PROCEEDINGS OF THE Academy of Natural Sciences OF PHILADELPHIA Volume lix 1907 philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences LOGAN SQUARE 1907-1 90S The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, February 25, 1908. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Pkoceedtngs for 1907 have been mailed as follows : — Pages 1-113. mailed April '2, 1907. 113-128 ■' April 5, 1907. 129-148 " April 21,1907. 149-180 " May 28,1907. 181-244 " June 21, 1907. 245-308 " August IG, 1907. 309-388 ' October 2, 1907. 389-410 " November 8,1907. 417-432 " December 4,1907. 433-448 " January 17, 1908. 449-480 " January 27, 1908. 481-512 " February 5,1908. 513-57G " February 25,1908. EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D., llecordincj Secretary. PUBLICATION committee: Henry Skinner, M.D., Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D. Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Witmer Stone, Edward J. Nolan, M.D. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., ex-of)icio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan, M.D. n 1 1 "j CONTENTS. For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index. PAGE CoxKLiN, Edwix G., Ph.D. The Embryology of Fulgiir : A Study of the Influence of Volk Development (Plates XXIII- XXVIII), 320 Crawley, Hoavard. The Polycystitl Gregarines of the United States (Thh-d Contribution) (Plate XVIII), .... 220 Dall, William Healey. On the Synonymic History of the • Genera Clava Martyn, and Cerithium Bruguiere, . . 363 Fowler, Henry W. Notes on Serranida, 249 A Collection of Fishes from Victoria, Australia, .... 419 Notes on Lancelets and Lampreys, 461 Garrison, F. Lynwood, Notes on Minerals, 445 Gill, Theodore. Note on the Genus Kuhlia, 150 Gillette, C. P. Chermes of Colorado Conifers (Plates I-XI), . 3 Heath, Harold. A New Turbellarian from Hawaii (Plate XIV), 145 King, Helen Dean. Bertramia bufonis, a new Sporozoan Para- site of Bufolentiginosus (Plate XXII), 273 Montgomery, Thomas H., Jr. The Distribution of the North American Gordiacea, with description of a New Species, 270 i\IooRE, J. Percy, Ph.D. Description of new Species of Spioni- form Annelids (Plates XV, XVI), 195 Description of a New Species of Annelid from Wood's Hole, . 448 Nelson, James A., Ph.D. The Morphology of [Dinophilus con- klinin.sp. (Plates XII, XIII), 82 Palmer, Clayton F. The Anatoni}'- of the Californian Haliotidte (Plate XXX), . . . ._ 396 Pilsbry, II. A. Origin of the Tropical Forms of the Land Mol- luscan Fauna of Southern Florida, 193 New and Little-known Whelks from Northern Japan and the Kuril Islands (Plates XIX, XX), 243 Notes on some Pacific Cirripedes (Plate XXIX), . . . .• 360 iii IV CONTENTS. PAGE Notes on the Cirripede Genus Megalasma (Plate XXXI) , 408 New Clausiliidai of the Japanese Empire — XI (Plate XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV), 499 Rehn, James A. G. Notes on Orthoptera from Southern Arizona, with Descriptions of New Species, 24 Non-Saltatorial ami Acridoid Orthoptera from Sapucay, Paraguay, 151 Orthoptera of the Families Tettigonidse and Gryllidse from Sapucay, Paraguay o70 Rehn, James A. G., and Morgan Hebard. Orthoptera from Northern Florida, 279 Smith, Burnett. Note on the Value of the Gastropod Apex as a Means of Classification, 194 A Contribution to the Morphology of Pyrula ( Plate XVII), . 208 A New Species of Athleta, and a Note on the Morphology of Athleta petrosa, 229 St©ne, Witmer. The Life- Areas of Southern New Jersey, . . 452 Surface, Frank M. The Early Development of a Polyclad, Planocera inquilinaWh. (Plates XXXV-XL), ... 514 Vanatta, E. G. Notes on the Leaf-hairs of Lesquerella (Plate XXI) 247 Van Duzee, E. P. Studies of North American Fulgoridse, . 467 Vaux, George, Jr., and William S. Observations made in 1907 on Glaciers in Alberta and British Columbia, . 560 PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADEEPHIA. 1907. January 15. Mr. Arthur Erwin Brown, Vice-President, in the Chair. Twenty-six persons present. The death of Edward Coles, a member, August, 1906, was announced. The Council reported that the following Standing Committees had been appointed to serve during the ensuing year: Finance. — John Cadwalader, Edwin S. Dixon, EfHngham B. Morris, Horatio C. Wood, M.D., and the Treasurer. Publications. — Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, Henr}^ A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., and Edward J. Nolan, M.D. Library. — Dr. C. Newlin Peirce, Thomas Biddle, M.D., Benjamin Sharp, M.D., George Vaux, Jr., and Henry Tucker, M.D. Instruction and Lectures. — Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Philip P. Calvert and Dr. C. Newlin Peirce. Committee of Council on By-Laws. — Arthur Erwin Brown, Thomas H. Fenton, M.D., John Cadwalader and Charles B. Pen- rose, M.D. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., The President is, ex-ofjicio, a member of all Standing Committees. Dr. Henry Leffman made a communication on diamonds and diamond mining in southern Africa. (No abstract.) Edwin T. Simpson and ]\Iary W. James were elected members. The following was ordered to be printed : 1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. CHERMES OF COLORADO CONIFERS. BY C. P. GILLETTE. Genus Chcrmcs comprises a small number of species that have not received the attention which is their due in this country. As an economic group the}" are of little importance so far as their injuries to forest trees are concerned, but some of the species become decidedly- injurious to pines and spruces when used as shade trees in parks or private grounds. The apterous females belonging to the genus are characterized by having broad oval bodies, very short three-jointed antennae, short stout legs, short stout beaks with very long setse, and a large number of glandular patches upon head, thorax and abdomen for the secretion of long waxen threads for protection. The winged females have short stout five-jointed antennae, very broad heads, suckers at the distal ends of the tibiae and strong anterior wings with two unbranched discoidal veins. Cornicles in both forms wanting. The males, at least in the United States, are unknown. Reproduc- tion is always by means of eggs which are attached in clusters to leaves or bark by means of silken threads. Chermes cooleyi n. sp. (Plates I, II, III, IV.) Cher>}ics abietis L., Cooley, 34th Report Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1S97; Author's separata, p. 4. Chermes abietes L., Fletcher, Report of Entomologist and Botanist, Canada Central Experimental Farm, p. 190. Chermes abietis L., Fletcher, ibid., 1903, p. 167. Chermes sibericus Chldky., Fletcher, ibid., 1903, p. 167. Wliile I cannot be certain that the records by Dr. Fletcher given above refer to Chermes cooleyi, it is strongly probable that such is the case, as I have examined immature but fully formed galls that were kindly sent me from the Northwest by Dr. Fletcher, and also by Dr. Hopkins of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, and they were in both instances large strong galls, exactly like the typical galls of Chermes cooleyi. My studies of this species have been wholly in the West, and I have not seen either winged or wingless examples of the closely allied species abietis and sibericus. Dr. C. H. Fernald kindly sent me galls of abictis,^ however, from Massachusetts which seem quite unlike the galls of 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., cooleyi. The galls of abietis involve a comparatively small number of needles causing very large cells, in one of which thirty to fifty or more lice may develop, and the beginning of the gall formation is said to be caused by the punctures of the stem-mother at or close to a bud. The galls, it seems, seldom kill the terminal growth of the twig, and the number of eggs deposited by the winged female is given as "never much exceeding fifty," and the females are spoken of as though their eggs are freely deposited upon leaves of the same species of spruce that bears their galls. All these conditions are quite different in case of Chermcs cooleyi, as may be seen by the account given below. Chermes abietis is also described by Buckton and Cooley as having but one joint to the tarsus; but this is doubtless an error, as all the species I have studied have two joints, though the first is short and easily overlooked. I sent specimens of both the galls and the lice of Chermes cooleyi to Dr. N. Cholodkowsk}^ of St. Petersburg, Russia, asking him if it were possible that this Western Chermes could be abietis or sibericus, and in his reply, written October 23, 1904, he said, "This is decidedly not Cherines abietis, nor is it Chermes sibericus, but a new species." Life Habits. — The small hibernating form of this louse spends the fall and winter months upon the twigs of its host-plant, with its long setse thrust into the crevices in the bark between the needles. The heavy winter skin is cast at Fort Collins about the middle of April, and in a day or two the white secretion again shows the location of the louse, which is always upon the under side of the twig. The first eggs are deposited at Fort Collins about April 25, before the female has attained her maximum size. On May 3, 1906, three of the fifteen females examined were laying eggs, and the largest niunber found at one female was twelve. The white waxy threads completely hide both the eggs and the female at first, and serve doubtless as a protection to them (Plate I, figs. A, B. C). These white patches from a single female may measure four or five millimeters across and cover several hundred eggs. Counts of a few patches gave the following numbers: One female, 344 unhatched, 75 hatched; another, 561 unhatched, 0 hatched; two females together, 751 unhatched, 200 hatched, an average of 483. I have frequently counted four or five of these egg-masses within two inches of the end of a twig, and I have counted as many as fifteen females ovipositing on this length of stem. About May 20, before the hibernating females had finished laying their eggs, those that were first deposited began to hatch, and by May 25 the lice were hatching rapidly and locating at the bases of the tender 1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rHILADELPHIA. 5 now loaves that woro just hojiinniii}!; to show at the terminal buds. I have been unable to see that the punctures of the stem-mothers have any effect to jiroduce the galls, which seems to be caused entirely by the irritation produced by the young lice inserting their beaks and sucking the sap at the bases of the young growing needles. In fact, only those needles enter into the formation of the gall that actually have lice located at their liases. It sometimes happens that only a few needles are attacked and these needles become swollen at their bases, while all the others on the new growth of the twig are normal ; and it is not infrequent that a few of tlie needles of the new growth fail to have any lice locate in their axils, and these needles remain normal in form on a gall where all others are greatly swollen. It seems pos- sible, however, that the jiuncture of the stem-mother may have some influop.co upon the formation of the gall, as I transferred hatching egg- masses in se\'eral instances to twigs where there was no egg-mass and in no case did a gall form or any of the lice live. I also transferred the eggs to tender new growths of red fir (Pscudofsuga mucronata) , but none of the young hatching from the eggs became established uj)on the changed food plant. The galls (Pis. 1 and II) develop with surprising rapidity, and are due to the thickening and lateral enlargement of the bases of the needles together with the enlarging of the stem. In color, the growing galls vary from light green to a dark purple. They are always terminal in position and kill the end of the twig, except when the lice attack the bases of a few needles only on one side of the new growth, leaving the others, including those at the end, to develop normally, and such galls are quite uncommon. The size of the gall depends upon the vigor of the tree and the num- ber of lice that are at hand to attack the new leaves. A weak growing twig cannot develop a large gall. A'igorous growing young silver spruces {Picea pmryana) on the campus of the Colorado Agricultural College often develop galls that are If to 2 inches in length and h to f of an inch in thickness inside of the needles. Average galls have from 75 to 150 chambers and consequently a like number of needles, with from 1 to 10 or 12 lice to a chamber. Air. Charles Jones counted the needles upon three large galls for me which ran as follows: 125, 170 and 215, an average of 170 needles to a gall. At the base there was an average of about 12, at the middle about 8 and near the tip about 5 young lice to a chamber. The largest number found in one cavity was 32. Mr. George Weldon reareil and counted the lice from five large-sized galls for me and they ran as follows : 463, 602, 750, 894, and 096. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., The lice within the galls are light red in color, and their bodies are more or less covered with the white waxy secretion which occurs both in the form of a powder and as threads. It might seem that there would be no need of this secretion as a protection in the galls, but it is of the greatest importance here as the lice give off a large amount of liquid excretion, which would drown them if it was not prevented from touching their bodies by their covering which is not wet by the excre- tion. The cast skins also come into service here. Prof. Cooley has called attention to the fact that the lice within the galls of Chermes abietis retain their cast skins for a time, fastened to the posterior end of the body. If one of the galls is broken open when nearly mature, the cast skins may be seen filled as full as they can hold with the liquid excretions. Thc,y may be shaken out in the hand and examined, but are easily broken. Thej^ appear like plump white models (ghosts) of the lice that shed them. About the 1st of July at Fort Collins the lice begin to transform to pupse, and a few days later the most advanced galls begin to open. The earliest gall found with lice escaping in 1906 was taken by Mr. L. C. Bragg, July 3, on a tree exposed to the open sun on the south side of a building. On Juh' 16, trees most exposed to the sun and not very thrifty had matured nearly all their galls and most of the lice had escaped. Large, more thrifty trees, and especially those that were shaded much of the time, still had most of their galls closed, and par- ticularly upon branches near the ground. Galls broken open at this time expose the pupte, which seem to pack every chamber full, and all their heads point outward from the centre toward the place of exit, ready to escape once more into the light of day as soon as the opening is made large enough. The pupce cling to nearby leaves, usually those of the gall, and shed their skins. During the few hours that the lice stay upon the leaves the little white patches of cottony secretion begin to show like masses of mycelial threads of a fungus. After a few hours of resting upon the galls the winged lice all leave and go, so far as I have been able to trace them, to the red fir {Pseudo- tsuga mucronata), where they settle upon the leaves, insert their beaks, and begin almost immediately to lay eggs, which accumulate in large piles beneath their wings. Each egg is anchored by a short silken thread attached to one end. The threads vary in length from those that are shorter than an egg to those that are more than twice that length. The threads also cling to the eggs and to one another after they are loosened from the leaf, so it is very difficult to separate them out from the"general cluster (see PI. IV, figs. B and D). The white 1907.] NATURAL SCIEN'CES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 wax threads from the head, thorax and sides of the abdomen also grow very rapidly, so that, with the aid of the wings, both louse and eggs are almost completely hidden in two or three days. Egg laying proceeds very rajiidly. From numerous counts made by the writer, and others made for me by Mr. G. P. Weldon, I extract the following: Seven large egg clusters, selected July 16 and 18, 1904, ran as follows in numbers of eggs: 96, 111, 127, 133, 136, 151, 155, an average of approximately 150. Seven medium egg clusters from leaves of red fir, where the lice had been located but 48 hours, gave counts as follows : 63. 66, 70, 74, 75, 88, and 104. Seven selected large egg clusters, where lice had been located only 48 hours, ran as follows: 90, 111, 126, 131, 133 and 150. ^Vhen we consider the large size of these eggs as com- pared with the females that lay them, it seems to me this is a develop- ment of reproductive tissue that is simply marvelous. These winged lice seem never to change their location after they have once inserted their beaks and begun to lay eggs. Occasionally one of these lice can be found feeding and laying eggs upon leaves of the blue (silver) spruce, but it is quite rare. By enclos- ing thousands of the lice in paper sacks upon twigs of this tree, I got enough to locate and lay eggs so as to get a few counts. The lice did not seem to be thrifty, however, and the number of eggs laid was smaller. Four lice located 48 hours on blue spruce deposited 16, 17, 19, and 36 eggs respectively. Seven of the largest patches where the lice had been settled 72 hours ran in numbers as follows: 33, 50, 53, 55, 74, 84, and 96; an average of about 64, or less than half the average number in large egg clusters upon red fir. On July 20, 1906, it required careful search to find one of these lice located upon blue spruce, w'hile the red firs near them had one or more of the lice on nearh' ever}' leaf, and many leaves were loaded with five or six of them (PI. II, fig. Ci and D). Lice continue to emerge from the galls till about July 25, and all apparently are females. The eggs laid by these winged females hatch in from six to seven days. Eggs laid July 12 began hatching July IS, and were all hatched on the 19th. The lice from these eggs are yellow at first, but soon become nearly black in color fringed with short wax threads similar to variety coweni (PI. Yl, figs. A, A^). Many of the lice hatching at this time remain beneath the dead bodies of the winged females, which die soon after the eggs are laid, but most of them scatter about over the leaves and come to rest chiefl}' upon the older leaves near the bases of the small twigs. Here they insert their set* and remain till spring 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., without growing perceptibly in size. These develop into stem-mothers upon the red fir the following spring and are probably the chief, but not the only, cause of the form described below as coiceni occurring upon the red fir. It is also strongly probable that the stem-mothers for the two summer broods of Chermes cooleyi come in a similar manner from the winged females of variety coiceni of the red fir that SAvarm upon the blue spruce in May, as described in my mention of the life history of that form below, though it is possible that the few females of cooleyi settling upon the blue spruce also give rise to stem-mothers the follow- ing spring, though in my attempts to follow these lice through the fall they have always perished. This brood of eggs laid by the winged females are practically all hatched by the end of July at Fort Collins. Host Plants and Habitat. — I have found this species occurring in Colorado at Fort Collins, Greeley, Loveland, Boulder, Denver, Colo- rado Springs, Palmer Lake, Estes Park, and up Long's Peak and Pike's Peak to timber line. l\\ the lower altitudes (from 4,000 to 8,000 feet) I have observed this gall chiefly upon blue spruce, but from 8,000 feet to timber line I have noticed it chiefly upon Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni). On August 15, 1903, I noted this gall as being very abundant on Engelmann spruce along the trail from Mill's Ranch to timber line on Long's Peak, and I have received the galls from the same locality sent by ]\Ir. Enos Mills. The galls occm- in small numbers to the limit of timber, but they become specially abundant three or four hmidred feet lower down. The galls at timber line on August 15 were still closed, but a few hundred feet lower the lice were emerging. I have also received galls from the Sitcha spruce from the mountains of western Canada, sent me by Dr. James Fletcher, that seem undoubtedly to be of this species. This Chermes is surely a native of the Rocky Mountain region and, so far as I know, occurs only upon the trees mentioned. I find the galls most numerous in parks or lawns where the blue spruce and red fir are clustered together. Stem-mother. — The stem-mother, in winter or early spring, is a grayish appearing object, about .6 mm. long b}" .3 mm. wide. The body of the louse is almost black, and the dark color shows through the white secretion which radiates in short stout threads about the margins of the bod}^ and rises in a crest down the median line of the back (PI. Ill, fig. A). These hibernating lice are removed with some difficulty on account of the long setse which are inserted deeply into the bark. After shedding the heavy winter coat the louse appears dark green in color, being lighter beneath and towards the posterior end of the abdomen, and becomes rusty brown later. 1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rUlLADELI'HIA. 9 Adult Apterous Female (PI. Ill, figs. B. C).— Fully grown examples measure 1 to 1.5 mm. in length by .8 to 1.2 mm. in width. The color is a dark rusty brown, and the entire dorsal surface is mottled with dark spots, representing the wax glands which occur upon all segments but the last. The arrangement of these glands is about as follows : On the head, nearly a continuous line of the gland pores on anterior margin, and two patches on a side near the hind margin; on the segments of the thorax and abdomen there are three glands on a side, but segments 5 to 8 of the abdomen have the patches more or less united, especially in the dorsal rows. The other glands of the dorsum have pores quite uniform in size and rather small (compare with var. coweni, PI. VI, fig. B). On the ventral surface there is a pair of small patches upon the head caudad to the bases of the antennae, and another pair of about the same size just in front of the middle coxse. The antennse (PL III, fig. F) are very small, about as long as the femora of the front pair of legs, or .14 mm., first and second joints short and stout and of about equal lengths, third nearly cylindrical and nearly twice as long as joints one and two combined, and with tw^o tactile hairs at the tip. Legs (PL III, fig. G) short, rather weak, tarsi two-jointed, the basal one very short and appearing as a short piece on the under side. Eggs. — The eggs are light amber yellow at fiirst covered with a white powder. They are attached each by a silken thread and the whole mass clings together, so that it is difficult to separate a few from the general mass (PL I, fig. C). Before hatching, the eggs darken some and the eyes of the embryo show- plainly through the shell as two dark spots. Length, .3 mm., width .17 mm. ; good average size of egg-cluster, 2 mm. Pupa. — The pupse, when they first leave the galls, are of a uniform rusty brow'n color throughout, lightly dusted with a white powder. On leaving the gall, they walk out upon the leaves, come to rest, and in a short time the pupal skin splits over the head and thorax, and in a few minutes more the adult emerges. At first it is shining rufous in appear- ance with the wings deep green, which color is quite marked for some time after the wings are fully unfolded. This process takes about ten minutes. The costal nerve is light yellow from the first. Winged Female (Pis. II, IV and XI). — The winged female is bright shining rufous at first, but by the time the wings are spread the eyes are black, and a few hours later the head and mesothorax are black also. The other portions gradually become darker, the abdomen retaining the rusty color longest. In about an hour after the pupal skin is shed the white secretion begins to show^ over the wax glands 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., and the louse soon flies away. The size varies much, the usual range being between 1.5 and 2 mm. in length. The ivi7igs are a little smoky with a large stigma that is slightly green and the costal nerve is yellow. The fore wing in a medium large louse is about 2.5 mm. long, or about 1.6 times the length of the body, with two simple discoidal veins, and one stigmal. Hind wing with one discoidal vein, length of the hind wing about equalling the length of the body. AntenncB dusky, five- jointed, about three-fourths as long as the greatest transverse diameter of the head. Joints 1 and 2 short, stout, cylindrical and about equal in length; joint 1 rather smooth, but the remaining ones with impressed transverse lines or wrinkles. Joints 3 to 5 subequal in length, with joint 3 usually a little stouter and more conical; joints 4 and 5 rather slender, not especially enlarged at distal end, nor swollen for the transverse sensoria, of which there is one to each of the three terminal joints; fifth joint with two short hairs at distal end. The arrangement of glands is shown in PI. IV, fig. A, and is about as follows : On the head two large transverse patches on anterior margin nearly coalescing, and a long narrow patch extending across the hind margin which may be divided at the median line; on the prothorax a long narrow patch occupying the entire lateral margin upon either side, and two long narrow patches along the hind margin nearly meeting at the middle line, and nearly or quite meeting the posterior ends of the lateral patches that are usually reflected mesad a short distance along the hind margin of the segment ; mesothorax with two small patches mesally located near the hind margin, in line with the two middle rows of glands upon the metathorax and abdomen; metathorax with the middle pair of glands only; abdomen with three rows of glands on either side over the first seven segments, except that the middle row is lacking on segments one and two. The lateral rows have the larger patches, and these rows are continued upon the eighth segment; the glands of the middle rows are smallest, and all the four dorsal rows become smaller as they recede from the thorax. The number of gland patches is not constant and the weaker ones are often wanting, and the larger ones sometimes coalesce. Chermes cooleyi var. coweni n. v. Tills louse has been injuriously abundant on small trees of red fir in lawns and parks of northeastern Colorado for a number of years. I first observed it on trees standing upon the campus of the Colorado State Agricultural College, where it has been abundant for ten years past at least. A brief description of the winged female was given in Bulletin 31, p. 115, of the Colorado Experiment Station, by Mr. J. H. 1007.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. U Cowcii. 1 hav(> also nu'iitioned this louse on p. 17 (tf the 1901 report of the same station. This form varies enough from cooleiji to be con- sidered a distinct species; but as these two seem to owe their differences to an alternation of food })lants, I have thou.cht best to con-idcr the foi-ni upon red lir a variety of coolciji. Life History. — The winter is spent as minute black lice, each being surrounded with a halo of white waxy threads and resting upon the upper surface of a leaf. They often occur in a line along the median groove. A few warm days al^out the last week in March or the first week in April cause the lice to grow, excrete drops of nectar, and burst the old larval skin. This first spring moult takes place at Fort Collins al^out April 1st. The hibernating form is shown on Pis. V and \I, figs. A and A^ As soon as the old skin has been cast, little patches of white secretion begin to appear along the dorsal surface, and in a few days more the entire body will be hidden by long curled threads of this material. About the 20th of April egg-laying begins, though not all of the lice develop together, and the time of the first egg-laying varies with the earliness of the season. From twenty-fi^•e to forty light yellow eggs are laid by each louse, and these hatch freely just as the new leaves begin to open at the ends of the twigs, and nearly all are hatched by the last of iMay. The lice migrate on to the new growths, insert their setse into the tender leaves and begin to feed and grow, and apparently they never change their location afterwards. This first brood from eggs for the year is dimorphic, in that about one-half remain wingless like the preceding generation, while the other half develop wings. The adults of the alate form appear about June 10; the wingless ones lay eggs like their predecessors, and the young hatching from them, for the most part, insert their setse in the leaves, take on a dark color, secrete a little of the white waxy material about themselves and upon their backs, and so remain until the following spring before growing perceptibly in size, and then become stem-mothers; but those that acquire wings all leave the red fir and, so far as I have been able to trace them, settle upon the leaves of the blue spruce {Picea parrycma), though it is prob- able that they do settle on Engelmann spruce as well. Some of the apterous females continue to develop and lay eggs, especially in shady places and upon tender new leaves, until late in July or even longer; but for the most part development closes with the young hatching from the second brood of eggs for the year, making two full broods annually besides the partial broods. The winged examples that migrate to the blue spruce settle upon the needles, secrete a large mass of cottony threads, deposit a patch 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^ of 30 to 40 eggs beneath their wings and die. The eggs hatch in about a week and the young remain on the leaves without developing until spring, as in case of most of the young from the second brood of eggs by the apterous individuals. When abundant, early in the summer, the little snowy white patches concealing the apterous females and their young are so numerous as to attract attention to the foliage (PI. V, figs. B, C and D). Wlien the first brood from eggs for the year hatch and settle upon the new leaves, the latter often become crooked and disorted in shape and yellow in color (PI. V, fig. C). I do not think I have ever seen a tree killed by this louse., but they are often made to look v.ery unthrifty and sickly in color of foliage. Hibernating Female. — The hibernating female, or stem-mother, grows very little if at all, after hatching from the egg the previous June or July, until the warm days of spring. The color, which seems black, is reall}^ a very dark green and the body is fringed all round with short white threads of waxy secretion, and down the middle of the back there is often a crest of the same threads, though these are not always present, and the entire dorsal surface is finely dusted with wax particles that glisten with a silvery white light. The setse are considerably longer than the bod}^ and are inserted in the leaves, through the fall and winter (PI. VI, figs. A and A^). The length before spring develop- ment varies little from .4 of a millimeter. The antenna is three- jointed and little exceeds a front tibise in length, first and second joints short and stout and about equal in length, and the third joint fully one-half longer than joints 1 and 2 together, and quite scabrous in appearance due to transverse impressed lines, and with about four hairs at the tip. About the middle of April the liquid excretion is being given off freely, and the waxy secretions now begin to show plainly as transverse roAvs of white spots across the dorsal surface (PI. V, figs. A. A.). When the winter skin is shed, the louse changes to a rusty brown color, darker towards the head. Adult specimens measure from .8 to 1.2 millimeters in length and from .6 to .9 mm. in greatest breadth. The antenna is still short, three-jointed, the third joint rather longer than joints 1 and 2 combined, and the whole length about .09 mm. (PI. VI, fig. E). The icax glands are arranged about as in cooleyi, but the pores are larger and fewer in number, at least for the glands anterior to the fourth abdominal segment (PI. VI, figs. B and C). On the head there are three gland patches on either side, and then there are three rows on a side over the succeeding body segments to the sixth abdominal ; on 1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 the seventh the median glands unite, reducing the number to five, and upon the eighth segment but three occur. A pair of rather large glands occur between the antenna below, and there is a small one on either side in front of the middle coxa?. The rostrum is short and stout, with joints 1 and 2 subequal in length. Pupa (PI. M, fig. F).— Length, .7 to 1 mm. Color light to a dull reddish brown, Ijecoming darker as the time for moulting approaches. From the front of the head are two short, broad, outwardly curved pencils of white secretion, one on either side of the median line. The body is also more or less whitened by a covering of fine white powder, but there are no Jong waxy filaments; head, thorax and wing pads a little darker than the remainder of the body. Dark spots marking the presence of developing wax glands may be seen as follows: Upon the front of the head two large ones, and back of these two others of smaller size close to the hind margin; on the prothorax a very large lateral gland upon either side, and mesad of each of these four small ones; mesothorax with one lateral and one submedian spot on either side, both small; metathorax with three spots on each side in a line near the hind margin. On the abdomen there are six longitudinal rows extend- ing over the first five segments, and the lateral rows over two or three segments more. Winged Female (PI. VII, fig. A). — Length, commonly .7 to 1.2 mm. Color reddish brown with head and thorax black or blackish, legs and antenna? a little dusky. Anterior wings 1.4 to 1.8 mm. in length, slightly smoky, venation normal; posterior wings without transverse nervure. After locating upon the blue spruces the body soon becomes nearly buried in a mass of wliite waxy threads, as in the case of cooleyi. Antenna nearly as long as the greatest width of the head (about .25 mm.), joints 1 and 2 short and subequal, joints 3 and 4 also subequal with the fourth a trifle the longer, fifth joint slighth^ longer than the fourth, joints 3, 4 and 5 deeply transversely marked with impressed lines and much enlarged toward the distal ends, and each with a transverse sensorium of moderate size, all the joints robust (PI. VII, fig. B). Legs dusky brown and rather stout. Glands arranged about as follows : a large one on the front of the head on either side at the base of the antenna, and on the posterior margin of the head, close to the median line, another pair of smaller glands; on the prothorax, a large gland patch on the posterior lateral margin that extends a short distance along the hind margin, and a smaller patch on the hind margin near the median line upon either side. Upon the mesathorax, one pair of large submedian glands, and upon the 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., abdomen there are three longitudinal rows upon either side, the middle row being quite small and occurring only upon segments 2 to 6. The inner rows occur upon segments 1 to 6, and the lateral rows upon segments 1 to 8. In a large series considerable variation will be found in the number of these glands, as some of the smaller patches often are wanting. I have found this form developing on the red jfir only. The distinguishing characters are the short stout beak, the small size and large pores of the dorsal glands, and the large size of the gland patches between the antennse in the apterous form and the robust antenna and small sensoria of the winged form. Chermes montanus n. sp. On July 20, 1906, Mr. Harley F. Wilson collected galls of what seems undoubtedly to be a new species of Chermes at Victor, Colorado, at an altitude of about 9,000 feet. The inmates had already left some of the galls and from others they were just emerging. The writer visited the locality August 5 following, to determine what spruces these galls occur upon, and found them upon blue spruce only. On the same trees with them were old and new galls of Chermes cooleiji. The galls (PI. YII, fig. C) are cone-shaped, from three-fourths to more than one inch in length, and are a modified development of the new growth at the tip of a twig. Each needle, instead of thickening as in case of the galls of cooleyi, broadens in the middle and becomes concave on the inner or axillary surface. The broadened portion may include nearly the entire needle at the base of the gall, but towards the tip the broadened part extends a less distance from the base. The stem from which the needles arise is little if any swollen. The lice cause the death of the end of the twig, and as the tissue dies and begins to dry the modified leaves open so that the lice readily escape. Because of the loose structure of these galls Syrphus larvse prey freely upon the lice. Pupa. — The pupse seem darker in color than those of cooleyi, but othei'wise I cannot see that they are specially different. Winged Adult. — When the pupal skin is first cast, the wing pads are yellow in color instead of green as in cooleyi, and the costal and sub- costal nerves retain the same color after the wings unfold. The length of the body varies between 1.5 and 2.2 millimeters. The color is a reddish brown, abdomen rust brown, antennae and legs dusky, wings normal, hind wings with one cross vein, and slightly smoky. Antennse (PI. XI, fig. A) five-jointed, joints rather stout and somewhat more enlarged at distal ends than in cooleyi, the striations 1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF Pill I.ADELPIll A. 15 uj^on joints 3 to 5 quite stroufjly ciirvod, especially on joints 4 and 5, tiie convexity being towards the distal ends of the joints. Joints 1 and 2 short, stout, cylindrical; joint 3 a little longer than 4, and joint 5 a little longer than 3 ; joints 3 to 5 each with a very large sensoriuni ; on joint 3 it extends fully one-third the length of the joint along the ventral side, in joints 4 and 5 the sensoria extend fully one-half the length of the joints; there are almost no hairs except for a cluster of four or five at the tip of the last segment. The antennal characters alone easily separate this species from all others mentioned in this paper. The legs are as distinctive as the antennae, being much stouter than those of any other species I have studied (PI. XI, fig. B). The wax glands that are so conspicuous in cleared specimens of other species of Chermcs are absent or faintly distinguished in the winged females of this species. The galls of this species are very distinct from those of any other Chermes known to me. Eggs, young, antl wingless females of this species have not been studied. Chermes similis n. sp. (Plate VII. figs. D, D', E, E'.) On the visit to Victor, Colorado, August 5, I collected from trees bearing galls of Chermes cooleyi another gall very similar in appear- ance. Winged lice were issuing from them, as they were also from galls of cooleyi. Galls. — The galls I collected were rather short and thick for those of cooleyi; they were in every case terminal upon the twigs, and they are produced by the broadening and thickening of the basal portion of the needles, but not at the extreme base as in cooleyi, see PI. VII, figs. D and E. At the point of attachment the needle is about normal in size, but an abrupt thickening and broadening takes place about three or four millimeters from the twig. Each needle is separate from its neighbors, however, and may be removed without the tearing of any tissue except a small spot about one millimeter across at the point of attachment, so that in place of a number of separate chambers, as in the galls of cooleyi, the lice live in open spaces which pass into one another about the bases of the needles. The casual observer would not be likely to notice any difference between this gall and that of Chermes cooleyi. The pupse, as in cooleyi, are quite heavily covered with white powder when ready to emerge. Apterous females and their egg-clusters were also found in some of the galls, but there was no way to make certain that they were of the same species. The looseness of structure in the galls allowed the attacks of Syrphus larvae which were very common. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Winged Female. — Color as in cooleyi; length from 1.3 to 2 millimeters ; wings a little smoky, especially along the veins; venation normal, one transverse vein in hind wing very distinct. Wax glands of abdomen are arranged as follows : The lateral rows with well-developed glands on the first six segments ; the two dorsal rows well developed on segments 1 to 6; the middle row on either side begins on segment 3 and ends upon segment 6. The antenna in this species is very similar to that of montanus. Segments 1 and 2 are short and cylindrical, seg- ments 3, 4 and 5 are in the proportion of 22, 26, and 25 respectively, segments 3, 4 and 5 are provided each with a very large sensorium similar to those fovmd upon the antenna of montanus. The transverse striations upon the segments run in nearly straight transverse lines instead of curved lines, as in the case of montanus. This species is easily separated from montanus by the presence of well-developed wax glands upon the abdomen, and the more slender legs. I supplied the breeding cage where this louse was emerging with fresh twigs of red fir and blue spruce. The lice began at once to locate upon the needles of the blue spruce and to lay eggs rapidly, but none located upon the needles of the red fir. The galls were all taken from blue spruce trees and were considerably less numerous than those of Chermcs cooleyi. Altitude 9,000 feet. Chermes coloradensis n. sp. (Plates VIII, IX and X.) This species was first noticed by the writer upon the needles of Bull or yellow pine {Pinus scopidorum) growing upon the campus of the Colorado State Agricultural College in the spring of 1897. Its presence has been noticed in some numbers every year since. Some years the needles and the new growths have been fairly whitened with its cottony secretions during late spring and summer (see PI. VIII), while in other years the lice have barely been able to survive in small numbers, as their insect enemies are many and active. The writer figured this louse upon pine needles in Plate I of Fourteenth Annual Repori of the Colo. Agr. Exp. Station, 1901. Habitat and Host Plants. — I have found this louse common upon Bull pines occurring upon the foothills of northeastern Colorado and in the city parks of Colorado Springs and Denver. In 1905 I found it com- mon upon this pine in the vicinity of Palmer Lake. During the last week of June,. 1906, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell sent me infested pine needles from Florissant, Colorado, that were taken at an altitude of 8,000 feet, and I have on several occasions taken what seems to be the same species upon Lodge Pole pine {Pinus murrayana) growing upon 1007.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELrHIA. 17 the oanipiis of the Colorado A<:ri(niltural ("olle