridges are not unfre- quently further divided into two or more smaller folds. Lip sharp, sinuous. Surface marked by subimbricating lines of growth and also by numerous small, often undefined, longitudinal co.sta3 which do not appear in the cast. Horizon and localities. Burlington limestone : Burlington, Iowa ; and Quincy, Illinois. The specimens described by ]\rcChesney and by Meek and Wor- then were either exfoliated examples or internal casts ; and this is the condition in which the species is usually found. Owing to the peculiar state of pre.servation the shells quickly crumble away in handling, leaving only the internal casts, but the distinctive quin- quelobate character always renders them easily recognizable. In the examples figured l)y McChesney and also by Meek and "Worthen the apices were wanting, but the individuals were not as imperfect as was supposed. During the earlier periods of their growth many of the shells of C. quincyensis were very broad, but when attaining about one-third their maximum size the aperture abruptly became relatively smaller, leaving a sharp subangular ridge around the shell parallel to the apertural margin. This abrupt decrease in the expansion of the shell impax'ts to the natural internal casts the appearance of an apical truncation or fracture. In its attachment to paleozoic crinoids the onl}' forms with which C. quincyensis has thus far been found associated is Physetocvinus ventricosus (Hall), a species having a rather depressed hemispherical dome, in which the ventral opening has a subcentral location. The dome plates are small and numerous and frequently studded with small prominent tubercles or subspinous processes, which impart to the gasteropod shell series of minute corrugations extending over each of the larger folds. 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1890. Capulus tribulosus (White). [Plate II, figs. 4a, 4b.] F/afyccnis trilnilosum White, 1883. 12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur. Ter., pt. I, p. 186, pi. XLI, figs. 6a, 6b. Platyceras trihulosiim Keyes, 1889. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 290. Capulus tribulosus Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell rather below medium size, subspiral, rather slendei', forming about one volution ; regularly expanding to the aperture. Apex incurved, far removed from the body of the shell. Aperture ir- regularly oval, usually more or less broadly lobed posteriorly ; lip sharp, irregular, with usually a deep sinus anteriorly. Surface glabrate, but exhibiting numerous fine, closely arranged lines of growth ; also marked by three longitudinal series of long tubular spines, extending from the apertural margin about three-fourths the distance to the apex. Of these spiniferous rows two are disposed laterally, one on each side and the third centrally and dorsally. Horizon and locality. Burlington limestone: Burlington, Iowa. This is one of the few spiniferous species belonging to the genus Capulus ; and only two others of similar character occur in the American Carbonic rocks. It appears to be closely allied to C. biserialis (Hall) and may eventually prove identical with that form, from which it apparently differs only in having three, instead of two, rows of spines. Thus far it has been noted only in the upper division of the Burlington limestone, when it occurs in the thin sandy-clay partings, associated with delicate and beautifully pre- served bryozoa. The type specimen is not a characteristic repre- sentative of the species, being in several particulars quite abnormal. Capulus acutirostris Hall. Capulus acutirostris Hall, 1856. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. IV, p. 31. Capulus acutirostris Hall, 1858. Geol. of Iowa, vol. I, pt, ii, p. 665, pi. x.xiii figs, 14a, 14b. Platyceras {Capulus) acutirostris McChesney, 1860. Desc. New False. Foss West. Slates, p. 71. Platyceras uucuiii Meek & Woithen, 1866. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1866, p 264. Platyceras uncuin Meek & Worthen. 1873. Geol. Sur. Illinois, vol. V, p, 516, pi. XVII, fig. 1. Platyceras acuti1■ostris\\h\^.(^t\d,\S^'2. Bui. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p 67. Platyceras acutirostris Hall, 1883. Indiana Geol. Rept. for 1883, p. 370, pi XXXI, figs. 13-15. Capulus acutirostris Keyes, 1890. Am. Geol., vol. V. Shell below medium size, rather slender, strongly arcuate, form- ing from one to one and one-half volutions ; posterior side for some 1890.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELrHIA. 171 distance from the apertural margin nearly straight. S[)ire laterally more or less compressed ; sometimes small and short, sometimes long, attenuate, simply incurved or enrolled. Aperture oval, or sub-cir- cular ; margin t