PROCEEDINGS OF The Academy of Natural Sciences OF PHILADELPHIA VOLUME LX1V /.9/2 philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences LOGAN SQUARE 1912-1913 The V \m mi of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. February 8, 1913. I hereby certify thai printed copies of the Proceedings for 1912 were mailed as follows: — Pages 1 so April 3, 1912 81 128 May 14,1912 L29 152 May 23, 1912 •' L53 L68 July 5, 1912 •• 169 280 August, 8, 1912 • I'M 376 September 6, 1912 " :;77 lln September 26, 1912 •• Ml 186 November 27, 1912 " 487-534 January 30,1913 •• 535 566 February 13, 1913 EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE! Hi \kv Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, Edward J. Nolan, M.D. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan, M.D. 7 / v1 CONTENTS For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index. PACE Berry, S. Stillman. A catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda (Plates V-IX) 380 Brown, Amos P., and Henry A. Pilsbry. Note on a collection of fossils from Wilmington, North Carolina (Plate I) 152 Fauna of the Gatun Formation, Isthmus of Panama. II (Plates XXII-XXVI) 500 Bryant, Henry G. Government agencies in the advancement of geographical knowledge in the United States (ab- stract) 148 Caudell, A. N., and Morgan Hebard. Fixation of the single type (lectotype) specimens of species of American Orthoptera. Section II. See Rehn and Hebard 157 Celebration of the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of the Academy. 129 Colton, Harold Sellers. Lymnsea columella and self- fertilization 173 Conklin, Edwin G. Experimental studies in nuclear and cell division in the eggs of Crepidula (abstract)* 131 Donaldson, Henry H. The history and zoological position of the albino rat (abstract)* 136 Fowler, Henry W. Descriptions of nine new eels, with notes on other species 8 Records of fishes for the Middle Atlantic States and Virginia 34 Fukuda, T. Statistical studies on variation in the wing- length of a butterfly of the subfamily Satyrinse 277 Harshberger, John W. The vegetation of the Banana Holes of Florida (abstract) 134 Heath, Harold, and Ernest A. McGregor. New polyclads from Monterey Bay, California (Plates XII-XVIII) 455 jv ( 0NTENTS. PAGE Holland, William J. David Alter, the first discoverer of spectrum analj sis (abstrad I 134 Hoi STON, Edwin J. How the natural sciences can be made attractive to the young (abstract) 143 Howe, Marshall A. Reef-building and land-forming sea- weed- (abstra 137 Jacobs, Merkel II. Physiological characters of species (abstract) 146 Lyman, Benjamin Smith. Natural history morality 138 M< Ai ik. \Y. L. The experimental method of testing the efficiency of warning and cryptic coloration in protecting animal- from their enemies 281 Macfarlane, John M. The relation of protoplasm to its environment (abstract)* 147 Mai ry, Carlotta .). A contribution to the paleontology of Trinidad (abstract)* 132 Meigs, Edward B., and L. A. Ryan. The ash of smooth muscle (abstract) 136 \i lson, .1. A. Structural peculiarities in an abnormal queen bee 3 <>snni!\. Henry Fairfield. Tetraplasy, the law of the four inseparable factors of evolution (abstract)* 144 Parker, George Howard. Sensory appropriation, as illus- trated by the organs of taste in vertebrates (abstract)* 147 Pennell, Francis. Kurt her notes on the flora of the Conowingo or Serpentine Barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania 520 Pilsbry, Henry A. On the tropical element in the molluscan fauna of Florida (abstract ). 142 bi.nv James A. G. The orthopteran inhabitants of the Sonoran creosote bush (abstract) 143 R] n\. .1 wn;s A. (I., and Morgan Hebard. Fixation of single type (lectotype) specimens of species of American Orthoptera. Set Caudell and Hebard ■ 60 A revision of the genera and species of the Group Mogo- plistii (Orthoptera: Gryllidse) found in North America north of the Isthmus of Panama 184 Orthoptera found on the Florida Keys and in treme southern Florida. I 235 Shufeldt, R. W. Notes on a prehistoric race of Yucatan 'Plate- XIX XXI) 492 CONTENTS. V PAGE Skinner, Henry. Mimicry in butterflies (abstract)* 141 Smith, Burnett. Observations on the structure of some coral beds in the Hamilton Shale (Plates X, XI) 446 Stone, Witmer. Fauna and flora of the New Jersey Pine Barrens (abstract) 149 A new Synallaxis 365 Thompson, Will F. The protoconch of Acmsea. ... 540 Trotter, Spencer. The faunal divisions of eastern North America (abstract) * 142 True, Frederick W. A new species of Delphinodon (ab- stract)* 155 Vanatta, E. G. Phenacolepas malonei, n. sp 151 A new species of Vertigo from Florida 445 Wherry, Edgar T. The Triassic of Pennsylvania 156 Apparent sun-crack structures and ringing-rock phenomena in the Triassic Diabase of Eastern Pennsylvania (Plate II) , 169 Silicified wood from the Triassic of Pennsylvania (Plates III, IV) 366 Age and correlation of the "New Red" or Newark group in Pennsylvania 373 * These papers are published in full in the Commemorative volume of the Academy's Journal (XV). PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1912. January 2. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., in the Chair. Nineteen persons present. The Council reported the appointment of the following Standing Committees to serve during the year: Finance. — John Cadwalader, Edwin S. Dixon, Charles Morris, James D. Winsor, and the Treasurer. Library.— Thomas H. Fenton, M.D., Thomas Biddle, M.D., George Vaux, Jr., Henry Tucker, M.D., Frank J. Keeley. Publications. — Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, Edward J. Nolan, M.D. Instruction and Lectures. — Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry Tucker, M.D., George S. Morris. Mr. Frank J. Keeley was appointed Curator of the William S. Vaux Collections. George Vaux, Jr., waS appointed the Solicitor of the Academy. Dr. Henry Leffmann made a communication on recent advances in photography as aids in teaching natural historj-. (No abstract.) 2 pro* eedings of the academy of [jan.,. January 16. Henry Tu< ki.i:. M.D., in the Chair. Forty-four persons present. The deaths of the Rev. Charles A. Dickey, June 10, 1910, and of Edward Potts, January 4, 1912, members, were announced. William L. Bailey made a beautifully illustrated communication on an ornithological trip to the Magdalen Islands. (No abstract.) G. B. Haekel, Edwin B. Bartram, and Henry D. Pratt were elected members. The following were elected Correspondents: Viktor Goldschmidt, of Heidelberg; Charles Haskins Townsend,, Sc D., of New York; Carlotta J. Maury, Ph.D., of New York; John ('. Brainier. Ph.D., LL.D., of Leland Stanford Jr. University. The following was ordered to be printed: 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES IN AN ABNORMAL QUEEN BEE. BY J. A. NELSON, PH.D. In May of the present year. (1911) the Bureau of Entomology received through the kindness of The A. I. Root Company, Medina. Ohio, an abnormal queen bee, together with the cell from which she emerged. These had been originally sent to the company by the Rev. A. Francois, Parish Priest of Grand Bay, B. W. I. Father Francois also sent a letter containing the following data : The queen was hatched in 18 days after the colony became queenless, the cell being formed on drone comb. She was very active and Father Francois mistook her for a hermaphrodite, "half queen and half drone." » The queen when received was alive, and appeared to be in good condition. It was planned to introduce her into a colony to test her fertility, but she perished by an accident before this could be carried out. A careful examination of the exterior of the dead queen showed nothing abnormal or unusual in the structure of the head, thorax, or appendages. The abdomen, however, was of a very unusual shape. Instead of the long tapering conical form charac- teristic of the normal queen bee (fig. 1 D), it was in this case broadly ovate, as fig. 1 A and C show. Moreover, the three terminal segments were bent strongly ventrad, so that the outline of the abdomen suggests that of the drone, having a blunt apex, and doubtless was the cause of Father Francois' supposition that this bee was her- maphroditic. A more careful examination of the abdomen disclosed further abnormalities. In correlation with the unusual breadth of the abdomen, the sternites of the 5th and 6th segments are much broader than in the normal queen (fig. 1C). They are, moreover, somewhat asymmetrical, as is also the sternite of the 4th segment, although to a slighter degree. Most modified of all is the sternite of the 7th segment. In the normal queen (fig. 1 D) this has approxi- mately the outline of an isosceles triangle with a small notch at its caudal apex. In the abnormal queen (fig. 1 C) this plate is so much reduced by shortening in the longitudinal axis that it is almost com- pletely covered and concealed by the sternite of the 6th segment. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., This reduction of the 7th segment in part accounts for the strong downward flexure of the abdomen. In addition, the caudal notch is very wide and deep, with a semicircular outline, and extends over fully one-half of the posterior border of the segment, The sting is also slightly abnormal, having a kink about midway of its length. Fig. 1. — A, B, and C, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of abdomen of abnormal queen. D, abdomen of normal queen, ventral view. X 5. An examination of the internal organs showed other and more fundamental peculiarities. The poison glands, poison sac and spermatotheca (fig. 2 A) in their size and structure display no apparent abnormalities. The spermatotheca was empty, indicating that the queen was a virgin. The digestive tract also seemed to be normal. The sex organs, however, were strikingly modified. The left ovary (fig. 2 A and B), together with its duct, was entirely wanting. The right oviduct (fig. 2 B, OvD) was present, but compressed in a dorso- ventral direction, and bent in the sagittal plane into a sigmoid curve. 1912.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. AG1D Attached to its upper end was a fusiform opaque whitish mass (Ov) 1.8 mm. in length, apparently representing a single egg tube, and seemingly containing only a single egg. As fig. 2 A and B show, the external openings of the poison apparatus on the one hand and the spermatotheca and vagina on the other are very close together. In the normal queen this is not the case since they are separated by a considerable interval, which is taken up by the dorsal wall of the bursa copulatrix. It is evident, therefore,, in the case under consideration, that the bursa is very much shortened 'in an antero-posterior direc- tion, in correlation with the shortening of the sternite of the 7th abdominal segment. The cause of the abnor- malities recorded here is entirely unknown. The cell from which this queen emerged was to all appearances en- tirely normal. Moreover, these abnormalities cannot be re- lated to the sexual char- acters of the drone or the worker, except in so far as the reduction of the ovaries OvD SpmGID BG1 PsnScD Fig. 2. — A, poison apparatus and sex or- gans of abnormal queen from dorsal side. X 1\. B, ovary and oviduct of abnormal queen. X 10. AG1D, duct of acid gland. BG1, alkaline gland. Ov, ovary. OvD, oviduct. PsnSc, poison sac. PsnScD, duct of same. Spm, spermatotheca. SpmGID, duct of same. is peculiar to the worker, but in the latter case they are symmetrical. The queen is not in any way hermaphroditic, but merely abnormal in the reduction of certain parts of the abdominal wall and viscera. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., February 6. Mr. Stewardson Brown in the Chair. Thirteen persons preseitt. The Publication Committee reported as follows: An "Index to the scientific contents of the Journal and Proceed- ings of the Academy" and a "History of the Academy" by the Recording Secretary had been accepted by the Centenary Sub- Committee on Printing and Publication to be issued in connection with the celebration of the One Hundredth Birthday of the society. The following papers had been accepted as contributions to the ( Centenary Commemorative volume (the fifteenth of the quarto Journal) : "Human Spermatogenesis: Spermatocytes and Spermatogenesis," by Thomas H. Montgomery Ph.D. (Received November 28, 1911.) "Early Adaptation in Feeding Habits of Starfishes," bv John M. Clarke, A.M., LL.D., Ph.D. (Received December 16, 1911.) "A Contribution to the Paleontology of Trinidad," by Carlotta J. Maury, Ph.D. (Received December 27, 1911.) The following had been accepted for publication in the Pro- ceedings: "Structural Peculiarities in an Abnormal Queen Bee," by J. A. Nelson, Ph.D. (December 21, 1911.) "Description of nine new Eels, with notes on other species," by Henry W. Fowler. (January 24, 1912.) "Record of Fishes from the Middle Atlantic Coast and Virginia," by Henry W. Fowler. (January 24, 1912.) The meeting was held in association with the Botanical Section. Mr. Benjamin H. Smith made a communication on recent species of Cretsegus. (No abstract.) John H. Harshberger, Ph.D., spoke of the physiography and vegetation of the Florida Everglades. (No abstract.) 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. February 20. Witmer Stone, A.M., in the Chair. Twenty-nine persons present. A resolution was adopted conveying a vote of thanks to Charles Marquedent Burns for an oil portrait of the Recording Secretary presented at the last meeting. The Publication Committee reported in favor of publishing a paper entitled " Fixation of Single Type (Lectotype) Specimens of species of North American Orthoptera (Section One)," by James A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard (February 9) in the Proceedings. The following had been accepted for publication in the Centenary Volume : "Description of a new Fossil Porpoise of the genus Delphinodon from the Miocene Formation of Maryland." By Frederick W. True. (February 10.) "Mimicry in Boreal American Rhopalocera." By Henry Skinner, M.D., Sc.D. (February 15.) "The Petrographic Province of Neponset, Massachusetts," by Florence Bascom. (February 20.) Prof. Ulric Dahlgren made a communication, beautifully illus- trated, on the production of light by animals. (No abstract.) The subject was discussed by Dr. Edward Anthony Spitzka. Frederick Ehrenfeld and Francis B. Bracken were elected members. The following were ordered to be printed: 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., DESCRIPTIONS OF NINE NEW EELS, WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES. BY HENRY W. FOWLER. All the material treated in this paper is contained in the collection of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. ALEBIDJE. Alebes rufus (Macleay). Two from Victoria, Australia. MONOPTERIDiE. Monopterus albus (Zuiew). Five from Batu Sangkar and seven from Padang, Sumatra. Of the latter three are now in Stanford University. SYNBRANCHIDJE. Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch. Eleven examples from Peru, Pebas, Ambyiacu River, Surinam, Rio Grande do Sul, and Sao Joao to Rio Negro and Chapada in Brazil. ANGUILLIDiE. Anguilla anguilla (Linnanis). Sweden; Lake Lucerne, Switzerland; Munich, Germany; Italy (Bonaparte 398, 399, 400), Arno River. Twenty-four examples. Anguilla japonica Schlegel. Yodo River, Wakanoura, Matsushima and Kurume, Japan. Twenty-two examples. Anguilla chrisypa Rafmesque. Boston, Nantucket, Wood's Holl, Massachusetts; Noank, Con- necticut; Long Island, New York; lower James River, Virginia; mouth of Kentucky River; Miami and Bayport, Florida; San Diego, Texas; Santo Domingo and St. Martins, West Indies. Besides many examples representing these localities, I have listed multitudes elsewhere from the Middle States region. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. One from Padang, Sumatra; two from Samoa; two from Philip- pine Islands. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9 Anguilla tricolor McClelland. One from Padang and two from Batu Sangkar, Sumatra. One of last now in Stanford University. Anguilla australis Richardson. One from Victoria, Australia. SIMENOHELYIDJE. Simenchelys parasiticus Goode and Bean. One from N. Lat. 42° 37' W. Long. 66° 55' in 200 fathoms. SYNAPHOBRANCHID^l. Synaphobranchus pinnatus (Gray). One from N. Lat. 44° W. Long. 58° 30' in 160 fathoms. LEPTOCEPHALIDiE. Leptocephalus conger (Linnaeus). Atlantic City, Ocean City, Beesley's Point and Corson's Inlet, Xew Jersey; Italy. Seventeen examples. Leptocephalus marginatus (Valenciennes). Two from Christmas Island (W. H. Jones) and two from Hawaii (J, K. Townsend?), in Pacific Ocean. Leptocephalus myriaster (Brevoort). One from Hiroshima and eight from Tokyo, Japan. Leptocephalus nystromi Jordan and Snyder. Two from Nagasaki, Japan. MICROCONGER subgen. nov. Type Leptocephalus caudalis sp. nov. Differs from the subgenus Leptocephalus in the well-developed caudal fin. (Mj/cpds, small ; Koyypo? or l'»yypn<>, the ancient name of Leptocephalus.) Loptocephalus caudalis sp. nov. Fig. 1. Head 7k; depth 21^; head width 3£ its length ; snout 4; eye 6^; maxillary 2f ; mouth cleft 2|; interorbital 9; pectoral 3|; head 1| to dorsal origin; head 2| to anal origin. Body long, rather well compressed, especially behind, and tail tapering long and slender. Head long, greatest width about equals its greatest depth, profiles nearly alike. Snout long, not especially cavernous, surface convex, upper profile nearly straight, basal width about equals its length, and tip slightly protruding beyond mandible end. Eye ellipsoid, 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., rather large, close to upper profile, without eyelid, centre a little before first third in head. Mouth rather large, wide, rictus extending back behind pupil centre, though not quite opposite hind eye edge. Maxillary extends back trifle behind hind eye edge. Lips rather fleshy, broad laterally. Jaws strong. Teeth largely uniserial, uniform in size, conic, sharp-pointed, close-set and slightly inclined back along edges of jaws. In upper jaw front patch of slightly larger premaxillary teeth, these conic, sharp-pointed, and form continuous area back on front of vomer. Vomerine teeth similar to premaxillary teeth, in somewhat triangular area with apex directed back or towards pharynx, and teeth rather sparse behind. No other teeth on mouth roof. Teeth in mandible not continuous across symphysis, and an outer and inner series of small similar teeth on anterior portion of each ramus. Tongue smooth, elongate, rather narrowly triangular, and free in front. Mandible strong, shallow, Fig. 1. — Leptocephalus caudalis Fowler. Typo. with low rami. Front nostril in short fleshy tube near snout tip. Hind nostril simple pore close before front rim of eye. Interorbital narrowly constricted bony ridge, surface convex. Gill-opening begins opposite supero-median pectoral ray bases, curves slightly forward in crescent, about If in eye. Pharynx but little swollen. Skin smooth. A pair of pores on upper lip at snout tip between nasal tubes, and immediately behind though more widely separated at point about first fourth in snout length another pair. Still closer than either of these pairs a third pair of inconspicuous pores on snout superiorly placed about first third in its length. A series of 6 pores from close after nasal tube till below lower front eye edge. Row of 9 pores on lower side of head beginning close behind man- dibular symphysis, and last one just below opercle front on branchi- 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 ostegal region. Vertical series of 3 small pores behind eye short space on side of head. L. 1. complete, a little high at first, then midway along tail side, and extending short space on tail. From above pectoral origin about 112 pores in 1. 1., of which 30 before vent. L. 1. with about 7 pores before pectoral base, where continued on head side till its origin above opercle front. Dorsal, anal, and caudal continuous, first with origin about midway in depressed pectoral length. Dorsal and anal moderately high, radii fine. Caudal large, length 1| in head, with numerous fine radii, contour elongate and sharply pointed behind, median rays longest. Pectoral small, elongate, inserted about midway in depth, radii fine, and fin rather pointed behind. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely dull or uniform russet-brown, lower surface of head and abdomen slightly paler. Snout tip deep brown. Iris slaty. Fins all plain pale brown. Edges of vertical fins narrowly dusky, becoming nearly blackish posteriorly. Lips and gill-opening pale. Length 6f inches. Type No. 1,055, A. N. S. P. Off Lower California. Dr. W. H. Jones. Only the type known, and apparently distinguished from all other species of the genus by its large caudal fin. (Cauda, tail; with reference to the large caudal fin). Congrellus balearicus (De la Roche). Four from Italy. Congrellus anago (Schlegel). Congrellus meeki Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, p. 347, PL 11. Bay of Tokyo, Japan. Three from.Tokyo, Japan. One of these is typical of Congrellus meeki. Two others from Wakanoura. Japan. Congrellus bowersi (Jenkins). One from Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Bathycongrus mystax(De la Roche). One from the Mediterranean. Atopichthys nuttalli sp. nov. Fig. 2. Head 12|; depth 12J; head width 2| in its length; head depth at occiput 2; snout 5J; eye 2>\; maxillary 2h; interorbital 3|; muscular segments about 17 + 143?. Body oblong, greatly compressed, sides flattened, and only taper- 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., ing at head and end of tail so that long median area of similar great depth. Tail tapering rather suddenly, more acuminate than head. Head widest part of body, little deeper than wide, profiles similar. Snout conic, width about f its length and latter slightly projects beyond mandible. Eye large, impinging on upper profile, at first third in head, slightly ellipsoid. Mouth large, little oblique, nearly Fig. 2. — Atopichthijs nuttalli Fowler. Type. straight in commissure, and latter reaches about hind pupil edge. Teeth deciduous? (if present), as jaws at present entirely edentulous. Tongue far back, little developed. Mandible shallow, rami low, as seen from below rather attenuated. Nostrils small, well separated, similar, anterior near snout end and posterior close before eye. Interorbital moderately convex. Gill-opening about f in eye, inferior, nearly vertical or but slightly inclined forward, and begins above nearly opposite and close before pectoral origin. Body naked, smooth, myomeres distinct. Vertical fins low, continuous around caudal, latter very small, short and scarcely developed or less than | in eye. Dorsal begins behind head a space about equal to eye and postocular region of head. Anal begins about first § in total length. Pectoral well developed, rather high. Vent not distinct, apparently close before anal. Color in alcohol uniform pale brownish, and no dark chromato- phores "evident now, if ever present in life. Length 5\1- inches (146 mm.). Type No. 1,042, A. N. S. P. Hawaiian Islands. Thomas Nuttall. Only the type known. This is evidently a young apodal fish, possibly of Leptocephalus or some allied genus. I have not been able to locate it among any of the numerous forms described, as it differs in the combination of characters expressed in the above description. (Named for Thomas Nuttall, from whom it was obtained many years ago.) MTJR^ENESOCIDiE. Muraenesox savanna (Cuvier). An example 40 inches long from Santo Domingo, West Indies. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 Also a dried skin without data, though likely from the Mediterranean? (Bonaparte?). These examples show onl}r such minor discrepancies as may be attributed to age, individual variation, or their preparation as specimens. EOHELID^B. Echelus myrus (Linnaeus). Two large examples from the Mediterranean. One contained the remains of a squill. Myrophis vafer Jordan and Gilbert. Two from Panama (McNiel). Chilorhinus suensonii Lutken. Three from Santa Cruz, West Indies. Muraenichthys devisi Fowler. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 421, fig. 2. Victoria, Australia. No. 33,120, A. N. S. P., type. Muraenichthys ogilbyi Fowler. L. c, p. 423, fig. 3, Victoria, Australia. No. 33,121, A. N. S. P., type. OPHICHTHYID^. Dalophis coecus (Linnseus). One from the Mediterranean. Holopterura plumbea Cope. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2) XIV, 1871, p. 482. West Africa. No. 22,964, A. N. S. P., type. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett). Two from Hawaii. Chlevastes elaps sp. now Fig. 3. Head 17^; depth at vent 65|; D. about 557 + 25; A. about 263; head width 3| its length; head depth 2f; snout 5f; mouth 3§; interorbital 7£; eye 2\ in snout; gill-opening If; head 8| to vent; about 8 pores in 1. 1. before gill-opening, and 160 more to end of tail, of which 78 between gill-opening and vent. Body extremely elongate, subcylindrical or but moderately com- pressed with convex sides, and long tail only appreciably tapering near end. Head small, rather compressed, with swollen pharynx, and upper profile much more evenly convex than lower. Snout convex over surface and in profile tip firm, basal width It its length. Eye small 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., ellipsoid, without eyelid or skin of head extending over entirely, centre about first f in head. Mouth small, commissure but slightly curved, rictus extends well behind eye. Lips rather broad, especially upper, fleshy, entire. Teeth all molar-like or rounded, upper lateral series distinct from vomerine or premaxillary, rather irregu- larly uniserial, begins about midway in snout length and continues back till opposite hind eye edge. Premaxillary and vomerine teeth continuous, former a little large and exposed below in front of closed mandible tip, and latter like lateral upper jaw teeth, though con- tinued a little further posteriorly. Mandibular teeth irregularly biserial, anterior a little enlarged, not continuous across symphysis, and extend well back towards rictus. Tongue not evident. Man- m a Fig. 3. — Chlevastes daps Fowler. Type. dible strong, shallow, symphysis obtuse. Anterior nostril in fleshy tube, before mandible tip, on upper lip. Posterior nostril large pore, with outer cutaneous edge opening downward below lower eye front. Interorbital evenly convex. Gill-opening small, inferior, inclined back moderately. Skin rather thin, smooth. Head with number of fine longitudinal wrinkles, though these mostly on pharynx. Some pores on mandible and lower side of head, these inconspicuous. Dorsal origin nearer snout tip than gill-opening by space equal 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 to If eye-diameters, fin begins high at origin, and remains so till well posterior, when but little lower. Dorsal ends about 1^ head-lengths from tail tip, after which a smaller low dorsal still posterior, this, however, only extending back about half way to tail tip. Anal little lower than dorsal, moderately developed, and posteriorly ends before end of dorsal. Tail end compressed, pointed, tip rather slender and flexible. Pectoral small, base broad, short, length about half basal width. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely pale or very dull brownish generally. Broad brownish transverse band over interorbital and down along each side of mandible, not continued below. Second head band about midway in head length, wider above than below. Third brown band of normal and regulation pattern, includes gill-opening, and continued below. This followed by 10 more on trunk and 12 on tail after vent, very few incomplete below. Alternating with bands 1 to 5 spots or blotches of dark brown in pale interspaces. Where close to vertical fins both spots and transverse bands con- tinued on them. All dark blotches and bands with decidedly darker brown edges than their general color, line of demarcation between them slight, though greatly contrasting with pale color. Iris pale gray to slaty. Length 27f inches. Type No. 1,001, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. This form approaches Chlevastes oculatus (Bleeker),1 which has the narrow dark transverse bands 3, or more than 3, times narrower than the spotted or blotched interspaces. Murcena colubrina Boddaert2 shows 30 dark complete rings, the first including snout tip, second includes eye, and third would apparently include gill-opening, which is not satisfactorily indicated. Murcena annulata Ahl3 and M. fasa'ata Ahl4 are two species the original accounts of which I have been unable to consult. For Opkisurus altemans Quoy and Gaimard5 figure an example with 31 dark and mostly complete rings, though only a few spots in a few of the interspaces. Their figure also indicates the dorsal origin over the gill-opening. Ophichthys naja De Vis6 is said to 1 Ophisurus fasciatus var. oculata Bleeker, Atlas Ich., IV, 1864, p. 64. East Indies. - Neu. Nord. Beytr., II, 1781, p. 56, PL 2, fig. 2. Amboyna. 3 Mur. Oph. Thunb., 1789, p, 8, PI. 1, fig. 1. East Indies. 4 L. c, p. 9. East Indies. 5 Voy. Uranie, Zool, 1824, p. 243, PI. 45, fig. 2. Guam. 6 Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1883 (1884), p. 455. South Sea Islands. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., have 27 dark rings, and some of the pale interspaces with a large oval spot. Its teeth are also said to be flat tubercular molars. (Elaps, a genus of serpents, some of which have a similar color- pattern.) Cirrhimuraena chinensis Kaup. Two from Padang, Sumatra. One of these is now in Stanford University. Microdonophis erabo Jordan and Snyder. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, p. S70, fig. 17. Misaki, Japan. No. 26,224, A. N. S. P., paratype. Myrichthys oculatus (Kaup). One from St. Martins, West Indies. Myrichthys magnificus (Abbott). Pisoodonophis magnified Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 476. Hawaiian Islands. No. 1,013, A. N. S. P., type of P. magnified, Abbott. Also paratype No. 1,014, same data. The former is 27 inches long, though in the original description it is given as 19 inches. Gunther has recently7 merged Ophisurus ophis (which he says is not Murcena ophis Bloch) Lacepede, M. tigrina Ruppell, M. maculosa Cuvier and Ophichthys stypurus R. Smith and Swain, in the synonymy of this species. However, Jordan and Davis long ago8 pointed out that Ophisurus ophis Lacepede is evidently after "Bloch, as is shown by the enumeration of fin rays" and allow it, together with Murcena ophis Linnaeus, as questionable synonyms of Ophichthus havannensis (Schneider) . Murcena maculosa Cuvier is based on Lacepede's Ophisurus ophis, which in turn is also based on M. ophis Bloch from Surinam?. Now Ophisurus guttatus Cuvier is based directly on M. ophis Bloch, so both of Cuvier's names are more likely synonyms of the American 0. havannensis (Schneider). Murcena tigrina Rtippell9 is figured as showing the dorsal origin over the gill-opening, and the same is also stated in the text. The dark spots are indicated on the figure as quite large and regular, especially on the anal and belly. The eye is shown a little anterior in the mouth cleft. Ruppell also says "der nicht sonderlich ge- spaltene Mund und der Gaumen mit mehreren Reihen Hakenzahne " Journ. Mus. Godeffroy (F. Siidsee), XVII, 1910, p. 401. 8 Rep. U. S. F. Com., XVI, 18S8 (1892), p. 629. 9 Atlas. Reis. N. Af., Zool., 1S28, p. 118, PI. 30, fig. 2. Mohila, Red Sea. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 besetzt." It would seem from this that his fish is not even a Myrich- thys. Myrichthys stypurus (Smith and Swain)10 may be identical with the present species, but several minor differences may at least be detected, such as its hind pectoral edge being lunate, dorsal and anal fins persisting almost to the tail tip where quite high, and the disposition of the spots. For these reasons I decline to follow Glinther. OphichthllS rufus (Rafinesque). Four frcm Italy. Jordan and Davis state that the "description of Echelus rufus fits this species better [than Echelus polyrinus Rafinesque12], but the figure not at all." This is not true of my examples. Rafinesque's figure, though crude, is largely identifiable with the present species. The position of the dorsal and anal origins are correctly indicated, as well as the pectoral, though the snout is a little more pointed. In any case I feel obliged to adopt it, also because Bonaparte long ago used it in his MSS. Ophisurus hispanus Bellotti13 will then be a synonym. I may further note that Jordan and Davis give14 the vomerine teeth as biserial, though in my examples they are all uniserial. Moreau's rough figure of 0. hispanus15 agrees with my material. Ophichthus triserialis (Kaup). Herpetoichthys callisoma Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 475. Pacific Ocean. No. 38,148, A. N. S. P., type of H. callisoma Abbott. Ophichthus stenopterus (Cope). Ophichthys stenopterus Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila,, (2) XIV, 1871, p. 482. Japan. No. 1,043, A. N. S. P., type of 0. stenopterus Cope. No. 1,044, same data, paratype. Ophichthus uniserialis (Cope). Ophichthys uniserialis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., XVII, 1877, p. 31. Pecasmayo Bay, Peru. No. 21,152, A. N. S. P., type of 0. uniserialis Cope. 10 Ophichthys stypurus R. Smith and Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, p. 120. Johnston I. 11 Rafinesque, Car. Nuov. An. Sicil, 1810, p. 65, PI. 16, fig. 2. Palermo. 12 Rafinesque, Ind. It. Sicil, 1810, p. 69. Palermo. 13 Accad. Fisic. Med. Statist. Milano, Sed. 23 dicembr. 1857. 14 Ophichthus hispanus Jordan and Davis, Rep. U. S. F. Com., XVI, 1888 (1S92), pp. 624, 628. Palermo. ^Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, III, 1881, p. 584, fig. 212. Cannes, Nice. 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Ophichthus ocellatus (Le Sueur). One from Catolera, South America. Ophisurus serpens Lacepede. One from Italy. MUR^JNID^. Enchelycore nigrocastaneus (Cope). Gymnothorax nigrocastaneus Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phila., (2)' XIV, 1871, p. 483. St. Martins, West Indies. No. 16,032, A. N. S. P., type of G. nigrocastaneus Cope. Cope says "dorsal fin commencing above a point three lengths of the gape behind the end of the muzzle," which is not true of his type. The latter shows the gape 2§ to dorsal origin. The account, by Jordan and Davis, of E. nigricans16 varies somewhat from my example, as they give the gape 2 in the head, mine showing clearly 2\. These writers also evidently had the type of G. umbrosus Poey for com- parison, and while they state in their description that the tail is slightly longer than the rest of the body, Poey states that it is shorter. Poey's figure shows the jaws equal, the gape half way to the gill- opening, dorsal origin over gill-opening, and coloration marbled. Further, the specific name notes the animal as black, Giinther giving the coloration as uniform black.17 It would appear likely Cope's species has not been demonstrated as identical with E. nigricans. Muraena helena Linmeus. Three from Italy. Muraena clepsydra Jordan and .Evermr nn. One from Panama (Ruschenberger). Also five others without locality, though likely from the same place?. Muraena myrialeucostictus sp. now Fig. 4. Head 1\; depth 16|; head width 4| its length; head depth 2\\ snout 6|; eye 9§; mouth 2§; interorbital 11; head Z\ to vent. Body long, rather deep, well compressed with surfaces of sides moderately or slightly convex, and rather deep tail tapering a little only at end rather suddenly. Head compressed, a little swollen behind and at occipital region just behind eyes so that upper profile at that point rather deeply concave, sides rather flattened and scarcely constricted below. Snout with profile and surface rather evenly convex, somewhat conic in general form, basal width \\ its length. Eye a little ellip- 16 .Rep. U. S. F. Com., XVI, 1888 (1892), p. 588. Barbadoes, no loc., Cuba. 17 Cat. F. Brit. Mus., VIII, 1870, p. 135. Dominica, Grenada, Barbadoes. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 soid, about midway in mouth length, without eyelid. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal and not completely closing. Lips tough, rather thin, smooth. Teeth all conic and sharply pointed, mostly inclined a little back, and edges entire. Upper teeth in complete uniserial outer row, this extending entirely around jaw, all erect, anterior to eye more strongly convex and robust than behind eye, where more inclined back and somewhat compressed. Anterior to eye in upper outer series several teeth a little enlarged or slightly canine-like, one also at upper jaw tip. In front of upper jaw before eye, and inside erect outer teeth, about 3 series of 7 enlarged and more or less depressible conic canines. These arranged as 2 outer series approximating in front, with each containing 3 teeth, and a median posterior one, latter largest of all teeth in mouth and entirely depressible back. Beginning below eye front inside outer erect Fig. 4. — Murcena myrialeucostictus Fowler. Type. teeth series of 6 rather slender and larger depressible palatine teeth each side of vomer. Latter with irregular biserial row of short conic strong teeth, smaller than upper lateral teeth. Mandibular teeth mostly uniserial, like upper outer erect teeth. Anteriorly in mandi- ble about 3 pairs of sub-depressible conic and slightly enlarged teeth, first pair begins close behind or at symphysis. No tongue. Mandible shallow, curved, surface convex, tip equal in front with snout tip, rami low, and profile a little more inclined than that of snout. Front nostril in short tube above front eye edge in inter- orbital space. Latter evenly convex. Gill-opening little below median axis of body, nearly horizontal, length a little more than eye. Pharynx well swollen, and with few obsolete shallow grooves. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Skin smooth, tough. Four pores on each upper lip, first close behind nasal tube, second midway in snout, third below front eye edge and fourth below hind eye edge. Pair of pores at snout tip, another pair between nasal tubes and third pair about midway in snout length above. Mandible pores inconspicuous, apparently 4? on each ramus. L. 1. not evident. Dorsal origin about midway between front eye edge and gill- opening, fin high and continuous with small caudal. Length of rounded caudal If in eye. Anal similar, though lower than dorsal. Vent. close before anal. Color in alcohol deep chocolate-brown, head, body, and fins marked everywhere with minute pointed dots, very numerous, of much paler tint than general color and all rather distinctly defined. Towards end of tail and on caudal fin dots become whitish and a little larger. Inside mouth color very pale brownish. Angle of mouth brownish, though not darker than general coloration. Iris pale slaty, with narrow pale circle around pupil. Gill-opening edged with blackish. Edges of fin similar to general color, and also with similar dots. Length 16| inches. Type No. 16,031, A. N. S. P. St. Martins, West Indies. Dr. R. E. Van Rijgersma. Only the type, described above, is known. It differs from the related Murcena melanotis, as described by Jordan and Davis from South American examples, in the profusely dotted coloration, the absence of both pale and dark mandibular blotches near the rictus, and in having the mouth not completely closing. From Murcena augusti (Kaup) it differs in the partly biserial uniform vomerine teeth and the body being entirely dotted minutely with whitish. (Muptas} myriad; hu-/M} white; \ ■''■■& -.''■'' ". ■5-'i'^^"A*'"^'^'^'iV^a"VV'?'^*' '"v^i .** ' 4.:^'\'-f^V ^''AvV/'' "iO^V''ii'^^\\ Fig. 5. — Gymnothorax carcinognathns Fowler. Type. or with only their tips approximated. Lips rather thin, lower scarcely developed posteriorly on sides. Teeth conic, greatly acuminate, edges entire, and with slender sh*arp tips. An upper outer series of erect conic teeth, these with a distinctly smaller or shorter number most all their extent, all very slightly inclined back, though after eye more so. Before eye, in upper outer series of teeth 3 pairs of erect enlarged conic canines, alternating with 2 pairs of depressible conic canines, latter bend inwards. A depressible though shorter conic canine bends back towards vomer between first pair of anterior upper erect canines. This followed by 3 very long- slender and slightly curved depressible canines, graduated from anterior to last in length, which longest of all teeth or but slightly less than horizontal eye-diameter. Below eye in outer upper series of erect teeth 2 canines, a little larger than most of teeth in their series, though not so large as anterior canines. Below front rim and close to 2 erect canines below eye, though directly inside, one or two 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., canines each side of palatine area, depressible towards vomer and conic. Vomerine teeth regularly uniserial, begins about opposite front pupil rim, first few a little larger than others which graduate much smaller behind, all conic and sharp pointed, also a little inclined posteriorly. Mandibular teeth uniserial, conic, rather compressed, inclined well posteriorly, mostly equal in size except in front, and all rather smaller than upper lateral teeth. On left symphyseal portion of mandibular ramus 2 enlarged erect and slightly curved conic canines, and on right symphyseal ramus same number. Between all these erect teeth a similar depressible canine, as one at symphysis, one between each erect pair, and a second on right ramus after second erect one. No tongue. Mandible slender, slightly curved, and a trifle shorter than snout tip, shallow, and surface convex. Front nostrils each in rather slender cutaneous tube each side of snout tip, and each about half of horizontal eye-diameter. Hind nostril simple pore above eye front in interorbital space. Latter depressed medianly, slightly convex. Gill-opening a little below median axis, nearly horizontal and about equals eye. Pharynx rather swollen and forms greatest body depth. Skin smooth, tough. Under surface and lower side of pharynx with several deep longitudinal grooves, about a dozen in number. Upper lip with 4 pores each side, first below nasal tube, third and fourth below eye, and second about midway in snout length. A pair of wide-set small pores at snout tip, another pair between nasal tubes and third pair a trifle nearer snout tip than eye. Each mandi- bular ramus with at least 4 inconspicuous pores. L. 1. not evident. Dorsal origin about midway between mouth corner and gill- opening, fin rather high, continuous behind with rather short and acuminate caudal. Latter about I3- in eye. Anal like dorsal, only lower. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol rather light brown, with numerous indistinct mottlings and marblings of paler, especially on back and fins. Edge of dorsal with very narrow and at first marginal, though posteriorly or on tail submarginal, dusky line. On tail behind this replaced by still narrower and entirely marginal creamy edge. Latter con- tinues around tail and whole length of anal, also becomes much wider and distinct on front of anal. Latter apparently without any distinct sub-marginal dark streak. A deep brownish blotch at rictus or corner of mouth. Gill-opening pale. Head rather uniform brownish above, and below paler and immaculate like abdomen. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 Length 2 If inches. Type No. 38,163, A. N. S. P. St. Martins, West Indies. Dr. R. E. Van Rijgersma. Only the single example described above. It differs from the other West Indian species in its dentition, slender forceps-like jaws and coloration. (h'dpzr;o?} forceps; yvadosj jaw.) Gymno thorax pictus (Ahl). One from the Hawaiian Islands. This shows the posterior nostrils with a small or low cutaneous fringe, which in combination with the molar-like teeth likely allow it to enter Sidera Kaup as a valid subgenus. AHYNNODONTOPHIS subgen. nov. Type Gymnothorax stigmanotus sp. nov. No vomerine teeth. Other teeth entirely uniserial, except three on premaxillary region of upper jaw. This group differs from all the other subgenera included under Gymnothorax chiefly in the absence of, or in having deciduous, vomerine teeth. (J, without; owi Fig 0. — Gymnothorax stigmanotus Fowler. Type. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., GymnothoTax stigmanotus sp. nov. Fig. 6. Head 6f ; depth at vent 13f ; head width 3£ in its length; head depth If; snout 5f; eye 12$; mouth 2\; interorbital 9; head 3f to vent. Body long, well compressed, trunk rather deep, sides flattened, and tail tapering in rather long slender point from vent. Head large, compressed, rather deep, with slightly swollen pharynx, flattened sides scarcely constricted below, attenuated in -front, and upper profile indented above eye. Snout conic, tip and surface convex, basal width If its length. Eye rounded, closer to upper profile than mouth, about midway in gape of latter, and without eyelid. Mouth large, horizontal, and completely closing. Lips rather tough and fleshy, minutely papillose. Teeth conic, mostly erect, subequal, strong, edges entire, uniserial in jaws, posteriorly or laterally a little inclined backward. In upper jaw each side 5 large erect conic canines before eyes, and 2 below latter, though these a little smaller. Medianly on premaxillary region or well before eye, series of 3 enlarged conic depressible canines, last largest. Mandible with uniserial teeth, 4? enlarged erect conic canines each side in front, followed by mostly equal row of close-set backwardly directed and rather compressed teeth. No vomerine teeth now, but depressions or little concavities, which would indicate that if teeth occur they are deciduous?. No tongue. Mandible equal with snout tip in front, surface convex, rami low and strong. Front nostril in short fleshy tube, length 2 in eye. Hind nostril simple pore little before eye front. Interorbital space convex. Occipital region well swollen and bulging rather abruptly down to interorbital in profile. Gill-opening a little below median axis in body, but little inclined from horizontal, length about If in snout. Pharynx with about a dozen deep grooves longitudinally each side and below. Skin smooth, tough and thick, especially along bases of dorsal and anal. Along each upper lip 5 pores well above lower edge, first close before nasal tube, second close behind nasal tube, third little before middle in snout, fourth a little before front eye edge and fifth below hind eye edge. On snout above a pair of wide-set pores between nasal tubes, and another a little before third upper labial pair, well superior on snout. About 5 pores on each mandibular ramus. L. 1. not evident. Dorsal origin apparently near last fourth in space between hind eye edge and gill-opening, fin high, especially behind, where continuous with caudal. Latter rounded, length about If in eye. Anal like dorsal, only lower. Vent close before anal. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 Color in alcohol deep chocolate-brown, mostly with this ground- color entirely uniform, and belly and head below scarcely paler. On back and most of trunk posteriorly, inconspicuous pale or" minute grayish dots like pin-points, rather sparsely distributed. These not extending on belly or head, though on dorsal fin becoming more numerous than on body. Dorsal also with numerous oblique narrow lines of darker shade than body color, sloping up from back towards edge. Anal with several more or less complete darker longitudinal lines than ground-color of fin. Iris brownish. Mouth brownish inside. Rictus not darker than ground-color of bod}'. Gill-openings similar. Teeth pale. Length 27| inches. Type No. 16,705, A. N. S. P. No data. (This specimen was in a jar received from E. D. Cope labelled "Texas" and may have been secured somewhere in the West Indies.) In many respects this species resembles the larger examples of G. funebris in the collection, but it has no vomerine teeth, and the lips are densely papillose. Its dorsal is also more posteriorly inserted and the coloration is entirely different. (Iriytj-a, spot; euroy, back; with reference to the dorsal spots.) Subgenus PRIODOXOPHIS Kaup. Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz. One from Santo Domingo, West Indies. This seems to agree better with Agassiz's figure, than the other examples listed below, which I formerly identified with it. Agassiz shows the white spots of uneven size, some of which about equal to pupil and others smaller, and dorsal and anal with many various white spots, of which some small and others much larger than eye, black interspaces often equally large. Gymnothorax ocellatus saxicola Jordan and Davis. One from New Jersey and another from Pensacola, Florida. Eurymyctera acutirostris (Abbott). Murcena acutirostris Abbott, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 476. Hawaii. No. 998. A. N. S. P., type of M. acutirostris Abbott. Echidna zebra (Shaw). One from Muscat Cove, Philippine Islands. Echidna peli (Kaup). Three from West Africa. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Echidna nocturna (Cope). Pcecilophis nocturna Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, 1871 (1872), p. 474. Rio Grande at San Jose, Costa Rica. No. 14,926, A. N. S. P., type of P. nocturnus Cope. Echidna chionostigma sp. now Fig. 7. Head, 8; depth 15^; head width 3| in its length; head depth If; snout 6; eye 9^; mouth 2f; interorbital 8f ; head 3f to vent. Body moderately long, well compressed, trunk of about even depth, belly with lower surface rounded, and long tail tapering back in rather acuminate tip. Fig. 7. — Echidna chionostigma Fowler. Type. Head well compressed, upper profile rather swollen above with depression above eye otherwise like convex lower, and more or less flattened sides not especially converging above or below. Snout surface and profile convex, basal width 1| its length. Eye rounded, without eyelid, trifle nearer mouth corner than snout tip. Mouth nearly horizontal, not completely closing, moderate. Lips thick, fleshy, minutely papillose. Teeth mostly molar-like, upper anterior to eye largest in same jaw, these in a continuous outer series and median gradually larger series of 3, all erect and obtusely conic. On vomer teeth continued back from anterior upper teeth as an irregular double series of smaller shorter ones. In upper jaw from below front of each eye backward, a somewhat irregular double series of rather slender sharply pointed conic depressible teeth. Mandibular teeth rather short, obtuse, mostly somewhat pointed, and biserial anteriorly where approximated to upper jaw when mandible closes. No tongue. Mandible powerful, well curved, 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 rami rather low, symphyseal tip trifle shorter than snout tip. Front nostril in short pale tube each side of snout tip. Hind nostril in slightly elevated cutaneous rim above front eye edge. Inter- orbital convex. Gill-opening inclined moderately, below median body axis, about equals eye in length. Pharynx well swollen, though not conspicu- ously so. Skin smooth, tough. Along each upper lip 5 pores. On snout above 2 pairs of pores between front nasal tubes and another pair placed about midway between front and hind pairs. Along each mandibular ramus 5 pores. No 1. 1. Dorsal origin last § in space between hind eye edge and gill- opening, fin well elevated and continuous around tail with small rounded caudal. Latter about equals eye. Anal like dorsal, only lower. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol deep chocolate-brown generally, marked with small white points, well scattered, numerous, rounded and none larger than pupil. These white spots not extending on median line of abdomen or head below. Labial pores of head each situated in a white spot. Mouth corners and gill-openings pale or like surrounding coloration. Inside mouth pale. Iris pale slaty. Whitish dots on fins similar to those on body. Length 13| inches. Type No. 14,519, A. N. S. P. Probably from the Gulf of Cali- fornia. Also No, 14,520, same data, paratype. Head 7|; depth 17^; snout 5| in head ; eye 8 \ ; mouth 3 ; interorbital 8 ; head 4*- to vent. Mouth completely closing. Anterior upper median enlarged teeth depressible. Neither of my examples show the pale dots with blackish margins. This species resembles Echidna nocturnus, but differs in the longer anal. The example supposed to have been taken at Cape San Lucas by Xantus, and referred to E. nocturnus by Jordan and Davis, may probably be identical with the present species. (Xtwv, snow; SSS35^i Fig. 9. — Aphthalmichthys gangeticus Fowler. Type. Body slender, subcylindrical, of more or less uniform depth ante- riorly and only tapering gradually behind. Tail short, slightly compressed and attenuated. Head with rather swollen appearance, surface convex, attenuated in front. Snout conic, pointed, basal width about 1| its length, and tip slightly projects (damaged, but restored in figure) beyond sym- physis of mandible. Eye a little ellipsoid, a little nearer rictus than snout tip, without eyelid. Mouth horizontal, rather small. Teeth small, conic, rather slender, biserial around edge of upper jaw and uniserial in mandible. No other teeth clearly distinguished. No tongue. Jaws completely closing, and rami low in mouth. An- 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 terior nostril?. Posterior nostril simple pore close before eye on side of snout. Interorbital slightly convex. Gill-opening small, lateral, about size of eye in length? (damaged). Skin smooth. Dorsal and anal developed as low cutaneous folds, former beginning about opposite vent and latter close after. Both obsolete behind and in height scarcely equal to half of body-depth at that point. End of tail simple point, without any trace of caudal fin. Vent little before last eight in total length. Color faded dull or uniform pale brownish. Eyes slaty. Length about 5f inches. Type No. 1,086, A. N. S. P. Ganges River, India. Dr. M. Burrough. This species differs from the only other Indian species of the genus, A. macrocephalus, in having the vent much more posterior. (Named for the River Ganges, somewhere in the estuary of which the species was likely secured.) 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., RECORDS OF FISHES FOR THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES AND VIRGINIA. BY HENRY W. FOWLER. In this paper a list of the species obtained from each State is given, with a summary of all the localities representing material which I have not noted before. It is desirable to place these all on record as of value in geographical distribution. In preparing this article many specimens have been examined, often embracing in numbers many thousands, of which the more important were preserved for the collections of the Academy, besides others studied at the various fisheries, markets -and elsewhere. Among many of the latter class one often meets with large forms undesirable for preservation, so that but few were saved. Some species were quite rare, and others at least new records for the States in which they were taken. Still others are interesting in pointing out new limits or features in their distribution. Two pelagic species, wandering to the coasts of New Jersey, are apparently new. New York. All the specimens from this State, listed below, were received from Mr. T. D. Keim during the past few years.1 Anohovia eurystole Swain and Meek. One taken at Long Beach, Long Island, on August 20, 1911. Other fishes noted at this locality were Raja eglanteria, Fundulus majalis, F. heteroclitus macrolepidotus, and Ammodytes americanus. Notropisbifrenatus (Cope). Dungan Hill, Staten Island. Fundulus majalis (Walbaum). Hunter's Island, in Long Island Sound. 1 An adult Pygosteus pungitius and ten young Poronotus triacanthus from Long Island Sound near Darien, Conn., were also secured in the summer of 1910. The latter were taken from under a floating medusa. 1 also have Seserinus paru, Chcetodipterus faber and Lagocephalus Icevigatus secured in August of 1907 at Nantucket, Mass., by Dr. Benjamin Sharp. These were all taken from inside the Great Point traps. Dr. Sharp has also reported a large Tarpon atlanticus taken at the same locality on September 30, 1909. I mention these as occasional species in the New England region of the Virginian province. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus (Walbaum). Hunter's Island. Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur). Hudson River in Greene Co. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. Four young from South Beach, Long Island, on July 16, 1911. Seriola zonata (Mitchill). Long Beach. Pseudopriacanthus altus (Gill). Young from Long Beach on August 2, 1911. Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum). Hunter's Island. Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus (Mitchill). Two very young from tide-pools at Rye Beach on May 19, 1910. New Jersey. Squatina squatina (Linnceus). A female about 40 inches long was secured at Sea Isle City, through Mr. W. J. Fox, on July 7, 1911. It was taken in the off-shore pounds, and known to the fishermen as "lizard fish." A large Mola mold, weighing about 200 pounds, was also secured at the same time, though not preserved. Atopiohthys novse-caesariensis sp. nov. Fig. 1. Head about 13f; depth about llf; snout about 4j in head, measured from upper jaw tip; eye 4; maxillary 2j; interorbital 3j; head depth at occiput 2\; muscular segments about 70 + 50. Body oblong, greatly compressed, tapering well anteriorly to region of greatest depth about third, fourth and fifth sixths of trunk length. Tail tapering rather suddenly, though less gradual than front of bodv. .* ' • ~ - . '. ~-\_ Fig. 1. — Atopichthys novce-ccesariensis Fowler. Type. Head widest part of body, slightly compressed, profiles similar. Snout conic, compressed slightly, basal width trifle greater than its length. Eye large, rounded, its hind edge about midway in head- Mouth cleft straight, extends back about opposite eye centre- 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,. Mandible depressed, shallow, rami low, symphysis extending forward slightly before snout tip. Maxillary not distinct. Teeth long, slender, uniserial in jaws, and flaring out all around jaw edges. No teeth on palate. Tongue not distinct. Nostrils well separated small pores, on side of snout, anterior near snout tip and posterior close before eye. Interorbital a little convex. Gill-opening small, inferior. Body naked, smooth, myocommas and myomeres distinct. Vertical fins low, continuous around caudal and latter less than eye. Pectoral not evident. Vent about last f in total length. Color in alcohol uniform pale brownish. Iris slaty. Along ventral edge of body 2 series of dark chromatophores, these series closely approximated, and a single chromatophore about opposite each myomere. No other chromatophores. Length 4f inches. Type No. 982, A. N. S. P. Beesley's Point, Cape May County, New Jersey. Charles E. Ashmead. Only a single example, described above. It appears to be related to species without pectoral fins, such as Atopichthys gillii (Eigenmann and Kennedy) and A. strommani (Eigenmann and Kennedy). It is, however, much longer and more slender, with the vent different, and the muscular bands with other formula. (Named for New Jersey.) Atopichthys phillipsi Fowler. Another example of this interesting fish, only known before from the type, was secured at ("Mountain Island") Corson's Inlet on June 26, 1909, by Dr. R. J. Phillips. On this occasion Dr. Phillips notes Mustelus mustelus, Raja eglanteria, Brevoortia tyrannus, Fun- dulus majalis, F. heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Menidia menidia notata, Centropristis striatus, Bairdiella chrysura, Menticirrhus saxatilis, M. americanus, Scicenops ocellatus, Cynoscion regalis, Tautogolabrus adspersus, Tautoga onitis, Spheroides maculatus, Paralichthys dentatus and Opsanus tau. Felichthys marinus (Mitchill). One taken August 11, another August 14, and still another August 20, 1911, at Corson's Inlet. Fundulus luciae (Baird), Mr. W. B. Davis secured one on June 21, 1911, in the salt-ponds near Peck's Bay. It was associated with F. heteroclitus macro- lepidotus and Cyprinodon variegatus. On July 22 Mr. D. McCadden 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 secured Apeltes quadracus, Syngnathus fuscus, Menidia menidia notata and Menticirrhus saxatilis in Peck's Bay. Gambusia gracilis Heckel. Abundant in tributaries of Goshen Creek, near Goshen, on October 13, 1911, where many were secured by Mr. F. Learning and the writer. Fundulus heteroclitus macrolipidotus was the only species we found associated, though in the upper reaches, while Gambusia was absent, Abramis crysoleucas, Erimyzon sucetta oblongus and Umbra pygmcea were found. In Bidwell Creek we found Anguilla chrisypa, F. majalis, F. heteroclitus macrolepi dolus, Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina cerea, M. menidia notata, Bairdiella chrysura, Leiostomus xanthtirus, Micropogon undulatus and Pogonias cromis. Myriads of Palmnonetes vulgaris were also secured. In Crooked Creek we found A. chrisypa, F. heteroclitus^ ?nacrolepidotus, F. diaphanus and Apeltes quadracus. Tylosurus raphidoma (Ranzani). Mr. W. J. Fox secured an adult example at Sea Isle City during the past summer, besides examples of Rachycentron canadus, Batistes carolinensis, Stephanolepis hispidus, Lagocephalus laevigatas, Alutera shcepfii, Lophopsetta metadata and Echeneis naucrates. Sphyraena borealis De Kay. Dr. R. J. Phillips secured an example about 10? inches long, taken from the stomach of a blue fish (Pomatomus saltatrix) caught at Corson's Inlet, on September 15, 1911. Other interesting species obtained by Dr. Phillips at this locality are Leptocephalus conger, Chilomycterus schcepfi, Rissola marginata and a young Pogonias cromis. Lepomis incisor Valenciennes. Mr. B. H. Gledhill secured an adult in Warrington Pond, at Tomlin, on September 23, 1911. Lyosphaera globosa Everniann and Kendall. An example was secured at Anglesea some years ago by the late Uselma C. Smith. It is now in the collection, and in good preserva- tion. This species has not been recorded from New Jersey before, and this is therefore evidently its most northern range. Etropus micrastomus (Gill). Mr. W. B. Davis and the writer secured three examples of this interesting flounder on June 21, 1911, in Great Egg Harbor Bay at Ocean City. Other fishes we also found there were Mustelus mus- 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., telus, Raja eglanteria, Pomolobus mediocris, P. pseudoharengus, Anchovia mitchilli, Fundulus majalis, Syngnathus fuscus, Menidia menidia notata, Trachinotus carolinus, Cynoscion regalis, Menti- cirrhus saxatilis, Lophopsetta maculata, Paralichthys dentatus, Pseudo- pleuronectes americanus and Achirus fasciatus. This is noteworthy as all the pleuronectids were found associated. Antennarius teleplanus sp. nov. Fig. 2. Head (measured to axil of pectoral) about If; depth about 1§; D. I— I— I— 12; A. 7; P. 11; V. 5; head width (measured to axil of pectoral) about If in its length; snout 5f in head, measured from median upper jaw tip to gill-opening; eye 10|; maxillary 2|; man- dible length 2\ ; mouth width at ricti 2\ ; interorbital \\ ; bait about 2f; second dorsal spine about 4§; third dorsal spine about 3^; ^ »% s Fig. 2. — Antennarius teleplanus Fowler. Type. fifth dorsal ray about 3; anal base about 4; fourth anal ray about 2|; caudal 2|; least depth of caudal peduncle 4* ; pectoral base 5^; ventral base 6 J. Body deep, well compressed, deepest at dorsal origin, back elevated with approximating surfaces, and rounded belly with swollen appear- ance. Caudal peduncle compressed, rather small, its length about f its least depth. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 Head very large, deep, and with mandible closed anterior profile nearly evenly convex. Upper surfaces approximating like those of back, and lower well swollen convexly till much wider. Snout short, little inclined from horizontal forward, length about § its width. Eye small, rounded, high, lateral, anteriorly below second dorsal spine. Mouth large, wide, nearly vertical. Premaxillaries well protractile. Maxillary long, nearly vertical, its hind lower edge about opposite front eye edge, and greatest distal expansion but trifle less than eye. Upper lip thin, tough, and lower thicker though also tough. Teeth small, sharply pointed, rather slenderly conic and in rather narrow bands in jaws. No teeth on median line of mouth roof, though 2 patches of teeth, similar to those in jaws, in each palatine region. Two small patches of similar pharyngeal teeth above and 2 patches also below. Tongue large, broad, de- pressed, free in front and along sides, smooth, and front edge convex. Mandible not very powerful, broad, with slight symphyseal knob in front, and rami but moderately expanding at their posterior articulations. Nostrils small, obscure, about last f between eye front and edge of upper jaw. Interorbital slightly convex. Gill-opening small slit at lower pectoral base well before middle in entire length of fish. Body very finely roughened everywhere, except at lower surfaces of pectorals and ventrals. Tubercles in many regions bifid. Tuber- cles on head above and 1. 1. anteriorly rather large, or as spinescent clusters. A smooth area on interorbital between second and third spines. Extending down along preopercular region some obscure spinescent clusters. No cutaneous flaps, or if a few present very inconspicuous. L. 1. scarcely evident, except anteriorly, and even there obsolete. Bait very slender and not extending beyond middle of third depressed dorsal spine, bulbous and bifid at end, and each division with a few short filaments. Second dorsal spine inserted close after bait, largely free, mobile, though not depressible back to origin of third dorsal spine. Latter with only end mobile, united behind for large part by broad basal membrane, and depressible spine not reaching back to origin of rayed dorsal. Soft dorsal rather high, long, its margin very unevenly gashed as some rays are inserted nearer one another than to others. Anal small, well posterior, and extending slightly further back on caudal peduncle, median rays longest with edge of fin slightly gashed in places. Caudal large, rounded behind with median rays longest. Pectoral moderate, 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,. tips of rays projecting slightly beyond membranes. Ventrals similar, though smaller than pectorals. Vent rather conspicuous, close before anal. Color in alcohol with ground tint dull olivaceous to yellowish, former largely above and latter obtaining below. A number of blackish or dusky narrow streaks radiate from eye, where they extend over iris to pupil. Several similar streaks radiate from upper edge of third dorsal spine. Soft dorsal with numerous black streaks, broad, and many broken into large blotches or spots, nearly vertical or slightly inclined back, and extending down on back more or less regularly till level with upper edge of caudal peduncle. Then all more inclined forward towards pectoral axilla and abdomen. Though body blotched with dusky between gill-opening and vent, no blotches on entire belly between ventrals and vent, except around latter. Anal with blackish blotches or streaks like those on soft dorsal, these in about four rows. Caudal with three distinct rows of transverse black spots or blotches, smaller than on soft dorsal and anal. Pec- toral and ventral covered with large black blotches both above and below, and several obsolete ones before base of former. Bait pale, with narrow transverse blackish bars. Gill-opening pale. Tongue, and mouth inside, whitish generally, though former with dusky and blackish mottlings. Pupil pale. Most of dark blotches on all fins show along their edges a paler or more whitish shade than ground color. Length about 4 inches. Type No. 38,162, A. N. S. P. Corson's Inlet, Cape May County, New Jersey. Caught in the bait-net on September 30, 1911. Dr. R. J. Phillips. Only the type known. It closely resembles Antennarius scaber (Cuvier), but differs in the absence of the numerous dermal body flaps, as well as the pattern of coloration shown by Valenciennes.2 Antennarius tigris (Poey) is also another species closely related, though differing markedly, if Poey's figure is to be trusted. Poey shows the caudal almost entirely spotted, a row of five black spots in a slightly oblique row on anal, and bait with its bulbous end longer than basal portion, in fact reaching back to tip of first soft dorsal ray. (T>)XiicX&vos} wandering far; so named as no American member of the genus ever before recorded so far north of Florida.) 2 Regne Animal Cuv., Ed. Luxe, 1839, PI. 85, fig. 1. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41 Besides the above records a few of the numerous small collections, made during the past year, in some localities where material has not been obtained before, may be of interest. During June Mr. W. B. Davis and the writer secured the following: in Cedar Swamp Creek Pomolobus mediocris, Alosa sapidissima, Anguilla chrisypa, Abramis crysoleucas, Fundulus heteroclitus macro- lepidotus, F. diaphanus, Mugil curema, Eupomotis gibbosus and M or one americana; in a tributary of the Tuckahoe River at Johnson's Mill, Pomolobus mediocris, Abramis crysoleucas, Ameiurus natalis prosthistuis, Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus, F. diaphanus, Esox americanus, E. reticulatus, Aphredoderus say anus, Mesogonistius chcetodon, Enneacanthus gloriosus and Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi; a tributary of the Tuckahoe River at Wallace's Mill, Notropis chalybams abbotti, Erimyzon succetta oblong us and Boleichthys fusi- jormis. On July 3 Mr. W. T. Innes, Jr., and the writer secured the following in Pancoast's Run, near Pancoast's Mill: Umbra pygmcea, Esox reticulatus, Aphredoderus sayanus, Mesogonistius chcetodon and Enneacanthus gloriosus. On December 2 we visited Cohansey Creek at Bridgeton, in Cumberland County, and found: Anguilla chrisypa, Abramis crysoleucas, Notropis bifrenatus, Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus, F. diaphanus, Apeltes quadracus, Enneacanthus gloriosus and Eupomotis gibbosus. A small "water boatman," kindly identified by Messrs. Henry Skinner and E. T. Cresson, Jr., as Corixa brimleyi, a North Carolina species, was secured, and is another interesting addition to the fauna of New Jersey. An interesting collection made at Cape May Point by Mr. E. R. Brown during the past summer contained: Sphyrna ?ygcena, Squalus acanthias, Raja erinacea, Pomolobus aestivalis, Brevoortia tyrannus, Anchovia mitchilli, Tylosurus marinus, Hippocampus hudsonius, Mugil cephalus, Selene vomer, Trachinotus carolinus, Pomatomus saltatrix, Centropristis striatus, Lagodon rhomboides, Leiostomus xanthurus, Menticirrhus saxatilis, Spheroides maculatus, Chilomycterus schoepfi, Prionotus evolans strigatus, Rissola marginata and Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Two interesting examples of Chloridella empusa were also obtained, and this species was reported to be abundant. Pennsylvania. Mr. R. W. Wehrle has collected extensively in Indiana County, forwarding many interesting collections to the Academy. The 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,. other material has been secured by the writer largely, though often with the assistance of others whom I have acknowledged elsewhere. Petromyzon marinus Linnseus. Delaware River at Torresdale, Philadelphia County. I also^ examined a young one from Goldsboro, York County, in the posses- sion of Mr. P. Hertzog. Ichthyomyzonconcolor (Kirtland;. Cherry Run, tributary to Crooked Run, and McKenny Run, Indiana County. Acipenser brevirostrum Le Sueur. Delaware River at Torresdale, Philadelphia County. I also found one at Bristol, Bucks County, on May 3, 1908. Though I have examined examples of A. rubicundus at Erie and in the pounds near by, none were obtained for our collection. AmiatUS calvus (Linnaeus). Erie. A few were taken in the pounds in 1907. Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson). Abundant in Scott's Creek, Bucks County. • Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill). Erie. Leucichthys artedi (Le Sueur). Erie. Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Brandywine tributary near New Garden, Chester County; Trout Run, Lancaster County; Sugar Valley Run, Mifflin County. Anguilla chrisypa Rafinesque. Long Neck at Tinicum Island, Delaware County; Valley Forge and Gladwyne, Montgomery County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Bridgetown, Etterton, Long Pond, Guinea Creek, Scott's Creek, Bucks County; McCall's Ferry, Lancaster County; Juniata River at Newton Hamilton, Mifflin County. Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). McKenny, Home, Burnhamer, Rock, Saltgiver, Besnham, Broad Head, Smitten, Martin's, Mud Lick, Smicksburg, Groft's and McCormick's Runs, Ross Run and branch, Elders and Little Runs, Pickering Run and small branch, feeder to Crooked Run, Cowans- hanoc, Grant and Pine Townships, tributary of North Branch of Two Lick Creek, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Susquehanna 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 Creek, branches of Big and Little Mahoning and Crooked Creeks, Indiana County. Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). McKenny, Home, Burnhamer, Besnham, Smitten, Martin's, Mud Lick, Smicksburg, Groft's and McCormick's Runs, Ross Run and branch, Elders and Little Runs, Pickering Run and small branch, Crooked Run and tributary, Cowanshanoc, Grant and Pine Town- ships, tributary of North Branch of Two Lick Creek, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Susquehanna Creek, branches of Big and Little Mahoning and Crooked Creeks, Indiana County; Allegheny River at Foxburg, Clarion County. I have also found it abundant in the Schuylkill River near the mouth of Mill Creek in Montgomery County. This is the most eastern locality in the State at which the species has been obtained. Semotilus bullaris (Rafinesque). Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Etterton and Long Pond, Bucks County; Naylor's Run, Delaware County; Pennypack Creek near Huntingdon Valley and Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; Crum Creek near White Horse and Reese's Run, Chester County; Juniata River at Newton Hamilton, Mifflin County. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Trout Creek near Centerville, Mill Creek at Gladwyne, Mont- gomery County ; Brookfield Run, Mill Creek at Flushing, Neshaminy Creek near Etterton, Tottam Creek, Bucks County; tributary of Brandywine below Chadd's Ford Junction, Chester County. Hacker's, Trout and Akron Runs near Ephrata, Lancaster County; Sugar Valley Run, Mifflin County; Wopsonomick Valley Run, Blair County. Tributary of Allegheny River at Warren, Warren County; Alle- gheny River at Foxburg, Clarion County; Wehrle's, Simpson's, McKenny, Burnhamer, Besnham, Rock, Heilman, Smitten, Martin's, Mud Lick, Smicksburg, Groft's, McCormick's Runs, Ross Run and branch, Elders and Little Runs, Pickering Run and small branch, feeder to Crooked Run, Grant and Pine Townships, tributary of North Branch of Two Lick Creek, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Susquehanna Creek, Branches of Crooked and Little Mahoning Creeks, Cowanshanoc, Indiana County; Castleman River at Meyers- dale, Somerset County. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Leuciscus elongatus (Kirtland). Simpson's, Cherry, McKenny, McCormick's, Mud Lick, Smicks- burg, Groft's, Allen's, Home, Burnhamer, Besnham, Ross, Rock, Saltgiver, Broad Head, Elders, Little, Crooked, Smitten, Pickering and Martin's Runs, tributary North Branch Two Lick Creek, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Pine Township, Susquehanna Creek, branches of Ross Run and Crooked Creek, Indiana County. Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill). Hunter's Run tributary to Ridley Creek and upper branch of Taylor's Run, Chester County; Long Neck at Tinicum Island, Naylor's Run, Delaware County; Gladwyne, Montgomery County; Torresdale, Philadelphia County; Guinea Creek, Bucks County. Cocalico Creek near Denver and Swamp Bridge, Lancaster County. Notropis bifrenatus (Cope). Torresdale, Philadelphia County; Neshaminy Creek near Lang- horne, Etterton and Long Pond, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Guinea Creek, Bucks County; Naylor's Run, Delaware County. Notropis deliciosus (Girard). Mr. Wehrle secured one from a tributary to Ross Run, Indiana County, in September of 1911. This species is only known from Pennsylvania waters by the previous record of Evermann and Bollman, for the Monongahela basin. Notropis procne (Cope). Neshaminy Creek near Etterton and Long Pond, and Mill Creek at Wycombe, Bucks County. Notropis hudsonius amarus (Girard). Bustleton, Philadelphia County; Neshaminy Creek near Lang- horne, Bridgetown, Etterton and Long Pond, Bucks County. Notropis whipplii analostanus (Girard). Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Schuylkill River near Mill Creek, Gladwyne and near-by quarry-holes, Valley Forge, Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; first and second tribu- taries of Brandywine below Chadd's Ford Junction, Crossart, Chester County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Etterton and Long Pond, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Scott's Creek, Bucks County. Akron and Trout Runs near Ephrata, Lancaster County; Juniata River at Newton Hamilton, Mifflin County. Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). Tributary of Brandywine below Chadd's Ford Junction, Crossart, Crum Creek near White Horse, Reese's Run, Chester County; 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 Naylor's Run, Delaware County; Schuylkill River at Mill Creek estuary, Beth Ayres, Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Tottam Creek, Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Bridgetown, Etterton, Long Pond, Mill Creek at Flushing, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Bucks County; tributary of Bushkill Creek at Belfast, Northampton County. Trout Run, Witmer's Mills and Snokestown Run, Lancaster County. Tributary North Branch of Two Lick Creek, feeder to Crooked Run, Grant and Pine Townships, Burnhamer, Besnham, Ross, Saltgiver, Broad Head, Elders, Little, Groft's, Mud Lick, Crooked, Smicksburg, Smitten, Hileman and Pickering Runs, Susquehanna Creek, small branch of Pickering Run, branch of Big Mahoning Creek, Cowanshanoc, branch of Crooked Creek, McCormick's Run and branch of Ross Run, branch of Little Mahoning Creek, Indiana County. Notropis rubrifrons (Cope). Two from a small branch of Pickering Run and seventeen from a branch of Big Mahoning Creek, Indiana County. Only known from the Kiskiminitas and Monongahela basins, in Pennsylvania. Notropis photogenis amoenus (Abbott). Abundant in the Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne and Bridge- town, Bucks County. Ericymba buccata Cope. Two Lick Creek, small branch of Pickering Run, Ramsey's Cherry, Burnhamer, Besnham, Mud Lick, Groft's, Ross, Elders, Little, Smitten and Pickering Runs, Pine Township, tributary North Branch of Two Lick Creek, branch and feeder to Crooked Run, Indiana County. Rhinicb.tb.ys atronasus (Mitchill). Brandywine tributary below Chadd's Ford Junction, Crossart, Crum Creek near White Horse, Reese's Run, Hunter's Run tributary to Ridley Creek, Chester County; Naylor's Run, Reese's Run near Central Square, Delaware County; Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Beth Ayres, Walnut Hill, Mill Creek at Gladwyne, Trout Run near Centerville, Montgomery County ; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Etterton, Long Pond, Mill Creek at Flushing, Biookfield Run, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Bucks County; tributary of Bushkill Creek at Belfast, Northampton County. Hacker's Run near Ephrata, Cocalico Creek near Denver, Lan- 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., caster County; Sugar Valley Run, Mifflin County; Wopsonomick Valley Run and tributary from Kettle Reservoir, Blair County. Tributary of Allegheny River at Warren, Warren County; Wehrle's, Cherry, McKenny, Rock, Allen's, Home, Burnhamer, Besnham, Saltgiver, Broad Head, Elders, Mud Lick, Little, Simpson, Groft's, Smitten, Pickering and Martin's Runs, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Grant and Pine Townships. Susquehanna Creek, Cowanshanoc, branch of Big Mahoning Creek, branch of Crooked Creek, McCormick's Run, branch of Ross Run, feeder to Crooked Run, Indiana County; -Castleman River at Meyersdale, Somerset County. Exoglossum maxillingaa (Le Sueur). Abundant in the Schuylkill River near mouth of Mill Creek, Montgomery County. This is the most eastern locality in Penn- sylvania where the species has been secured. Also one from Mr. O. H. Behr taken in the Loyalsock Creek near Lopez, Sullivan County. Cyprinus oarpio Linnseus. Delaware River at Torresdale, Philadelphia County; Trout Run near Ephrata and Witmer's Mills, Lancaster County; Erie, Erie County. Carpiodes thompsoni Agassiz. Erie. Catostomus oommersonnii (Lacepede). Crum Creek near Castle Rock, Hunter's Run tributary to Ridley Creek, Chester County; Naylor's Run, Delaware County; Mill Creek at Gladwyne, Beth Ayres, Walnut Hill, Valley Forge, Mont- gomery County; Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Etterton, Long Pond, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Guinea Creek, Scott's Creek, Bucks County; tributary of Bushkill Creek at Belfast, Northampton County. Trout Run near Ephrata, Lancaster County. Castleman River at Meyersdale, Somerset County; Meadow Run near Ohio Pyle, Fayette County; Allegheny River at Foxburg, Clarion County; Wehrle's, Home, Mud Lick, Smicksburg, Groft's, Burnhamer, and Martin's Runs, Grant Township, tributary North Branch of Two Lick Creek, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Cowan- shanock, branch of Crooked Creek, McCormick's Run and branch of Ross Run, feeder to Crooked Run, Indiana County; Erie, Erie County. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur. Cocalico Creek near Denver, Lancaster County; McKenny Run and tributary North Branch of Two Lick Creek, Indiana County; Neshannock River at Newcastle, Lawrence County. Erimyzon sucetta oblongus (Mitchill). Chester Creek near Cheney, Chester County; Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Guinea Creek, Bucks County; tributary of Bushkill Creek at Belfast, Northampton County; Cocalico Creek at Witmer's Mills, Lancaster County. Moxostoma aureolum (Le Sueur). Home, Elders, Little and Cowanshanoc Runs, branch of Big Mahoning Creek, Grant and Pine Townships, Indiana County; Erie, Erie County. Ameiurus lacustris (Walbaum). Erie. Ameiurus nebulosus ( Le Sueur). Chester Creek near Cheney, Chester County; Mill Creek and quarry-holes at Gladwyne, Montgomery County; Long Neck at Tinicum Island, Delaware County; Scott's Creek, and Mill Creek at Wycombe, Bucks County ; Trout Run near Ephrata and Witmer's Mills, Lancaster County; Cherry, McKenny and Simpson's Runs, Indiana County. Noturus flavus Rafinesque. Two Lick Creek and Cherry Run, Indiana County. Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). Big Neshaminy Creek at Etterton and near Long Pond, Bucks County. Esox americanus (Gmelin). Long Neck at Tinicum Island, Delaware County; Scott's Creek and near Penn Valley, Bucks County; Cocalico Creek at Witmer's Mills, Lancaster County. I have examined several large examples of E. masquinongy at Erie, taken in Presque Isle Bay. Umbra limi (Kirtland). Meadeville, Crawford County. Umbra pygmaea (De Kay). Scott's Creek near Penn Valley and Guinea Creek, Bucks County. Fundulus heteroclitus maorolepidotus (Walbaum). Scott's Creek, Bucks County. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb-, Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur). Upper branch of Taylor's Run, Mill Run, tributary of Brandywine Creek below Chadd's Ford Junction, Chester County; quarry-hole near Gladwyne, Montgomery County; Neshamlny Creek near Langhorne, Etterton and Long Pond, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Scott's Creek, Bucks County. Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum). Delaware River at Philadelphia; Susquehanna River at Pequea, Lancaster County, in May, 1903. Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). Allegheny River at Foxburg, Clarion County. Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill). Scott's Creek, Bucks County. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacepede). Delaware River at Torresdale, Philadelphia County. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Cherry and Simpson's Runs, Indiana County. Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook). Delaware River at Torresdale, Philadelphia County. Lepomis auritus (Linneeus). Hunter's Run, upper branch of Taylor's Run and Mill Run, tributaries of Ridley Creek, tributary of Brandywine below Chadd's Ford Junction, Chester County; Naylor's Run, Delaware County; Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Mill Creek and Schuylkill River near Gladwyne, Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Bridgetown, Etterton, Long Pond, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Scott's Creek, Bucks County. Eupomotis gibbOBUS (Linnaeus). Chester Creek near Cheney, Chester County; Long Neck at Tinicum Island, Delaware County; Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; Neshaminy Creek near Langhorne, Bridgetown, Long Pond, Etterton, Scott's Creek, Guinea Creek, Bucks County; Akron and Trout Runs near Ephrata, Cocalico Creek near Denver, Swamp Bridge and Witmer's Mills, Lancaster County. Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. Schuylkill River near mouth of Mill Creek, Montgomery County; Neshaminy Creek near Bridgetown, Bucks County; Juniata River at Newton Hamilton, Mifflin County; Erie, Erie County. I also have examined many examples of M . salmoides at the last locality. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). Erie, Erie County. Stizostedion canadense (Griffiths). Erie. Perca flavesoens (Mitchill). Scott's Creek, Bucks County; Erie, Erie County. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). Erie. Hadropterus macrocephalus (Cope). Tributary to North Branch of Two Lick Creek and Mud Lick Run, Indiana County. Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). Allegheny River at Foxburg, Clarion County; McKenny, Simp- son's, Allen's, Home, Bernham, Rock, Elders, Little, Smitten, Mud Lick, Groft's, Hileman and Martin's Runs, Grant and Pine Town- ships, tributary North Branch of Two Lick Creek, small branch of Pickering Run, branch of Big Mahoning Creek, branch of Crooked Creek, McCormick's Run and branch of Ross Run, feeder to Crooked Run, Pine Creek and Marion Branch, Indiana County. Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (Storer). Reese's Run, Crum Creek near White Horse, Hunter's Run tributary to Ridley Creek, upper branch of Taylor's Run, Mill Run, Chester Creek near Cheney, tributary of Brandywine Creek below Chadd's Ford Junction, Chester County; Naylor's Run, Delaware County; Walton Run near Byberry, Philadelphia County; Mill Creek at Gladwyne, Walnut Hill, Montgomery County; Mill Creek at Flushing, Brookfield Run, Neshaminy Creek at Etterton, Long Pond, near Langhorne, Mill Creek at Wycombe, Guinea Creek, Bucks County ; tributary to Bushkill Creek at Belfast, Northampton County. Cocalico Creek near Ephrata and Denver, Trout and Snokestown Run, Lancaster County; Sugar Valley Run, Mifflin County; Wop- sonomick Valley Run, Blair County. Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque. McKenny, Cherry, Simpson's, Ross, Groft's, Smitten and Hileman Runs, Pine Township, tributary North Branch Two Lick Creek, feeder to Crooked Run, Indiana County. Boccus chrysops (Rafinesque). Erie, Erie County. 4 50 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Morone amerioana (Gmelin). Scott's Creek, Bucks County. Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. Erie. Cottus ictalops Rafinesque. Simpson's, Allen's, Smitten, McKenny and Cherry Runs, Sus- quehanna Creek, Indiana County; Meadow Run near Ohio Pyle, Fayette County. Cottus gracilis Heckel. Trout Run near Ephrata, Lancaster County. Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). Erie. Delaware. A few collections made during the past season, in Newcastle County, are included below. Anguilla chrisypa Rafinesque. West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill, Md.). Semotilus atromaoulatus (Mitchill). Montchanin. Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill). West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill). Notropis whipplii analostanus (Girard). Granogue and West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill). Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). Tributaries of the Brandywine near State line, Guyencourt, and West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill). Rhinicb.tb.ys atronasus (Mitchill). Tributaries of the Brandywine near State line, Granogue, Guyen- court and Montchanin. Catostomus commersonnii (Lacepede). Guyencourt and West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill). Lepomis auritus (Linnseus). West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill). Eupomotis gibbosus (Linmeus). With preceding species. Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (Storer). Guyencourt and West Branch of Christiana Creek (near Iron Hill). 1912.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 51 Maryland. Most of my own collections were made in Cecil County, while a few smaller ones are from Baltimore. In that city I have also examined many market fishes, especially those alleged to have been taken in Chesapeake Bay. Mr. E. G. Vanatta made collections at Chestertown, and Messrs. Hermann Behr and T. D. Keim at Jennings, in Garrett County. Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus. Abundant in the spring and in early June in Clearwater Brook at Bacon Hill, tributary to the Elk River basin. In this stream I have secured many young, and also in the Little Bohemia Creek. Fishermen say lampreys are abundant in the Elk and North East Rivers and at Rock Hall. Acipenser sturio Linnaeus. Scarce now in the Elk, North East and Susquehanna Rivers. I have seen examples in the Baltimore markets, though none now in our collections. Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). A small mounted example recently examined, though not obtained for our collection, was taken in the Elk River. This fish was rather abundant at times about the fisheries along the North East River. Pomolobus mediocris (Mitchill). Runs in the Elk and North East Rivers, also Little and Big Bohemia Creeks in their lower reaches. A number of examples examined at the fisheries and in the markets of Baltimore. This fish, also P. cestivalis and the next, are taken at Rock Hall. Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson). Abundant in the Elk, Bohemia, North East and Susquehanna Rivers, and ascending well above tide or in the small fresh branches. The multitudes examined were from the Little Bohemia Creek, Bohemia Mills, Big Bohemia Creek, Bohemia Bridge, Elk Neck, North East, and from Chesapeake Bay (Baltimore markets). Alosa sapidissima (Wilson.) Runs in the larger streams, as the Elk, Bohemia, North East and Susquehanna Rivers, from all of which I have examined material. I have collected, however, only young examples in the Little and Big Bohemia Creeks, and at Elk Neck and North East. In the fishing season many fine examples may be seen exposed in the Balti- more and other markets. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe). Patapsco River at Baltimore, Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, and Elk River at Elk Neck. Anchovia mitchilli (Valencienrfes). Tolchester Beach. Anguilla chrisypa Rafinesque. North East, Stony Run, Clearwater Brook near Bacon Hill, Conewingo Creek, Little and Big Bohemia Creeks, Elk Neck and Chestertown. Numerous large ones sometimes seen in the Baltimore markets. Hybognathus nuchalis regius (Girard). Patapsco River at Baltimore, North East, and Fishing Creek, a tributary to Elk River near Elk Neck. Many examples, and all obtained in tidal waters. Semotilus bullaris (Rafinesque). Octoraro Creek near Rowlandville, Cecil County; Peddler Run, Harford County. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Stony Run and tributaries of the Octoraro Creek near Porter's Bridge. Also found in the headwaters of the Castleman River near Jennings. Leuciscus vandoisulus Valenciennes. Very abundant in Stony Run and its small tributaries, and also found in the first tributary below emptying into the North East River. Abundant in small tributaries of the Octoraro Creek near Porter's Bridge. Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill). Very common in the Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, Elk River and its tributary Fishing Creek, and also the North East River. My numerous examples from: Little Bohemia Creek, Bohemia Mills, Bohemia Bridge, Elk Neck, North East, Stony Run, Cone- wingo and in the Susquehanna River, Cecil County; Broad Creek, Harford County. Notropis bifrenatus (Cope). A few in tributaries of the Big Bohemia Creek. Notropis procne (Cope). Frequent in Stony Run, Cecil County. Notropis hudsonius amarus (Clinton). North East River at North East, and the Octoraro Creek above Rowlandville. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 Notropis whipplii analostanus (Girard). A few in Peddler Run, Harford County, and Conewingo Creek near Conewingo (estuary). Abundant at Gynn Falls near Baltimore, and in Stony Run. Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). Abundant at Gynn Falls near Baltimore, Stony Run, Conewingo Creek, and the Octoraro above Rowlandsville. Notropis photogenis amoenus (Abbott). Stony Run, and Conewingo Creek near Conewingo. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). Many examples from Stony Run, first tributary of North East River below Stony Run, clearwater Brook near Bacon Hill, tribu- taries of Big Bohemia Creek, tributaries of the Octoraro Creek near Porter's Bridge, Cecil County; Peddler Run, Harford County; headwaters of the Castleman River near Jennings, Garrett County. Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Rafinesque). Very abundant in Stony Run, the Conewingo Creek, the Octoraro Creek near Octoraro, above Rowlandville and near Porter's Bridge, Cecil County; Broad Creek, Harford County; headwaters of the Castleman River near Jennings, Garrett County. This species delights in rapid or turbulent foamy streams, and is a fair pan fish. Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sueur). Common in Stony Run, Conewingo Creek and the Octoraro Creek above Rowlandville. . Cyprinus carpio Linnseus. Found in the Little Bohemia Creek and Piney Creek. I have also examined many examples in the markets of Baltimore. Catostomus oommersonnii (Lac6pede). Abundant in Stony Run, Conewingo Creek near Conewingo, the Big Bohemia Creek and at Jennings. Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur. Stony Run and Gynn Falls. Erimyzon sucetta oblongus (Mitchill). Common in Clearwater Brook near Bacon Hill, Stony Run and the Big Bohemia Creek. Ameiurus catus (Linnaeus). Many examples from North East, Elk Neck, Chestertown, Big and Little Bohemia Creeks. Many also seen in the Baltimore, markets. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.r Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). I have examined many examples from the Big and Little Bohemia Creeks and at North East, Cecil County. Others from Broad Creek, Harford County. Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). Once taken at Gynn Falls. Schilbeodes insignis (Richardson). Conewingo Creek near Conewingo. Esox americanus (Gmelin). Frequently found in Clearwater Brook, Cecil County, and Broad Creek, Harford County. Esox reticulatus Le Sueur. I have found it in the Little Bohemia Creek. Umbra pygmaea (De Kay). Abundant in Clearwater Brook, in the Big Bohemia Creek, and at Elk Neck. Fundulus majalis (Walbaum). Patapsco River near Baltimore, Tolchester and Chestertown. Fundulus heteroolitus macrolepidotus (Walbaum). Very abundant in all fresh tidal waters. My examples from the Patapsco River, Tolchester, Chestertown, Elk Neck, Fishing Creek, North East, and Big and Little Bohemia Creeks. Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur). Abundant in the Gunpowder River, Patapsco River, Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, North East, Elk Neck and Fishing Creek. Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede. Tolchester and Chestertown. Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum). North East River at North East, Elk River at Elk Neck, and Little Bohemia Creek. Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus). One purchased in the Baltimore market, said to have been taken in Chesapeake Bay. Menidia beryllina (Cope). Abundant in the Patapsco River at Baltimore, the Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, and the Elk River at Elk Neck. Menidia menidia no tata (Mitchill). Abundant in the Patapsco River at Baltimore and at Tolchester. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 Apeltes quadracus (Mitehill). Found in the Gunpowder River, the Big Bohemia River and Fishing Creek, the latter a tributary of the Elk River below Elk Neck. Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitehill). Specimens examined in the Baltimore markets were said to have been taken in Chesapeake Bay. Selene vomer (Linnaeus). Included as Mr. T. D. Keim assures me he has examined 4 examples secured at Rock Hall several years ago. Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus). Many examined in the Baltimore markets. Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook). Little Bohemia Creek and Chestertown. Lepomis auritusI(Linnseus). North East Creek, Conewingo Creek, Octoraro Creek near Row- landville, Little Bohemia Creek, Fishing Creek tributary to Elk River near Elk Neck, and Stony Run. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus). Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, North East, Elk Neck, Fishing Creek, and Stony Run. Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. Little Bohemia Creek. Perca flavescens (Mitehill). Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, North East, Fishing Creek near Elk Neck, and Octoraro Creek near Rowlandville. Many examples in the Baltimore markets. Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (Storer). Patapsco River at Baltimore, Big Bohemia Creek, Stony Run, Conewingo Creek, Octoraro Creek near Rowlandville, and tribu- taries near Porter's Bridge. Roccus lineatus (Bloch). Found in the Big and Little Bohemia Creeks at North East. I have examined many in the Baltimore markets from Chesapeake Bay. Morone americana (Gmelin). Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Mills, North East and Elk Neck. Many Chesapeake Bay examples seen in the Baltimore markets. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum). Several large ones seen in the Baltimore markets said to have been taken in Chesapeake Bay, likewise many examples of the next species. Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier). Leiostomus xanthurus LacSpede. Many from the Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, Tolchester, Patapsco River at Baltimore, and others in the Baltimore markets from Chesapeake Bay. Micropogon undulatus (Linnaeus). Many from Chesapeake Bay in the Baltimore markets. Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus). Young in the Patapsco River at Baltimore. Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). Headwaters of the Castleman River at Jennings. Cottus gracilis Heckel. Stony Run. Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum). Several from Chesapeake Bay in the Baltimore markets. Achirus fasciatus Lacepfide." Big Bohemia Creek. Virginia.3 Several collections were made at Watchapreague, in Accomac County, in May of 1911. The Academy is also indebted to Mr. T. M. Milliner for additional material from this region. Besides these I have examined many species in the Norfolk market and at the fisheries at Virginia Beach in 1909. All with the * are from off Cedar Island. ' An interesting collection of fishes was obtained in the Cape Fear River region ol North Carolina in May of 1908 by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. Fundulus nottii (Ag.), Gambusia gracilis Heck, and Heterandria formosa Ag. are from the Green- field mill-pond at Wilmington. The following are all from Southport. Anguilla chrisypa Raf., Mugil cephalus Linn., Trachinotus carolinus (Linn.), Choenobryttus gulosus (Cuv.), Lepomis punctatus (Val.), L. incisor (Val.), Eupomotis gibbosus (Linn.), Micropterus salmoides (Lac), Perca flavescens (Mitch.), Centropristis strialus (Linn.), Orthopristis chrysopterus (Linn.), Hcemulon plumieri (Lac), Otrynter caprinus (Bean), Calamus leucosteus Jord., Diplodus holbrookii (Bean), Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuv.), Bairdiella chrysura (Lac), Leiostomus xanthurus Lac, Micropogon undulatus (Linn.) and Paralichthys lethostigmus Jord. Gilb. Lepomis punctatus was previously only known from South Carolina to Florida. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 *Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus. *Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus): *Raja erinacea Mitchill. Large examples of Acipenser sturio examined at Watchapreague and Cedar Island, though none preserved. Anguilla chrisypa Rafinesque. Young found on Parmores Island and others, besides adults, in Locustville Branch. *Pomolobus medioeris (Mitchill). *Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson). *Alosa sapidissitna (Wilson). Many examples of Opisthonema oglinum examined at Virginia Beach. *Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe). Virginia Beach. Umbra pygmaea (De Kay). Common in upper still reaches of Locustville Branch. Esox americanus was also found in the same place, though no examples preserved. Fundulus majalis (Walbaum). Watchapreague Inlet and about Parmores Island. Fundulus beteroclitus macrolepidotus (Walbaum). Watchapreague, Cedar and Parmores Islands, tidal reaches of Locustville Branch and Virginia Beach. Fundulus diaphanus (Le Sueur). Locustville Branch just above tide. Fundulus luciae (Baird). I found it in small numbers in the little pools on Parmores Island, associated with equal numbers of F. heteroclitus macrolepidotus. Many were in high coloration. None were found associated with Gasterosteus. I .also found this species abundant in fresh pools, near the edge of the salt marsh, in the lower basin of Locustville Branch. In this place they were associated with Cyprinodon. Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede. Cedar and Parmores Islands, and lower basin of Locustville Branch. Virginia Beach. Lucania parva (Baird). Common in fresh or brackish pools of Parmores Island. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Gambusia gracilis Heck-el. Found in fresh pools, near the sea, at Virginia Beach. Abundant in the fresh-water ditches in the lower basin of Locustville Branch. Menidia menidia notata (Mitchill.) Watchapreague Inlet. Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus. Very abundant in purely fresh-water lagoons on Parmores Island, and found associated only with Cyprinodon. All were quite small, and many of the males with bright scarlet axillary ventral membranes, otherwise the coloration mostly olive-green. This is the most southern locality at which I have obtained this species, and it is also noteworthy that all the individuals were so dwarfed. Syngnathus fuscus Storer. Watchapreague Inlet. *Scomber scombrus Linnaeus. I have also examined many examples of the following in the Norfolk markets: Sarda sarda, Scomberomorus maculatus, Seriola lalandi, Pomatomus saltatrix, Seserinus paru, Poronotus triacanthus, Lobotes surinamensis, Archosargus probatocephalus, Cynoscion regalis, C. nebulosus, Scicenops ocellatus, Leiostomus xanthurus, Micropogon undulatus, Pogonias cromis, and Paralichthys dentatus. Almost all these were said to have been captured in the pounds in Hampton Roads. At Virginia Beach I found: Sarda sarda, Trichiurus lepturus, Seriola lalandi, Seserinus paru, Poronotus triacanthus, Cynoscion regalis, C. nebulosus, Bairdiella chrysura, Leiostomus xanthurus, Micropogon undulatus, Alutera schoepfii, Chilomycterus schoepfi, and Lophius piscatorius. ♦Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus). *Poronotus triacanthus (Peck). Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). Locustville Branch. Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus). Locustville Branch. Morone americana (Gmelin). Locustville Branch. *Orthopristis ohrysopterus (Linnaeus). Parmores Island. *Stenotomus chrysops (Linnaeus). *Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus). 1912.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 "Cynoscion regalis (Schneider). Parmores Island. *Bairdiella cb.rysu.ra (Lacepede). Parmores Island. I have found Leiostomus xantkurus at Old Point Comfort. *Micropogon undulatus (Linnaeus). *Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus). Parmores Island. Pagonias cromis and Sciamops ocellatus frequently taken off Cedar Island and brought to Watchapreague, where I examined many. *Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus). *Spheroides maculatus (Schneider). Parmores Island. ♦Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum). I have also found Alutera schoepfii at Hampton Roads. *Prionotus evolans strigatus (Cuvier). ♦Lophopsetta maculata (Mitchill). *Paralichthys dentatus (Linnseus). *Opsanus tau (Linna?us). Also at Hampton Roads. *Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill). *Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., FIXATION OF SINGLE TYPE iLECTOTYPIC) SPECIMENS OF SPECIES OF AMERICAN OFvTHOPTERA.1 SECTION ONE. BY JAMES A. G. REHN AND MORGAN HEBARD. The majority of present-day workers in systematic zoology are in accord on matters tending toward fixity of specific names, one of the most important of these being the limitation of the specific name to a single type specimen in cases where the original author had extensive series which he had considered typical, but of which no single type individual was selected. It not infrequently happened in such cases that two or more species were confused* by the author, and the limitation of the name to one of the components is necessary for intelligible work. In the distributional and taxonomic work on Orthoptera in which the authors are engaged, the necessity for single type (lectotypic) fixations has become imperative, and after due consideration and examination of the type series and study of the context of the original descriptions, we have made the following fixations. In the few cases where the specific names have already been restricted or types already properly selected, such action has been followed unreservedly unless the author restricting the name has ap- plied it to a form not represented in the original cotypic series. In the case of proper previous limitations of names we have selected types in accord with such work. In the ensuing papers the species will be treated in groups, using as divisions the titles of the various papers whose components are considered in the subsequent pages. Although the selection of a single type was recommended by the last International Entomological Congress, no rules have as yet been adopted governing such selections. It seems to us to be obvious that under the present conditions certain logical methods should be followed in selecting the type, but not so rigidly that special cases which are found should not receive special treatment. 1 In papers where other than North American species are treated it has seemed best for the unity of the work to fix such exotic types as well. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 In fixing the types of the species of Orthoptera described in the papers treated below we follow the law of line priority, designating from the original series a specimen from the first locality mentioned, except where other factors are found to be of greater importance, the most important of which may be stated as follows: 1. Preference is given to the sex which shows the greater amount of differentiation. 2. A figured specimen is selected in cases where this specimen can be located with certainty and no faulty work is involved. 3. In cases where the first record or records given are too general, doubtful or erroneous in character, a cotype from the first definite and unquestionably authentic locality is selected. Where a specimen would be selected as type in accordance with the above rules, but is found to be in a badly damaged condition or known to be either destroyed or lost, preference in the selection will be given the next available individual of the typical series. The nomenclature given will be that of the original description, as these papers are not intended to be at all revisionary. I. "New North American Acridid^e, Found North of the Mex- ican Boundary, " by Lawrence Bruner. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.; Vol. 12, pp. 47-82, PI. I, 1889.) The specimens, on which the species described in the paper under consideration were based, are now to be found almost wholly in the United States National Museum and the Hebard Collection, the junior author having recently acquired from Professor Bruner his entire North American Collection of Orthoptera. The types them- selves are divided between the two collections, as a small part of the material originally belonged to the United States National Museum, the rest to Professor Bruner. The author did not give the exact location of any of the material, leaving it understood that part was in his own collection and part in that of the National Museum. The labelling of specimens treated in this paper is not uniform, in most cases the entire series of specimens of a new species was labelled "TYPE" by the author, but in a few instances no type labels what- ever were written. In the present paper we are unable to use the plate of figures, except in the case of the unique figured c? Pedioscertetes pulchella, owing to the fact that the author has given us no means of deter- mining which specimen or specimens were used for figures, except in the single case here stated. All the specimens treated in this 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., paper, except those which were subsequently sent to McNeill, and the missing type of Trimerotropis thalassica, have been examined. Mesops cylindricus (p. 48). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from two localities. Single type here designated : d" ; Valentine, Nebraska (along the north side of Keya Paha Creek)2, [August 10th] ; (L. Bruner) ; Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. Dracotettix monstrosus (p. 50). Based on two specimens of both sexes from the same locality. Single type here designated: unique cf ; Los Angeles, California, March 5th; Coquillett; Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. OCHRILIDIA (?) CRENULATA (p. 51). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from numerous localities. Single type here designated: cf ; [Ft. Robinson],3 northwest Nebraska, [August, 1888]; (L. Bruner); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. OCHRILIDIA (?) CINEREA (p. 52). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from a number of localities. Single type here designated: d"; Ft. McKinney, Wyoming, [July, 1883]-; (L. Bruner) ; Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. Mermiria texana (p. 53). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from two localities. Single type here designated : d" ; El Paso, Texas, [November, 1887]; (L. Bruner); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. Mermiria maculipennis (p. 54). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from two localities. Single type here designated: 9 ; San Antonio, Texas, June; M. Newell; Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. 2 The use of parentheses here is to show such data as is contained in the original description and not on the specimen; the use of brackets indicates information found on the specimen but not contained in the original description. 3 Vide Bruner in Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 140, 1910. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 Syrbula acuticornis (p. 55). Based on three female specimens from one locality. Single type here designated: 9 ; Southwestern Texas; F. G. Schaupp; Hebard Collection, ex Bmner. Eritettix variabilis (p. 56). Based on an unspecified number of specimens [of both sexes] from one locality. Single type here designated: cf; Silver City, New Mexico, (May); C.H. Marsh; U. S. N. M. Collection. Eritettix abortivus (p. 56). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from two localities. Single type here designated: cf; Washington County, Texas, (April); (L. Bruner); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. BOOTETTIX ARGENTATUS (p. 58). Based on "numerous specimens" of both sexes from four localities. Single type here designated: ; Hills lying back of San Fran- cisco, California, late October, [1887]; (L. Bruner, Koebele); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. AlTLOCARA SCUDDERI (p. 63). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from many localities. Single type here designated: 9 ; [Ft. Robinson], Nebraska, [August, 1888]; (L. Bruner); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. Mestobregma pulchella (p. 64). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from the Yellowstone Valley. Single type here designated: cf ; Glendive, Montana (below the mouth of the Powder River), (L. Bruner); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. CONOZOA TEXANA (p. 65). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from one locality. Type designated by McNeill, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIII, p. 406, 1901. "One male (type), El Paso, Texas, G. W. Dunn, collector; Bruner Collection." This specimen, together with all others sent to McNeill for his "Revision of the Genus Trimerotropis," has not been returned to the collection from which it was borrowed. CONOZOA ALBOLINEATA (p. 66). Described from a single male specimen from Los Angeles, Cali- fornia, Coquillett, collector; Bruner Collection. Sent to McNeill. CONOZOA KOEBELEI (p. 67). Described from a single male specimen from Placer County, 'California, September, Koebele, collector; Bruner Collection. Sent to McNeill. Trimerotropis cyaneipennis (p. 68). Based on "numerous specimens both male and female" from one locality. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 Single type here designated : c? ; Near the mouth of Ogden Canon, on the upper shore line of ancient Lake Bonneville, Salt Lake Valley, Utah, [September, 1883]; (L. Bruner); Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. Trimerotropis azurescens (p. 69). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes from four localities. Single type here designated: 9 ; Alkali Stage Station (Green River), Wyoming, [Elevation 6,000 feet, July 27, 1877]; (S. H. Scudder) ; Hebard Collection, ex Bruner. This is the only specimen in the U. S. N. M. or Bruner Collection at present with locality agreeing exactly with any of those given in the original description. Trimerotropis bifasciata (p. 70). Based on an unspecified number of specimens of unstated sex from one locality. Type designated by McNeill, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIII, p. 419, 1901. "One male, without locality, Bruner Collection." As the original description includes but one locality, Los Angeles, California (Coquil- lett), it is natural to suppose that this specimen marked type by Bruner came from that locality. Trimerotropis californica (p. 71). Based on two males and one female from one locality. Single type here designated: Nemobius brevicaudus (p. 57). Based on a pair from the same locality. Single type here designated : unique c? ; Fort Collins, Colorado,. October 4, 1901. 1912.] NATUKAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 Ceuthophilus arid us (p. 57). Described from a unique male; Grand Junction, Colorado, Novem- ber 17, [1902]. Ageneotettix occidentalis (p. 58). Described from an unspecified number of specimens from Colorado west of the main range. Single type here designated: V > < Co 3 . a a • a 2 It 1 ? -13 a a a a a a a a .-- 2 D c o §^ -t o > •a m r 99 a a • • a • • * • • •" a aa a a • a • • • ••• a • a a • • a a a ' a a • a i — o C -3 o © C5v O > .< ^> -Cs. > o C w a a • • aa a • a* a a a aa a • »a n i o > ) — y n Z o - > Z h So o o o § oo o ao oa Ol o ao oa 0 a a a a ° ° ° o O O o aa. ooa aoo aaa • a a • •• a a s £ > c/> m jj a. Co O © ^ ^ > .< 0 V-o / O -J a (71 3 >° ••"•• « J c a a a z a • • • n Z S ^ a a <; ,=" < - 3=> ^ 13 .' -^3 5? 5> fr > .< I .-" • a a . aaa • a a • a a • • • ' :**»*.•:•: • < -5 a a • a • • a • © o o *• N °° "~S ^> ©; o o o o I*. > < 9 So a • a a a aaa a aaa © "S -5k - o Fig. 3. 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Baker (1910) found in Lymncea rejiexa that the length-breadth ratio of the shell increased with the length of the shell. That is, the larger shell had the higher ratio and therefore a higher spire. Tables I and II show this relationship in Lymncea columella from about Philadelphia and on both tables the length in millimeters is the Index Table I TOTAL i.yo • 1 2 2 ; 1.60 4 12. lt> 16 2 3 ;/ l./O / 2 14- 16 40 ^r- ""7/"-^ ^4- -4 "7 i.bo / ""7" 17 29 26 14- 4 4 1 104 1)0 z / ? ,(> 12 ) 21 1.40 / 2 3 0 2. 4 6 8 10 12 14 ib 18 20 22 mm. AtANs \i)oo \iboo\i.b2j\i.bw \/.6z/\i.6t/f\ t.p>)\ /?2l\ up/ \ iUo\i.6^4 FfaTIO Table: 11 TOTAL >47 1.60 / 1 1)0 ^ / X 6 6 2- 22 1 40 / X XL ^3 39 17 *F 7 b J- 176 /.30 4 16 30 26 21 10 7 1 "3 1.20 j 4 7 1 13 Mea C NS (477 1420 04) w& OM m typ 0)3 047 1.} do 1)62 > ; L 4 6 8 10 /2 /4- ft f# 20 22 mm — — . _ 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181 ordinate. The index on Table I is the abscissa. On Table II the ratio is the abscissa. Table I shows that the larger shells have a narrower aperture, which agrees with H. B. Baker, but Table II shows that the height of the spire is about constant at all ages. On both tables no conclusions can be based on shells under eight milli- meters, for two reasons : the numbers of shells are too small and the probable error of each ratio is too large. It may be as much as ±.10 on the part of the index and ±.05 for the ratio. Remembering, then, that the larger shell may have a narrower aperture, then we may look over fig. 3. In this the Cedar Lake collection and the Wingohocking Creek collection both have narrow apertures, but the former has an average shell of 9.44 mm., while the latter has an average shell length of 17.37. The size of the shell cannot influence, then, the characters in question in this case. The other diagrams tell their own story and seem to show that each restricted area has its own type of shell as far as these two characters are concerned. The numbers are far too small on which to base many conclusions. (JO l.)o 140 i.jo i.bo 1.70 0 • /.po • 0 '.So • • 0 • 0 • • 0 //o '.to • • • 0 • • • 0 • 0 • • 0 • 0 • • • 0 • 0 • 0 0 iqo f :,§ tjo \ ; T c a jfc^ys old Av^e/^ht Uoctl.to Ht r^noi. 7 PCIndexI 13 Pl^atio! p? Fig. 4. There were .hatched during the past winter from an egg capsule laid by a snail from the Sixty-seventh Street and Elmwood Avenue collection thirty-two snails, of which eighteen lived to be measured. These were kept together in 1,000 cc. of water in a crystallizing dish. They were measured from time to time. From two of these meas- urements, an early one and a late one, 37 days and 78 days, respect- ively, fig. 4 was compiled. The probable error of the individual 37 days old measurements, 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, which were made with the camera lucida, were index ±.10, ratio- ±.05. These were so much larger in the case of the small shells because of the difficulty in orienting them in exactly the same plane at the time of measurement. The range of the offspring are almost the same as that of the parent colony. This is only significant as showing what we may expect when we are able to deal with larger numbers in a more precise manner. Baker (1911) observed copulation between different individuals of Lymncea stagnalis, Lymncea emarginata and Lymncea lanceata. Several times L. emarginata tried to copulate with L. lanceata, & much smaller animal. Baker saw also L. stagnalis in copulation with emarginata . Heynemann (1869) records a cross between auricularia and peregra, the former acting as female and the latter as male. Chaster (1909) records a cross between L. stagnalis and L. auricularia, the former taking the part of the male. The progeny were good examples of peregra, and the query is raised by Chaster as to whether peregra may not be the ancestral form of auricularia and stagnalis. Be that as it may, it is possible that many of the so-called species and varieti' - of Lymncea may be hybrids, and it will be necessary to experiment in order to determine how true this is. In the ponds about Phila- delphia, however, where Lymncea columella is found, the writer has never found any other species present. The chance of hybridization is, therefore, rare. Conclusion. Johannsen (1911) clearly defined the "pure line." "A pure line.'' he said, "may^be defined as the descendants from one single homozygotic organism exclusively propagating by self-fertiliza- tion. ... A line ceases to be 'pure' when hybridization (or even intercrossing) disturbs the continuity of the self-fertilization." With this definition in mind it is necessary, if we would have a pure line in the Johannsenian sense, to deal with hermaphroditic organisms. Not only must the organisms be hermaphroditic, but self-fertilization must be possible. It must either be normal or can be induced and controlled. These conditions can easily be fulfilled in many plants, but, as far as I am aware, no animals with the proper requirements have been experimented upon. To be sure, Jennings (1911) and others have traced "lines" of Protozoa. These animals divide by fission so that their method of reproduction is probably closely allied to asexual or to partheno- genetic reproduction as found in multicellular forms. The Hydra with which Handel (1907) worked reproduced by 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183 budding. On the other hand, Woltereck's (1909) Daphnia were parthenogenetic. These "lines" of animals therefore cannot be compared strictly with those "lines" in plants that reproduce through self-fertilization. Adhering strictly to Johannsen's definition, as far as I know no experiments with pure lines have ever been performed with animals. Lymncea, after this superficial study, would seem to furnish such material : 1. It apparently does self -fertilize its eggs when isolated. 2. The time for generation is short — two to three months. 3. There are a few well-defined characters that may be observed. 4. Hybridization is possible, but as far as Lymncea columella from this region is concerned, it is rarely that more than one species is found in a single habitat. There is no evidence, as yet, that it is not homozygous. On the whole, Lymncea columella seems to combine some of the necessary requirements on which to base a pure-line investigation. Literature. Adams, C. C. 1900. Variation in Io. Proc. of the Am. Ass., IL, 208. VON Baer. 1835. Selbstbefruchtung an einer hermaphroditischen Schneeke beobachtet. Midler's Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys., Jahrg. 1835, 224. Baker, F. C. 1911. The Lymnceidae of North and Middle America. Chicago Academy of Sciences, Publication No. 3. Baker, H. B. 1910. Variation in Lymncea reflexa Say from Huron Count v. Twelfth Report of the Mich. Acad, of Sci. Bratjn. 1888. Zur Frage der Selbstbefruchtung bei Zwitterschnecken. Nach. d. deutsch. malakozol. Ges., XX, 146. Bronn. 1889 and 1900. Klassen und Ordnung des Tierreichs. Chaster. 1899. A Cross between Lymncea stagnalis and L. auricularia. Jour, of Conch., IX, 282. Colton. 1908. Some Effects of Environment on the Growth of Lymncea columella Say. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Handel. 1907. Vererbung bei ungeschlechtlicher Fortpflanzung von Hydra grisea. Jenaischi Zeitschr., XLIII, 321. Heynemann. 1869. Begattung zwischen Lymncea auricularia und peregra. Nach. d. deutsch. malakozol. Ges., I, 37. von Ihring. 1876. ,An nnsere Mitglieder. Nach. d. deidsch. malakozol. Ges., VIII, 49. Jennings and Hargitt. 1910. Characteristics of the Diverse Races of Para- mecium. Jour, of Morph., XXI, 495. Jennings. 1911. "Genotype" and "Pure Line." Science, December 15, 841. Johannsen. 1911. The Genotype Conception of Heredity. American Natural- ist, XLV, 129. Mellor. 1905. Higher Mathematics for Students of Chemistry and Physics. Morgan. 1904. Self-fertilization Induced by Artificial Means. Jour, of Exp. Zool., I, 135. Pearl. 1911. Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. American Naturalist, XLV, 321. Pizon. 1893. Histoire de la Blastogenese chez les Botryllides. Ann. des Sci. Natur., XIV, 1-386. Sekera. 1906. Ueber die Verbreitung der Selbstbefruchtung bei den Rhab- docoliden. Zool. Anz., XXX. Woltereck. 1909. Verhandlungen deutsch. zoologischer Gesellschaft, 1909, 115. 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, A REVISION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE GROUP MOGOPLISTII (ORTHOPTERA; GRYLLID.E) FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. BY JAMES A. G. REHN AND MORGAN HEBARD. The group Mogoplistii forms a division of the subfamily Myr- mecophilince and comprises eleven genera and over fifty species described from localities well distributed over the warmer regions of the earth. All of the species are of small size, very delicate and covered with minute, easily abraded scales, for which reasons they appear to have been but little collected, and in consequence most of the species were described from but little and often badly damaged material. In studying an extepsive series of North American specimens of this group, we found it necessary to go so deeply .into the relationship of the various genera and species that it became incumbent on us to analyze all of the genera described to this date, to construct a new key for all of the genera, and also erect four new genera. In addition to this we were confronted with a great amount of confusion in regard to the characters and extent of certain genera and also some com- plicated specific synonymy. As these facts are best discussed in a chronological sequence, we have summarized the history of the names here treated. History. In 1839, Serville erected the genus Mogoplistes1 on the species M. brunneus from southern Europe [Sardinia]. Guerin, in 1844, described the genus Ornebius,2 basing it on two new species, 0. xanthopterus, from Mauritius, and 0. nigripalpis, from Pondicherry, the former of which has been selected as the genotype by Kirby. The same author, in 1849, erected the genus Ectatoderus,3 on a new species E. nigriventris, from Abyssinia. In 1855, Costa based a new genus Arachnocephalus* on a species from Naples, this author being 1 Hist. Nat. Ins. Orth., p. 357. - Iconogr. Regne Anim., Ill, p. 331. 3 In Lefebre, Voy. en Abyss., VI, p. 336, Ins. pi. VI, fig. 3. 4 Fauna Nap., Grill., p. 41, pi. IX, fig. 5. We are unable to quote this reference from the original work as, unfortunately, our copy is incomplete, lacking among ethers the reauisite naee. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 fully acquainted with Mogoplistes, with which he compared his new genus. Philippi, in 1863, described the genus Microgryllus0 as a subgenus of Gryllus, placing in it the two new species Gryllus pallipes and griseus from Chili, to the former of which the name has since been limited. Scudder, in the year 1869, based a new genus Cyclop- tilum,6 on a single new species, C. squamosum, from Texas, while at the same time he described another new species from Lower Cali- fornia as Mogoplistes occidentalis. Brunner, in 1873, proposed the name Physoblemma7 for several unnamed species, which name is clearly shown by the text to be an exact equivalent of the older Arachnocephalus Costa, a genus apparently unknown to him at that time. Saussure, in 1874, described a new species from Cuba8 which he referred to Scudder's genus Cycloptilum as C. americanum, later emending the spelling to Cycloptilus.9 The same author, in 1877, erected the genus Liphoplus10 for two new species, L. novarce from Tahiti and L. guerinianus from an unknown locality,-the former of which has been selected as type of the genus by Kirby. Bruner, in 1891, described a species as Cycloptilum (using Saussure's emended spelling, Cycloptilus) borealis, from Nebraska,11 while the next year Redtenbacher described a species from St. Vincent, West Indies, which he called Ectatoderus antillarum.12 Saussure, in 1897, in the Biologials described two new species from Mexico as Ectatoderus aztecus and Liphoplus mexicanus, while in the same year Scudder described a species from southern Florida, based on a single female, as Mogosiplistus [emended Mogoplistes] slossoni.u In 1905, the present authors described a new species from a single male from southern Florida as Liphoplus zebra,1'0 while Morse, in the same year, based a new species, Mogisoplistus1* [emended Mogoplistes] barbovri on a single female from the Bahamas. Classification. The three facts which strike one most forcibly after a careful study of all the generic descriptions and the type species of the same are 5 Zeitschr.fur Geo. Natur., XXI, p. 231. 6 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 142. ■ Seine. Entom. Gesell, IV, pp. 167, 169. ■ Miss. Sci. Mex., Rech. Zool, VI, p. 426, pi. 8, figs. 41, 42. 9 Melang. Orth., II, p. 476, 1877. wIbid., pp. 456, 483. 11 Canad. Ent., XXIII, p. 37. 12 Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1892. p. 218, pi. XVII, figs. 16a, 166. ™Biol. Centr. Amer., Orth., I, pp. 230-231. 14 Psyche, VIII, p. 55. 15 These Proceedings, 1905, p. 49, pi. I, fig. 12. * Psyche, XII, p. 21. 13 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, first, that Ectatoderus is quite distinct from any North American form which has been referred to it. The greatly elongate pronotum of the male, covering by far the greater portion of the abdomen, is a character found in none of our species, while the form of the caudal metatarsus is quite distinctive. The second fact is that Mogoplistes is equally unrepresented in our fauna, the reference of forms from North America to this genus being due to the fact that no males were examined by the authors of those species. In all such cases we have examined the types and unquestionably identical males, these examinations proving that the species are not at all related to Mogo- plistes brunneus, the type of that genus. The third fact is that " Cycloptilus" as understood by Saussure is not Cycloptilum Scudder, the characters of the pronotum, palpi and limbs being very different. This misinterpretation was doubtless due to a certain amount of vagueness in Scuclder's original description, but much uncertainty as to what characters were really diagnostic of Cycloptilum resulted from Saussure's error. The latter's key to the genera of the group17 contained two groups of very misleading characters; first, the division or non-division of the interantennal protuberance, and second, the elongate caudal metatarsus with its non-sulcate and non-serrate dorsum in "Cycloptilus.'' The former feature is of considerable value as a major section in a generic key, but as that vertical division is represented more or less clearly in a few genera by a sulcus, or in several by a decided deep incision, it is necessary to qualify the word "division." Saussure is completely in error in the characters which he gives for Cycloptilum, the typical material of the type of the genus being very different in these features.18 The emphasis placed on these two sets of characters was responsible for the present authors describing Liphoplus zebra as a member of that genus, when it is really a Cycloptilum. The presence of a weak but apparent sulcus on the face, and the sulcate and serrate metatarsus easily ran the species into the genus Liphoplus as placed in Saussure's key. Material Excmiined.—h\ the preparation of the present work the types of the following species have been before us : • Cryptoptilum hesperum n. sp. (Mogosiplistus slossoni Scudder, synonym of Cryptoptilum antil- larwn Redtenbacher.) * 17 Melang. Orth., II, p. 456. 18 Davis (Jour. X. Y. Ent. Soc, XVII, p. 187, 1909) correctly analyzed the mistakes of previous authors and properly presented the evidence of the type of Cycloptilum squamosum. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 (Mogisoplistus barbouri Morse, synonym of Cryptoptilum antil- larum Redtenbacher.) Cryptoptilum contectum n. sp. Cryptoptilum tubulatum n. sp. Cryptoptilum trigonipalpum n. sp. Cycloptilum squamosum Scudder. Cycloptilum, zebra (Rehn and Hebard). Oligacanthopus prograptus n. sp. Hoplosphyrum occidentale (Scudder). Hoplosphyrum boreale (Scudder). The series examined numbers 763 specimens, generically distributed as follows: Glaphyropus 2, Cryptoptilum 475, Cycloptilum 236, Oligacanthopus 1, Hoplosphyrum 49. The great majority of these specimens were taken by the authors on recent trips and are locat* < - in the Hebard Collection and that of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, a considerable series, moreover, is in the Hebard Collection ex Bruner, while important specimens were kindly loaned to us by Dr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, and through Mr. A. N. Caudell we have been able to have before us the entire series of specimens belonging to the United States National Museum. To these gentlemen, for their many kindnesses, we wish to extend our hearty thanks. We would also express our gratitude to Professor Albert P. Morse, Mr. William T. Davis and Messrs. Sherman and Brimley for specimens of this group which they have sent us for examination. Group MOGOPLISTII. Group Characters. — Size of all forms small; body covered with translucent scales; apterous or having in the male sex abbreviate membranous tegmina. Head discoidal, depressed, having an interantennal protuberance which is separated from the vertex by a transverse sulcus; ocelli very small or absent; palpi variable in length. Pronotum in males often produced, vaulted or depressed; lateral lobes of pronotum very narrow. Tegmina when present containing all essential parts of tambourine. Caudal femora moder- ately or considerably inflated; caudal tibiae serrulate on dorsa: margins, without true spines, armed distad with six spurs; caudal metatarsi armed distad with two arcuate spurs; all of the interna: spurs being longer than their external equivalents. Key to the Genera of the Group. A. Dorsum of metatarsus almost unarmed,19 Glaphyropus n. gen. (Genotype G. americajius.) 19 In this division chaetiform spines are apparent on the margins of the meta- tarsus when the latter is examined under a Zeiss binocular. 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, AA. Dorsum of metatarsus serrate or serrulate on margins. B. Facial protuberance not markedly divided. (Oligacanthopus20 n. gen.) (Genotype 0. prograptus.) C. Tegmina of male absent or only represented by rudiments. D. Internal tibial spurs elongate, slenderer, Microgryllus Philippi. (Genotype M. paUipes.) DD. Internal tibial spurs less elongate, more robust, Mogoplistes Serville. (Genotype M. brunneus.) CC. Tegmina of male present, although frequently hidden under pronotum. D. Pronotum of male very elongate, equal to two- thirds of body length. (Tegmina present, but completely covered by pronotum.) Ectatoderus Guerin. (Genotype E. nigriventris.) DD. Pronotum of male less elongate. (Tegmina partly visible or [Cryptoptilum] completely hidden under pronotum.) E. Pronotum strongly narrowing cephalad in male, in length equal to about one-half that of body. F. Tegmina of male not visible beyond pronotum. General size small, Cryptoptilum n. gen. (Genotype C. antillarum.) FF. Tegmina of male with periphery visible beyond pronotum. General size very small, Cycloptilum Scudder. (Genotype C. squamosum.) (Oligacanthopus n. gen., vide supra.) EE. Pronotum not strongly narrowing cephalad in male, in general more or less subquadrate. F. Tibial spurs very long. Ovipositor not at all enlarged at apex, Hoplosphyrum n. gen. (Genotype H. occidentale.) FF. Tibial spurs very short. Ovipositor some- what enlarged at apex, ..Ornebius Guerin. (Genotype 0. xanthopterins.) BB. Facial protuberance markedly divided. C. Tegmina absent in both sexes. (No perforation of cephalic tibiae.) Arachnocephalus Costa. (Genotype A. vestitus.) 20 This new genus belongs in this division, nearest Cycloptilum, but as it is known only from the female we are unable to place it more exactly in this key. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 189 CC. Tegmina present in male, partly projecting beyond pronotum. (Cephalic face of cephalic tibiae perforate.) Liphoplus Saussure. (Genotype L. novarce.) GLAPHYROPUS-1 new genus. 1S74. Cydoptilum Saussure (not of Scudder, 1868), Miss. Sci. Mex., Rech. Zool., VI, p. 425. 1877. Cydoptilus Saussure (not Cydoptilum Scudder, 1868), Melang. Orth., II, p. 476. 1897. Cydoptylum Giglio-Tos (not Cydoptilum Scudder, 1868), Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, XII, No. 301, p. 6. The very elongate caudal metatarsus which is very sparsely and very delicately armed dorsad, will immediately separate this genus from the other genera of the group. Under an ordinary hand lens the metatarsus appears unarmed dorsad, and this is doubtless the reason Saussure accentuated this character, thus differentiating it from the allied genera, but under a moderate-power microscope the margins are seen to be supplied with delicate cheetiform spines. However, this spination is most subtle and is entirely different in character from that found in any of the allied genera, which all have these spines more decidedly dentiform, often contrastingly colored and always truly serrate in their arrangement. The extremely slender metatarsus is so striking a character that it will at once serve to distinguish members of this genus. Genus monotypic. Genotype — Glaphyropus americanus [Cydop- tilum americanum] (Saussure). Generic Description. — Head small, subelongate, smooth; inter- antennal protuberance weak, broadly rounded, no vertical dividing sulcus present; eyes pyriform, not inflated; maxillary palpi very long and slender, the distal joint very obliquely truncate, labial palpi short. Pronotum of male strongly produced cauclad covering the base of the abdomen, caudal margin strongly arcuate; of female subquadrate in form, cephalic margin truncate, caudal margin weakly arcuate and covering mesonotum and base of metanotum. Tegmina in male concealed by the pronotum, absent in female. Ovipositor straight, slender, moderately long; distal valves lanceolate, but not differentiated from the shaft. Supra-anal plate of male strongly plicate, bicarinate, bimammilate at the base; of female rotundato-trigonal, sulcate cephalo-caudad and folded between the cerci. Subgenital plate trapeziform in male; rotundato-trigonal 21 From ; 'Mujwpdc, smooth, and ~'» <;, foot; in allusion to the practically unarmed dorsal margins of the caudal metatarsus. 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, in female. Cerci very long and slender, very smooth, tapering. Caudal femora dilated; caudal tibiae slender, sub- compressed, very finely serrulate on dorsal margins, with three pair of distal spurs, the dorso- and ventro-internal subequal, the medio- internal nearly twice their length and equal to about two-fifths the length of the metatarsus; caudal metatarsus very elongate, slender, equal to over half the length of the caudal tibia, dorsal margins supplied with very delicate chaetiform spines, second joint minute, "bird joint very small. Distribution in North America. — Cuba, Vera Cruz, Lower Cali- fornia and Mexico. Glaphyropus americanus (Saussure). 1874. Cycloptilum americanum Saussure, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rech. Zool., VI, p. 426, pi. 8, figs. 41, 42. [Cuba.] 1874. Cycloptilum poeyi Saussure, ibid., explanat. pi. 8, figs. 41, 42. (Plate name only.) 1888. C[ycloptilum] americanum Bolivar, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, I, p. 157. [Cuba.] 1891. Cycloplilus americanus Gundlach, Entom. Cuban. II, p. 370. [Cuba.] 1909. Cycloptilum americanum Rehn, Second Rept. Cent. Exp. Sta., Cuba, p. 221. [Cuba.] Types: cf and 9 ; Cuba. (Poey and Gundlach.) [Saussure Collection.] The following description is based upon a female from San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico. (Townsend.) [Hebard Collection.] Size small; form subdepressed; surface very smooth.22 Head f>void, subdepressed, but convex dorsad; interantennal protuberance separated from the vertex by a well-marked transverse interantennal ill l ; K«ri-'ntlKa»«>^<^^ri|1y|.| *- -^ijj i V" ...OwO.'-ji Fig. 1. — Glaphyropus americanus. Internal face of caudal metatarsus and in- ternal tibial spurs. (Greatly magnified.) sulcus. Maxillary palpi greatly elongate, distal joint elongate tubiform, distal margin very obliquely truncate. Pronotum trans- versely strongly arcuate, caudal width subequal to the length, lateral outlines of disk gently arcuate, expanding little caudad; 22 Scales completely abraded from the only specimen seen by us. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 191 lateral lobes broadly passing into disk except caudad where there is a slight angle, depth of lobes about one-third the greatest length, ventral margin truncate, obliquely truncate caudad. Subgenital plate arcuato-trigonal, subcompressed ; ovipositor shorter than the caudal femora, slightly thickened proximad, subequal and quite slender for the greater portion of its length,' apex not broadened, lanceolate, dorsal valves at apex with four rows of punctse which are evenly spaced so that these valves when seen from certain angles appear to have their margins sub- crenulate, ventral valves smooth. Cephalic and median limbs slender, femora subcompressed; cephalic tibise with a very minute tympanum placed more toward the dorsal face of the tibise than is usually the case. Caudal tibiae slightly arcuate ventrad, the medio-external spur nearly twice the length of the dorso-external spur and considerably Fig. 2. — Glaphy- longer than the ventro-external one, all of the external ropus amen- CQ> ?l US. J\x &X- spurs shorter than the internal. Caudal metatarsus illary palpus, slightly arcuate dorsad, subcompressed, with distal (Greatlymag- spurs small, slender, subequal, reaching to the base of the distal tarsal joint. Description of Male.23 — This sex differs from the female in the following characters. Pronotum much larger, strongly produced caudad as far as the second or third abdominal segment, expanding gradually caudad, caudal margin broadly semicircular. Tegmina large, rounded, not reaching quite as far as the caudal margin of the pronotum, entirely covered by the same. Subgenital plate trapezi- form, convex, punctate, margin sub-bilobate. Measurements (in millimeters). San Jose Cuba San Rafael, del Cabo, (ex Saussure). Vera Cruz, Lower , ' < Mexico. California. cT 9 9 9 Length of body 5.5 5.6 5.7 6.7 Length of pronotum 3 1.8 1.7 2 Caudal width of pronotum 2.4 2 1.7 2 Length of caudal femur 3.8 4 4 4 Greatest width of caudal femur 1.5 1.5 Length of ovipositor 2.8 2.8 2.8 Color Notes. — Saussure says of the species "pallid fulvo-testaceus, 23 Amplified from Saussure, his figure showing several characters not men- tioned in his description. 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Julie. hoiosericeo-tomentose, head and thorax fulvous, abdomen more grayish." The specimen before us from ~^*^y: Lower California has been dried from / Z.ZZ^^:iC\ alcohol, and in consequence its coloration i ^i-vV^ is greatly altered from that of nature. Fig, 3.— G lap hyr opus In general it is cream-buff, darkening to americanus. Apex of ochraceous on the head, antennae, thorax ovipositor. (Greatly , , ,. . , , , , , magnified.) and base ol the abdomen, eyes dark slate-gray, ovipositor pale ochraceous with the apex tawny. The specimen in our possession from the state of Vera Cruz is cinnamon, darkening to vandyke-brown on the sides of the head, pronotum and dorsal surface of the abdomen, eyes vandyke-brown, underparts of body, palpi, cephalic and median limbs and caudal tarsi clay color, ovipositor russet. Distribution. — Only known from Cuba, the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, the extremity of Lower California (San Jose del Cabo) and northern Venezuela.24 It is possible that the Venezuelan material may not be identical. Synonymy. — Saussure's erroneous association of this very distinct generic group with Cycloptilum Scudder beclouded the characters of true Cycloptilum, preventing some authors from recognizing the latter, as Scudder failed to mention the character of the dorsal margins of the caudal metatarsus. Remarks. — We have before us two females of this species from Mexican territory, which show no character of difference from the original description — in fact, agreeing in every particular. It is interesting to find material from such widely separated and different localities agreeing so thoroughly. Specimens Examined. — 2 females. San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico; 1 9 . [Hebard Collection.] San Jose del Cabo, Lower California; 1 9 . [Hebard Collection.] CKYPTOPTILUM-' new genus. 1892. Ectatoderus Redtenbacher (not of Guerin, 1849), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 218. 1897. Liphoplus Saussure, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orth., I, p. 232 (in part). 1897. Mogosiplistus Scudder (not Mogoplistes Serville, 1839), Psyche, VIII, p. 55. 1897. Mogosiplistus Scudder (not Mogoplistes Serville, 1839), Guide to Gen. Class. N. Amer. Orth., p. 63. 1905. Mogisoplistus Morse (not Mogoplistes Serville, 1839), Psyche, XII, P-21. * 24 Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anal. Camp. Univ. Torino, XII, Xo. 301, p. 6. 1897. 5 From hpr-ror, hidden, and -ruovl wing; in allusion to the hidden tegmina. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. H»: 1905. Cycloptilus Mor.se (not Cycloptilum judder, 1868), Psyche, XII, p. 21. 1905. Liphoplus Rehn and Hebard (not of Saussure, 1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 49. 1906. Liphoplux Rehn (not of Saussure, 1877), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXII, p. 117. 1907. Liphoplus Rehn and Hebard (not of Saussure, 1877), Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 316. 1909. Liphoplus Rehn (not of Saussure, 1877), Second Rept., Cent, Exp. Sta. Cuba, p. 220. 1910. Liphoplus Rehn (not of Saussure, 1877), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1910, p. 10. 1911. Cycloptilus Sherman and Brimley, Ent. News, XXII, p. 391 (in part). Genus includes five species. Genotype. — Cryptoptilum antillarum [Eetatoderus antillarum] (Redtenbacher). Generic Description. — Form depressed, compact, surface clothed with scales; pronotum produced caudad in male; tegmina absent in female, concealed by pronotum in male. Head small, rounded, produced cephalad; interantennal pro- tuberance with trace of vertical division. Pronotum of male narrow cephalad, produced caudad, in length equal to about half of the entire length of the body; of female sub-quadrate. Tegmina of male concealed by disk of pronotum, tympanum perfectly developed, caudal margin of dorsal field of tegmina strongly arcuate; lateral field of tegmina well developed. Ovi- positor nearly straight, narrowly sub-lanceolate at apex, the latter with margins unarmed. Subgenital plate of female with distal margin complete or angulate-emarginate mesad. Cerci of both sexes elongate, tapering. Cephalic tibiae with the cephalic face bearing a distinct tympanum. Caudal femora much dilated; armament of limbs as in Cycloptilum. Distribution in North America. — Extending from central North Carolina southward to extreme southern Florida and westward to Brazos County, Texas. The genus is also found in Lower California and has a wide insular distribution, having been recorded from Bermuda. the Bahamas, Cuba and St. Vincent. Key to Cryptoptilum. New Genus. A. Terminal joint of maxillary palpi moderately elongate, expanding gently distad, gently obliquely truncate. B. Pronotum of male widening gradually but distinctly caudad. C. Pronotum of male with cephalic width contained about two and three-quarters times in the greatest length of the same, much produced caudad; subgenital plate of female broadly truncate distad with no emargina- tion hesperum n. sp. 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, CC. Pronotum of male with cephalic width contained hardly twice in the greatest length of the same, not as much produced caudad; sub-genital plate of female arcuato- convergent, narrowly acute-angulate emarginate distad antillarum (Redtenbacher) . BB. Pronotum of male subequal in width tubulatum n. sp. AA. Terminal joint of maxillary palpi not so elongate, expanding widely distad, very obliquely truncate. B. Form compact, pronotum of male widening gradually, but broadly caudad, not constricted in either sex; subgenital plate of female arcuato-convergent, carinate meso-caudad, very narrowly acute-angulate emarginate distad, contectum n. sp. BB. Form rather slender, pronotum of male narrow, expanding gently caudad, noticeably constricted in both sexes; sub- genital plate of female arcuato-convergent, broadly obtuse-angulate emarginate distad trigonipalpum n. sp. Cryptoptilum hesperum n. sp. This species is closely related to C. antillarum, but differs from it in having the interantennal protuberance more produced and bulb- ous, the joints of the maxillary palpi more elongate with the terminal joint more roundly and less obliquely truncate. The pronotum is heavier in both sexes, and considerably longer pro- portionately in the male. The caudal tibiae and metatarsi are very slightly longer in proportion to the length of the caudal femora, the caudal metatarsi having normally on each dorsal margin ten or more serrations. In the male the subgenital plate is much as in antillarum, but in the female it is gently arcuato-convergent laterad, broadly ar- cuato-truncate distad with no trace of emargination. Type: 9 ; San Lazaro, Lower Cali- fornia, September, 1894. [Hebard Col- lection.] Description of Type. — Size medium for group. Head small, interantennal protu- berance much produced and bulbous,much longer in proportion to the general size of the head than in antillarum, divided verti- cally by a very minute sulcus. Maxillary palpi with penultimate joint about two- thirds as long as terminal joint, the latter expanding very gently Fig. 4. — Cryptoptiluni hes- perum. Dorsal view of allotype. (X 4.) 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 195 distad, very mildly obliquely truncate. All of the joints of the maxillary palpi are considerably longer and more attenuate than in antillarum. Eyes much as in antillarum, pronotum likewise, but heavier. Tegmina absent. Subgenital plate somewhat arcuato- convergent laterad, broadly truncate distad with no emargination whatever. Ovipositor as in antillarum. Cerci missing. Cephalic tibise with cephalic face bearing a distinct tympanum. Arma- ment of limbs much as in antillarum except that the serrations on the dorsal margins of the caudal metatarsi are heavier and less widely spaced, and number seven on inner, ten on outer margin. Caudal tibiae and metatarsi very slightly longer proportionally than in antillarum. Allotypic c? : Lower California. [Hebard Collection.] Description of Allotype. — Slightly smaller than female. Pronotum larger and proportions considerably longer than in antillarum, the caudal margin transverse, broadly arcuate. Tegmina much as in antillarum. In addition to the type and allotype, the entire series of specimens here examined and listed below may be considered paratypic. Measurements (in millimeters). Allotype. Type. San Jose Lower California. San Lazaro, del Cabo, L. Cal. L. Cal. c? 9 9 Length of body 8 8.9 10 Length of pronotum 5.1 2.7 2.9 Caudal width of pronotum 3.1 2.7 3 Length of caudal femur 5.4 5.4 Greatest width of caudal femur 2 2 Length of caudal tibia 3.9 4 Length of caudal metatarsus 1.6 1.7 Length of ovipositor 5 6.6 Color Notes. — As all but the two adult females are dried alcoholic specimens, our color notes refer to these two specimens only. In ground coloration they are much like antillarum, but the dorsum of the abdomen is wholly black. The scaly covering of the type is in perfect condition, and shows the insect to be thickly covered with scales as in antillarum, but in this case the scales are metallic-bronze in color. In this specimen there is a cephalic bar of dark brown which crosses the eye, but is not continued on the pronotum; in the two other adult specimens, both of which have almost entirely lost 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, their scaly covering, no trace of such a bar exists. The maxillary palpi are dark brown and are covered with light hairs. Distribution. — The known range of this species is confined to Lower California. Remarks. — As noted under antillarum, the female, in the later stages of the nymphal condition, has dentiform spines on each side of the ovipositor sheath; these are situated distad along the ventral margin of the upper section of the valves, and in the specimen before us are five in number on each side. The adults all have a distinct tympanum on the cephalic face of the cephalic tibiae, but this tympanum is not present in any of the nymphs. Specimens Examined.2" — 10; 1 male, 2 females and 7 nymphs. Lower California; lcf,19 n. Sierra el Toste, L. Cal.; September 23, 1894; (Eisen) ; ld'n, 1 9 n. San Lazaro, L. Cal.; September, 1894; 1 9 , 2c?n, 2 9 n. (9 Type.) San Jose del Cabo, L. Cal. ; 1 9 . Cryptoptilum antillarum (Redtenbacher). 1892. E[ctatoderus] antillarum Redtenbacher, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892. p. 218, pi. XVII, figs., 16a, 166. [St. Vincent, West Indies.] 1897. Liphoplus krugii Saussure, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orth., I, p. 232. [Cuba.] (March, 1897.) 1897. M[ogosiplistus] slossoni Scudder, Psyche, VIII, p. 55. [Biscayne Bay, Florida.] (April, 1897.) 1905. Liphoplus krugii Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1905, p. 49. [Key West, Florida.] 1905. Mogisoplistus barbouri Morse, Psyche, XII, p. 21. [Nassau, New Providence Island, Bahamas.] 1906. Liphoplus krugii Rehn, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat, Hist., XXII, p. 117. [Mangrove Key, Andros, and Pot Key, Andros, Bahamas.] 1907. Liphoplus krugii Rehn and Hebard, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila.. 1907, p. 316 (in part). [Pablo Beach and Gainesville, Florida.] 1909. Liphoplus krugii Rehn, Second Rept., Cent. Exp. Sta. Cuba, p. 220. [Cabanas P\>rtress, Cuba.] 1910. Liphoplus krugii Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila,, 1910, p. 10. [Paget West, Bermuda.] 1911. Cycloptilus squamosus Sherman and Brimley (not of Scudder, 1868), Ent. News, XXII, p. 391 (in part). [Beaufort, North Carolina.] Type: d71, and allotype, 9 ; St. Vincent, West Indies, windward side. (H. H. Smith.) [British Museum.] The following description is based upon a male from Wrightsville, North Carolina, September 7, 1911. (Rehn and Hebard.) [Hebard Collection.] Size medium for the group, head small, interantennal space roundly :e The entire series is in the Hebard Collection. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 197 produced and divided by a very minute subobsolete longitudinal sulcus. Maxillary palpi with penulti- mate joint about two-thirds as long as terminal joint, the latter expanding gently distad, gently obliquely truncate. All of the palpal joints proportionately more attenuate than in the two known species of the genus Cycloptilum. Eyes pyriform, subvertical. Pronotum narrowing regularly cephalad, consider- ably produced caudad, the entire dorsal surface transversely gently arcuate; the caudal margin transverse, broadly arcu- ate. Tegmina wholly concealed from above by the pronotum, from the side the lateral field may be seen to embrace the abdomen. Cerci as long as the abdomen. Cephalic tibiae with cephalic face bearing a large, oval and distinct tympanum. Caudal femora dilated. Caudal tibia? with three pair of well-devel- oped distal spurs, the dorso-internal no- ticeably shorter than the ventro-internal spur, the medio-internal spur considerably longer than the others with its length contained about twice in the metatarsus. Caudal metatarsus rather long, straight, rather broad, sulcate dorsad, both dorsal margins armed with four and five on inner and six and seven well-developed serrations27 on outer margins, the distal extremity armed on both sides with a long spur, the longer inner spur reaching to the end of the first third of the terminal tarsal joint. A female, taken with the male here described, differs from it in the following respects : Larger; the pronotum subquadrate, narrowing very little cephalad; tegmina absent. The subgenital Fig. 5. — Cryploptilum antil- larum. Dorsal view of male specimen here de- scribed. (X 4.) Fig. 6. — Cryploptilum antilla- rum. Internal face of caudal metatarsus and tibial spurs. (Greatly magnified.) 27 The number of these serrations is found to vary considerably in the species of this group, but the inner margins always bear fewer serrations than the outer margins in the same individual. 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Julie. plate is arcuto-convergent laterad, semi-ovate, narrowly acute- angulate emarginate at the apex. The ovipositor is long, straight, lateral division of valves exactly at middle of the sides, sub-lanceolate at apex, the latter with margins unarmed. Measurements (in millimeters) . Wrightsville, N. C. Described.28 Average of series. & 9 & turn; a", 2.5-2.7; 9, 1.9-2: length of caudal femur; , in front, and ypairroc, that which is written upon; in allusion to the striking dark bars on the facial protuberance. 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Description of Type. — Size small; form depressed, compact; surface covered heavily with scales. Head ovoid, occipital outline depressed, Fig. 21. — Oligacanthopus prograptus. Internal face of caudal metatarsus and internal tibial spurs. (Greatly magnified.) weakly arcuate dorsad; interantennal protuberance separated from vertex by a well-marked transverse interantennal sulcus. Maxillary palpi with penultimate joint not more than two-thirds as long as terminal joint, the latter gently expanding distad, gently obliquely truncate. Pronotum with dorsum transversely very gently arcuate, curving sharply laterad, caudal width subequal to length, lateral outlines of disk straight, subparallel; lateral lobes passing into disk with an angulation but slightly indicated, depth of lobes over one- quarter their greatest length, ventral margin sinuato-truncate. Subgenital plate arcuato-trigonal, subcompressed. Ovipositor shorter than caudal femur, gradually thickened proximad, very gently arcuato-convex, somewhat elongate sublanceolate at apex, the surface of apex smooth, the ventral margins of the ventral valves armed distad with a row of minute serrulations. No tympanum pres- ent on the cephalic tibiae. Caudal tibiae straight ; armament of same similar to that found in Cycloptilum, but greatly reduced in size, much smaller than in any other known North American species of the Mogoplistii, the medio-external spur nearly twice the length of the dorso- and ventro-external spurs. Caudal metatarsus straight, subcompressed; distal spurs reduced to very small heavy teeth which are sharply upcurved distad and scarcely reach the base of the Fig. 22. — Oligacanthopus pro- graptus. Apex of ovipositor. Fig. 23. — Oligacanthopus prograptus. Ceph- (Greatly magnified.) alic aspect of head. (Much enlarged.) second tarsal joint, which is twice the length of one of these external spurs; these, as is true also in the tarsal spurs, are longer than the homologous internal spurs. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 Measurements (in millimeters). — 9 : Length of body, 5.8; length of pronotum, 1.5; caudal width of pronotum, 1.4; length of caudal femur, 3.7; greatest width of caudal femur, 1.2; length of caudal •tarsus, 2; length of caudal metatarsus, 1.2; length of ovipositor, 2.5. Color Notes. — So heavily covered with scales is the only specimen known that it is difficult to state the ground coloration of the insect. This coloration appears to be very pale wood-brown over the entire surface of the body; the interantennal protuberance never has the distal portion scaled, and in the present species this is strikingly marked with four parallel vertical bars of bistre separated by bars of the ground color of the same width, these somewhat more tinged with yellowish. The terminal joints of the maxillary palpi have also a broad band of bistre encircling their median portion, while the tip is more yellowish than the basal portion of the palpi which is of the prevailing very pale wood-brown. The antennae are colored as the tips of the maxillary palpi, but have the third, sixth, tenth and sixteenth joints on each side bistre. The scaly covering is composed of silvery scales among which darker ones are found in confused masses, the tarsi all are distinctly twice banded with these scales, and in addition the base of the caudal tarsis is so darkened. The general effect is that of an irregularly mottled silvery hair-brown insect with banded limbs. Biological Notes. — Although but a single specimen of this species has been captured, others were seen. All of these were observed at Miami, Florida, in the heavy semi-tropical "hammock" on the south bank of the Miami River, and were found by prying up loose pieces of bark and tearing off signs on the low oak trees. When exposed the insects sprang wildly about, to which habit is due the fact that but a single specimen was taken. Distribution. — Miami, Dade County, Florida. Synonymy. — When the specimen, on which this species is based, was first recorded, the authors confused it with Scudder's Mogosi- plistus slossoni [Cryptoptilum antillarum] partially owing to the fact that Saussure had stated that the interantennal protuberance of Mogoplistes (Mogisoplistus Saussure, 1877; not Mogosiplistus Scudder, 1897) was not divided by a median vertical sulcus. Specimens from Saussure before us of the type of that genus, Mogoplistes brunneus, prove that though the interantennal protuberance is not absolutely divided by a sulcus, still it shows a distinct though minute sulcation quite as strongly as Cryptoptilum antillarum. This sulcation appears to be found in nearly all the species of the present group, and although 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, in Glaphyropus and Oligacanthopus this may be said to be absent, under a powerful microscope traces of such a suture may be found. Liphoplus and Arachnocephalus are said to have the protuberance so distinctly sulcate that, when viewed from above, the interantennal protuberance can be seen to be divided by a sulcus which separates this part into two distinct lobes. In all of the other known genera a distinct but more or less subobsolete sulcus exists. The variation in individual opinion in considering this type sulcate or non-sulcate has led to much confusion. Specimens Examined. — 1 9 . Miami, Fla.; Feb. 6, 1904; (H.); 1 9. (Type) [Hebard Col- lection.] HOPLOSPHYRUM47 new genus. 1868. Mogoplistes Scudder (not of Serville, 1839), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 142. 1874. Mogoplistes Saussure, Miss. Sri. Mex., Rech. Zool., VI, p. 423 (in part). 1877. Mogisoplistus Saussure, Melang. Orth., II, p. 463 (in part). 1897. Ectatoderus Saussure (not of Guerin, 1849), Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 230. . 1902. Ectatoderus Scudder (not of Guerin, 1849), Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, p. 58. Genus includes three species. Genotype — Hoplosphyrum occi- dentale [Mogoplistes occidentalis] (Scudder). .The genus Hoplosphyrum is erected to include forms which are closer to Ornebius Guerin than to any other genus, but from which, individuals of this genus can be readily separated by the elongate median spur of the caudal tibiae and the very peculiar non-dilated apex of the ovipositor. The form of the pronotum and the apparent tegmina of the males show that they are not at all related to true Ectatoderus, while the presence of well-developed tegmina in the male, the ovipositor structure in the female, and the spur propor- tions are readily appreciable characters to differentiate the new genus from Mogoplistes. Generic Description. — Form hardly depressed, compact, surface clothed with scales; pronotum little produced caudad in male, in general subquadrate dorsad ; tegmina absent in female, well-developed and projecting caudad of pronotum in male. Head little produced cephalad; interantennal protuberance with slightest trace of vertical division. Pronotum of male subdepressed, 7 From '''../mi •, arm or weapon, and cyvpov, ankle; in allusion to the long spurs on the distal extremities of the caudal tibiae. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 22! subquadrate or slightly longer than wide, narrowing but little ceph- alad, cephalic margin areuato-emarginate, caudal margin arcuato- truncate; of female transversely arcuate, subquadrate in form, cephalic margin areuato-emarginate, caudal margin emarginato- truncate; disk in both sexes cephalad with paired pyriform impressed outlines flanked cephalad and caudad by single subcallous points. Tegmina of male extending caudad of pronotum a distance equal or subequal to the pronotal length, broad, distal margin arcuate, tympanum fully developed, lateral field deep. Ovipositor cylindrical, straight or but little arcuate, apex simple, not differentiated from the shaft, unarmed, immediate apex acute. Subgenital plate of both sexes with the distal margin not excised, this plate in females com- pressed. Cerci of both sexes elongate, tapering. Cephalic tibiae with the cephalic face with a distinct tympanum. Caudal femora dilated; caudal tibiae straight, robust, deplanate dorsad, serrate dorso-laterad^ with three pair of distal spurs, the dorso-internal shorter than the ventro-internal, the medio-internal elongate, reaching to the middle of the metatarsus; caudal metatarsus compressed, sulcate dorsad, strongly serrate on both dorsal margins, armed disto-laterad with spurs which cover the proximal portion of the terminal joint of the tarsus. Distribution in Xoiih America. — Extending from southern X<\ Mexico to the southern slopes of the Sierra Madre in California, southward to the Cape Region of Lower California, and also in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Key to Hoplosphyrum, New Genus. A. Terminal palpal joint elongate, subtubiform, the distal margin very obliquely subtruncate. B. Pronotum of male with cephalic width contained one and one-half times in the greatest length of the same, somewhat produced caudad; lateral lobes of male pronotum obliquely areuato-emarginate caudad; ovipositor slender, subequal to the caudal femora in length occidental (Scudder). BB. Pronotum of male with cephalic width contained very slightly more than once in the greatest length of the same, subquadrate; lateral lobes of male pronotum obliquely subtruncate caudad, not at all areuato-emarginate; ovipositor more robust, shorter than the caudal femora, boreale (Scudder). AA. Terminal joint of palpi broader, ovate aztecum (Saussure). 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Hoplosphyrum occidentale (Scudder). 1868. Mogoplistes oceidentalis Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 142. [Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.] 1874. Mogoplistes oceidentalis Saussure, Miss. Sci. Mex., Recli. Zool., VI, p. 424. [Lower California.] 1877. M[ogisoplistus}? oceidentalis Saussure, Melang. Orth., II, p. 469. [Lower California.] 1896. Mogoplistes oceidentalis Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXVII, p. 215. 1902. E[ctatoderus] oceidentalis Scudder, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, p. 59. Types:48 2 9 ; Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. [Scudder Collection.] Description of Lectotype here Selected. — Size large for the genus; form elongate fusiform. Head rather small, depth subequal to greatest width, depressed dorsad, moderately protuberant between the antennal bases, without an appreciable vertical sulcus; eyes subpyriform, somewhat prominent laterad when viewed from the cephalic aspect. Maxillary palpi with the distal joint very elongate, slightly longer than the preceding joint, trumpet shaped, the distal margin very obliquely truncate, the length of the truncation con- tained over twice in the next shortest side. Pronotum subdeplanate dorsad, in proportions subquadratc, the lateral lines of the disk weakly subconvergent cephalad; cephalic margin strongly arcuato- emarginate, the head well seated in the same, caudal margin sub- truncate, very faintly and very broadly subemarginate mesad; dorsum passing into the lateral lobes without lateral carina?, but with appreciable angles caudad; lateral lobes with the greatest depth contained about three times in the greatest (dorsal) length of the same, ventral margin of lobes straight, becoming obliquely sub- arc uato-emarginate in the caudal half. Tegmina absent. Abdomen slightly deplanate dorsad, elliptical in outline. Subgenital plate small, subrostrate, very slightly arcuato-emarginate mesad. Ovi- positor equal in length to the abdomen, subequal in length to the caudal femur, of moderate depth, slightly arcuate dorsad in the proximal third, thence straight, apex with very small impressed puncta. Cerci elongate, tapering. Cephalic tibia? with a distinct but small elliptical tympanum on the cephalic face. Median limbs similar in proportions to the cephalic. Caudal femora moderately 48 Both of the types have lost all of their limbs, and the characters of these partB are supplied from practically topotypic material. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 225 inflated, the greatest depth con- tained slightly more than two and one-half times in the length of the same. Caudal tibiae compressed, V-shaped in section, the dorsum deplanate, nonsul- cate, the margins elevated and closely serrate, dorso- and ventro- external distal spurs subequal in length, medio-external nearly twice the length of those dorsad and ventrad of it, internal spurs all longer than the external spurs and as in the generic diagnosis; caudal metatarsus armed on the dorso-internal margin with eight to nine spines, on the dorso-external margin with nine to ten spines. Allotypic a71 here selected; San Jose del Cabo, Lower Cali- fornia. [Hebard Collection.] Description of Allotype. — - Agreeing with the female lecto- type except in characters here mentioned. Pronotum of male more produced caudad and more ampliate in the same direction, the cephalic width contained one and one-half times in its greatest length, the greatest caudal width subequal to its length; cephalic margin as in female, caudal margin strongly arcuate laterad, arcuato- truncate mesad; lateral lobes as in the female. Tegmina well developed for this group, projecting caudad of the pronotum a distance which at its greatest is subequal to the greatest length of the pronotum, broad, the width of the dorsal field of a single tegmen subequal to the greatest width of the pronotum; lateral field deep, slightly less than half the width of the dorsal field; distal extremity of dorsal field well arcuate; speculum of tegmina subequal in width to the cephalic margin of the pronotum. Subgenital plate with the distal margin complete. Fig. 24. — Hoplosphyrum ocddenlale. Dorsal view of allotype. (X 4.) 22G PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June. Measurements (in millimeters). Allotype. Type. San Jose Cape del Cabo, St. Lucas, . L.Cal. L. Cal. c? 9 Length of body 14.3 13.2 Length of pronotum49 4.5 4. Caudal width of pronotum 4.2 4. Length of caudal femur 7.5 , ( Greatest width of caudal femur 2.9 Length of ovipositor 7.8 Average of series. closer to picta. From these notes it can easily be seen that the characters of the two forms are blended in the individuals from southeastern North Carolina. In consequence of this we have used a trinomial for this form. The specimens from Miami were taken in the pine woods. Psinidia fenestralis (Seiv.). Palm Beach, Fla,, November 12, 1910 (Englehardt) ; 1 d1, 1 9 [B. I.]. Miami, Fla., March 28, 1910; 5 cf , 4 9 , 1 n. The coloration of the disk of the wings in this series ranges from orange-buff to orange. The species was found fairly abundant in sandy spots in the pine woods. Romalea microptera (Beauv.). Miami, Fla., March 28, 1910; 1 n. Homestead, Fla., March 17, 18, 1910; 4 n. Four of these specimens are in the same nymphal stage and would all approximate a length of 12 mm. if not shrunken. The remaining specimen, from Homestead, is apparently in the following nymphal stage and is 19 mm. in length. The coloration of nymphs of this species is constant, all are black marked with yellowish-red, as is fairly well shown by Glover22 in his illustration of the nymph of this species. These markings, contrary to that illustration, border only the caudal margin of the pronotum, and in the specimens in the more immature stage before us are orange-vermilion. The specimen in the nymphal stage following has these markings colored sat urn red. We have noticed that the newly emerged nymphs of this species have these markings nearly • vermilion, while in the nymphs approaching maturity the same markings are usually cadmium-yellow. 2 i III. N. A. Ent., Orth., pi. 3, fig. 4, 1S72. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 257 All of these .specimens were taken in the grasses of the everglades. At this time of year colonies of these, each usually numbering several dozen, may be found in such places, all close to the spot from which they have emerged from the ground. Leptysma marginicollis (Serv.). Miami, Fla., March 28, 1910; 1 d\ 3 9 . Homestead, Fla., March 17-19, 1910; 3 d", 3 9 , 1 n. One female specimen from each of these localities has the general coloration oil green instead of the prout's brown coloration usually found in this species; the dorsal surface, however, in each of these specimens is cinnamon. The lateral pale bars are strongly indicated in "all but one of the adults here recorded. The series before us would indicate that in this species there is some increase in size southward, but we find that this is not constant. The length of the females which we have examined from southern Florida varies from 32.5 mm. to 38.5 mm. At Homestead the specimens were all taken among grasses in the everglades, while those from Miami were captured among a few cat-tails growing in a wet spot. Schistocerca americana Sc. Miami, Fla., March 20, 27, 1910; 3 d\ 1 9 • Kev Largo, Fla., March 18, 1910; 1 d\ Long Key, Fla., March 13, 1910; 2 d\ 2 9 . Kev Vaca, Fla., March 14, 1910; 1 d", 1 9 . Boot Kev, Fla., March 14, 1910; 1 d\ 1 9 . Kev West, Fla., March 15, 16, 1910; 4 d\ 1 9 : November 21, 1911 (Englehardt) ; 1 9 [B.I.]. In this series of specimens, taken in extreme southern Florida, the wing length in many cases, notably in the individuals from the Keys. is much less than the average of those from more northern localities. The following measurements in millimeters give the average of some forty specimens we have examined; the figures in parentheses indicate the range of variation in specimens from the region given. Length of pronotum. Length of tegmina. Males from southern Florida 8.2 ( 7.5 to 8.7) 37.4 (34.5 to 40.5) Males from Georgia to Pennsylvania 8.3 ( 8.2 to 9. ) 43.8 (41.7 to 47.2) Females from southern Florida 10.4 ( 9.5 to 12. ) 46.9 (42.2 to 50. ) Females from Georgia to Pennsylvania 10.6 (10. to 10.7) 56.8 (54. to 58.5) 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, In other respects the southern Florida specimens are inseparable from those taken farther north, and can certainly not be considered worthy of racial distinction. The specimens from Long Key and Key West are paler than is usual in southeastern individuals of this species, but show no approach whatever to the Cuban Schistocerca pollens. At Miami this species was not uncommon in the pine woods; it was occasional on the Keys and was noticed to be plentiful on Long Key among beach vegetation on the shore. Schistocerca damnifica oalidior subsp. nov. This southern or Lower Austral representative of Schistocerca damnifica of the Upper Austral Zone is separated from the typical form by the greater general size, the more elongate and proportion- ately much slenderer tegmina, longer and more filiform antennse and slenderer caudal femora. The insect is, in the new form, much more elongate than in damnifica sensu strictiore, and the general appearance is quite different, but in analyzing the characters we find it hard to express the differences except in a few features. The median carina of the pronotum is, in the new form, very generally less elevated and arcuate, and more depressed when seen from the side, but this is not absolute as quite a few specimens of S. damnifica calidior have this carina appreciably arcuate. The width of the marginal and discoidal fields of the tegmina, taken at the distal third, is in the male of true damnifica (ex New Jersey) contained four and one-half to four and three-quarters times in the greatest tegminal length, in the female of the same form this pro- portion varies from the same as in the male to having the tegminal width contained five times in the tegminal length. The male of the new form has the same width of the tegmina contained from six to nearly seven times in the tegminal length, while the female has the width contained from five and one-half to six and one-quarter times in the length. The caudal femora of damnifica s. s. have the greatest width con- tained from four to four and one-quarter times in the length of the -a me, while S. damnifica calidior has the width of the same con- tained four and one-half times in the length. The original description of damnifica is clearly based on the northern form, the measurement of length (37 mm.) perfectly fitting northern female specimens, while this measurement is much surpassed in that sex of the southern form. The type locality — Tennessee — is near the range of the southern race, and specimens from that region do 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 259 not represent the extreme condition of the northern form as found in New Jersey; however, we have Asheville, N. C, specimens which would doubtless agree with Saussure's original material, and these are decidedly the northern form. We find that none of the synonyms of damnified were based on the southern race, and in consequence a new name is necessary to desig- nate this distinctly differentiated form. Scudder used the previously unpublished Acridium appendicidatum Uhler MSS. for specimens of the form here described, but as it was unaccompanied by a descrip- tion that name must date from Provancher, who referred a specimen said to be from Canada to it. Scudder examined this individual and assigned it to damnified. Type: d* ; Homestead, Dade County, Fla., undergrowth in pine woods, March 17-19, 1910. (Hebarcl.) [Hebard Collection.] Size medium (for the genus). Form subcompressed, slender; surface of greater portion of the body impressed ruguloso-punctate. Figs. 13 and 14. — Lateral outlines of males of Schistocercn damnified (13; Stafford's Forge, N. J.) and S. damnified calidior (14; Type). (X li-) Head with the frontal costa subequal in width, not expanded between the antennal bases, non-sulcate; eyes ovate, less elongate than in true damnified ; antennae very slightly shorter than twice the greatest dorsal length of the pronotum, subfiliform. Pronotum with the median carina not at all elevato-arcuate, nearly straight when seen from the side; caudal angle of the disk subrectangulate. Tegmina 260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, moderately elongate, surpassing the tips of the caudal femora by two-thirds of the dorsal pronotal length, the width of the distal third contained about six and one-half times in the greatest length of the same; apical portion moderately narrowed by the arcuation of the costal margin, the immediate apex obliquely rotundato- truncate. Caudal femora moderately robust but with the distal third slender, the greatest width contained four and one-half times in the length of the same. Allotypic female. Miami, Dade County, Fla., undergrowth in pine woods, March 27, 1910. (Hebard.) [Hebard Collection.] Agrees with male except in the following characters. Size con- siderably greater than in male. Antennae nearly one and one-half times the dorsal length of the pronotum. Caudal angle of the pronotal disk rounded obtuse-angulate. Tegmina in form similar Figs. 15 and 16. — Lateral outlines of females of Schistocerca damnified (15; Stafford's Forge, N. J.) and S. damnified cdlidior (16; allotype). (X 1|.) to those of the male, surpassing the tips of the caudal femora by one-half of the dorsal pronotal length, the width at the distal third contained slightly more than six times in the length. Caudal femora with the greatest width contained four and two-third times in the length of the same. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 261 General color walnut-brown, passing ventrad into russet and tawny-olive, the narrow but moderately denned median line on the head and pronotum russet, while the anal area of the tegmina is wood-brown, margined laterad by the burnt-umber wash of the remainder of the tegmina. Antennae passing from cinnamon-rufous at the base to hazel at the tips; eyes russet. Measurements (in millimeters). S. damnified.23 S. damnifica calidior. d1. 9. cf Type. 9 Allotype. Length of body 23.8 34. 29. 46.5 Length of pronotum 6. 8.5 7.2 9.5 Length of tegmen 17.5 23.2 25.8 34. Length of caudal femur 13.2 18. 21.5 22.2 In addition to the type and allotypic female we have before us the following specimens which may be considered paratypic: Miami, Fla., March 27, 28, 1910; 7 d\ 2 9 : November 16, 1911 (Englehardt) ; 2 9 [B. I.]. Homestead, Fla., March 17-19, 1910; 7 , 4 9 , 5 n. Homestead, Fla., March 18, 1910; 1 n. The specimens from Miami were all taken in wet depressions in the pine woods, while the specimen from Homestead was captured in a pot-hole in the pine woods where a strawberry bed was situated. Cryptoptilum antillarum (Redt.). Miami, Fla. (Biscayne Bay), February 9, 1904; Id": (Slosson), 1 cf, [Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr.]. Key Largo, Fla., March 18, 1910; 1 9 n. Long Key, Fla., March 13, 1910; 7 d\ 5 9 , 2 & n., 2 9 n. Key Vaca, Fla., March 14, 1910; 3 45 1 6 13 16 9 18.0 16.5-18.5 VI V 157 1 1 11 29 50 37 22 4 2 18.5 16.5-20.5 VI y 56 2 4 9 22 7 8 3 1 18.0 16.5-20.0 1912.] I II III III IV IV V VI VI NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Table III. 279 Sex. No. d" 37 were freely eaten, and Finn concludes: "The behavior of these reptiles certainly does not appear to afford support to the belief that the butterflies, at any rate, usually considered nauseous, are distasteful to them" (p. 48). The second series of experiments we refer to are reported in 2 "Behavior and Color Changes of Tree Frogs," Journal of Animal Behavior, Vol 2 No. 1, Jan.-Feb., 1912, pp. 53, 54. ° r^urn- Animal Behavior, Vol. 2, No. 3, May- June, 1912, p. 207. » Oconomowoc," Forest and Stream, 8, No. 20, June 21, 1S77, p. 320. *-Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 65, 1896 (1897), pp. 42-48. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 297 Natural Science, December, 1892.33 They deal chiefly with the East African lizards, Mabuia striata and Hemidactylus mabuia. Several presumably distasteful insects were refused by these species. They refused wood lice also, which were eaten, however, by Gerrhosaurus major. Experiments to determine the tastes of Calotes were also per- formed by R. C. Punnett in Ceylon.34 Punnett concludes that the lizard tested (in confinement) by him showed no discrimination in the choice of various adult Lepidoptera offered. "The presumably distasteful Danais was eaten before the presumably palatable Euschema or Mijcalesis, and the so-called distasteful Euplcea was taken before the supposedly palatable Junonia iphita of not very dissimilar coloration. Nor was any hesitation manifested towards Papilio aristolochice with its postulated evil taste and marked warning coloration" (p. 13). Punnett also found the larvae of the last-named insect as well as an adult Danais plexippus were eaten by another lizard (Lyriocephalus). "From such experiments as these one can hardly fail to draw the conclusion that Calotes as well as Lyriocephalus will readily eat anything in the way of butterflies that they come across. Nor is this surprising, in view of the fact that such noxious creatures as the large ant {CEcophylla smaragdina) and hairy cater- pillars constitute a considerable proportion of the contents of their stomachs. They certainly do not appear to exercise that nice discrimination with regard to butterflies, which is necessary for the establishment of mimicking forms on the theory of natural selection" (p. 13). Lieut. -Col. Neville Manders also performed experiments with lizards35 in Ceylon, using the following species: Calotes versicolor, C. ophiomachus, C. nigrilabris, C. zeylanica, and Ceratophora stoddarti. The last two species are smaller than the others and would not try to eat butterflies either when caged or free. The experiments with free specimens of the other three species resulted as follows: Lepi- doptera classed as edible, All; Lepidoptera classed as nauseous, A 17 R 3. Manders says one of the latter was at first refused because of large size, then partly eaten, and the other two were too dry. He further states "that so long as the butterflies remained per- fectly still, they were entirely unnoticed by the lizards, though they might be in close proximity to them" (p. 708). This indicates that /, No. 10, pp. 746, 747. "Spolia zeylanica, VII, Pt. XXV, September, 1910, pp. 12, 13.' 35 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, pp. 707-710. 20 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June^ color is not the stimulus to capture, but that motion is. Manders concludes: "It would seem that those who assume that reptiles take no part in the production of Batesian or Mullerian mimicry are correct, though further experiments are required" (p. 710). Experiments in Europe. A series of experiments by H. Eltringham with Lacerta viridis™- have as their main point the demonstration that a certain lepidop- terous larva (Boarmia rhomboidaria) , was more distasteful to the captive lizards when it had fed on ivy than when fed on apple. In addition, a number of other insects and other invertebrates were used in the experiments. No general conclusions are given. Possible comparisons with Poulton's tables of experiments (1887) are as follows : Poulton's tables, 1887. Eltringham. Animal tested. Pieris brassicce, larva R. A 4 D. Lacerta viridis. Apis mellifera A many. R. Later, Eltringham says that the -caterpillars referred to in his previous experiments are not Boarmia rhomboidaria, but Odontoptera bidentata. The adult moths were eaten by lizards, to which they were fed by Messrs. Eltringham and Pocock. The latter found that they were acceptable also to a bird, Graculifera melanoptera. Eltring- ham concludes that the distastefulness of the larvse was not intrinsic, but due to the character of the food in their digestive tracts.37 Plateau states38 that seven Cistudo europaa ignored the caterpillar of Abraxas grossulariata, while one tried and rejected it. Coluber eesculapii and Lacerta muralis disregarded the larvae and rejected them when placed in their mouths. Experiments in America. Few experimental tests of the efficiency of the protective adapta- tions of insects have been made in the United States. The most important series hitherto published in full was performed by Annie H. Pritchett and was reported in the Biological Bulletin (Vol. 5, pp. 271-287, 1903). The animals used were Sceloporus floridanus, Gerrhonotus infernalis, Crotaphijtus collaris, Cnemidophorus sexli- 36 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, pp. 471-478. 37 "Edibility of Lepidopterous Larvse," Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1910, pp. xxxi,xxxii.. 38 Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France, VII, 1894, p. 383. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 299 neatus, Eumeces sp., and Phrynosoma cornutum. A large variety of invertebrates were offered the lizards, with the following principal results: (a) Only one instance of a lizard eating a dead insect; (6) insects that move slowly do not attract the attention of the lizard so much as do the more active forms, hence those that remain quiescent are rarely even attacked; (c) insects below a certain size are apparently not perceived by the large species of lizards; (d) large beetles having hard elytra are seldom eaten; (e) the myriapod Julus was not eaten by any lizard ; (/) although the combinations of black and yellow, black and orange, or black and red are supposed to serve the purpose of warning coloration, all insects possessing these colors were, at one time or another, eaten, with the possible exceptions of Panorpa nuptialis Gerst. and a malodorous Lygseid bug. Some experiments with Sceloporus undulatus by Dr. S. D. Judd which have never been published may now be put on record for purposes of comparison with the series just noted. The results of these tests follow: Orthoptera : Blattid.e — Stylopyga orientalis (black) A 2 Mantid^e — Stagomantis Carolina (dark brown) R Locustid^b — Microcentvum sp. (green) R Gryllid^e — Gryllus sp. (dark brown) A 3 Coleoptera: Carabid^e — Carabida? (undet.) A Harpalus pennsylvanicus (black) A Scarites subterraneus (black) R Coccinellid^e — Coccinella sp. (warning colors) R 2 Hippodamia sp. (warning colors) R Adalia sp. (warning colors) D Epilachna borealis (yellow and black) A Dermestid^e — Dermestes sp. (nearly black above, white below) A LampyridjE — Chauliognathus sp. (warning colors) R Scarab^eid^e — Ligyrus sp. (reddish-brown) R 2 Lachnostema sp. (reddish-brown) R 2 Chrysomelid.e — Leptinotarsa decemlineata (vellow and black) R2 Diabrotica sp A Heteroptera (all strong smelling) : Pentatomid^e — Brochymena sp R Nezara hilaris (green) R Reduviid^e — Arilus cristatus (red-brown, wings with bronzed tips) R 300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Lepidoptera: Arctiid.e — Hyphantria cunea 1. (yellow, brown, and black, very hairy) .. A 2 R2 Liparid.e — Orgyia leucostigma 1. (red, black, white, and yellow, hairy, tufted) R 2 Diptera: Muscidje — Calliphora erythrocephala (metallic blue) D Sceloporus floridanus and S. undulatus are very close relatives; hence so far as the lizards are concerned, comparsions between the two sets of experiments are not far-fetched. Unfortunately, the insects offered have nothing more than the genus in common, and that in only a few cases. However, the comparisons possible on this basis are given: Pritchett. Judd. Brochymena D R Chauliognathus A 24 R 2 R Harpalus A 3 D 4 A Gryllus A 5+ A3 Summing up Judd's experiments, we have the following results: A. "Protected " group39 4 " Non-protected " group 8 Evidently these Sceloporus were hard to please, accepting barely more than a third of all the insects offered; 66 per cent, of the individuals of "protected" species were refused and 52 per cent, of the "non-protected" group. Dr. S. Lockwood briefly records40 the food habits of the Florida chameleon (Anolis principalis) in captivity. The lizards ate flies and spiders, but would not take the potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) , and, in fact, were not fond of beetles at all.' Dr. Lock- wood cites an observation by Bell, that a pet Anolis, catching an Epeira diadema by the leg, was bitten by its captive and death soon ensued. MAMMALS. Finn records41 brief experiments with an East African mongoose (Crossarchus fasciatus). This animal refused one specimen of a frog (Xenopus Icevis) and ate and vomited another. It ate and 39 That is those "warninglv" colored or otherwise "specially defended." 40 Am. Nat., 10, 1876, pp. 7, 8. 41 Natural Science, I, No. 10, December, 4892, pp. 746-747. R. D 10 1 10 1 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 301 vomited parts of a lizard (Mabuia striata), but the lizard was never- theless entirely eaten. The mongoose was unwilling to eat birds and refused to attack a conspicuous milliped (Spirobolus). An obscurely colored milliped also was refused by a lemur (Galago). Another of Finn's experiments concerning the tastes of mammals for insects deals with a tree-shrew {Tupaia ferruginea).42 The conclusion is: "It is obvious that this animal had a very strong objection to the 'protected' Danainse and Papilio aristolochice, as it. so constantly refused them" (p. 532). This is a fair summary of the experiment except as it applies to Papilio aristolochice, the record for which was A 2 R2. Marshall and Poulton have published43 accounts of experiments with a mongoose {Herpestes galera), baboons, and a monkey (Cerco- pithecus pygerythrus) . The mongoose tested by Marshall (pp. 376- 378) refused but one insect consistently and had only two trials with that. The animal was tested with birds as food and refused five out of ten kinds offered. Two of the five refused have colors of the type called warning and this is peg enough upon which to hang some speculations as to distastefulness. Nothing is said about the equally conspicuous colors of two of the species eaten, viz., Nettopus auritus, blackish-green, white and rufous; and Saxicola pileata, chestnut, black, and white. The results of single trials of several insects with Cercopithecus pygerythrus are recorded on p. 379, and pp. 380-392 are devoted to an account and dtscussion of more extended experiments with baboons. Poulton tabulates the Cole- optera accepted and rejected by the baboons, and from these tabula- tions it appears that about 75 per cent, of the beetles rejected had warning color patterns, as did about 55 per cent, of those accepted. It is unfortunate that there are no records of the natural food of these African mammals that can be used as a check on the experi- mental results. MIXED GROUPS OF ANIMALS. Brief notes on experiments with a marmoset and lizards are included in E. B. Poulton's description of the "means of defence adopted by the larva of Stauropus fagi" and the "defensive value of 'tussocks' of Orgyia and the associated black intersegmental mark- ings."44 i2Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 66, 1897 (1898), pp. 528-532. 43 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 376-392. 44 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, pp. 581-588 and 589-591. 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, We are told that when at rest the larva of Stauropus fagi resembles a withered beech leaf. Next, it is stated that the second and third pairs of thoracic legs are so held that they resemble, "in the most beautiful manner, a bunch of brown scales (the stipules of the foliage leaves) which enclose the buds of the beech, and hang down after the latter are unfolded." As if withered beech leaves, thus adorned, were common during the life of this larva and as if beech were the only food plant of the larvae. As a matter of fact, Stauropus feeds on the foliage of several other woody plants. When aroused the larva is said by Poulton to assume a terrifying attitude, the main suggestion of which is a spider-like creature. It is rather amusing to contemplate the variety of resemblances claimed for Stauropus larvae. For instance, Poulton himself, ten years later, insists upon an entirely different resemblance from those above mentioned. He then says: "The young larvae of Stauropus fagi have often been described as resembling ants. The likeness has recently been analyzed in much detail by Portschinski {Coloration marquante et Taches ocellees, V, St. Petersburg, 1897, p. 44). This acute observer considers that the head of the larva represents the globular abdomen of the ant, while the head and antennae of the latter are suggested by the larval caudal shield with its two appendages. He believes the disturbed larva represents an ant which has seized and is endeavoring to carry off some object on the branch which it is exploring During the present summer (of 1898) I have had the opportunity of studying these larvae. The young larvae were thought to be ants by all the friends to whom they were shown. One lady considered that they were 'double ants' — an interpretation evidently due to their dis- proportionate length and to the head-like appearance of the caudal shield."45 Birchall46 states that the young larva closely resembles a twig of beech with unopened buds, and that when feeding its likeness to a great earwig or to a Staphylinus is very striking. He also remarks upon the general suggestion of a crustacean in the larva's aspect, but he further desires "to speak doubtfully of the sharp eyes of a bird or Ichneumon being de'ceived when engaged in its own special business, by any such colorable imitation" (p. 233). Mrs. Bazett47 notes the great resemblance that the newly hatched 45 Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, Vol. XXVI, 1898, pp. 589, 590. 46 Ent. Monthly Mag., XIII, 1877, p. 231. 47 Enl. Rec. II, 1891, p. 210. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 303 larva bears to an ant, while Kirby48 says it is from the extraordinary appearance of the larva that the species derives its name of lobster moth. Thus the larva of Stauropus is supposed to mimic more or less closely, objects in both the vegetable and the animal kingdoms, and within the limits of the latter, representatives of five orders (not to mention ants carrying prey nor double ants), belonging to no fewer than three classes of the phylum Arthropoda. It is evident that the predaceous foes of Stauropus, had they only the imaginative powers of its human observers, could have a banquet of many diverse courses, each of which would be merely Stauropus in disguise. Poulton says: "I should not, however, have ventured to speak so plainly of the meaning of the various details in the defensive attitude of the larva if I had not been able to rely upon the best support attainable — the support yielded by direct experiment."49 He would have been approximately correct if he had said the poorest support attainable, but let us see what the support is. A marmoset and a lizard were offered one Stauropus larva each; they showed caution in attack, but each ate the larva. Rather a slender basis, one would say, for four pages of argument on the special defence of the creature. The continuation of the argument — defence against insect enemies — is even more far-fetched. When irritated the larva displays black patches on certain segments, and Poulton thinks "it is clear that the black marks exposed by the larva are calculated to suggest to the approaching enemy [parasite] that the individual [larva] in question is already occupied." Super-parasitism is too common an occurrence to warrant the belief that parasitic insects are warned away by any visible signs of preoccupation. The tussock moths (Orgyia antiqua and 0. pudibunda) are supposed to be protected by the fine hairs of the tussocks which come out easily in immense numbers. Poulton says: "This interpretation is entirely due to experiment. A larva of 0. antiqua was introduced into a lizard's cage and, when attacked, instantly assumed the defen- sive attitude. An unwary lizard seized the apparently feasible part of the larva: most of the tussock came out in its mouth, and the lizard seemed greatly troubled by the fine hairs and did not touch the larva again" (p. 590). An Orgyia pudibunda larva was killed but not eaten by another lizard. 48 The Butterflies and Moths of Europe, 1903, p. 46. 49 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 585. 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, The results of most of the earlier experiments with various animals are brought together by Prof. E. B. Poulton in a paper entitled, "The Experimental Proof of the Protective Value of Color and Markings in Insects with Reference to their Vertebrate Enemies" (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, pp. 191-274). It is convenient to review these experiments collectively. Those covered by Poulton are as follows : Butler, A. G. Remarks upon certain Caterpillars, etc., which are Unpalatable to their Enemies. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.. 1S69, pp. 27-29. Animals experimented with were Lacerta viridis, frogs, and spiders. In part previouslv published in Ent. Monthly Mag., .5, 1868, pp. 131, 132. Poulton, E. B. Diary of observations during 1886. P. Z. S. Lond., 1887, pp. 269-274. " Using Lacerta muralis, L. viridis, and Hyla arbor ea. The earlier sketch of some of the results of these experiments is: "Some experiments upon the protection of insects from their enemies by means of an unpleasant taste or smell." Rep. British A. A. S., 1886 (1887), pp. 694, 695. Weir, J. Jenner. On Insects and Insectivorous Birds, and especially on the relation between the Color and the Edibility of Lepi- doptera and their Larva?. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, pp. 21-26. The birds used were seven species of finches, one weaver bird, one muscicapid, one pipit, and one thrush. Few of them are highly insectivorous species. Weir, J. J. Further Observations on the relation between Color and the Edibility of Lepidoptera and their Larvae. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 337-339. Birds used as in his previous experiments. Weir, J. J. Diary of observations during 1886. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, pp. 268, 269. Experiments with lizards: Lacerta viridis, L. agilis, and Zootoca vivipara. Weismann, A. Studies in the Theory of Descent. London. 1882, Vol. I, pp. 328-341. Principally experiments with Lacerta viridis. The main burden of the first half of Poulton's paper is the searching of the results of these experiments for support of "Wallace's original suggestion 'that brilliant or conspicuous larva? would be found to be refused by their enemies'" (p. 196). In the preliminary sketch50 60 Rep. British A. A. S., 1886 (1887), p. 694. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 305' of his own experiments Poulton says: "Wallace had predicted that brilliantly colored and conspicuous insects would be refused by the ordinary vertebrate enemies of their class." This statement, which was a "bull" from the very beginning (inasmuch as we cannot reckon as enemies of an insect those animals that refuse to eat it) is wrongly stated by Poulton in both of the above cases. Wallace's original suggestion, as reported in Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1867, p. lxxxi, is that, "as a rule, the brilliantly colored larvse were those which were distasteful to birds." Poulton further twists this in his table headings to a suggestion "that brilliant and conspicuous larvae would be refused by some at least of their enemies," a much later modification of Wallace's statement. However, this later claim would be admitted without argument did we accept Poulton's usage of the term enemies as including practically all insectivorous animals. Even if there were no other factors involved, the relative sizes of the larva? and of various insec- tivorous animals in themselves establish limits to the number of predators upon a certain form; thus numerous large larvse will be free from attacks of all but a small proportion of insectivorous foes. Very small larva?, on the other hand, will be overlooked by many predators. That is, considerations entirely aside from coloration will limit the number of enemies of any given form. It is evident that all vertebrates cannot be enemies of the same insect; enemies and prey form indefinite groups that intermesh in a multitude of combinations. Consequently, an insect cannot be said to be pro- tected, because certain vertebrates more or less ignore it, when they perhaps have no opportunity and certainly in many cases no necessity for feeding on it in the wild state. Poulton first tabulates the results of experiments with eighteen species of "undoubtedly conspicuous larvse," and concludes: "The first and obvious result of the first table is, with only one entirely antagonistic exception, the most complete demonstration of the truth of Wallace's suggestion that a highly conspicuous appearance would be found to be accompanied by some unpleasant attribute" (p. 205). Upon close inspection of this table, we find there are two, not one, species that are not shown to be distasteful to any animal, namely, Deilephila euphorbice and Lasiocampa pini; eight not refused by anything are included because they were disregarded by birds. The writer has explained above why disregard cannot be accepted as a test at all. The inadvisability of so doing is shown by the fact that at least three of these eight species of larvse, namely, Orgy in 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, antiqua, Cucullia verbasci,51 and Hybernia defoliaria, are known to be eaten by British wild birds. The other eight species included in the table comprise three others disregarded by caged birds, two of which are also eaten by British wild birds. These eight, however, were used chiefly in experiments with lizards, and four of them were accepted as well as refused upon trial. Of the four only refused, one (Porthesia auriflua) was eaten by hungry lizards in Poulton's experiments of 1887.52 Another, Pieris brassicce, was eaten more often than refused in Pocock's experiments (reviewed later), and a third which was rejected by frogs and lizards is known to be eaten by nestlings of Parus major. Exception may be taken to remarks about some of the species listed in this table. For instance, J)eilephila euphorbia? was eaten by a captive lizard, and Newman says, "sea-gulls and terns devour them in numbers." We may add to the list of enemies the mause- bussard, on the authority of Schuster.53 Poulton's comment on this larvae is: "The correlation of a startling appearance with some unpleasant attribute must probably have existed once if not now. Have we a case in which hunger or opportunity have caused the enemies to neglect the latter and therefore to benefit by the former? " (p. 199). We cannot so conclude, unless we admit also that similar warning coloration (D. euphorbia? is "black, red, and yellow or white") would lose its meaning (admitting for the purposes of argu- ment that it has a meaning) to the same enemies in all other cases. It is of interest to note that Hybernia defoliaria, included in this table because disregarded by captive birds, was found in the stomachs of three species of British birds by Robert Newstead.54 Schuster (I. c.) records many species of birds as enemies of this larva as well as of H. brumata. Table II includes four larvae which only become conspicuous when approached and detected; one is not shown to be unpalatable to anything, one was both eaten and refused by lizards, and another was eaten by at least two species of birds and avoided without trial by two or more other species. The fourth species was refused by lizards and poultry, but eaten by nestling great tits. One of the larvae listed in this table has been made the basis of some 61 See particularly the note, "Do birds eat the larvae of Cucullia?" by H. D'Orville, Entomologists' Monthly Mag., VI, June, 1869, p. 16. 52 Rep. British A. A. S., 1887 (1888), p. 764. 63 Ent. Bl. Niirnberg, 5, Nr. 7, July 15, 1909. i4 Suppl. Jour. Bd. Agr. Bond., XV, No. 9, December, 1908. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 307 of the most far-fetched theorizing imaginable. Chcerocampa elpenor is its name; "When approached the anterior part of the body is distended and resembles a serpent-like head (of the cobra type)" (p. 206). In Weismann's experiments, "A tame jay ate the larva at once; sparrows and chaffinches (wild) were frightened by it, and would not come near a seed trough in which it was placed; fowls were evidently frightened, but in the end cautiously attacked it, when it was soon eaten." Lady Verney notes that small birds "would not come near a tray with crumbs on it on which the larva had been placed" (p. 206). The larva of Chcerocampa is a large one (the ocellated spots are present only in last stage; if so useful, why is this the case?) and its size alone is sufficient to explain the actions of the small birds. In the case of the sparrows at least, almost any strange object of the same size might cause the same reaction. Anything new about their regular haunts is viewed with suspicion. In regard to the Cobra-like appearance of Chcerocampa, Poulton says: "It is likely that the terrifying appearance of our own larvae probably first arose in the tropics, where the imitated cause of alarm to the enemies of the larvae is real and obvious. And it is probable that the success of the same method in countries where the reptilian fauna cannot be said to constitute a source of alarm is due to the inherited memories of a tropical life which live on, as that instinctive fear of anything snake-like which is so commonly exhibited by the higher land vertebrates, including ourselves" (p. 204). What a characteristic piece of selectionist reasoning(?) ; at least four very debatable biological propositions, namely, the tropical origin of the European fauna, its origin in a part of the tropics having cobras, and instinctive fear in man and other vertebrates, are prac- tically taken as established facts. Aside from these assumptions, the argument is very amusing also when contrasted with that insisted upon by selectionists, in a hundred places, that birds have no instinct- ive knowledge of what is suitable for food, but must learn by experi- ence. If an instinct of cobra fear is present in birds whose remote ancestors may possibly have seen cobras, it would seem that instinct about such an every-day matter as food were not a point to strain at. However, it is obvious that both arguments cannot well be sup- ported by any but the exceedingly versatile. Table III includes seven "not inconspicuous larva? which are not nocturnal and which do not conceal themselves." Two are not shown to be unpalatable to anything and four are included on the basis of disregard by birds or lizards, at least two of which are eaten 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, by wild birds. While the remaining one was refused by three species of birds and disregarded by others, it also is eaten by wild birds. Table IV presents the results for " bright-colored or conspicuous insects other than larvae." It deals with fifteen forms, four of which are not shown to be distasteful to any animal; two are included on the basis of disregard only, and four were accepted and refused by the same class of enemies. One of the remaining five, i.e., Anthro- cera filipendula, imago, refused by lizards in these experiments, was eaten by lizards in the 1887 experiments (I.e.). Concerning another insect of this group, namely, Abraxas grossulariata , Poulton notes (p. 220) his opinion that Butler's record of frogs eating the moth must be a mistake. It is noteworthy, however, that he uses others of Butler's records without question. Butler later affirmed the correctness of his note, and showed that the same insect is taken by some birds. Tables I-IV deal with forty-four insects, nine, or 17 per cent., of which are not shown to be distasteful to any animal; another nine were both accepted and rejected by the same classof enemies. Eighteen were either disregarded or rejected by birds, and at least nine of these are known to be eaten by wild British birds. We have pointed out above inconsistencies of some of the other cases with other experiments. In fact, as may be seen on p. 313, in seven out of eight possible direct comparisons of these experiments with those of Pocock, the only other extensive series using British insects, the results are inconsistent. Eight of the insects of the distasteful groups in these tabulations were fed to hungry lizards, in experiments performed by Poulton in 1887, 55 and all were accepted. The behavior of the lizards in the cases reported contrasts. strongly with that shown in the previous experiments as shown in the following table of comparisons. Birds: 1886. 1887. Orgyia antiqua, larva D A Vanessa urticce, pupa R A Lizards : Euchelia jacobw, 1 A 2 R4 D A Pygcera bucephala, 1 A3 R3 D A Porthesia auriflua, 1 R2 A Anthrocer a filipendula, ad R A Abraxas grossulariata, 1 Al R7 D2 A " Further Experiments upon the Protective Value of Color and Markings in Insects," Rep. British A. A.S., 1887 (1888), pp. 763-765. These experiments, dealing with frogs, lizards, and a marmoset, and including a few of A. G. Butler's notes on birds, are not reported in full. Hence they are not reviewed. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 309 Progs: Croesus septentrionalis, 1 A A Thus it appears that these experiments are inconsistent among themselves, and from the fact that at least fifteen of the forty-four insects alleged to have been proved distasteful by the experiments are known to be eaten by wild British birds, we are justified in suspecting that the experimental results do not accurately indicate behavior under natural conditions. A fifth table by Poulton comprises the results of experiments with insects which are protectively colored or which evade their enemies by other means. On the theory, therefore, all of these insects should be eaten freely by insectivorous animals. However, in sixteen out of sixty-eight cases, more than 23 per cent.,56 the "evidences of distaste" are fully as strong as in the majority of the cases in the first four tables. Taking this fact in connection with that previously adduced, to the effect that 17 per cent, of the " protected" insects were not shown to be "unpalatable" to anything, and the additional fact that sixteen out of the forty-four, or 36 per cent., were included on the basis of disregard (some of them being eaten also), it is quite •clear, that the insects, etc., were sorted out into the various tables, in accordance with the requirements of the theory, experimental evidence to the contrary notwithstanding. If authors are not •consistent in the interpretation of the results of experiments, how can they expect others to have faith in them? Poulton tries to explain the refusals of certain "protectively colored" imago Lepidoptera; for instance, with regard to Vanessa urticce he says (p. 246) : "I have no doubt that the refusal of some frogs was due to scales only," and of Pieris brassicce, "eaten readily by all lizards, but not much relished, I believe, because of the mechani- cal difficulty of the scales and wings and not from being actually unpalatable." We cannot accept these explanations (which no doubt are true) without asking that they be made to cover the refusals of all adult Lepidoptera (of proper size for the animal experi- mented with). This would affect four species of Table IV and seven in Table V. We find Poulton later regarding P. brassicai as intrinsi- cally unpalatable (P. Z. S., 1911, pp. 864, 865). The inconspicuous larvae of Mania typica were tasted and rejected by Lacerta muralis, Poulton's comment is: "At first sight a most 56 This does not take into account earthworms and fly larvse, which were rejected as well as refused, although the fact is not stated in the table. 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, startling difficulty, yet it is evident from the behavior of the lizards that they fully expected the larva to be palatable, in itself a strong confirmation of the suggestion that nearly all such larvae are palat- able" (p. 243). This is another argument that cannot be accepted unless it is also applied to the rejections of conspicuous larvae upon trial, and this latter evidence rather than disregard is all the experi- ments yield that is worth any consideration. In fact, if impartially applied, this argument would do away with the experimental evidence of the efficacy of warning colors in all cases in which the insects were tasted before refusal. In other words, it would be just as fair to presume that these conspicuous larvae also were expected to be palatable, "in itself a strong confirmation of the suggestion that nearly all such larvae are palatable." The experiments performed by R. I. Pocock, Superintendent of the London Zoological Gardens, like those just reviewed, cover a variety of vertebrate orders. A far larger number of species both of predators and prey were used than in any other experiments yet recorded. The captive animals included twenty-six species of mammals, ninety-six of birds, and seven of lizards, of which only six birds and one lizard occur naturally in England. The insects used were, of course, chiefly native. Even if we believe that experi- mental results have any value as indicating natural behavior, we can only conclude that the conditions of these experiments invalidate the findings, for of what possible value can it be to know the likes and dislikes of exotic animals for British insects? The account of these experiments is in P. Z. S. Lond., 1911, pp. 809-864. Mr. Pocock thinks his experimental results have "an important bearing upon the criticism sometimes advanced against the theory of warning coloration and mimicry as applied to butter- flies, namely, that birds under natural conditions are seldom seen to eat these insects. Hence it has been inferred that birds cannot be reckoned as serious enemies of butterflies. Whatever may be the explanation of the circumstance," Pocock says, "I am tolerably sure, from the behavior of the two classes of animals when pitted against one another that the inference drawn therefrom is erroneous. The insectivorous birds in our aviaries seemed to know at once what the butterflies were; they were on the alert the moment one was liberated and pursued it with determination and precision, following its every turn and twist, and either catching it upon the wing or pouncing upon it after settling. It is true that this predatory deftness may have been acquired in relation to the chase of insects 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 311 other than Lepidoptera; but unless the birds recognized butterflies in general — a group which cannot be mistaken for other insects — as part of their natural prey, it is difficult to understand their eager excitement at the sight of those I offered them" (p. 81 1).57 Before quoting further, let us look into this argument a little: it is characteristic of the selectionist style. He is very charitable in admitting that predatory deftness may have been acquired in chasing other insects than butterflies. A little reflection will con- vince anyone, be he ignorant or not concerning the important con- stitutents of bird food, that butterflies even if eaten, can furnish but a small percentage of bird food, namely, an amount proportional to their numbers among diurnal insects as a whole. Hence a correspondingly small amount of training in predatory deftness can possibly have been acquired from capturing them. Pocock finds it difficult to understand the eager excitement of the birds at the sight of Lepidoptera, unless they recognized them as such; this after telling us on the preceding page of "the exceeding keenness of the birds for the insects brought to them. This was no doubt due in a measure to our inability in the Gardens to feed the birds on living insects other than mealworms." Caged canaries, sometimes become frantically excited when a grasshopper or other insect is held up to the bars of their cage— they may never have seen an insect in their life before, they only know there is something they want. Pocock's parenthetical expres- sion concerning Lepidoptera — "a group which cannot be mistaken for other insects" — directly opposes many arguments by selec- tionists relative to the resemblances of Sesiidse to Hymenoptera; but any argument to establish the present point without reference to its bearing on other phases of the theory is a long-standing rule among selectionists. Continuing his argument, Pocock says: "Again, unless the species of butterflies used for the experiments are, or were in the past, habitually preyed upon by birds,57 whence comes the extraordinary skill the liberated specimens .... displayed in dodging the swoop of birds in midair? Having repeatedly seen the aim of the pursuing bird baffled by the evasive twist of the butterfly, I cannot doubt that the insect's behavior was prompted by the instinct to escape an habitual enemy of its species, of the same class, and with the same predatory methods" (p. 811). 57 It is worth pointing out that the disciple is here arguing directly against one of the cardinal teachings of the master, as Poulton iterates and reiterates, "acceptance is not proof of palatability" (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 436 317, 348, and 389). 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Suppose a different experiment were performed : let some muskrats i Fiber) be put into an aquarium with some sea-lions ; would their •efforts to escape indicate previous experience in evading enemies of -the same class? Not at all, it would indicate merely adaptation to expert progression in the same medium. The relations of birds (in general) to bats and of birds (again in general) to dragonflies are instances illustrating the same fact, but which are due to no general predatory relation between the groups. The wonderful powers of flight of many of the Syrphida? are strictly comparable to that of butterflies, as the adults feed only at flowers and have no need of expert flight for predatory purposes; also they do not need it so highly developed for defense, for rather a small proportion of birds are capable of catching insects so expert on the wing. The extreme rapidity and dexterity of flight of humming-birds has no possible relation to their prey, nor need it have been developed to its present perfection to evade species that might be inclined to prey upon hummers. When Mr. Pocock arrives at the true reason for the extraordinary powers of flight of humming-birds, he will undoubtedly be less insistent upon the predator-evasion theory as an explanation of the tortuous flight of butterflies.58 Pocock further says: "Those who hold on the negative evidence above stated, that birds are not to be reckoned as serious enemies of butterflies, must be called upon to supply some explanation other than that above proposed of the marked reactions between these two classes of animals when brought into contact with one another, and to show reason why what takes place in the aviary may not be regarded as indicative of similar occurrences in nature" (p. 812). The pertinent retort to this statement is that it is the selectionists who first claimed and who still claim that birds are important enemies of butterflies, and it is up to them to produce real evidence in favor of their contention. So far they have brought forward little except results of experiments. Pocock's own results, namely, the consump- tion of large numbers of British insects by exotic animals, should have convinced him that what takes place in the aviary may not necessarily be regarded as indicative of similar occurrences in nature. The point may be further illustrated by the following. Suppose a 5S It is a matter of common observation that butterflies constantly exercise their powers of flight by playing with other butterflies even of different species. They often dart at falling leaves, flying bits of paper, and even birds. The writer saw (March 27, 1912, Plummer's Id., Md.) a Vanessa antiopa dash at and come within a few inches of a phcebe (Sayornis), that had just perched after •one of its customary quick sallies at insect prey. The bird, a highly insectiv- orous species, paid no attention to the butterfly. 1912.'] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 313 man has fired his last shot ineffectually at a charging tiger or rhinoce- ros; he naturally shows a "marked reaction" by taking to his heels, not because he or his ancestors have had similar experiences, but because he can run. So with the butterflies, skilful efforts to escape do not necessarily indicate previous racial experience of the same nature. The principal failing of the selectionists always has been a vast ignorance of what wild birds really eat. They have made very little effort to acquire such knowledge, and their speculations through- out show the lack of it. Practically the only large body of authentic information on the natural food habits of birds is contained in the records of the United States Biological Survey. They comprise detailed identifications of the contents of more than 48,000 bird stomachs representing all families of birds and collected in hundreds of localities in the United States at all seasons. The United States has a goodly representation of butterflies, yet only five of these 48,000 stomachs contained remains of Rhopalocera. It is hoped this will be more satisfactory to the selectionists than the " negative evidence" they are accustomed to cite with contempt. The extreme artificiality of Pocock's experiments and the inappli- cability of the results to the natural relations of British birds and insects are so evident that it is not worth while to comment on the details. A few comparisons of the results with those of experiments recorded by Poulton are of interest as showing the inconsistency, inter se, of experiments. It has not been possible to collect a large number of such comparisons because Poulton's experiments were chiefly with lizards and few with birds, while the opposite is true of Pocock's. The varying stages in which the insects were presented also tend to limit comparisons. The table includes all possible direct comparisons and only one pair in eight shows real correlation. Birds: Poulton. Pocock. Vanessa urticai, larva D A 7 R 4 D 1 " pupa R A 2 R 2 D 1 Clisiocampa neustria, larva D A 1 Euchelia jacobaz, ad A A 1 R 4 Cosmotricha potatoria, larva D A 1 R 4 D 1 Anthrocera filipendula, ad. A R 4 Lizards: Apis mellifera, worker A R 3 Pieris rapw, ad A 20 A 2 Notes on Pocock's experiments, by Prof. E. B. Poulton, are given 21 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jliner on pp. 864-868, and show his customary facility in drawing conclu- sions satisfactory to himself from the most refractory evidence. For instance, he says: "The experiments on the Pierince support the conclusion that the perfection of the under surface procryptic resemblance affords a true criterion of the degree of palatability. Pieris brassicce, with its conspicuous gregarious larva and imago larger and less cryptically colored than the other three species .... was distinctly the least palatable" (pp. 864, 865). The records of acceptances and rejections of the three species of Pieris are as follows: Pieris rapce, A 10 R 2, a proportion of 5 to 1 ; Pieris brassicce, A 40 R 33, 1| to 1; and Pieris napi, A 8 R 8, 1 to 1; P. napi thus being the least favored in the experiments. These figures are reproduced not because the point as to relative palatability is of any importance, especially as an indication of natural preferences, but merely to show that the experimental results are not accurately judged by those most interested in them. It is of interest to compare Pocock's results with Pieris brassicce with those obtained by Dr. G. Rorig in Germany. Pocock records the pupae of this insect as A 1 R 8 D 3, and the adult as A 16 R 7 D 1, while Dr. Rorig says:59 The pups? of the Kohlweisling "were eagerly torn open by all the titmice, " and the adults "were always freely eaten by all the birds which I have tested." Poulton bases considerable speculation upon the unpalatability of Araschnia levana, the record for which in the experiments is A 20 R 10. He follows this with a page of theorizing on the probable mimicry of Melitcea by Hesperia, and says that the experimental "results as a whole leave little doubt that Melitcea is distasteful to many birds, and that it does actually possess the qualtities which would render it an advantageous model for the Hesperiidse" (p. 867). As a matter of fact, the experiments with birds and Melitcea de- scribed on pp. 826 and 827 show that it was finally refused by only one bird; it was eaten by thirteen species, seven species of which took nine specimens without hesitation. Two birds which dropped the first specimen offered them later took one and two, respectively, including those dropped. The final record for birds is A 18 R 1. If this is considered proof that Melitcea is advantageous as a model, the demands of the theory are most modest. On p. 867 he also refers to Melanargia as a highly distasteful genus ; its record in the experiments is A 14 R 4. Another extract from Arb. Biol. Abt. f. Land. Forstwirts. K. Gesundheitsamte, 4, 1903, p. 47. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 315 Poulton's remarks is, "Although so many insectivorous animals in confinement disregarded the special defence of Formica rufa, there can be little doubt that such defence is very effective in the wild state. It is impossible on any other hypothesis to account for the conditions under which the species exists, swarming in vast numbers in restricted areas and an easy prey to any enemy that would dare to attack" (p. 868). Here we have a case where experimental results are not in accord with the theory, and it is evident that it is so much the worse for the experiments. Where the evidence is of a supporting nature, experiments are extolled to the skies. Pocock, who tries to stick consistently to the experimental results which for Formica rufa were an indefinite number of acceptances and no rejections by a monkey, A 13 R 0 by birds, and two refusals by lizards, says: '"The unavoidable conclusion that these insects are palatable is rather surprising in view of the frequency with which ants are mimicked in the tropics" (p. 849). In deeming it impossible for the ants to live as at present unless specially defended, Poulton takes the struggle for existence too seriously. In fact, he seems to think all gregarious insects must be specially protected, thus over- looking periodical cicadas, migratory locusts, canker-worms, army- worms, etc., which usually occur in large numbers and are eagerly attacked by a great variety of insectivorous foes. Poulton further remarks: "It was also apparent in many of the experiments that the unpalatability of conspicuous Lepidoptera was .... far more obvious to the birds than the mammals. In view of the part which birds are believed to play in the production of mimetic resemblances, it is obvious that this inference may be highly significant" (p. 868). The writer has tabulated the accept- ances and rejections for mammals and birds, including only those Lepidoptera which were refused by some species, and the result is mammals A 19 R 10, or about 34 per cent, refused, and birds A 112 R 80, or about 41 per cent, refused. Hardly enough difference to warrant the comment quoted. A very interesting series of experiments with frogs, lizards, birds, and mammals upon a good variety of insects and other inverte- brates as subjects were performed by Beddard and Finn at the London Zoological Gardens and recorded by the former in his volume entitled Animal Coloration (1892, pp. 149-166). Mr. Beddard's principal conclusions are as follows: "It is quite clear from these experiments that insects which exhibit warning colors are by no means always exempt from attack. The opinions of insect-eating il u it iC u 316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, mammals, birds, and reptiles appear to vary as to the edibility of this or that insect But these experiments do show that very generally, though not always, a disagreeable taste is associated with a conspicuous and varied coloration. On the other hand, precisely the same deductions can be drawn by watching the behavior of animals when offered inconspicuously colored insects" (p. 155). As in previous cases, we will give the direct comparisons that can be made between these and other sets of experiments. Four out of seven contrasted pairs are contradictory. Poulton's Tables, Animals 1887. Beddard. tested. Armadillo vulgaris A A 2 Lacerta viridis. Lithobius forficatus A R Pieris brassicce, 1 R A 5 R 2 D 1 Lizards. Abraxas grossulariata, 1...A 1R7D2 R1D2 Vespa vulgaris D A 2 Euchelia jacobce, 1 A 2R4 A1R3D1 Pocock, 1911. Beddard. Pieris brassicce, 1 A 20 R 18 A 2 D 1 Birds. Beddard justly remarks (p. 166): "None of these experiments are thoroughly satisfactory; it is so difficult to interpret them, and they are often contradictory, for a bird will eat one day what it has refused before. The experiments that have been made are like most other statistics — they may be made to prove anything. A careful series of observations upon the contents of the stomachs of wild birds would be the nearest approach to a satisfactory solution of the difficulty; but there are obvious objections to this mode of inves- tigation." Fortunately, this objectionable method has been pursued to some extent in England, i.e., by Newstead, and to a slight degree the work serves as a check on experiments with British birds and insects. Beddard gave an earwig to a green woodpecker, which made a great deal of fuss over it, but ended by swallowing it; Newstead found these insects in two stomachs of green woodpeckers, one of which contained 23. 60 Merely for the sake of completeness the very brief notes upon experiments by Thomas Belt61 may be given here: A tame white-faced monkey always killed but did not eat Heliconii (pp. 316, 317). 60 Suppl. Journ. Bd. Agr. [Lond.], XV, 1908, p. 64. 91 The Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1888. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 317 Lampyridse were "invariably rejected by the monkey, and my fowls would not touch them") p. 317). A red and blue frog was not touched by fowls and ducks, but one of the latter tricked into taking one rejected it (p. 321). We may add also those of Haase:62 Erithacus rubecula had to be starved into eating Zygoma trifolii (p. 20). Fowls always rejected Danais chrysippus, but eagerly ate Papilio pammon. Captive monkeys also rejected Danais (p. 23). Attempts to feed species of Danais, Pharmacophagus, Delias, and Euschema to tame chickens were unsuccessful (p. 99). Danais septentrionalis was rejected by caged lizards (Calotes mystaceus) (p. 99). The following, appended in bibliographic form, are self-explana- tory: Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. Cases of Protective Resemblance, Mimicry, etc., in the British Coleoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1901. Three species of lizards were found to reject the Telephorid, Psilothrix nobilis (p. 362). Specimens of Melasoma populi " were pecked at, but finally refused, though killed, by Shama, Pied Mynah, Laughing Jackass and Brambling. The Drongo and Graculipica nigrirostris ate several." The author says: "It appears to me that their refusal by so many insect-eaters in confinement conclusively proves their distastefulness" (p. 368). It proves nothing of the sort. Moreover, "distastefulness" of the kind here claimed seems to be no protection at all. Specimens of Cassida equestris were eaten by all the birds to which they were offered (p. 369). Shelford, Pi. Observations on some Mimetic Insects and Spiders from Borneo. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 230-284, pis. 19-23. Two tame monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus) manifested disgust after tasting specimens of the Reduviid (Eulyes amcena), but ate its mimic, the mantis (Htjmenopus bicornis) (p. 232). The writer says he has proved the distastefulness of Lycidse, by repeated trials with various small mammals and birds (p. 244). "All the Lycidse are strongly distasteful .... A strong vitality is correlated with this distastefulness: I have seen a Lycid beetle walk away apparently uninjured after it had been well pecked by two or three fowls" (p. 267). Titchener, E. B., and F. Finn. Comparative Palatabilitv of Insects, etc. Nature, Vol. 42, No. 1,093, October 9, 1890, pp. 571, 572. Haase, E., Researches on Mimicry, Part II, Stuttgart, 1896. 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [J line, The animals used in these experiments were domestic mice, toads, a mynah (Acridotheres tristis), a heron (Ardea cinerea), a prairie owl, a water tortoise and a lizard. The results of the experi- ments are described in detail, but no general conclusion is given. At least seven of the things offered as food were both accepted and refused by the same species of animal. This number included the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) . Titchener, E. B. Comparative Palatability. Nature, Vol. 44, No. 23, October 8, 1891, p. 540. Experiments with frogs, toads and ducks, supplementary to the above; no general remarks. Titchener, E. B. Comparative Palatability. Nature, Vol. 45, No. 3, November 19, 1891, p. 53. These experiments relate to the choice of food by captive goldfish, silverfish, frogs, and a spider. The details are given without comment. BIRDS. Experiments in Europe. Birds have been used more frequently than animals of any other class to test the potency of the protective adaptations of insects and other groups under experimental conditions. One of the most important series of experiments was carried on chiefly as a study of the origin of the process by which food is accepted or rejected by birds. In this series Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan performed various experiments with young chicks, pheasants, guinea-fowls, moorhens, and ducks, the net result of which "is that, in the absence of parental guidance, the young birds have to learn for themselves what is good to eat and what is distasteful, and have no instinctive aversions."63 The results of these experiments are often quoted by the selectionists, and as usual in such cases with sweeping inclusions not at all intended by the author. He says: "I am not, of course, prepared to say that in no case is there such instinctive aversion Birds like the megapodes, which are hatched out in mounds apart from parental influence .... may show instinctive avoidances which our well-cared-for birds do not possess. That the parent bird does in most cases afford guidance is unquestionable" (pp. 43-44). Some of the principal results that have a bearing on the value of warning colors under experimental conditions are as follows: 1. Chicks tested and rejected cinnabar caterpillars (Euchelia jacobce), but ate brown loopers and larvae of the green cabbage-moth (p. 42). A jay ate five cinnabar larvae, but would take no more (p. 43). 63 Habit and Instinct, 1896, p. 43. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 319 2. Young moorhens found the conspicuously colored burnet moths {Zygoma filipendula) distasteful, the obnoxious part being the wings, for the body from which the wings were removed was eaten with apparent relish while the severed wings were rejected (p. 42). 3. Lvmbricus faztidus was refused at first, as were all other earth- worms for some time afterwards. Later all were eaten. 4. All birds tested avoided woolly-bear caterpillars (Arctia caja). 5. Jays, ducks, and moorhens ate caterpillars of the tiger moths, Nemeophila plantaginus and Chelonia villica, while chicks, pheasants, and guinea-fowls found them distasteful (p. 43). 6. Jays ate pupae of Abraxas grossulariata (p. 43), an insect refused by most of the captive animals to which it has been offered. 7. One jay ate a larva of Phalera bucephala, which another jay and duckling and chicks refused (p. 43). 8. Soldier-beetles and ladybirds were avoided (p. 43). In No. 2, intrinsic distastefulness is not shown; it is the dry, scaly wings that are objectionable. Nos. 3, 5, and 7 give evidence for both sides of the question, and No. 6 is inconsistent with most other experiments on the same insect. The evanescence of some associations concerning food are shown by the following experiment: Bits of orange peel were offered to a young chick that had learned to eat yolk of egg; they were refused, as were also bits of yolk substituted immediately afterward. Sub- sequently the yolk was again tested and accepted (p. 41). Another test indicates that in some cases taste cannot be the criterion upon which choice is made. "While small worms are picked up with avidity, large worms are left alone by quite young birds and often evoke the alarm note. None of the chicks on the fifth day dared go near a particularly large worm. Bits of red-brown worsted, somewhat resembling worms, were seized with eagerness and eaten with surprising avidity so long as they were not more than a couple of inches long. Of a four-inch bit the chicks were afraid, until one bolder than the rest, seized it, whereupon the other chased him for the prize till he escaped to a secluded corner and swallowed it "(p. 50). An unusual experience with customary food may lead to its rejec- tion, as decisively as if it were " nauseous" and " warningly colored." "Pheasants and partridges, when they seized a worm for the first time, shook it and dashed it against the ground; one of them did so, indeed, with such vigor that he shook himself over, and thereafter could not for some time be induced so much as to look at a worm" (p. 51). "A little pheasant which would run to my hand for wasp 320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, larvae placed upon the palm, one morning gave the alarm note, and would not as usual jump upon my fingers. Four or five of the grubs had stuck together so as to form a large mass of which he was afraid!" "Moorhen chicks were at first afraid of the common yellow under- wing moth and of the gamma moth, though both were eaten freely after I had given them dead moths" (p. 50). "Even protective coloration is of little value if there is movement, so sharp are the eyes of young birds. The caterpillar of the small white butterfly (Pieris rapcc) on a nasturtium leaf, with which its clear green color assimilated well, was picked off by a moorhen chick the moment it moved its head. Recently hatched stick insects (Diapheromera femorata) , which Prof. Poulton gave me, were snapped off the lime leaves directly they moved" (p. 46). Prof. Morgan made many tests with bees and wasps, and in summing them up says: "Much .... depends on the nature of initial experience. A bird that has in early days seized a bee with ill effects is shy for a long time, not only of bees, but of moths , large flies, and beetles, while one which is so stung at a later stage is made, perhaps, a little more cautious generally, but the main effect is a particularized one concerning bees or the bee-like drone fly" (p. 54). A series of experiments, of much the same nature as Morgan's, but shorter, is described by L. W. Kline.64 Chicks were tested with earthworms, white boring grubs, cabbage worms, and bits of yellow pine and starched muslin. "They rejected pine wood after a few experiences at the age of three days, but three days later they ate it again, while experience with muslin on the third day was lasting. They were six days getting acquainted with earthworms and eight days with canker [cabbage] worms" (p. 276). An excellent article, previously referred to, "The Food of Some British Birds,"65 by Robert Newstead, besides presenting the largest amount of detailed information on its subject, thus far brought forward, contains a short account of an experimental feeding of starlings. Certain food items were placed near a nest in which young were being fed. One centipede (Geophilus longicornis) and one earwig (Forficula auricularia) were refused, although each species had previously been given to the nestlings by the parent birds. Only 64 " Methods in Animal Psychology " [Chicks], Amer. Journ. of Psychol., 10, 1898-9, pp. 265-277. M Suppl. Journ. Bd. Agr. [London], XV, No. 9, December, 1908. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 32L one of six wood lice (Oniscus asellus) was accepted, and from five to seven green cherries were refused. Both of these items are eaten by adult starlings, thus rounding out to a total the contradictory evidence as to choice of the four items by the same bird under natural and under artificial conditions. In 1889 and 1890, Mr. A. G. Butler, whose experiments with lizards are included in the tables of Poulton, previously discussed,, published three articles dealing with the food preferences of captive birds. These included both British and tropical birds, which were kept in large aviaries. The first66 of Mr. Butler's trio of papers treats only the general results of six years' experimenting. He says: "My experience .... has been that no insect in any stage was ever refused by all the birds; what one bird refused another would eat" (p. 171). In the course of this paper, Mr. Butler casually remarked that for two years he had sent data on the experiments to Mr. Poulton, "not even retaining a copy of my notes, but so far nothing seems to have come of it; I presume, therefore, that my facts have rather tended to mystify than clear the matter up" (p. 171). Poulton seems to have taken deep umbrage at Butler's remarks, as he returned the notes and made a hot reply on pp. 358-360 of the same volume. Butler later published his notes in full,67 and says:: "Few things ever astonished me more than the hostile attitude which Mr. Poulton assumed with regard to that innocent paper, or the cruel misconstruction which he put upon the most harmless remarks made therein; that my comment touching the repeated reproduction of a few comparatively unimportant observations of my own should have been dislocated into a claim to the origination of Wallace's theory is too absurd to be considered seriously I still insist that, so long as a few desultory observations are incessantly forced into a front place, it is an evidence of how little has hitherto been done upon which to establish the truth of a theory ; many more observers are wanted, and all their observations must be impartially treated if we are to arrive at exact scientific truth. I was not aware that Mr. Poulton had made a selection of 'the most interesting results' of my recent experiments for publication in the Report of the British Association, or I should not have said 'so far nothing- seems to have come of it'; nevertheless, as it is impossible for any 66 "A few remarks respecting Insects supposed to be distasteful to Birds," Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Sixth Ser., Vol. IV, 1889, pp. 171-173. 67 " Notes made during the summer of 1887 on the effect of offering various Insects, Larvse, and Pupae to Birds," I.e., pp. 463-473. 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, one man to judge how far even apparently uninteresting results may eventually tell for or against a theory — as, too, Mr. Poulton has evidently forgotten some of those facts .... I think I cannot do better than publish the whole of my observations in detail" (pp. 463, 464). "The most interesting results" made use of by Poulton68 are remarks upon only four species of insects eaten by birds, while Butler's notes deal with at least forty-seven species of insects and other invertebrates. Moreover, without mentioning Butler's results, Poulton discusses the results of his own tests with lizards and a marmoset of three other species of insects, which Butler had fed to birds. Poulton gratuitously observes: "If I had no more notes than those supplied by Mr. Butler, their preparation for publication would be only a work of a few hours; but these notes are a very small fraction of the whole."69 The fact remains, however, that the large "fraction of the whole," with unimportant exceptions remains unpublished to-day. As a result of this series of experiments, Butler concludes that "no insect in any stage, excepting the red- tailed bumble-bee (which, by the way, I only offered to the missel- thrush), was rejected by all my birds; those insects which were refused by certain species were eagerly devoured by others In the second place, so far from my birds learning by experience to reject with scorn that which they had proved to be unpalatable, I found that in some instances they seemed to acquire a taste for larvae previously refused. Birds are very intelligent, but their memories are ridiculously short" (p. 473). Butler's third paper70 enumerates tests of 17 invertebrates offered to birds, with the following principal conclusion: "My experiments have convinced me that the tastes of birds not only differ in individ- uals of the same species, but that the same individuals in consecutive years vary as to their likes and dislikes." Unfortunately, the experiments of Butler cannot be compared with those of Pocock, who also used British insects and both native and exotic birds, as Butler does not record the number of times an insect was refused or accepted, but only tells what species of birds ate it and which did not. Probably the only coincidence of the same 68 Rep. British A. A. S., 1887 (1888), pp. 762, 763. 69 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 359, 360. " Notes made during the present year on the Acceptance or Rejection of Insects by Birds," Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sixth Ser., Vol. VI, 1890, pp. 324-327. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 323 species of bird tested with the same stage of the same species of insect, in the two sets of experiments, is Leiothrix with larvse of Pieris brassicce. The result in each case was acceptance. A. D. Bartlett recounts an experience in rearing young water ouzels which well illustrates the fundamental difference between experimental and natural conditions. He says:71 "They had been tried with the usual food for most insect-eating birds, such as scraped beef and hard-boiled eggs, ant eggs, mealworms, spiders, flies, beetles, aquatic snails, shrimps, salmon spawn, and many other mixtures, but all failed, until my clerk and assistant, Mr. Arthur Thomson, who had taken as much interest in rearing these birds as myself, hit upon the idea of scalding the mealworms, and tried it. It was soon apparent that in this condition the meal- worms could be digested, while in a raw or living state they (espe- cially their hard skins) would pass through the birds in a hard and undigested condition. From this moment I had but little trouble. The birds fed greedily upon the half-boiled mealworms, and I soon found them ready to leave the nest." Thus these birds did not thrive upon a regimen that included several elements of their natural food, but did well only when the staple food was partially cooked. Mr. Bartlett adds : "In May, 1869, I obtained my first living water ouzel. Since that time I have had a great many of these birds. Some of them I reared from the nest, and I fed them upon boiled mealworms, the larvse of the caddis fly and other insect food; but as soon as they were able to feed themselves and took to the water, they caught and fed upon very small fish, especially young minnows. I found them rather expensive pets, having to provide for a family of four, as they caught and devoured several dozen daily, and seemed to prefer live fish to all other food." If experimental results could be taken as a guide to natural be- havior, we should conclude from this testimony that water ouzels feed largely on fish. It is worthy of note, therefore, that Newstead72 found no fish in the stomachs he examined. In the account73 of the experiments by Dr. G. Rorig, previously referred to, it is stated that all of the following insects : 71 Wild Animals in Captivity, 1899, pp. 308-310. nSuppl. Joum. Bd. Agr. Lond., XV, No. 9, December, 1908, p. 25. 73 Arb. Biol. Abt. f. Land. u. Forstwirtschaft . K. Gcsandheitsamte, IV, 1903, Heft 1, pp. 34-50. 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,. Cnetkocampa pinivora, eggs and larvae; Fidonia piniaria, larvae; Euproctis chrysorrhoea, larvae; Clisiocampa neustria, pupae and adults; Liparis salicis, pupae and adults; Pieris brassicce, pupae and adults; Porthetria dispar, adults; Nematus abietum, larvae; Nematus salicis, larvae, were taken eagerly by captive birds, such as titmice, redstarts, kinglets, nuthatches, etc. Although the list includes hairy larvae,, some with urticating hairs, and sawfly larvae which other experi- menters state that birds usually reject, Dr. Rorig does not mention any refusals. We have already quoted his notes on the accept- ance of Pieris brassicce, which has been classed as distasteful. Dr. Rorig's birds also ate plant-lice, Aradus cinnamomeus, Cecidomyia saliciperda, Retinia buoliana, R. turionana, Phyllopertha horticola, and Scolytidce. We may note here also the experiment74 of Dr. Gunther in feeding Meloidae to chickens. He fed the fowls from 1 to 5 grams of Can- tharus daily, until a total of 28, 28, 40.5 and 80.5 g. of the material, was taken by four chickens respectively. One of the birds which ate 28 g. showed symptoms of poisoning; the others remained healthy. Significant amounts of cantharidin were recovered from the bodies of these birds,, and even from eggs laid by them. Another German experiment but slightly related to the theory of protective adaptations is recorded75 by Alexander Bau. The titmice, Parus major and P. communis, accepted in confinement eggs of Liparis monacha, Porthetria dispar, Orgyia spp., and Clisio- campa neustria (p. 69). Brief mention should be made of the following: *te ■ [Donisthorpe, H.] [Experiments with Birds.] Proc. Ent. Soc„ Lond., 1901, p. xiii. Quoted by Rev. Canon Fowler, to the effect that Clythra quadri- punctata, Gonioctena rufipes, and species of Lina were rejected by several species of British and foreign birds in the London Zoological Gardens. All of these beetles were eat^n by a racket-tailed drongo. Longstaff, G. B. Experimental evidence as to the Palatabilitv of Butterflies. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, pp. 629-631. 74 Tierdrztliches Zentralbl, 34, Nr. 18, June 20, 1911, S. 273-276. ' Nutzen und Schaden tlurch die Vogel; Vogelschutz." In Nalurgeschichte der Deutschen Vogel, by C. G. Friderich, Stuttgart, 1905, pp. 60-76. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 325 The experiments were performed in Ceylon with Gracula sp., and domestic fowls. "So far as these experiments teach any- thing, it would appear that these mainas would eat with relish Nissanga patina, Yphthima ceylonica, Atella phalanta, Ergolis sp., and Lampides sp. On the other hand, Papilio aristolochice and Crastia asela were distinctly distasteful. The evidence as to the other species experimented with fails to convince me one way or the other" (p. 631). In several of the experiments the birds apparently were not hungry enough to care for any- thing. Experiments in Africa. In their extensive and interesting paper on the " Bionomics of South African Insects,"76 Marshall and Poulton record the results of experiments with kestrels (Cerchneis rupicoloides and C. naumanni) and a ground horn-bill (Bucorax caffer). The experiments with the kestrels (pp. 340-345) are characterized by the average small number of trials of the various insects used. The writer desires to draw attention to only one point in the dis- cussion of these experiments. On p. 346, Poulton says with regard to some supposedly distasteful beetles which the birds had eaten: "It is probable that most of the defensive fluid had been already discharged in the case of the Carabidse of the genera Piezia, Poly- hirma, and Graphipterus, of which the acid secretion was seen to be a very positive protection when there was opportunity for its opera- tion on a normal scale." The "normal scale" referred to was the offering of the beetles tail first! Marshall found these carabids in the stomachs of certain wild birds, and in discussing this Poulton says the fact is not remarkable, as "the defensive secretions may be discharged and lost as the result of the attacks of an experienced enemy" (p. 353). This better illustrates action on a "normal scale." The ground horn-bill experimented upon by Marshall (pp. 347- 348) ate all butterflies offered it, including several of the reputed "protected" forms, with the exception of two specimens of Limnas (Danais) chrysippus. Poulton, therefore, remarks: "It has already been pointed out that the acceptance of insects by insectivorous animals in captivity is no proof of their normal likes or dislikes in a wild state Hence the fact the Acrseas were devoured is.no evidence that thej- are normally eaten except in a time of unusual hunger" (p. 348). Marshall,77 however, says: "The bird was 76 Trms. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1902, pp. 287-504. ~ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. 139. 326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, entirely unconfined, and wandered at will searching for its food just like his wild relatives on the next hillside, with only this exception, if insects, etc., were scarce, the .... bird always got additional food at the house. The conditions of the experiment, therefore, render it highly improbable that the hornbill was eating insects which it would normally reject, and its whole demeanor was quite at variance with such a supposition." It is apparent that experts may draw very different conclusions from the same experimental data, a fact among many which points to the conclusion that the results of stomach examination are the only reliable criteria regarding bird food. Experiments in Asia. No experiments are more widely quoted than those performed by Frank Finn while Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Only those of Pocock are more extensive, and they were performed under much more artificial conditions. The results of Finn's experiments on birds are published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, as follows: No. I. Experiments with a Babbler (Crateropus canorus). Vol. 64, 1895 (1896), Pt. 2, pp. 344-356. No. IV. Experiments with various Birds. Summary and con- clusions. Vol. 66, 1897 (1898), Pt. II, pp. 613-668. The birds used in these experiments were : Pekin robin Leiothrix luteus. Common babbler Crateropus canorus. Red-whiskered bulbul Otocompsa emeria. Common bulbul Molpastes bengalensis. Yellow-vented bulbul Molpastes leucotis. White-crested bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis. Green bulbul Chloropsis sp. White-eye Zosterops sp. Sibia Malacias capistrata. Mesia Mesia argentauris. Button quail ■.. Turnix taigoor. Bhimraj Dissemurus paradiseus King-crow Dicrurus ater. Shama Kittacincla macroura. Indian starling Sturnus menzbieri. Mynah Acridotheres tristis. Black and white hornbill Anthracoceros sp. The Zosterops, probably because of their small size, played a^very 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 327 minor part in the experiments, caged as they were with a variety of larger birds; the Mesia had an exceedingly brief trial, and the Anthracoceros was tested principally with dead and dry insects left over from experiments with other birds. Finn remarks that of two individuals of this last species, one did not care for insects at all; the other on some occasions had to be coerced into eating insects of the supposedly palatable kinds. In commenting upon the significance of his experiments Finn puts an emphasis on order of choice between insects, which the writer does not consider justifiable. These as all other experiments are to determine what will be eaten, and the fact that insects not eaten in the presence of the experimenter, as a rule, were devoured before his next visit or the next morning, shows the futility of drawing fine distinctions as to apparent preferences. More than 123 butterflies which were left in the cages were eaten in the absence of the experimenter or by birds not specified, and more than 77 per cent, of them belonged to the "nauseous" group. About seventy-two butterflies remained uneaten overnight, though it should be remarked that many of these were taken later the next day. Of the seventy-two, about 85 per cent, belonged to the "nau- seous" group, a percentage practically no different than in the case of those eaten. It is worthy of note that the number of butterflies left uneaten is definitely stated in every case, while those eaten are often included in general terms, as "some," "several," etc. In making these calculations, "some" has been reckoned as two; undoubtedly it sometimes meant more. These expressions occur nineteen times for the "nauseous" group among the butterflies eaten in the absence of experimenter, only once for the "palatable" group, and not at all in the case of butterflies left over. Hence there is no doubt as implied above that the proportions of these groups are about the same in the butterflies eaten as in those left over. In the following table are shown the approximate numbers of acceptances and rejections upon trial of both the "nauseous" and "palatable" groups of insects. Species of the former group used are Acrcea violce, Danais chrysippus, D. genutia, D. limniace, Delias eucharis, Euploea sp., Euproctis sp., Mylabris sp., Papilio aristo- lochice, and Terias sp. The principal species of the "palatable" group are Catopsilia sp., Junonia sp., Elymnias undularis, Papilio demoleus, P. polites, Huphina phryne, Hypolimnas misippus, Nephe- ronia hippia, Atella phalanta, and Neptis kamarupa. 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Nauseous. A. R. Crateropus canorus 111+ 36 Leiothrix luteus 52 22 Dissemurus paradiseus 30+ 22 Dicrurus ater 17 2 Kittacincla macroura 21 28 Sturnus menzbieri 17 16 Chloropsis sp 6 5 Malarias capistrata 0 0 Otocompsa emeria79 21 7 Molpastes bengalensis79 15 1 Molpastes leucotis 15 0 Pycnonotus sinensis 7 9 Turnix taigoor 29 1 Acridotheres tristis 2 . 1 Palatable. A. R 96 1 94 21 54 6 32 4 78 12 42 7 16 5 5 5 7 6 10 0 5 0 10 1 20 3 2 1 343+ 150 471 72 Finn's conclusions may be discussed in order: 1. "That there is a general appetite for butterflies among insec- tivorous birds, even though they are rarely seen when wild to attack them" (p. 667). This is a thing which can never be proven by experiment. As well say there is a general appetite for boiled rice, bread and milk, and domestic cockroaches which were the stock foods of the birds used in these experiments. Certainly, these things are no more foreign to the natural dietaries of many species of birds than are butterflies, and the eating of either in captivity is no proof that they are taken or even relished by wild birds. This argument is strength- ened by the record of the button-quail (Turnix taigoor) in Finn's experiments. This essentially ground-loving bird, which is in no way equipped for capturing butterflies under natural conditions, and consequently cannot have an appetite for them, in captivity took all but four out of a total of fifty-three that it tried. Mason and Lefroy, in the most comprehensive and valuable statement yet published regarding the food of birds in India, say:so "Butterflies do not form any appreciable proportion of the food of 78 Finn records the refusal of Acrosa by the red-whiskered bulbul (p. 640), while Poulton (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. xxxi) publishes a letter from H. L. Andrewes, which states that this bird was observed to feed to its young Acrcea violce, supposedly one of the most distasteful of the group. 79 An interesting case of the diversity in results of experiments, and a proof, therefore, of their misleading character, probably refers to this bird, the common bulbul of India. A. G. Butler (Nature, 3, No. 61, December 29, 1870, p. 165) notes that a Mr. Newton, of Bombay, said it was only by repeated persecution that a caged bulbul was induced to touch a Danais. The record of this bird with Danais in Finn's experiments is A 8 R 4. 80 Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Ent. Ser., Vol. Ill, January, 1912, p. 338. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 32 ) any one species of bird, though a good many birds take these insects at times. A long series of experiments with regard to birds taking protectively colored or distasteful insects and especially butterflies was made by Mr. Finn They have little importance to economic ornithology, since most of the experiments were conducted with caged birds, these, therefore, being under unnatural conditions." 2. "That many, probably most species, dislike, if not intensely, at any rate in comparison with other butterflies, the "warningly colored" Danainse, Acrcea violce, Delias eucharis, and Papilio aristo- lochice; of these the last being the most distasteful and the Danainse the least so" (p. 667). By consulting the tabulation of acceptances and rejections given above, it will be seen that only two out of fourteen species of birds considerably experimented with failed to take as many or more insects of the "nauseous" group than they refused, and that seven of these fourteen species' refused as large or a larger proportion of the "palatable" butterflies as of the "nauseous" ones. Conse- quently the assertion in Conclusion 2, at least as regards the Dan- ainse, is not borne out even under experimental conditions; it should read, about half of the species of birds considerably experimented with showed in captivity a greater or less degree of preference for butterflies of the "palatable" group. The figures show that about 30 per cent, of all "nauseous" butterflies tested were refused, as were about 13 per cent, of the "palatable" ones. About 23 per cent, of the Danais (average of three species) and of the Euplceas were rejected, proportions nearly as small or smaller than in the case of at least three species of the so-called palatable group, namely, Papilio demoleus, 25 per cent.; Atella phalanta, 22 per cent.; and Elymnias undalaris, 24 per cent. The approximate numbers of refusals and acceptances and the percentage of refusals for the important species of both groups are given below: "Nauseous" group. A. R. %R. Danais chrysippus 136+ 38 21.8 " genutia 59+ 23 28 " limniace 38+ 9 19.1 Delias eucharis 13 19 59.3 Euplcea sp 53 16 22.8 Euproctis sp 11 2 15.3 Mylabris sp 1+ 1 50 Papilio aristolochice 17 33 . 66 Terias sp 11 4 26.6 Acrcea violce 3 5 62.5 22 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Juner "Palatable" group. Atella phalanta 16 6 22.7 Elymnias undularis «*r 25 8 24.2 Hypoli?nnas misippus 13 1 7.1 Nepheronia hippia 12 1 7.6 Papilio demoleus 69 24 25.8 " polites.. 55 12 17.9 3. That the mimics of these are at any rate relatively palatable and that the mimicry is commonly effectual under natural condi- tions" (p. 667). According to the figures obtained by me, the mimics, Hypolimnas- misippus and Nepheronia hippia were each rejected once in thirteen and twelve trials, respectively, an average of about 7 per cent., or much under the average for the ''palatable" group as a whole, while about 18 per cent, of the Papilio polites and 24 per cent, of the Elymnias undularis were refused, fully as large a proportion as in the case of several members of the "nauseous" group. There is no more evidence for the latter half of this conclusion than that any other features of the experiments are analogous to natural conditions. As noted above, the experiments and conclusions of Finn are often quoted in support of the selectionist theories, and Finn himself in summing up this earlier work says: "On the whole, the theory of Wallace and Bates is supported by the facts detailed in this and former papers, so far as they deal with birds. (and the one mammal used)" (pp. 667, 668). It is of great interest, therefore, to note that the builder of these oft-sought bulwarks of the selectionists later came to the opinion that neither they, nor any other of the defenses brought forward, would save the day for the selection theories. In collaboration with Douglass Dewar, in a book entitled The Making of Species (1909). he says: "Many naturalists, especially Dr. Wallace and Prof. Poulton, have pushed the various theories of animal coloration to absurd lengths (p. 171) We have examined these mighty images of gold, and silver, and brass, and iron, and found that there is much clay in the feet " (p. 172) .... What we "know of the struggle for existence offers but poor support to the Neo-Darwinian explanation of the cases of the so-called mimicry in nature" (p. 240). As a result of his experience with captive birds, Finn recommends that future experimenters use birds in a state of freedom, and at 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 331 least one experimenter, Lieut. -Col. Neville Manders, has done so. Manders himself says: "I am extremely doubtful as to any real value accruing from experiments on caged birds, whether nestlings or adult. No one, I imagine, believes that all butterflies taste alike; no doubt some are more tasty than others, and caged birds fed upon butterflies, even with other insect food, would no doubt learn in time to distinguish the different kinds ; but this procedure to my mind begs the question, as it assumes that butterflies are an ordinary article of food in the wild state, a proposition .... which the evidence .... does not altogether support."81 It is noteworthy that the free birds Manders did induce to take disabled butterflies were not seen by him to attack these insects under normal con- ditions. He frequently comments (pp. 736-739, 741) on this fact. Although the birds ate the helpiess butterflies, they took no notice of the freely flying ones that abounded in the vicinity. The wild birds experimented upon in Ceylon by Manders, with their records, are as follows: (Disregarded — D. — means simply not taken and not tried. Behavior toward dead butterflies not noted) . Nauseous Palatable group. group. A. R. D. A. R. D. Robin flycatcher, Siphia hyperythra 2 0 2 6 0 1 Dusky-blue " Stoparola sordida 7 0 0 2 0 4 Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus 4 0 7 4 0 5 Magpie robin, Copsychus saularis. ... 10 3 4+ 21+0 6 Mynah, Acridotheres tristis 110 1 5 0 1 34 3 14+ 38+ 0 17 Thus there were no refusals (upon trial) of any living butterflies except by the magpie robin. This bird has three rejections, two of Euplcea core, one of which it ate immediately afterwards. The bird's record with this butterfly was A 9 R 2. Manders says the other butterfly (Terias hecabe) refused by this species was too dry. The percentage of insects disregarded is practically the same for the "nauseous" and the "palatable" groups. Manders' conclusion from this and other evidence is that "the terms palatable and unpalatable are not justified at present" (I.e., p. 742). Experiments in America. Unfortunately, the natural food habits of many of the Indian, 81 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., September, 1911, p. 745. 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, African, and British birds experimented with are not well known, for the selectionists have examined very few stomachs of wild birds. This method is more arduous and does not pile up results so hand- somely as do experiments. But it is, nevertheless, in connection with the strictly correlated examination of contents of other parts of the alimentary canal, and of pellets, and faeces (together with reliable records of individuals seen or collected with food in talon or beak), the only trustworthy method of learning what birds actually eat under natural conditions. And this information only is accep- table proof of the tastes and food preferences of birds or, for that matter, of any other animals. It is fortunate, therefore, that one series of experiments has been made the results of which can be closely checked with a satisfactory amount of exact information upon the food habits of the same species under natural conditions. Experiments by Judd and Beal. The experiments referred to have never been published upon as a whole, though some of the results may be found in the following publications : Beal, F. E. L. The Bluejay and its Food. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896 (1897), pp. 205, 206. Birds of California in relation to the Fruit Industry. Part I, Bui. 30, Biol. Survey, 1907, p. 35. Judd, Sylvester D. Four common Birds of the Farm and Garden. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895 (1896), pp. 410, 414. The Efficiency of some Protective Adaptations in securing Insects from Birds. Am. Nat., 33, No. 390, June, 1899, pp. 461-484. . The relation of Sparrows to Agriculture. Bui. 15, Biological Survey, 1901, pp. 45-48. The Bobwhite and other Quails of the United States in their economic relations. Bui. 21, Biological Survey, 1905, pp. 28, 29, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44-45. Doctor Judd was at one time yery enthusiastic with regard to experiments in feeding birds, and these experiments were initiated and largely carried on by him. They were watched, however, and in part performed by Prof. F. E. L. Beal, the veteran economic ornithologist, who has examined the contents of more bird stomachs than any other person in the world. Prof. Beal was mainly respon- sible for the discontinuance of these experiments, and I am betraying no secret in asserting that experimental ornithology was abandoned 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 333 by the United States Biological Survey because of a direct realization from these trials of the futility of experiments as indications of the food preferences and, therefore, of the economic status of species under natural conditions. It is not the writer's purpose to give a detailed account of these experiments, but merely lists of the items accepted and rejected, with comments thereon. It will be helpful to consider separately those items which were both refused and devoured. Several discrepancies exist between the statistics here presented and the published accounts previously referred to, but the writer has made the following tabula- tions directly from notebooks containing daily entries regarding the experiments. He believes these should be accepted as correct, rather than statements in the printed pages that have run the gantlet of editors and proof-readers, whose efforts often have just the oppo- site result, so far as accuracy is concerned, from that which the exercise of their true functions is intended to insure. To interpret the bearing of this and the following experiments on the theory of protective adaptations, it should be recalled that the common types of what is called warning coloration are the combina- tions of black with red, yellow, and white. Metallic colors also are usually classed as warning. Besides the insects, etc., possessing these colors, other groups, for various reasons, are said to be specially defended. Among these are ground beetles (Carabidse), many of which have acid and nauseous secretions; the true bugs (Hemiptera), nearly all pungently flavored and malodorous ; ants, and the stinging wasps and bees (Hymenoptera) ; the spiders and centipeds with poison fangs; and the millipeds with acid juices. All of these crea- tures are supposed to be especially protected from the attacks of predaceous animals or, in other words, to be distasteful. To bring out clearly the attitude of Judd's captive birds toward these categories of "protected" animals, the writer has tabulated the results (as regards the animal food only) of each series (except the shorter ones) of experiments under the following headings: "warningly colored" species, others "specially defended," and "non-protected" species. Of course, the term "non-protected" is not in accordance with the theories of protective adaptations, as the more obscurely colored and innoxious forms thus described are also said to be protected, but chiefly in a more passive way than the other two groups, namely, by concealing coloration. "Non-pro- tected" is therefore used to bring into greater contrast the theoretical attributes of these comparatively poorly "protected" species. 334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) :82 — Accepted: Ch^etopoda. Earthworms. coleoptera. Carabid^e. • Scarites subterraneus (black). Harpalus erythropus (black, reddish legs). CoCCINELLIDiE. Adalia bipunctata (red, black, and yellow). Epilachna borealis (yellow and black). SCARAB^EID^E. Li gyrus gibbosus (red-brown). Chrysomelid^e. Diabrotica 12-punctata (yellow and black), 2 + . Diabrotica vittata (yellow and black), 2 + . Leptinotarsa decemlineata (yellow and black), three birds ate fifty in five minutes. Lepidoptera. PlERID^E. Pieris rapce larvae (green, black, and yellow), 2. SPHINGIDiE. Phlegethontius sp. larvae (green and white), 2. Noctuid^:. Agrotis sp. larva. Rejected: COLEOPTERA. COCCINELLID.E. Chilocorus bivulnerus (black and red). MELOID.E. Melee angusticollis (dark blue or violet, vesicant body fluids). HOMOPTERA. APHID.E. Hymenoptera. Tenthredinid^e, larvae. Summary: Colinus virginianus.— Accepted. Rejected. Species. Speci- mens. ^cies. *£ "Warninely colored" species 7 1 4 KQJ. O O Others "specially defended" 1 2 r. n 2 + 0 "Non-protected" species 82 Partial account of these experiments in Bui. 21, Biol. Survey, 1905, pp. 28-29, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44-45. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 335 Thus these bobwhites ate, among other things, three species of •strongly flavored yellow and black Chrysomelidse, or leaf beetles, and two species of equally if not more pungent Coccinellidse or ladybirds, whose colors of yellow and black and red, black, and yellow are typically "warning." On the other hand, the birds refused one red and black ladybird. It is evident considerations as to color of prey have little weight with the quail. It is worthy of note also that although these birds refused plant lice, birds experi- mented upon by Mrs. Margaret M. Nice ate large numbers of these insects. Mrs. Nice's experiments upon bobwhites83 which have previously been reviewed84 by the writer clearly bring out the fact that birds will eat in captivity insects which they probably never eat or in some cases never even see in their normal existence. Examples are: house-flies (Musca domestica) and mosquitoes; 1350 and 568 of these insects, respectively, were taken at single meals, but undoubtedly they are seldom if ever eaten by wild bobwhites. Silver fish (Lepisma saccharina), clothes moths (Tinea pellionella), and mealworms (Tenebrio) also were eaten by the captive quail, but wild birds probably never have a chance to get these close associates of man. The writer does not list the results of Judd's trials of quail with various vegetable foods, but only one item was refused, namely, strawberries. These are eaten by wild bobwhites and Judd com- ments85 on the fact as follows: "M. B. Waite reports that near Odenton, Md., it sometimes picks ripening strawberries. Yet birds that were kept in captivity several months refused straw- berries when they were hungry." Broadwinged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) . — Accepted: Lepidoptera. Basilona imperialis imago (yellow and purplish-brown). Bartrachia. Bufo sp. Aves. MlCROPODID^E. Chcetura pelagica (fuscous). 83 " Food of the Bob white." By Margaret Morse Nice, Journ. of Economic Entomology, Vol. 3, No. 3, June, 1910, pp. 295-313. 84 Journ. Economic Ent., Vol. 3, No. 5, October, 1910, pp. 437-438. « Bui. 21, Biol. Survey, 1905, p. 36. 336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [JlHie, Fringillid^e. Passer domesticus (nestlings), 3. There is no record of a refusal by this bird. The toad is supposed to be protected by acrid secretions of glands in the skin. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) : — Rejected: Small Aphidse. " Jassidae. " Culicidse. " Other Diptera. " Halticinse. " Araneida. The leaf hoppers (Jassidae), small flies (Diptera), flea-beetles (Halticinse), and spiders (Araneida), at least, are common articles in the natural diet of this species. Bluejay (Cyanocitta cristata) :86 — Accepted: CHiETOPODA. Earthworms, 7. ISOPODA. Oniscus asellus, 6. Chilopoda. Lithobiiis sp., 2. Julus sp., 2. Ephemerida. Adults, many. Orthoptera. acridiid^e. Dissosteira Carolina, 1. coleoptera. Carabid^e. Agonoderus pallipes (pale yellow and black), 1. Anisodactylus discoideus (black and brownish-yellow), 2. " rusticus (brownish-black), 2. Calosoma scrutator (metallic green, red, and blue), 1. Chlcenius sp., 1. Galerita janus (black and reddish-brown), 2. Harpalus caliginosus (black), 1. 86 Partial account in Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896 (1897), pp. 205, 206. 1912.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 337 Elaterid^e. Alaus oculatus (black and silvery, with eye-spots). • Elaterid, adult, 1. Elaterid, larva, 1. ScARAB.EIDjE. Allorhina nitida (green and yellow), 1. LUCANID.E. Passalus cornutus (black), 2. Cerambycid.e. Typocerus sinuatus (black with yellow bands), 5. CHRYSOMELID.E. Diabrotica 12-punctdta (yellow with black spots), 1. TENEBRIONID.E. Nyctobates pennsylvanicus (black), 1. Tenebrio obscuras (dark reddish-brown), 1. Tenebrionid undet., 1. Heteroptera. pentatomid.e. Brochymena sp., 1. Lepidoptera. Philosamia cynthia. (yellow and purplish-brown), 3 (alive and dead). Telea polyphemus ad. (mainly reddish-brown, white and black, eye spots on each pair of wings), 1. Orgyia leucostigma, pupae, 2. Hyphantria cunea, larvae (very hairy), many. Hairy caterpillar, undet., 1. Cutworm, 1. Hymenoptera. Apina, 2. Agapostemon sp. (metallic green), 1. Araneida. Spider, 1. Aves. phasianid.e. * Egg shells. Fringillid^e. English sparrow eggs, 2. Rejected: Orthoptera. Blattid^e. ' Stylopyga orientalis (black). Heteroptera. Belostomatid^e. Benacus griseus (light brown). 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, coleoptera. Lampyrid^e. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (yellow and black), 3. Chrysomelid^e. Chrysochus auratus (metallic green and coppery). Lepidoptera. Papilionid^e. Papilio troilus adult (dark red-brown, white, and bluish- green) . PULMONATA. LlMACID,E. Limax sp. Aves. PhASIANIDjE. Hen's egg (whole). FrINGILLIDjE. Passer domesticus (alive), in cage three days. Mammalia. Murid^e. Mus musculus (alive). Spermatophyta. MORACE^E. Morus sp. (berry), 2. Aquifoliace^e. Ilex opaca, berry (red), 2. Disregarded: Coleoptera. Coccinellid^e. . Adalia bipunctata (red, black, and yellow), 2. Hippodamia sp., 1. .Chrysomelid^e. Galerucella luteola (yellow and black), 3. Lepidoptera. Papilionid^e. Papilio turnus ad. Killed, dropped when frightened by observer, not picked up (mainly yellow and black), 1. Hymenoptera. Apina. Apis mellifera, worker (brown), 1. Spermatophyta. Fagace^e. Fagus grandifolia, nuts. MYRTACEiE. Citrus sp., whole fruit. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 339 Accepted and Rejected: Orthoptera. Gryllid^b. Gryllus sp., A 1 11 1. coleoptera. Carabid.e. Scarites subterraneus (black), A 2 R 1. Hydrophilid^e. Hydrophilus triangularis (shining greenish-black), A 2 R 2. ScARAB^IDiE. Ligyrus gibbosus (reddish-brown), A 17 R 2. Hymenoptera. Bombus sp., A 1 R 1. Xylocopa virginica, worker (black with yellow hairs), A 1 R 1, male A 1. Mammalia. Murid;e. Mus musculus (dead), A 3 R 1. Accepted and Disregarded: COLEOPTERA. SCARAB,EID,E. Lachnosterna sp. (reddish-brown), A 3 D 2. Hymenoptera. MYRMICIDiE. Tetramorium caspitum (a minute reddish ant), A 1, D many. Accepted, Rejected, and Disregarded: Orthoptera. Blattid^e. Blattella germanica (vellow-brown and dark brown), A 16+ R 1 D 1. Coleoptera. SCARAB^EIDiE. Dyscinetus trachypygus (black), A 5 R2 D 2. Lepidoptera. Philosamia cynthia, cocoons. One pecked, could not be opened, was left; two others disregarded were after- wards eaten when cut open. Spermatophyta. Fagace^e. Quercus sp. (acorns), A 8+ D several, R. Disregarded and Refused: Coleoptera. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (yellow and black), D 1 R 2. Lepidoptera. Colias philodice ad. (yellow and black), D 2 R 1. 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Summary: Cyanocitta cristata. — [June, | Accepted. Rejected. Disregarded. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. "Warningly colored" species Others "specially defended" 12 8 15 21 + 12 29 3 1 5 5 1 5 4 1 0 7 1 "Non-protected" species 0 Accepted and rejected. Accepted and disregarded. Spe- cies. Specimens. Spe- cies. Specimens. "Warningly colored" species... 2 1 4 A3 R2 2 1 23 6 0 ! AO 1 3 DO Others "specially defended" 1 + "Non-protected" species 2 "Warningly colored" species Others "specially defended". "Non-protected" species Accepted, rejected Disregarded and and disregarded. rejected. Spe- cies. 0 0 3 Specimens. ^Pe~ Specimens. A 0 R 0 D 0 0 0 0 24+4 5 2 0 0 D3 0 0 R3 0 0 Imagos of Philosamia cynthia, at least, among the things ac- cepted are seldom or never encountered by wild bluejays. This species was imported with its food plant Ailanthus glandulosus, and is established in very few places. The cocoons of this species could not be opened by the jay, but when opened for him the pupae were eaten. Of the items refused, hen's eggs are all too often attacked by wild birds ; living birds and mice are frequently killed and eaten, and mulberries also are eaten under natural conditions. Among things both accepted and rejected, crickets (Gryllus) and May-beetles (Laclino sterna) are commonly devoured by free birds. The carabid Scarites also has been found in the stomach of this species. Beechnuts were disregarded by the captive jay, and acorns were both disregarded and refused, though some were afterwards eaten. Both of these nuts are frequently eaten by wild jays. These instances in themselves are sufficient to show that acceptances and 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 341 rejections by captive birds are no guide to the natural tastes of the species. English Sparrow (Passer domesticus) :— Accepted: COLEOPTERA. SCARAB,EID;E. Ldgyrus gibbosus (reddish-brown), 1. Spermatophyta. Gramin^e. Panicum sanguinale. Chcetochloa italica. Chcetochloa viridis. Chenopodiace.e. Chenopodium album. Ambrosiace^e. A mbrosia a Hem isia 'folia . Rejected: Heteroptera. Pentatomid.e. Brockymena arborea (dark brown) , 1 . Spermatophyta. Cichoriace.e. Taraxacum taraxacum (heads with akenes). Accepted and Rejected: Spermatophyta. Amaranthace.e. Amaranthus sp. Refused at 9 A.M. when hungry, but eaten at 11 same morning. The fruiting heads of dandelion which were refused are a favorite natural food; and Amaranthus seeds, which were refused but eaten two hours later, are commonly eaten by wild birds of this species. Snowbird (J unco kyemalis) :87 — Accepted: Orthoptera. Encoptolophus sordidus (brown). Rejected: COLEOPTERA. COCCINELLID.E. Adalia bipunctata (red, yellow, and black). SCARAB.EID.E. Dyscinetus trachypygus (black). 87 Partial account of experiments with this and the following two species in Bid. 15, Biol. Survey, 1901, pp. 45-48. 342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Chrysomelid,e. Lema trilineata (yellow and black). MELOIDiE. Epicauta sp. Spermatophyta. Chenopodiace^e. Chenopodium sp. (seeds). The latter seeds are a common natural food. White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) : — Accepted: Heteroptera. Pentatomid.e. Murgantia histrionica (orange and black). Other acceptances and rejections same as with Junco, and same remark applies. Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) : — Accepted: Neuroptera. Chrysopid^e. Chrysopa sp., 1. Orthoptera. Encoptolophus sordidus (brown), 1. coleoptera. Carabid^e. Amara sp., 2. Anisodactylus terminatus (dark brown to greenish-black), 1. Harpalus pennsylvanicus (black), 1. Nebria pallipes (black, legs yellow), 1. Platynus sp., 2. Pterostichus sayi (green), 3. Trogositid^e. Trogosita virescens (metallic green or blue), 1. CURCULIONID^E. Sitones sp., 2. HOMOPTERA. Jassid^e (nymphs and adults), 3. Heteroptera. Lyg,eid,e, 1. Reduviid,e, 1. Lepidoptera. papilionid.e. Papilio turnus, ad. (mainly yellow and black), 1. Moths, 2. Araneida. Spider, 1. 1912.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 343 Spermatophyta. Caryophyllace,e. Alsine media (seeds). Rejected: coleoptera. Carabid.-e. Various Harpini were refused, but later Harpalus penn- sylvanicus was eaten. COCCTNELLID^E. Adalia bipunctata (red, black, and yellow), 1. Hippodamia sp., 2. SCARAB^EIDiE. Allorhina nitida (green and yellow). Lachnosterna sp. Chrysomelid^e. Diabrotica 12-punctata (yellow and black), several. Lema trilineata (yellow and black). Meloid.e. Epicauta sp. Lepidoptera. Arctiid.e. Leucarctia acroea, ad. (white, yellow, and black). Hymenoptera. formicid.e. Black ant, probably Camponotus. Spermatophyta. Chenopodiace.e. Chenopodium sp. PoLYGONACEuE. Polygonum sp. Accepted and Rejected: coleoptera. Carabid^e. Agonoderus pallipes (pale yellow and black), ate 2, refused others, but next day ate 15 in three minutes. Chiasmus sp., A 1 R 1. SCARAB.EID.E. Dyscinetus trachypygus (black), A 1 R 1. Trox sp., A 1 R 2. * Spermatophyta. AmARANTHACEjE. Amaratithus sp. Refused at first, finally starved into eating it. Cichoriace.e. Taraxacum taraxacum. The opened fruiting head was' accepted at the only trial, the closed involucres were at first refused; several days afterwards 3 were eaten. 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Summary: Melospiza melodia. — [June, Accepted. Rejected. Accepted and rejected. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. 6 13 5 Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- cies. Specimens. " Warningly colored" species.... Others "specially defended " "Non-protected" species 4 9 3 5 3 + 2 6 3 + 2 2 0 2 A 18 0 2 R2 + 0 3 In rejecting the seeds of Chenopodium and Polygonum this bird refused two favorite items of the food of wild members of its species; the bird was only starved into eating Amaranthus seeds, another favorite natural food. Of the rejected insects, Camponotus, Diabrotica, Hippo- damia, and Lachnosterna have been found in collected stomachs. The acceptances include at least one insect, Papilio turnus, which the bird probably never gets under natural conditions. The experi- menter noted that this butterfly would have easily escaped the bird had it not been confined. Little Butcherbird (Lanius ludovicianus) :88 — Accepted: Chilopoda. Lithobius sp., 1. Orthoptera. acridiid.e. Hippiscus sp., 2. COLEOPTERA. SCARAB^EID^E. Copris Carolina (black), 1. Lachnosterna sp., 1. Ligyrus gibbosus (dead) (reddish-brown), 1. Osmoderma sp., 1. Trichius piger (greenish-black, reddish-brown, white; both white and yellow hairs), 1. CERAMBYCID.E. Monohammus sp., 1. Meloid^e. Meloe americana (bluish-black, vesicating juices), 1. Heteroptera. Pentatomid^e. Euschistus sp., 1. Nezara hilaris (green), 1. 88 Partial account in Bui. SO, Biol. Survey, 1907, p. 35. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 345 BELOSTOMATID.E. Belostoma americanum (light brown), 1. Lepidoptera. Ceratomia catalpce larva (black and yellow), 2. Estigmene acrcea, ad. (white, yellow, and black), 2. Euvanessa antiopa, ad. (reddish-brown, light blue, and yellow), 2. Diptera. Calliphora sp., 2. Pisces. Goldfish, 1. Micropterus salmoides, 1. Urodela. Plethodon cinereus erythronotns (brown and red). Plethodon glutinosus (black and white), 1. Reptilia. Storeria dekayi (grayish-brown and black), 1. Heterodon platyrhinus (yellow or reddish and brown or black), 1. Sceloporus undidatus (gray or brown and black), 1. Aves. Fringillid^e. Passer domesticus? 3. , VlREONID^E. Vireo olivaceus, 4. TrOGLODYTIDjE. Telmatodytes palustris (dead), 1. Mammalia. Mus musculus, 5. Rejected: coleoptera. Erotylid^e. Megalodacne heros (black and yellow), 1. Lampyrid^e. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (yellow and black), 1. Chrysomelid^e. Diabrotica 12-punctata (yellow and black), 4. Meloid^e. Epicauta vittata (yellow and black), 1. Heteroptera. Pentatomid^e. Murgantia histrionica (yellow and black), 1. Lepidoptera. Euvanessa antiopa larva (black, spiny), 1, pupa 1. Hyphantria cunea larva (yellow, brown, and black, very hairy), 2. Malacosofna americana larva (black, white, and blue, hairy), 1. 23 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Orgyia leucostigma larva (red, black, white> and yellow, hairy tufted), 1. Spermatophyta. Rosacea. Fragaria sp. (fruit). Accepted and Refused: coleoptera. Carabid^e. Calosoma scrutator (metallic blue, red, and green). The butcherbird seemed to be staggered by the effluvium of one of the first Calosomas given, but devoured it. Later one was offered it rear end first through the wall of the cage; the bird ate part of the viscera, then refused to touch it again. However, he ate two the next day. In all seven were devoured. SlLPRTD,E. Silpha incequalis (black), A 1 R 1. SCARAB.EID.E. Trox sp., A 1 R 1. Both the Silpha and the Trox were refused in presence of experimenter, but their remains were found in a pellet thrown up by the bird about two hours later. Hymenoptera. Apina. Apis mellifera, worker (brown), A 1 R 1; drone, A 1. Mammalia. Murid^e. Mus norvegicus, A 2 R 2. It is difficult to believe that a bird acting on principle would refuse Epicauta vittata and eat Meloe americana. Diabrotica is eaten by wild individuals of the species, and Silpha, which was both accepted and rejected by this bird, is a common capture. Calosomas also are frequently eaten by wild butcherbirds. Summary: Lanius ludovicianus. — Accepted. Rejected. Accepted and rejected. Spe- Speci- cies. mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. "Warningly colored species" 12 lfi 8 1 0 12 2 0 1 2 2 A7 Rl Others ' ' specially defended " 4 11 4 21 3 2 "Non-protected species" 3 3 Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) . — Twice chose the grasshopper (Encoptolophus sordidus) in prefer- 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 347 ence to the May-beetle (Lachnosterna) , although the latter is eaten by wild mockingbirds. Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) :89 — Accepted: Ch^etopoda. Earthworm. Isopoda. Oniscus asellus, 6. Chilopoda. Julus sp. Orthoptera. Green Acridiid. coleoptera. Carabid.e. Undetermined, 11. Agonoderus pallipes (pale yellow and black), 1. Anomoglossus pusillus (bluish-green, blue, or black). Bembidium chalceum (coppery to greenish or black). Staphylinid^e. Undet. (with red elytra), 1. CoCCINELLHhE. Undet., 1. ClJCVJIBM. Cucujus clavipes (larvae), 6. Dermestid^e. Dermestes talpinus (black with variously colored hairs), 4. ScARAB.EID,E. Lachnosterna sp. Onthophagus hecate (black). ChRYSOMELIDjE. Diabrotica 12-punctata (yellow and black). Tenebrionid^e. Tenebrio molitor (reddish-brown or black), 2. CURCULIONID.E. Centrinus scutellum-album (gray). Lepidoptera. Euvanessa antiopa, ad. (reddish-brown, light blue, and yellow) . Phlegethontius 5-maculatus, ad. (gray, dark brown, and yellow). Hyphantria cunea, larva (yellow, brown, and black, very hairy), 5. Diptera. Calliphora erythrocephalus, larvae, 56; ad. (metallic blue, eyes dull red), 1. Musca domestica (black and gray), 2. 89 Partial account in Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895 (1896), p. 410. 348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Hymenoptera. formicoidea, 7. Lasius alienus, 22. Cremastogaster linearis, pupa, 3. Formica sp., 7. Camponotus pennsylvanicus, 8. Araneida. Lycosa sp. PULMONATA. Umax sp., 3. Spermatophyta. MoRACEiE. Morus sp., many. Rejected: COLEOPTERA. BlJPRESTID^E. Undet., 3 (could not break the insects). Hymenoptera. Wasp. Disregarded: COLEOPTERA. Passalus cornutus (black). Lepidoptera. Euvanessa antiopa, larva (black, spiny). Accepted and Rejected: coleoptera. Carabid^e. Chlcenius sp., A 3 R 5. Tenebrionid^e. Nyctobates pennsylvanicus (black), A 3 R 3. Hymenoptera. Apina. A pis mellifera, workers (brown), A 5 R 2. PULMONATA. Snail (large), R 1; (small), A 2. Spermatophyta. Rosacea. Strawberry (Fragaria sp.), A several, R several. AMYGDALACE.E. Cherry (Cerasus sp.), A 2 R several. Accepted and Disregarded: coleoptera. Lampyrid^e. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (yellow and black), D 1 Al. " Of the insects accepted, the larvae of Cucujus clavipes, at least, 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 349 which live under the bark of rotting trees, are probably never en- countered by wild catbirds, but all offered the captive birds were eaten. Among the forms accepted and rejected, the nauseous metallic-green ground-beetle (Chlcenius) and the honey-bee (Apis mellifera) are eaten by wild catbirds, and both strawberries and cherries are favorite foods, as cultivators to their sorrow well know. A wasp was rejected by the captive birds, but many wasps have been found in stomachs of wild catbirds. The soldier-beetle (Chauliogna- thus pennsylvanicus) , both disregarded and accepted in the experi- ment, is eaten under natural conditions. Summary: Dumetella carolinensis. — Accepted. Rejected. Disregarded. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- Speci- cies. j mens. "Warningly colored" species Others "specially defended" - 9 10 11 16 62 80 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 1 "Non-protected" species 1 Accepted and rejected. Accepted and disregarded. Spe- cies. Specimens. Spe- cies. J Specimens. "Warningly colored" species 1 1 3 A3 5 5 R5 2 4 Al 0 0 D 1 Others "specially defended" 0 "Non-protected" species 0 Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) :90 — Accepted: - • coleoptera. Carabid^e. Harpalus caliginosus (black). LaMPYRIDjE. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus (yellow and black). Chrysomelil\e. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (yellow and black), twice swal- lowed and thrown up, then swallowed again and re- tained. Diabrotica 12-punctata (yellow and black). 90 An account of these experiments, with some additional remarks about the bud's preferences for certain human foods and wild berries, is in Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895 (1896), p. 414. 350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, MeLOID^E. Epicauta sp. Heteroptera. COREID^E. Anasa tristis (brown). Lepidoptera. PlERID^E. Pieris rapce, larvae (green, yellow, and black), 3. Arctiid.e. Caterpillar, swallowed, but thrown up. Rejected: * Lepidoptera. Hyphantria cunea, larvae (yellow, brown, and black, very hairy) . Both of the insects this captive thrasher seemed to have difficulty in keeping down are eaten in the wild state. All of the other insects accepted belong to "specially protected" species. Bluebird (Sialia sialis) : — Accepted: ISOPODA. Oniscus asellus, 2. Orthoptera. Gryllid^e. Gryllus sp., 2. Coleoptera. Carabid.e. Anisodactylus discoideus (black and brownish-yellow). Hydrophilid^e. Hydrophilus triangularis (shining greenish-black), ate parts of one broken by bluejay. Refused: Hymenoptera. Apid^. A pis mellifera worker (brown). Spermatophyta. AqUIFOLIACEjE. Ilex opaca, berries (red). Disregarded: Coleoptera. coccinellid^e. Adalia bipunctata (red, yellow, and black). 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 351 Chrysomelid^e. Galerucella luteola (yellow and black), 15 disregarded three times. Hymenoptera. Myrmicid^e. Tetramorium ccespitum. Accepted and Disregarded: coleoptera. Scarab.eidye. Lachnosterna sp., A D. Araneida. Spider, A 3 D. Disregarded and Refused: coleoptera. Carabid^e. Scarites subterraneus (black), D R 3. Summary: Sialia sialis. — Accepted. Rejected. Disregarded. Spe- Speci- cies. mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. Spe- cies. Speci- mens. "Warninglv colored" species 1 1 0 0 3 5 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 16 Others "specially defended" 1 "Non-protected" species 0 • Accepted and disregarded. Disregarded and rejected. Spe- cies. Specimens. Spe- cies. Specimens. "Warningly colored" species 0 1 1 AO 3 1 DO 1 1 0 1 0 DO 1 0 RO Others "specially defended" 3 "Non-protected" species 0 This bluebird accepted one insect — Hydrophilus triangularis — which very probably is never taken by wild bluebirds. The ground beetle — Scarites — disregarded and thrice refused by the captive bluebird has been found in collected stomachs of the species. The same is true of the only berry offered it, that of Ilex opaca, which the caged bird rejected. The honey bee, which was refused, and spiders and May-beetles, which were disregarded as well as accepted, are also eaten by wild bluebirds. 352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF General Summary: All species of birds .91— [June, Ac- cepted 137 + 97 152 Re- jected 30 16 + 15 + Disre- garded Accepted and rejected. Accepted and disregarded. " Warningly colored " species Others "specially defended" "Non-protected" species 23 3 1 A 31 10 33 R10 + 5 16 Al 4 4 Dl 2 + 3 Accepted, rejected, and disregarded. Disregarded and rejected. "Warningly colored" species. Others "specially defended".. "Non-protected" species AO 0 24+ R0 0 4 DO 0 5 D3 1 0 R3 3 0 Totals. "Warningly colored" species Others "specially defended". "Non-protected" species Ac- cepted. 169 + 111 213 + Re- jected. 43 + 24 52 + Dis- regarded. 27 6 + 9 Percent- Percent- age age dis- rejected. regarded. 17.99 17.02 18.97 11.29 4.25 3.28 It appears from this final summary that Judd's captive birds rejected practically the same proportion of the " non-protected" species offered them as of the "specially protected" group. The result, therefore, is quite different from that reached in some other series of experiments. Although it harmonizes with what we believe is the average influence of preclaceous animals, as a whole, upon their prey, i.e., an indiscriminate one, it is no more worthy of respect than other experimental results, for the behavior of the animals experimented with did not correspond with the natural habits of their species. This is amply shown by the cases (a few not noted) in which the birds would not eat articles of food that have been found in" the stomachs of wild individuals of the same species. This is more than 38 per cent, of all the items (not specimens) offered that were either disregarded or rejected; if so large a pro- portion of the experimental results are manifestly untrustworthy, the only safe course is to place reliance in none of them. 11 Includes Buieo platypterus, Archilochus colubris, Passer domesticus, Junco hyemalis, Zonotrichia albicollis, and Toxostoma rufum, for which no summaries were presented in previous pages. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 353 Bibliography of Other Experiments in America. An annotated bibliography will sufficiently illustrate the character of other American experiments upon the food of birds. Few of them have any special reference to the efficiency of protective adaptations. The bibliography does not include citations to papers on aviculture nor on the winter feeding of birds. These are very numerous and their only merit from our present standpoint is that they afford much proof, if proof of the obvious were needed, that birds, both free and confined, will readily accept foods with which their species has never had experience under natural conditions. Bolles, Frank. Young Sapsuckers in Captivity. Auk, IX, No. 2,. April, 1892, pp. 109-119. Proof that they can live a long time on a diet of syrup with very few insects. Carpenter, F. H. Screech Owls Breeding in Confinement. Ornith.. and Oologist, 8, No. 12, December, 1883, pp. 93, 94. "I fed them exclusively on frogs They seemed to prefer them to any other food, which led me to believe that they constituted no mean portion of their regular fare when at liberty." This inference is not supported by the results of stomach examina- tions. Dr. Fisher found frogs in only two out of a total of 255 stomachs examined (Bui. 3, U. S. Biological Survey, 1893, pp. 169-173). Collins, C. W. Some Results from Feeding Eggs of Porthetria dispar to Birds. Journ. Economic Ent., 3, No. 4, August, 1910, ■ pp. 343-346. Some English sparrows and a pigeon were tested. In all cases it was necessary to force the birds to eat the eggs. Eggs in dough fed to English sparrow were mostly rejected. Collins, J. W., et al. [Food of Young Ruffed Grouse.] Rep. Comm. Inland Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1900 (1901), p. 43. Some young ruffed grouse which had been fed on maggots, lettuce,. and young clover were given grain, and as a result died. Were they also given gravel? F. G. The Pine Grosbeak in Confinement. Ornith. and Oologist, 9, No. 4, April, 1884, p. 41. Fond of corn meal and milk, apple seeds, beechnuts, and buds and seeds of pine and spruce. Forbush, E. H. [Food consumed by two young crows.] Useful Birds and Their Protection. Mass. Bd. Agr., Boston [1907], pp. 45-48. Chiefly concerns the quantity of food. Toads, frogs, and sala- manders, often stated to be "distasteful," were eaten. Forbush, E. H., and Fernald, C. H. The Gypsy Moth, Porthetria. dispar (Linn.). Mass. State Bd. Agr., 1896. 354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, ( )n pp. 231 and 239 it is stated that gypsy moth eggs were fed to a confined English sparrow and a crow. The former ate them voluntarily, but "did not appear to relish them"; the latter would not take them except when they were concealed within other food. It will be noted that in Collins' experiment (see above) the English sparrow took the eggs only when they were forced upon it. Herkick, F. H. The Home Life of Wild Birds. New York, 1901. Young kingfishers rejected raw meat, but throve on fish in cap- tivity (p. 92). Hodge, C. F. Our ( iommon Birds. Nature Study Leaflet, Biol. Ser. No. 2, Worcester, Mass., 1899. A young cedarbird took flies, poke berries, cabbage worms, "edema" larvae, ants, fall web worms (a little sparingly), bush cranberries, and peppermint drops (p. 15). Mockingbirds accepted meal- worms and spiders (p. 19). Hodge, C. F. [Food of Young Ruffed Grouse.] Rep. Comm. Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1903 (1904), pp. 182, 183. "I tested them with a great variety of prepared foods — grated egg, bread crumbs, scraped raw meat, grated boiled meat, grits, boiled rice, millet and other small seeds, grass, clover, chickweed, partridge, and wintergreen berries, etc. They would either pay no attention to any of these things, or, if they did pick at them at all, would not do so but once." Foods accepted were sweet curds, earthworms, mosquito larvse, plant lice, mealy bugs, thrips, mealworms and maggots. Hodge, C. F. A Summer with the Bluebirds. Bird Lore, 6, No. 2, March-April, 1904. "In my series of feeding tests I brought in a number of potato beetles and thoughtlessly dropped a large larva into an open mouth, before observing whether they would take them of their own accord. I noticed that they picked them up once apiece, wiped their bills in disgust, and declined to touch them again. Next morning one of the birds was dead under the perch" (p. 45). Hodge, C. F. [Food of Young Ruffed Grouse.] Rep. Comm. Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1904 (1905), pp. 132, 133. Gives a long list of foods accepted; pears and peaches were scarcely more than tasted; thorn-apples, barberries, and black alder berries were not refused, but were taken in large quantities: they took quantities of all sorts of leaves except grape, snowball, artichoke, and Rosa rugosa. Thorn-apples and black alder berries are commonly eaten by wild ruffed grouse. See Biological Survey, Bid. 24, 1905, pp. 36-38. Hodge, C. F. [Food of Ruffed Grouse in Confinement.] Rep. Comm. Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1905 (1906), pp. 65-68. Gives names of numerous food items accepted. Berries of black alder were taken sparingly; oats and barley were eaten spar- ingly; peas and beans were refused. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 355 Hodge, C. F. [Food of Young Ruffed Grouse.] Rep. Comm. Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1907 (1908), p. 70. Two died from swallowing objects too large to pass into gizzard (black cricket and large spider). This certainly was not the cause of death. A young ruffed grouse's digestive apparatus would quickly dispose of two such soft-bodied insects. Hodge, C. F. [Report .... relative to the Propagation of Ruffed Grouse and Quail in Confinement.] Rep. Comm. Fisheries and Game, Mass., 1908 (1909), pp. 60-69. On pp. 60 and 61, Hodge says: "I encountered a new difficulty against which we must be on our guard in the future. Striped plant bugs were abundant on the grass, and were easily obtained by sweeping with insect nets. The young chicks [of ruffed grouse] ate them greedily, and simply went to sleep and died as if they had been chloroformed. These bugs had the strong odor of squash bugs, by feeding which to toads Conradi found that thev died as though they had been poisoned with chloro- form." "Conradi found that five or six squash bugs might be sufficient to kill a toad, and Miss Morse has fed as many as eleven to a bob white at a single meal. Plant bugs are not so strong as squash bugs, and I have observed a toad eat over 250 of them in a day without showing ill effects. Still, while this evidence is not conclusive, .... I think that we should be more careful in future not to feed too many strong-smelling bugs to young grouse chicks." Dr. Hodge's experience with the young grouse, and the bluebird, above noted, being killed by eating certain insects, is unsupported by other testimony, and the observations leading to his con- clusions are not scientifically exact. The reference to Conradi's experiments is incorrect. The toads when confined in small bottles were killed by the vaporized secretions of squash bugs; they were not killed by eating the bugs. The feeding of bobwhites is described on pp. 64-67. He justly remarks: "The most careful artificial feeding of a flock in confinement cannot approach in variety the food of wild birds" (p. 64). Reports of the Massachusetts Commissioners on Fisheries and Game for other years contain notes on the feeding of game birds in captivity, but not in relation to "protected" insects. Hyslop, J. A. The False Wireworms of the Pacific Northwest. Bid. 95, U. S. Bur. Ent., Part V, 1912. In the discussion of natural enemies (p. 84) are reports on experi- mental feedings of adult Eleodes chiefly to various gallinaceous birds. Chickens, ducks, the Reeves pheasant, and silver pheas- ant ate the beetles, while turkeys refused them, and golden and Lady Amherst pheasants would not notice them. The author says, "However, these birds seemed quite annoyed by our presence and might have eaten the beetles had they not been frightened." 356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Jenkins W. E. [Blue Jay in Confinement.] Ornith. and Oologist, 9, No. 3. March, 1884, p. 36. Principal foods are meat, beechnuts, and corn. The Birds of Ontario in relation to Agriculture. Out. Dep. Agr., Toronto, 1901. On p. 44 are the results, as to quantity of cutworms and earth- worms, experimentally fed to a young robin. Owen, D. E. Notes on a Captive Hermit Thrush. Auk, XIV, No. 1, January, 1897, pp. 1-8. Notes on quantity of earthworms and beef eaten. Worms from manure hill refused, those from garden eaten. Peckham, E. G. [Fowls Eating Argiope riparia]. Occas. Papers, Xat. Hist. Soc. Wis., I, 1889, p. 72. This deep black and brilliant yellow spider seems to lack "one means of defence common among conspicuous creatures, i.e., the possession of a nauseous flavor." "Some chickens, to which she was offered, ate her with relish." Reiff, W. Some Experiments on the resistance of Gypsy Moth Eggs to the Digestive Fluids of Birds. Psyche, 17, No. 4, August, 1910, pp. 161-164. Eggs concealed in other food were fed to a German canary, a chaffinch, a yellow hammer, a Japanese robin, a screech owl, and a carrier pigeon. The eggs given to the first three birds were put in pieces of bread. In each case part of them were picked out and rejected. For a more complete review of the various experiments in feeding gypsy moth eggs to birds, see Auk, 28, No. 2, April, 1911, pp. 285, 286. Scott, W. L. Baltimore Oriole. Ornith. and Oologist, 8, No. 11, November, 1883, p. 86. "He is particularly fond of hard-boiled egg, bread, and finely chopped meat." Stickney, J. H., and Hoffmann, R. Bird World, Boston, 1898. An unconfined yellow-throated vireo took cankerworms and many black ants (pp. 106-112). Treadwell, D. [The Food of Young Robins.] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1859, pp. 396-399. Discusses amount of earthworms and beef eaten per day. Weed, C. M.,- and Dearborn, N. [Food of a Captive Crow.] Birds in Their Relations to Man, 1903, pp. 61, 62. On quantity of fish consumed. Wueelock, I. G. Nestlings of Forest and Marsh, Chicago, 1902. Young bluebirds were fed yolk of hard-boiled eggs, cracker crumbs, and earthworms (p. 34). Summary. ^m the writer's point of view, three main conclusions regarding ?rimental tests of the efficiency of protective adaptations 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 357 against natural enemies are unavoidable: (1) The experiments are very inconsistent : (2) They have been misinterpreted, and (3) They are not trustworthy guides to behavior under natural con- ditions. The Experiments are very Inconsistent. — Inconsistency in the details of various series of experiments have been set forth in previous pages (see pp. 298, 300, 313, 316 and 319). Inconsistency in the results of entire series is plainly shown by the strongly contradictory conclusions different experimenters have drawn. Thus Weir, Poulton, Marshall, Pocock, and Finn, for instance, thought their experiments supported the selectionist theories concerning protective adaptations, while Butler, Manders, Punnett, Plateau, Reighard, and Pritchett, among others, drew just the opposite conclusion. Beddard's opinion was that distastefulness was not more definitely associated with conspicuous colors, than with plain ones. The characteristic inconsistency of experimental results are described by him in the following language:92 "None of these experiments are thoroughly satisfactory; it is so difficult to interpret them, and they are often contradictory, for a bird will eat one day what it has refused before. The experiments that have been made are like most other statistics — they may be made to prove anything." The Experiments have been Misinterpreted. — This charge weighs not so much against the experiments themselves as against their makers, but it throws doubt upon the desirability of such tests, since the personal equation is so large a factor in the interpretation of results. Definite instances of misinterpretation have been cited in previous pages (295, 303, 305-316, 325 and 328-330). A chronic case is well illustrated by the following quotations from Prof. E. B. Poulton (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902) : " A mantis is probably less affected in this respect [food preferences] by confinement than a vertebrate animal; but the same general criticism will probably hold in both cases — that while the rejection of an insect by a not over-fed insectivorous animal in captivity is evidence of unpalatability or dislike, its acceptance is not sufficient evidence of appreciation or that it constitutes an element of the normal diet. An insect may be eaten readily in captivity which would be rejected or only eaten under the stress of hunger in the wild state" (p. 317). 32 Animal Coloration, 1892, p. 166. 358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, "It has already been pointed out that the acceptance of insects by insectivorous animals in captivity is no proof of their normal likes or dislikes in a wild state. Such acceptance only proves what their action would be when they had been, from some exceptional cause, kept without their normal food in its usual quantity and variety. Hence the fact that Acrseas were devoured [by a ground hornbill] is no evidence that they are normally eaten except in a lime of unusual hunger. On the other hand, the rejection of two L. chrysippus, after three Acrseas had been readily eaten, indicate that the former butterfly is decidedly distasteful to this species of bird" (p. 348) " Byblia ilithyia was .... distinguished [by baboons] from an Acrcea, but this by no means proves that the resemblance is not beneficial under natural conditions (p. 388) Considering what has been already argued about insect-eating animals in con- finement, the acceptances (excluding the Hesperiidse) probably do not justify the conclusion that the Lepidoptera were palatable, or that they would be sought for in the wild state except under the stress of hunger" (p. 389). "It has already been pointed out that the refusal or evident dislike of insect food by captive animals is trustworthy evidence of unpalatability, while acceptance is not proof of palatability " (p. 436). It is self-evident that this oft-repeated dictum is merely special pleading for the admission of as much as possible of the evidence favorable to the theories, and the exclusion of as great a proportion as possible of the evidence that might be unfavorable. So plain is this fact that even Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, collaborator with Prof. Poulton in the paper quoted from, severely criticized the Professor's attitude. He says93 in part: ' There is too emphatic an insistence upon the possibility of error where an insect is accepted; for it practically casts suspicion upon every such case. On the other hand, the possibility of error in the other direction is not indicated." The Experiments are not Trustworthy Guides to Behavior under Natural Conditions. — The writer is by no means the first to question the analogy of behavior under experimental to that under natural conditions. The idea is put briefly by L. W. Kline in an article on 'Methods in Animal Psychology":94 "Nothing so shrinks and in- ■■ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. 140. Amer. Joum. of Psychol, 10, 1898-9, p. 276. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 359 hibits completely the fulness and variety of an organism's activities than prison life and fear." In groups as low even as the Amphibia behavior in confinement is far from natural. Prof. C. 0. Whitman found that Necturus ordinarily refused food in captivity on account of its extreme timid- ity. He says:95 "The first adults which I kept in captivity in a large aquarium refused to eat pieces of raw beef or small fish, whether dead or alive. For months they went on, seeming entirely indifferent to any proffered food, not paying the least attention, so far as I noticed, to tempting morsels dropped quietly in front of them or held in suspension before them. Living earthworms and insect larvae were presented to them, all of which were known to be palatable to the creature in its natural habitat; but nothing availed to draw attention or elicit any evidence of hunger. Quiet and wholly indif- ferent in outward behavior, yet the animals were actually starving or wasting away." Many snakes will not take food in captivity, and it is therefore necessary to force food down their throats to prevent death from starvation. Captivity greatly modifies the behavior of some other reptiles also, as is well stated in the following quotation from H. H. Newman: "In order to understand an animal one must live with it, must spend long hours, quiet days, in thoughtful observation of it, as it pursues its daily round of occupations. This I have had an opportunity of doing, and I now feel that I have a really personal acquaintance with at least five species of tortoises "Studies of this sort should, I believe, precede experimental studies, for sometimes shyness or weariness might be mistaken for stupidity, and sullenness for sluggishness in reaction. As a rule, the more highly organized and alert species of tortoises display, when in captivity, the greatest degree of sullenness, and hence their actions in confinement very poorly represent their true character. The species, on the other hand, that are less highly organized are the species that act more nearly normally when in captivity Captivity inhibits normal activity in nearly all tortoises; conse- quently I abandoned at an early stage of my work the observation of specimens in confinement and devoted myself to long-continued, and at times tedious, observation of the various species as they live in their active environment "Extreme sullenness characterizes the behavior of Aspidonectes 95 Biol. Lectures, 1898 (1899), pp. 295, 296. 360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, while in confinement. If kept in a room they hide behind furniture and remain motionless for hours and almost days. When put in aquatic enclosures they immediately bury themselves in the mud and seem to remain there for months. Nothing will induce them to eat or to take any interest in their surroundings. If caught while making their nest, they are sometimes forced to lay the eggs, but never make a nest in confinement. The eggs are simply dropped about on land or in the water, and are usually crushed when found. None of their normal characteristics are in evidence, and it would be a waste of time to attempt to draw conclusions about their disposi- tion or intelligence from their actions in captivity."96 Prof. Charles W. Hargitt makes a similar but more general criticism of the experimental method of studying animal behavior, as follows : "I have made the field work emphatic whenever at all practicable. I have elsewhere97 emphasized the crying need for larger attention to this phase of experimental work, believing that in many cases it is all but impossible to secure trustworthy results as to behavior of animals where the work has been done under such unusual, un- natural, and artificial conditions as most laboratory provisions afford. "What right has one to assume that the actions of an animal taken rudely from its natural habitat and as rudely imprisoned in some improvised cage are in any scientific sense -an expression of its normal behavior, either physical or psychical? Is it within the range of the calculus of probability that conclusions drawn from observations made upon an animal in the shallow confines of a finger-bowl, but whose habitat has been the open sea, are wholly trustworthy? It is no part of my purpose to discredit the laboratory or laboratory appliances as related to such investigations. They are indispensable. But at the same time let it be recognized that they are at best but artificial makeshifts whose values, unless checked up by constant appeal to nature, must be taken at something of a discount. This must be especially the case with higher organisms. Some of these may, of course", be readily domesticated, or made more or less at home in aquaria or vivaria; but not a few absolutely fret their lives out, are never at ease, and probably never give expression to a natural reaction under such conditions. It seems to the writer until one has been able to place his specimens under conditions labits of Certain Tortoises," Journ. of Compar. Neurology and Psychol, XVI, 2, March, 1906, pp. 126, 127, and 135. Observations on the Behavior of Tubicolous Annelids," Journ. Exp.Zool., Vol. 7, 1909, p. 157. 1912.] • NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 361 approximating the natural, or has at least brought them to a state of semi-domestication, where in food taking, evidence of health, etc., they are at ease, he has small right to dogmatize as to conclusions, or presume to make such conclusions the basis of so-called laws of animal behavior. Not a little of recent investigations along the lines of animal behavior has been vitiated at just this point, and must be repeated to be made trustworthy. The amazing mass of contradictory results which has loaded the literature of recent years is attributable to some extent to this misfortune."98 With regard to experimentation with captive birds, Prof. S. A. Forbes, the founder of economic ornithology, says:99 "This evi- dently shows only what the bird will eat when restrained of its liberty, of such food as may be placed before it, and furnishes few data which we can use with safety in making up an account of its food in freedom, when foraging for itself. The state of confinement is so abnormal for a bird that on this account, also, we can rarely reason from its habits in that state to its ordinary habits. This method is, therefore, available only for the solution of a few separate questions." The assertions of these authors regarding the modifying effects of captivity upon behavior apply more pertinently to no set of experiments than those which have been conceived to be tests of the food preferences of insectivorous animals in relation to pro- tective adaptations. The writer has asserted that the experiments are not trustworthy guides to behavior under natural conditions, and he expects to prove this by citing evidence along two lines, viz.: (1) Animals accept in captivity articles of food which they not only do not eat in the wild state, but with which their species probably has never had experience, and (2) animals reject in captivity articles of food which are not only occasionally eaten by wild members of the species, but which may be very important elements of the subsistence as a whole. (1) Acceptances. — This point really needs no proof. Universal experience with the feeding of all kinds of captive animals confirm it. The coarse brown bread (containing oats, shorts and molasses) given to the bears, in some zoological parks, the chopped-up beets, carrots, potatoes, etc., of which the parrots, cranes, and certain rodents are fond, sufficiently illustrate foods relished in confinement by animals 98 Journ. of Animal Behavior, Vol. 2, Xo. 1, January-February, 1912, pp. 51, 52. » Bui. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, No. 3, 1880, pp. 86, 87. 24 362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, to which they are unknown in the wild state. The experiments of Pocock and Butler, resulting in the acceptance of many British insects by a variety of foreign mammals and birds, illustrate the same point. As noted before, the acceptance of butterflies by some of Finn's birds signifies no more, concerning their natural food habits, than does their acceptance of boiled rice. It means no more than the eating of silver fish, clothes moths, and mealworms by Mrs. Nice's bobwhites. The point need be no further elaborated. We are forced to conclude that acceptance of various items of food by captive animals is no indication whatever that they are eaten by the same species in the wild state. (2) Rejections. — This point really follows from analogy the con- elusion just cited. There is no logic in regarding rejections as indicative of natural tastes, when acceptances are plainly shown not to be. But evidence to prove the case is much harder to obtain, and it is for this reason that we have been compelled to endure the style of argument that asserts " refusal .... is trustworthy evidence of unpalatability, while acceptance is not proof of palatability." Fortunately, however, we have information regarding the choice of food by a number of animals, both in captivity and under natural conditions. We have shown that in certain of the experiments with amphibia, the animals refused articles of food which they habitually eat in the natural state. For instance, this is true of the refusal by the common toad of the Eastern United States of millipeds (Julus), squash-bugs (Anasa tristis), and potato beetles (Leptino- tarsa decemlineata) . Prof. Whitman found that ordinary articles of the natural diet were refused by captive Necturus. Snakes, in particular, often refuse all food in confinement. Is this "trustworthy evidence of unpalatability?" The writer had the care for a year of six prairie rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus). Live mice and birds put in their cage were killed, but not eaten. No food was taken naturally and they were kept alive only by putting meat well down their gullets with long-jawed forceps. Beddard found that a green woodpecker made great objection to eating a single earwig, yet Newstead found twenty-three of these insects in the stomach of a wild bird of this species. Finn found that captive red-whiskered bulbuls refused Acrcea, but an observer in India saw the birds feeding the "most distasteful" insect of the genus to their young. So little is known regarding the natural food of birds in most countries that few such comparisons can be made. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 363 Fortunately, this is not the case in the United States, where we have data enough to prove the point. A selection of the more conspicuous cases of refusal of favorite natural foods by the birds tested by Judd are given in the following tabulation. Other instances are cited in the summaries of the separate experiments (pp. 340, 346, 349, 350 and 351). Eaten by wild individuals of the Rejected by captive birds. same species. A ruby-throated hummingbird All of these items are corn- rejected small leaf -hoppers, flies, monly eaten by wild birds of flea-beetles, and spiders. this species. A bluejay refused a hen's egg, In a state of nature jays f re- living birds and mice, and mul- quently break up outlying nests berries. Acorns also were refused, of fowls. Birds and mice are preyed upon and mulberries are eaten. Acorns have been found in dozens of stomachs of wild birds and are a very important element of the normal diet. English sparrows rejected Whole flocks of English spar- fruiting heads of dandelion. rows pass days in rifling the ripe involucres of this plant. A snowbird, a white-throated These seeds are a common sparrow, and a song sparrow re- natural food of all three birds, fused seeds of lamb's quarters. The song sparrow rejected, also, All are eaten by wild song seeds of smartweed and beetles sparrows, the smartweed seeds of the genera Diabrotica, Hippo- in abundance. damia, and Lachnosterna. These facts show that the feeding reactions of various animals are strikingly modified by confinement. Some animals refuse items of food which are a favorite with wild individuals of the species, some of which may form a notable percentage of the total subsist- ence. Others refuse all food. The birds experimented upon by Judd together disregarded or rejected 108 articles of food. Forty- two of these items have been found in stomachs of wild birds of the same species that ignored or refused them in captivity. Investiga- tions carried on while this paper was in preparation raised this number to 42 from 35, and it must be borne in mind that subsequent stomach examinations will increase, never diminish the total. The 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, experimental indications as to what food items are unattractive or distasteful to the birds, thus, are proved to be misleading in 42 cases out of 108. This makes a percentage of error of 38 (which will grow larger), enough to entirely invalidate the data. Furthermore, it is not probable that the data from any other series of experiments are any more reliable. The conclusion cannot be avoided, therefore, that the rejection of various items of food by captive animals does not prove that these items are rejected by the same species under natural conditions. Conclusion. It has been demonstrated that behavior of captive animals toward food is not a reliable indication of what wild individuals of the same species would do in the presence of the same food. In other words, since the feeding habits of an animal in captivity may vary widely from its known habits in the natural state, there is no avoiding the conclusion that the results obtained under experimental conditions, do not indicate the part the animal might play in natural selection. We must conclude, therefore, since acceptances and rejections in experiments bear no close relation to food preferences under natural conditions, that the value of experiments to determine the efficiency of warning colors, and other protective adaptations of prey, is very questionable. Having no certain value in themselves, they must be checked up with definite knowledge of the natural food habits. This information is obtained by collecting animals with freshly captured prey and by examination of pellets, castings, and the contents of stomachs or other portions of the alimentary canal. There is no possibility of going back of such evidence on the choice of food, nor is there any need of so doing. Since this evidence is sufficient in itself, and since experimental data must be supported by it to be worthy of any consideration, why perform the experiments? The same time expended in collecting trustworthy data regarding the natural food habits of animals would bring much greater returns, and the result would be truth, not imaginative inferences from abnormal behavior. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 365 A NEW SYNALLAXIS. BY WITMER STONE. In a collection of birds made by Air. Samuel N. Rhoads in Ecuador in 1911, and recently acquired by the Academy, there are several specimens of a Synallaxis which appears to be undescribed, although individuals of apparently the same form have been taken by previous explorers and referred to S. gularis. From typical S. gularis Lafr. from Bogota the Ecuador birds differ very decidedly; the upper surface is much darker and less tawny, while the lower parts are uniform pale tawny olive with no rusty tints on the side nor gray on the breast; the white gular patch and superciliaries are not so pure and the white of the lores and frontlet much obscured with brown and gray. Birds from the Cauca Valley, Colombia, recently described by Mr. F. M. Chapman as Synallaxis gularis rufipectus, are much closer to the Ecuadorian form, having the lower parts uniform, with no trace of gray on the breast, but the colors above and below are much brighter and richer, especially the under parts, while the bill seems to average stronger and heavier. The Ecuador bird may be known as Synallaxis gularis pichinchse subsp. nov. Type, No. 59,432, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, c?, May 1, 1911. Hacienda Garzon, southern foot of Mt. Pichincha, Ecuador, 10,800 ft. elevation. Collected by Samuel N. Rhoads. Upper parts uniform raw umber1 with a slight russet tinge, tail chestnut; lower parts uniform pale tawny olive inclining to isabella color, slightly darker on the sides of the body, gular patch rather dull white, narrow superciliaries white, lores gray, with a dull white stripe above, forming the anterior extension of the superciliary. Wing 58 mm. Culmen 12 mm. A female obtained at the same locality, May 17, and another male, May 5, correspond exactly with the type. My thanks are due to Mr. F. M. Chapman, curator of ornithology in the American Museum of Natural History, for the loan of speci- mens of the new forms of this group recently described by him, as well as for typical specimens of S. gularis, one of which had been compared with the type. These specimens were invaluable in determining the relationships of the Ecuador bird. Colors named according to Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, Boston, 1886. 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, SILICIFIED WOOD FROM THE TRIASSIC OF PENNSYLVANIA. BY EDGAR T. WHERRY, PH.D.1 The occurrence of silicified wood in the Triassic or "Newark" rocks of the eastern United States was first observed in the Richmond Basin. Virginia, by Thomas Nuttall in 182 1,2 and it was shortly afterward discovered in North Carolina3 and in Connecticut,4 but its presence in Pennsylvania does not appear to be mentioned in the literature.5 The inhabitants of southern Bucks and northern Chester and Lancaster Counties have long recognized the character of specimens of it plowed up in their fields, but its scientific interest was first realized by Mr. John F. Vanartsdalen.of Holland, Bucks County,about 1890, who brought it to the attention of the writer several years later. The western Lancaster County occurrences were discovered independently by Professor H. Justin Roddy, of the Millersville State Normal School. Subsequent search has greatly increased the number of localities, so that it is now known to occur at short intervals along the strike of the Triassic rocks, near their base — the southern edge of the belt, since the clip is for the most part gently northward — from the Delaware River to beyond the Susquehanna, a distance of over 100 miles. These relations are well brought out in the accompanying sketch map and geographical table. Table I. Localities of Silicified Wood. B. Bucks County. 1. Roelofs: Farm of George W. DeCoursey, \ mile southeast of the station. 2. Woodbourne: On several farms 1| miles north of the station. 1 This paper, the fourth of the writer's studies on the Triassic, was presented in preliminary form at the meeting of the Academy in association with the Mineralogical and Geological Section on May 18, 1909, but publication was deferred until opportunity for completing the work could be obtained, the final results being announced at the similar meeting on May 21, 1912. 2 Observations on the Geological Structure of the Valley of the Mississippi, [etc.], Jour. An,,]. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, i, p. 37. Olmsted, D. Descriptive Catalogue of Rocks and Minerals Collected in North Carolina, Amer. Jour. Sci., [1], V, p. 261, 1822. 4 Hitchcock, E. Miscellaneous Notices of Mineral Localities, with Geological Remarks, Amer. Jour. Sci. [1], XIV, p. 228, 1828. 5 Compare, however, Prof. O. C. S. Carter: A Ferruginised Tree, Jour. Franklin Inst., CXI.!, pp. 227-229, 189G, which perhaps refers to similar material. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 367 3. Newtown: Bed of Neshaminy Creek, \\ miles west of the town. 4. St. Leonard's: Roadside northeast of station. 5. Rocksville (Holland P. O.): Fields along north bank of Mill Creek. 6. Holland: Fields south and southeast of the station. 7. Churchville: Fields east of station. 8. Center Hill: Fields along ridge just northwest of village and for 2 miles south west ward. 9. Spring Valley: Fields 1 mile to the southwest. 10. Doylestown: Fields 1| miles south of the town. M. Montgomery County. 1. Morganville: Trenton Cut-Off R. R. cut | mile east of station. 2. Jarrettown: Sand quarry \ mile northwest of cross-roads. 3. Maple Glen: Sand quarry south of house of William Teas, \ mile east of cross-roads; this is the "ferruginized tree" locality. C. Chester County. 1. Sheeder: Roadside f mile northeast of cross-roads. 2. Coventry ville : Fields on farm of Isaac D. Rosen, \ mile east of the village. L. Lancaster County. 1. Churchtown: Fields 2 miles northwest of town. 2. Elizabethtown: Penna. R. R. cut \ mile southeast of station; also in fields east and southwest of town. 3. Bainbridge: On several farms about 3 miles to the northeast; and on that of Omar Baughman, one mile north of the town. Y. York County. 1. York Haven: In fields about 2 miles to the south and southeast. 368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, The wood occurs in fragments of all sizes, up to complete trunks a foot or more in diameter and several feet long. It is usually dark brown in color, and almost entirely replaced by granular to minutely crystalline quartz,6 with occasional carbonaceous streaks. Its original vegetable character is almost always evident to the naked eye, although annual rings are never visible; and thin sections, which are readily prepared by grinding with carborundum, after the manner of making ordinary rock-sections, show under the micro- scope every structural detail beautifully outlined in brown. While usually found loose in the fields or along the roads, it has been ob- served in place in several localities, and is always associated with the highly arkosic sandstones or conglomerates which mark the lower portions (Norristown or Stockton formation) of the Triassic. It is not limited to any narrow horizon, however, but occurs at various levels throughout a thickness of at least 5,000 feet of beds, locality M. 1, for instance, being at the very base, and B. 3 at the top, of that formation. The material found outside of Pennsylvania has all been referred to three species, Araucarioxylon virginianum, A. woodworthi, and ( '( droxylon huttonianum ?, the first being the most widely distributed. As a result of the examination of some sixty specimens, about half of which were sectioned by Mr. Vanartsdalen, two new species have been recognized, which are here described as Araucarioxylon vanarts- daleni and Brachyoxylon -pennsylvanianum. The present paper is not to be regarded as the last word upon the subject, however, as it is possible that the discovery of additional material may throw further light on the status and relationships of these species. Genus ARAUCARIOXYLON Kraus. Araucarioxylon virginianum Knowlton. Plate III, figs. 1-3. Fossil Wood and Lignite of the Potomac [and Newark] Formation, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 56, pp. 50-52, pi. VII, 1889. A Revision of the Genus Araucarioxylon of Kraus, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, p. 615, 1889, and Amer. Jour. Sci., [3], XL, p. 257, 1890. Report on some Fossil Wood from the Richmond Basin, Virginia, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., XIX, pt. ii, pp. 516, 517, pi. LII, 1899. Description of a Small Collection of Fossil Wood from the Triassic Area of North Carolina, Ann. Kept. V. S. Geol. Surv. XX, pt, ii, pp. 272-274, pi. XXXVII, 1900. Report on Fossil Wood from the Newark Formation of South Britain, Conn. Ann. Rept, U. S. Geol. Surv., XXI, pt, hi, pp. 161, 162, 1901. Transverse Section: Annual ring indistinct; tracheids thick c Chemical analysis of a Lancaster County specimen (from L. 3) by Prof. Miles Timlin, of the M illersville State Normal School, showed: Si02, 96.5%; 1 '<■,<),, 1.2' , , the remainder being carbonaceous matter. Cf. PI. IV, fig. 6. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 369 walled, moderately large (about 0.04 mm. in diameter) in radial rows. Radial Section: Tracheids long, thick walled; bordered pits in one or frequently two series; wdien in one, in contact and flattened; in two, closely packed, alternate, strongly hexagonal, and nearly covering the walls of the cells (diam. 0.016 to 0.021 mm.); medul- lary rays long, without pits; resin ducts none. Tangential Section: Rays simple, of 1 to 27, usually 10-12 cells about 0.025 mm. in diameter; no pits on walls, but cross- sections of radial wall pits prominent. Occurrence: This species, hitherto found near the base of the Triassic in North Carolina, Virginia, and Connecticut, is now re- ported for the first time from Pennsylvania, being occasionally found at localities B. 2 and B. 5. Relationship: Araucarioxylon (Dadoxylon) rhodeanum Goppert, from the Permian of Silesia, appears from descriptions to be very similar to this species, but distinctive features would no doubt be found if well-preserved specimens could be compared. Araucarioxylon vanartsdaleni ap. nov. Plate III, figs. 3-6. Transverse Section : Annual ring indistinct ; tracheids averag- ing 0.03 mm. in diameter, thick walled. Radial Section: Tracheids long, thick walled, with bordered pits (diam. 0.015-0.020 mm.) usually in single rows, barely touching, and but little compressed; about one cell in every fifty with double rows, which are alternate and hexagonal; medullary rays long (at least, no partitions preserved), without pits; resin ducts absent. Tangential Section: Ray cells rather small (diam. 0.02 mm.), up to 10 in one row, though usually 5 or 6; pits absent. Occurrence: This appears to be the most widespread form in the Triassic of Pennsylvania, occurring at practically every locality on the list. Relationship: When first examined all of the wood with con- tiguous pits was referred to A . virginianum, but the study of a large number of specimens indicates that there are probably two distinct species represented, and the one characterized here differs from A. virginianum as well as from A. woodworthi Knowlton, which occurs near the top of the Triassic in Virginia, in the fewer-celled medullary rays and the predominance of the uniserial arrangement of the pits. It is therefore regarded as new, and named after its discoverer. Its nearest relative in other regions is A. wurtemburg- 370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, iacum Goppert, which is a Jurassic form, but there is no reason to suppose them to be really identical. Genua BRACHYOXYLON Hollick and Jeffrey. Brachyoxylon pennsylvanianum sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 1-5. Cedroxylon .' pennsylvanianum, the writer's communication to the Academy, May 18, L909. Peuce huttoniana Witham ? Rogers, W. B.: [Exhibition of Specimens, with Remarks.] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 17, 18, 1854. Transverse Section: Annual ring distinct; tracheids about 0.035 mm. in diameter, medium walled. Radial Section: Tracheids long, medium walled; bordered pits, 0.010 to 0.012 mm. in diameter, in one or rarely two series, circular, not quite touching, when double in part distant and sub- opposite, yet in other places in the same sections alternating and hexagonal; medullary rays long, without pits; resin ducts absent. Tangential Section: Rays simple, containing from 2 to 30 cells, usually 7-9, about 0.02 mm. wide; no bordered pits visible. Occurrence and Relationships: While the majority of the specimens of silicified wood show the araucarian type of structure, a few fragments, found at four or five localities, differ in having distinctly separated and more or less opposite bordered pits. Ac- cording to Kraus's classification, this material should therefore be referred to the genus Cedroxylon, as was done in the writer's pre- liminary report. But the variation in the character of the pits in different parts of the same section suggests its probable identity with the new genus Brachyoxylon Hollick and Jeffrey,7 in which both alternating double and non-contiguous single rows of pits are present. The occurrence of this type of structure in so early a geological period as the lower Triassic is interesting, although in the absence of any information as to the leaves or other external characters of the plant, discussion of its relationships or significance would be futile. In searching for evidence as to the age of the "Middle Secondary" rocks in Virginia, Rogers had made a microscopical examination of silicified wood from both "western and eastern belts" and thought ii< structure " to agree very nearly with the fossils figured by Witham under the name of Pence Huttonia."* He unfortunately never 7 .Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, N. Y., Mem. N. )'. Hot. Gard., Ill, pp. T.4-57, pi. XIII, 1909. 8 Witham, II. T. M. The Internal Structure of Fossil Vegetables, p. 70, pi. 13; reclassified as Cedroxylon huttonianum by Kraus: Schimper's i< PaUontologie Vegetale, II, p. 371, 1870. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 371 published the exact localities from which it had been obtained, but it may have been identical with the species here characterized, although in the writer's opinion this is more like C. lindleyanum (Witham) Kraus. Both of these species had been described from the Lias of England, and Rogers accordingly inferred the Jurassic age of the American rocks, but there can be no question that our form is really entirely distinct from either, and it is named after the State in which it was discovered. The distribution of these species is shown in the following table; material from localities M. 2 and M. 3 could not be obtained for study. Locality B. 123456789 10 A. virginianum X X A. vanartsdaleni X X X X X X X X X X B. pennsylvanianum X X X Locality M. 1 2 3 C.l 2 L.l 2 3 Y.l A. virginianum A. vanartsdaleni X — X X X X X B. 'pennsylvanianum X X In conclusion, a word may be added concerning the bearing of the fossil wood on the question as to the climate of the Triassic. A prevailing red color in the sediment of any period has now come to be recognized by geologists as an indication that the climate of the time was to some extent arid. The obscurity of the annual ring in these trees may be regarded as pointing to a certain extent9 in the same direction, for it shows that there could not have been any marked seasonal variation in temperature conditions, and the sim- plest way in which this could occur would be under the prevalence of a dry climate, caused perhaps by some peculiarity of configuration of continents or elevation of mountains, which produced a different circulation of the atmosphere from that prevailing here at present. The arkosic matrix of the wood specimens (from the feldspar of which their silica has been derived) is also suggestive of the same state of affairs, for it must have been formed under conditions where disintegration exceeded decomposition, so that the feldspar and other silicates could be broken up without extensive chemical altera- tion, and although this could result equally well in frigid as in arid climates, there is no direct evidence for the former, so that the 9 Although the value of this evidence is limited by the fact that living arau- carias show little annual ring, even though growing in temperate climates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, latter remains as the most probable climatic condition of the Triassic period in Eastern North America. Explanation of Plates III, IV. Plate III. — Fig. 1. — Araucarioxylon virginianum Knowlton. Locality B. 5. Transverse section, X 20. No definite annual ring. Fig. 2. — .Same. Radial section, X 40. Shows several double rows of pits. Fig. 3. — Same. Tangential section, X 40. Shows cross-section of medul- lary rays and of radial wall pits. Fig. 4. — Araucarioxylon vanartsdaleni sp. nov. Locality B. 5. Transverse section, X 20. No annual ring. Fig. 5. — Same. Radial section, X 40. Shows one of the very rare double rows of pits. Fig. 6. — Same. Tangential section, X 40. Shows few-celled rays. Plate IV. — Fig. 1. — Brachyoxylon -pennsrjlvanianum sp. nov. Locality C. 1. Transverse section, X 20. Shows distinct annual ring of four layers of small cells just above middle. Fig. 2. — Same. Radial section, X 40. Shows single rows of pits, dis- tinctly separated. Fig. 3. — Same. Tangential section, X 40. Shows medullary rays. Fig. 4. — Same. Another radial section, X 40. Shows several double rows of pits, which are only partially alternate. Fig. 5. — Same as figure 4, but X 100. Fig. 6. — The section shown in Plate III, fig. 3, under crossed nicols (X 40), showing the complete replacement by crystalline quartz. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 373 AGE AND CORRELATION OF THE "NEW RED" OR NEWARK GROUP IN PENNSYLVANIA. BY EDGAR T. WHERRY, PH.D.1 The so-called "New Red" or Newark group of rocks of the Eastern United States has heretofore been almost universally regarded as a geologic and paleontologic unit, and correlated with the Rhsetic or uppermost Triassic of Europe. Mr. Benj. Smith Lyman, Director of the Mineralogical and Geological Section, who was the first to make a detailed study of any portion of these beds, found them in eastern Pennsylvania to be unexpectedly thick (27,000 feet) and capable of considerable subdivision, and accordingly put forward the suggestion that the group is not all of the same age, but that its deposition began in some portion of the late Paleozoic and con- tinued throughout the Triassic and perhaps even into the Jurassic.2 This view was considered briefly by Ward3 and cast aside, but the question has never been really settled, and is here reopened and discussed in detail. The Paleozoic age of the lowermost beds was inferred by Mr. Lyman from the supposed occurrence of: Lepidodendron of Lower Carboniferous type at Newark, N. J. Calamites of Permian age at Holicong, Bucks County, Pa. Dendrophycus of Devonian aspect at Portland, Conn. To which may be added, silicified wood related to Permian species of Europe as described by Knowlton4 and by the writer.5 The identification of the Lepidodendron was made by Lesquereux on a photograph of a poorly preserved fragment, and must therefore at best be regarded as doubtful, even had no other examination of the material ever been made. But Newberry6 and Fontaine,7 studying the same or a similar specimen, agreed that it represents a conifer, probably Abies or Palissya, while Berry thinks that "all that can be safely said is that it is the decorticated trunk of a gym- 1 The subject-matter of this paper has been presented in the form of occasional notes at meetings of the Mineralogical and Geological Section of the Academy. 2 Age of the Newark Brownstone, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XXXIII, pp. 5-10; and Some New Red Horizons, ib., pp. 192-215, 1894. 3 Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the U. S., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., XX, pt. ii, pp. 218-221, 1900. 4 Fossil Wood and Lignite of the Potomac [and Newark] Formation, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 56, p. 52, 1889. 5 Preceding paper. 6 Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley, Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv., XIV, pp. 94, 95, 1888. 7 In Ward's Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the U. S., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., XX, pt. ii, p. 219, 1900. 374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, aosperm."8 As a matter of fact, the building-stone beds, from which it was obtained, are stratigraphically many thousand feet above the base of the Triassic. The Calamites from Bucks County, discovered many years ago by Mr. John S. Ash, had been identified by Lesquereux as Calamites >;. 7 (after Jeffreys). Octopus vulgaris Appellof, 1886, p. 7. Octopus vulgaris Ortmann, 1888, p. 642. Polypus vulgaris Wulker, 1910, p. 5. As I have had no European specimens of P. vulgaris available for comparison, I cannot feel personally certain that the following- specimens are correctly referred to this species, but I think little doubt exists that they are conspecific with the form so identified 1 Octopus Fang-siao and Octopus sinensis are names applied by d'Orbigny to certain rude illustrations of Chinese or Japanese origin and published by him without any real diagnosis. They arc nearly or quite unrecognizable and probably can never have any standing. Appellof has suggested that O. Fang-siao belongs to the synonymy of O. ocellatus. Tryon refers O. sinensis without hesitation to O. membranaceus, Hoyte somewhat dubiously unites it with O. areolatus, while Appellof places it with a query under O. vulgaris. 1912.J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 387 by the various other writers on Japanese cephalopods. The fact that the lateral arms are usually notably longer than the others, the minute conical hectocotylus, reticulate surface, and reddish- gray color seem to be very characteristic. The lateral arms in the male show a conspicuous enlargement of one or (occasionally) more of the suckers near the umbrella margin, as has been noted in numer- ous other species. The dimensions of two cf specimens are given below : [Xo. 339] [Xo mm. Total length to tip of arms 6102 Length of mantle (dorsal) 101 Width of mantle 85 Width of neck 47 Width of head 53 Length of funnel 45 Length of right dorsal arm, outside measurement . 3952 Length of left dorsal arm, outside measurement 4102 Length of right second arm, outside measurement 470+2 Length of left second arm, outside measurement 4402 Length of right third arm, outside measurement . 3802 Length of left third arm, outside measurement 4202 Length of right ventral arm, outside measurement. 3802 Length of left ventral arm, outside measurement 3802 Length of hectocotylus 4 Length of umbrella between dorsal arms no Length of umbrella between ventral arms 70 Diameter of largest sucker 20 . 337] mm. 3552 71 60 39 40 33 2202 2002 2652 2452 2052 2502 2302 2252 3 . 50 35 13 Material Exam ined. — Xo. Sp. Locality. Sex. 1 Misaki, Sagami cf 1 Misaki, Sagami 1 Bay of Waka, Kii 9 3 Tsuruga, Echizen 9 1 Tsuruga, Echizen cf Collectors. Jordan and Snyder Jordan and Snyder Jordan and Snyder Jordan and Snyder Jordan and Snyder 3 Tsuruga, Echizen 2d 1$ Jordan and Snyder D. S. Jordan D. S. Jordan 2 Fusan, Korea cf 1 Fusan, Korea 9 Where Author's deposited. Register. L.S.J.U., 336 Cat. 2,000 L.S.J.U.. 345 Cat, 2,001 L.S.J.U., 335 Cat, 2,002 L.S.J.U., 338 Cat. 2,004 L.S.J.U., 339 Cat. 2,003 Not re- 340 tained L.S.J.U., 337 Cat. 2,005 L.S.J.U., 334 Cat. 2,006 2 Measurements necessarily inaccurate. 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Distribution. — Bay of Tokio (Ortmann) ; Misaki, Sagami ! (Wiil- ker) ; Nagasaki (Appellof) ; Bay of Waka, Kii ( !) ; Tsuruga, Echizen (!); Fusan, Korea (!). Nearly cosmopolitan in the Atlantic, Medi- terranean, and Indian Oceans. Polypus granulatus (Lamarck, 1799). Sepia rugosa Bosc, 1792, p. 24, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2 (fide Hoyle). Octopus granulatus Lamarck, 1799, p. 20. Octopus rugosus Brock. 1887, p. 605. ? Octopus kagoshimensis Ortmann, 1888, p. 644, pi. 21, fig. 2. Octopus rugosus Ortmann, 1891, p. 669. Octopus granulatus Joubin, 1897a, p. 99. Polypus granulatus Wiilker, 1910, p. 5. An almost cosmopolitan species characterized by its short, sub-equal arms, only about double the length of the body (Brock), and usually having the formula 4, 3, 2, 1 ; the warted surface (apparently a very variable feature), coloration, etc. I have not discovered this form in any of the material at my disposal. Distribution. — Washinokami, Rikuzen (Wiilker) ; Misaki, Sagami (Wiilker); Nagasaki, Hizen (Joubin). Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, etc. [Polypus kagoshimensis (Ortmann, 1888).] Octopus kagoshimensis Ortmann, 1888, p. 664, pi. 21, fig. 2. Octopus rugosus (pars) Ortmann, 1891, p. 669. Polypus granulatus (pars ?) Wiilker, 1910, p. 6. Three years after its description this species was referred by Ortmann himself to 0. rugosus Bosc. (granulatus), and the same course has been somewhat doubtfully followed by Wiilker. Distribution. — Kagoshima (type locality, Ortmann). Polypus globosus (Appellof, 1886). Octopus globosus Appellof, 1886, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 4, 5. Octopus globosus Ortmann, 1888, p. 662. Octopus rugosus (pars) Ortmann, 1891, p. 669. Octopus globosus Goodrich, 1896, p. 19, pi. 5, fig. SI (hectocotylus). Octopus globosus Joubin, 1897«, p. 98. Octopus globosus Appellof, 1898, p. 565. Polypus globosus Hoyle, 1909, p. 259 (no description). This is a rather small species belonging to the same group as P. granulatus and P. kagoshimensis: It has been united with P. rugosus (granulatus) by Ortmann. but this disposition has since been vigorously combated by Appellof. Distribution. — Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof). Ternate (Appellof); Straits of Malacca (Goodrich) ; Kabusa Is. (Goodrich) ; Nicobar Is. (Goodrich); Bombay (Goodrich): Point Galle, Ceylon (Goodrich). 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 389 Polypus pusillus (Gould, 1852). Octopus pusillus Gould, 1852, p. 478, fig. 591. Octopus pusillus Tryon, 1879, p. 112, pi. 31, figs. 31-33. Octopus pusillus Ortmann, 1888, p. 644, pi. 21, fig. 1. ? Polypus pusillus Hoyle, 1904, p. 16, pi. 4, fig. 5. The identity and important characters of this species are scarcely yet established upon a firm basis, for it seems to me questionable whether the Western Pacific specimens referred by Hoyle (1904) to P. pusillus are really conspecific with Gould's type. The rela- tively wide umbrella (one fourth as long as the arms) arm formula 1, 2, 3, 4, lack of cirri, smooth skin, and large, prominent eyes appear to be the most salient features noted in Gould's de- scription. Distribution. — Kagoshima, Satsuma (Ortmann). Mangsi Islands, China Sea (type locality, Gould) ; off the southwest coast of Central America (Hoyle). Polypus macropus (Risso, 1826). Octopus macropus Risso, 1826, vol. 4, p. 3 (fide Hoyle). Octopus Cuvierii d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, 1826, Poulpes, pi. 4 {fide Hoyle). Octopus Cuvieri Appellof, 1886, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 6. Octopus macropus Hoyle, 1886, pp. 11, 95. Octopus macropus Ortmann, 1888, p. 643, pi. 21, fig. 3 (hectocotylus). Octopus macropus Joubin, 1897a, p. 99. Polypus macropus Wi'ilker, 1910, p. 8. The loose, soft, elongate body; long, attenuate, and very unequal arms; short umbrella; curiously formed hectocotylus, and nearly smooth surface serve to distinguish P. macropus from any of its Japanese congeners. The arms of the various pairs are conspicu- ously different in proportion, their order persistently 1, 2, 3, 4, and the dorsal pair much the stoutest and longest. The right third arm of the cf is scarcely half as long as its mate of the opposite side and terminates in an extremely conspicuous, oblong, trough-shaped hectocotylus, ornamented with perhaps 8 or 9 prominent transverse ridges on its inner surface and so thickened as to greatly exceed the adjacent portion of the arm in diameter. The skin is in general smooth, but the present material shows usually about three small conical tubercles just above and behind each eye-opening, with a few scattered smaller ones occasionally apparent over the rest of the dorsum. The more important measurements of two specimens are given below, both being males: 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July Length, total I ,ength of mantle, dorsal Width of mantle Width of neck Width of head Length of funnel 1 .rugth of right dorsal arm (outside measurement). . Length of left dorsal arm (outside measurement) Length of right second arm (outside measurement)... Length of left second arm (outside measurement) I .( ugth of right third arm (outside measurement).... ... Length of left third arm (outside measurement) Length of right ventral arm (outside measurement ). Length of left ventral arm (outside measurement) Length of hectocotylus Width of hectocotylus Width of umbrella between dorsal arms Width of umbrella between ventral arms 327. No. 325. mm. mm. 225 320 75 45 30 29 13 15 21 20 41 30 390 140+ 435 255 300 + 195 305 190+ 140 90 245 170 175 + 156 215 152 20 9 7 3.5 65 34 30 26 Distribution. — Hakodate, Oshima (!); Aomori, Mutsu (!); Matsu- shima, Rikuzen (!); Bay of Tokio (Ortmann); Misaki, Sagami Wtilker !); Yokohama (Hoyle); Bay of Waka, Kii (!); Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof). Canary Islands, Mediterranean Sea, etc. As this species has also been recorded from the Red Sea, Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malacca, and various other localities, its area of distribution appears to form a continuous belt along the entire southern and south- western shores of the Eurasian continent. It is represented in the Stanford University collections by an excellent series of specimens from the following localities: No. Sp. Locality. Sex. Collectors. 1 Hakodate, Oshima arm). Distribution. — Todohokke, Oshima (type locality, Wulker). Polypus sp. Young. Catalogue Xo. 2,012, Stanford University Invertebrate Series, contains four small cf Polypi taken by Snyder and Sindo at Tane- gashiBaa Island, Japan [S. S. B. No. 344]. These agree briefly in the following characters, but I am unable to refer them with certainty to any of the described species: Body plump, firm, rounded; head short and broad. Dorsal surface finely and quite evenly granulose with numerous minute, acute, pointed papilla?; one or two larger ones over each eye; smooth below. Arms moderate, subequal, evenly tapering, about three times as long as the head and body, their order 3 = 2, 4, 1. Suckers large, crowded; one or two of those just inside the web margin on the lateral arms a little larger than the rest, but not abruptly or con- spicuously so. Hectocotylized arm scarcely at all shorter than its mate of the opposite side; the terminal organ very small, smooth, elongate, spoon-shaped. Umbrella short, about equally developed all around. 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, ( !olor a dark blackish slate, paler below and within the arms. Measurements. mm. mm. mm. Total length 106 So 78 Length of mantle (dorsal) 18 15 15 Width of mantle 20 15 14 Width of neck 14 11.5 lO.o Width of head 15 14 13 Length of funnel 10 9 6 Length of right dorsal arm 70 56 50 Length of left dorsal arm 71 55 49 Length of right second arm 75+ 64 54 Length of left second arm 83 65 54 Length of right third arm 78 65 60 Length of left third arm 84 65 60 Length of right ventral arm 75 58+ 58 Length of left ventral arm 75 58 61 Length of hectocotylus 3 3 3 Length of umbrella between dorsal arms 14 14 8 Length of umbrella between ven- tral arms 11 12 8 These specimens in certain ways suggest the P. globosus of Appellof , but the order .of the arms is decidedly different, and the hectocotylus, though very much smaller, is of a similar type to that prevailing in the hongkongensis group. The possibility has not been over- looked that they may be young P. dofleini, but here again the arm formula1 fail to coincide. Polypus januarii (Steenstrup, 1885). Octopus januarii "Steenstrup, MS.," Hoyle, 1885a, p. 229. Octopus januarii "Steenstrup, MS.," Hoyle, 1885c, p. 105. Octopus januarii Hoyle, 1886, pp. 11, 76, 97, etc., pi. 7, fig. 4. Octopus Januarii Goodrich, 1896, p. 19. Polypus januarii Hoyle, 1904, p. 18, pi. 5, fig. 2 (radula). A very distinct species, well differentiated from all other Japanese Polypi by its soft, smooth integument, pinkish color, swollen eyes, extensive umbrella, short conical hectocotylus, and abyssal habit. It has been taken in this region only by the "Challenger," which secured a single cf specimen at a depth of 1875 fathoms in the North Pacific east of Japan (Hoyle, 1886). Distribution. — North Pacific, east of Japan (Hoyle). Off Barra ( Irande, Brazil (type locality, Hoyle) ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Hoyle) ; Bay of Bengal (Goodrich); Andaman Sea (Goodrich); off the ( !ocos [slands ( Hoyle). 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 393 Polypus pictus fasciatus (Hoyle, 1886). Octopus pictus var. fasciata Hoyle, 1S86, p. 94, pi. 8, fig. 3. Octopus pictus var. fasciata Goodrich, 1896, p. 19, pi. 5, fig. 82 (hectocotylus). Polypus pictus var. fasciata Wulker, 1910, p. 6. Characterized by its conspicuous and definite color pattern com- prising various bands of pigment on the body and series of roundish blotches along the outer surfaces of the arms. Distribution. — Aburatsubo, Sagami (Wulker). Port Jackson, Aus- tralia (type locality, Hoyle, Goodrich). Polypus ocellatus (Gray, 1849). Octopus ocellatus d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, Poulpes, pi. 9, upper fig. (fide Gray). Octopus ocellatus Gray, 1849, p. 15. Octopus membranaceus Tryon (pars), 1879, p. 285 (merely listed), pi. 29, fig. 8. Octopus ocellatus Appellof, 1886, p. 8, pi. 1, figs. 1-3. Octopus areolatus Hoyle (pars), 1886, pp. 8, 86. Octopus ocellatus Brock, 1887, pp. 608, 611. Octopus ocellatus Ortmann, 1888, p. 662 (mere note). Octopus ocellatus Joubin, 1898, p. 22. The status of this species is still very uncertain as it is not quite apparent whether the Octopus ocellatus Gray is the same as the Chinese drawing to which the same name was previously applied by d'Orbigny, or whether the 0. ocellatus Appellof is in turn identical with that of Gray. Tryon refers Gray's species to 0. membranaceus, while Hoyle places 0. ocellatus of both Gray and Appellof in the synonymy of 0. areolatus. However, Appellof's determination has been called in question by Brock. Wulker, the most recent writer on the subject, lists the species as P. ocellatus Gray. Distribution. — Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof); China Sea (type locality, Gray). Polypus areolatus (de Haan, 1838). Octopus areolatus de Haan MS., 1S35 (fide d'Orbigny). Octopus areolatus d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, 1838, p. 65. ? Octopus sinensis d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, 1838, p. 68, pi. 9. Octopus areolatus d'Orbigny, 1845, p. 186. ? Octopus ocellatus Gray, 1849, p. 15. Octopus areolatus Hoyle, 1886, pp. 8, 86, 205, etc., pi. 3, figs. 6, 7. Octopus areolatus Brock, 1887, pp. 610, 611. Octopus brocki Ortman, 1888, p. 645. Octopus areolatus Ortmann, 1888, p. 662. Octopus areolatus Joubin, 1894, p. 28. Octopus areolatus Joubin, 1898, p. 22. Polypus areolatus Hoyle, 1904, p. 16. Polypus areolatus Wulker, 1910, p. 6. P. areolatus is a small species with a compact, pyriform body, widest posteriorly, and with a conspicuous ventral furrow. The head is small and weakly differentiated from the body. The dorsal 26 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, surface is quite heavily and evenly papillose with either (1) soft polygonal tubercles, or (2) almost a shagreen of small stellate warts, or (3) fairly smooth when poorly preserved. Ventrally the papillae become nearly obsolete. A group of two large and several smaller papillae surmounts either eye. The arms are almost of a length, the second pair slightly longer than the others, but not much more than twice as long as the head and body taken together. They taper evenly to slender extremities. In the male the third right arm is only a little shorter than its mate. The very ample marginal canal is transversely striate within and terminates in a faint groove running down the inner face of the small naked elongate-conical hectocotylus. One sucker of the fifth or sixth pairs on each lateral arm shows a conspicuous enlargement. The color of preserved specimens is a dark slaty-brown, paler below and on the inner surface of the umbrella. Obliquely in front Fig. 1. — Polypus areolntus, outline drawing of funnel organ, X 2; [148]. of and below the eye on either side is a conspicuous eye-like spot, comprising a dark outer ring enclosing within it a narrower ring of a lighter color (usually bluish and showing a faint metallic lustre), and within this a central zone of the same dark shade as the outer ring. There is also a definable but less conspicuous ovoid spot between the eyes of a lighter and browner tint than the general surface. The ocular markings of the six specimens in the Stanford University collection seem much larger than those of the animal figured by Hoyle in the Challenger Report, but I have no doubt b that they are correctly referred to the same species. i measurements of a well-preserved male are given below, the men referred to being No. 148 of the author's register. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 395 mm. Total length 203 Length of body (dorsal) 42 Width of body 35 Width of neck 20 Width of head 21 Length of funnel 20 Length of right dorsal arm (inside measurement) 134 Length of left dorsal arm (inside measurement) 130 Length of right second arm (inside measurement) 85+ Length of left second arm (inside measurement) 142 Length of right third arm (inside measurement) 120 Length of left third arm (inside measurement) 121 + Length of right ventral arm (inside measurement) 125 Length of left ventral arm (inside measurement) 120+ Length of hectocotylus 7 Length of umbrella between dorsal arms 28 Length of umbrella between ventral arms * 24 Dimensions of ocular spot of right side 7 x 12 Ortmann separates his P. brocki from P. areolatus on account of (1) the larger ocular spots; (2) the nearly smooth skin; (3) the unusual enlargement of the suckers, and (4) the presence of a brown spot between the eyes. Wulker considers part of these characters due to the preservation and suggests that the remainder are equally applicable to P. areolatus. The present specimens bear out this opinion very fairly. Distribution. — Aomori, Mutsu (!); Tsuruga, Echizen (!); Tokio (!); 100 meters off Misaki, Sagami (Wulker); 110 meters off Dzushi, Sagami (Wulker); Bay of Waka, Kii (!); Kagoshima, Satsuma (Ortmann). Hong Kong (Hoyle); south of Papua (Hoyle). Material Examined. — No. Where Author's Sp. Locality. Sex. Collectors. deposited. Register. 2 Aomori, Mutsu d" Jordan and L.S.J.U., 329 Snyder Cat. 2,013 1 Tsuruga, Echizen c? Jordan and L.S.J. U., 148 Snyder Cat, 2,014 1 Tokio cf Jordan and L.S.J.U., 347 Snyder Cat, 2,015 1 Bay of Waka, Kii 9 Jordan and L.S.J.U., 330 Snyder Cat. 2,017 A specimen entered as L. S. J. U., Cat, 2,018 (S. S. B. No. 332], collected by Jordan and Snyder at Tsuruga, Echizen, is not only much larger than any of the specimens above referred to P. areolatus, 39(3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, but differs from them so conspicuously in several quite important characters that I feel considerable uncertainty as to whether it is specifically identical with them. There is a large irregular tubercle over each eye, but except for this the skin is almost perfectly smooth. At various points on the dorsal surface, however, are to be observed a few small scattered pit-like indentations resembling impressed papilla?, most conspicuous being a diamond-shaped group of four on the middle of the back. The arms are about three and a half times as long as the head and body and very unequal, though this appears to be clue to the fact that many of them have been mutilated and are undergoing regenera- tion. The enlarged suckers and hectocotylus are similar to those just described for P. areolatus. The color is exceedingly dark and the heavy pigmentation extends over even the inner surfaces of the aims and periphery of the suckers, so that the pale inner surfaces of the latter stand out very conspicuously against the slate-colored background. The ocular markings are nearly circular, and the inner light colored ring is nearly as wide as the one enclosing it. There are also traces of another light colored zone or ring outside the latter. The inmost dark core is conspicuously smaller than in the specimens described above. The dimensions are as follows: mm. Total length 340 Length of body (dorsal) 53 Width of body 50 Width of neck 32 Width of head 37 Length of right dorsal arm 230 Length of left dorsal arm 260 Length of right second arm 200 Length of left second arm 265 Length of right third arm 102! Length of left third arm 160* Length of right ventral arm HO3 Length of left ventral arm 240 Length of hectocotylus 33 Length of umbrella between dorsal arms 33 Length of umbrella between ventral arms 32 Diameter of oculation, maximum ll|x 14 Diameter of oculation, excluding outermost light ring 8 x 10 3 Regenerating. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 397 [Polypus membranaceus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832).] Octopus membranaceus Quoy and Gaimard, 1S32, p. 89, pi. 6, fig. 5. Octopus membranaceus d'Orbignv and Ferussac, 1838, p. 43, Poulpes, pis. 10, 28 (/ided'Orbigny). Octopus membranaceus d'Orbignv, 1845, p. 181. Octopus membranaceus Gray, 1849, p. 13. Octopus membranaceus Tryon, 1879, p. 124, pi. 28, figs. 20, 21. Amphioctopus membranaceus Fischer, 1882, p. 333. Octopus membranaceus Brock, 1887, pp. 609, 612. Octopus membranaceus Ortmann, 1888, p. 662 (mere note). Octopus areolatus Joubin (pars), 1894, p. 28. Reported from Japan by Tryon, who included with this species as synonyms the 0. ocellatus and 0. sinensis of d'Orbignv. The occurrence of undoubted membranaceus in this region needs con- firmation. Family AMPHITRETID^E Hoyle, 1886. Genus AMPHITRETUS Hoyle, 18S5. Amphitretus pelagicus Hoyle, 1885. Amphitretus pelagicus Hoyle, 1885, p. 271, fig. 106. Amphitretus pelagicus Hoyle, 1885a, p. 235. Amphitretus j)elagicus Hoyle, 1885c, p. 113, fig. Amphitretus pelagicus Hoyle, 1886, pp. 4, 67, etc., pi. 9, figs. 7-9. Amphitretus pelagicus Ijima and Ikeda, 1902, pp. 85-101, text figs. 1-3, pi. 2. Distribution. — Okinose Bank, near Misaki, Sagami (Ijima and Ikeda). Off the Kermadec Islands (type locality, Hoyle). Family ALLOPOSIDiE Verrill, 1881. Genus ALL0P0SUS Verrill, 1881. Alloposus pacificus Ijima, 1902. Alloposus pacificus Ijima in Ijima and Ikeda, 1902, p. 87, note. A species not yet sufficiently characterized. Distribution. — Sagami Sea (type locality, Ijima). Sub-order DECAPODA Leach, 1818. Division Myopsida d'Orbigny, 1845. Family LOLIGINID^J Steenstrup, 1861. Genus L0LIG0 Schneider, 1784. Among cephalopods only Polypus and Sepia exceed the wide- spread genus Loligo, in the number of species known from Japanese waters. The following species have been described or identified from this region : L. edulis. L. sumatrensis. L. chinensis. L. japonica. L. kobiensis. L. tetradynamia. L. bleekeri. L. aspera. 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Loligo edulis Hoyle, 1885. Loligo edulis Hoyle, 18856, p. 186. Loligo edulis Hoyle, 1885d, p. 289. Loligo edulis Hoyle, 1886, pp. 29, 152, etc., pi. 23. Loligo edulis Ortmann, 1888, pp. 658, 663. Loligo edulis Brazier, 1892, p. 16 (locality record). Three specimens in the collections examined agree very fairly with the description given by Hoyle. Two lots of young individuals are referred provisionally to the same species. Distribution. — Aomori, Mutsu (!); Same, Mutsu (!); Bay of Tokio (!); Yokohama (type locality, Hoyle); Bay of Waka, Kii (!). Port Jackson, Australia (Brazier). Material Examined. — No . Where Author' s iSp. Locality. Sex. Collectors. deposited. Register. 1 Bay of Tokio 9 E.S.Morse Yale Univ. 363 Mus., Cat. 9,641 2 Bay of Waka, Kii d" Jordan and L.S.J.U., 372 Snyder Cat. 2,030 ?36 Aomori, Mutsu juv. Jordan and L.S.J.U., 373 Snyder Cat. 2,028 ? 4 Same, Mutsu juv. Jordan and L.S.J.U., 374 Snyder Cat. 2,029 Loligo chinensis Gray, 1849. Loligo chinensis Gray, 1849, p. 74. Loligo chinensis Tryon, 1879, p. 145. Loligo chinensis Ortmann, 1888, pp. 657, 665, pi. 24; pi. 25, figs. 2a-2d. Distribution.— Bay of Tokio (Ortmann); Kadsiyama (Ortmann). China (type locality, Gray). Loligo kobiensis Hoyle, 1885. Loligo kobiensis Hoyle, 18856, p. 184. Loligo kobiensis Hoyle, 1885d, p. 287. Loligo kobiensis Hoyle, 1886, pp. 29, 154, etc., pi. 25, figs. 1-10. Loligo kobiensis Ortmann, 1888, pp. 659, 665. A species well characterized among all Japanese forms, except L. aspera, by its large tentacular suckers, the horny rings of which are devoid of teeth. Distribution.— Inland Sea (Hoyle); Bay of Kobe, Settsu (type y, Hoyle); Onomichi, Bingo (!); Nagasaki, Hizen (!); Mai- zuru, Tango (Ortmann). 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 399 Material Examined. — No. Where Author's Sp. Locality. Sex. Collectors. deposited. Register. 2 Onomichi, Bingo cf 9 Jordan and L.S.J.U., 365 Snyder Cat. 2,031 2 Nagasaki; Hizen 9 Jordan and L.S.J.U., 366 Snyder Cat. 2,032 Loligo bleekeri Keferstein, 1866. Loligo Bleekeri Keferstein, 1866, p. 1402, pi. 122, figs. 9, 10; pi. 127, fig. 14. Loligo Bleekeri Tryon, 1879, p. 149, pi. 57, figs. 185, 186. Loligo Bleekeri Brock, 1882, p. 604. Loligo Bleekeri Appellof, 1886, p. 31, pi. 1, figs. 7-10. Loligo bleekeri Hoyle, 1886, pp. 30, 158, etc. Loligo bleekeri Ortmann, 1888, pp. 664, 665 (mere note). Loligo bleekeri Joubin, 1894, p. 56. Loligo bleekeri Wiilker, 1910, pp. 10, 36, etc., pi. 4, fig. 30 (digestive system). Distribution. — Aburatsubo, Sagami (Wiilker); Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof). Amboina (Joubin). Loligo sumatrensis d'Orbigny, 1839. Loligo sumatrensis d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, 1839, p. 317; Calmars, pi. 13, figs. 1-3 (fide Hoyle). Loligo sumatrensis d'Orbigny, 1845, p. 349. Teuthis sumatrensis Gray, 1849, p. 77. Loligo Sumatrensis Tryon, 1879, p. 145, pi. 58, figs. 190, 191 (after d'Orb.). Loligo sumatrensis ? Appellof, 1886, p. 32, pi. 1, fig. 11; pi. 3, figs. 11-15. Loligo sumatrensis Ortmann, 1888, p. 664 (merely listed). Distribution. — Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof). Sumatra (type local- ity, d'Orbigny). Loligo japonica Steenstrup, 1885. Loligo japonica Steenstrup, MS., in Hoyle, 18856, p. 187. Loligo japonica Steenstrup, MS., in Hoyle, 1885cZ, p. 290. Loligo japonica Hoyle, 18S6, pp. 30, 157, etc., pi. 24, figs. 7-15. Loligo japonica Ortmann, 1888, p. 663. The nearest ally of this distinct little species is the next following and it now appears quite likely that the two are identical. Distribution. — Yokohama (Hoyle); Aburatsubo, Sagami (Wiilker). Loligo tetradynamia Ortmann, 1888. Loligo tetradynamia Ortmann, 188S, p. 659, pi. 23, figs. 4a-ik; pi. 25, fig. 1. This small and curious species, although admittedly showing close affinity to L. japonica, was differentiated by Ortmann on* the following grounds : 1. The suckers of the lateral arms are very much larger than those of the dorsal and ventral pairs, a condition prevailing equally in both sexes. 2. There are no suckers upon the buccal membrane. 3. The arms of the third pair do not possess a membranous keel. 4. The structure of the hectocotylus is different. 400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Viewed casually, these features appear sufficiently diagnostic. Nevertheless, an examination of the large series of. specimens before me causes me to incline very strongly to the opinion that L. tetra- dynamia will eventually prove to be entirely synonymous with L. japonica, although the differences apparent in the descriptions of the hectocotylized arms and one or two other less important divergencies deter me at present from uniting them. In this regard a comparison of the respective type specimens with one another would certainly prove of the utmost service. The present specimens appear to belong beyond dispute to L. tetradynamia, and yet in several particulars Ortmann's diagnosis is not quite sufficient 'to embrace them. The hectocotylus is as de- scribed by Ortmann. Likewise the suckers of the lateral arms are invariably of conspicuously greater size than those of the dorsal and ventral pairs. However, this statement is decidedly not true of both sexes in equal degree, since in all the males I have seen the suckers of the lateral arms are at least half again as large as those of a female of the same size. Other differences to be noted are that the horny rings of the larger tentacular suckers are toothed all round, not alone upon the distal border, with some 23-25 blunt teeth, and that the arms of the third pair are possessed of a decided keel. Indeed, the females accord suspiciously well* with the specimen of japonica taken by the Challenger Expedition in the Yokohama Market. The chief points of difference are that here the dorsal arms are distinctly keeled instead of rounded, as stated by Hoyle, and he makes no mention of the great disparity in the size of the suckers, although his phrase "and vary in size in accordance with the arms on which they are situated" may amount to the same thing. Comparison with his excellent figure distinctly fortifies the latter interpretation. Likewise the tentacles are compressed and angular rather than cylindrical, and I have discovered no suckers on the buccal membrane, though I do not regard this observation as proving their absence there. These items of difference, however, seem to be very minor, and were it not for Hoyle's careful description of the curious hectocotylized arm of a male in the Copenhagen Museum which he held to be eonspecific with his type, there could be little hesitation in relegating L. tetradynamia to the synonymy. Distribution.— Same, Mutsu (!); Bay of Tokio (type locality, Ortmann, etc. !); Okayama, Bizen (!); Kochi, Toza (Ortmann); Kawatana, Hizen (!). 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 401 Material Exam ined. — No. Where Author's Sp. Locality. Sex. Collectors. deposited. Register. 2 Same, Mutsu tf Jordan and L.S.J. U., 369 Snyder Cat, 2,033 5 Bay of Tokio & 9 E. S. Morse Yale Univ. 367 Mus., Cat, o,e:o 1 Bay of Tokio 9 E.S.Morse S.S.B., 368 coll., 2,404 14 Tokio cf 9 Jordan and L.S.J.U., 370 Snyder Cat, 2,034 1 Okavama, Bizen cf AlanOwston L.S.J.U., 393 Cat. 2,086 7 Kawatana, Hizen cf1 9 Jordan and L.S.J.U., 371 Snyder Cat. 2,035 LoligO aspera Ortmann, 1888. Loligo aspera Ortmann, 1888, p. 661, pi. 25, figs. 3a-3d. This species is so far known only from Kochi, Toza, the type locality, and I am not aware that it has been observed since its original description by Ortmann. Genus SEPIOTEUTHIS Blainville, 1S25. [Sepioteuthis sinensis d'Orbigny, 1S39.] Sepioteuthis sinensis d'Orbigny, in d'Orbigny and Ferussac, 1839, p. 304. Sepioteuthis sinensis d'Orbigny, 1845, p. 329. Sepioteuthis sinensis Tryon, 1879, p. 154. D'Orbigny applied this name to a squid said to be eaten by the Japanese. No specific characters have been given. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Ferussac, 1826. PI. VI, figs. 3, 5. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Ferussac in d'Orbigny, 1S26, p. 155. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Lesson, 1830, p. 241, pi. 11. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana d'Orbigny and Ferussac, 1S39, p. 302; Sepiot., pi. 1; pi. 6, figs. 9-14 (fide Hoyle). Sepioteuthis Lessoniana d'Orbigny, 1845, p. 326. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Gray, 1849, p. SO. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Keferstein, 1866, p. 1402, pi. 122, fig. 7. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Tryon, 1879, p. 152, pi. 62, fig. 212; pi. 64, fig. 213. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Appellof, 1886, p. 31. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Hoyle, 1886, pp. 27, 151, etc. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Ortmann, 188S, pp. 657, 665. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Ortmann, 1891, p. 676. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Joubin, 1894, p. 39. Sepioteuthis Lessoniana Joubin, 1S98, p. 26. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Hoyle, 1909, p. 265. Sepioteuthis lessoniana Wiilker, 1910, pp. 11, 28, 36, etc., pi. 3, fig. 28; pi. 4, figs. 29, 31. Body elongate, massive, dorso-ventrally compressed; contour elon- gate ovoid, tapering rapidly to a blunt point behind. Mantle very 402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, thick and heavy; its anterior margin free, produced forward to a rounded point in the nuchal region, and similarly, but to a much less degree, ventrally; broadly emarginate below the funnel. Fins large; attached along the entire length of the mantle, which they slightly exceed both in front and behind in the specimen furnishing the description (a cf from Wakanoura), though not in the others. Cartilaginous articulations as usual in the genus, large and very prominent. Head of moderate size, squarish. Eyes large and prominent. In front of the orbit is a large pore ; behind it the integument is raised into a very prominent crest, bilobate, curved, and somewhat excavated in front, with the "olfactory" pore sheltered- just below its dorsal margin. Funnel very large, very wide at the base and tapering bluntly to a rounded extremity; aperture large and directed down- ward, with well-developed lips and valve; supported above by a fleshy bridle at the base of the funnel groove. Arms of moderate length, stout, squarish, unequal; the order of length not constant, but in my best specimens 3, 4, 2, 1 . All the arms are outwardly keeled and provided with a broad marginal membrane supported by numerous transverse fleshy processes having their origin between the bases of the sucker pedicels. The latter is best developed on the third pair and least on the ventral arms. The keel, however, attains its maximum on the ventral arms, where it is developed as a broad, thickened web ensheathing the base of the tentacles. These arms are also furnished with a second less prominent keel running down their inner margins. Suckers large, regularly alternating in two rows on all the arms; horny rings prominent, armed with about 18 to 22 stout acute, curved teeth. The hectocotylization affects the left ventral arm of the male after the fashion usual in this genus and in Loligo. The first 19 pairs of suckers are normal ; they then become much reduced, and after the 24th pair are supplanted by stout conical papilla?. On the first four or five papilla? the suckers persist, though in a very rudi- mentary way, but soon become entirely obsolete. • The integument on and between the papilla? of the Wakanoura specimen is much folded and lobed, a condition perhaps due to the action of the preservative. Tentacles rather short, laterally much compressed and keeled on both outer and inner margins. The outer keel becomes expanded i a broad fleshy web along the distal portion of the club. The soon becomes obsolete and is succeeded by an abruptly 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 403 differentiated flattened area, where the integument is finely and irregularly plicate. Club large, comprising nearly half the length of the tentacle, and provided with a broad trabeculate marginal membrane similar to that of the sessile arms. Suckers in four rows, large near the middle, diminishing in size toward either end, distally becoming very minute, and showing the spoon-shaped arrangement at the tip described by Goodrich (1896, p. 6) and Hoyle (1904, p. 31) for related species; horny rings with 18-20 stout, acute, incurved teeth. Buccal membrane seven-pointed, bearing from three to five minute suckers on each lappet. The suckers are pedunculate and have horny rings. Gladius lanceolate; the lateral thickenings diverging from the thick midrib extend along the middle of the wings for the posterior two-thirds of their length (PI. VI, fig. 5). Color of preserved specimens brownish-buff, heavily reticulated above with purplish-black, lighter below, and with the ventral sur- faces of the fins unmarked. Measurements. The more important measurements of two male specimens are given below: No. 36. No. 341. mm. mm. Length, total 360 400+ Length of mantle, dorsal „.... 207 235 Width of mantle 70 75 Width across fins at widest point '. 165 156 Width of fin at widest point, ventral : 50 48 Width of head 53 61 , Length of dorsal arm 61 68 Length of second arm 76 84 Length of third arm 95 102 Length of ventral arm 90 95 Length of hectocotylized portion 26 24 Length of tentacle 127 158 Length of tentacle club 63 79 Diameter of largest sucker on third arm 4 4 Diameter of largest sucker on tentacle 5 6 Distribution. — Tsuruga, Echizen (!); Tokio (Ortmann); Misaki, Sagami (!); Aburatsubo, Sagami (Wtilker); Wakanoura, Kii (!); Bay of Waka, Kii (!); Kagoshima, Satsuma (Ortmann); Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof, !) ; Fusan, Korea (!). Trincomalee (d'Orbigny); 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Ceylon (Ortmann); Cape Fabre (d'Orbigny); Java (d'Orbigny, Keferstein); Ternate (Hoyle); Amboina (Joubin); New Guinea (d'Orbigny); Apia, Samoa (!); Kandava, Fiji (Hoyle); New Zea- land ((iray). As the original figures of d'Orbigny and Ferussac have not been accessible to me, I have not referred the specimens in hand to this species without a certain amount of hesitation, and hence have thought it well to enter somewhat fully into the details of their description. Few of the species of Sepioteuthis have been as well characterized in the literature as they should be, but I have little doubt that the present material is at least identical with that from the same region which authors before me have identified as S. les- soniana. The species is said to attain a length of three feet, but the maximum dimension given by Hoyle in respect to the specimens taken by the "Challenger" is only 570 mm. If correctly understood, this form would seem to have a surprising range in the tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific, and possibly several other nominal species should be relegated to the synonymy. Material Examined. — No. Where Author's Sp. Locality. Sex. Collectors. deposited. Register. 1 Tsuruga, Echizen 9 Jordan and L.S.J.U., 35 Snyder Cat, 2,041 3 Misaki, Sagami juv. Jordan and L.S.J.U., 37 Snyder Cat, 2,036 9 Misaki, Sagami juv. Jordan and L.S.J. II., 40 Snyder Cat. 2,037 4 Bay of Waka, Kii juv. Jordan and L.S.J. U., 41 Snyder Cat. 2,039 1 Wakanoura, Kii cT Jordan and L.S.J.U., 36 Snyder Cat. 2,038 4 Nagasaki, Hizen juv. Jordan and L.S.J.U., 38 Snyder Cat, 2,040 1 Fusan, Korea tf D. S. Jordan L.S.J.U., 341 Cat. 2,042 6 Fusan, Korea tf 9 D. S.Jordan L.S.J.U., 342 Cat. 2,043 3 Apia, Samoa &:&:&:: w 9 W mm ■ p'4»Y # Fig. 3. — Abraliopsis scintillans, dorsal aspect of gladius, natural size; [147]. Fig. 4. — Abraliopsis scijitillans, portion of integument from ventral surface of mantle seen by reflected light, showing photophores and chromatophores; from an unstained mount in balsam; greatly enlarged; [147]. are only with difficulty to be made out at all. However, I have been unable to find that they extend very much past the level of the eyes. 2. On the ventral aspect of the funnel the photogenic organs are similar in character to those of the mantle, but are fewer in number and therefore appear more symmetrically disposed. They ! ranked in about ten poorly defined longitudinal rows, variously distant and containing 3-4 organs each, but the arrangement of two lateral halves is alike and here again they are separated by a clear space down the middle. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 429 3. On the ventral surface of the head the photophores have evidently a primary arrangement in longitudinal series, but this has become so modified by the interpolation of various shorter series and isolated organs that the exact number of rows is difficult to determine. Most apparent are (a) the usual median row which bifurcates at the apex of the funnel groove and at the base of the ventral arms, along which latter its two branches continue for the proximal two-thirds of their length; (6) a long lateral series beginning on the ventral fold of the olfactory crest which curves inward on the head and also continues out the ventral arms to their extremities; (c) a very distinct circlet of more ovoid organs surrounding the ocular aperture (PL IX, fig. 2). 4. The ventral arms as just noted have two rows of photophores upon the arm itself, and in addition a distinct row of 7-8 small very distant organs along the outer margin of the keel. The third arms have but a single row of 4-5 organs along their ventral aspect. On the remaining arms, on the tentacles, and on the dorsal surface of the head no luminous organs were observed. In addition to the photogenic organs of the general integument and the curious pigmented structures already described at the tips of the ventral arms, there is a third very distinct type of photophore in the form of a series of small circular bead-like bodies, brownish- orange in color, on the ventral periphery of the eyeball; these are five in number, the three central ones smallest and interspaced from one another about a millimeter; the two terminal ones are each distant about 1| mm. from the neighboring organ and their diameter is about twice as great (i.e., rather less than a millimeter) (PL IX, fig. 3). These organs, though situated on the eyeball itself, are usually visible even when the latter is closely retracted, because of a small ovate hyaline non-pigmented area in that portion of the ventral integument which normally covers them. When, as sometimes occurs, this area is iridescent and a little distended, it becomes quite conspicuous. Its purpose is obviously to allow the rays of light from these organs to pass through the outer integument with as little obstruction as possible. Color in life not observed; in alcoholic specimens the ground color is a pale brownish-buff, dotted over nearly the entire surface with small and very beautiful reddish-brown chromatophores, which are especially numerous and darkest just above the keel of the gladius, but thickly scattered, even on the ventral surface where they are very conspicuous among the bluish photophores. On 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, the under sides of the fins, the hyaline area above described, the inner surfaces of the arms, and the keels of the three dorsal pairs the skin is nearly or entirely free of chromatophores. Because appearing with unusual constancy, a single large chromatophore, surrounded by a circlet of smaller ones and situated on the head just posterior to the crotch between the dorsal arms, is also probably worthy of mention. The lens of the eye is large, spherical, and exquisitely pearly. Measurements. Author's register.. 147 279 Specimen number. Length, total Length, exclusive of tentacles Length of mantle, dorsal Width of mantle Width across fins Length of fins, total Length of fins along plane of attachment Width across head Width between eyes Length of head, dorsal Length of right dorsal arm Length of left dorsal arm Length of right second arm Length of left second arm Length of right third arm Length of left third arm Length of right ventral arm Length of left ventral arm Length of right tentacle Length of left tentacle Length of tentacle club Length of funnel... 1 mm. 132 95 59 16 38 39 33. 17 8 12 19 21 22 22 23 24 26 27 59 65 7 o 2 3 4 5 6 mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 119 125 117 123 91 86 97 93 98 55 52 60 57 55 15 13 15 14 17 38 37 45 40 46 36.5 34 38 35 38 33 30 33 30 32 18 17 15 13 15 7 7.5 9 7 8 11 12 11 11 12 17 19 23 22 22 18 20 22 22 22 23 22 25 26.5 25 23 22 25 25 26 23 22 25 24 25 23 23 25 25 25 28 26 28 28 31 24 27.5 28 31.5 55 56 52 56 51 53 48 55 7 7 7 7.5 9 Type.— Cat. No. 2,053. Invertebrate Series, Stanford University collections [S. S. B. No. 147]; a female. Tijpe Locality. —Japan, probably off Misaki (Alan Owston ?); three 9 specimens. Material Examined.— -In addition to the three cotypes, three other specimens, taken at Misaki by Ishikawa [S. S. B. No. 279], been examined. All six are females. In the tables they have imbered, respectively, 1-3 and 4-6, and the specimens denoted as Nos. 3 and 5 have been destroyed by dissection. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 431 Remarks. — This beautiful little squid was originally described from three individuals in the Stanford University collections thought to be from Japan, but in reality of quite uncertain origin. This habitat was, however, confirmed in a most interesting manner, almost immediately upon the preparation of the original diagnosis, by the receipt through the kindness of Dr. Harold Heath of three "squids with luminous dots," sent to him from Japan by Dr. Ijima. These were the specimens mentioned above from Misaki and proved to be identical in every essential feature with the types, entirely confirming in every particular the characters which I had depended upon as diagnostic. Both the Stanford specimens and those sent by Dr. Ijima are beautifully preserved, are nearly of the same size, and apparently fully grown. One of the largest, if not the largest species of the genus, A. scintillans, is differentiated from the pre- viously described forms in the following apparently constant characters : 1. The great number of photophores on the ventral surface and the comparative obscurity of their bilateral arrangement as well as the absence of distinct longitudinal series. 2. The presence of only one row of hooks (the ventral) on the tentacle club, with but two elements present even here. 3. The replacement of the dorsal row of hooks present in other species by a single or slightly zigzag series of minute suckers. 4. The large number of suckers in the four distal rows on the club and the fact that these occupy nearly two-thirds of the total length. 5. The usual presence of four suckers and four pads in the fixing apparatus. 6. The detailed structure of the sessile arms which appears to differ constantly from the careful account given by Hoyle (1904, p. 37) in regard to A. hoy lei. With these features in mind, it is by no means difficult to separate A. scintillans from either the Atlantic A. pfefferi or the A. hoylei of the South and East Pacific,14 with both of which it is, however, closely allied. It is to be expected that any structure so complex 14 Chun, in a recent monograph (1910, p. 78), unites both of these forms under the earliest name applied to a member of the genus, A. morisii Verany, 1837, and gives a large number of exquisitely beautiful figures of a series sup- posed to be identical. The evidence offered is certainly suggestive, but does not appear to the present writer to be conclusive proof that we have but a single cosmopolitan species of Abraliopsis, however closely related otherwise the various forms may be. 432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, as the armature of the tentacle club should be subject to a consid- erable degree of variation among its constituent elements, so that its great constancy in the present series is really quite surprising and indicates that it may prove especially important in distinguishing species. The discovery of males of this species should throw an interesting light upon the entire subject. In gross aspect and general outline of the body there is great variation, depending upon the conditions of preservation. The greatest individualities observed are in the form of the mantle. Sometimes the outline tapers smoothly and regularly from the anterior margin, or there may be a pronounced bulging near the middle, or sometimes a general inflation of the whole. Genus THELIDIOTEUTHIS Pfeffer, 1900. Thelidioteuthis alessandrinii (Verany, 1851) Chun, 1910. Loligo Alessandrinii Verany, 1851, p. 99, pi. 35, figs, f, g, h (fide Chun). Enoploteuthis polyonyx Troschel, 1857, p. 67, pi. 4, fig. 9. Thelidioteuthis polyonyx Pfeffer, 1900, p. 167. Thelidioteuthis Alessandrinii Chun, 1910, p. 104, pi. 7, figs. 16, 17. A specimen in the possession of the writer from the Gulf of Kago- shima appears to be a young individual of this widely distributed species, though it is possible that the adult might show differences worthy of separate recognition. [S. S. B. No. 274.] Distribution. — Gulf of Kagoshima (!). Mediterranean; South Atlantic (Pfeffer); Indian Ocean (Chun); Society Islands (Pfeffer). Family OCTOPODOTEUTHID^ new name. ( = Veranyidoe Chun, 1910.) Genus 0CT0P0D0TEUTHIS Riippell, 1844 (em.). Octopodoteuthis sp. Octopodoteuthis near O. sicula Chun, 1910, p. 139. In the work cited Chun mentions a specimen of this genus taken by Doflein in Sagami Bay. Family HISTIOTEUTHID^J Verrill, 1881. Genus CALLITEUTHIS Verrill, 1S80. Calliteuthis ocellata (Owen, 1881) Verrill, 1881. Loligopsis ocellata Owen, 1881, p. 139, pi. 26, figs. 3-8; pi. 27. CalliU uthis ocellata Verrill, 1881, p. 402. Calliteuthis ocellata Verrill, 1882, p. 412 [202]. Calliteuthis reversa Hoyle, 1886, p. 183, pi. 33, figs. 12-15 (not of Verrill). Calliteuthis reversa (pars) Pfeffer, 1900, p. 170. Calliteuthis reversa (pars) Chun, 1906, p. 744. Calliteuthis ocellata Chun, 1910, pp. 149, 170, etc., Texttafel 1, figs. 1,2; text figs. 22, 23; pi. 20, figs. 7-9. rue Calliteuthis reversa Verrill is not yet known to be a member 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 433 of the Japanese fauna. Assuming the correctness of the recent careful synopsis of the genus given by Chun (1910), the various references to it in the literature cited have certainly been based upon misidentifications. Distribution. — Sagami Bay (Chun); 345 fathoms, off Ino Sima Island (Hoyle); China Sea (type locality, Owen). Family ARCHITEUTHID^ Pfeffer, 1900. Genus ARCHITEUTHUS Steenstrup, 1856. Architeuthus martensii (Hilgendorf, 1880) Steenstrup, 1882. Megateuthis Martensii Hilgendorf, 1S80, p. 65. Architeuthus Martensii Steenstrup, 1882, p. 157 [15]. Architcuthis, sp. Mitsukuri and Ikeda, 1895, pp. 39-50, 1 pi. (fide Hoyle). Distribution. — Japan (Hilgendorf) . Family OMMASTRBPHID^ Gill, 1871. Genus OMMASTREPHES d'Orbigny, 1835. Ommastrephes sloanii Gray, 1849. PI. VI, fig. 4. Ommastrephes Sloanii Gray, 1849, p. 61. Ommastrephes Sloanii Tryon, 1S79, p. 180 (after Gray). Todarodes pacificus Steenstrup, 1880, pp. 83, 90, etc. (fide Hoyle). (?) Sloanei Steenstrup, 1880, p. 98. Ommastrephes sloanei Verrill, 1881, p. 386 (brief note). Ommastrephes pacificus Appellof, 1886, p. 35, pi. 3, figs. 8-10. Todarodes pacificus Hoyle, 1886, pp. 34, 163, 219, pi. 28, figs. 1-5. Todarodes pacificus Ortmann, 1888, pp. 664, 6135 (merely listed). ? Ommastrephes gouldi M'Coy, 1SSS. ? Ommastrephes gouldi Brazier, 1892, p. 17 (locality record). Todarodes pacificus Joubin, 1897a, p. 103. not ? Ommastrephes sloanei Schauinsland, 1899, p. 92 (mere note). Ommatostrephes sagittatus sloanei Pfeffer, 1900, p. 179. [Pfeffer also unites with this species the O. insignis of Gould, 1852, ascribed to the Fiji Islands and the Antarctic region.] Body elongate, cylindric, tapering posteriorly to a sharp point between the fins. Mantle margin entire above and but little emar- ginate below. Fins broadly sagittate, in the adult a little more than two-fifths as long as the mantle. . Mantle connectives as usual in the group. Head rather small, squarish, but much compressed, considerably narrower than the widest expansion of the body; bounded pos- teriorly by a transverse thickened ridge, continuous with the three oblique ear-like folds behind each eye. Eyes large, the wide lid openings with a narrow incision or sinus in front. Funnel groove with a distinct foveola in its anterior portion, comprising a horseshoe- 434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, shaped fold of membrane embracing between its arms a series of 8-10 shorter and more fleshy longitudinal folds. Arm- moderate, squarish, fairly attenuate, averaging about half as long as the mantle; unequal, the order of length almost always 2, 3, 1. 4, although there are occasionally slight variations from this formula. Umbrella lacking, but the outer angles of all the arms equipped with a firm fleshy keel especially developed on the basal half of the third pair, and a delicate trabeculated swimming mem- brane, which is least evident on the ventral arms and widest on the ven- tral margin of the third pair. Suckers decidedly small (PL VI, fig. 4) ; rather distantly placed at the base in two regularly alternating rows, becoming more crowded at the tip; the interspacing between the rows very variable, apparently dependent mainly upon the degree of compression of the arms; suckers of the lateral arms slightly, but not at all conspicuously larger than those of the dorsal and ventral pairs; on an arm of the second pair some 56 to 60 suckers can readily be counted without using a lens. Horny rings well developed, their lower margins ordinarily smooth, but with 9 to 12 stout acute teeth, accompanied by occasional intervening denticles on the upper edge; these teeth are largest at the apex, but the median one is not particularly differentiated in this respect more than its neighbors. Tentacles stout, moderate; the club slightly expanded, its sucker- bearing portion including about 60-65% of the total length in the adult (55-71%, according to Pfeffer); in general structure entirely similar to 0. hawaiiensis,15 the horny rings of the large median suckers armed with about 17 rather short, stout, acute, subequal teeth, occurring in regular alternation with an equal number of very low squarish plates, both teeth and plates being more regular, though somewhat more weakly developed than in 0. hawaiiensis. A small sucker of the marginal rows shows about 18 acute teeth, larger and longer on the upper margin where they are accompanied by a few alternating denticles. In young specimens, such as No. 273, the body appears more slender and the fins much shorter, both in proportion to the mantle length and their own width. The* chief measurements of eight specimens are given in the following table: <-ephe$ hawaiiensis new species: A Hawaiian form closely allied pacificus), but with much larger and fewer suckers on the isile arms of the adult and with the central upper tooth of the hornv rings mctly larger than any of the others. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 435 Measurements. Author's register number [286] mm. Length, total 393 Length, exclusive of tentacles 310 Length of mantle, dorsal 168 Width of mantle, median 5016 Width across fins Ill Length of fins, total 78 Length of fins along plane of attach- ment 72 Length of head 37 Width of head 33 Length of right dorsal arm :. 101 Length of right second arm 113 Length of right third arm Ill Length of right ventral arm 90 Length of right tentacle, total 205 Length of right tentacle, sucker-bear- ing portion 125 Length of left tentacle, total 202 Length of left tentacle, sucker-bear- ing portion 123 Author's register number [257] mm. Length, total 301 Length, exclusive of tentacles 253 Length of mantle, dorsal 155 Width of mantle, median 31 Width across fins 81 Length of fins, total 64 Length of fins along plane of attach- ment 59 Length of head 21 Width of head 21 Length of right dorsal arm 66 Length of right second arm 78 Length of right third arm 75 Length of riglmfc ventral arm 60 Length of right tentacle, total 126 Length of right tentacle, sucker-bear- ing portion 83 Length of left tentacle, total 123 Length of left tentacle, sucker-bear- ing portion 81 [258] mm. 332 263 164 28 80 66* 62 23 22 67 74 68 63 135 81 152 90 [257] mm. 292 256 161 4216 84 69 63 22 3116 66 77 77 66 111 71 111 71 [257] mm. 329 277 159 42i6 95 67 58 24 26 79 97 91 71 149 91 138 86 [257] mm. 279 250 156 34 77 66 59 25 22 62 75 70 60 106 67 106 68 [257] mm. 316 279 170 35 87 67 62 24 32 72 85 85 67 118 74 120 78 [273] mm. 83 73 45 1016 19 12 11. 8 10 17 19 18 14 31 17 27 14 Badly compressed dorso-ventrally. 436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, TUpc.—Oi sloanii, in the British Museum; of pacificus, in the Copenhagen Museum. Type Locality.— Of sloanii, Waitemata, New Zealand (Gray); of pacificus, Hakodate, Japan (Steenstrup). Distribution.— Tomakomai, Iburi (!); Todohokke, Oshima (Wlil- ker); Hakodate, Oshima (Steenstrup, !) ; Tokio(!); Misaki, Sagami (Wiilker, !); Aburatsubo, Sagami (Wiilker) ; Inland Sea (Hoyle) ; Nagasaki, Hizen (Appellof). Vladivostok (Joubin); Indian Ocean (Gray); Victorian Water, South Australia (Brazier, as 0. gouldi); Tasmania (Verrill); Waitemata, New Zealand (Gray). Material Examined. — No. Where Author's Sp. Locality. Collectors. deposited. Register. 1 Tomakomai, Iburi J.O.Snyder L.S.J.U., 273 Cat. 2,057 2 Hakodate, Oshima J.O.Snyder L.S.J.U., 258 Cat. 2,056 9 Hakodate, Oshima Jordan and L.S.J.U., 257 Snyder Cat. 2,055 1 Tokio Jordan and L.S.J.U., 256 Snyder Cat. 2,058 1 Misaki, Sagami Jordan and L.S.J.U., 259 Snyder Cat, 2,059 Under the name Ommastrephes Sloanii, J. E. Gray in 1849 pub- lished the description of a species of squid from New Zealand belong- ing to the typical group of the genus and having probable relationship with 0. sagittatus.11 Subsequently Steenstrup (1880) erected a new species of his genus Todarodes ( = Ommastrephes s. s.) for the recep- tion of an apparently very similar cephalopod in the Copenhagen Museum from Hakodate, his description being supplemented by Hoyle with further interesting notes in the Challenger Report (1886) and a very excellent series of figures which fix the identity of the 17 " Ommastrephes Sloanii. "Body cylindrical, rather tapering behind. Fin rhombic, rather more than one-third the length of the body. Sessile arms compressed; cups equal, oblique, in two rows; rings black, higher side with regular acute teeth, lower smooth; hird pair acutely finned, with a narrow, rayed, membrane on the inner edge of the ventral side. Tentacular arms slightly keeled externally, base half-naked; cups of lower pari small, in two rows, of middle four rows, "the seventh pair of central series largest ; rings with distant teeth all round; of the lateral series . longly peduncled, and very oblique; of the apical portion small, in three or four rows, the smallest one nearly sessile." (Gray, 1S49, p. 61.) 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 437 form intended beyond any manner of doubt. It is interesting to observe that Steenstrup himself affirms entire ignorance of the true generic position of 0. sloanii, although Hoyle in the work cited referred it doubtfully to Todarodes. More recently Pfeffer (1900) has come to the conclusion that the two forms are identical and has, moreover, reduced them to subspecific rank under the Atlantic O. sagittatus. If these premises are correct, the rejection of the name pacificus -m favor of the prior sloanii follows as a matter of course, an arrangement which has since been followed by Hoyle (1909) and by Wiilker (1910), and is therefore adopted in this paper. To the present writer, however, this interpretation does not appear by any means conclusive. In the first place, the description of Gray when judged by modern standards is at best incomplete, and an examina- tion of his type or even of further South Pacific material may yet reveal that he overlooked characters of sufficient importance to delimit this race from the Japanese form as completely as the latter now appears to be separated from its Mid-Pacific (Hawaiian) con- geners. In the same connection another small item of evidence should not be overlooked: so careful an observer as Verrill (1881, p. 386) relates that a Tasmanian specimen referred by him to 0. sloanii lacks the foveola at the apex of the funnel groove so charac- teristic of 0. sagittatus, pacificus, and hawaiiensis. In any case, the specimens now before me are most certainly identical with the true 0. pacificus as described and figured by Steenstrup and Hoyle, whether the latter eventually prove distinct from sloanii or not. A key to the various known races of typical Ommastvephes, con- structed on the same general plan as that utilized by Pfeffer, is accordingly offered as follows : Sucker-bearing portion of the tentacle comprising more than f of the total length (Atlantic species) sagittatus. Sucker-bearing portion of the tentacle comprising distinctly less than f of the total length (Pacific species) 1 f Median upper tooth of the horny rings of the suckers on the , sessile arms obviously the largest hawaiiensis. ' No single tooth of the horny rings noticeably larger than the others sloanii Most recent authors follow Pfeffer in regarding sloanii as a sub- species of sagittatus, but despite the small differences I cannot see that anything is to be gained by the use of the trinomial, especially since truly intergrading forms are not yet known to occur. 438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Genus SYMPLECTOTEUTHIS Pfeffer, 1900. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830) Pfeffer, 1900. Loligo oualaniensis Lesson, 1830, p. 240, pi. 1, fig. 2. iplectoteuthis oualaniensis Pfeffer, 1900, p. 180. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Wiilker, 1910, p. 21 (merely noted). Distribution. — Near Misaki, Sagami (Wiilker). Laccadive Islands (Hoyle) ; Vanikoro (Quoy and Gaimard) ; Caroline Islands (Lesson) ; Torres Straits, Great Barrier Reef, and Nickol Bay, Australia (Bra- zier); Laysan Island (Schauinsland) ; Cocos Islands (Hoyle). Family THYSANOTEUTHIDiE Keferstein, 1866. Genus THYSANOTEUTHIS Troschel, 1857. Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857. Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857, p. 70, pi. 4, fig. 12; pi. 5, figs. 1-4. Thysanoteuthis rhombus Jatta, 1896, p. 56, pi. 9, figs. 1-13. Thysanoteuthis rhombus Pfeffer, 1900, p. 182. An Atlantic and Mediterranean species quoted from Japan without more definite locality on the authority of Pfeffer. Family CHIROTEUTHID^J Gray, 1849. Sub-family CHIROTEUTHIN^E Chun, 1908. Genus CHIROTEUTHIS d'Orbigny, 1839. Chiroteuthis macrosoma Goodrich, 1896. Chiroteuthis macrosoma Goodrich, 1896, p. 12, pi. 3, figs. 51-57. Chiroteuthis macrosoma Pfeffer, 1900, pp. 185, 186. Cheiroteuthis macrosotna Nishikawa, 1906, pp. 109-113, pi. Chiroteuthis macrosoma Chun, 1910, p. 240. Distribution. — Japan (Nishikawa). Off the Kistna Delta (type locality, Goodrich). Sub-genus CHIROTHAUMA Chun, 1910. Chiroteuthis (Chirothauma) imperator Chun, 1908. Chiroteuthis imperator Chun, 1908, p. 88. Chiroteuthis (Chirothauma) imperator Chun, 1910, pp. 240, 241; texttafel 2; pi. 38; pi. 39, figs. 1-10; pi. 40, figs. 2-5, 7; pi. 41; pi. 42, figs. 1-4; pi. 43; pi. 44, figs. 3, 6-16. Distribution. — Sagami Bay (Chun). Off Nias, Sumatra (type locality, Chun). Family CRANCHIIDiE Gray, 1SJ9. Genus LI0CRANCHIA Pfeffer, 1884. Liocranohia sp. A single very immature individual of an undetermined Liocranchia from Japan is in the author's collection [S. S. B. No. 385]. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 439 Order TETRABRANCHIATA Owen, 1832. Sub-order NAUTILOIDEA. Family NAUTILIDJE Owen, 1S36T Genus NAUTILUS Linn6, 1758. Nautilus pompilius Linne, 1758. Nautilus Pompilius Linne, 1758, p. 709, Xos. 283, 233. Nautilus Pompilius Lischke, 1869, p. 29 (mere note). Nautilus Pompilius Dunker, 1882, p. 1 (mere note). Nautilus sp. Dean, 1901, p. 819. Distribution. — Japan (Dunker); near Misaki, Sagami (Dean); Loo Choo Islands (Lischke). Indo-Malayan region. Bibliography. The following list of references is thought to include a practically" complete bibliography of the subject, but a few relevant titles have doubtless been omitted either through inadvertence or because they have escaped the observation of the writer. Titles included in brackets have been inaccessible and are quoted on the authority of other authors. Adams, Arthur, and Reeve, Lovell. 1S50. The Zoology of the Vovage of H. M. S. "Samarang," etc. Mollusca. Part I. London, 1850. Appellof, A. 18S6. Japanska Cephalopoder. K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl, vol. 21, pp. 1-40, pis. 1-3. 1898. Cephalopoden von Ternate. Ergebn. zool. Forsch. Molukken Borneo, etc. Dr. Willy Kiikenthal. Part II, vol. 2, pp. 561-637, pis. 32-34. Frankfurt-a-M., 1898. Berry, S. S. 1909. Diagnoses of new Cephalopods from the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, pp. 407-419, with 9 text figures, December, 1909. 1911. A new Sepiolid from Japan. Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 37, pp. 39-41, 1 figure, January, 1911. 1911a. Note on a new Abraliopsis from Japan. Nautilus, vol. 25, pp. 93-94, December, 1911. 1912. A Review of the Cephalopods of Western North America. Bull. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 30, pp. 269-336, pis. 32-56, text figs. 1-18, July, 1912. Bosc, L. A. G. [1792. Observation sur la Sepia rugosa. Acles Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1, p. 24, pi. 5.] Brazier, John. 1892. Catalogue of the Marine Shells of Australia and Tas- mania. Part I, Cephalopoda. Australian Mus. Cat., Svdnev, 15, pp. 1-19, 1 pi. Brock, J. 1882. Zur Anatomie und Systematik der Cephalopoden. Zeitschr. fur wissensch. Zool., vol. 36, pp. 543-610, pis. 34-37. 1887. Indische Cephalopoden. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 2, pp. 591-614, pi. Chun, Carl. 1906. Ueber die Geschlechtsverhaltnisse der Cephalopoden. Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 29, pp. 743-753, March, 1906. 1908. Ueber Cephalopoden der deutschen Tief see-Expedition. Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 33, pp. 86-89, May, 190S. 1910. Die Cephalopoden. 1. Teil: CEgopsida. Wiss. Ergebn. deutsch. Tiefsee-Exped. Valdivia, vol. 18, pp. 1-402, with 2 pis. and 32 figs, in text and an Atlas of 61 pis. 440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July. Dall, William H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the West Coasl of Central America .... carried on by the .... "Albatross" XXXVII. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific .... by the .... "Albatross" .... XIV. The Momisca and the Brachiopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, vol. 13, pp. 205-487, pis. 1-22, October, 1908. Dean, Basheord. 1901. Notes on Living Nautilus. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 35, pp. 819-837, 15 figs, in text. Delle Chi.uk, Stefano. [1828-1830. Memorie Bulla struttura e Notomia degli aniinali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Napoli, 1828-30.] Dillwyn, L. W. 1817. A descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells arranged according to the' Linnsean Method, with particular attention to the Syn- onymy. 2 vols., 8vo, London, 1817. Doplein, Franz. 1908. Ostasienfahrt, Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers in China, Japan und Ceylon. 511 pp., profusely illustrated, Leipzig and Berlin, 1906. Dollo, Louis. 1012. Les Cephalopodes adaptes a la Vie Nectique Secondaire et a la Vie Benthique Tertiaire. Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl. XV, 1. Bd., pp. 105-140, pi. 3. Dunker, G. 1882. Index Molluscorum Maris Japonici. Fischer, P. 1882. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de paleontologie conchyli- ologique ou histoire naturelle des mollusques vivants et fossiles. Pp. i-xxiv, 1-1369, 1 1.5S figs, in text, 23 pis., large 8vo, Paris, 1880-1887. Gabb, W. M. 1862. Description of two new species of Cephalopodes in the Museum of the California Academv of Natural Sciences. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sri., vol. 2, p. 170-172. < iooDRicH, E. S. 1896. Report on a collection of Cephalopods from the Cal- cutta Museum. Trans. Linnean Soc. London (2, Zool.), vol. 7, part 1, pp. 1-24, pis. 1-5, December, 1896. Gould, Augustus A. 1852. United States Exploring Expedition, etc., under the command of Charles Wilkes. Vol. XII — Mollusca and Shells. 4to, Philadelphia, 1852. ( rRAY, J. E. 1849. Catalogue of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Cephalopoda Antepedia. Small 8vo, pp. i-viii, 1-164, London, 1849. Hedley, Charles. 1906*. The Mollusca of Mast Head Reef, Capricorn Group, Queensland. Part I. Proc. Linnean Soc. New South Wales, vol. 31, pp. 453-479, pi. Hilgendorf, F. M. 1880. Einen riesigen Dintenfisch aus Japan. Sitzb. Gesellsch. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1880, pp. 65-67. Hirase, Y. 1907. Catalogue of Marine Shells of Japan, to be had of Y. Hirase. 49 pp., pis. 1-3, 8vo, privately printed, Kyoto, 1907. Hoyle, William E. 1885. Brief Notice of the "Challenger" Cephalopoda. Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. "Challenger," Narrative, vol. 1, pp. 269-274 [1-7], figs. 106-109. 1885a. Diagnoses of new species of Cephalopoda collected during the cruise of H. M. S. "Challenger." Part I. The Octopoda. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), vol. 15, pp. 222-236, March, 1885. 18856. Diagnoses of new species of Cephalopoda collected during the cruise of H. M. S. "Challenger." Part II. The Decapoda. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), vol. 16, pp. 181-203, September, 1885. 188oc. Preliminary report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger." Part I. The Octopoda. Proc. Roy. Soc, Edinburgh, vol. 13, pp. 94-114, cuts, August, 1885. 1885d. Preliminary report on the Cephalopoda collected bv H. M. S. Challenger." Part II. The Decapoda. Proc. Roy. Soc/ Edinburgh, vol. 13, pi>. 281-310, cuts, 1885. 1886. Report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S. "Challenger" ■luring the years 1873-76. Rep. Sci. Rj?s. Voy. "Challenger," vol. 16, part 44, pp. i-vi, 1-240, pis. 1-33, 1886. Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda. Proc. Roij. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1886, pp. 205-267 [1-63]. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 441 1897. A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda. Supplement, 1887-96. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, 1897, pp. 363-375 [1-13]. 1904. Reports on the dredging operations off the West Coast of Central America .... carried on by the .... "Albatross" .... XXIX. Re- ports on the scientific results of the expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific .... by the .... "Albatross" .... V. Reports on the Ceph- alopoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, vol. 43, pp. 1-71, pis. 1-12, 7 figs, in text, March, 1904. 1904a. Report on the Cephalopoda collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Gulf of Manaar. Supplementary Report XIV., pp. 185-200, pis. 1-3. 1905. The Cephalopoda, in Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, vol. 2, suppl. 1, pp. 975-988, text figs. 144-153, pi. 95. 1909. A Catalogue of Recent Cephalopoda. Second Supplement. 1897-1906. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 17, pp. 254-299, October, 1909. 1910. A List of the Generic Names of Dibfanchiate Cephalopoda with their Type Species. Abhandl. Senckerib. Nat.-freund. Gesellsch., vol. 32, pp. 407-413. Frankfurt, 1910. I.iiMA, I., and Ikeda, S. 1895. Description of Opisthoteuthis depressa, n. sp. Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 8, pp. 1-15, pi. 33. 1902. Notes on a specimen of Amphitretus obtained in the Sagami Sea. Annotat. Zool. Japon.^ vol. 4, pp. 85-101, 3 figs, in text, pi. 2, August, 1902. Jatta, Giuseppe. 1896. I Cefalopodi viventi nel Golfo di Napoli (Siste- matica). Fauna und Flora Golf. Neapel, Monog. 23, 268 pp., 31 pis. Joubin, Louis. 1894. Cephalopodes d'Amboine. Revue suisse de Zool., vol. 2, pp. 23-64, pis. 1-4. 1897. Observations sur divers Cephalopodes. Deuxieme note. Octopus punctatus Gabb (1). Mem. Soc. zool. France, vol. 10, pp. 110-113, pi. 9. 1897a. Observations sur divers Cephalopodes. Troisieme note. Ceph- alopodes du Musee Polytechnique de Moscou. Bull. Soc. zool. France, vol. 22, pp. 98-104. 1898. Sur quelques cephalopodes du Musee royal de Leyde et descrip- tion de trois especes nouvelles. Notes Leyden Mus., vol. 20, pp. 21-28. 1902. Revision des Sepiolidse. Mem. Soc. zool. France, vol. 15, pp. 80-145, 38 figs, in text. Keferstein, W. 1866. In Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs: Weichthiere (Malacozoa). 2 vols., Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1862-1866. L\m\rck, J. B. P. A. de. 1799. Memoires d'Histoire naturelle, vol. 1, Paris, 1799. Lesson, R. P. 1830. Mollusques, in Voyage autour du Monde, etc., de la Coquille. Zoologie, vol. 2, Paris, 1830. Lk'htenstein, K. M. H. 1818. Onychoteuthis, Sepien mit Krallen. Isis, pp. 1591-1592, pi. 19. Linxe, Carl von. 1758. Systema Naturae. Edit. X, Holmise, 1758. Lischke, C. E. 1869. Japanische Meeres-Conchylien. 3 vols., 4to, Cassel, 1869. Marchand, Werner. 1907. Der mannliche Leitungsapparat der Dibran- chiaten. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 86, pp. 311-415, with 66 figs, in text. M'Coy, Frederick. [1888. Prodr. Zool. Victoria, dec. XVII. ] Mever, Werner T. 1908. Ueber den mannlichen Geschlechtsapparat von Opisthoteuthis depressa (Ijima und Ikeda). Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 29, pp. 758-760. 1906a. Die Anatomic von Opisthoteuthis depressa (Ijima und Ikeda). Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 85, Bd. 2, pp. 183-269, 16 text figs., pis. 11-16 (also separately printed and paged, Leipzig, 1906). Middendokff, A. T. 1849. Beitrage zu einer Malacozoologica Rossica. II. Mem. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petersbourg (6), vol, 6, pp. 329-610, pis. 1-21. Mitsukuri, K., and Ikeda, S. [1895. Notes on a gigantic Cephalopod. Zool. Mag. Tokyo, vol. 7, pp. 39-50, 1 pi.] 29 442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Nakf \dolf 1912. Teuthologische Notizen. 1. Die Familien der Mvopsiden. Zoolog. Ameig., vol. 39, pp. 241-248, March, 1912. 1912a. Teuthologische Notizen. 3. Die Arten der Gattungen Sepiola und Sepietta. Zoolog. Anzeig., vol. 39, pp. 262-271, figs, la-le, 2a-2d, March, 1912. r^ Nishikawa, T. [1906. Mezurashiki Ika. [On a rare Cephalopod.] Dobuts. Z. Tokyo, vol. 18, pp. 109-113]. [1906a. Fuyu-sei Ika-ran no ichi rei. [A case of pelagic Cephalopod eggs.] Dobuts. Z., Tokyo, vol. 18, pp. 310-314.] d'Orbigni Alcide. 1S26. Tableau met hodique de la classe des Cephalopodes. Ann. Sri. Nat. (1), vol. 7, pp. 95-169. 1845. Mollusques vivants et fossiles. Vol. I and Atlas, Paris, 1845. d'Orbigny, Alcide, and Ferussac, A. de. [1834-1848. Histoire naturalle generate et particuliere des cephalopodes acetabuliferes, vivants et fossiles. Paris, 1834-1848.] Ortmann, A. 1888. Japanische Cephalopoden. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 3, pp. 639-670, pis. 20-25. 1891. Cephalopoden von Ceylon. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 5, pp. 669-678, pi. 46. Owen, Richard. 1881. Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda (Part II). Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 11, pp. 131-170, 3 figs, in text, pis. 23-35, June, 1881. Pfeffer, Georg. 1884. Die Cephalopoden des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums. Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg VIII, 1, pp. 1-30, pis. 1-3. — — 1900. Synopsis der cegopsiden Cephalopoden. Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg XVII, pp. 147-198. Pilsbry, Henry A. 1894. Notices of New Japanese Mollusks, I. Nautilus, vol. 7, pp. 143-144, April, 1894. 1895. Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of Japan. F. Stearns, Detroit, 1895. Quoy, J. R. C, and Gaimard, J. P. 1832. Zoologie, in Voyage de l'Astrolabe, pendant les annees 1826-29, etc. Vol. 2, Paris, 1832. Rafinesque, C. S. [1814. Precis des Decouvertes Somiologiques on Zoo- logiques et Botanique. Palermo, 1814.] Risso, A. [1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale, etc. Vol. 4, Paris, 1826.] de Rochebrtjne, A. T. [1884. Etude monographique de la famille des Sepiadse. Bull. Soc. Philomat. Paris (7), vol. 8, pp. 74-122, pis. 3-6.] Schauinsland, 1899. Drei Monate auf einer Koralleninsel (Laysan). Bremen, 1899. Solander, D. [1786. Portland Catalogue.] Steenstrup, Japetus. 1857. Hectocotylus-formation in Argonauta and Tremoctopus explained by observations on similar formations in the Cepha- lopoda in general. [Translated from the German of Prof. Troschel by W. S. Dallas.] Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), vol. 20, pp. 81-114, pis. 2, 3. 1875. Hemisepius, en ny Slaegt af .Sepza-Blaeksprutt ernes Familie, med Bemaerkninger om *Sepio-Formerne i Almindelighed. Vid. Selsk. Skrift., (5), vol. 10, pp. 465-482, I-IV, pis. 1, 2. 1880. Orientering i de Ommatostrephagtige Blaeksprutters inbyrdes Forhold. Overs. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., pp. 73-110, 1 pi. and text fig. 1880o. Sepiella Gray, Stp. Vid. Meddel. nat. Foren. Kiobenhavn, 1880, pp. 347-356, figs. 1-8. 1881. Sepiadarium og Idiosepius, to nye Slaegter af Sepiernes Familie. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift., (6), vol. 1, pp. 213-242, pi. 1. 1881a. Professor Verrils to nye Cephalopodslaegter: Sthenoteuthis og !.<-stoteuthis. Overs. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 1881, pp. 1-27, pi. 1. 1882. Notae Teuthologicae. 1-4. Overs. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., pp. 143-168 [1-26]. >7. Notae Teuthologicae. 6. Species generis Sepiolae Maris Mediter- inei. Overs. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 1887, pp. 47-66 [1-20]. sTotse Teuthologicae. 7. Overs. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. 1887, pp. 67-126 [21-80]. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 443 Troschel, F. H. 1857. Bemerkungen liber die Cephalopoden von Messina. Archiv fur Naturgesch., Jahrg. 23, vol. 1, pp. 40-76, pis. 4, 5. Tryon, Gsjorge W., Jr. 1879. Cephalopoda. Manual of Conchology (1). vol. 1, 316 pp., 112 pis., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1879. Verany, J. B. [1851. Mollusques mediterraneans, observes, decrits, figures et chromolithographies d'apres le vivant, I. Cephalopodes de la Mediter- ranee. Genes, 1851.] Verrill, Addison E. 1881. The Cephalopods of the North-eastern coast of America. Part II. The Smaller Cephalopods, including the Squids and the Octopi, with other allied forms. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 259-446, pis. 26-56, June, 1880-December, 1881. 1882. Report on the Cephalopods of the Northeastern coast of America. Rep. U. S. Com. Fish and Fisheries 1879, pp. 211-455 [1-245], pis. 1-46, Washington, 1882. Wulker, Gerhard. 1910. Ueber Japanische Cephalopoden. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Systematik und Anatomie der Dibranchiaten. Abhandl. II Kl. K. Akad. Wiss., Ill Suppl., Bd. 1. Abhandl., 71 pp., 5 pis., Miinchen, 1910. Explanation of Plates V-IX. Plate V. — Fig. 1. — Stoloteuthis nipponensis tf, dorsal aspect of type, X 2|; [32]. Fig. 2. — Ventral view of same, same scale. Fig. 3. — Right lateral view of same, same scale. Fig. 4. — Enlarged view of left tentacle club of same. Fig. 5. — Inioteuthis japonica d", dorsal aspect of cotype, X 2; [112]. Plate VI. — Fig. 1. — Euprymna morsel 9 , dorsal aspect of cotype, X 2; [105]. Fig. 2. — Ventral view of same, same scale. Fig. 3. — Sepioteuthis lessoniana c?, ventral view of specimen from Waka- noura, X i; [36]. Fig. 4i.—Ommastrephes sloanii, inner aspect of right third arm of specimen from Hakodate, nearly natural size; [257]. Fig. 5. — Sepioteuthis lessoniana 9 dorsal aspect of gladius [35]. Plate VII. — Fig. 1. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , dorsal view of cotype, nearly natural size; [147]. Fig. 2. — Ventral view of same, same scale. Fig. 3. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , dorsal view of type, same scale as pre- ceding; [147]. Fig. 4. — Ventral view of same, same scale. Plate VIII. — Fig. 1. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , dorsal view of specimen from Misaki, nearly natural size; [279]. Fig. 2. — Ventral view of same, same scale. Fig. 3. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , dorsal view of another specimen from Misaki, same scale as preceding; [279]. Fig. 4. — Ventral view of same, same scale. Plate IX. — Fig. 1. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9, tip of left ventral arm, outer aspect, much enlarged; [147]. Fig. 2. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9, left eye of type, lateral aspect; much enlarged; [147]. Fig. 3. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , right eye of type, ventral aspect showing arrangement of photophores; same scale as preceding; [147]. The eyeball has protruded itself through the lid opening. Fig. 4. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9, inner aspect of left ventral arm; X 4; U47l- Fig. 5. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , funnel of cotype laid open from below to show the funnel organ; X 5; [147]. 444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July, Fig. G. — Abraliopsis scintillans 9 , left tentacle club of cotype, inner aspect, drawn from a mount in balsam; X 13; [147]. Fig. 7. — Sepia formosana, left tentacle club of type, inner aspect; X 2§; [361]. Drawn by John H. Paine. >te. — Plates VII and VIII and figs. 3 and 4 of PJate VI are from photographs by Mr. John H. Paine, of Stanford University. The remaining illustrations with the exception of fig. 7 on Plate IX were drawn by Miss Lora Woodhead, of Stanford University. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 445 A NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO FROM FLORIDA. BY E. G. VANATTA. Vertigo hebardi n. sp. Shell umbilicate; rather short; oval; very small, fragile, corneous; whorls 3|, convex, the first smooth, penultimate irregu- larly striate, body whorl with a few growth striae. Aperture semi- ovate, provided with 5 teeth, parietal lamella very high and long, angular much lower and shorter than parietal, columellar very strong and directed downward, the two palatals are high and short. No crest behind the outer lip. Alt. 1.25, diam. .84 mm. This species is much smaller than V. rugosula St. and does not have such long palatals; it is smaller than V. oralis St. and has fewer teeth, also lacks the impression on the outer lip. Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences -of Philadelphia; Number 106,359; picked from leaf -mould collected on Long Key, Florida, by Mr. Morgan Hebard. It was associated with Chondropoma dentatum Say, Helicina clappi Pils., H. tantilla Pils., Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid., Thysanophora incrustata Poey, T. selenina Gld., T. cceca Guppy> T. plagioptycha Shutt., Yitrea dalliana 'Simps.' Pils., Varicella g. floridana Pils., Succinea floridana Pils., and 19 specimens of Drymmus multilineatus Say, two of which are almost entirely black. 440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Aug., OBSERVATIONS 05 THE STRUCTURE OF SOME CORAL BEDS IN THE HAMILTON SHALE. BY BURNETT SMITH. In the majority of the Paleozoic systems layers of rock occasionally occur which are made up in large part of the remains of corals. These coral masses in the attitudes and in the mutual crowding of their individuals, as well as in their general field relations, exhibit conclusive evidence that they lie in the position of original growth. From certainly the Silurian upward we find among such coral layers many which in structure approach, to a greater or less degree, the reefs of existing seas. Such fossil reefs are, as might be expected, more abundant in the limestones, and probably the Silurian and Devonian rocks of this type furnish us with the best examples which are to be found throughout the North American Paleozoic series.1 In most cases, however, the reefs can be studied for only a small part of their extent. For instance, the Onondaga limestone of New York State is in many localities and through much of its thick- ness nothing more than an old reef, but here, as a rule, only a small horizontal section is exposed and the delimiting of the actual margins of the coral masses must be left to the field of conjecture. In the later Hamilton shale of the same region corals are a rather incon- spicuous element when compared with the rich fauna of brachiopods and mollusks. Locally, however, we find in the shales layers which are composed of corals to the practical exclusion of other forms of ife. Such layers are, in the main, of small thickness, and in studying them we are again confronted with the usual limited horizontal exposure. The coral reefs (if they can be dignified with the term) which form the basis for this description are an exception in this hot respect, for they present a large and very beautiful exposure of about a mile along the eastern shore of Skaneateles Lake, in Onon- daga County, New York. For purposes of convenience in presentation it is advisable to consider these structures under the following headings: (1) The Chamberlin, in Geology of Wisconsin, vol. I, 1873-79; C. J. Sarle, ncan Geologist, November, 1901, pp. 282-299 (chiefly Bryozoa), and A. W. Grabau, in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 14, p. 337 1903-4 1912. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 447 Large Southern Reef; (2) The Channel, and (3) The Small Northern Reef. The Large Southern Reef. — As we follow the shore of the lake northwestward from Spafford Landing (Skaneateles Quadrangle, U. S. G. S.), the corals first appear above water level on the north side of a small point known locally under the terms Ivy Point and also Willow Point. The reef at its first appearance ranges from 3.5 feet to 4 feet thick and is made up almost entirely of the hard parts of Zaphrentis, Heliophyllum, and Cystiphyllum, together with the silt which filled the interstices between the growing corals and brought an end to their growth. The reef maintains this uniform character and thickness as far northwestward as the point known locally as Staghorn Point — a distance of approximately two-thirds of a mile. From Ivy Point the reef rises gradually for a ways, then runs with little or no dip well up toward Staghorn Point, where the N W Otaiylwn It Diagrammatic northwest-southeast section of the Staghorn Point Coral Masses in the Hamilton Shale of Skaneateles Lake, N. Y. Reefs in solid black. Shales in lines. Channel and reef-margin deposits in lines and dots. S = Southern Reef. C = Channel. N = Northern Reef. dip increases. Its base is from 1 to 2 feet above high-water mark just south of Staghorn Point. Throughout this distance (from Ivy Point to Staghorn Point) the reef is apparently entirely conformable with the beds above and below. It is underlaid by thickly bedded hard limy shale, which carries a characteristic Hamil- ton fauna rich in brachiopods and mollusks. It is immediately overlaid by shales carrying a sparse fauna, the typical Hamilton assemblage reappearing a few feet above the reef. In the reef itself the species of brachiopods and mollusks, so abundant through- out the rest of the Hamilton, are almost entirely lacking. Just north of Staghorn Point the base of the reef is about 5 feet above the lake level and its thickness has fallen to about 3 feet. For a distance of about 700" feet northward the reef rises until it is 448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Aug., finally about 8 feet above the level of the lake, while during this rise it thins rapidly down to about 9 inches in thickness. Throughout this thinning it still maintains the same conformable relations with the thickly bedded shales below and the thinly bedded shales above, as were observed south of Staghorn Point. The reef now takes a sharp drop toward the north and thin layers of corals and limy shales fan away from it (PI. X, PI. XI, fig. 1). A- we approach lake level the mass of corals thickens, but it is soon lost again in the complex of thin interbedded layers. We are here evidently on the northern border of the southern reef. The Channel. — The space between the reef above described and that which lies to the north was evidently an open channel during most of the time when the corals of the two reefs flourished. The abrupt descent of the fanning layers from both reefs toward mid- channel and the discordance with the uniform southerly dip of the shales which later overwhelmed the reefs point conclusively to contemporaneous erosion for an explanation of the observed phenom- ena. This channel was gradually filled with limy silt, and occa- sionally an invasion of undersized corals ventured out into the currents only to be stifled by more silt without attaining maturity. These conditions are recorded by from 7 to 8 feet of thin limy shales and interbedded colonies of scattered corals. Ripple marks and cross-bedding in the limy layers bear witness to the shallowness as well as to the motion of the water in this old channel. The Small Northern Reef. — At the southern edge of this small reef the conditions observed at the northern margin of the larger southern reef are duplicated. A thick mass of corals occurs near the lake level. These corals rise rapidly and during their rise from the lake the beds deposited in the old channel are seen to fan away from them. The reef rises sharply to a height of 10 feet above the lake, and here it is little more than a foot in thickness. Followed a short distance north, the conditions on the southern edge are again met with, the reef descends rapidly, thickens, and thin limy shales and coral colonies fan away from the main mass. Just north of the reef border this series of thin, ripple-marked, limy shales and seams of corals is about 9 or 10 feet thick. These beds, which owe their origin to the coral growths and to the disintegration of the corals, maintain their character for some distance along the lake shore — that is, for some tance away from the reef (PI. XI, fig. 3), but, being reef -margin dep< heir distinctive features disappear as the distance from 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 449 the reef increases, and we can observe a gradual lateral transition into contemporaneous shale of the typical Hamilton fades.2 Sequence of Events. — In interpreting the observed facts we can assume with reasonable certainty that a local shallowing of the Hamilton Sea combined with an introduction of clearer water cur- rents produced the conditions which were favorable to the growth of the corals. The limy shales were followed by communities of corals. During the growth of these beds currents kept a channel excavated in the northern portion of the region of coral *growth. This channel was slowly filled with lime mud derived from the growing reefs and by invading colonies of corals, which latter, however, were never able to maintain their existence for long in the waters of the channel. Lime muds also derived from the reefs spread out for a small space around the northern margin of the area of coral growth. When the channel between the two reefs was nearly filled with lime mud, the whole reef area was overwhelmed by fine land-derived clay muds. This effectually stopped the growth of the reefs, exter- minating the corals and reintroducing the prevalent fauna of the Hamilton Seas. Correlations. As far as the author has been able to learn, the few references to the Staghorn Point coral masses which are to be found in geological literature are rather short and incidental. In view, however, of the advisability of correlating these reefs with one of the various Hamilton coral-bearing beds which occur in other portions of the county and of the State, the author believes it pertinent to mention here such references as are known to him. In 1886 Mr. E. B. Knapp,3 in a paper read before the Educational Council of Onondaga County and published at a later date, speaks of the principal collecting grounds for corals in the local Hamilton. We find also that he gives 6 feet as the thickness of the "old coral reef" at Staghorn Point. Schneider,4 in 1894, speaks very briefly of "the ancient coral reef at Staghorn Point" as an excellent collecting ground for cyatho- phylloid corals, but makes no mention of the size or structure of the reef. 2 We have good negative evidence that the section above described is near the western limit of the coral masses, for considerable search has failed to disclose any reefs on the western shore of Skaneateles Lake. 3 Knapp, E. B., Glimpses of the Geology of Onondaga County, p. 5. 4 .Schneider, P. F., Notes on the Geology of Onondaga County, Syracuse, 1894. 450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Aug., Luther,5 in his Economic Geology of Onondaga County, New York (p. 282), saj's: "On the east shore, near Staghorn Point, is a very remarkable bed of fossil corals. It is a solid mass of cyathophylloid or cup corals, together with other genera. It is 5 feet thick at the thickest place, and is exposed along the shore, near the level of the water, for a distance of a quarter of a mile or more. Thousands of specimens, some of them 10 or 12 inches long, and sufficiently sug- gestive of staghorns to give the name to the point, are in sight in the lay#r or loose in the water. This coral reef, or a similar one at about the same horizon, is exposed at Lord's Hill, several miles northeast, and along the hillside wTest of Otisco Lake. From its position it seems probable that this bed is the eastern extension of the Encrinal band of the western counties, which abounds in cyatho- phylloid corals of the same species." Cleland,6 in his Fauna of the Hamilton Formation of the Cayuga Lake Section in Central New York (p. 85), after refering to Luther's observations, says: "Since in Ontario, Seneca, and Cayuga Counties the most abundant coral faunas are in the Basal Hamilton, either this coral reef at Skaneateles Lake is (1) a continuation of the stratum called the 'Basal Hamilton,' which is several hundred feet above the Alarcellus shales in the Cayuga Lake section, or (2) the Encrinal, or (3) the union of (1) and (2), or (4) a separate stratum." Lower on the same page we find: "East of Cayuga Lake the correlation of the coral zones is yet to be worked out. However, conditions of sedimentation, such as would produce a limestone stratum anywhere in the Middle Hamilton, would be adapted to and contain what might be called a limestone fauna which would not differ materially from the fauna of the Encrinal; and whether this stratum were continuous or not, the same association of fossil would probably exist." Leaving the interesting question of the possible equivalency of the Staghorn Point reefs with "the Encrinal" or some other of the western lime bands, let us return to the much nearer coral layers which are found to the east and northeast of Staghorn Point. Luther's locality of "Lord's Hill" I have so far been unable to identify with absolute certainty, but the exposures on the "hillside west of Otisco Lake" are numerous and probably most of them have been visited. These latter are known to exhibit an approximately northwest and southeast outcrop for about 3 miles, and as the 5 Luther, D. D., Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895. 6 Cleland, H. F., Bull. 206, U. S. G. S. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 451 lower limit of the corals ranges in altitude between 1,000 feet and 1,060 feet it is reasonable to assume that the exposures trend not far from the line of strike. The coral beds of the Otisco Valley present certain differences from the Staghorn Point masses. In the first place, the coralline strata are usually thicker, probably 10 feet thick at the northernmost exposure examined, while at a ravine cutting across the north and south road which leads to the Otisco causeway7 we find two beds of corals — a lower one of undetermined thickness at 1,000 feet altitude separated by non-coralline shales from an upper bed which is at least 30 feet thick. The Otisco exposures are for the most part in very narrow gullies choked with debris, and though there can be no doubt that they represent an essentially continuous system, the exact structure is hardly deter- minable. The question then naturally arises as to whether or no these Otisco Valley reefs are the contemporaries and the stratigraphic equivalents of the Staghorn Point reefs. Checks with a reliable reference plane are hard to make in the Otisco Valley, but the coral masses appear to lie about 300 feet below the base of the Tully limestone, while in the Skaneateles Valley the corresponding differ- ence is about 360 feet. Considering the great variations in thickness which these coral masses exhibit, we are, it is believed, justified in regarding this evidence as pointing to essential stratigraphic equiva- lency. Regarding, then, the Otisco Valley and the Staghorn Point masses as a practically contemporaneous system of coral bodies growing in the same sea, it is advisable to notice here two other Onondaga County exposures — those near the hamlets of Vesper and Joshua (Tully Quadrangle, U. S. G. S.). The Vesper Reef is exposed in the Fellows Falls ravine and has been mentioned very briefly by Clarke8 and Luther as "exposed in the Fellows Falls ravine 3 miles west of Tully. " This bed is about 6 feet and 4 inches thick and lies approximately 350 feet below the Tully limestone or in practical agreement with the Staghorn Point reefs. The coral layers near Joshua9 lie at a much higher altitude than any of the others and their exact horizon is much less susceptible of precise determination. They are exposed between the 1,180 and 7 The causeway is represented in an unfinished condition on the topographic map of the Skaneateles Quadrangle (U. S. G. S.). 8 Clarke, John M., and Luther, D. D., N. Y. Slate Museum Bull. 82, p. 48. 9 This is presumably Luther's "Lord's Hill" locality. See pi. 79, Lot 218, in Sweet's New Atlas of Onondaga County, New York, 1874. 452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Aug.,. 1,300 feet contours about 1| miles southeast of Joshua and some nine miles from Staghorn Point in a northeasterly direc- As this line corresponds quite closely to the general direction of dip of the Hamilton shales, the difference in altitude in no way precludes the stratigraphic equivalency of the Joshua and Staghorn Point beds. Though the horizontal exposure is very limited at the Joshua locality, we are furnished with quite an extensive vertical section. Enough is revealed to allow us to say that here we have an upper reef some 65 feet thick separated by barren shales from one or more thinner reefs. Allowing, then, essential contemporaneity for the Onondaga County coral masses already mentioned, it is well in passing to say that other coral-bearing localities to the east of Vesper and Joshua have not yet been visited, while to the west of Staghorn Point the absence of definite reefs in the Skaneateles Valley renders Luther's suggestion of correlation with the "Encrinal band" still an open question. The- Coral-bearing Drift of the Otisco Valley. — Along the eastern side of the Otisco Valley exposures of the bed rock are, on the whole, quite rare. So far none of the exposures examined have shown coral beds in situ. The glacial drift, on the other hand, is very high in cyathophylloid corals. The ultimate source of drift inclusions is always open to some question, but in the present case the corals, besides being specifically identical with those of the Hamilton reefs, are also of the same general size and in many cases carry adherent fragments of the Hamilton matrix.10 After the examination of a large number of specimens the author believes that no reasonable doubt can exist as to the origin of these fossils. In places the drift is so packed with corals as to preclude the theory of transportation for any considerable distance. Every- thing, in fact, points to a very local source, and unless we ascribe this to the Joshua reefs alone, it is believed that we are warranted in assuming the presence of extensive though drift-covered Hamilton reefs along the eastern wall of the Otisco Valley. Though the exact horizon of such hypothetical reefs must, of course, remain in doubt, the probabilities are that it coincides quite closely with the horizon of those Hamilton reefs which we can see in place. In view of the great number of corals in the local Onondaga limestone, and in view of the fact that the Hamilton species are also found in the limestone, night be urged that some of this is Onondaga drift. The Hamilton reefs are, , made up almost entirely of Zaphrentis, Heliophyllum, and Cystiphyllum, )nondaga contains not only many additional genera of corals, but an associated Brachiopods, Bryozoa, Crinoid stems, etc. These s have not been found in the Otisco Valley drift. 1912.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 453 Summary. From the observations briefly outlined in this paper, it is believed that we can draw the following conclusions concerning the geological history of this area in central New York: (1) During Hamilton time a considerable surface of the sea-bottom shallowed, this shallow- ing being accompanied by the introduction of clear ocean currents with the resultant cessation or at least interruption of mud deposition. (2) These physical changes of sea-bottom and of sea produced conditions favorable to the growth and development of the same coral fauna throughout the greater part of the area. The coral growths varied greatly in thickness with the locality. In places they endured for a considerable time, while in other nearby situations the growth was discontinuous and the history is recorded in the strata by thin interbedded coral bands and limy shales — the probable records of old channels. (3) Though these changes, physical and faunal, were of short duration when compared with the whole of Hamilton time, they nevertheless represent perhaps the most striking episode in the history of the Hamilton Sea in this area, namely, a transitory return to Onondaga-like conditions, followed again by the mud-bearing waters and the mud-loving fauna of the typical Hamilton. Among the unsolved problems connected with these reefs perhaps of most importance are the following: (a) Correlation with coral-bearing horizons in the western portion of the State. (6) Determination of the direction from which the faunal and environmental invasion came. (c) Possible correlation with some important, though perhaps distant, crustal movement. Acknowledgments are due to Mr. Sedgwick Smith, of Harvard University, for assistance in the field, and to Mrs. Ethel Ostrander Smith, who photographed the reef structures under rather difficult conditions. Explanation of Plates X and XI. Plate X. — Coral layers fanning away from the northern margin of the Southern Reef (see text figure, S) near Staghorn Point, Skaneateles Lake, N. Y. Eroded shale (a) below, followed by fan or wedge-shaped reef-margin deposits (6), with thinly, bedded shale (c) at the top. Plate XI. — Reef and reef -margin deposits near Staghorn Point, Skaneateles Lake, N. Y. Fig. 1. — Coral layers fanning away from the northern margin of the Southern 454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Aug., Reef (text figure, S). Illustrates the abrupt northward (to the left) descent of the marginal deposits (b) into the channel (see text figure, C) and the truncation of the southward dipping shale (a) below. Fig. 2. — Northern margin of the Southern Reef. In this figure the reef itself cannot be distinguished, but its base is shown by the top of the truncated shale below the reef. The discordance between the line of truncation (x, y) and the southward dip of the shale above the reef is also illustrated. Fig. 3. — Reef-margin deposits about the northern border of the Northern Reef (see text figure, N). These deposits lie beyond the area in which fanning occurs and their alternating hard and soft layers are essentially parallel. The hard layers are limy and the soft layers are friable shale. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE II. 4 WHERRY: SUN-CRACKS AND RINGING ROCKS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE III. \>&i WHERRY: SILICIFIED WOOD. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE IV. irt tiiimiiiiai npiiii. m A ^*Sm WHERRY: SILICIFIED WOOD. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. TLATE V BERRY: JAPANESE CEPHALOPODA. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 191'2. PLATE VI. BERRY. JAPANESE CEPHALOPODA. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE VII. BERRY: JAPANESE CEPHALOPODA. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE VIII. BERRY: JAPANESE CEPHALOPODA. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE IX. >1 <% BERRY: JAPANESE CEPHALOPODA. c x w -3 Q O M > r a d X PI r -J o z in > p] C p > > p > H w o 13 X r > CD to 13 r > H M X PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XI. \ far 3 ■ % BURNETT SMITH : CORAL BEDS IN THE HAMILTON SHALE. X w p < p S fc o en P o 2 S o CO Oi < ^ PC P E- < o >- w p <^ o < h 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 455 NEW POLYCLADS FROM MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA. BY HAROLD HEATH AND ERNEST A. MCGREGOR. The material serving as a basis for the present paper was collected along the rocky beaches on the southern border of Monterey Bay or was dredged in the shallow water off shore. That it does not embrace all of the polyclads inhabiting this region is recognized, but it probably includes the more common species, and will, it is hoped, stimulate others to complete the list and extend their inves- tigations into other localities bordering the western coast of North America. It is a surprising fact that up to the present time, so far as we can learn, but three species of these animals have been recorded between Panama and the coast of Asia, a distance of over 7,000 miles. Stimpson's characteristically brief diagnosis of Leptoplana maculosa is far from being exclusive, and accordingly must exist as a nomen nudum. On the other hand, Miss Plehn's description of Leptoplana calif ornica and Amblycereus luteus is accurate and complete, as we know from specimens in hand. Concerning the habits of these animals, we have unfortunately little to say on the subject. In captivity practically all of the species fail to thrive, and if they live at all withdraw into some shaded nook or remain quiet for hours together. In their native haunts they are even more retiring, and observations upon their mode of life are very difficult. Planocera californica occupies sites farthest removed from low-tide mark. Under stones or in crevices of the rocks it finds a hiding place and a food supply consisting of small animals together with scant quantities of diatoms. Through- out the greater part of the year its egg masses, forming more or less circular patches from two to six millimeters in diameter, appear like encrusting plant growths concealed in crevices of the rocks or attached to the under surfaces of boulders scattered on the beach. About mean-tide mark and even higher on the shore where the surf breaks strongly, and from such situations down to the low-tide mark, nearly all of the species of Leptoplana find a home. Leptoplana rupicola was encountered upon two occasions only attached to the under surface of large rocks at about the limit of extreme low tide. This is likewise the habitat of Leptoplana timida and Stylostomum 30 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept.. califoi Nothing further is known concerning their mode of life. Leploplana inquieta was dredged on one occasion in water about six fathoms in depth; it is usually concealed in the burrows coring mollusks (Penitella penita), and when dislodged pr< to be an active, restless species incapable of living in ptivity. Leploplana saxicola is peculiar in that it inhabits small, elevated tide pools whose waters are changed only during rough weather, when they are submerged in the dashing surf. A growth of algae (Cladophora) frequently lines such pools, and in its i'eltwork this species may be found in abundance, living upon small mollusks, Crustacea, and an occasional rhabdocele, whose remains have been found in the digestive tract. The species of Eurylepla and Amblycereus are usually found in the rhizoids of the brown kelp (Macrocyslis pyrijera). Amblycereus luteus is an active swimmer, progressing by means of wave-like undulations of the margins of the body. Most of the remaining species described in the following pages were secured from collections made by students attending the seaside laboratory of Stanford University at Pacific drove and were gathered at low tide, though we have no accurate, information concerning their exact habitat or mode of life. The food of several of the species consists largely of minute organ- isms in the plankton or small, strictly littoral species. In their digestive tracts have been found small spores, unicellular plants, especially diatoms, numerous sponge spicules, remains of amphipods and isopods, multitudes of Sabella larvae, small annelids and the radulse of gastropod mollusks. These substances frequently impart a characteristic color to the animal, and several of the more trans- parent species derive much of their apparent outward tint to materials in the digestive tract, as is shown by keeping such animals in cap- tivity without food until that already eaten has digested, when their true color becomes apparent. In the fixation of these animals the ordinary methods were" em- ployed. Lang's formula particularly was used with good results, but was slightly inferior to another solution that we devised during the course of our study. To 4 parts of a saturated solution of corro- sive sublimate 1 part of formaldehyde was added, and 100 parts of this mixture were combined with 5 parts of glacial acetic acid. The solution was used hot and usually was poured over the specimen, though active, highly contractile individuals were often imprisoned 1 >etween two microscope slides lightly held together. When this last- led device was employed, the specimen usually remained attached 1 1912. J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 457 to one of the slides, and in this position was passed through the various grades of alcohol and cleared and mounted. In a few species the active movements of the body may be inhibited to a considerable degree by allowing them to remain for some time in sea water held in small vessels, but in the greater number of cases the resulting sluggishness is accompanied by an abnormal distortion of the body that is difficult to overcome. Chloretone (aceto-chloroform) and a number of other narcotizing agents were used from time to time, but without much success, since the animals, even while compara- tively active, would undergo a surprising degree of disassociation of the tissues. Delafield's hematoxylin was usually employed as a stain, occasionally with Orange G or rubin, and after such treatment the specimens were generally examined in clove oil and finally mounted in balsam. Key to California. Species. I. Without sucking disc on ventral surface Tribe Acotylea. A. Nuchal tentacles present Family Planocerid^e. a. Pharynx almost wholly in middle half of body; antrum- masculinum continued close to dorsal surface as a crescent-shaped blind sac; accessory sac 3-parted, Planocera calif ornica. aa. Pharynx nearly central; antrum-mascujinum normal: ac- cessory sac normal, b. Nuchal tentacles at beginning of second fourth of body; ample pharynx with large deep folds; sex openings rather close to posterior border of pharyn- geal pocket Planocera burchami. bb. Nuchal tentacles before end of first fifth of body; pharynx small and weakly folded; gut branches anastomosing; *sex openings far removed from pharyngeal pocket and from posterior end of body, Stijloehopla na calif ornica . AA. Nuchal tentacles wanting Family Leptoplanid^e. a. A single seminal vesicle Genus Leptoplana. b. Separate sex openings. c. Vasa deferentia anastomosing L. rupicola. cc. Vasa deferentia unbranched; gut branches anas- tomosing, d. Pharynx central, deeply lobed; penis broad, blunt; accessory sac lying wholly behind the female opening L. timida. dd. Pharynx considerably nearer the posterior end, weakly folded; penis very long, attenuate; accessory sac lying wholly before the female opening : L. saxicola. 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., bb. ( ommon sex opening. c. Tentacle eyes small, numerous; cerebral eyes minute, converging anteriorly L. californica. cc. Tentacle eyes large, few; cerebral eyes not con- verging L. inquieta. aa. A pair of seminal vesicles Phylloplana litoricola. II. With sucking disc on ventral surface Tribe Cotylea. A. Numerous gut branches; tentacles appear as marginal folds; pharynx folded Family Pseudocerid^e. a. Approximately 50 pairs of gut branches, Lichenoplana lepida. AA. Few gut branches; solid marginal tentacles; pharynx without folds Family Euryleptid^e. a. Mouth and male sex opening a common aperture; female pore before hind end of pharynx, Stylostomum calif ornicvm. aa. Mouth and male aperture not united; female opening behind posterior end of pharynx. b. Mouth immediately behind the brain which is close to the anterior body margin; male aperture under .front end of pharyngeal pocket; tentacles lacking, Acer os langi. bb. Mouth well removed from brain and body margin; male aperture behind pharyngeal pocket or ventral to posterior end of it; tentacles usually present. c. Eyes lacking in region of tentacles; vasa deferentia and uteri anastomosed; no uterus glands, Anciliplana graffi. cc. Eyes present in tentacle region. d. A pair of uterus glands present; gut branches and vasa deferentia not anastomosing, Eurylepta aurantiaca. dd. Uterus glands wanting; gut branches anas- tomosed Genus Euryleptodes. e. Granular gland present; vasa deferentia unbranched. f. Tentacles well developed E. cavicola. ff. Tentacles absent or rudimentary,1 E. panmdus. ee. Granular gland absent; vasa deferentia elaborately anastomosed E. phyllvlus. Tribus ACOTYLEA. Without sucking disc. Mouth in middle of the body or behind it. Pharynx ruff-like. Copulatory apparatus in the posterior end of the body. Without tentacles or with nuchal tentacles. 1 Cf. page 485. 1912.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 459 Family PLANOCERID^E Lang, 1884. With nuchal tentacles. Mouth about the middle of the body. Penis directed backward. Genus PLANOCERA. de Blainville, 1828. With slender, pointed nuchal tentacles well removed from the anterior end of the body. Separated sex openings a considerable distance from the posterior end. Eyes on bases of tentacles and in the brain area. Planocera californica sp. nov. This species is fairly abundant along the southern coast of Mon- terey Bay, and to the south for at least thirty-four miles. It usually occurs above mean tide in crevices of the rocks and beneath boulders on the beach. The ground color is light transparent olive, upon which a system of chocolate-colored markings occur, corresponding closely to the position of the digestive tract. A long bar of this color extends along the mid-dorsal line from the front of the brain to the reproductive openings, sending off lateral branches along its course which ramify to the body margin. On the ventral surface of the animal the tissues are unpigmented and the somatic muscles are of whitish cast and so opaque that the internal organs are invisible. The largest specimen (PI. XVIII, fig. 39) measured 24 mm. in length by 14 mm. in width, and the oval or broadly elliptical body is of very firm consistency. Nipple-like retractile tentacles occur immediately before the end of the first fifth of . . • • •• the body. The eyes (text fig. 1) occur in the two usual groups — one, consisting of about ninety large ocelli in each of the tentacle clus- ters distributed in and about the tentacles in somewhat spindle- shaped areas diverging anteriorly, while the other, the cerebral set, comprises about sixty- five smaller eyes, commencing at the level of the posterior border of 4 • • ».. . r- .**-.. ». '■'k Fig. 1. — Eyes of Planocera californica. 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., the brain and extending directly forward along the sides of this organ fo a point a little farther from the brain than its length. The mouth (PL XVIII, fig. 39), situated somewhat in front of the the body, opens into the pharnyx, which is placed almost entirely in front of the centre of the animal. Its length is between -third and one-fourth that of the body, and is devoid of diver- ticula although it is moderately folded. The rather narrow main gut, of about the same length as the pharyngeal pocket, bears six or seven pairs of lateral branches with occasional alternating out- pouching^. A median branch crosses the brain, and it like the others is without anastomoses. It is evident that this species is carnivorous, as both the type and cotype contain radulse of some gastropod mollusk. In one individual a radula occupies the anterior branch of the gut, extending across the brain, and shows signs of disintegration under the action of the digestive juice. Also in many of the gut pouches isolated teeth are to be seen in considerable numbers. The brain is situated at the beginning of the second sixth of the body length, and is unusually clearly bilobed. The accompanying groups of granules (Kornerhaufen) are clearly evident, but the nerves, even in sections, are very indistinct, and accordingly no attempt has been made to determine their distribution. The testes are ventrally distributed, but are not clearly united with the sperm capillaries, nor have these last-named canals been seen to unite with the vasa deferentia. Each vas deferens appears to originate at about the level of the male aperture, from which point each pursues its course directly forward as a convoluted, unbranched duct until abreast of the posterior end of the pharyngeal pocket where it bends suddenly inward and backward, finally opening beside its fellow into the small seminal vesicle (PL XV, fig. 24) located immediately posterior to the pharynx. The posterior contracted end of the seminal vesicle is continuous with the immense, spindle-shaped, granular gland whose walls are more or less con- tinuous with the tissue of the penis. The slender penis is of an unusual type in that it is curved upward (PL XVI, fig. 32) and opens into a large cup-shaped cavity that is a dorsal continuation of the antrum masculinum. Several chitin-like spurs project into this space from its anterior wall. Ventrally the antrum is modified to form a long, slender passage, which opens to the exterior ventral to the above-described cavity. 'he ovaries are in large measure dorsal, and in a few locations 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 461 have been seen to connect with what appears to be an anastomosing series of canals. The uteri are very distinct in the cotype, and are united anteriorly immediately in front of the pharynx. Relatively small ova occur throughout their entire length, save in the immediate neighborhood of the median egg canal. This last-named tube (PI. XV, fig. 24) is continued posteriorly, and opens into the central region of the accessory sac, which in this species consists of three large pouches of equal size, the usual median one and an anterior pair bordering the egg canal. Anteriorly, the egg canal expands into the ample bursa, abundantly supplied with glands, that opens to the exterior not far behind the male aperture. Planocera burchami sp. nov. This species is represented by five individuals collected in Monterey Bay at a depth of ten fathoms. The color in alcohol was at first a brownish-pink over the pharyngeal area, with a dark brown line along the middle of the dorsal surface marking the position of the main gut. From the pharyngeal area outward, the color gradually changes to a creamy-pink in the neighborhood of the body margin. The entire, dorsal surface is blotched with white pigment in varying quantity, though the' spots are generally of small size. A small non-pigmented area between the tentacles marks the position of the brain. The ventral surface of the animal is unpigmented, and through the somatic musculature the brain, pharynx, uteri and vasa deferentia are clearly visible. All of the specimens are broadly oval in outline, and the largest measured 14 by 11 mm. The mouth (PI. XV, fig. 27) is placed very nearly in the centre of the ventral surface. The tentacles and brain are situated one-fourth of the body length from the anterior margin, the former appearing in preserved material as small, blunt, and hemispherical projections. Circular groups of eyes (PI. XIII, fig. 9) are ranged about their bases, and numerous ocelli are also scattered irregularly between the tentacles. No eyes occur on the body margin. The external mouth leads into the pharyngeal pocket that with broad, ample lateral divisions extends at least two-fifths of the body length. The main intestine, closely coinciding with the pharynx in outline, gives rise to six or seven pairs of stout lateral branches and an anterior offshoot, which immediately forms three sub- divisions posterior to the brain. The ultimate divisions of the intestine have never been seen to anastomose. 462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., The brain, about one-fourth the length of the body from the anterior end of the animal, is oblong in transverse diameter, slightly emarginate in front and behind, and gives rise to atrleast four pairs of lateral nerve trunks. Over most of the body the larger nerve trunks have been traced with unusual distinctness, and the results show that the nervous system in general conforms to the usual type. The testes are ventral, and especially in an immature state their arrangement suggests that they are united by sperm canals, forming an anastomosing system, though, generally speaking, these capillaries are invisible. The vasa deferentia, on each side of the body, form a narrow, inverted-U-shaped loop whose distal end arises abreast of the male aperture, the bend occurring opposite the mouth. Owing to the rather poor preservation of the specimens, the details of the male reproductive apparatus could not be determined completely. The proximal ends of the vasa deferentia appear to terminate in what seems to be a large antrum masculinum (PI. XVIII, fig. 44), but no seminal vesicle could be seen nor could the penis be clearly studied, although it is doubtless directed backward. The male sex opening is well removed from the pharyngeal pocket. The ovaries are dorsal, and an anastomosing connecting system of oviducts exists. The uteri extend forward, running parallel to the inner limbs of the vasa deferentia, and thus pursue a course directly forward to the tentacles to terminate immediately behind them. Posteriorly, these canals pass dorsal to the vasa deferentia, and lateral to the male aperture where they bend quickly inward toward the median line. As in the case of the male reproductive system, the details of the female reproductive complex could not be ascertained with certainty. The uteri appear to lead directly into a large antrum femininum, but there are also indications of an accessory gland, though its relations were not established satisfactorily. The female sex opening is immediately behind that of the male system. Two peculiar deep pits (PL XVIII, fig. 44, dp), one immediately in front of the level of the male aperture and one immediately behind the female aperture, occur on the dorsal surface connected by a narrow, shallow groove. This appears in two of the largest indi- viduals, but there is no clue to their function. Named in memory of Mr. Samuel Burcham, who undertook the investigation of the polyclads of the California coast while a student at Stanford University. This work, still in its early stages, was terminated by his untimely death. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 463 Genus STYLOCHOPLANA Stimpson, 1857. Stubby tentacles about one-fifth the body length from the anterior end. Male and female genital pore united and well removed from v posterior end of body. Eyes on basis of tentacles and in brain area. Stylochoplana gracilis sp. nov. This very small species is represented by eight individuals, all of which were taken on the broad thalli of Macrocystis pyrifera, growing in the vicinity of the wharf of the Del Monte Hotel, near Monterey. It was most often found on surfaces encrusted with colonies of bryozoa. The color of the dorsal surface is pale brownish-yellow or buff, fading gradually as the margins of the body are approached. The ventral surface is unpigmented, yet the tissues are so opaque that little more than the digestive tract is visible in living material. The largest specimen measured 7.5 mm. in length by 3 mm. in width. In every case the outline of the body is cuneate-oval (PI. XII, fig. 2) with a broad semi-truncate anterior margin, while the posterior end is usually pointed. The mouth is located slightly in front of the middle of the body. The penis is directed backward. Finger- like nuchal tentacles are placed at the end of the first body fifth. The eyes (PL XIV, fig. 20) are arranged in two groups. The ten- tacle pair, each consisting of about four medium-sized eyes, is confined to the basal portion of the tentacles, while the cerebral clusters, fairly well differentiated, comprise approximately fourteen eyes each. The mouth (PI. XII, fig. 2) opens into the pharynx, which is considerably nearer the anterior than the posterior end, and covers an extent equal to one-fourth the length of the animal. The pharynx is slightly folded only, though the resulting inconspicuous lobes are relatively numerous. The main gut is narrow, of moderate length, and possesses usually seven pairs of intestinal branches with alter- nating diverticula. The posterior pair terminate the gut immediately behind the pharyngeal pocket, but anteriorly a median branch continues forward across the brain. All of the branches immediately anastomose and continue to do so until close to the margin of the body. The brain holds a position at the commencement of the second body sixth, but as the main nerve trunks to which it gives rise are typical and their ramifications are very difficult to follow, no serious attempt has been made to examine critically this particular system. The testes, for the most part ventrally placed, have not been seen to connect with sperm capillaries, but the vasa deferentia, on the 464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., other hand, arc clearly defined, convoluted, unbranched canals continuous across the mid line immediately behind the female reproductive pore. From this point they swing forward, diverging until opposite the posterior end of the pharynx where >end abruptly, and parallelling the outer trunks for a relatively distance pass inward and forward to the anterior end of the seminal vesicle. This last-named organ (PL XII, fig. 6) is of mod- erate size, muscular, oval in form, and is placed far behind the pharynx. Leaving it posteriorly the short ejaculatory duct immediately enters (PL XV, fig. 26) what is doubtless the granular gland. The latter is of an unusual type. It is round-oval in form and its walls, pro- duced posteriorly, appear to be continuous with the tissue of the penis. The penis is short, blunt, and projects into an ample antrum masculinum. Generally speaking, the ovaries are dorsal, but no connections have been traced between them and the uteri. These canals have their origin opposite a point midway between the mouth and the front end of the pharynx. From here they extend backward, closely skirting the pharynx, at whose posterior extremity they approach one another and close to the mid line continue their course, diverging slightly in order to pass around the male reproductive pore where they enter the common egg canal (PL XII, fig. 6). The latter is short, and almost at once extends forward and ventrally to open into the antrum femininum. Posteriorly, the egg canal is continuous with the moderate-sized accessory sac (PL XV, fig. 26). The female orifice is usually a short distance posterior to that of the male, though two specimens possess a common opening. No histological examination was made of the reproductive system. Leptoplana rupicola sp. nov. This large species is represented by three individuals found adher- ing to the under surface of large rocks near extreme low-tide mark a short distance south of the entrance to Monterey Bay. The largest specimen, 35 mm. in length by 15 mm. in width, is somewhat oval in form (PL XII, fig. 3), having the anterior end more rounded than the posterior. The color above is light with a pinkish or reddish tinge very marked in one of the specimens. There is a dark brown or brownish-red line along the mid line in the region of the pharynx. At the margins of the body the color is usually very Ventrally, pigment is absent and the reproductive system the pharynx appear with considerable distinctness. A clear, 1912.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 465 translucent spot marks the position of the brain. The mouth is situated almost exactly in the centre of the body. Tentacles • are lacking. The penis is placed about one-third of the distance from the mouth to the posterior .*** *.;, * • end, well behind the pharyngeal •«?'*%$ * ;**; / :» • pocket, and is directed back- #">;•:♦ .VJ«* ward. The eyes (text fig. 2) are 1*i« •„ 'tf i' " !**!• "* arranged in four groups, a com- paratively long pair of approxi- ./*J *•*• * »*••• ' >*^'l mately 30 eyes in each adjacent . /• ^Jg^ to the brain, and a small more . % rounded, laterally placed pair ** comprising about 30 eyes in each Fig. 2.— Eyes of Leptoplana rupicola. cluster. No eyes occur elsewhere in the body. The pharyngeal pocket, scarcely one-third the length of the body, is supplied with numerous irregularly lobed diverticula, correspond- ing in a general way to the folds of the pharynx. The main gut is of about the same length as the pharynx, though is much more slender in outline, and is provided with approximately fifteen pairs of lateral intestinal branches whose subdivisions give no signs of anastomosing. The brain is placed very nearly one-fourth of the body length from the anterior margin of the body, and as described previously is associated with two pairs of eye clusters. The ventral system of nerves is fairly well defined and conforms to the usual type. The testes are ventral, and what appears in sections to be an anastomosing system of sperm canals unites them with the vasa deferentia. The last-named tubes (PI. XII, fig. 3) are continuous across the mid line immediately posterior to the female reproductive pore, and from this point extend forward, diverging somewhat, as they become increasingly anastomosed. Opposite a point slightly anterior to the level of the mouth this elaborate network bends upon itself, skirts the margin of the pharynx, and not far behind the posterior end of the gut each becomes reduced to a single duct which sweeps inward and forward to fuse with its fellow in the mid line. This median duct (PI. XV, fig. 22) proceeds in an anterior direction for a short distance, then bends upon itself and immediately enters the small but muscular seminal vesicle. Emerging from this at the 466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., opposite end, the canal plunges at once into the comparatively large granular gland (PL XIII, fig. 13), and after its exit pursues its course to the base of the penis. A triangular muscular sheath sur- rounds the seminal vesicle and the terminations of the vasa deferentia. The copulatory apparatus is single and of the normal type. A large antrum masculinum is present. As usual, the ovaries are dorsal and the uteri anteriorly are continu- ous across the mid line (PL XII, fig. 3). Immediately posterior to the male reproductive opening the uteri bend inward and meet to form the median oviduct (PL XV, fig. 22) that exists in the form of a relatively large canal, on one hand uniting with the long yet ample accessory gland and in the other direction with the spacious shell gland chamber and the antrum femininum. The opening to the exterior is close to that of the male and immediately in front of the accessory gland. Leptoplana timida sp. nov. This species is evidently rare as it is represented by only two individuals taken along the southern shore of Monterey Bay. The color of the dorsal surface is clear, translucent white, dotted more or less uniformly with minute dark red spots. In the central regions of the body these pigment spots are closely grouped to form a trans- verse, saddle-shaped blotch that becomes especially conspicuous when the animal is in a contracted condition. On the ventral surface of the body pigment is lacking, and through the white, semi-transparent somatic muscles the pharynx and vasa deferentia may be distinctly seen in living specimens. The body is broadly oval in shape (PL XII, fig. 1), blunt ante- riorly, and the type specimen measures 23 mm. in length by 12 mm. in breadth. The mouth is situated a \ .; • *. " very short distance posterior to the. * \\ ',. centre of the body. Tentacles are ■Ji"' lacking. The penis is located imme- 0jfyr i ** ;* »*•£ ** diately behind the pharyngeal pocket one-fourth of the length of the body i- o r. ,, * . r from the posterior end and is directed *ig. 6— Eyes and brain of Lepto- ,. , j an. n. £ o\ plana timida. backward. The eyes (text fig. 3) are arranged as usual in four clusters, the cerebral consisting of about 40 in each on both sides of the brain, while the tentacle groups, each comprising 12 comparatively large irregular ocelli, are more laterally placed. No eyes occur on the margins of the body. 1912.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 467 The pharyngeal sheath (PL XII, fig. 1) is of nearly half the body length and is provided with broad, irregularly lobed branches. Owing to the compression of the animal during its fixation, the main intestine cannot be clearly differentiated from the pharynx, but it apparently exists as an elongated organ extending the full length of the pharynx posteriorly and at least as far as the brain anteriorly. Approximately sixteen pairs of lateral branches have been distin- guished which appear to finally anastomose, though of this we cannot be positive. The brain is situated one-third of the distance from the mouth to the anterior end of the body, but neither it nor the nerves originating from it present any noteworthy features. The testes are placed in the ventral half of the body, and although no anastomosing system of sperm canals could be distinguished, the position of the male reproductive glands suggests that one probably exists. The vasa deferentia (PL XII, fig. 1) present the form of a heart-shaped loop, since they are continuous across the mid line immediately behind the female aperture, from whence they extend anteriorly and laterally to arch inward ventral to the uteri opposite a point not far behind the mouth. They then bend backward and inward and, fusing, unite with the seminal vesicle (PL XIII, fig. 12), surrounded by an ellipsoid muscle sheath, situated immediately behind the posterior end of the pharynx. Emerging from this organ, the canal immediately pierces the spherical granular gland and enters the base of the penis. This last-named organ is unusually thick at its base in proportion to its length, and in the type specimen the opening to the exterior is opposite to its base. The ovaries are dorsal and are connected with the uterus by an anastomosing system of capillaries. The uteri entirely surround the pharj-nx since they are continuous across the mid line anteriorly. Posterior to the penis, these canals swing inward and unite to form the single, median egg canal (PL XIII, fig. 12) that on one hand expands to form the spacious antrum femininum and in the other direction communicates with the accessory gland, a long, roomy sac extending well behind the female reproductive pore. Leptoplana saxicola sp. nov. This small flatworm is represented by numerous individuals taken at a point a few miles south of the entrance to Monterey Bay. It occurs usually in masses of algae (Cladophora) in tide pools of such elevation that the water is renewed only during rough weather. Dorsally the ground color varies from yellowish to grayish-brown. 468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., A light stripe generally occupies the area immediately above the main gut which may be bordered laterally by a brownish band. When this last-named variation occurs, light streaks free from pig- •adiate from it to the .margins of the body. A clear spot lly mark? the position of the brain. On the ventral surface pigment is entirely lacking or is present in very slight amounts, so that the more important organs may be seen through the translucent body wall with considerable distinctness. The largest specimen measured 11 mm. in length by 5 mm. in width, and is narrowly elliptical in outline (PI. XII, fig. 4). The mouth is situated about one-third of the length of the body from the posterior end of the animal. The penis is directed backward. Both cerebral and tentacle eyes (PI. XIV, fig. 19) occur associated with the brain; none exist on the margins of the body. The tentacle clusters form small groups lateral to the brain, each consisting of about ten medium-sized eyes. The cerebral groups are not sharply differentiated from the others, but in a general way they present a linear arrangement on either side of the mid line bordering the brain and anteriorly expand to form loose clusters in front of the brain. There are approximately 25 small eyes in each of these groups. The most conspicuous feature of the digestive system is the posterior position of the pharynx (PI. XII, fig. 4) and external mouth. The first-named organ is about two-fifths the length of the body and is provided with five or six folds of moderate size on each side. The inner mouth is some distance anterior to the true mouth. The main gut is long, rather narrow, and possesses six or seven pairs of lateral intestinal branches, with occasional alternating shorter diverticula, and an anterior and posterior outgrowth along the mid line. Anastomosing immediately commences, resulting in a highly complicated intestinal network. Varying quantities of diatoms and sponge spicules were generally present in the digestive tract. In this species the nervous system appears with unusual distinct- ness and has accordingly received more than usual study. The ventral system (PL XIV, fig. 21) conforms closely to the type found to occur in polyclads generally, but in addition to this there is what appears to be an independent network extending over the entire i 1< >rsal surface of the body. It comprises three pairs of main branches, arising from the lateral and anterior surfaces of the brain, that after viding repeatedly extend to the margins of the body. Along the i the region of the pharynx, these delicate fibres become 1912. S NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 469 lost to sight owing to the opacity of the animal, but as they appear here and there in sections it is probable that the network spreads over the entire dorsal surface of the body. The average size of the component nerve bundles is less than those of the ventral side, and the mesh work is considerably more open; otherwise there are no especially noteworthy features not represented in the figures. Heath ('07) has described a dorsal nervous system, conforming to the same general plan, in Planocera hawaiiensis, and it is known to exist in the trematodes (cf. Heath '02). Lang has theoretically related the ctenophores and the flatworms on the basis of several deep-seated resemblances, appearing especially in the course of the embryological development. In the ctenophores there is, as is well known, a nervous system fashioned on the quadriradial plan. In the chiton larva there are likewise indications that in the early stages the central nervous system is constructed upon essentially the .same plan. In the chiton the dorsal limbs of the cross-shaped fundament disappear apparently without becoming functional, but it is possible, though by no means proven conclusively, that they persist in the polyclads and develop into the network of the dorsal side of the body. The testes, ventral as usual, are united by delicate sperm capilla- ries with the convoluted but unbranched vasa deferentia (PL XII, fig. 4), which present the form of an inverted-U-shaped loop. The outer limb of each loop passes backward to fuse with its mate imme- diately behind the female reproductive pore. The inner trunk extends inward and backward and unites with its fellow in the mid line to form a short common duct (PL XVI, fig. 30), which at once enters the posterior end of the large, elliptical seminal vesicle situated close behind the pharynx. Leaving the seminal vesicle anteriorly, the sperm canal, functioning as a ductus ejaculatorius, turns direct ly backward and, piercing longitudinally the very large, oval granular gland, immediately enters the base of the penis. This last-named organ in this species is unusually long and attenuate, and is con- tained in a similarly slender sheathing chamber at whose apex the external pore is located. The ovaries are dorsal and are united by tubes, very indistinct except during the egg-laying season, that in turn connect with the uteri. These last-mentioned canals meet across the mid line ante- riorly (PL XII, fig. 4) not far from the posterior border of the brain and, arc-like, extend backward with occasional anastomoses in some individuals, if not in all. In some cases well-deVeloped outpouchings of the uteri occur, especially in the region of the brain and at a point 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., about opposite the mouth. Proximally, the uteri converge immedi- ately behind the male reproductive opening and enter the short, stout egg canal (PI. XVI, fig. 30) that in turn communicates with a short yet spacious accessory sac situated in several instances anterior to the external opening. Posteriorly, the egg canal expands into the antrum femininum which communicates exteriorly by means of a pore very close to that of the male reproductive system. In a few individuals, young and old, there is a common reproductive opening. Although this is a small species, the ova are the largest that have been observed by us. In one case measurements showed the diameter of an ovum to be one-seventh the width of the body, or more accur- ately stated, its diameter was 0.61 mm. About opposite the seminal vesicle, and within the loops of the vasa deferentia, there are to be seen a pair of small gland-like bodies (PI. XVI, figs. 30, 85) whose connections have not been traced. Leptoplana californica Plehn. Broad oval. Length 12 mm., breadth 9 mm., broader in front than behind. Colorless in alcohol. Pharyngeal pocket central, in length equal to one-half that of the animal, with seven pairs of average-sized lateral diverticula, containing the sharply folded pharynx. Tentacle eye clusters small, elliptical, diverging anteriorly ; cerebral groups longer and narrower, converging anteriorly, with a single large eye terminating each in front. Common sex opening near posterior end of body, leading on one hand into an ample bursa copulatrix and posteriorly into a large accessory chamber; uteri, surrounding the pharynx, lead to a well-developed antrum femininum ; penis with a long, sharp and flexible stylet; a granular gland and seminal vesicle on direct line to union of vasa deferentia. Type locality, Monterey Bay, Calif., at a depth of 30-40 meters. Two specimens in our collection agree with the foregoing description. Leptoplana inquieta sp. nov. Four species represent this species captured about the low-tide limit among the rocks, and in one case among the rhizoids of Macro- cystis in Monterey Bay. It is a small, restless species, crawling rapidly when disturbed, but never swimming. Dorsally the color is cleai-, translucent white, dotted more or less uniformly with small dark red pigment spots. Ventrally it is unpigmented, and the- pharynx and vasa deferentia show faintly through the body wall. The largest specimen is broadly oval in form (PI. XIII, fig. 8) 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 471 with the anterior end broadly rounded or even truncate, while the posterior extremity is narrowed. It measures 9 mm. in length by 5 mm. in width. The mouth is placed slightly behind the centre of the body. The penis is directed backward. Nuchal and marginal tentacles are wanting. Eyes occur in four distinct clusters (PI. XVIII, fig. 43), the tentacle pair, each consisting of seven or eight large ocelli, and a pair of cerebral groups. The last-named com- prise approximately thirty relatively small eyes in each set, forming an elongated patch bordering the brain. No eyes occur on the margins of the body. The digestive system (PL XIII, fig. 8) presents no especially novel features. The external mouth leads into a considerably folded pharynx whose length is between one-third and one-half that of the body. Laterally it is produced into seven pairs of lateral diverticula. Directly dorsal to the outer mouth the opening from the pharynx leads into the mid-gut, which in turn possesses seven pairs of lateral intestinal branches together with an anterior offshoot leading forward across the brain. This system ramifies chiefly by means of simple branching, but occasional anastomoses were seen, especially in the neighborhood of the pharynx. The brain occupies a position about one-fifth the length of the animal from the anterior end of the body. Neither it nor the main nerves are distinct, and accordingly have not been studied to any considerable extent, though sufficiently to decide that all conform to the customary type. The testes are rather uniformly distributed, and the sperm canals leading from them appear to form an anastomosing system. The vasa deferentia are likewise delicate and somewhat difficult to follow, though their general features appear with considerable distinctness. From the seminal vesicle (PI. XIII, fig. 8) each swings outward and forward, becoming somewhat anastomosed, and when they have reached points lateral to the uteri and midway between the mouth and the posterior end of the pharynx they turn sharply backward, pass inward toward the mid line and fuse immediately behind the pharynx. The remaining features of the male reproductive system (PL XIII, fig. 14) are relatively simple. From the seminal vesicle, which is adjacent to the posterior end of the pharynx, the ejaculatory duct pursues a short and direct course posteriorly to the penis. This last-named organ is enclosed within a spherical, muscular sheath from which a comparatively long, loop-shaped tube leads to the common reproductive pore. 31 472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., The ovaries are dorsally placed, and their ducts, usually invisible, lead to the uteri which surround the pharynx, since they are ante- riorly continuous across the mid line. Skirting the pharyngeal folds, the uteri extend backward (PL XIII, fig. 8) and fuse in the mid line, immediately posterior to the penis, to form the egg canal. This median canal is continuous posteriorly with the ample accessory sac (PI. XIII. fig. 14), and in the opposite direction it enlarges into the thick-walled bursa copulatrix which in turn leads to the common opening. It is interesting to note in this connection the presence of large quantities of spermatozoa, in two individuals, stored in the accessory gland. That it is not an accidental condition is evidenced by the fact that in many places sperms were attached in dense masses to the epithelial lining. This is the only species in which we have found male reproductive elements in the accessory gland, and accordingly we are not prepared to make any sweeping generalizations, but appearances lead us to the belief that in this species the accessory gland functions, at least in part, as a seminal receptacle. Leptoplana maculosa Stimpson. Oblong-ovate; above pale gray with a few yellow spots, median spots obscure, margin hyaline. Primary eye clusters in two ovate spots, seven in each; groups placed at the extremities of the hyaline, transverse, arcuate areola. Two small groups of secondary eyes situated before the middle of the areola; secondary eyes four to six, dispersed in the areola between the primary eyes. Length 0.8, breadth 0.4 inch. In the Bay of San Francisco, along the shore under stones in marshy places. (Free translation.) Although we have sought for this flatworm in the type locality and in Monterey Bay, we have discovered no specimens that can with certainty be identified as this species. Genus PHYLLOPLANA Laidlaw, 1903. Leptoplanoid with flattened, leaf-like body. A pair of long muscu- lar vesiculse seminales, which lie parallel to the median ductus ejaculatorius and penis and receive the vasa deferentia of either side, respectively, at their hinder ends. Phylloplana litoricola sp. nov. This species is represented by nine individuals, living on the under surface of stones below the medium-tide mark along the southern shore of Monterey Bay. It is fairly active and capable of swimming 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 473 actively for short distances. Dorsally the color is dark, marbled brownish-gray varying to almost black. A pale yellow streak extends along the median line in the region of the pharynx. This is bordered on each side by a dark, brownish line of similar length, which fades into the ground color. On the ventral surface of the animal pigment is lacking, the tissues appearing clear white and of such thickness that the internal organs are invisible in living material. The largest specimen is long oval (PI. XII, fig. 7) in outline and measures 19 mm. in length by 9 mm. in width. The penis is directed backward. Four distinct eye clusters (PI. XVIII, fig. 42) occur associated with the brain, an elongated pair composed of small eyes on each side of the brain, and a more or less circular pair com- prising larger ocelli located slightly behind the level of the brain. The mouth, approximately central, opens into the much-folded pharynx (PI. XII, fig. 7) that is nearly half as long as the body. A short distance anterior to the external mouth the inner mouth leads into the spacious and much elongated main gut provided usually with fourteen pairs of variously shaped intestinal branches. These last-named subdivisions branch dichotomously and give no evidence of forming an anastomosing system. The brain is located about one-sixth of the body length from the anterior end of the animal, but as neither it nor the branches arising from it are distinct, no attempt has been made to study this system in detail. As usual the testes are ventral and are thickly distributed, espe- cially near the middle of the body. The vasa deferentia form a U-shaped loop (PI. XII, fig. 7), the bow of which passes immediately behind the female reproductive pore, while anteriorly the two limbs turn sharply inward, and coursing parallel to the outer arms for half their length again bend quickly, and after pursuing an anterior course for a short distance expand to form two seminal vesicles (PI. XV, fig. 23). These converge into a common duct., the ductus ejaculatorius, that after piercing the granular ^ g£ gland passes into the base of the penis. This latter organ is of the usual type, directed backward and opens to the exterior at a point v- . T .. ,. , ,. ,, , .. , 1 big. 4. — Longitudinal section through central re- about one-fifth the body productive apparatus of Phylloplana litoricola. 474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., length from the posterior end of the body. There is a fair-sized antrum masculinum. The ovaries are dorsal and communicate with the uteri by an anastomosing system of connecting tubules. The uteri, fused in the mid line anteriorly (PI. XII, fig. 7), pass backward, skirting the margin of the pharynx, and then coursing parallel to the vasa defer- entia posteriorly meet in the mid line. Here they enter the duct leading forward from the accessory gland (PI. XV, fig. 23), and on the other hand pursue a somewhat tortuous course to expand into the antrum femininum, that opens to the exterior immediately in front of the posterior loop of the vasa deferentia. About opposite the granular gland of the male system the uteri become distended to form spindle-shaped glands, which may correspond to uterus glands in other species. Two specimens were kept in captivity for a few days early in June, and deposited several hundred eggs at the average rate of one every forty-five seconds. Tribus COTYLEA. With sucking disc. Mouth in middle of the body or anterior to it. Copulatory apparatus in the anterior end of the body. Without tentacles or with marginal tentacles. Family PSEUDOCERIDiE Lang, 1884. Body oval or elliptical with fold-like marginal tentacles. Mouth in middle of anterior half of body. Pharynx collar-like. Main gut long and spacious. Intestinal branches numerous and anastomosing. Eyes in brain area and tentacles. LICHENIPLA.NA gen. nov. Small papillae on dorsal surface. Gut branches very numerous. Copulatory apparatus single. Licheniplana lepida sp. nov. This species is represented by four individuals collected on the under surface of stones on the southern shore of Monterey Bay. The largest specimen is broad oval in outline (PI. XIV, fig. 17) and measures 12 mm. in length by 8 mm. in width. It is a very delicate species, living in crevices of the rocks or similar places of conceal- ment, and when disturbed is exceptionally slow in its movements. Dorsally the ground color is white, gray, or lead color with occasional small pinkish or dark red pigment spots. The ventral surface is unpigmentod. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 475 •i The mouth (PI. XV, fig. 17) is situated between one-iourth and one-fifth of the length of the body from the anterior end. The ventral sucker is placed approximately three-sevenths of the body length from the posterior end. The penis is between one-third and one-fourth of the length of the animal from the anterior margin, immediately behind the pharynx, and is directed forward. Nuchal tentacles are lacking, while the marginal tentacles appear as some- what thickened flaps. Eyes, indefi- nitely grouped into two clusters (text fig. 5), occur between the tentacles, while a second pair of about fifteen eyes each and more clearly differentiated occupy the brain area. It is interesting to note that dorsal papillae (PI. XIII, fig. 11), of small size but clearly defined, exist in this species, being especially abundant in the anterior part of the body. The mouth (PI. XV, fig. 17) Opens into the much-folded pharynx Fig. 5.— Brain and tentacle eyes of which is between one-sixth and Ticheniplana lepida. one-seventh as long as the body. Somewhat behind the external mouth the inner mouth leads to the main chamber of the gut, a long and spacious structure provided with approximately fifty pairs of lateral branches. These last- named subdivisions branch frequently and form a highly anastomos- ing system. The brain is situated half-way between the anterior end of the body and the mouth, but the nerves to which it gives rise are very indistinct and little attempt has been made for this reason to work out the system in detail. The testes are ventral and rather uniformly distributed. There is some evidence that these organs are connected by an anastomosing system of sperm capillaries, which eventually fuse to form the vasa deferentia (PI. XV, fig. 17), relatively large, convoluted canals extending along the margins of the gut throughout most of its length. They arch inward to enter the seminal vesicle (PI. XVII, fig. 36), almost spherical in form, without the formation of a common 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., •canal. The ductus leaves the anterior end of the seminal vesicle, bends backward, then sharply downward and forward again to enter the base of the short, conical penis. Near the base of the penis this canal is joined by' a very short duct leading from the granular gland, a small oval body that to a certain extent occupies a space between the penis and the seminal vesicle. The ovaries are dorsal and connect with the uteri by means of ducts that very plainly anastomose. The uteri (PL XV, fig. 17) have been traced backward to a point about opposite the end of the main gut and forward to a point opposite the mouth. At the level of the female reproductive pore the uteri converge (PL XVII, fig. 36) and unite with a short median canal, the vagina, which leads anteriorly to the exterior at a point immediately posterior to the seminal vesicle. Family ETJRYLEPTIDiE Lang, 1884. Body oval or elliptical, with or without solid marginal tentacles. Mouth near anterior end of body. Pharynx tubular. Main gut, long and narrow. Male apparatus simple. Eyes in brain region and tentacles. Genus STYLOSTOMUM Lang, 1884. Body smooth. Mouth and male sex pore communicating with a common atrium. Pharynx cylindrical. Gut pouches not anasto- mosing. Anterior median gut branch lacking in region of pharyngeal pouch. Female sex apparatus ventral to base of pharyngeal pouch. Tentacles very rudimentary. Stylostomum lentum sp. nov. This species is represented by six individuals taken near Monterey, Calif., at low-tide level. It is a sluggish animal and seemingly incapable of swimming. The ground color ©f the dorsal surface is orange. A somewhat darker shade occurs along the mid line from the eyes to the posterior end of the mid gut, but laterally this patch becomes lighter and near the margin of the body sends out ray-like expansions that alternate with irregular streaks of bright yellow. Minute white specks are scattered over the entire dorsal surface. The largest specimen measured 9 mm. in length by 5 mm. in width, and was elliptical in outline (PL XIII, fig. 16). The mouth is situated immediately behind the brain about one-tenth of the length of the body from the anterior end and, as in other species of the genus, lso as the male reproductive opening. The penis is directed Short, blunt, and somewhat rudimentary tentacles (PL 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 477 XVIII, fig. 40) occur on the anterior margin with a cluster of approxi- mately eighty small eyes at the base of each. The cerebral eyes form two rather long, closely approximated groups, with about fifty medium-sized ocelli in each, located chiefly posterior to the brain. In the midst of the cerebral groups of eyes the mouth (PI. XIII, fig. 16) occurs and leads into a long, spacious canal which may be considered as a portion of the pharyngeal cavity. The unfolded pharynx is tubular in form, but anteriorly it tapers to a fairly acute point. In length it equals about one-seventh that of the animal. Posteriorly it opens into a main gut of average size that usually gives rise to four pairs of lateral branches, the most posterior of which is some distance from the hinder end of the gut, thus forming a terminal blind sac. The intestinal branches do not anastomose, nor are the secondary branches numerous. The brain holds a position one-twelfth the body length from the anterior end of the body, but owing to their indistinctness the course of the nerves, to which it gives rise, has not been determined. In this species the testes, ventral in position, are clearly defined, but the sperm canals are totally invisible. The vasa deferentia are likewise somewhat ill-defined, but may be seen (PI. XIII, fig. 16) in favorable specimens to arise about opposite the posterior end of the pharyngeal chamber and to extend anteriorly to a point not far behind the level of the mouth. Here they turn abruptly backward and inward to enter the seminal vesicle (PI. XVII, fig. 37) at its antero-ventral extremity. The seminal vesicle is more or less heart-shaped, and is placed immediately in front of the pharynx and ventral to the tube leading from the pharyngeal cavity to the external mouth. Leaving the seminal vesicle anteriorly, the ejacu- latory duct makes its way to the base of the penis where it receives a short duct from the granular gland. This last-named organ is small, spherical, and is located immediately in front of the seminal vesicle. The penis is very short, in some specimens rather abruptly pointed, and it opens into a chamber contained within the penis sheath, which in turn opens into the antrum masculinum. This last-named space communicates with the mouth. The ovaries contain, during the breeding season, an unusually large number of ova and are accordingly very distinct, though the ducts connecting them with the uteri are invisible except occasionally in sections. The uteri (PI. XIII, fig. 16) originate approximately half the distance from the ventral sucker to the posterior end of the main gut. From this point, where apparently they do not fuse 478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., across the mid line, they extend forward skirting the gut as un- branched, swollen chambers often filled with a comparatively large number of ova. Opposite the posterior end of the pharyngeal pocket they bend inward and unite under the base of the pharynx. The resulting median duct is short and proceeds anteriorly and ventrally to the ample shell chamber which receives the ductules from many filiform glands (PL XVIII, fig. 37). Ventral to this point is the moderate antrum which opens to the exterior ventral to the base of the pharynx. Dorsal to the shell chamber a small zone of glandular tissue, staining darkly in Delafield's hematoxylin, surrounds the egg canal. What its function is it is impossible to determine. No uterus glands were observed in any of the whole mounts or sections, though considerable pains were taken to deter- mine this point. Genus ACEROS Long, 1884. Body smooth. Mouth immediately behind the brain. Pharynx cylindrical. About 5 pairs of gut branches. Male sex pore imme- diately behind the mouth; female near hinder end of pharyngeal pouch. Tentacles lacking. Aceros langi sp. nov. A single representative of this species was taken on the southern shore of Monterey Bay, but concerning its habits or habitat we are without information. Its form in life was probably elliptical and measures 8 mm. in length by 6 in width. The ventral sucker (PI. XII, fig. 5) is slightly posterior to the middle of the body. The anterior margin of the animal was slightly injured which prevents the precise determination of the exact location of the mouth with reference to it. However, the mouth may safely be said to be very close to the anterior end of the bod v. /- _ The penis is directed forward. 0 t ' There are no nuchal tentacles; + 0 % • marginal tentacles may have existed -#*** " • *•*• on the damaged portion, though no % * "" •• b' trace of them now remains. About • •• • *• • •" fifty large eyes (text fig. 6) overlie *• * the brain area that are roughly divided into two irregular clusters. -Eyes of Aceros langi. No eyes have been seen on other regions of the body. The mouth (PI. XVII, fig. 38) opens into the cylindrical pharyn- 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 479 geal pocket, which in the present instance contains a long and slender proboscis, protruded a short distance beyond the mouth opening. Posteriorly the pharynx leads into the capacious main gut which gives rise to five pairs of lateral intestinal branches together with an anterior terminal one. At the outset all of these branches are comparatively large and of fairly even caliber, but they soon become transformed into a branching, non-anastomosing system of rather narrow twigs. The sucker underlies the gut between the fourth and fifth pairs of lateral branches. Beyond the last pair the gut extends posteriorly to a point close to the posterior end of the body. The brain is situated directly over the mouth, but as the nerves arising from it are seen with much difficulty, no serious attempt has been made to determine their distribution. The testes are rather uniformly distributed ventrally, but the capillaries leading from them are invisible in the present specimen. The vasa deferentia (PI. XII, fig. 5) arise at the end of the first body third, midway between the gut and the margin of the body, and converge anteriorly as simple though much swollen and convoluted ducts. Opposite the middle of the pharyngeal pocket they pass inward toward the mid line to fuse mesally at the point where the oval seminal vesicle is located. From this last-named organ a short ejaculatory duct extends anteriorly to the penis situated immediately behind the mouth. The male reproductive pore could not be deter- mined with absolute certainty. Certain features suggest that it opens into the mouth, and on the other hand there are faint indica- tions that it is situated immediately behind the mouth, yet inde- pendent of it. A granular gland was not distinguished. The ovaries are dorsal. The uteri (PI. XVII, fig. 38), originating at the level of the sucker, are so greatly inflated by multitudes of eggs that they exceed the main gut in caliber. Between the second and third pairs of gut branches the uteri fuse and send forward a short, slender duct, the vagina, which communicates with the exterior close to the posterior end of the pharyngeal pocket. Contrary to the rule, no uterus glands could be detected where, according to Lang, one pair should exist. ANCILIPLANA gen. nov. Body broadly elliptical. Tentacles large, without eyes; cerebral eyes in two distinct groups. Pharynx small; main gut slender with 8 pairs of branches, highly anastomosed. Vasa deferentia and uteri anastomosed. No uterus glands. 480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., Fig. 7. — Eyes and tentacles of Anciliplana graffi. Anoiliplana graffi op. nov. Several specimens of this species were collected in Monterey Bay and along the adjoining coast. The largest specimen is broad oval in outline and measures 18 mm. in length by 13 in greatest width. olor notes were obtained. The ventral sucker is slightly anterior to the middle of the body. The mouth is placed one-sixth the length of the animal from the anterior margin. The penis is directed forward. The tentacles are large, broadly tri- angular outgrowths of the anterior margin of the body extending pos- terior to the brain. Small eyes (text fig. 7) occur above the brain in two imperfectly separated groups, No eyes occur on or about the ten- tacles. The pharynx (PI. XVII, fig. 35), more or less conical in form, leads into the main gut which communicates in turn with an average of eight pairs of intestinal branches. These plainly anastomose at the outset and probably continue to do so even to the margins of the body. The brain is located immediately in front of the pharyngeal pocket, but other details of the nervous system have not been determined. The testes are ventrally disposed, and clearly defined sperm capil- laries are totally invisible in cleared specimens. The vasa deferentia (PI. XVII, fig. 35) first appear opposite a point slightly behind the sucker. Their many ramifications finally converge anteriorly to form the large single ducts (PI. XVI, fig. 31) which bend sharply backward behind the penis and curve inward to form a semicircular transverse canal. From the centre of this arch a very short duct pursues a direct course to the large and spherical seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct leaves the vesicle at the opposite side and soon enters* the base of the penis. The granular gland, communicating with this canal at the base of the penis, is elliptical in outline and lies between the penis and the seminal vesicle. The ovaries are dorsal and the uteri, which plainly anastomose (PI. XVII, fig. 35) from the first, probably connect with the former by means of a system of anastomosing capillaries. The web-like uteri extend lateral to the main gut throughout the greater part of its course, and posterior to the seminal vesicle converge (PI. XVI, 1912. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 481 fig. 31) to form the single short, female duct, the vagina, which opens to the exterior immediately behind the arc of the vasa deferentia. Genus EURYLEPTA Ehrenberg, 1831. Pharynx cylindrical, about 5 pairs of intestinal branches without anastomoses. Male sex opening beneath base of pharynx. Eurylepta aurantiaca sp. nov. This species is fairly common in Monterey Bay and the neighboring coast where it occurs under stones or crawling along the bottom in comparatively shallow water. It is sluggish in its movements and clings most tenaciously when an attempt is made to remove it. The largest specimen is broadly oval in outline (PI. XIV, fig. 18) and measures 15 mm. in length by 10 mm. greatest diameter. Gen- erally speaking, the color of the dorsal surface is yellowish-pink or salmon tint except along the mid line Avhere a bright pink streak extends from the eyes to the posterior end of the main gut. Minute Avhite specks are uniformly distributed over the entire dorsal surface. On the ventral side of the animal pigment is lacking, and the opaque, white somatic muscles are of such thickness that they wholly obscure all of the internal organs. The ventral sucker is slightly behind the middle of the body. The mouth (PL XIV, fig. 18) is placed somewhat less than one-sixth the length of the body from the anterior margin of the body. The penis is directed forward. Nuchal tentacles are lacking, and the marginal tentacles (text fig. 8) are rather short, stout outgrowths that, when the animal is at rest, are folded back on the dorsal surface. Numerous eyes are distributed on the tentacles in two distinct clusters with approximately 70 eyes in each, while two fairly well-defined oval groups, each with about 50 ocelli, occur dorsal to the brain. The mouth (PI. XIV, fig. 18) ' opens into a spacious pharynx, Fig. 8. — Eyes of Eurylepla aurantiaca. appearing like an inverted shield in outline, with a length equalling one-sixth that of the body V 482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., Posteriorly the pharyngeal cavity communicates with the spacious chamber of the main gut which extends backward close to the posterior end of the animal, giving rise to seven or eight pairs of intestinal branches during its course. These last-named structures are at first of even caliber, but soon become swollen and greatly constricted, giving the impression of a dichotomously arranged system of large spherical vesicles. The brain is situated immediately in front of the pharynx, but otherwise the details of the nervous system have not been determined clearly. The testes are ventral and in some cases are united by anasto- mosing sperm capillaries (PI. XIV, fig. 18) that, on the other hand, unite with the vasa deferentia. The latter originate at the level of the sucker, and, pursuing a tortuous course as they proceed anteriorly, they finally swing inward at a point not far behind the pharyngeal pocket. Here they unite (PI. XVII, fig. 34) and as single tube proceed anteriorly into the base of the penis. At the same point where the penis receives this median duct it also communicates with the outlet of the ample and elliptical granular gland. There is no seminal vesicle. The penis is moderately thin walled and inflated and is guarded by a closely enveloping sheath which in turn lies at the base of an antrum masculinum of average proportions. The ovaries are dorsal and in some specimens are clearly united by a system of capillaries that unite with the uteri close to the outlet of the so-called uterus glands. In a general way the uteri (PI. XIV, fig. 18) may be said to arise midway between the sucker and the posterior end of the gut, and from this point to extend for- ward, anastomosing somewhat, to turn sharply inward opposite a point midway between the sucker and the anterior gut-end. Here they fuse (PI. XVII, fig. 34) into a median duct, the vagina, that leads to a small antrum femininum and to the exterior immediately behind the point of fusion of the vasa deferentia. In the location where each uterus commences to swing in toward the mid line, it is joined by a short duct leading from a well-developed uterus gland of varying size according to the proximity of the breeding season. They may be almost spherical or contracted into a thin crescent or, as appears to be a more usual state, elliptical. The duct leading from it arises from the inner surface of the gland. EURYLEPTODES gen. nov. Pharynx relatively small; main gut slender with 7 to 8 anastomosing 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 483 branches. Male sex pore at base of penis. Vas deferens simple or anastomosed; uterus anastomosing; no uterus glands. Euryleptodes cavicola sp. nov. Nine specimens represent this species taken at various points along the shores of Monterey Bay. It occurs, at moderately low- tide mark, on the under surface of loose boulders or concealed in crevices of the bottom rock or among the holdfasts of seaweeds. Its movements are generally slow and deliberate, never sufficiently vigorous to enable the animal to swim. The texture of the body is very delicate, and three of the specimens show extensive signs of partially regenerated injuries. The color of the dorsal surface is greenish-white, irregularly marked with small, round white spots and dark red lines of varying length and direction. As a general thing, there are five fairly well- defined transverse lines, the first of which is immediately behind the tentacles and the last not far from the posterior end. Two irregular longitudinal stripes, at times ill-defined, commence at the first transverse line at points midway between the edges of the body and the median line and extend backward to the last transverse line. The ventral surface of the body is unpigmented. The largest specimen is broadly oval (PI. XVI, fig. 29) and meas- ures 31 mm. in length by 20 mm. in greatest width. The ventral sucker is almost exactly in the centre of the body. The mouth is located about one-sixth the length of the animal from the anterior end. The penis is directed forward. Nuchal tentacles are wanting, but the mar- ginal tentacles (text fig. 9) are very large, fleshy out- growths of the anterior body edge. Numerous small eyes are scattered over the tentacles and even between them; and a group of somewhat larger eyes, divisible into two closely approximated clus- ters of about seventy each, overlies the brain .V Fig. 9. — Eyes of Euryleptodes cavicola. 484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., No especially noteworthy features have been noted in connection with the digestive system. The mouth (PL. XVI, fig. 29) opens into the acorn-shaped pharynx which has a length equal to about one-ninth that of the body. Posteriorly it leads into the main gut chamber which originates seven pairs of lateral intestinal branches as a general thing. These are of rather even caliber at their source, but soon become deeply constricted and give rise to a distinct anas- tomosing system. The brain is located considerably nearer the mouth than the anterior body margin. Both it and the nerves to which it gives rise are fairly distinct, but in their distribution conform closely to the well-known polyclad type. The testes are ventral, of moderate size and are clearly united by means of a system of sperm capillaries, that apparently do not anastomose, though this is not definitely established. The vasa deferentia (PI. XVI, fig. 29) arise close to the posterior end of the gut and skirt the external borders of the uteri. Near the anterior end of the uteri these canals swing abruptly inward and fuse to form a very short, median duct (PI. XV, fig. 28) which at once enters the large spherical seminal vesicle. Leaving this last-named organ at its opposite end, the slender ductus ejaculatorius passes into the base of the penis. At the point where the latter receives the ductus the rather large, oval granular gland makes its connection. In the clearest of the total mounts the penis and its ducts appeared to arch backward and the male aperture was accordingly posterior to it, though this may have been due to contractions due to the killing fluids. The penis and male pore are placed about one-fourth of the length of the animal from the anterior margin of the bod}'. There is an antrum masculinum of average size. The ovaries are dorsal and are united by an anastomosing system of canals with the uteri. These last-named organs meet in the mid line directly behind the mid gut (PI. XVI, fig. 29), though they apparently do not fuse. Extending forward outside of the borders . of the gut they anastomose frequently, particularly near the anterior end where several convergent branches fuse (PI. XV, fig. 28) to form the short vagina. This latter organ passes anteriorly a very short distance and opens to the exterior immediately behind the seminal vesicle. Euryleptodes pannulus sp. nov. 5ut one specimen of this species has ever been seen by us. It was nto the laboratory together with a large number of other 1912. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 485 l,.Q shore invertebrates, and we could obtain no data regarding its habitat; and as it came into our hands in a preserved state, no color notes are available. The body is broadly elliptical in outline and measures 12 mm. in length by 8 in width. The mouth is placed about one-fifth the length of the body from the anterior margin. The penis is directed forward. The tentacles are lacking or are exceedingly rudimentary,2 and in the position usually occupied by marginal tentacles numerous eyes appear to be the only well-defined sense organs. Other eyes, of somewhat larger size, also occur over the brain in two narrow, closely approximated clusters. To- gether these are no wider than the brain, though they are considerably longer. The mouth is situated in the anterior fifth of the animal and opens into a cylindrical pharynx, whose length is slightly less than one-sixth that of the animal. Posteriorly the pharynx leads into the main gut chamber, of rather slender outline and with seven or eight pairs of lateral intestinal branches. These distinctly anas- tomose from the first. The brain is situated half-way be- tween the mouth and the anterior body margin, but the imperfect preservation of the animal renders it impossible to trace even the main nerves. The testes are ventral and the ducts from them may possibly form an anastomosing system, though this is far from being proved. The large vasa deferentia, originating opposite a point be- Fig. 10. — Ventral view of Euryleptodes pannulus. Fig. 11. — Central reproductive ap- paratus of Euryleptodes pannulus. 2 It is possible that the peculiar shape of the tentacle region may be due to injury and partial regeneration. 486 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., tween the sucker and the posterior end of the gut, proceed ante- riorly and after skirting the uteri sweep inward to fuse in the mid line. The canal thus formed immediately plunges through the spherical seminal vesicle and as a slender ejaculatory duct directs its course to the penis. The granular gland is oval, of moderate size, and opens into the ejaculatory duct near the penis. The ovaries are dorsal. The uteri extend posteriorly to the same distance as the main gut, behind which they fuse to form a short median branch. Anteriorly they extend between the gut and the vasa deferentia, and converge to open in the mid line a short distance posterior to the seminal vesicle. Euryleptodes phyllulus sp. nov. This species is represented by several individuals taken on the southern shore of Monterey Bay. The largest specimen is elliptical in outline (PI. XVI, fig. 33) and measures 28 mm. in length by 18 mm. in width. Color notes are wanting. The sucker is slightly anterior to the centre of the body. The mouth is about one-eighth the length of the body from the anterior end near the apex of the pharyn- geal pocket. The penis is directed forward. The tentacles (PI. XVI, fig. 33) are fleshy outgrowths of the anterior margin of the body, extending posteriorly as far as the brain. On and between the tentacles are medium-sized eyes (text fig. 12) which assume no definite arrangement, and they also occur over the brain in a triangular group, of about 150 ocelli, which are faintly divisible into two clusters. The mouth (PL XVI, fig. 33) opens into the roughly triangular-shaped pharynx from which the main gut proceeds posteriorly, giving rise to about seven pairs of intestinal branches. These last-named organs are often swollen at their bases, but more distally gradually decrease in caliber and form an elaborately anastomosing system. The brain is situated immediately in front of the pharyngeal pocket, but the other details of the nervous system are well-nigh invisible in surface mounts. The testes (PI. XVI, fig. 33) are liberally distributed over the ral half of the animal, but no trace has been seen of the con- sperm capillaries. The vasa deferentia extend posteriorly • % • ••••• « • ••• V I* •' Fig. 12. — Eyes of Eury leptodes phyllulus. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 487 as far as a point midway between the sucker and the posterior end of the gut and laterally half-way to the margin of the body. Not far behind the pharyngeal pocket the meshes of the vasa deferentia converge (PI. XV, fig. 25) to form a pair of ducts which pass abruptly inward to enter the seminal vesicle from the rear. This last organ is large, oval, and the ejaculatory duct leaving its anterior border passes quickly to the base of the penis, communicating with the exterior immediately below the posterior margin of the pharyngeal sheath. The ovaries (PI. XVI, fig. 33) are dorsal, but the ducts connecting them are invisible in total mounts. The uteri, on the other hand, are clearly defined and fuse behind the posterior end of the gut, forming a short median canal. From this point they extend ante- riorly on either side of the main gut for nearly its entire length and open to the exterior immediately below the posterior end of the seminal vesicle. Numerous radiating ductules (PI. XV, fig. 25) from the shell gland centre in the neighborhood of the vagina. Bibliography. Heath, H.: The Anatomy of Epibdella squamula, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 3, 1902. A New Turbellarian from Hawaii, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1907. Laidlaw, F. F.: On the Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 2, 1903. Lang, A.: Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Vol. II, Die Polycladen. Plehn, M.: Neue Polycladen, Jena. Zeit. f. Naturw., Bd. 30, 1895.~ Drei neue Polycladen, Ibid., Bd. 31, 1898. Stimpson, W.: Prodromus descriptionis anamalium evertebratorum, etc., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1S57. Explanation of Abbreviations used in Figures. ab anterior intestinal branch. ae marginal eyes. af ant rum-f emininum. ag accessory gland. ai intestinal anastomoses. am antrum-masculinum. b brain. be bursa copulatrix. be brain (or cerebral) eyes. dp dorsal pits. ed ejaculatory duct. gg granular-gland. gs gland-like structures. ib lateral intestinal branches. im inner mouth. m mouth. mg mid-gut. nt nuchal tentacles. ova. 32 od oviduct. os ovaries. p pharynx. pp pharyngeal pocket. ps penis. pss penis sheath. pt dorsal pits. sa pouch of antrum-masculinum. sc shell chamber. sg shell glands. sv seminal vesicle. t marginal tentacles. te nuchal tentaclfe eyes. ts testes. u uterus. ug uterus-gland. v vagina. vd vas deferens. vs ventral sucking disk 488 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Sept., Explanation of Plates XII-XVIII. All of the figures were drawn by E. A. McGregor. Plate XII. — Fig. 1. — Leptoplana tirnida, ventral view. Fig. 2. — Stylochoplana gracilis, ventral view. Fig. 3. — Leptoplana rupicola, ventral view. Fig. 4. — Leptoplana saxicola, ventral view. Fig. 5. — Aceros langi, ventral view: Fig. 6. — Reproductive apparatus of St ylochoplana gracilis. Fig. 7. — Phylloplana litoricola, ventral view. Plate XIII. — Fig. 8. — Leptoplana inquieta, ventral view. Fig. 9. — Tentacle and cephalic eyes of Planocera burchami. Fig. 10. — Penis of Leptoplana rupicola. Fig. 11. — Section through dorsal papilla of Licheniplana lepida. Fig. 12. — Central reproductive apparatus of Leptoplana timida. Fig. 13. — Penis, granular gland and seminal vesicle of Leptoplana rupicola. Fig. 14. — Central reproductive apparatus of Leptoplana inquieta. Fig. 15. — Portion of male reproductive apparatus of Leptoplana rupicola. Fig. 16. — Stylostomum lentum, ventral view. Plate XIV. — Fig. 17. — Licheniplana lepida, ventral view. Fig. 18. — Eurylepta auranliaca, ventral view. Fig. 19. — Brain and eyes of Leptoplana saxicola. Fig. 20. — Brain, tentacles and eyes of Stylochoplana gracilis. Fig. 21. — Dorsal and ventral nervous systems of Leptoplana saxicola. Plate XV. — Fig. 22. — Central reproductive apparatus of Leptoplana rupicola. Fig. 23. — Same of Phylloplana litoricola. Fig. 24. — Same of Planocera calif or nica. Fig. 25. — Same of Euryleptodes phyllulus. Fig. 26. — Longitudinal vertical section through central reproductive appara- tus of Stylochoplana gracilis. Fig. 27. — Planocera burchami, ventral view. Fig. 28. — Reproductive apparatus of Euryleptodes cavicola. Plate XVI. — Fig. 29. — Euryleptodes cavicola, ventral view. Fig. 30.— Central reproductive apparatus of Leptoplana saxicola. Fig. 31. — Same of Anciliplana graffi. Fig. 32. — Vertical longitudinal section through penis of Planocera californica. Fig. 33. — Euryleptodes cavicola, dorsal view. Plate XVII. — Fig. 34. — Central reproductive apparatus of Eurylepta aurantiaca- Fig. 35. — Anciliplana graffi, ventral view. Fig. 36. — Central reproductive apparatus of Licheniplana lepida. Fig. 37. — Longitudinal section through reproductive apparatus of Stylo- stomum lentu in. Fig. 38. — Central reproductive apparatus of Aceros Iqngi. Plate XVIII. — Fig. 39. — Planocera californica, ventral view. Fig. 40. — Eyes of Stylostomum lentum. Fig. 41. — Section through eyes and nuchal tentacles of Planocera californica. Fig. 42. — Tentacle and cephalic eyes of Phylloplana litoricola. Fig. 43. — Eyes of Leptoplana inquieta. Fig. 44. — Central reproductive apparatus of Planocera burchami, immature individual. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 489 October 1. Mr. Charles Morris in the Chair. Twenty persons present. The Publication Committee reported the reception of papers under the following titles: "A revision of the genera and species of the group Mogoplistii (Orthoptera: Grillidse) found in America north of the Isthmus of Panama," by James A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard (June 6). "On the Orthoptera found in the Florida Keys and extreme southern Florida, I," by James A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard (June 6). "A catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda," by S. Stillman Berry (June 15). "The experimental method of testing the efficiency of warning and cryptic coloration in protecting animals from their enemies," by W. L. McAtee (June 15). "Statistical studies on the variation of the wing-length of a butterfly of the subfamily Satyrinse," by T. Fukuda (June 15). "Silicified wood from the Triassic of Pennsylvania," by Edgar T. Wherry, Ph.D. (June 21). "Age and correlation of the 'New Red' or Newark group in Pennsylvania," by Edgar T. Wherry, Ph.D. (June 21). "A new Synallaxis," by Witmer Stone (July 25). "New Polyclads from Monterey Bay, California," by Harold Heath and Ernest B. McGregor (August 14). "Observations on the structure of some coral beds in the Hamilton Shale," by Burnett Smith (August 15). "A new species of Vertigo from Florida," by E. G. Vanatta (August 22). These had been reported on favorably for publication in the Proceedings. A paper entitled "Experimental studies in nuclear and cell division in the eggs of Crepidula, " by Edwin G. Conklin (August 5), was accepted as a contribution to the commemorative volume of the Journal. 490 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Oct., The deaths of the following members were announced: Caleb J. Milne, July 1, 1912. Horace Bellows, M.D., July 12, 1912. Thomas S. Parvin, July 15, 1912. Horace Howard Furness, August 12, 1912. The death of Rudolf Hoernes, a correspondent, August 22, 1912, was also announced. A portrait in oil of the President, by Raditz, was presented. The thanks of the Academy were voted to Dr. Dixon for his very desirable gift. Dr. Philip P. Calvert made a brief report as one of the Academy's representatives at the Second International Entomological Congress at Oxford. October 15. Mr. Charles Morris in the Chair. Eight persons present. The following papers were accepted for publication in the com- memorative volume of the Journal: "A study of the variation and zoogeography of Liguus in Florida, " by Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D. (August 3). "Analyse der Sud-Amerikanischen Heliceen," by H. von Ihering (October 15). J. W. von Wijhe was permitted to withdraw his paper on Amphioxus. The following were elected members: Ernest Comly Dercum, Warren Matthews Foote. November 5. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., in the Chair. Eight persons present. The death of the Rev. Edward Craig Mitchell, a member, on December 8, 1911, was announced. 1912.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 491 November 19. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., in the Chair. Forty-nine persons present. The death of Clement A. Griscom, a member, on November 10, 1912, was announced. The reception of a paper entitled "Notes on a prehistoric race of Yucatan," by R. W. Shufeldt, M.D. (November 12), was reported by the Publication Committee. Dr. Philip P. Calvert made an illustrated communication on waterfall-inhabiting dragonflies of Costa Rica. Horace E. Smith was elected a member. The following was ordered to be printed: 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [NOV., NOTES ON A PREHISTORIC RACE OF YUCATAN. BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M.D. During the month of June, 1912, I received, through Mr. E. W. Nelson, of the Biological Survey of Washington, D.C., from my son, Mr.' P. W. Shufeldt, who for several years has been a resident of Campeche, Yucatan, a consignment of some human remains, which he had collected in that country. Mr. Nelson had received these with other biological material which my son had sent him, and I have pleasure in thanking him here for his courtesy in transmitting them. About a month after this material came into my hands, my son wrote me an interesting letter, in which he requested me to make such use of all he had sent as I thought best, and, further, he gave a brief account of the region in which he had collected the aforesaid material, and other notes. This material I found to be the broken and fragmentary remains of a human skeleton or skeletons, all of which I shall fully describe further on in this contribution. From my son's letter I transcribe the following information, which I give in his own words: "As you perhaps know, the penin- sula of Yucatan — or at least such part of it as is familiar to me — is evidently formed of upheaved sea-bottom, and that within com- paratively recent times. It is now covered with a thin cap of decom- posed vegetable mould, and more or less heavily forested in the less civilized portions. At the time of this upheaval, there were formed a series of low, rolling hills, with more or less level swales in between. The part of which I write is almost destitute of running streams or rivers, and all the available fresh water is that which is collected during the rainy season in the lower depressions in the swales, which are known as 'aguadas.' 'The land which is being worked by the company with which I am connected comprises something over a million and a half acres, situated in the southern half of the District of Champoton. With this land I am more or less familiar, and it was here that the human lins were collected. At the present time, there are a few isolated 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 493 villages of native Indians belonging to the Maya race, who have inhabited this section as far back as the memory of man. As far as I have been able to find out, they have absolutely no folk-lore or traditions relative to the vast population which preceded them. They are a dying race, with little moral or physical stamina left, and, beyond a very ordinary basket-weaving, no native industry. "Now as to the prehistoric race — or races — which at one time covered this vast country, you would hardly believe the amount of ruins that remain; it would be entirely within the truth to say that all the high land has been occupied by dwelling houses, and beyond a doubt the population at one time fully equalled the most congested parts of India. As far as I have seen, there were no important cities; rather the entire country was one swarming mass of people. Often, about the larger aguadas, may be found such heaps of ruins as would lead one to believe that temples or principal buildings were situated there. I have personally seen but one -building standing; but that is enough to give an idea of the very substantial nature of the buildings — or at least of some of them. "Without exception, they were of stone faced with squared limestone placed in mortar — the walls being of extreme thickness and formed of rubble — the dressed stones facing on the outside, the rooms on the inside being plastered, and, evidently, in many cases, this plastering was decorative and painted. "In the case of the house still standing, the flat Maya arch is used, and there are both doors and windows. The building was of at least two .stories, and perhaps three. Besides these stone struc- tures— the remains of which, as I say, are without number — there are many evidences of even more numerous houses of a more perish- able nature where permanent structure was only used in the founda- tions and flooring. "Almost without exception, in the six or eight structures which I have had dug up, remains of human bones were found; but all these are very much decomposed and extremely brittle. " Other objects which have been found in these old ruins or ' cuyos, ' as they are called, and of which I have collected specimens, are earthen pots, both for cooking and ornament. These are of numer- ous grades — some as fine as modern Guadalajara pottery, others of much coarser grade. As to decorations, there are examples of glaze in red, yellow, or a very dark brown, both painted decorations and embossed on the clay. There are also remains of very large jars which were of a coarse grade. Among other clay objects 494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [NOV., found are representations of various animals, birds, and figures of idols. The last are all more or less of the same character, and of very inferior grade of pottery — hollow, showing head decorations and ear-rings, or rather buttons, necklaces, etc. The upper teeth arc always showing, sometimes in an exaggerated form, but seldom any lower teeth. These clay idols occur in almost endless forms, but all with the foregoing characters. •• Among the stone implements I have found human heads or idols; axes of several kinds of stone ; arrow- and spear-heads of very superior workmanship; grinding stones for corn or 'metates' — of hard stone as well as of the stone used at the present time. Without exception, however, these metates are very small, with short legs. "I have also a number of smaller stone implements, of which one can only guess the uses. Besides the aforementioned specimens, I have one bone implement, such as might be used for husking corn. Up to the present. time there has not been a single metal implement or ornament found here. "It will give you some idea as to the age of this civilization, when I tell you that nearly all the -available ground for building, in such areas as I have been able to study — that is, where we have cleared away the forests — has, without doubt, been worked over by hand, as evidenced by buildings, or rather the remains of them: little piles of stones and trash, evidently gathered ready for building, as well as broken stones without number. All, or most, have evidently been tested as to their suitability for stone implements. "In many places, without evident remains on the surface, there is, upon excavation, as much as a meter of soil containing broken pottery, pieces of broken stone implements, etc., and often, also, remains of human skeletons. "From my limited observation and knowledge of such subjects, I came to the following conclusions in regard to these prehistoric people, whoever they were:— that the density of population was equal — or beyond — anything existing to-day upon the face of the earth, outside of the large, modern cities; that they were well ad- vanced in the art of building; that they were unfamiliar with the use of metals (?); that there has been not only one highly developed people, but two or three, each building upon the ruins of the former ; that they had highly developed the art of clay-burning and glazing; that they had outside communication with a people inhabiting the highlands of Guatemala or Mexico or some other people living in the volcanic mountain country, and that, at least, they cultivated cotton 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 495 and corn. How or where they secured their supply of water, who they were, or where they went — each may form his own idea." When I came to examine the material referred to at the com- mencement of this article, I found that it represented one human skeleton and a few parts of a second one, such as an extra mastoid process of a temporal bone of the right side of a skull. There may be other pieces belonging to this latter skeleton, but of that I am not quite sure, as the fragmentary condition of the whole renders it practically impossible to decide as to that. The extra mastoid process is larger than the other two at hand, and apparently came from the skull of a larger individual than the rest would indicate. It is probably from the skull of an adult male subject. There are some 150 pieces or more of the skeleton to which the balance of the material belongs. Apart from some of the phalanges of the hands and feet and other small bones, these are all more or less imperfect — in most cases extremely so. As bones, they all exhibit the usual evidences of great age and, in some instances, of having been broken up long ago — as in the case of certain bits of the calvarium, where the fractured edges are considerably worn, thus rendering it impossible to associate them correctly. All of these pieces are of a very pale clay color, almost white, and extremely friable and brittle. Even the shafts of the largest long bones may easily be broken with one's hands alone. The only restorations that it was possible for me to make are here shown in Plate XIX and in Plate XXI, fig. 17. The skull and mandible are shattered into many little bits, and such bones as the sphenoid and others are broken up to such an extent as to make it difficult to recognize the parts — even with a perfect skull at hand for guidance. Except a very few fragments, the entire vertebral column and pelvis are missing, and I find no pieces that would suggest any portion of the hyoid bone. One clavicle is in fairly good con- dition (Plate XX, fig. 8), but most of the ribs are very fragmentary. No part of the sternum seems to be present, and if it is, the parts have been crumbled beyond recognition. This appears to be likewise true of the scapulae. With respect to the long bones of the extremities (Plate XXI, figs. 17-22), I find the middle thirds of the shafts of the femora, with their extremities and the rest, missing. There are also similar remains of the humeri, the ulnae, the radii, tibiae, fibulae, and so on; but no other bone nearly as perfect as the humerus I restored in Plate XXI, fig. 17. The crests of the tibiae are far from being what 496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov., we would call sharp. Some of the shafts of these long bones, espe- cially the radii and tibiae, exhibit a pathological condition, through which necrosis has followed and destroyed some of the osseous tissue of the shafts. It is quite possible that this was due to syphilitic disease or to some other malady, but I believe it to be due to syphilis. Judging from the slenderness and general form of these bones, I would say that they belonged to a skeleton of a female subject; and, owing to the fact that the clavicle exhibits no distortion or augmentation of size, to an individual who was not accustomed to severe labor of any kind worth mentioning. Further, this person must have been between twenty-five and thirty years of age, which I assume to be the case from my examination of the seven (7) teeth I find with the remains (Plate XX, figs. 3 and 4, a, b, c, d and e). There is also a small first bicuspid with half of its fang broken off, which is not figured. All of these teeth are wonderfully sound and perfect, exhibiting no evidences of caries whatever or attrition due to the wear of age. Only a few of the bones of the carpus, or tarsus, are present; these are more or less imperfect and present nothing of special interest. In Plate XX, figs. 9-16, I give some of the phalanges. of the hands and feet. These are selected from quite a number which my son collected with the rest of this skeleton, and from their general form and appearance seem to have belonged to an individual who, in so far as the feet are concerned, never compressed these parts in any way whatever and yet walked a great deal. The individual bones are stout, strong, and somewhat broad, transverselv for their lengths (Plate XX, fig. 10). If we may judge from what we have of the skull of this subject (Plate XIX, fig. 1, and Plate XX, fig. 3), it is fair to assume that the possessor of it had a rather large cranial capacity; that the parietal, supraoccipital and temporal walls were not particularly thick; while, as a matter of fact, the tables are thin and the diploic tissue not especially abundant. In the lambdoid suture there is at least one ''Wormian bone" present, and there may have been others, although I attach no great significance to the fact. The "anterior nasal spine" was rather prominent, as is the case in some of the lower races of mankind. On the internal table of the cranial vault, the eminences and depressions for the lodgement of the convolutions of the cerebrum 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 497 are well marked, but not sufficiently well preserved to indicate the amount or complexity of the cerebral substance. The lateral sinuses, the grooves for the meningeal arteries, and the Torcular Herophili are all easily made out, and there is every indication that the foramen magnum was unusually large. Although fragmentary, this material is of no little importance, especially when taken in connection with what my son has pointed out in his above-quoted letter. It is to be hoped that a great deal more material will come to hand from the same country, including such objects as pottery, weapons, tools, ornaments, idols, etc., as well as a series of good photographs of remains of buildings, character of country and other data so as to furnish as complete a report as possible on this prehistoric people and the little-known country they inhabited. Explanation of Plates XIX, XX, XXI. [All the figures in the three plates are reproductions of photographs made by the author direct from the specimens.] Plate XIX. — Fig. 1. — Portion of the left side of the skull, broken into five (5) pieces, and restored by the author, tm., temporal bone; zyg., zygomatic process of temporal; ms., mastoid process; c, condyle for atlas; p.c.f., posterior condyloid foramen; oc, occipital bone, broken into four (4) parts; s.s., squamosal suture; l.s., lambdoid suture. The longest diameter of the portion of this skull here shown, taken from the end of the zygomatic process to the occiput, measures in the specimen 16.2 cms.; the same diameter measures on the figure 14.3 cms. The ratio gives the amount of reduction. Plate XX. — Fig. 2. — One of the cervical vertebrae seen from above. The spinous process broken off, together with lower border of lamina. This is probably the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebra, from the skeleton of not a large subject. Sex unknown. I have not compared it with the vertebras of this part of the spine in the skeletons of known subjects. Transverse diameter of body in specimen 1.9 cms.; in this figure on the plate, 1.6 cms. This will give the ratio of reduction for all the other bones shown on this plate. Fig. 3. — Fragment of superior maxillary bone seen on direct lateral aspect; first and second molar teeth in situ. Fig. 4. — Five other teeth, a canine (which belonged to the bone shown in fig. 3) (d); a first bicuspid (e); and three molars (a, b, and c). All, save the canine, probably belonged to the other side of this jaw. Fig. 5. — First metacarpal bone of left hand; lateral aspect. The distal extremity is toward the centre of the plate. In the specimen, the longi- tudinal axis measures 4.4 cms. Fig. 6. — Vertebral extremity of the second rib of the right side, with a small part of the shaft. Head fractured off. Fig. 7. — Portion of jaw; ramus of left side, with condyle and coronoid process perfect. Inner aspect, showing process overhanging inferior dental foramen. Fig. 8. — Clavicle of left side, anterior aspect; sternal and acromial extremi- ties broken off. The characters of this bone indicate that it belonged to a female subject, or at least to a person who was not accustomed to perform severe and continuous labor. 498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [NOV., j.-j Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, III, p. 1527, Oligoceneof Guadaloupe. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 519 Length of right valve 18.7, alt. 11, diameter 4.8 mm. Gatun Formation, from the excavation at the lower locks at Gatun. This species has much in common with such species of the sub- genus Bothrocorbula as C. viminea Guppy and C. radiatula Dall, and C. synarmostes Dall, but the total absence of any trace of a lunular pit at once distinguishes the Gatun form. The small number of concentric waves of the exterior separates C. hexacyma from various species of Cuneocorbula, which otherwise resemble it more or less. Explanation of Plates XXII-XXVI. Plate XXII. — Figs. 1-3. — Callianassa scotli n. sp. Fig. 4. — Pleurotoma (Gemmula) vaningeni n. sp. X 3. Fig. 5. — Fasciolaria gorgasiana n. sp. X 3. Figs. 6, 7. — Nassa (Hima) prceambigua n. sp. X 4. Fig. 8. — Pyrula micronematica n. sp. X 2.5. Fig. 9. — Natica bolus n. sp. X 3. Fig. 10. — Natica canalizonalis n. sp. X 3.5. Figs. 11, 12. — Bittium scotti n. sp. X 3.5. Fig. IS.—Sigarelus Eunaticina) gabbi n. sp. X 3.5. Plate XXIII. — Fig. 1. — Pecten (Amusium) luna n. sp. Fig. 2. — Pecten oxygonum optimum n. subsp. (Costa Rica). Fig. 3. — Pecten oxygonum canalis n. subsp. Fig. 4. — Area dalli n. sp. Fig. 5. — Crassatellites reevei Gabb. Fig. 6. — Cardium (Trachycardium) durum n. sp. Plate XXIV. — -Figs. 1, 2. — Pecten (Amusium) sol n. sp. Fig. 3. — Pecten (Euvola) reliquus n. sp. detail of sculpture. Plate XXV. — Figs. 1, 2. — Sporulylus scotti n. sp. Figs. 3, 4. — Crassatellites mediamericanus n. sp. (Costa Rica). Fig. 5. — Crassatellites mediamericanus n. sp. 'Pecten Bed, Las Cascades, C. Z. Plate XXVI. — Fig. 1. — Dosinia delicatissima n. sp. Fig. 2. — Petricoli millestriata n. sp. Fig. 3. — Thracia (Cyathodonta) gatunensis Toula. Fig. 4. — Corbula (Cuneocorbula) hexacyma n. sp. . Fig. 5. — Tellina cequiterminata n. sp. Fig. 6. — Tellina (Eurytellina) vetula n. sp. 34 520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, FURTHER NOTES ON THE FLORA OF THE CONOWINGO OR SERPENTINE BARRENS OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. BY FRANCIS W. PENNELL. Two years ago the writer published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences1 an account of the flora of the Conowingo or Serpentine Barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania. Effort was made, by field collections and herbarium-study, to form a reasonably complete list of the characteristic species. At that time, however, he had been unable to make full collections during June, and collections made at this season during 1911 and 1912 have shown a considerable number of omissions. As col- lections have now been made during every month of the growing- season, and it is believed a practically complete view of the flora gained, it has seemed advisable to thoroughly revise and emend the list previously offered. In addition to his own and Bayard Long's collections of the past two seasons, he has had the opportunity of reviewing the valuable material of Albert Commons recently presented to the Academy. The Serpentine specimens in this collection are nearly all from Centerville, Newcastle County, Del. As this locality is now threatened with extinction, we are fortunate in possessing some record of its flora. In the preparation of these notes he has been much indebted to Mr. Bayard Long, who throughout has given him most valu- able assistance. He is also indebted to Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell for verification of certain determinations in Agrostis and Car ex. As some of the locality names used do not appear on the local maps, it may, though late, be of service to indicate by latitude and longitude the location of each barren. Each area may so be found either on the Philadelphia Geological Folio, where the Serpentine areas are indicated in green and labelled "sp," or on the Soil Survey of Chester County, where the more definite Conowingo Barrens are indicated in yellow and labelled "Cb." 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (October, 1910), pp. 541-584. Issued January 13, 1912.] natural sciences of philadelphia. 521 Chester Group: Delaware County — 1. Fawkes Run (Newtown) 75° 22' 48" W. x 39° 59' 40" N. 2. Preston Run 75° 26' x 39° 58' 30" 3. Bear Hill 75° 23' 20" x 39° 57' 4. Blue Hill 75° 24' 40" x 39° 57' 5. Middletown Township — (a) Mineral Hill 75° 24' 55" x 39° 55' 10" (6) Barrens of Middletown 75° 25' 45" x 39° 55' 45" (c) Williamson 75° 25' 40" x 39° 54' 30" (d) Glen Riddle 75° 25' 50" x 39° 54' 25" (e) Lenni 75° 26' 30" x 39° 53' 50" (/) Wawa 75° 26' 30" x 39° 54' 20" Chester County — ■ 6. Serpentine Ridge — (a) Paoli 75° 29' W. x 40° 1' 40" N. (6) Sugartown Barrens 75° 30' x 40° 1' (c) Narrow extension from this, trending west-southwest to Goshenville, the Serpentine Ridge of records. 7. Cedar Barrens (marked "Cs" on Soil Survey) 75° 29' 15" W. x 39° 57' 50" N. 8. West Chester (Fern Hill) 75° 35' 40" x 39° 59' 9. (a) Sconnelltown (not la- ' belled on Soil Survey 75° 37' 30" x 39° 56' 7" (6) Strode's Mill (not in- dicated on Soil Survey) 75° 37' 8" x 39° 55' 40" 10. Brinton's Quarry (not la- belled on Soil Survey) 75° 35' 40" x 39° 54' 50" 11. Marshallton (not labelled on Soil Survey) 75° 40' x 39° 59' 12. Unionville 75° 43' x 39° 54' 40" Newcastle County — 13. Centerville State-line Group: 14. Nottingham Barrens (Ches- ter County) — (a) Nottingham 76° 1' 30" W. x 39° 44' 20" N. (6) Goat Hill 76° 5' x 39° 43' 30" 15. Other specimens, mainly collected by J. J. Carter, are cited from points in southern Lancaster County. The emendations of the list of component species require a few changes in the descriptive text: Page 545, line 18 — For Aster parviceps pusillus here and through- out read Aster depauperatus. 522 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Page 545, line 5 from bottom — To list of constant grasses and sedges of park-like openings add: Sphenopholis obtusata, Carex annectens, Carex scoparia, Carex normalis. Page 546, line 2 from bottom— To species of moist open depressions add: Agrostis antecedens, Carex lanuginosa, Carex leersii, Carex incomperta, Carex interior, and J uncus dichotomus platyphyllus. All but the first and last are quite local. Page 547, line 24 — To list of species found only on State-line Barrens add: Carex leersii Willd. Page 547, line 8 from bottom — Strike out Scutellaria parvula ambigua. Page 548, line 4 — Strike out Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens. Page 549, lines 6 and 12 — For Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens read Sphenopholis obtusata. Page 549, line 19 — Read: and reported from adjacent West Vir- ginia. As shown in discussion under Aster depauperatus, such distribution is quite improbable. I. Emendations of the List of Species composing the Flora of THE CONOWINGO BARRENS. Insert the following corrections and additions under their re- spective numbers, symbols and county names, Delaware and Chester, as in original list. Records from Newcastle County, Delaware, are added. As before, unless otherwise credited, all records are represented by specimens of the writer's collecting. fl. Osmunda spectabilis. For L. read Willd. f6. Pinus virginiana Mill. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). fl8. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Add: Delaware. — Mineral Hill, Williamson. Newcastle. — Centerville. fl9. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Read: Local on dry barrens. Delaware. — Fawkes Run. ( hester. — Nottingham Barrens. Panicum huachuce silvicola Hitchc. and Chase. Add: Chester.— Paoli; Serpentine Ridge (B. Long). Nottingham Barrens. Newcastle. ( !enterville. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 523 Insert: f23A. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Occasional on dry barrens. Delaware. — Preston Run; Williamson (B. Long). Chester. — West Chester. J26. Panicum boscii Poir. This is P. boscii molle (Vasey) Hitchc. if the form can be dis- tinguished. Add: Delaware. — Preston Run. f35. Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (E. B. Bartram.) |39. Agrostis antecedens Bicknell.2 Read: Frequent on moist to desiccated soil. This June-flowering plant appears quite distinct from the late-flowering A. hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P., with which it has been confused. Its characteristics have been clearly pointed out by Mr. E. P. Bicknell, to whom I am indebted for confirmation of this determination. Delaware. — Fawkes Run; Williamson. Chester. — Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens. — ■ Nottingham Barrens. 41. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Add: Delaware. — Bear Hill. Chester. — Paoli; Sugartown Barrens; Cedar Barrens; West Ches- ter. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : |44a. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Frequent on dry open barren. Normally more or less scabrous, at least on the lower sheaths. Delaware. — Bear Hill. Chester. — Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens. — Nottingham Barrens. f45. Sphenopholis, obtusata pubescens (Scribn. and Merr.) Scribn. Read: 2 Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XXXV (1908), 473. 524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Frequent on dry open barren. With the last, and intergrading with it. Delaware. — Fawkes Run; Bear Hill; Williamson. Chester. — Sugartown Barrens. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert: 45a. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Common in moist soil, Serpentine swamps. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — Paoli; Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens. — Nottingham Barrens. *50. Fimbristylis laxa Vahl. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). f51. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Add: Chester. — Cedar Barrens; Unionville. f54. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Add: Newcastle.- — Centerville (A. Commons). 56. Carex lurida Wahl. Read: Common in Serpentine swamps. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — Paoli; Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens; West Chester; Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. f57. Carex hystericina Muhl. Read: Frequent or local in Serpentine swamps. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : f57A. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Frequent in Serpentine swamps. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester.— Serpentine Ridge; West Chester. 1912.]' NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 525 Insert : 57b. Carex stricta Lam. Frequent in Serpentine swamps. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester.- — Cedar Barrens; West Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. 58. Carex triceps hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville. Insert : 58a. Carex triceps bushii (Mackenzie) Stone.3 Dry open barren, on State-line Barrens only. Chester.— Nottingham Barrens. f59. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Read: Frequent on dry open barrens. Delaware. — Mineral Hill; Williamson. Chester.— Paoli ; Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens; West^Chester; Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. Lancaster. — New Texas (J. J. Carter). Newcastle. — Centerville. Insert : 59a. Carex tjmbellata abdita (Bicknell) Stone.4 Occasional on dry barrens, edges of woodland. Chester. — Paoli; Marshallton (B. Long). Insert : 59b. Carex willdenovii Schkuhr. Dry rocky woodland. Newcastle.- — Centerville (A. Commons). 60. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Read: Frequent in moist soil. Delaware. — Mineral Hill; Williamson. Chester. — Paoli; Sugartown Barrens; Cedar Barrens ^West'Chester. 3 Annual Report New Jersey State Museum (1910), 299. 4 Annual Report New Jersey State Museum (1910), 305. 526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Insert : 60a. Carex annectens Bicknell.5 Frequent on dry open barrens. Delaware.— Mineral Hill; Williamson; Wawa. Chester. — Paoli; Sugartown Barrens; Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens. — Nottingham Barrens. f61. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Read: Local on moist depressions or grassy open. Delaware. — Bear Hill; Mineral Hill. Chester. — West Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 161a. Carex leersii Willd.6 Moist soil along stream. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert: f6lB. Carex incomperta Bicknell.7 Locally abundant in Serpentine swamps. Identification con- firmed by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — West Chester. Insert : f61c. Carex interior Bailey. Locally abundant in Serpentine swamps. Chester. — Cedar Barrens. — Nottingham Barrens. 62. Carex scoparia Schkuhr. Read: Common on dry barrens. Delaware. — Mineral Hill; Williamson. Chester. — Paoli; Sugartown Barrens; Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens; West Chester; Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. ill. Torr. Bot. Club, XXXV (1908), 492. cCf. Mackenzie, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XXXVII (1910), 245. ' Bull. Ton: Bot. Club, XXXV (1908), 494. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 527 Insert: 62a. Carex normalis Mackenzie.8 Frequent or local on dry open barren. Delaware. — Bear Hill; Mineral Hill; Williamson. Chester. — Cedar Barrens; West Chester (B. Long). — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 62b. Carex hormathodes richii Fernald. Moist soil along stream. It seems unnatural to consider this inland plant a variety of Carex hormathodes, characteristic of the salt marshes along the coast, but in the material at hand I cannot feel confident in separating them. Richii appears to differ in its smaller, broader perigynia, at maturity less prominently nerved, its achene relatively more turgid, dull, not glistening as in horma- thodes. Chester. — Serpentine Ridge. *63. Carex bicknellii Britton. Read: Local on dry open barrens. Delaware.— Bear Hill; Williamson; Glen Riddle. Chester. — Cedar Barrens; West Chester; Brinton's Quarry. Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 64. Juncus effusus L. Read: Common in Serpentine .swamps. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — Paoli; Cedar Barrens; West Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. 165. Juncus tenuis Willd. Add: Delaware. — Mineral Hill. Chester. — Paoli; Serpentine Ridge (B. Long). f66. Juncus secundus Beauv. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). Insert: |66a. Juncus dichotomus platyphyllus Wiegand. *BuU. Ton. Bot. Club, XXXVII (1910), 244. 528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Frequent in moist soil. In a forthcoming paper Mr. Bayard Long and the writer hope to present evidence for considering this a distinct species. All discussion accordingly is deferred. Delaware. — Williamson. Oiester.— Paoli; West Chester; Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. 70. Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Read: Frequent on edge of greenbrier or woodland. Plant habitually tufted, a number of stems from one root, no trace of bulb-like or tuber-like swellings at base. Delaware. — Fawkes Run; Williamson. Chester.— Paoli; Serpentine Ridge (B. Long); Cedar Barrens; Cnionville. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : |70a. Juncoides bulbosum (Wood) Small. Occasional on moist open barren. Plant not tufted, one or occasionally two stems from one root, bulb-like or tuber-like swell- ings at base evident, sometimes large. Chester.— West Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. f75. Smilax herbacea crispifolia Pennell. Intergrades with the species, S. herbacea L. of moist woodland, though commonly distinguishable. Undoubtedly a xerophytic de- rivative of this. Add: Delaware. — Preston Run; Glen Riddle. Chester— West Chester (S. S. Van Pelt). Some specimens from Cedar Barrens and Nottingham Barrens appear transitional to species. |78. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Add: Delaware.- — Williamson. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert: 78a. Gyrostachys beckii (Lindl.) Stone.9 Probably occasional on dry open barrens. Newcastle- < Vnterville (A. Commons). Annual lib-port New Jersey State Museum (1910), 375. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 529 J79. Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. Add: Delaware. — Wawa. Chester. — Sugartown Barrens. Insert : 79a. Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. Occasional on moist shaded banks. Chester. — Cedar Barrens; Unionville. 80. Leptorchis loeselii (L.) MacM. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. *90. Quercus marylandica Muench. Hybridizes freely with other species. Q. marylandica x velutina t Delaware. — Middletown Barrens. Q. marylandica x stellata ? Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). |92. Quercus stellata Wang. Add: Newcastle.— Centerville (A. Commons) . f94. Quercus prinoides Willd. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons) . Q. prinoides x alba f Chester. — Unionville. |95. COMANDRA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt. Add: Delaware. — Mineral Hill; Wawa. Chester. — Paoli. *97. Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Add: Chester. — Unionville. Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). *99. Cerastium oblongifolium Torr. Add: Chester. — Marshallton (B. Long). Newcastle. — Centerville; Mt. Cuba (A. Commons). *100. Arenaria stricta Michx. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 102. Thalictrum revolutum D. C. Add: Delaware. — Wawa (leaves glandular-puberulent beneath). 530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, fl04. Arabis lyrata L. Add: Newcastle.— Centerville (A. Commons). 105. Saxifraga yirginiensis Michx. Add: Chester. — Marshallton (B. Long). Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 107. Rubus frondosus Bigel. Add: ( 'hester. — West Chester. Insert: J 107a. Rubus villosus Ait. Frequent on edge of dry barrens. All have one-flowered branches, but I cannot distinguish satisfactorily R. villosus enslenii (Tratt.) from the species. The form I assume typical has three distinct leaflets, sharply serrate, others (indicated by asterisk) have leaves 1-3-foliate, coarsely toothed, and may be R. invisus (Bailey) Britton. Delaware— Fawkes Run* (B. H. Smith); Blue Hill; William- son.* Chester. — Serpentine Ridge*; West Chester. 110. Rosa humilis Marsh. Read: There seem to be two tendencies in this species with us, extreme forms seeming quite different, but I find it impossible satisfactorily to separate intermediates. Any lines of separation seem artificial. Both are frequent on open barren and about margin of greenbrier. A. Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate, acutish to acuminate at apex, finely and sharply serrate, 2.5-4 cm. long. Spines slender, straight. Fruiting pedicels slender. Plant low, of drier situations. Probably to be considered typical R. humilis Marsh. Delaware. — Fawkes Run; Mineral Hill; Williamson. Chester. — Sugartown Barrens; Cedar Barrens. B. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, mostly rounded to acutish at apex, more coarsely serrate, 2-4 cm. long. Spines stouter, somewhat recurved. Fruiting pedicels stouter. Plant taller, of moister situations. Possibly this the R. palustris of Marshall. Delaware. Bear Hill; Middletown Barrens; Williamson; Glen Riddle; Wawa. Chester. — Paoli; Serpentine Ridge; West Chester; Brinton's Quarry; Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 531 Insert : 110a. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. In border-woodland. Chester. — Unionville. 111. Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 119. Meibomia rigida (Ell.) Kuntze. Add: v. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (E. B. Bartram). Insert : 123a. Lespedeza nuttallii Darl. Probably occasional on dry open barren. Delaware. — Mineral Hill. fl25. Lespedeza virginica (L.) Britton. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (A. S. Haines). 126. Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Read: Frequent on dry open barren and margin of greenbrier. Delaware. — Preston Run; Lenni. Chester. — West Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (A. S. Haines). 131. Linum intercursum Bicknell.10 Read: Occasional on dry open barren. Mr. Bicknell has recently pointed out reasons for considering our plant, in the north mainly restricted to the Coastal Plain, as distinct from L. floridanum (Planch.) Trel. of the south. Delaware. — Bear Hill. Chester. — Paoli (E. B. Bartram) ; Sugartown Barrens. — Nottingham Barrens (A. S. Haines, B. Long). fl43. Helianthemum majus (L.) B. S. P. Add: Chester. — Cedar Barrens. Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 144. Lechea minor L. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 147. Viola pedata lineariloba D. C. Add: Delaware. — Fawkes Run (W. Stone). 10 Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XXXIX (1912), 418. 532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, fl48. Viola fimbriatula Sm. Add: Chester.— Paoli; Marshallton (B. Long). Newcastle. — Centerville. fl49. Kneiffia linearis (Michx.) Spach. Read: Local on dry open barren and banks. Our plant appears to have capsules less densely and permanently pubescent than in the coastal plant. In similar situations, less frequent than K. fruticosa, with which to some extent it may intergrade. Delaware. — Preston Run (J. W. Harshberger) ; Mineral Hill; Williamson; Wawa. Chester. — Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens. — ■ Nottingham Barrens. 150. Kneiffia fruticosa (L.) Raimann. Read: Common on dry open barren and banks. Delaware. — Mineral Hill; Williamson. Chester. — Paoli; Sugartown Barrens; Serpentine Ridge; Cedar Barrens; West Chester; Union ville. Insert : 150a. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Local in moist soil. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 154. Azalea nudiflora L. Read: Frequent on edges of woodland or thicket. Delaware. — Mineral Hill; Wawa. Chester. — Unionville. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 154a. Azalea nudiflora glandifera Porter. Local on edges of woodland or thicket. Pubescence of corolla-tube and capsule more or less glandular. Delaware. — Williamson. Chester. — West Chester. Insert : 158a. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Occasional on dry barren or edges of woodland. Leaves pubes- cent on midrib and veins beneath. Chester. — Paoli. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 533 Insert : 158b. Vaccinium cesariense Mackenzie.11 Occasional on dry barren or edges of woodland. Leaves quite glabrous on both surfaces. Chester. — Sugartown Barrens. 159. Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Read: Occasional on dry barren or edges of woodland. Leaves pubescent over entire lower surface. Judging by leaf pubescence alone, we have three tall blueberries occasional upon the Serpentine. I have not had opportunity to collect in this habitat flowers or fruit of corymbosum or of ccesariense. Delaware. — Williamson ; Wawa. Chester. — Paoli (E. B. Bartram, B. Long); Sugartown Barrens; West Chester. 161. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Leaves quite glabrous beneath. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 161a. Vaccinium vacillans crinitum Fernald.12 Occasional or local in borders of woodland. Leaves pubescent beneath. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 165a. Gentiana villosa L. Dry woodland. Beside the following specimen seen, Dr. Samuel Trimble has mentioned to me finding this species upon the Ser- pentine at Williamson. Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 166. Asclepias purpurascens L. Add: Delaware. — Mineral Hill. Chester. — Paoli. *167. Asclepias verticillata L. Add. Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). "Torreya, X (1910), 230. uRhodora, XIII (1911), 235. 534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF IDeC, *170. Scutellaria parvula ambigua (Nutt.) Fernald. Add: ( 'hester. — Serpentine Ridge. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert: 172a. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. Occasional in moist soil. Our plant has the leaves downy- pubescent beneath; the normal plant in this district has leaves smooth or less pubescent beneath. Chester. — West Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 176. Houstonia ccerulea L. Add: Chester. — Paoli. — Nottingham Barrens. {177. Mitchella repens L. Add: Chester. — Paoli; Cedar Barrens. 178. Galium pilosum Ait. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 180. Lonicera sempervirens L. Add: Delaware. — Williamson. 182. Hieracium venosum L. Add. Delaware. — Mineral Hill. Chester. — Paoli (this plant, green, with two stem-leaves, may be H. marianum Willd. I cannot distinguish the form). 191. Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze. Add: Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (A. S. Haines). 195. Solidago aspera Ait. Apparently an extreme form of S. rugosa Mill. *206. Aster depauperatus (Porter) Fernald. I prefer to consider this a species distinct from Aster parviceps (Burgess) Mack, and Bush, with which Prof. Fernald unites it. < hir plant is very slender, its stem smooth or nearly so, its stem- leaves linear, those of the branches minute and mostly appressed, its heads slightly smaller — all points of contrast — while quite significant is the wide break in range between the two. Aster depauperatus ap- 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 535 pears to be known as yet only from the Serpentine Barrens of Dela- ware, Chester, and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania, apparently strictly restricted to such soil. Doubtless it extends over the boundary into Cecil County, Maryland, and possibly beyond. As Serpentine Barrens exist only in this corner of Pennsylvania, and do not exist at all in West Virginia, the range as given in the new Gray's Manual is impossible. If the plant does occur as reported in West Virginia, it must be on some other soil, not on adjacent Serpentine areas. 208. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Add: Chester. — Cedar Barrens. 210. Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Add: 0 Zoster.— Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). f212. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet. Varies greatly even in same colony in relative width of leaf, also in roughness of its upper surface from nearly smooth to quite sca- brous. Within our range, I do not think H. scabra Dunal can be distinguished. f215. Senecio balsamit^e Muhl. Add: Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons). 11. Emendations of the List of Occasional Species of the Conowingo Flora. Insert : 0a. Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Delaware. — Williamson. Insert : Ob. Adiantum pedatum L. Chester. — Cedar Barrens. Insert : 6a. PASPALUM L.EVE AUSTRALE Nash. Chester. — Serpentine Ridge. 7. Paspalum l,eve circulare (Nash) Stone.13 Add: Chester.- — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 12. Paniccm lindheimeri Nash. Add: Chester.- — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 13 Annual Report New Jersey State Museum (1910), 187. 35 536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, [nsert: L2a. Panicum meridionale Ashe. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). Insert : 15a. Ch.etochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. Delaware. — Williamson. Strike out: 16. Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. 17. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Not C. diandrus Torr. as pre- vious^ reported. Insert : 19a. Scirpus validus Vahl. Chester. — Cedar Barrens. Insert: 19b. Rynchospora smallii Britton. Chester. — Marshallton (B. Long). Insert: 20a. Carex vestita Willd. ( 'hester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert: 20b. Carex granularis Muhl. Dela ware. — Williamson. Insert : 20c Carex laxiculmis Schwein. Newcastle.—- Centerville (A. Commons). Insert : 20d. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Delaware. — WTawa. Newcastle.— Centerville (A. Commons). Insert ; 20e. Carex nigromarginata Schwein. Newcastle.— Centerville (A. Commons). 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 537 Insert : 20f. Carex stipata Muhl. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 20g. Carex rosea Schkuhr. Delaware. — Bear Hill. Insert : 20h. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Delaware. — Glen Riddle. Insert : 20i. Carex muhlenbergii Schkuhr. Delaware. — Wajva. Insert : 21a. Uvularia perfoliata L. Delaware. — Preston Run; Bear Hill. 22. Polygonatum commutatum (R. and S.) Dietr. Add: Delaware. — Glen Riddle. Chester. — Cedar Barrens. Insert : 23a. Sisyrinchium gramineum Curtis. Chester. — Paoli. 33. Benzoin ^stivale (L.) Nees. Delaware. — Williamson. • Insert : 34a. Rubus argutus Link. Chester. — Cedar Barrens. - — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 36. Amelanchier l.evis Wiegand. Chester. — LTnionville (Dr. K. M. Wiegand determines this specimen as a probable hybrid between A. Icevis and A. oblongifolia (T. and G.) Roem. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). 538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. [nsert: 36a. Peunus amekicana Marsh. Chester. Brinton's Quarry. [nsert : 36b. Cracca virginiana L. Newcastle. — Centerville (A. Commons.) [nsert : 37a. Geranium maculatum L. Delaware. — -Mineral Hill. Insert : 43a. Rhus radicans L. ( 'luster. — Cedar Barrens. Insert : 46a. Viola emarginata Le Conte. Delaware. — Bear Hill. Insert : 46b. Viola conspersa Reichenb. Chester. — Marshallton (B. Long). Insert: 47a. Cham,enerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens (B. Long). Insert : 48a. Cicuta maculata L. Delaware. — Williamson. 63. Ciiimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Add: ( 'hester. — Nottingham Barrens. [nsert : 53a. Azalea viscosa glauca Michx. ( 'hester. — Nottingham Barrens. [nsert: 58a. Convolvulus spitham.eus L. Delaware. — Williamson. Strike out: 61. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 539 62. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Add: Chester. — Unionville. Strike out: 65. Leptandra yirginica (L.) Nutt. Insert : 68a. Galium claytoni Michx. Chester. — Nottingham Barrens. Insert : 71a. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Appearing as if introduced. Delaware. — Williamson. ( 'hester. — Sugartown Barrens. Insert : 73a. Eupatorium purpureum L. Delaware. — Williamson. 510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, THE PR0T0C0NCH OF ACM.EA. BY WILL F. THOMPSON. The protoconchs or embryonic shells of the Mollusca have been used by various writers as indicating the status of the various groups and their line of descent. The Acmaeidse have many primi- t ive characters, and it would be expected that the embryonic stages of the shell would show a like condition. It has been stated that these forms possess a coiled nautiloid protoconch by Grabau. '03; Pelseneer, '06; Fisher, '04; Verrill, '96, and others. In a recent article by Morse, '10, this is declared erroneous, and figures and descriptions are given of a stage of Acmcea testudinalis in which there is shown "simply a csecal-like shell with slight dorsal flexure" and "a slight elongated area rounded anteriorly" at either side where the embryonic shell joins the permanent. The specimens of Acmcea cited by Dr. W. K. Fisher were given to me by Dr. Harold Heath, with the request that I investigate them. I thank him for his kindness, as well as Dr. J. P. Smith. The material was imbedded in very hard paraffin, either entire or in part decalcified, and sectioned. This method gave but poor results, and better were obtained by observing the specimens in reflected light under high powers of the microscope. By carefully working over the debris picked up with the young limpets, decol- lated shells were found without the embryo within them and hence iii excellent condition for observation. All the material came from the tide pools of Monterey Bay, but the species could of course not be certainly identified. The general appearance of the shell may be seen in fig. 1. A slight asymmetry is visible, the posterior apex of the protoconch being to the left of the adult axis, although symmetrical to that of i In larva itself. In view of the presence in nearly related mollusks of naticoid and planorbid coils, this probably has but very little significance. The " lateral folds " of Morse, TO, are very evident and easily seen (fig. 2), leading, if seen from one side, to the appear- ance of a true spiral coil, but present on both sides. The right-hand one is in the greater number of cases slightly longer than the left, in harmony with the slight asymmetry. As may be seen in figs. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 541 2 and 3, the margin of the embryonic shell and its connection with that of the permanent patelloid shell is in the plane of the lower edge of the lateral pouches or folds of Morse. The first of the growth lines of the patelloid shell run under the protoconch below Fig. 2. — Protoconch of Acmoea sp. from side, showing first of adult shell. Line of base of protoconch indicated by ar- rnws. Fig. 1. — Acmoea sp. Protoconch on first of adult shell. Fig. 3. — Protoconch and first of adult shell of Acmoea sp. showing growth lines, upper edge of adult shell indicated by the arrow. Cam- era lucida, looking at the bottom and one side. Fig. -t. — Protoconch of A cmcea sp. a, Sagittal section through cen- tre of shell, on line of be of fig. 1. b, Somewhat oblique section on line ab of fig. 1. the middle of the lateral " pouches "' (fig. 3), as may be seen in Morse's fig. 5, although his fig. 4 shows a different condition. In sagittal section there is shown merely a csecal-like shell with the suggestion of a coil in the form of the ridge or inner anterior margin of the protoconch (fig. 4a). This appearance is further strengthened by the section of a shell with the animal still within it (fig. 5). The shell in this has been slightly decalcified. By making a somewhat oblique section of one side (fig. 46), a still 542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Fig. 5. — Acmoea sp. Section of protoconch with portion of young still within it. Shell stippled. more striking appearance of a coil is obtained. This is true of both sides of the protoconch. The lateral edges, then, of this ridge shown in the median sections of the shell are simply turned back or " coiled " to a greater degree than the central part and the lateral marks are the external evidences of this condition, the "folds" being the union of the ridge with the outer wall of the shell. This is shown in figs. 2 and 6. If this were a true coil the lines of growth would be expected to bear it out. By observation under the high powers in direct re- flected light it is possible to discern these lines in the species under consideration. They are very regular, clear, and well marked. In fig. 3 a camera lucida drawing is shown. Their center seems to be on the lower surface of the protoconch. Those of the lateral pouches are shown to be parallel to their long axis and not conformant below the shell to those behind them. What the significance of this state of affairs may be I cannot hazard a guess, and it appears as though its explanation must await the complete working out of the embryology which Patten was unable to carry so far. The embryo in the youngest stages which I sectioned occupies these corners with portions of the liver. Judging from the lines of growth, one would be tempted to think that these pouches were formed later 1912. .NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 543 than the middle portion of the protoconch and subsequent to a resorption of the posterior edge. If they were remnants of a true coil it would be expected that growth should take place in them first. As mentioned above, the liver, at the earliest stage I had, occupied a part of the protoconch with its large granulated cells (fig. 5). In company with it was one loop of the large, thin-walled alimentary canal. This is well past the veliger stage and when the embryo is fairly complex. There were no gills present. At a period slightly later than the stage represented in fig. 1, the protoconch is broken off, leaving a cicatrix. The lower part of the primitive shell seems in some cases at least to remain on the patelloid shell to form the posterior part of the cicatrix. This has been fully described by previous authors. In conclusion, it may be stated that the protoconch gives more evidences of being a simple caecal-like shell than coiled, although the evidences are open to other interpretations. The slight coil of the body and shell and a tendency of the shells to form more rapidly anteriorly than posteriorly at first would indicate the presence Fig. 6. — Protoconch and beginning of permanent shell of Acmcea sp. in optical section, from dorsal surface, r, Ridge at upper line of lateral pouch. 544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, of a coil in the ancestral shell, which may have been altered by caeogenetic variation and the resorption of parts. The structure and disposal of the growth lines, the simple character of the lateral pouches and their small size in proportion to the size of the egg and larva, indicate that they are caused by something other than a coil. Trochus, Natica, Arassa, Eolis, or Ammonite and nautiloid protoconchs do not seem to differ much from the structure described above. Literature. I >all, W. H. 1890. Tertiary Mollusks of Florida, Trans. Wagner Free Institute, III, 1S90, p. 295. Fisher, \Y. K. 1904. The Anatomy of Lottia gigantea Gray, Zoologischr Jalcrbucher, Abth. f. Anat,, Vol. 20. pp. 1-86, pis. 1-4. Grabau. 1903. Studies on Gastropoda, American Naturalist, Vol. XXXVI p. 919; XXXVII, No. 440, p. 515. Morse, E. S. 1910. An Early Stage of Acmaea, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Histonj, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 313-323, February, 1910. Patten, W. 1886. The Embryology of Patella, Arbeiten aus dern Zoolog- ischen Institute der Universitdt Wien, Vol. 6, pp. 149-174, pis. 1-5. Pelseneer, Paul. 1906. In Lankaster's Treatise on Zoology, Part V, Mollusca, A. and C. Black, London, 1900. Verrill, A. E. 1896. The Molluscan Archetype considered as a Veliger-like Form, with discussions of certain points in Molluscan Morphology, American Journal of Science (4th Series), Vol. 11, No. 8, August. 1896. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 545 The following Reports were ordered to be printed: REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY. Because, probably, of the division of Science into specialties, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain interest in the meetings of a society devoted, as the Academy is, to research in the entire field of physics and natural history. In the absence of solicited communications taking more or less the form of lectures, and all the more likely to secure a moderate audience if illustrated by lan- tern views which would be even more attractive could they be presented in the form of moving pictures, there seems no reason, beyond the requirements of routine business, generally irksome, for the holding of the sessions provided for by the by-laws. The practice of reporting in verbal communications the results of current original research has almost entirely ceased, although thirty or forty years ago it was a most important means of sustaining the interest of the meetings, giving distinction to the minutes, and adding to the value of the publications. When Leidy, or Cassin, or Meehan, or Cope, or Ryder, or Heil- prin had found out anything, had a new fact or the confirmation of an old one to tell of, they resorted to the "verbal," a substantive with quite a special significance as used in the Academy. These verbal communications were generally reported by the authors for the pages of the Proceedings. For some years back, to the impov- erishment of the meetings, such contributions to science are either embedded in a formal paper presented for publication and seldom or never read except by title, or they are made known to the world in little notes to Science or some other current periodical. The consideration of a possible remedy for the existing subsidence of interest in the meetings of the Academy has been referred, to a committee, and it may be that the result will be beneficial. Thirteen meetings have been held since last November, with an average attendance of fifty-one — a much higher average than has been recently reported. This is, however, due to the extraordinary attendance on the sessions of the meeting held March 19, 20, and 21, in commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,. founding of the Academy. The event was considered memorable by t he entire learned world, as evinced by the reception of 405 letters, telegrams and cards of acknowledgment and congratulation from institutions and correspondents and the appointment of 194 dele- gates by learned societies at home and abroad. A lull report of this most interesting event in the history of the Academy has been printed and distributed as the first part of the fifteenth volume of the quarto Journal. The entire volume has been specially prepared and is now placed before the meeting in a form befitting in its dignity the culmination of the Academy's dis- tinguished contributions to science since 1817, when the publication of the unpretentious first number of the octavo Journal was evidence of the sustained faith of the founders in the dignity of their mission. The contrast of the struggling Academy of 1817, meeting in the little house up Gilliam's Court, with the society as now established and endowed is scarcely greater than that of the first issued volume with the sumptuous quarto just completed. The centenary meeting was addressed by the Mayor, the President, the Recording Secretary, and twenty-four members and correspondents. Nearly all of the communications, presented also as contributions to the commemorative quarto, were epitomized for the preliminary report in the Proceedings of last March. The celebration cul- minated in a banquet attended by 160 delegates, members, and guests, at which eight congratulatory addresses were made after the discussion of an elegant and sufficient bill of fare. The permanent memorials of the event will consist of the volume of the Journal now on the table, an index to the publications of the Academy brought to the end of 1910, and a history of the society by the Recording Secretary. The commemorative quarto is now before the meeting. The index consists of a record of all the con- tributions to the Journal and Proceedings during the period defined, and a reference to every scientific name occurring in the volumes. The alphabetical arrangement of the latter has been completed and about two-thirds of the list is in type, forming the second section of the volume, the first consisting of the catalogue of papers and "verbals." The entire volume will contain about thirteen hundred pages. While the history requires only the final chapter (an account of the centenary celebration) for com- pletion, no arrangement has yet been made for the publication of the volume, as the preparation of the other works referred to has been so engrossing during the year that it would have been impossible 4912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 547 to devote necessary time to the additional task. The reading of the proof of the index, especially, has been most exacting, and occasion is taken to make grateful acknowledgment to Mr. William J. Fox and Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry for efficient assistance in this tiresome and laborious work. Mr. Fox also gave indispensable assistance in the preparation of the centenary volume. The ordinary meetings have been addressed by Messrs. Leffman, Calvert, Stewardson Brown, Tucker, Bailey, Smith, Harshberger, Dahlgren, Spitzka, Trotter, Bascom, and Skinner. Fifty-three papers have been presented for publication, as follows: Edgar T. Wherry, 3; James A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard, 3; Henrj- A. Pilsbry and Amos P. Brown, 2; Henry W. Fowler, 2; Edward G. Vanatta, 2; Witmer Stone, 2; Thomas H. Montgomery, 1; John M. Clarke, 1; J. A. Nelson, 1; Carlotta J. Maury, 1; Harriet W. Wardle, 1; Frederick W. True, 1; Henry Skinner, 1; 'Florence Bascom, 1; George A. Boulenger, 1; John W. Harshberger, 1 ; Thomas Wayland Vaughan, 1 ; Spencer Trotter, 1 ; George Howard Parker, 1; Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, 1; J. W. von Wijhe, 1; Marshall A. Howe, 1; W. J. Holland, 1; William H. Dall, 1; Benjamin Smith Lyman, 1; Henry G. Bryant, 1; A. N. Caudell and Morgan Hebard, 1; John M. Macfarlane, 1; Henry H. Donaldson, 1; George A. Koenig, 1; Thomas H. Morgan, 1; Clarence B. Moore, 1 ; James E. Ives, 1 ; Addison E. Verrill, 1 ; Henry F. Osborn, 1 ; Harold S. Colton, 1; S. Stillman Berry, 1; WT. L. McAtee, 1; T. Fukuda, 1; Edwin G. Conklin, 1; Harold Heath and Ernest B. McGregor, 1; Burnett Smith, 1; Henry A. Pilsbry, 1; H. von Ihering, 1; R. W. Shufeldt, 1. Four of these have been withdrawn by the authors, twenty- four are contributions to the Journal, and the others constitute the portions of the year's Proceedings so far issued. Mr. Moore's paper concludes the fourteenth volume of the Journal. It consists of 161 pages, beautifully illustrated with many halftones in the text and eight superb plates in color, fully sustaining the reputation established by the earlier publications of Mr. Moore, to whom the Academy is as usual indebted for the entire cost of issue. ' The commemorative volume of the Journal consists of 756 pages and 59 plates, 6 of which are in colors. Additional publications have been issued during the year as follows: Proceedings, 550 pages, 21 plates; Entomological News, 484 pages, 20 plates; Transactions of the American Entomo- 548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, L( ,. ; i« a i. S« >ciety (Entomological Section of the Academy), 400 pages, 3 plates : Manual of Conchology, 168 pages, 20 plates. The entire issue lor the year, therefore, amounts to 2,358 pages and 123 plates. Nineteen members and four correspondents have been elected. The deaths of twelve members and of six correspondents have been announced, while three members have resigned. More than a mere record should be made of the loss sustained by the Academy in the deaths of Edward Potts and Thomas Harrison Montgomery. Air. Potts had been forced by impaired health to discontinue, a few years ago, his active association with the Academy, but his interest in science remained unabated to the last. His work on the natural history of the fresh-water sponges, the results of which the Academy had the honor of publishing, has been recognized as of singular accuracy and thoroughness. Dr. Montgomery was the first contributor to the commemorative volume, and the announcement of his death at the first session of the centenary meeting was a pathetic incident of the proceedings. Appropriate action was taken by the Academy, an appreciative minute, prepared by Dr. Calvert, having been placed on the minutes and published. The Hayden Medal, on the recommendation of the properly con- stituted committee, was awarded to Professor John C. Branner, of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, in recognition of his dis- tinguished work in geology. Daniel J. Fay, Robert Rosenbaum, and Delos E. Culver have served terms as Jessup Fund students. The will of the late Mrs. Catherine E. Beecher provides for the endowment of the J. F. Beecher Memorial Laboratory for the study of Biology and Anthropology in the Academy. The amount of the fund, not yet definitely reported, is to be invested for ten years before the income can be available. The proper officers have been instructed to prepare the papers required by the accept- ance of the legacy. The popular evening course of free lectures, conducted in con- junction with the Ludwick Institute, was given as usual on Monday and Thursday evenings, January 8 to March 7: — Three lectures on Familiar Birds and their Life Histories were delivered by Mr. Witmer Stone; one on The Organization of the Pennsylvania Department of Health by Dr. B. F. Royer; one on The Purity of the Streams of Pennsylvania by Mr. F. Herbert Snow; three on Entomology by Dr. Henry Skinner; three on Problems 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 549 in the Study of Faunas by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry; three on Studies in Local Plant Life by Mr. Stewardson Brown, and two on Ancient and Modern Man by Dr. Spencer Trotter. The afternoon course for students of the Girls' High Schools of Philadelphia, inaugurated last year, was continued, beginning October 2, and was largely attended. Two lectures each were delivered by the following speakers: Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, on Crustacea and Mollusks; Dr. J. Percy Moore, on Reptiles and Mammals; Mr. Witmer Stone, on Birds; Mr. Stewardson Brown on Plants; and one each by Dr. Philip P. Calvert and Dr. Henry Skinner, on Insects. It is manifest that the year has been one of unusual interest and activity, and there is no reason to doubt that the fine record commemorated last March will be continued during the next century, although conditions, which have already changed, may undergo further modification. A reasonable prediction as to what these modifications may be when the second centenary of the Academy will be celebrated by our successors in March, 2012, would be a matter of serious interest could it now be made. Edward J. Nola^*, Recording Secretary. REPORT OF CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. During the year the deaths of the following-named correspondents occurred: Sir Joseph D. Hooker, Professor John Duns, Professor Eduard Strasburger, and Professor Rudolph Hoernes. The death of the Reverend Stephen Bowers in 1907 and of Professor Adolph Bastian at an unascertained date were also announced. Elections of correspondents were as follows: Professor Viktor Goldschmidt, Dr. Carlotta J. Maury, Professor John Casper Branner, and Dr. Charles Haskins Townsend. Invitations to participate in the following-named events were received: The annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association; the XHIth International Congress of Americanists, at which the Academy was represented by Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton; the XlVth International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archeology; the two hundreth anniversary of the founding of the Academy of Sciences, Belles-Lettres, and Arts of Bordeaux; the XXIst annual convention of the German Dendrological Society; the Second International Congress of Entomology, to which Dr. .").")() PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Henry Skinner, Professor Philip P. Calvert, and Dr. W. J. Holland were appointed delegates; the International Forestry Congress; the dedication exercises of the New York State Education Build- in, »■, at which Professor Henry F. Osborn represented the Academy; the XVIth International Congress of Orientalists; the one-hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the University of Pittsburgh, at which Mr. George H. Clapp served as a delegate, and the inauguration exercises of The William H. Rice Institute, on which occasion Professor Allen J. Smith and Professor Hugo de Vries were the Academy's delegates. Formal addresses or simpler letters of congratulation were forwarded to the executive officers of all of the events named. The year 1912 will be remembered as one especially noteworthy in the history of the Academy, because it marked the completion of the first century of the Academy's corporate existence. In connection with the celebration of this event the volume of corre- spondence was much augmented, especially by that conducted on behalf of the Sub-Committee on Invitations, upon which the Corresponding Secretary served. During the month of January the invitation prepared at the close of the last fiscal year' was mailed, along with a provisional program and a card requesting replies, to 786 learned societies and institutions in all parts of the world and to the full list of corre- spondents whose addresses have been verified. The reponses were most gratifying, both in number and character. They began to arrive almost immediately, came in increasing volume until the opening of the celebration, and continued to be received during and even after that event. In all four hundred and five institutions responded, of which three hundred and twenty-five sent congratu- latory addresses, letters or telegrams, many of which were very gracefully expressed and handsomely executed. A full list of these is given and many of the letters are quoted in full in the memo- rial volume now before the meeting. A selection of some of the more interesting or beautiful ones is on exhibition in the reading room. One hundred and forty-seven institutions appointed one hundred and ninety-four delegates. Excluding duplications, one hundred and fifty-seven persons were appointed, of which one hundred and twelve are known to have been in attendance. Of the correspondents fifty-two sent letters of congratulation and a number regrets, and thirteen were present at the meetings. Finally, after letters had ceased to be received, an acknowledgment 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 551 expressing appreciation and signed by the President and Secretaries was sent to those institutions, delegates, and correspondents who had shown their interest in the anniversary. Many letters asking for information were answered by the Corre- sponding Secretary personally or handed for reply to other members of the scientific staff. Statistics of the year's correspondence follow: Communications received : Acknowledging receipt of the Academy's publications 14-1 Transmitting publications to the Academy 63 Requesting exchanges or the supply of deficiencies 1 Invitations to learned gatherings, etc. 20 Notices of deaths of scientific men 12 Circulars concerning the administration of scientific institutions, etc. 41 Photographs and biographies of correspondents 8 Letters from correspondents 95 M iscellaneous letters 767 Total received 1,1.51 Communications forwarded : Acknowledging gifts to the library 1,198 Requesting the supply of deficiencies in journals 133 Acknowledging gifts to the museum 139 Acknowledging photographs and biographies 10 Letters of sympathy and congratulation, addresses, etc. 19 Diplomas and notices of election of correspondents and of appointment of delegates 12 Miscellaneous letters 386 Annual reports, circulars, etc 2,1S5 In vi t ations 984 Acknowledgments o4.'! Total forwarded 5,609 Respectfully submitted, J. Percy Moore, Corresponding Secretary. REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. The additions to the library received, recorded, and placed during the past year have amounted to 8,793. They have been received from the following sources: Exchanges 3,662 James Aitken Meigs Fund 117 I. V. Williamson Fund 2,397 Editors 72 United States Department of Colorado Agricultural College ... 70 Agriculture 950 Thomas B. Wilson Fund 48 General Appropriation 786 Imperial Department of Agricul- Authors 225 ture of the British West Mrs. Henry C. McCook... 139 Indies 28 36 552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, l Hitcd States Bureau of Educa- tion... 25 United Stales Department of the Interior 20 Pennsylvania Department of Health.. .... 15 New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station 15 United States Treasury De- partment .... 14 University of Nebraska 14 Government of Costa Rica 13 United States Department of Commerce and Labor 13 Imperial Geological Survey of Japan 12 Pan-American Union 11 East Indian Government 10 Washington Geological Survey 8 William J. Fox 8 Commission Geologique de Fin- lande 7 Massachusetts Agricultural Ex- periment Station 7 Edward J. Nolan, M.D 7 Publication Committee of the Academy 6 Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture 6 Ministerio de Agricultura, Ar- gentine Republic 4 Mississippi State Geological Survey 4 Maryland Geological Survey 4 Geological Survey of Georgia 4 Due d'Orleans 4 Danish Government 4 Arizona Horticultural Commis- sion 3 Estacion Sismologica de Cart uja 3 Department of Trade and Cus- toms, Australia -3 Commission of 'Conservation, Canada. 3 New Mexico College of Agri- culture 3 French Government 3 Illinois State Geological Survey 3 Dr. Henry Skinner 2 Government of Formosa 2 Illinois Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Wyoming Experiment Station.. Chief Secretary of New South Wales Delaware County Institute of Science Geological Survey of New Jersey Survey of India Dr. Thomas Biddle Surgeon-General's Office, U.S.A. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry Fondation pour lTnternation- alisme Presbyterian Historical Society Southern Pacific R. It. Co. Bentham Trustees, Kew Gar- dens United States Brewers' Associa- tion Wit mer Stone Commissioners on Fisheries and ( lame, Massachusetts National Academy of Sciences Department of Fisheries, Penn- sylvania Edgar T. Wherry Steiermarkische Landesmuseum Joanneum Arthur H. Lea Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission Sveriges Geologiska Undersok- ning Geological Survey of Alabama.. Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru Albert I, Prince de Monaco Commission Sismologique Cen- trale a St. Petersbourg New Jersey Agricultural Ex- periment Station Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines Michigan Geological and Bio- logical Survey 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Of these 7,595 were pamphlets and parts of periodicals, 1,046 volumes, 142 maps, and 10 sheets. They were distributed to the various departments of the library as follows : Journals . 6,149 Agriculture.... 1,110 Geology .... 422 Botany... 223 General Natural History 171 Entomology 133 Voyages and Travels 125 Anatomy and Physiology 89 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 553 Conchology 65 Medicine 13 Anthropology 39 Chemistry 12 Ornithology... 3(1 Mammalogy.. 12 Geography. 32 Mathematics 12 Helminthology 28 Herpetology 5 Physical Sciences 26 Miscellaneous 37 Mineralogy 21 Bibliography 20 8,793 Ichthyology 13 No effort has been spared to keep the department of journals and periodicals up to its present very desirable standard of com- pleteness. The following journals have been added to the subscription list, complete sets having been secured when desirable: Behavior Monographs. Baltimore. Records of the Past. Washington. Baessler-Archiv. Leipzig. American Fern Journal. Port Richmond, X. Y. Monatsschrift f. Kakteenkunde. Berlin. Scottish Naturalist. Edinburgh. Revue Zoologique Africaine. Bruxelles. Mycologisches Centralblatt. Jena. Zeitschrift f. Garungsphysiologie. Berlin. Aquarium. Philadelphia. Internationale Mittheilungen f. Bodenkunde. Berlin. Parasitology. Cambridge. Zeitschrift f. Untersuchung der Xahrungs- und Genussmittel. Muenchen. Memoirs of the Biological Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Memoirs of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia. Zentralblatt f. Zoologie. Leipzig. Revue francaise d'Ornithologie. Paris. Austral Avian Record. Watford. Zentralblatt f. normale Anatomic und Mikrotechnik. Berlin. Leaflets of Philippine Botany. Manila. The following new journals have been purchased: Beitrage zur Rheinischen Naturgeschichte. 1S49-53. Freiburg i. B. Botanical Gazette. 3 vols. London. Billotia. 1 vol. Paris. Bollettino della R. Istituto Botanico dell' University Parmense. 1892-93. Parma. Transactions- of the Geological Society of Australia. 1 vol. Melbourne. Boletim de la Sociedad Broteriana. Vols. 1-22 (1880-1906). Coimbra. Acta Hortus Beigianus. Vols. 1-4 (1891-1907). Stockholm. Travaux Scientifiques de l'Universite. Vols. 1-6 (1901-07). Rennes. Mittheilungen des Badischen Zoologischen Vereins. Nos. 1-17 (1899-1905). Karlsruhe. Correspondenzblatt f. Sammler von Insekten. 1860-61. Regensburg Museum des Wundervollen, etc., 12 volumes (1810-13). Leipzig. Naturalists' Journal. 8 volumes. London. Annual Report and Transactions of the Plymouth Institution. Vols. 1-8. Plymouth. Comptes Rendus des Congres des Societes Savantes de Paris, etc. 1908. Mitteilungen der Aargauischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 1-8. Aarau. Acta Hortus Botanicus Universitatis Imp. Jurjevensis. Vols. 1-11. Mittheilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft f. Geschichte der Medizin und Natur- wissenschaften. Vols. 1-8. Berichte des physiologischen Laboratorium, etc., Universitat. Vols. 1-20. Halle. 554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Berichte der geologischen Kommission der Konigreiche Kroatien u. Slavonien. Ornithologist. First Series. London. Bulletin des SociSte' Dauphinoise d'Ethnologie et d'Anthropologie. Vols. I-IV. ( trenoble. The exchange list has been increased by the addition of the fol- lowing: Aus der Heimal — fur die Heimat. Leipzig. Muzeumi Fiizetek, Asvanytaranak Ertesitoje. Kolosvar. Stadtisch.es Museum f. Volkerkunde. Publications. Leipzig. Boletin de la Sociedad Phycis. Buenos Aires. Mitteilungen der deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft. Atti, Societa Lombarda di Scienze mediche e biologiche. Milano. Annies, Centro de Estudios Sismologicos. Costa Rica. Report of the Imperial Fisheries Institute. Tokyo. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden. Edinburgh. Bulletin de la Societe Academique de l'Arrondissement de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Annales de la Societe d'Emulation et d' Agriculture de l'Ain. Memoires de la Societe de Vulgarisation des Sciences Naturelles des Deux- Sevres. Niort. Arxios de I'Institut de Ciencies. Barcelona. Boletim do Museu Rocha. Ceara. Butlleti, Club Montanyenc Associacio de Ciencies Naturals i Excursions. Bar- celona. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University. Erdmagnetische Untersuchungen in Finnland. Helsingfors. Mitteilungen der Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle a. d. S. Compte Rendu des Seances, Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Ceylon Marine Biological Reports. Proceedings of the University of Virginia Philosophical Society. Among the more important accessions may be specially men- tioned : Ehrhardt, Beitrage zur Naturkunde. Six vols, in two. Hannover, 1787-92. Ortega, C. G. Novarum, aut rariorum plantarum, etc. Centurio I. Madrid, 1800. Boudier, E. Icones Mycologica?. Four vols. 1905-10. Koenig, A. Avifauna Spitzbergensis. 1911. Rothschild, W. Avifauna of Laysan. 1893-1900. Airs. McCook's gift, a selection from the library of the late Rev. Dr. McCook, provided a desirable increase, especially in the depart- ment of entomology. Five hundred and forty-six volumes have been bound. Thirty-two volumes on law, literature, and mechanics were transferred to the Free Library of Philadelphia. Oil portraits of the President by Lazar Raditz and of the Recording Secretary by Charles Marquedent Burns have been presented. Due acknowledgments were made in each case. I am indebted to my assistants, William J. Fox and Furman Sheppard Wilde, for relief from much of the routine work of the library during the year. Both have discharged their official duties 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 555 efficiently. The services of Mr. Fox especially have enabled me to devote much of my time to preparation for the centenary meeting and to the editing of the volumes commemorative of the celebra- tion. Edward J. Nolan, Librarian. REPORT OF THE CURATORS. The fire-proofing of the buildings, through the aid of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, has at last been completed. But few appreciate what this means, as our institution is fortunate in possessing the largest natural history library in this country, in addition to the museum, exceedingly rich in the type specimens of so much importance to science. The Entomological Department has been settled in its new quarters, which are said by the workers to fully meet their demands. This department is rapidly advancing along an economic path. The discoveries made in late years of the relationship between disease in animal life and insect life .mean much in the universal battle now being waged against diseases in man, the setiology of which has heretofore been surrounded by mystery. The ornithological study collection has been moved back to its permanent quarters, where, the specimens are kept in metal cases out of light and dust, while they are within very convenient reach of our investigators. It will be desirable to still further reduce the exhibit collection of our birds, as the many duplicates can better be preserved in storage cases and yet leave a sufficient number on exhibition to satisfy general educational purposes. The modern methods of mounting birds in their natural surroundings has been greatly extended in the local collection during the last year, and it supplies a good model for the rearrangement and extension of our general collection. The Herbarium has been enlarged so that it. will permit a more systematic arrangement of the botanical collections than has been heretofore possible. The study collection of mollusks has been thoroughly arranged in the location provided for it two years ago and necessary cases for its expansion have been furnished. Detailed accounts of the work accomplished in these departments will be found in the sub- joined special reports. 556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, .Modern cases arc much needed in the northern museum, which has been fire-proofed and much improved in arrangement. With financial help, this wing can be made one of the most attractive in the museum. The indirect lighting system employed will enable us, during this coming year, to display our exhibits on certain evenings in the month, so that those engaged throughout the day may make their studies in the various divisions of natural history in which they are interested. The William S. Vaux Collection of minerals is being moved into the old library hall, which will relieve the crowding in the archaeo- logical collection and enable the Academy to exhibit the general mineral collection in near proximity. Many valuable specimens have been added during the year. Several expeditions have been successfully conducted by our special- ists, a rich harvest resulting from their research work. Among the conspicuous and valuable accessions may be mentioned the mounted anthropoids and their respective skeletons, which have been added to the Dr. Thomas Biddle Collection. The new speci- mens were selected by Dr. Biddle to complete as nearly as possible the anthropoid family. The additions comprise a female and young- gorilla, a large-eared chimpanzee, a young chimpanzee, and a baby orang-outang. Several rare monkeys and an Ornithorhynchus were also presented by Dr. Biddle. Mr. Clarence B. Moore has continued his comprehensive inves- tigations of the Indian mounds of the southern United States, resulting in the acquisition of many valuable specimens which make this collection one of the most complete of its kind ever brought to- gether. Of special interest were two forms of pipes, one of the mono- ceramic and the other of the smoke-effigy type. A new type of grave was discovered on Red River, Arkansas. The removal of the William S. Vaux Mineral Collection from the archaeological floor will provide Mr. Moore with, additional room for the material recently obtained. Among other expeditions may be mentioned one by Messrs. Alfred M. Collins and E. Marshall Scull to British East Africa, where they collected for the Academy a valuable series of large mammals, now being prepared for mounting. The proper arrange- ment of this collection will demand a new wing to our building. Among the most valuable mammals may be mentioned the greater and lesser kudu, eland, giraffe, zebra, buffalo, and a variety of antelopes, hyenas, etc. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 557 A collection of sections of the trunks of native forest trees, com- prising almost all the species found in the Middle States, was pre- sented by Mr. C. H. Jennings. Through the courtesy of the New York Botanical Garden. Mr. Stewardson Brown was enabled to accompany Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the Garden, on an expedition to Bermuda, where he made collections which added materially to the Academy's scries of the plants of the island. Through the liberality of Mr. Morgan Hebard, Mr. Rehn was enabled to spend the summer months in Florida and Texas, where together they made large and valuable collections of Orthoptera, half of which becomes the property of the Academy. In addition tu the work described in the special reports appended, Dr. J. Percy Moore has continued his investigation of the annelids obtained in the Pacific Ocean by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. He has identified and named many parasites and other worms submitted to him for identification. Mr. Henry W. Fowler continues in charge of the fishes and has also identified recent accessions of collections of reptiles and batra- chians. He has made a study of the catostomoid fishes in the gen- eral collection and prepared a report on the fishes of the Chincoteague region, Virginia. The archaeological collection is still under the care of Miss H. N. Wardle, who has identified and arranged the new specimens. A com- prehensive catalogue of the department is in course of preparation. The Curators are again under obligation to Messrs. S. S. VanPelt and Bayard Long for their continued work on the local collection of plants; to Mr. Morgan Hebard for the mounting of many entomo- logical specimens, and to Dr. Amos P. Brown for the identification of several collections of invertebrate fossils forming part of the Isaac Lea Collection. This collection has for many years been under the care of the Rev. Leander T. Chamberlin, through whose generosity it has increased in extent and value from year to year. It is to be regretted that Dr. Chamberlin's ill health has compelled him to resign his honorary curatorship. The position has been filled by the ap- pointment of Mr. Joseph Willcox. Numerous local field trips have been taken by members of the museum staff, yielding valuable additions to the study series of fishes, reptiles, insects, mollusks, and plants. One hundred and four storage cases and two hundred insect boxes have been purchased since our last report. 5o8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, The museum is attracting a larger attendance of visitors than ever before, and many specialists throughout the country have made use of our study collections. Specimens have been loaned to the following: Bryant Walker, 1>. A. Fuertes, Robert Ridgway, Paul Bartsch, K. A. Wiegand, Thomas Barbour, F. M. Chapman, L. A. Frierson, W. C. Bryant, H. H. Bartlett, E. W. Nelson, N. L. Britton, M. W. Lyon, C. W. Johnson, W. G. Mazyck, J. B. Henderson, J. A. Allen, J. C. Thomp- son, and J. 0. Snyder. Samuel G. Dixon, Executive Curator. Report of the Department of Mollusca. The growth of the collection during the year has been normal, accessions having been received from ninety persons and institu- tions. Considerable collections of local mollusks have been made by Mr. Bayard Long, who also contributed a large and valuable series from the Magdalen and Prince Edwards Islands. A large quantity of Canadian material from Lake Huron was presented by Mr. A. D. Robertson. A good deal of foreign material has come in from the Hawaiian Islands, Mexico, South Africa, etc. Twenty new storage cases have been purchased, each holding six- teen large trays, adding almost 1,000 square feet to our storage -pace. Work during the year has been chiefly devoted to the study of Hawaiian snails, but considerable time has been spent in working •up material from Florida, the Rocky Mountains, and Mexico. In collaboration with Dr. Amos P. Brown, Eocene mollusks from North Carolina, and Oligocene material from the Canal zone have been studied. Papers have been published or prepared for publi- cation on all of these topics. Mr. E. G. Vanatta has assorted and determined a large amount of local and other American material. His work has been seriously retarded by illness. Acknowledgments are due Miss Winchester, artist of the department, for helpful services throughout the year. H. A. PlLSBRY, Special Curator. Report of Curator of William S. Vaux Collections. During the past year the principal accessions to the Wm. S. Vaux collection include a meteorite from South Africa, tourmaline, apatite, 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 559 stibiotantalite, neptuneite, and benitoite from California, glauco- phane from Italy, struverite from South Dakota, tourmaline from Madagascar, and topaz from Texas. F. J. Keeley, Curator. Report of the Custodian of the Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusca. During the present year some important additions have been made to the Isaac Lea Collection. These specimens represent three widely separated localities. From the limestone quarry near Wilmington, North Carolina, immediately overlying the Cretaceous bed, the specimens were collected personally by the writer. The writer also collected the specimens from the Oligocene bed at White Beach on Little Sara- sota Bay, Florida. This bed, representing a small outcrop, is located farther south than any other known Oligocene horizon in the United States. The series of fossils from the Panama Canal zone were collected by Dr. Amos P. Brown, and is a notable addition to the Isaac Lea Collection. Until the present time none of the above-mentioned localities have been represented in any of the collections of the Academy. All of these specimens have been identified by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Dr. A. P. Brown. A list of the species from White Beach will be found in the Addi- tions to the Museum. The collections from Wilmington and from the Panama Canal zone, containing sixty or more new species, have already been described in the Proceedings of the Academy. Joseph Willcox. REPORTS OF THE SECTIONS. Biological and Microscopical Section. Nine regular and several informal meetings of th'e Section have been held with the usual attendance. While the membership has not increased during the year, the interest in microscopical work has not diminished, although the change of room, necessitating the removal and rearrangement of the books and collections, somewhat interfered with the programme of several meetings. 560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, No detailed mention need be made of the various verbal com- munications; it is sufficient to state that it is the custom of each member to provide at each meeting material illustrative of his own particular studies. Mr. T. Chalkley Palmer continues his investigations of the move- ment of diatoms first noticed by Adams, in 1798, in an "infusorium novum," which '■mured either end foremost," and which still mysteri- ously baffles the most patient observation. Mr. F. J. Keeley's demonstrations of microscopical technique have been of special interest. The following officers have been elected for the year 1913: Director J. Chest on Morris, M.D. Vice-Director ...T. Chalkley Palmer. Treasurer Thomas S. Stewart, M.D. Recorder Charles S. Boyer. ( 'onservator Frank J. Keeley. Corresponding Secretary Silas L. Schumo. Charles S. Boyer, Recorder. Entomological Section. This spring the insect collections were transferred from the tempo- rary quarters in the bird gallery to the six rooms now occupied, and the first meeting in the new location was held on June 10. The work went on while the bird gallery was occupied, but the cabinets were so crowded together that work was done under very un- favorable conditions. The task of moving a million insects was one of very considerable magnitude, but was accomplished without damage to any of the specimens. During the Centenary of the Academy a large part of the collection of exotic Lepicloptera was placed on exhibition in the room formerly occupied by the library and attracted much attention and interest. During the year 6,858 specimens have been received, either by gift, exchange or purchase, and a considerable proportion of these have been mounted and incorporated into the collections. Twenty-four Brock tins and one hundred large glass-covered cases have been purchased by the Academy. It seems to be the opinion of those persons best qualified to judge, that this style of box is the best so far devised, and it is considered desirable to adopt it for all the orders of insects. After the collections were transferred to the 1912.] • NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 561 rooms now occupied, a general survey was made of the collection and additional untrustworthy boxes removed. Many boxes were treated with melted naphthalin. This was done wherever infesta- tion was found. In the Lepidoptera the rearrangement of the micro-moths has been completed, although there are still some speci- mens awaiting' identification. The genus Ornithoptera has been re- arranged in its entirety. Additional cabinet space is needed for the exotic collection. The collection of American diurnal Lepidoptera is in excellent condition and material is constantly being added. Mr. E. T. Cresson has numbered and listed all the types of his species in the order Hymenoptera preparatory to publishing them. A number of species have been added to the collection of Hemip- tera and some material has been determined. The exotic Coleoptera have been partially rearranged. The fami- lies- have been labelled and material incorporated. The North American collection, well into the family Carabidse, and some of the smaller families which were badly crowded have; also been rearranged. Many species, with accurate data, have been added to the collection and the duplicates put in order under family labels. In the Diptera there has been considerable rearrangement ; material has been added and species named. Dr. Philip P. Calvert has continued his charge of the collection of Odonata and the work accomplished is credited to him. It is hoped ere long to obtain enough of the new type of boxes to provide for this important collection. The arrangement of the studied exotic series of Orthoptera, as well as a similar revision of the North Amer- ican series, was completed during the year. The previously unar- ranged series of the same collection has also been completed. At the present time, as far as studied, the Orthoptera collections are well arranged and readily accessible, but during the coming year the ex- otic series will need considerable extension, owing to large additions to that series which will have to be installed. Mr. Morgan Hebard has deposited his entire collection of Orthoptera, including the Bruner North American types, in the Academy building, thus making the collections of the order in one room in the Academy the most exten- sive in America. During the year the most important additions received have been the series retained by the Academy from the Mecklenburg Central African collection; a series from Venezuela purchased by the Academy: 562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADExMY OF [Dec, another from Para, Brazil, also purchased; and an interesting collection from Java, received for identification. There has also been received for determination, and of which the Academy receives a set, several collections totalling over three thousand specimens from East Attica from the Berlin Museum, a series from Mexico from the Field Museum, several from the American Museum of Natural History from the same country, and a very extensive collection from the Transvaal Museum. Mr. Hebard has worked during a considerable portion of the year at the Academy, often in conjunction with Mr. Rehn, frequently giving his attention to Academy material as well as his own collection. He has also maintained one, and for a time, two preparators who have worked on material, a large part of which will be given to the Academy after its study. Owing to the liberality of the same gentleman, Mr. Rehn was able to accompany him to the Florida Keys and Texas during the summer, a large series of the order being taken on the expedition, of which the Academy will receive a large propor- tion. Two persons were elected Associates of the Section. At a meeting held December 9 the following persons were elected officers to serve during the year 1913: Director. Philip Laurent. Vice-Director Henry W. Wenzel. Treasurer. Ezra T. Cresson. Recorder Henry Skinner. Secretari/ James A. G. Rehn. Conservator. Henry Skinner. Publication Committee. Ezra T. Cresson. Ezra T. Cresson, Jr. Henry Skinner, Recorder. Botanical Section. The alterations in the building made during the present year have materially increased the capacity of the herbarium, resulting in a number of changes in the arrangement of the collection. Twenty new metal cases have been added to the equipment. Most of these have been placed in the central room on the main flour to relieve the overcrowding in the two end rooms, the balance being used to accommodate the pteridophytes which have been rearranged in the central gallery room. The large seed case 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 563 has been transferred from the north to the central gallery room, the north room being used as a work room. The mounting of the flowering plants and ferns of the Albert Commons Herbarium has been completed. The Conservator paid 'two visits to Bermuda during the year, from August 22 to September 21 and from November 30 to December 14, when important collections were made. Ten thousand seven hundred and eighty-two sheets of plants have been added to the herbarium. Of these, 7, 198, distributed through the general herbarium, have been secured by purchase, 352 by the Section. Other sources of supply were from Academy expeditions, 300; Arnold Arboretum, 292; United States National Museum, 385; in exchange and presented by individuals as follows: Dr. James Darrach, 2,000; Miss Caroline A. Boice, 2,000; Charles S. Wlliamson, 480; Francis W. Pennell, 443; Witmer Stone, 270; Henry A. Lang, 250; Edwin B. Bartram, 200; Dr. D. G. Metheny, 127; Harold W. Pretz, 28; Henry F. Michell Co., 27; Harold St. John, 21; E. G. Vanatta, 12; Silas L. Schumo, 6; Mrs. Joseph M. Fox and Miss Olivia Rodham, each 2; Dr. William L. Abbott, Dr. Curtin, and Rev. Mr. Baker, each 1. Three thousand five hundred and eighty-four sheets have been added to the local herbarium of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, being contributed principally by its members. Mr. Samuel S. Van Pelt has continued his valued services in the care of this division of the herbarium, and Mr. Bayard Long has also clone much valuable work. The Philadelphia Botanical Club has held its monthly meetings in the Academy during the year as heretofore. At the annual meeting of the Section the following were elected as the officers for the coming year. Director Benjamin H. Smith. Vice-Director Joseph Crawford. Recorder Charles S. Williamson. Treasurer and Conservator Stewardson Brown. Respectfully submitted, Stewardson Brown, Conservator. Mineralogical and Geological Section. The Section has held four meetings this year, with about the average attendance. A communication was made by B. S. Lyman on the Formation 564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, of (Oal Beds; Dr. Thomas C. Brown read a paper oa the Origin of the Early Paleozoic Sediments of Central Pennsylvania; and Mr. F. J. Keeley made a communication on Meteorites from Arizona. There were also shorter communications and various discussions. There were six field excursions, with an average attendance of over 28. The parties visited: (1) Crystalline rocks near Neshaminy Creek, below the Falls, Bucks County; (2) Crystalline rocks near Inionville and Northbrook, Chester County; (3) The Aldham, ( !hester County, trap and the Cambrian Sandstone of North Valley Hill; (4) Crystalline rocks and their minerals between Avondale and Crum Lynne, Delaware County; (5) The Paleozoic rocks between Strafford, Chester County, and Bridgeport, Montgomery County; (6) Crystalline and Paleozoic rocks between Radnor, Delaware County, and Gulf Mills, Montgomery County. Four new associate members were elected. The following officers of the Section have been elected for the year 1913: Director Benjamin Smith Lyman. V ice-Director F. J. Keeley. Recorder and Secretary S. L. Schumo. Treasurer William B. Davis. Conservator.. George Vaux, Jr. Respectfully submitted by order of the Section. Benjamin Smith Lyman, Director. Ornithological Section. During the early part of the past year, while the alterations to the building were in progress, the ornithological collections were for the most part inaccessible for study. As soon, however, as the rooms had been renovated the cases containing the study series were moved back in place, thoroughly cleansed, and the entire col- leetion examined and rearranged where specimens had been dis- placed in moving. The permanent quarters now provided for the department permit of the arrangement of the collections to much better advantage than ever before, while the new skylights and electric-light facilities enable the student to readily consult any of the specimens. Many ot the old unmounted specimens have been relaxed and made to 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 565 conform in appearance with the skins, which renders them more available for study and more easily cared for. Mr. Charles J. Pennock, who was appointed November 5, 1912, as a voluntary special curator of the Oological collections, has already begun the rearrangement of the material and has outlined plans for its expansion. After the removal of the Entomological Department from the bird floor of the Museum, where it had occu- pied temporary quarters during the alterations, the exhibition cases were carefully examined and much mounted material which had been labelled and arranged for exhibit was systematically placed. Al- though only one or two specimens of most species are now exhibited and all types and most of the unique specimens have been withdrawn, it will be necessary still further to reduce the exhibit, as it is much overcrowded. The local co lection, established and increased from year to year by the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, has been entirely re- arranged, two large cases having been provided for the water birds and birds of prey. Many specimens which it has been impossible to exhibit previously have been mounted in groups with natural accessories, while the series of birds presented by the late Francis W. Rawle and others have been mounted with their respective nests, thus completing many of the older groups. The appearance and educational value of this collection has been thus greatly enhanced. In the time not occupied by his duties as Curator, in general Museum work and in the arrangement of the bird collection, the Conservator has identified the entire collection of 1,548 birds obtained by Mr. S. N. Rhoads in Ecuador during 1911, which was acquired by the Academy early in the year. He has also identified the Venezuelan collection obtained by the Francis E. Bond expedition, and prepared reports on both for publication. A careful study of the types of Gould's Australian birds has also been made in connection with the problems encountered by Mr. Gregory M. Mathews in the publication of his Birds of Australia. The results of this work are likewise prepared for publication, as well as the report on the Rapt ores of the Princeton Patagonian Expedition. During the year, in addition to the Ecuador collection above referred to, the Academy has received an important gift of birds of West Africa from Mr. G. L. Bates, of Cameroons, the first acces- sion from this region since the famous Du Chaillu collections; also numerous specimens for the local collection from the Delaware Valley Ornithological* Club. 566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Thirty metal storage cases have been procured for the accommo- dation of the accessions. The Delaware Valley Ornithological Club and the Pennsylvania Audubon Society have continued to hold their meetings at the Academy and have done much to stimulate ornithological study. The Conservator would express his indebtedness to Mr. J. A. G. Etehn, who has catalogued all of the accessions, and to Messrs. Daniel J. Fay and Delos E. Culver, who have given valuable aid in the rearrangement of the collection, Mr. Culver having accom- plished particularly satisfactory work in relaxing the old unmounted birds. To Mr. David McCadden, our taxidermist, is due much of the success in the improvement of the local collection. The annual meeting of the Section was held on December 3, 1912, and the following officers were reelected: Director Spencer Trotter, M.D. Vice-Director ..George Spencer Morris. Recorder Stewardson Brown. Corresporiding Secretary William A. Shrj-ock. Treasurer and Conservator Witmer Stone. Witmer Stone, Conservator. The annual election of Officers, Councillors, and Members of the Committee on Accounts was held December 17, with the following result : President Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D. Vice-Presidents.. Edwin G. Conklin,Ph.D.,Sc.D. John Cadwalader, A.M. Recording Secretary Edward J. Nolan, M.D. Corresponding Secretary J. Percy Moore, Ph.D. Treasurer George Vaux, Jr. Librarian Edward J. Nolan, M.D. ( i katoks Samuel G. Dixon, M.D.,LL.D., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry Tucker, M.D. ( Yu ncillors to serve three years .Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Thomas Biddle, M.D., Frank J. Keeley, Thomas G. Ashton, M.D. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 567 Committee on Accounts Charles Morris, Samuel N. Rhoads, John G. Rothermel, Thomas S. Stewart, M.D., Walter Horstmann. COUNCIL FOR 1913. Ex-Officio— Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., Edwin G. Conklin, Ph.D., John Cadwalader, A.M., Edward J. Nolan, M.D., J. Percy Moore, Ph.D., George Vaux, Jr., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry Tucker, M.D. To serve three years. — Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Thomas Biddle, M.D., Frank J. Keeley, Thomas G. Ashton, M.D. To serve two years. — Charles B. Penrose, M.D., LL.D., Ph.D., Charles Morris, Spencer Trotter, M.D., William E. Hughes, M.D. To serve one year. — Thomas H. Fenton, M.D., Edwin S. Dixon, Henry Skinner, M.D., Sc.D., Robert G. LeConte, M.D. Councillor George Vaux, Jr. Curator of Mollusca Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D. Curator of William S. Vaux Col- lections Frank J. Keeley. Custodian of Isaac Lea Collection Jos. Willcox. Assistant Librarian William J. Fox. Assistants to Curators Henry Skinner, M.D., Stewardson Brown, J. Percy Moore, Ph.D., Edward G. Vanatta, Henry W. Fowler, James A. G. Rehn, Ezra T. Cresson, Jr. Assistant in Library Furman Sheppard Wilde. Aid in Archaeology Harriet Newell Wardle. Aid in Herbarium Ada Allen. Taxidermist David N. McCadden. Janitors Charles Clappier, Daniel Heckler, James Tague. Jacob Aebley, Adam E. Heckler. 37 568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,. STANDING COMMITTEES. Finance.— John Cadwalader, A.M., E. S. Dixon, Effingham B. Morris, William D. Winsor, and the Treasurer. Publications.— Henry Skinner, M.D., Sc.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, Edward J. Nolan, M.D. Library.— Thomas H. Fenton, M.D., George Vaux, Jr., Henry Tucker, M.D., Frank J. Keeley, Thomas Biddle, M.D. Instruction and Lectures. — Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Witmer Stone, A.M., Henry Tucker, M.D., George Spencer Morris. Committee of Council on By-Laws. — Thomas Fenton, M.D., John Cadwalader, A.M., Charles B. Penrose, M.D., Witmer Stone, A.M. ELECTIONS IN 1912. Members. January 16.— G. B. Heckel, Henry S. Pratt, Ph.D., Edwin B. Bartram. February 20. — Frederick Ehrenfeld, Francis B. Bracken. April 16. — Harold Peirce, John Ashhurst, Samuel C. Schmucker, Ph.D., William H. Newbold, Cecilia Baldwin McElroy, Seth Bunker Capp, Walter N. James, M.D., A. V. Morton, Harriet Newell Wardle, Philip F. Kelly, Hon. John M. Reynolds. October 15. — Ernest Comly Dercum, Warren Mathews Foote. November 19. — Horace E. Smith. Correspondents. January 16. — Viktor Goldsmidt, of Heidelberg, Charles Haskins Townsend, Sc.D., of New York, Carlotta J. Maury, Ph.D., of New York, John C. Branner, of Stanford University, Cal. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 569 ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM, 1912. Ethnological and Archaeological. Thomas Biddle, M.D. Specimen of mummified trophy head or "tsantsa," prepared by the Jibaros tribe of Ecuador. Mrs. E. D. Cope. Mexican grinding stone. Samuel G. Dixon, M.D. Metlatl and metlapille, Mexico. R. W. Shufeldt, M.D. Human skeletal remains, Campeche, Yucatan. Miss E. E. Keating. Rattle and two figurines of terra cotta, Mexico (col- lected 1825-1829). Ludwig Pfeiffer, M.D. Ten casts of paleoliths from Taubach-Ehringsdorf, near Weimar, Germany. Clarence B. Moore. Numerous additions to the Clarence B. Moore Collection from Indian Mounds of the Southern States. Mammals. Wm. L. Abbott, M.D., through Miss Gertrude Abbott. Collection of heads of African antelopes, Rhinoceros horns and tail. Charles W. Beck. Several whale vertebrae, Beach Haven, N. J. Thos. Biddle, M.D. Collection of mounted mammals: adult female and young Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) , young orang-utan (Pongo pygmceus), Koola-kamba (Simia koolakamba) with mounted skeleton, Rutledge's Monkey (Pygathrix rutledgii), Galla Colobus (Colobus gallarum) with skull, European Lemming (Lemmus lemmus), Duckbill (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and os penis of Walrus (Odobenus sp.). S. Rowland Caldwell. Pair of Walrus tusks. Mrs. E. D. Cope. Plaster cast of Gorilla's head. T. D. Keim and H. W. Fowler. Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), Delaware. H. L. Mather, Jr. Two Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus), Philadelphia. D. G. Metheny, M.D. One shrew (Blarina sp.), Nova Scotia. Robert Morris. Two Say's Bats (Myotis subulatus), Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Purchased. Otter (Lulra canadensis), Salem County, N. J. Prepared as skin and skull. Skin and skeleton of cow Bison (Bison bison). Collection of mammalian skins and skulls, British East Africa ; several specimens for the local collection. Henry Tucker, M.D. Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Philadelphia. Zoological Society of Philadelphia. Prepared for mounting: Clouded Leopard (Felis nebulosa); Raccoon-like .Dog (Canis procyonoides) ; Ruffed Lemur (Lemur varius). Prepared as skin and skull: Wolverene (Gulo luscus); Cape Hyrax (Procavia capensis); Variegated Capuchin (Cebus variegatus) ; 570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Mozambique Monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) ] Schmidt's Monkey (Cercopi- thecus schmidti). Prepared as skin: Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus); Gray Lagothrix (Lagothrix lagothrica). Prepared as skin and skeleton: Wombat (Phascolomys milchelli). Prepared as skeleton: Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu); Wombat (Phascolomys rnitchelli). Prepared as alcoholic: Very young Northern Warthog (Phacochcerus africanus). Birds. Wm. L. Abbott, M.D., through Miss Gertrude Abbott. Three cases of mounted North American birds. Gen. George Anderson. Two Nutmeg Pigeons (Myristricivora), Philip- pines. George L. Bates. Twelve skins of birds, Bitje, Cameroons, W. Africa. Conrad Behrens, M.D. Barn Owl (Aluco pratincola) , Cape May Point, N. J. Miss Lizzie Brader. Abnormal Chipping Sparrow (Spizella socialis). Harry Chambers. One Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Moorestown, N. J. Alfred M. Collins and E. Marshall Scull. Twenty bird skins, British East Africa. W. B. Crispin. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis), Salem, N. J. William B. Davis. Little Auk (Alle alle), Ocean City, N. J. Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. Several local bird nests and eggs. W. N. Ely. Saw-whet Owl (Cryptoglaux acadicus). W. L. Ewing, Jr. Bald Eagle (Haliceetus leucocephalus) and Barred Owl (Strix varia), Cape May, N. J. Edward N. Fox. Two specimens of Wilson's Tern (Sterna hirundo), Sea Isle City, N. J. Wm. E. Hughes, M.D. Two White-winged Scoters (Oidemia deglandi) , Maryland. Ida A. Keller, Ph.D. One Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Salem, N. J. Philip Laurent. Franklin's Gull (Lams franklini), Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. Charles B. Penrose. Little Auk (Alle alle), Virginia Beach, Va. F. H. Peppelman. Four-legged Chicken. Purchased. Two Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator), Sea Isle City, N. J. Series of neotropical birds. Miss Belle Vansant. Three Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), Newtown, Pa. Zoological Society or Philadelphia. Prepared as skin: Crowned Pigeon (Goura victoria); Eagle (Aquila sp.). Prepared as skeleton: Ground Hornbill (Bucorax abyssinicus) ; Concave-casqued Hornbill (Dichoceros bicornis); Black- necked Swan (Sthenelides melanocoryphus). Prepared as skull: Black-necked Swan {Sthenelides melanocoryphus). Reptiles and Amphibians. C. C. Abbott, M.D. House Snake, Trenton, N. J. O. E. Baynard. Five jars of reptiles, Florida. Charles W. Beck. Several bones of sea turtle (Caretta caretta), 'Beach Haven, N. J. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 571 Thomas Biddle, M.D. Specimen of Cobra. C. H. Conner. Green Snake {Opheodrys), Burlington Co., N. J. H. W. Fowler. Rana and Hemidactylum, Bucks County, Pa. Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), Denton, Md. Henry Fox, Bayard Long, and Stewardson Brown. Copperhead (Agkis- trodon contortrix), Zieglerville, Pa. Philip Laurent. Green Snake {Opheodrys cestivus), Iona, N. J. Bayard Long. Three frogs, Prince Edward Island and Magdalen Islands, Canada. H. L. Mather, Jr. Jar of Spelerpes ruber, Philadelphia. H. A. Pilsbry. Mud Turtle (Aromochelys odoratus) and Frogs {Rana syl- vatica and clamata), New Jersey. Wm. Quigley. Salamander, California. Evan Rhoads. Water-snake (Natrix sipedon) with seventy-four young, Newton Creek, N. J. Samuel C. Scoville, Jr. Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), Con- necticut. F. Tappan. Several frogs (Pseudacris triseriatus) , Minnesota. Zoological Society of Philadelphia. Alligator Snapping-turtle (Macro- clemmys temminckii). Prepared as skeleton: Mastigure. Fishes. Academy Expedition [H. W. FowlerI. One keg and seven jars of fishes, Chincoteague, Va. William N. Allen. Saw of Saw-fish. O. E. Baynard. One jar of fishes, Florida. R. E. Brown. Collection of fishes, Cape May, N. J. Horace Hadley Burton. Roe and milt of hermaphroditic shad. Carnegie Museum (in exchange). Collection of eleven species of South American fishes. Wm. B. Davis and H. W. Fowler. Four jars of fishes, Great Bay, N. J. H. W. Fowler. Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Tullytown, Pa. Five lots of fishes, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland. W. J. Fox. Hair-tail (Trichiurus lepturus), Green Gar (Tylosurus raphidoma), Crab-eater {Rachycentron canadus) and Sea Catfish (Felichthys marinus), Sea Isle City, N. J. Julius Hurter. Collection of fishes, Missouri. Wm. T. Innes, Jr. Three lots of fishes, Illinois. Three fishes, California. Master Charles J. Jones. Burr fish (Chilomycteris schoepfi), Atlantic City, N. J. F. J. Keeley. Pipe fish (Syngnathus fuscus), Egg Harbor Bay, N. J. Bat fish (Ogcocephalus radiatus), Indian River, Fla. Bayard Long. Two lots of fishes, Long Beach, N. J. Collection of small fishes, Prince Edward Island and Magdalen Islands, Canada. H. L. Mather, Jr. Two jars of fishes, Pennsylvania and Maryland^ Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Monroe County, Pa. Wm. E. Meehan. Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Pike (Esox americanus) and Calico Bass (Pomoxis sparoides), Fairmount Aquarium. D. G. Metheny, M.D. Two kegs of fishes, Nova Scotia. 572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, F. M. Meters and H. W. Fowler. Three jars of fishes, Bethlehem, Pa. David N. McCadden. Lizard fish (Sy nodus fattens), Ocean City, N. J. Pennsylvania State Fish Commission, through the Hon. N. R. Buller, Commissioner. Two collections of. fishes, Erie, Pa. Dr. R. J. Phillips. Small collection of fishes, Corson's Inlet, N. J. Purchased. Collection of British Guiana fishes. Joseph Redl. Flying fish (Exocoetus sp.), Madeira. Joseph V. E. Titus. Collection of Trout (Salvelinus marstoni), Canada. R. W. Wehrle. Three jars of fishes, Indiana County, Pa. Recent Mollusca. J. Aebly. Viviparus malleatus Rve. and Limax maximus L. Clarence L. Aman. .Eight species from Cuba. C. A. Baker. Ten species from Florida. C. F. Baker. Ten species from Nicaragua; four from Colombia; one from Alabama. F. C. Baker. Planorbis campanulatus Say and Planorbis campanulalus smithii Bkr. (cotypes). Dr. Fred Baker. Tomigerus Icevis Iher. from Brazil. H. B. Baker. Thirty-four species from Michigan. Edwin B. Bartram. Eight species from Newfoundland. M. G. Becker. Six species from California, Iowa, Kansas and Illinois. Horace J. Binney, Jr. Cyprcea erosa carmen Smith (cotype). Henry J. Boekelman. Poecilozonij.es circumfirmatus Redf. from Bermuda. Caroline A. Boice. Six trays of shells. Amos P. Brown. Nine species from Maine and four from Colombia. R. E. Brown. Fulgur egg-case from New Jersey. George H. Clapp. Two species from Cuba, four from Bahamas, two from Florida. Wm. F. Clapp. Eight species from Massachussets, two from Vermont, one from Maine. •W. F. Clapp and R. K. Smith. Carychium minimum Mull, from Massa- chusetts. T. D. A. Cockerell. Ten species from Guatemala. M. Connolly. Eighteen species from South Africa (including topo types). Delos E. Culver. Twenty species from Pennsylvania. William H. Dall, Ph.D. Planorbis antrosiis percarinatus Wkr. from New Hampshire. C. S. Dolley, M.D. Sixteen species from Mexico. Henry Edson. Helminthoglypta d. cuestana Eds. from California (types). S. M. Edwards. Four species from Ohio, one from Oregon and one from Colorado. Rev. W. H. Fluck. Pachychilus largillierti Phil, from Nicaragua. Henry \V. Fowler. Forty-two species from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. William J. Fox. Polygyra albolabris maritima Pils. from New Jersey. L. S. Frierson. Unio Jacksoniensis Fr. (types) from Mississippi, Quadrula trapezoides pentaganoides Fr. and Quadrula heros Say from Louisiana. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 573 Prof. H. Garman. Physa sayi Tapp. and Goniobasis brevispira Anth. from Kentucky. G. M. Greene. Eight species from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. J. B. Hatcher. Twelve species from Argentine Republic and one from Patagonia. Miss Clara de Haven. Turbo a. margaritaceus L. Arthur Haycock. Seven species from Bermuda. H. Heath. Tivela stultorum Mawe from California. Morgan Hebard. Five species from Bermuda, twenty from Florida (in- cluding types) and four from Texas (including types). J. B. Henderson. Two species from Florida. Junius Henderson. Nineteen species from Colorado and Wyoming. A. A. Hinkley. Anculosa n. sp. from Alabama. E. J. H. Howell. Harpa crassa Morch, Turbo marmorata L. H. v. Ihring. Cotypes of three species of Oxychona from Brazil. H. I. Innes, Jr. Physa gyrina Say, Sphoerium solidulume Prime and Sphcerium striatinum Lam. from Illinois. S. Jacob. Vivipara contectoides from Fairmount Park. H. A. Kaeber. Pyramidula a. fergusoni Bid. and Zonitoides arborea Say from Pennsylvania. F. J. Keeley. Four species from Florida. Bayard Long. One hundred and ninety-two trays from Pennsylvania, twenty-eight from Delaware, fifty-five from New Jersey, two hundred and fifty-six from Canada and one from Porto Rico. Herbert N. Lowe. Epiphragmophora veitehii D. from Lower California. J. G. Malone. Eight species from Lower California. Bruce Martin. Ariolirnax columbianus Gld. from Calif. H. L. Mather. Viviparus contectoides Binn. from Philadelphia. W. G. Mazyck. Four species from South Carolina. D. G. Metheny, M.D. Purpura lapillus L., Acmcea testudinalis Mill, and Littorina littorea L. from Nova Scotia. G. W. H. Meyer. Five species of shells. Clarence B. Moore. Five species from Florida, three from Arkansas, twenty from Louisiana. L. H. McNeill. Praticolella mobiliana Lea from Alabama. W. H. Over. Three species from Michigan, two from South Dakota. George W. Pepper. Cerion pepperi Bartch from Andros Islands, Bahamas; Leptinaria sallesana Pfr. from Dominican Republic; Eulota similaris hong- kongenis from Batavia, Java. Alice Pilsbry. Ten species from Michigan. H. A. Pilsbry. Three species from Florida, seven from Cuba and thirty- four trays from New Jersey. Harold W. Pretz. Gastrodonta suppressa Say from Pennsylvania. Charles T. Ramsden. Six species from Spain. Mrs. F. W. Rawle. Acmwa from Maine; Crepidula fornicata L. and Crepi- dula plana Say from Massachusetts. S. Raymond Roberts. Three species from Pennsylvania, three from Marthas Vineyard. A. D. Robertson. Sixty-two species from Canada. 574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Robert Rosenbaum. Littorina Littoria L. from Massachusetts. F. A. SAMSON. Sixteen species from Missouri. S. L. Schumo. Circulus sp. from British Honduras. Prof. Burnett Smith. Eighty species from New York, fourteen from California. Herbert H. Smith. Five species from Alabama, one from Cuba. State Board of Health. Agriolimax campestris Binn. from Missouri. Y. Sterki, M.D. Seven species from Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee and North Carolina. Witmer Stone. Sixteen species from Maryland, one from Pennsylvania, five from Wisconsin, eight from Minnesota. C. de la Torre. Fourteen species from Cuba (including some types). U. S. Fish Commission. Four species. University of Michigan. Amphidromus chloris Rve. from Basilan and Tamboanga, P. I. University of Wisconsin. Eighteen species from Molokai (including types). Edward G. Vanatta. Twelve species from Pennsylvania, twenty-eight from New York, three from Maryland. T. Van Hyning. Physa Integra Hald., Succinea avara Say and Succinea concordialis Gld. from Iowa. Bryant Walker. Thirteen species from Michigan, Texas (including para- types), Alabama, Illinois (cotypes) and Mexico. Henry A. Wenzel. Eighteen species from Texas. Joseph Willcox. Vermetus from Florida. C. S. Williamson. Five species from Ontario, three from Michigan. Helen Winchester. Anomia simplex from Ocean View. Henry W. Winkley. One spe'cies from Maine (types), seven from Massa- chusetts, one from Connecticut. H. T. Wolf. Twelve species from Florida. W. H. Zehring. Unio roanokensis northhamptonensis Lea from Pennsylvania, and pearl from the same. By Purchase. Collection of East Indian and Indo-Chinese marine and land shells. Insects. Berlin Museum. Four hundred and twenty-five Orthoptera, Central Africa. J. C. Bradley. Three Hymenoptera, New York; one Heteropteron, Georgia, one Cephus pygomcea. A. P. Brown. Three ants, Pennsylvania. H. S. Bryant. Twenty-five insects, Labrador. P. P. Calvert. Twenty-six Diptera, Africa; two Cicada, New Jersey. E. Chakour. Sixty-one Orthoptera, Egypt. T. D. A. Cockerell. Thirty-two Hymenoptera, Guatemala and Australia; eighty-seven Hymenoptera, United States. N. Collins and A. S. Scull. Forty-one Lepidoptera, Central Africa. E. T. Cresson, Jr. One hundred and eight insects, United States. V. A. E. Daecke. Stenophis work, Harrisburg, Pa.; six Ogrilus lecoutei, Lemoyne, Pa. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 575 Henry Fox. Xiphidium sparteince (type), A^. nigropleuriodcs (type), three X. sparteince. W. J. Gerhard. Four Lepidoptera, Chicago. S. M. Greene. Two hundred and forty-one Coleoptera, United States. German Entomological Museum. Thirteen Orthoptera. F. Haimbach. Tetragoneura spinosa, New Jersey; one hundred and fifty- eight Microlepidoptera, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. M. Hebard. Two hundred and six Lepidoptera (in plaster casts), Mundus; one hundred and twenty-five Lepidoptera, Thomasville, Georgia; ten Oncideres putator, Arizona; five moths, Georgia; thirteen Papilios, Georgia and Florida; seventy-six Orthoptera, United States; five insects, Florida; four hundred and thirty-seven Orthoptera, Southern Florida; twenty Orthoptera, North America; thirty-eight Hymenoptera, thirty-three Diptera, two hundred and twenty-five Coleoptera, Hebard Academy Expedition; four hundred and fifty Coleoptera, North Borneo; two hundred and sixty insects, United States; sixty-three Lepi- doptera, United States; seventeen Odonoptera, twenty-one Hemiptera. Edward Jacobson. Thirty-four Orthoptera, Java. University of Kansas. Three Orthoptera. H. Karny. One hundred and seventy-nine Orthoptera, Southwestern Africa; Soudan, Southeastern Europe, Exchange. H. Newcomb. Lyccera neurora, Mount Wilson, California. R. Onion. One Pepsis, Texas. . R. F. Pearsall. Thirty-six Geometridse, United States. Purchased. One hundred and twenty-three Orthoptera, Cosmos Islands; five hundred and ninety Orthoptera, Congo, Peru, Cameroons; two hundred and eighty-six Orthoptera, four hundred and seventy Lepidoptera, Costa Rica. C. F. Ramsden. Mesosemia ramsdeni (type and allotype), Cuba. H. Skinner. Fifty-three insects, Ardmore, Pennsylvania. U. S. National Museum. Twenty-two Orthoptera. W. Stone. One thousand three hundred and fifty-four insects, Minnesota and Wisconsin. H. W. Wenzel. Two hundred and ninety Coleoptera, Texas. C. S. Williamson Ten Lepidoptera, Fort William, Canada. Other Invertebrates. R. E. Brown. Collection of Crustacea, Cape May, N. J. H. W. Fowler. Five lots of Crustacea and myriopoda, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland. Bayard Long; Several lots of Crustacea, Long Beach, N. J. H. L. Mather, Jr. Small lot of local Crustacea. Charles B. Penrose, M.D. Moira atropos, Virginia Beach, Va. R. J. Phillips, M.D. Box crab {Calappa), Corson's Inlet, N. J. H. A. Pilsbry. Collection of Crustacea, Cuba. Mrs. F. W. Rawle. Collection of New England Invertebrates. Mrs. Albert Sullivan. Collection of corals. E. G. Vanatta. Vial of isopods and lot of barnacles, Maryland and Penn- sylvania. Miss Helen Winchester. Barnacle (Balanus), Ocean View, Va. 576 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Vertebrate Fossils. Mrs. E. D. Cope. Fossil bones. Purchased. Eight trays of Syrian Cretaceous fishes. Mrs. L. Poole. Collection of fossil sharks' teeth, Trappe, Md. Rev. Leander T. Chamberlain. Carcharodon polygurus Mort.; Galeocerdo aduncus Ag. Invertebrate Fossils. T. H. Aldrich. Four species of Pliocene shells, Glenrose, Texas. Clarence L. Aman. Eight species of shells from clay deposit, Cuba. R. 0. Crawford. Fossil coral (Synaptophyllum), Montana. Bayard Long. Fossil impressions, Monroe County, Pa. Herbert B. and Emily Shonk. Specimen of coal fossil, Plymouth, Pa. Joseph Willcox. Seventeen trays of Eocene fossils, Wilmington, N. C. The following species of White Beach Oligocene fossils were added to the Isaac Lea Collection through the liberality of the Rev. Leander T. Chamber- lain. Comis planiceps Heilpr.; Conns, sp. undet.; Turbinella valida Sowb.; Vasum haitense engonatum Dall; Oliva cylindrica Sowb.; Marginella, sp. undet.; Or- thavlax pugnax Heilpr.; Malea ringens Val.; Cyprcea willcoxii Dall; Cyprcea, sp. undet.; Polinices duplicatus Say; Crucibulum auricula chipolanum Dall; Turritella tampce Dall; Turritella tornata Guppy; Serpulorbis ballista Dall; Calliostoma, sp. undet.; Area marylandica Conr. ; Area occidentalis Phil.; Area, three spp. undet.; Glycimeris subovata plagia Dall; Pecten magnificus Sowb.; Pecten, sp. undet.; Oslrea, two undet. sp.; Mytilus aquila Dall (?); Spondylus, sp. undet.; Plicatula densata Conr.; Chama, sp. undet.; Chama macerophylla Gmel.; Cardium, sp. undet.; Lucina pennsylvanica L.; Lithophaga, sp. undet.; Crassatellites, three undet. sp.; Venericardia hadra Dall; Cardita recta Conr.; ■Chione latilirata Conr.; Chione, sp. undet.; Venus, sp. undet. Plants, Etc. W. L. Abbott, M.D. Fruit of Lodoicea callipyge. Arnold Arboretum. Two hundred and ninety-two specimens (exchange). Charles C. Bachman. Sixty-four specimens. Rev. Mr. Baker. Phoradendron sp. Edwin B. Bartram. Three hundred and eighty-seven specimens. George W. Bassett. Four hundred and forty-two specimens. Bermuda Expedition. Three hundred specimens. Miss Caroline A. Boice. Two thousand specimens. Botanical Section. Three hundred and fifty-two specimens (purchased). ( >. H. Brown. Two hundred and forty-eight specimens. Stewardson Brown. Seven specimens. D. E. Culver. One specimen. Roland G. Curtin, M.D. Sonchus arvensis. James Darrach, M.D. Two thousand specimens. John W. Eckfeldt, M.D. Aster amethystinus, Geranium sibericum. V> illiam Findlay. Sixty-one specimens. Henry Fox, Ph.D. Four specimens. Mks. Joseph M. Fox. Dryopteris spinulosa, D. cristala. 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 577 J. H. Grove. Twenty-four specimens. D. Hamm. Eighty-six specimens. C. H. Jennings. Collection of sections of native trees of the Alleghanies, Garrett County, Md. Miss Keeney. Two specimens Geranium sibericum. Henry A. Lang. Two hundred and fifty specimens, Jamaica and Florida. Bayard Long. One thousand five hundred and fifty-nine specimens. E. S. Mattern. Two specimens. \Y. Mattern. Lacinaria squarrosa. D. G. Metheny, M.D. One hundred and twenty-seven specimens, Nova Scotia. Henry F. Michell Co. Twenty-seven specimens of weeds. New York Botanical Garden. One hundred Coraloid and other marine Alga?. Francis W. Pennell. Five hundred and fifty-four specimens. Mrs. J. E. Peters. Two specimens. Harold W. Pretz. Four hundred and thirteen specimens. J. A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard. Forty specimens. Miss Olivia Rodham. Flaveria linearis, Sauroglossum chranichoides. Wm. H. Roper. Eryngium aquatieum. Mr. Ruth. Rumex crispus. Harold St. John. Twenty-one specimens. Silas L. Schumo. Six ferns. Wither Stone. Two hundred and seventy-three specimens. United States National Museum. Three hundred and eighty-five speci- mens. Harry W. Stout. Wood from Bear Valley Colliery, Dauphin County, Pa. E. G. Vanatta. Twelve specimens. Charles S. Williamson. Four hundred and eighty-one specimens, New- foundland and Labrador, Minerals. John Heebner. Collection of copper and other minerals, Calumet Mine, Michigan, Montana, etc. C. Henry Roney. Collection of minerals. S. Raymond Roberts. Specimens of varicolored clay, Gay Head, Mass. Mr. Albert Sullivan. Collection of minerals. Wm. S. Vaux Collection (purchased). Eleven specimens. 578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES, ETC., DESCRIBED AND REFERRED TO IN THE PROCEEDINGS FOR 1912. Species described as new are indicated by heavy-faced, synonyms by italic numerals. Abies 373 Abama americana 149 Abraliopsis 425, 431 hoylei 431 morisii 426 pfefferi 431 scintillans 383, 425, 431 Abramis ohrysoleucas 37, 41, 41, 50, 52 Abraxas 289, 291 grossulariata 287, 290, 298, 308, 316, 319 Acanthosepion hasselti 418 Acella 176 Acentetus carinatus 91 Aceros 478 langi 458, 478 Achirus fasciatus 38, 56 Achurum brevipenne 250 minimipenne 160 Acipenser brevirostrum 42 rubicundus 42 sturio 51,57 Acmsea 540 testudinalis 540 Acotylea 457, 458 Acrsea 358 violse 327, 329 Acraeinae 288 Acridiidae 244, 336, 344 Acridium appendiculatum 259 Acridotheres tristis ...318, 326, 328, 331 Acrolophitus uniformis 110 variegatus 110 Adalia sp 299 bipunctata .288, 334, 338, 343, 350 Adiantum pedatum 535 ^Eoloplus arizonensis 76 bruneri 76, 162 californicus 76 elegans 76 minor 123 oculatus 76 regalis 76 tenuipennis.. 76 uniformis 76 Agalena 289 labyrinthica 289 Agapostemon sp 337 Ageneotettix australis 113 curtipennis 113 oc'cidentalis 123 sierranus 106 Aglao thorax sierranus 108 Agonoderus pallipes 336, 343, 347 Agrcecotettix modestus 121 Agrostis antecedens 522, 523 hyemalis 523 Agrotis sp 334 Ahynnodontophis 25 Ailanthus glandulosus 340 Alaus oculatus 337 Alebes rufus 8 Alebidse 8 Alectron (Hima) catallus 507 Alloposidse 397 Alloposus 397 pacificus. 382, 397 Allorhina nitida 337, 343 Alosa sapidissima 41, 51, 57 Alsine media 342 Alutera schoepfi 37, 58, 59 Amara sp 342 Amaranthus 344 sp 341, 343 Amaurobius ferox 289 Ambloplites rupestris 48 Amblycereus 456 luteus 455, 456 Amblycorypha floridana 107 iselyi 1 63 scudderre 125 Amblytropidia costaricensis Ill elongata Ill occiden talis 251 Ambrosia artemesiaefolia 341 Ameiurus catus 53 lacustris 47 natalis prosthistius 41 nebulosus 47, 54 Amelanchier lsevis 537 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 579 Amelanchier oblongi folia 537 Amiatus calvus 42 Ammod y tes americanus 34 Amphioctopus membranaceus 397 Amphitornus nanus 105 Amphitretidae 397 Amphitretus 397 pelagicus 382, 397 Amusium 502, 513 Anabrus cerciata 166 longipes , 166 simplex maculatus 166 s. nigra 166 Anaplecta abortiva 158 Anasatristis 292, 293, 350, 362 Anaxipha pulicaria 274 Anchovia eurystole 34 mitchilli 38,41, 52 Anciliplana 479 gram 458,480 Anconia cseruleipennis 116 grisea 116 Anguilla anguilla 8 australis 9 bicolor.... 9 chrisypa, 8, 37, 41, 42, 50, 52, 56, 57 japonica 8 mauritiana 8 Anguillidae 8 Anisodactylus discoideus 336, 350 rusticus 336 terminatus 342 Anisolabis annulipes 236, 237 maritima. 236, 237 Anisomorpha buprestoides 243 Anniceris apicalis 120 meridionalis 120 Anolis principalis 294, 300 Anomoglossus pusillus 347 Anona glabra 135 Anosia plexippus 286, 294 Antennaria neodioica 535 plantaginifolia. 535 Antennarius scaber 40 teleplanus 38 tigris 40 Anthracoceros sp 326 Anthrocera filipendula 308, 313 Apeltes quadracus 37, 41, 48, 55 \phidae 334, 336 Aphredoderus sayanus 41, 58 Aphthalmichthys gangeticus 32 macrocephalus. 32 Apidonectes 359 Apis mellifera, 298, 313, 338, 346, 348- 350 Aplodinotus grunniens 50 Aplopus mayeri 159, 243 Apote notabilis robusta 164 Apotettix minutus 104, 244 rugosus 244 Aptenopedes aptera 267 Aptenopedes clara 101, 266, 267 sphenarioides 266, 267 Aquifoliaceae 338 Arabis lyrata 530 Arachnocephalus, 184, 185, 188, 222, 233 restitus 188 Aradus einnamomeus 324 Araeoptaryx penelope 161 Araneida 336, 342 Araschnia levana 314 Araucarioxylon 368 (Dadoxvlon) rhodeanum 368 vanartsdalexi 368, 369, 371 virginianum 368, 369, 371 woodworthi 368, 369 wurtemburgiacum 369 Area chiriquensis 510 dalli 503, 510 dariensis 502 sp 503 Arehilochus colubris 336, 352 Arehiteuthidae 433 Arehiteuthus 433 martensii 381, 433 Archosargus probatoeephalus 56, 58 Arctia caja 319 Arctiidae 343, 350 Ardea cinerea 318 Arenaria stricta 529 Arethaea sellata 101 Argonauta 384 argo 385 gondola 385 hians 385 h. navicula 385 navicula 385 oweni 385 Argonautidae 384 Arilus cristatus 299 Aristia depressicornis 120 Aristolochia serpentaria 141 Armadillo vulgaris 316 Arnilia marschalli 119 propinqua 119 Aronia nigra 531 Arphia aberrans 126 calida 114 canora 99 erassa 114 decepta 114 granulata 253 imperfecta 114 koebelei 114 pallidipennis 114 pulchripennis 114 ramona 99 saussureana 64 townsendi 114 Asclepias purpurascens 533 verticillata 533 Asemoplus rainierensis 163 Aster depauperatus 521, 522, 534 580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Aster pamceps. p. pusillus... Atella phalanta... Ateloplus luteus macroscelus. 325, 327, 329, minor. schwarzi Atherina laticeps Atlanticus gibbosus 269, glaber Atopichthys gillii novae-csesariensis nuttalli phillipsi strommani '. Aturia alabamiensis Aulocara brevipenne femoratum parallelum rufum scudderi Azalea nudiflora n. glandifera viscosa glauca Bacunculus blatchleyi 159 Bairdiella chrysura, 36, 37, 56, 58, 59 Balanus sp 503 Batistes carotinensis 37 Barytettix boreatis 162 crassus 74 peninsula? 74 Basilona imperialis 335 Bathycongrus mystax 11 Belostoma americanum 345 Belostomatidse 337, 345 Bembidium chalceum 347 Benacus griseus 337 Benzoin a^stivale 537 Bittium boiplex 509 priscum 509 scotti 503, 509 Blaberus atropos 241 cubensis 241 Blatella germanica 339 Blattidse 238, 337, 339 Blepharisma lateritia 146 Boarmia rhomboidaria 298 Boleichthys fusiformis 41 Boleosoma nigrum 49 n. olmstedi 41, 49, 50, 55 Bombus 289 #sp 339 Boopedon diaboticum 112 flaviventris 112 fuscum 112 savannarum 112 Bootettix argentatus 63 Borrichia fontescens 237 Bothrocorbula 519 Botrychium obliquum 535 534 521 330 166 108 166 166 290 271 270 269 36 35 11 36 36 152 113 i 92 92 : 92 ! 64 532 532 538 Botryllus..' 173 Brachyoxylon 370 pennsylvanicum 368, 370, 371 Brachystola eiseni 117 intermedia 117 ponderosa 117 Bradynotes caurus 76 excelsa 100 expleta 77 montanus 128 pinguis 77 referta 77 satur 77 Brevoortia tyrannus 36, 41, 52 Brochymena 300 arborea 341 sp 299, 337 Bucorax caffer 325 Bufo 335 lentiginosis : 291 Bulimnaea 176 Bulla (Volvula) oxytata 504 Buteo platypterus ...335, 352 Byblia ilithyia 358 Calamacris californica 117 mexicana 117 oculata 117 palmeri 117 Calamites 374 arenaceus 374 Calamus leucosteus 56 Callianassa scotti 503, 503 Calliphora sp 345 erythrophala 300, 347 Callista megrathiana 133 Calliteuthis 432 ocellata 381, 432 reversa 381, 432 Callocardia gatunensis multifilosa 502 Caloptenus regatis 76 Calosoma scrutator 336, 346 Calotes 297 nigrilabris 297 ophiomachus 297 versicolor 296, 297 zeylanica 297 Calotettix bicoloripes 121 flavopictus 121 obscurus 121 Calyptrsea aperta 134 Calyptraphorus velatus var. com- pressus 133, 134 Camponotus 343, 344 pennsylvanicus 348 Campostoma anomalum 42 Campylacantha lamprotata 107 similis 75 Capnobotes occidentalis uniformis 164 Carabidse, 334, 336, 339, 342, 343, 346- 351 Carabus auratus 289 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 581 Carabus sp 299 Cardium (Trachycardium) domini- cense 501, 502 durum 501 (Trachycardium) durun 516 stiriatum 502, 516 Carex annectens 522, 526 bicknellii 527 cephalophora 537 glaucodea 525 granulans 536 hormathodes 527 h. richii 527 hystericina 524 incomperta 522, 526 interior 522, 526 lanuginosa 522, 524 laxiculmis 536 leersii 522, 526 lurida 524 muhlenbergii 537 nigrornarginata 536 normalis 522, 527 pennsylvanica 536 retroflecta 526 rosea 537 scoparia 522, 526 stipata 537 stricta 525 triceps bushii 525 t. hirsuta 525 umbellata ardita 525 vestita.. 536 vulpinoidea 525 willdenovii 525 Carpiodes thompsoni 46 Cassida equestris 317 Catopsilia sp 327 Catostomus commersonnii 46, 50, 53 nigricans 47, 53 Cecidomyia saliciperda 324 Cedroxylon 370 huttonianum 368 lindleyanum 371 pennsylvanicum :... 370 Centrinus scutellum-album 347 'Centropristis striatus 36, 41, 56 Cephalanthus Occident alis 135 Cephalotettix parvalus 74 Cerambycida; 337, 344 Cerastium oblongifolium 529 Cerasus sp 348 Ceratinoptera diaphana 239 lutea 239 Ceratomia catalpae 345 Ceratophora stoddarti 297 Cerchneis naumanni 325 rupicoloides 325 Cercopithecus pygerythrus 301 Ceuthophilus alpinus 70 aridus 123 arizonensis 69 Ceuthophilus bicolor >.. 70 bruneri 70 csecus 69 celatus 68 corticicola 68 crassus 71 devius 71 discolor 71 fusiformis 69 grandis 68 henshawi 71 heros 69 inquinatus 71* lamellipes 102 latebricola 67 latipes *. 71 meridionalis 70 mexicanus 70 neglectus 70 neomexicanus 72 nigricans 69 occultus 70 pallescens 124 palmeri 68 paucispinosus 102 pinguis 71 sallei 69 seclusus 68 secretus 68 silvestris 128 tenebrarum 70 terrestris 68 testaceus 71 tuckeri 102 uniformis 69 valgus 70 varicator 68 variegatus 67 vinculatus 71 virgatipes 108 Chsenobryttus gulosus 56 Chserocampa 307 elpenor 307 Chaetochloa imberbis 536 italica 341 viridis 341 Chsetodipterus faber 34 Chsetopoda 334, 336, 347 Chsetura pelagica 335 Chamsenerion angustifohum 538 Chauliognathus 300 pennsvlvanicus.338, 345, 348. 349 sp 299 Cheirolepis latus 377 munsteri 377 Chelonia villica 319 Chenopodium 344 album 341 sp 342, 343 Chilocorus bivulnerus 334 Chilomonas Paramecium 146 Chilomycterus schcepfi, 37, 41, 58, 59 582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Chilofhinus suensonii 13 Chimaphila umbellata 538 Chimarocephala ])acifica incisa 160 p. obtusa 160 Chione paraensis 133 tegulum 5Q2 ulocyma 502 (Lirophora) ulocyma 503 Chiroteutbidae 438 Chiroteuthis 438 (Chirothauma) imperator 438 macrosoma 438 'Chirothauma 438 Chhenius 336, 349 sp 343, 348 Chlevastes elaps 13 oculatus 15 Cbloropsis sp 326, 328 Chondropoma dentatum 445 Chorisoneura plocea 97, 241 Chortophaga australior 106, 254 meridionalis 114 Chrysobalanus pellocarpus 135 Chrysochus auratus 338 Chrysomelida? 334, 335, 337, 338, 343, 345, 347, 349, 350 Chrysopa sp 342 Chrysopidse 342 Cicuta maculata 538 Circotettix lapidicollis 66 rabula 106 shastanus 66 splendidus 106 Cirrhimuraena chinensis 16 Cirroteuthidae 383 Cistudo europsea 298 Citharexylum villosum 242 Citrus sp 338 Cladium effusum 135 Cladophora 456, 467 Clavella hubbardanus 134 Clementia dariena 501, 502 Clepysaurus pennsylvanicus 378 Clerus formicarius 288 Clinocephalus pulcher 105 Clinopleura minuta 167 Clisiocampa neustria 313, 324 Clythra quadripunctata 324 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus 298 Cnethocampa pinivora 324 Coccinella sp 299 Coccinellidae, 334, 335, 338, 341, 343, 347, 350 Coleps hirtus 146 Colias philodice 339 Colinus virginianus 334 Colpidium colpoda 146 Coluber aesculapii 298 Comandra umbellata 529 Conalcsoa huachueana 100 neomexicana 74 miguelatana 73 Conalcaea truncatipennis 74 Congeria 500 Congrellus anago 11 balearicus 11 bowersi 11 meeki 11 Conocephalus atlanticus 128 gracilhmus 268 hoplomachus 107 lyristes... 107 melanorhinus 107 nebrascensis 125 Conoelinum dichotomum 135 Conozoa albolineata 64 carinata 99 koebelei 64 texana 64 Conus concavitectum 501 Convolvulus spithameus 538 Copris Carolina 344 Copsychus saularis 331 Corbula (Cuneocorbula) hexacyma 501, 518, 519 radiatula 519 synarmostes 519 viminea 518, 519 Cordillacris apache 105 grinnelli 105 pima 98 Coregonus clupeaformis 42 Coreidae 350 Corimekena pulicaria 288 Corixa brimleyi 41 Cosmopepla carnifex 288 Cosmotricha potatoria 313 Cottus gracilis 50, 56 ictalops 50, 56 Cotylea 458, 474 Covillea 144 Cracca virginiana 538 Cranchiida? 438 Crassatella antillarum 515 mactropsis 515 reevi.. 515, 515, 516 Crassatellites conradi 153 curta • 153- mediamericanus 503, 515 littoralis 153 vadosa 153 reevei 515 willcoxi 152, 153 Crastia asella 325 Crateropus canorus 326, 328 Cremastogaster linearis 348 m Crepidula plana 131 Crcesus septentrionalis 309 Crossarchus fasciatus 300 Crotaphytus collaris 298 Cryptobranchus allegheniensis... . 296 Cryptoptilum 187, 188, 102, 207 antillarum, 186-188, 193-196, 200- 207, 210, 221, 231, 272 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 583 Crvptoptilum contectum.,187, 194, 203 hesperum 1S6, 193, 194 trigonipalpum, 187, 194, 202-204, 208 tubulatiim 187, 194, 201 Ctenophyllum 378 Cueujida? 347 Cucujus clavipes 347, 348 Cucullsea harttii 133 Cucullia verbasci 306 Culicidic 336 Cuneocorbula 519 Curculionidae 342, 347 Cyanocitta cristata 336, 340 Cyathodonta spenceri 518 Cycadites 377, 379 sp 377 tenuinervis 374, 377 Cyclinclla gatunensis 502 Cyclocercus accola 74 bistrigat a. 74 gracilis 121 valga 75 Cyclopecten simplex 512 Cvclopetia 287 Cvcloptilum 187, 188, 193, 197, 200, 201, 208, 214, 218, 219 americanum 185, 189, 190 boreale '<>'■> poevi. 190 squamosum, 185, 187, 188, 208, 209. 214-217 zebra 187, 209. 214, 217, 273 Cycloptilus 185, 186, 189, 193, 208 americanus 190, 204, 208, 209 borealis 124, 185, 209, 213, 214 squamosus 196, 204, 209, 213 Cycloptylum 189 ( Ynoscion nebulosus 56, 58 regalis 36, 38, 58, 59 Cynthia 173 Cyperus diandrus 536 rivularis • 536 Cyphoderris monstrosus piperi 168 Cypraea henikeni 501 unculoides 152 Cyprinodon variegatus 36, 37, 54, 57 Cyprinus carpio 46, 53 Cyrtophyllus elongatus 163 furcatus 163 intermedins 163 perspicillatus 291 Cyrtoxipha columbiana 168 delicatula 275 gundlachi 275 Cystiphyllum 447, 452 Cytherea profunda 152 Daihinia gigantea 125 phrixocnemoides 168 Dalophis coecus 13 Danainae 288 38 Danais 296, 297, 317 328 chrysippus 291. 317, 327, 329 genutia 327, 329 limniace 327, 329 plexippus , 297 sept ent rionalis 317 Dant honia spicata 523 Daphnia 183 Dasyscirtus olivaceus 121 Datana menistra 294 Deilephila euphorbise 305, 306 Delias 317 eucharis ...296, 327, 329 Delphinodon dividum 135 Dentalium microstria 134 Dermestes sp 299 t alpinus 347 Dermestida? 347 Derotmema delicatulum 96 laticinetum 96 lentiginosum 96 lichenosum 96 saussureanum 96 Diabrotica 344, 346, 363 12-punctata, 334, 337, 343, 345, 347, 349 sp 299 vittata.. 334 Diapheromera arizonensis 158 (Ceratites) covillese 104 femorata 320 persimilis 159 Dichopetala laevis 101 Diehromorpha longipennis 112 mexicana. . 112 Dicrurus ater 326, 32S Diemyctylus viridescens 296 Diplodus holbrookii 56 Dissemurus paradiseus 326, 328 Dissosteira Carolina 336 pectipennis 115 planipennis 116 Doratosepion lis, 422 andreana 'i - - Dosinia acetabulum 516 (Artemis) acetabulum 516, 516 delicatissima 501, 503, 516 liogona 516 Dracotettix calif ornicus 118 monstrosus 62 plutonius 126 Drillia enneacyma 501, 505 Drymadusa arizonensis 101 Drymseus multilineatus 445 Dumetella carolinensis 347, 349 Dyscinetus trachypygus. 339, 341, 343 Dytiscus dimidiatus 289 marginatum 289 Echelidse 13 myrus 13 polyrinus 17 584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Echelidse rufus 17 Echeneis naucrates 37 Echidna catenata 29 chionostigma 28 delicatula 32 nebulosa 30, 32 nocturna 28, 29 peli 27 polyzona 30 savagei 30 zebra 27 zonata 30 Echinochama antiquata 501 Ecbinolampas appendiculatus 152 Ectatoderus, 184, 186, 188, 207, 208, 222, 227 antillarum 185, 193, 196 aztecus 185, 282 borealis 227 nigriventris 184, 188 occidentalis 209, 224 Elateridae 337 Eleodes 355 Ellipes minuta 272 Elymnias undularis 327, 329, 330 Enchelycore nigrocastaneus 18 Encoptolophus calif ornicus 115 coloradensis 123 fuliginosus 115 herbaceus 115 montanus 115 pallidus 126 robust us 106 sordidus 341, 342, 346 subgracilis 1 60 texensis 115 Enneacanthus gloriosus 41, 48, 55 Enoploteuthidae... 425 Enoploteuthis polyonyx 482 Entosiphon sulcatum . 146 Eolis 544 Eotettix hebardi . 100 signatus 75 Epeira diadema 289, 300 Epicauta sp 342, 343, 350 vittata 345, 346 Epilachna borealis 299, 334 Equisetites 374 Equisetum .... 378 Ereiba diadema 287 Eremopedes balli . 165 brevicauda 165 Ergolissp 325 Ericymba buccata 45 Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, 37, 41, 47, 53 Eristalis 289 Eritettix 251 abortivus 63 sylvestris 236, 251 variabilis 63 Erithacus rubecula... 317 Erotylidae.. 345 Esox americanus 41, 47, 54, 57 reticulatus 41, 54 Estheria ovata 377, 378 Estigmene acrsea 345 Etheostoma fiabellare 49 Etropus microstomus 37 Eucalia inconstans 48- Euchelia Jacobs? 308, 313, 316, 318 Eucrangonyx 287 Euglena viridis 146 Eulyes amcena 317 Eumeces sp 299 Eupatoreum purpureum 539 Euplcea 296, 297 core 331 sp 327, 329 Euplotes patella 146 Eupomotis gibbosus, 41, 48, 50, 55, 56, 58 Euproctis chrysoirhcea 324 sp 327, 329 Euprymna 380, 408 ^ . morsei 408, 409, 414, 422 Eurycotis floridana 240 Eurylepta... 456, 481 aurantiaca 458, 481 Euryleptidse 458. 476 Euryleptodes 458, 482 cavicola 458, 483 pannulus 458, 484 phyllulus 458, 486 Eurymyctera acutirostris 27 Euschema 297, 317 Euschistus sp 344 Euvanessa antiopa 345, 347, 348 Evenchelys macrurus 20 Exoglossum maxillingua 46, 53 Fagaceae 338, 339 Fagus grandifolia 338 Falcicula hebardi 103 Fasciolaria gorgasiana 501, 506 Felichthys marinus 36 Fiber 312 Fidonia piniaria 324 Fimbristylis laxa 524 Flabellum cuneiforme 152 Forficula auricularia 320 Forficuladae 236 Formica rufa 315 sp 348 Formicidse 343 Fragaria sp 346, 348 Fringillidsp 336, 338 Fundus diaphanus, 35, 37, 41, 48, 54, 57 Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepi- dotus 34-37, 41, 47, 54, 57 lucia? 36 57 majalis 34, 36, 37, 38, 54, 57 nottii 56 Fusoficula juvenis 134 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 585 Fusus 133 intermedia 506 quinquespinosus 506 Galago 301 Galba 176 obrussa 176 truncatula 176 Galerita janus 336 Galerucella luteola 338, 351 Galium claytoni 539 pilosum 534 Gambusia gracilis 37, 56, 58 Gasteiosteus aculeatus 58 Gentiana villosa 533 Geophilus longicornis 320 Geranium maculatum 538 Gerrhonotus infernalis 298 Gerrhosaurus major 297 Glaphyropus 187, 189, 218, 222 americanus 189, 190 Glyphostoma dentiferum 501 Gomphocerus me-id onalis 112 Gonatidas 424 Gonatista grisea 242 Gonatus 424 fabricii 424 Goniatron planum 114 Gonioctena rufipes 324 Gracula 325 Graculifera melanoptera 298 Graculipica nigrirostris 317 Graphipterus 325 Grateloupia mactropsis 515 Gryllida 272, 339 Gryllodes sigillatus 274 Gryllotalpa ponderosa 125 Gryllus 185, 300. 340 alogus 103 firmus 274 griseus 185 pallipes 185 rubens 274 sp 299, 339, 350 Gymnoscirtetes pusillus 73 Gvmnothorax aquse-dulcis 21, 21 batuensis — carcinognathus 22 castanea 22 concolor 22 eurostus 21 flavimarginatus 22 funebris 22, 27 infernalis 22 kaupii 21 kidako * -^ laysanus '-}■ meleagris -1 moringua 22 nigrocastaneus 1° ocellatus "7 o. saxieola 2/ Gymnothorax pictus 25 stellatus 21 stigmanotus 25, 26 umbrosus 18 undulatus 21 unicolor 22 Gyrostachys beckii 528 gracilis 529 Hadropteius macrocephalus 49 Hsemulon plumieri 56 Haldemanella robusta 66 Halia wailaria 287, 290 Halticinse 336 Hapithus quadratus 275 Harpalus. 300 caliginosus 336 erythropus 334 pennsylvanicus 299, 343 Heirodula bipapilla 287 Helianthemum majus 531 Heliastuo benjamini 161 guanieri 162 sumichrasti subrosea 161 Helicina clappi 445 tantilla 445 Heliophyllum 447, 452 Heliopsis helianthoides 535 scabra 535 Helix 173 Hemidactylus mabuia 297 Hemiramphus brasiliensis 54 Herpestes galera 301 Herpetoiehthys callisoma 17 Herpyllus 289 Hesperia 314 Hesperotettix coloradensis 123 curtipennis 75 festivus 75 gillettei 123 meridionalis 75 pacificus 75 pratensis 76 Heterandria formosa 56 Heterodon platyrhinos 345 Hieracium venosum 534 Hima 507 Hippiscus australis H5 sierra 99 sp 344 Hippocampus hudsonius 41 Hippodamia 344, 363 sp 299, 338, 343 Histioteuthidae 432 Holopterura plumbea 13 Homceogamia apacha infuscata .... 158 bolliana nigricans 158 serratica • 97 subdiaphana mohavensis....97, 104 Hoplolibethra tuberculata 159 Hoplosphyrum 187, 188, 222, 223, 227 aztecum 223, 232. 586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Hoplosphyrum boreale....l87, 223, 227 occidentale, 187, 188, 222-224, 227-229, 231 Horesidotes cinereus 91 papagensis 106 Hormilia apache 101 Houstonia coerulea 534 Huphina phryne 327 Hyalella 2S7 1 1 ybern ia brumata. 306 defoliaria 306 Eybognathus nuchalis regius 52 Eybopsis kentuckiensis 53 Hydra 182 Hvdrophilida? 339, 350 Hydrophilus triangularis 339, 350, 351 Hyla 295 a rborea 304 Hymenopus bicornis 317 Hyphantria cunea, 300, 337, 345, 347, 350 Hypolimnas misippus 327, 330 Ichneumon 302 Ichthyomyzon concolor 42 Idionotus brevipes 107 Idiosepiidae 405 Idiosepius. 405 paradoxa 405 pygmaeus £05 Idiostatus elegans 167 rehni 107 variegata 167 Ilex cassine . 135 opaca 338, 350, 351 Inioteuthis 405, 408 japonica 381, 405 maculosa 408 morsei 381, 408, 409 Inusia bicolor 119 inornatipes 119 nana 119 Ischnoptera deropeltiformis . 238 insolita 104 johnsoni 97 not ha 103 Isnardia natans 135 Jassidse 336, 342 Julus 291, 292, 336, 347, 362 Junco hyemalis ...341 352 Juncoides bullosum 52s campestre 528 Juncus dichotomus platyphyilus, " 522. 527 eftusus 527 secundus ,527 tenuis 527 Junonia iphita 297 sp 327 Kittacincla macroura 326, 328 Kneiffia fruticosa 532 Kneiffia linearis 532 Krigia virginica 539 Kuphus incrassatus 503 Labia burgessi 238 curvicauda 237 guttata 238 Labidura bidens 237 riparia 237 Lacerta agilis 304 muralis 298, 304, 309 viridis 298, 304, 316 Lachnosterna 340, 344, 347, 363 .sp.. 299, 339, 343, 344, 351 Lacinaria spicata 534 Lactista oslari . 160 Lagocephalus laevigatas 34, 37 Lagodon rhomboides 41, 58 Lampides sp 325 Lampyridae 338, 345, 348, 349 Lanius cristatus... 331 ludovicianus 344, 346 Lasioeampa pini 305 quercus .... 285 Lasius alienus 348 Latindia schwarzi .: . 158 Latirus tortilis 133, 134 Lechea minor 531 Leioscapheus gracilicornis 120 Leiostomus xanthurus, 37, 41, 56, 58, 59 Leiothrix 323 luteus 326, 328 Leiuranus semicinetus. 13 Lema trilineata 342, 343 Lepidodendron 373 Lepisma saccharina . 335 Lepisosteus osseus 51 Lepomis auritus 48, 50, 55 incisor 37, 56 punctatus 56 Leprus interior 115 Leptandra virginica 534, 539 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 294, 295, 299, 300, 334, 339, 349, 362 Leptocephalidae 9 Leptocephalus 9, 12 caudalis 9 conger 9, 37 marginatus 9 myriaster 9 n y s t r o m i 9 Leptomerinthophora navovittata. 120 modesta 120 smaragdipes 120 Leptoplana 457 calif ornica 455, 458, 470 inquieta .456, 458, 470 maculosa 455, 472 rupicola 455, 457, 464 saxicola 456, 457, 467 timida 455, 457, 466 Leptoplanida? 457 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 587 Leptorchis liliifolia 529 loeselii 529 Leptysma marginicollis 257 Lespedeza hirta 531 nuttallii 531 virginica 531 Leucarctia acraea 343 Leucichthys artedi 42 Leuciscus elongatus 44 vandoisulus 52 Leuconotus biolleyi Ill Levifusus pagoda 133 Licheniplana 474 lepida 458, 474 Ligurotettix kunzei 160 Ligyrus gibbosus 334, 339, 341, 344 sp 299 Limacidse 338 Limax sp 338, 348 Limnas (Danais) chrysippus 325 Lina 324 Linoceratium boucardi 112 Linum floridanum 531 intercursum 531 Liocranchia 438 sp 438 Liparis monacha 324 salicis 324 Liphoplus, 185, 186, 189, 192, 193, 207 222, 233 guerinianus 185 krugii 196, 200, 204, 207, 209 mexicanus 185, 233 novara 185, 189, 233 zebra 109, 185, 186, 214 Litaneutria skinneri 98 Lithobius forficatus 316 sp 336, 344 Lithothamnium glaciale 138 Lobotes surinamensis 58 Loliginidse 397 Loligo 383, 397 alesandrinii 432 aspera 382, 398, 401 bleekeri 382, 399 chinensis 382, 398 edulis 381, 398 japonica 381, 399, 400 kobiensis.... 381, 398 oualaniensis 438 sumatrensis 382, 399 tetrodynamia 382, 399, 400 Loligopsis 417 chrysopthalmos 381 ocellata 432 Lonicera sempervirens 534 Lophius piscatorius 58, 59 Lophopsetta maculata 37, 38, 59 Lota maculosa 50 Lucania parva 57 Lucanidse 337 Lucilia 287 Lumbricus fcetidus 319 terrestris 318 Lunulites distans 152 Lutianus griseus 289 Lycidse 317 Lycodontis parvibranchialis 21 Lycosa 287 Lycosa sp 348 Lygseidse 342 Lygus pratensis 288 Lymnsea 173-183 auricularia 174, 182 columella 173-183 emarginata 182 lanceata 182 peregra 182 reflexa.. 180 stagnalis 1 82 Lyosphsera globosa 37 Lyria wilcoxiana var. aldrichiana 133 Lyriocephalus 297 Mabuia striata 297, 301 Macacus cynomolgus 317 Machserocera pacifica 110 Macrocystis pyrifera 456, 463 Macrodactylus subspinosus 294 Macneillia obscura 251 Malacias capistrata 326, 328 Malacosoma americana 345 Malus coronaria 531 Mania typica 309 Manomera tenurescens 243 Mantidse 242, 288 Mantis 288 Marsa tuberculata 168 Megalodacne heros 345 Megateuthis martensii 433 Meibomia rigida 531 Melanargia 314 Melanoplus acutus 88 affinis 79 alaskanus 79 ablutus 89 algidus 90 alleni 84 alpinus 86 amplectens 83 angelicus 81 arboreus 86 artemisise 81 ascensus 90 ater 80 attenuatus 83 bispinosus 84 blandus 87 brownii 162 bruneri 79 calidus 90 cancri 81 canonicus 85 coccineipes 85 588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Melanoplus coloradus 162 compactus 85 complanatipes 85 comptus 85 confusus 86 consanguineus 80 conspersus 85 corpulentus 85 cuneatus 78 cyanipes : 84 dealbatus 89 debilis 90 decorus 83 defectus 80 desultorius 100 dimidipennis 124 diminutus 80 elongatus 79 excelsus 79 f emur-nigrum 88 flabellifer brevipennis 124 flavescens 78 fluviatilis 127 franciscanus 89 fur.catus 86 fuscipes 82 geniculatus 82 gillettei 81 gladstoni 82 gracilipes 82 herbaceus 127 immunis 88 impiger 85 impudicus 81 incisus 88 inconspicuus 162 incultus 89 indigens 81 inops 86 inornatus 83 intermedins 79 juvencus 84 latifercula 162 lepidus 86 ligneolus 89 marculentus 78 meridionalis 81 militaris 82 missionum 82 monticola 84 nanus 89 nitidus 81 olivaceus 86 palmeri 82 paroxyoides 86, 264, 265, 266 phcetaliotiformis 89 picturatus 121 pictus 79 pilatus 89 pinctus ' 88 propinquus 84 puer 262 Melanoplus reflexus 81 regalis 76 rileyanus 78 saltator 83 sanguineus 123 scitulus 83 sierranus 80 simplex 78 snowii 84 sonomaensis 163 sonorse 78 stonei 100 terminalis. 84 tenuipennis 82 thomasi 86 tristis 123 truncatus 88 unif ormis 80 usitatus 88 utahensis 79 validus 90 variabilis 86 various 88 virgatus 80 viridipes 83 walshii 82 Melasoma populi 317 Melitsea 314 Meloe americana 344, 346 angusticollis "... 334 Meloidse '.....334, 342-345, 350 Melospiza melodia 342, 344 Menidia beryllina 54 beryllina cerea 37 menidia notata 36, 37, 38, 54, 58 Menticirrhus americanus 36, 59 saxatilis 36-38, 41 Meretrix nuttaliopsis 133 Merluccius bilinearis 59 Mermiria 250 intertexta 91 maculipennis 62 texana 62 vigilans 91 Mesalia pumila var. allentonensis 134 Mesia argentaurus 326 Mesogonistius chsetodon 41 Mesops cylindricus 62 Mestobregma gracilipes 160 pulchella 64 thomasi 160 Metasepia 424 tullbergi 424 Metopium metopium 135 Microcentrum rhombifolium 268 rostratum 107 sp 299 thoracicum 268 Microconger 9 Mierodonophis erabo 16 Microgryllus 185, 188 pallipes 188 1912. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 589 Micropodidae 335 Micropogon undulatus....37, 56, 58, 59 dolomieu 48, 55 salmoides 56, 345 Microteuthis paradoxa 382, 405 Mimus polyglottos 346 Miogryllus Oklahoma? 168 saussurei . " 273 Missanga patina 325 Mitchellia repens 534 Modiola alabamensis 133 Mogisoplistus 221, 222 occidentalis. 224 Mogoplistes, 184-186, 188, 192, 219, 221, 222, 227 barbouri 185 brunneus 184, 186, 188, 221 occidentalis 185, 222, 224 slossoni 185, 219 Mogoplistii 187 Mogosiplistus 192, 221 barbouri 185, 187, 196, 200 slossoni, 185, 1S6, 196, 200, 219, 221 Mola mola 35 Molgula 173 Molpastes bengalensis 326, 328 leucotis 326, 328 Monohammus sp 344 Monopteridse 8 Monopterus albus 8 Moracese 338 Morinda roioc 135 Moringuidae 32 Morone americana 41, 50, 55, 58 Morsea californica tamalpaisensis, 105 Morns sp 338, 348 Moxostoma aureolum 47 Mugil cephalicus 56 cephalus 35, 41 curema 41 Muhlenbergia foliosa 523 JVIursena acutirostris 27 annulata 15 aqua3-dulcis 21 augusti 20 clepsydra 18 colubrina 15 erebus 22 fasciata 15 flavimarginata 22 helena 18 infernalis 22 maculosa 16 melanotis 20 myrialeucostictus 18 ophis 16 pseudothyrsoidea 21 thyrsoidea 20 tigrina 16 Muramesocida? 12 Mursenesox savanna 12 Muraenichthys devisi 13 ogilbyi 13 Mursenidse 18 Murex (Phyllonotus) gatunensis.. 503 Murgantia histrionica 342, 345 Muridse 338, 339, 346 Mus museums 338, 339, 345 norwegicus 136, 346 rattus 136 r. alexandrinus 136 Musca 287 domest ica 335, 347 Mustelus mustelus 36, 37, 57 Mycalesis 297 Myctobates pennsvlvanicus 337 Mylabris sp ...327, 329 Myoxocephalus oetodecimspinosus 35 Myrica cerifera 135 Myrichthys 17 oculatus 16 magnificus 16 stypurus 17 Myriophyllum 175 Myrmecophila oregonensis 128 pergandei 128 Myrmeleon 288 Myrmerophilinse 184 Myrmicidse 339, 351 Myrophis rafer 13 Myrtacese 338 Nassa 544 ambigua 506, 507 bidentata 507 (Hima) praeambigua.503, 506, 508 vibex 507 Natica 501, 544 bolus 501, 508 canalizonalis 501 , 508 canrena 501, 508 semilunata 134 Nautia conspersipes 118 Nautilidse 439 Nautilus pompilius 439 Nebria pallipes 342 Neeturus 359, 362 Neduba carinata convexa 164 morsei 164 Nematus abietum 324 salicis 324 Nemeophila plantaginus 319 Nemobius ambitiosus 273 brevicaudus 122 carolinus 273 cubensis 273 fasciatus abortivus 168 f. socius 273 palustris aurantius 109 Neoblatella adspersicollis 239 Neotettix bolteri 245 coarctatus.. 244 f emorat us 244 590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Neotettix variabilis 244 Nepheronia bippia 327, 330 NVphila 287 Neptis kamarupa 327 Netrosoma fusiformis 73 nigropleura 73 Nettopus auritus 301 Nezara hilaris 299, 344 Noctuidae 334 Notropis bifrenatus 34, 41, 44, 52 chalybseus abbotti 41 cornutus 44, 50, 53 deliciosus 44 hudsonius amarus 44, 52 photogenis amoenus 45, 53 procne 44, 52 rubrifrons 44 whipplii analostanus 44, 50, 53 Noturus flavas 47 Nyctobates permsylvanicus 348 Ochrilidia cinierea 62 crenulata 62 Ochrotettix salinus 110 Ocotea eatesbyana 242 Octopodoteuthidse 432 Octopodoteuthis 432 sicula 432 Octopus areolatus, 381, 386, 386, 393, 397 brocki 393, 395 cuvierii 389 f ang-sio 38 1 , 386 globosus 382, 388 granulatus 388 hongkongensis 381, 391 januarii 381, 392 kagoshimensis 382, 388 macropus 382, 389 membranaceus 393, 393, 397 ocellatus 393, 393 octopodia 386 pictus var. fasciata 393 punctatus 391 pusillus 382, 389 rugosus 388 sinensis 381, 393 vulgaris 382, 386, 386 Ocythoe 385 tuberculata 382, 385 Ocy thoinae '... 385 Odontoptera bidentata 298 (Ecophylla smaragdina 297 (Edipoda cincta 161 Occident alis 66 (Edomerus corallipes 120 OEonomus altus 91 Oligacanthopus, 187, 188, 218, 219, 222 prograptus 187, 188, 218, 219 Ommastrepb.es 433 gouldi 433 hawaiiensis 434, 437 Ommastrephes insignis 433 pacificus 434, 436, 437 sagittatus 437 s. sloanei 433 sloanii. 433, 434, 436, 437 Ommastrephidse 433 Ommatolampis annulicornis 120 Oniscus asellus 321, 336, 347, 350 Onthophagus hecate 347 Onychoteuthis fabricii 424 kamtschatica 4®4 Opeia imperfecta Ill mexicana Ill palmeri Ill testacea 91 Ophichthus havannensis 16 hispanus 17 ocellatus 18 rufus 17 stenopterus 17 triserialis 17 uniserialis 17 Ophichthyidae 13 Ophichthys naja 15 stenopterus 17 stypurus 16, 17 uniserialis 17 Ophisurus alternans 15 guttatus 16 hispanus 17 ophis 16 serpens 18 Opisthonema oglinum 57 Opisthoteuthis 384 depressa 382, 384 Opsanus tau 36, 59 Orchelimum delicatum 125 fidicinium 108 gladiator. 125 gracile 125 militare 108 minor 125 molossum 108 Orchesticus nigromarginata 165 Orgyia 301 antiqua ,303, 305, 308 leucostigma 300, 337, 346 pudibunda 303 sp 324 Ornebius 184, 188, 222 nigripalpis 184 xanthopterin 184, 188 Orocharis saulcyi 276 Orphula meridionalis Ill Orphulella costaricensis 112 grancinea 112 meridionalis 112 pelidna 253 Orthopristis chrysopterus 56, 58 Osmoderma sp 344 Osmunda spectabilis 522 Ostrea 133, 500 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 591 Ostrea crenulimarginata 133 gatunensis 503 pulaskensis 133 thirsse 133 Otocompsa emeria 326, 328 Otrynter caprinus 56 Palaemonetea variegatus 37 Palissya 373 diffusa 377 obtusa 377 Panicularia nervata 524, 536 Panicum boscii 523 b. molle 523 depauperatum 522 huachuca? silvicola 522 lindheimeri 535 linearifolium 522 meridionale 536 sanguinale 341 villosissimum 523 Panorpa nuptialis 299 Papagoa arizonensis 110 Papilio : 141 aristolochia?, 296, 297, 301, 325, 327, 329 demoleus 327, 329, 330 pammon 317 philenor 141 polites 327, 330 troilus 338 turnus 338, 342, 344 Papilionidae 338, 342 Paracyrtophyllus robustus 163 Paraidemona mimica 75 Paralichthys dentatus 36, 38, 58, 59 let host igmus 56 Paramecium aurelia 146 buisaria 146 caudatum 146 Paratylotropidia brunneri 78 Paropomala acris 105 dissimilis 110 pallida 109 perpallida 105 Paroxya atlantica 264-266 a. paroxyoides 264 Parus' communis 324 major 306, 324 Paspalum keve circulare 535 Passalus cornutus 337, 349 Passer domesticus 336, 341, 345, 352 Pecten 502 (Amusium) luna 501, 514 lyonii 513 madisonius 512 membra nosus 1 52 mortoni 513, 514 (Cyclopecten) oligolepis, 501, 512, 513 (Oxygonum) optimum, 511, 512, 513 Pecten (J?quipecten) oxygonum canalis 503, 511, 512 papyracea 513 paranensis 511, 512 pleuronectes 513 (Euvola) reliquus 591, 510 (Amusium) sol 503, 513 (Amusium) sp 503 subhvalinus 512, 513 touke 513, 514 Pedioscertetes pulchella 61, 63 Pelopseus 291 Penitella penita 456 Pentatomidse, 337, 341, 342, 344, 345 Peranema trichophorum 146 Perca flavescens 49, 55, 56 Percina caprodes 49 Periplaneta semipicta 240 Persea pubescens 135 Petricola millestriata 501, 516 Petromyzon marinus 42, 51, 57 Peuce huttonia 370 Peyotettix chenopodii 127 gracilis 127 hispidus 127 washingtonius 127 Phsedrotettix angustipennis 73 Phalera bucephala 319 Pharmacophagus 317 Phasianidse 337, 338 Phasmidae 242 Phaulotettix compiessus 74 Phenacolepas granulosa 151 malonei 151 mirabilis 151 navacelloides 151 Philosamia cynthia 337, 339, 340 Phlebodium aureum 135 Phlegethontius 5-maculatus 347 sp 334 Phcetalia laevigata 240 Pholas... 134 Phragmites phragmites 135 Phrixocnemis bellicosus 72 franciscanus 102 hastiferus 102 inhabilis 102 socorrensis 102 truculent us 72 validus 72 Phrynosoma cornutum 299 Phrynotettix taosanus 100 Phyllopertha hordeola 324 Phylloplana 472 litoricola 458, 472 Physoblemma 185 Physomerus 287 Pieridae 334, 350 Pieris brassicse, 291, 298, 306, 309, 314, 323, 324 napi 314 rapae 313, 320, 334, 350 592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Piezia 325 Pimephales notatus 43 Pinus caribsea 135 virginiana 522 Pisoodonophis magnifica 16 Plagiostira albonotata brevipes 167 ' gillettei 167 gracilis 101 Planocera 459 burchami 457, 461 calif ornica 455, 457, 459 hawaiiensis 469 Planoceridse 457, 459 Platybothrus alticola 98 Platvcleis fletcheri 167 Platynus sp 342 Platyzosteria ingens 240 sabalianus 240 Plectoptera poeyi 241 Plectrotettix calidus 113 excelsus 113 Plethodon cinereus erythronotus... 345 glutinosus 345 Pleurotoma 134 (Gemmula) vaningeni 501, 505 Pleurotomaria nixa 152 Podisma ascensor 77 dairisama 78 nubicola 77 oreas 107 parnassica 78 polita 87 variegata 77 Podozamites formosus 377 Poecilophis nocturna 28 tritor 32 Pcecilotettix coccinatus 87 sanguineus 87 Pogonias cromls 37, 58, 59 Polistes 291 Polygonatum commutatum 537 Polygonum. 344 sp 343 Polygyra ceriolus carpflhteriana 445 Polyhirma 325 Polypodida? 3S(i Polypodium polvpodioides 135 Polypus 386, 397 areolatus... ...386, 393, 395 brocki 386 cuvieri 386 dOfleini 382, 386, 391, 392 fang-siao 386 globosus 386, 388, 392 granulatus 386, 388, 388 hongkongensis. ...383, 386, 391, 392 jaunarii 386, 392 kagoshimensis 386, 388 macropus 386, 389, 389 membranaceus 386, 397 ocellatus 386 pictus fasciatus 382, 386, 393 Polypus punctatus 391 pusillus 386, 389 rugosus 386 sinensis 386 vulgaris 386 Pomatomus saltatrix 37, 41, 55, 58 Pomolobus aestivalis 41, 51 mediocris 38, 41, 51, 57 pseudoharengus 38, 42, 51, 57 Pomoxis sparoides 48 Poronotus triacanthus 34, 58 Porthesia auriflua 306, 308 Porthetria dispar 324 Priodonophis 27 Prionotus evolans strigatus '....41, 59 Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus .... 102 Proctolabus brachypterus 119 Prolabia unidentata 238 Promachoteuthis 417 megaptera 381, 417 Prorocorypha snowi 98 Proserpinaca platycarpa 135 Prunus americana 538 Pseudoceridse 458 , 474 Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 38, 41, 56 Pseudopriacanthus altus 35 Pseudosermyle banksii 159 tenuis 104 Pseudosuccinea columella. 176 Psilothrix nobilis 317 obesus 120 Psinidia fenestralis 161, 256 sulcifrons amplicornus 161 Psoloessa buddiana 63 eurotiae 63 Pterostichus lucublandus 288 sayi. 342 Pterozamites 378 Pycnonotus sinensis 326, 328 Pycnoscelus surinamensis 241 Pygaera bucephala 308 menistra 294 Pygosteus pungitius 34. Pyrula decussata 507, 508 micronematica 503, 507, 508 papyracea. 507 pilsbryi 507 Quercus alba 529 marylandica 529 prinoides 529 sp * 339 stellata 529 velutina 529 virginiana 135 Rabula... 21 davisi 21 panamensis 20 Rachycentron canadus 37 Radinotatum brevipenne. 246, 248, 250 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 593 Radinotatum brevipenne peninsu- lare 246,250 Radiolepis elegans 377 Radix ■ 176 Raja eglanteria 34, 36, 38 erinacea 41, 57 Ramond deserticola 116 Rana clamata 295 sylvatica 295 temporaria 297 tigrina 291 virescens 295 Reduviidse 342 Rehnia spinosa 164 victorise 164 Retinia buoliana 324 turionana 324 Rhabdopelix longispinis 377 Rhabdotettix concinnus 74 palmeri 74 Rhabdura 20 Rhachicreagra aeruginosa 122 gracilis 122 pallipes 122 Rhicnoderma pugnax 119 Rhinichthys atronasus 45, 50, 53 Rhus radicans 538 Rimella 134 Ringicula hypograpta 501^505 Rissola marginata 37, 41 Roccus chrysops 49 lineatus 55 Romalea microptera 256 Rosa humilis 530 palustris 530 rugosa 354 Rossia 417 sp 417 Rubus argutus 537 frondosus 530 invisus 530 villosus 530 villosus enslenii 530 Rynchospora smallii 536 Sabal palmetto 135 Sabella 456 Sagittaria lancifolia 135 Salix longipes 135 Salvelinus fontinalis 42 Sarda sarda 58 Saxicola pileata 301 Saxifraga virginiensis 530 Sayornis 312 Scapteriscus abbreviatus 272 Scarabseid*, 334, 337, 339, 341, 343, 344, 346, 347, 351 Scarites 340, 351 subterraneus 299, 334, 339, 351 Sceliphron 291 Sceloporus floridanus 298, 300 undulatus 299, 300, 345 Schilbeodes gyrinus 47, 54 insignis 54 Schistocerca sequalis 94 alutacea 261, 262 americana 257 aurantia 93 bogotensis 94 camerata 93 carinata •••• 93 crocotaria 93 damnifica 258, 259, 261, 262 d. calidior 258, 261, 262 desiliens 94 gracilis 93 gulosa 94 idonea 94 infumata 94 interrita 93 lineata 95 maya 94 mellea 93 mexicana 95 obliquata 95 pallens 258 perturbans 95 pyramidata 94 separata 95 sonorensis 94 venusta 95 vittafrons 121 zapoteca 93 Schizaster schertzeri 503 Schizoneura 379 laticostata 374 planicostat a 374 sp 377 Scisenops ocellatus 36, 58, 59 Scirpus atrovirens 524 validus •••■ 536 Scirtetica marmorata 254-256 m.picta 254-256 occidentalis 126 ritensis 99 Scleria pauciflora 524 Scolytidse 324 Scomber scombrus -• 58 Scomberomorus maculatus 55, 5S Scudderia texensis 268 Scutella lyelliana 152 Scutellaria integrifolia o39 parvula ambigua 522, 534 pilosa 53S Selene vomer 41, 55 Semele chipolana 503, 517 Semotilus atromaculatus 43, 50, 52 bullaris 43, 52 Senecio balsamitse 535 Sepia 383,397,417 aculeata 382,417,418 (Doratosepion) andreana, 381, 41/ , 418, J&2, 422 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Sepia (Doratosepion) andreanoides,381, 417, 423, 423 (Doratosepion) appellofi, 382, 417, 424, 424 chrysophthalmos 417 elliptica 382, 417, 419 esculenta 381, 417-419 formosana 383, 420, 422 hercules 382, 417, 419 hoylei 382, 417, 419 inermis ...417, 424 (Doratosepion) kobiensis, 381, 417, 428, 423 (Doratosepion) lorigera, 422, 382, 417, 422 microcheirus 424 microcotyledon 422 (Doratosepion) misakiensis, 382, 417, 424 myrsus 381, 417 (Doratosepion) peterseni, 382, 417 423, 423 rouxii 422 rugosus 388 sinensis 381, 417 sinope 422 (Doratosepion) tokioensis, 382, 417, 423, 423 torosa 382, 417, 420 (Metasepia) tullbergi, 382, 417, 424, 424 Sepiella 424 inermis 424 maindroni 381, 424 Sepiidae 417 Sepiola 408 bursa 408, 414 inioteuthis 405 japonica 381, 405, 406 Sepiolidae ;.. 405 Sepiolina 417 nipponensis 414 Sepioteuthis 401, 404 brevis 405 lessoniana 382, 401, 422 sieboidi 404 . sinensis 381, 401 Serica vespertina 288 Seriola lalandi 58 zonata 35 Sermyle arbuscula 98 Seserinus paru 34, 58 Sialia sialis 350, 351 Sigaretus (Ermaticina) gabbi 501, 509 multilineatus 509 Silpha 346 insequalis 346 Silphidae . 346 Silvitettix communis 110 Simenchelyidae 9 Simenchelys parasiticus 9 Sinaloa behrensii 75 Siphia hyperythra 331 Sisantum notochloris Ill Sistrurus catenatus 362 Sisyrinchium gramineum 537 mucronatum 528 Sitones sp 342 Smilax herbacea crispifolia 528 laurifolia 135 Solen amphistemma 501 Solidago aspera 534 rugosa 534 Sphenarium affine 118 barretti 118 bolivari 117 marginatum 117 minimum 118 planum 118 rugosum 117 Sphenopholis obtusata 522, 523 o. pubescens 522, 523 Spheroides maculatus 36, 41, 59 Sphingidse 334 Sphyrsena borealis 37 Sphyrna zygsena 41 Spilosoma menthastri 286 Spirobolus 301 Spondylus americanus 514 gregalis 1 52 gumanomocon. 514 scotti 503, 514 varians 514 Spongophora apicedentata 158 Squalus acanthias 41 Squatina squatina 35 Stagmomantis californica 104 Carolina 242, 299 gracilipes 98 Stauropus 302, 303 fagi 301, 302 Staphylinidse 288, 347 Staphylinus 302 Stenobothrus oregonensis 91 Stenopelmatus terrenus 102 Stenotomus chrysops 58 Stephanolepis hispidus 37 Stilpnochlora marginella 268 Stipator bruneri 165 grandis 101 grandis insignis 165 mitchelli 165 nigromarginatus griseis 165 Stirapleura brachyptera 113 meridionalis 113 pusilla 92 salina 113 tenuicarina 92 Stizostedion canadense : 49 vitreum 49 Stoloteuthis 414 iris 416 leucoptera 416 nipponensis 383, 414, 417 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 595 Stoparola sordida 331 Storeria dekayi 345 Sturnus menzbieri 326, 328 Stylochoplana 463 calif ornica 457 gracilis 463 Stylopyga orientalis 299, 337 Stylostomum 476 calif ornicum 455, 458 lentum 476 Succinea floridana 445 Symplect ot eu this 438 oualaniensis 382, 438 Synageles picata 289 Synallaxis 365 gularis 365 g. pichinchie 365 Synallaxis gularis rufipectus 365 Synaphobranchidaj 9 Synaphobranchus pinnatus 9 Synbranchidse 8 Synbranchus marmoratus 8 Synemosyna formica 289 Syngnathus fuscus 37, 38, 58 Syrbula acuticornis 63 modesta 110 pacifica 110 Taeniophora femorata 119 Taeniopoda bicristata 118 maxima 118 obscura 118 Tafalisca lurida 276 Talinum teretifolium 529 Taraxacum taraxacum 341, 343 Tarpon atlanticus 34 Tautoga onitis 36, 56, 59 Tautogolabrus adspersus 35, 36 Tegenaria domestica 289 Teinophaus saussurei 121 Telea polyphemus 337 Tellina aequiterminata 501, 517 (Eurytellina I retula. .....503, 517 Telmatodytes palustris 345 Temnopteryx desert se 103 Tenebrio 335 molitor :>47 obscurus 337 Tenebrionidae 337, 347, 348 Tenthredinidae 334, 337 Terebratula wilmingtonensis 152 Terias hecabe 331 sp 327, 329 Tetramorium caespitum 339, 351 Tettigidea lateralis 246 spicat a 245 Tettigoniidae 268 Thalictrum revolutum 529 Thelidioteuthis 432 alessandrinii 383, 432 polyonyx 432 Thracia (Cyathodonta) gatunensis 518 (Cyathodonta) isthmica 501 Thrincus aridus 66 maculatus 66 Thyre'onotus cragini 126 scudderi 126 Thyriptilon vitripenne Ill Thyrsoidea 21 concolor 22 eurosta 21 kaupi 21 Ion gissima 21 Thysanophora caeca 445 incrustata 445 plagioptycha 445 selenina 445 Thysanoteuthidse 438 Thysanot eut his 438 rhombus 438 Tinea pellionella 335 Todarodes 437 pacihcus 381, 433 sloanei 'fSS Tofieldia racemosa 149 Tomonotus ferruginosus 126 Toxostoma rufum 349, 352 Trachinotus carolinus 38,41, 56 Trachyrhachis compacta 116 inconspicua 1 16 occidentalis 116 townsendi 116 Tremoctopodhue 386 Tremoctopus 386 doderleini 382, 385 violaceus 382, 386 Trichiurus lepturus 58 Trichius piger 344 Trimerotropis arenaceus 99 azurescens 65 bif asciat a 65 bilobata 106 C3eruleipennis 126 californica 65 cyaneipennis 64 inconspicua 123 magnifica 99 modesta 65 pacifica 65 perplexa < 66 rubripes 100 schaefferi 161 snowi 100 thalassica 62, 65 titusi 161 townsendi 116 Triton alpestris 291 punctatus 291 Trochus 544 Trogosita virescens 342 Trogositido? 342 Troxsp 343, 346 Tupaia ferruginea 301 596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) bartschi- ana.... 504, 509, 510 Turbonilla gatunensis 501, 510 l'uiiiix taigoor 326, 328 Turritella 133 altilira 501-503 gal unensis 502 humerosa var. elicitatoides 134 mortoni 133,134 nerinexa 134 Tylosurus marinus 41, 48, 54 raphidoma 37 Typha latifolia 135 Typocerus sinuatus 337 Udeopsylla compacta 124 serrata 103 vierecki 103 Umbra limi 47 pygmsea 37, 41, 47, 54, 57 Uropterygius macrocephalus 32 Uvularia perfoliate 537 Vacciniiim atrococcum 533 caesariense 533 corymbosum. '. 532, 533 vacillans 533 v. crinitum 533 Vanessa antiopa 312 urticEe 308, 309, 313 Varicella gracillima floridana 445 Vasum haitense 153 wilmingtonense 1 52, 153 Yates townsendi 98 Venericardia 133 alticost at a 133 planicosta 133 Venerupis 134 Veranyidse 432 Vertigo hebardi 445 Vertigo oralis 445 rugosula 445 Vespa 291 vulgaris 316 Viola conspersa 538 emarginata 538 fimbriatula 532 pedata lineariloba 531 Vireo olivaceus 345 Vitis munsoniana 135 Vitrea dalliana 445 Voluta sp 152 Volvula micratracta 501 Volvulella micratracta 504 Vorticella 147 nebulifera 146 Willugbaeya scandens 135 Xenopus laevis 300 Xiphidion allardi 164 gracillimum H6S modestum 124 nigropleurum 124 Xylocopa virginica 339 Yersinia sophronica 104 Ypthima ceylonica 325 philomera var. argus 277 Zacycloptera atripennis 164 Zanutes velderi 377 Zapata brevipennis 113 Zaphrentis 447, 452 Zizia aurea 532 Zonotrichia albicollis 352 Zootoca vivipara 304 Zosterops sp 326 Zygsena filipendula 319 trifolii 317 1912.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 597 GENERAL INDEX. 1912. Additions to Museum, 569. Baily, William L. An ornithological trip to the Magdalen Islands (no ab- stract), 2. The photography of wild birds (no abstract), 142. Banquet, 149. Bascom, Florence. The petrographic province of Neponset, Massachu- setts (no abstract). The lavas of South Mountain, Pennsylvania (no abstract), 156. Bellows, Horace, announcement of death of, 490. Berry, J. Stillman. A catalogue of Japanese Cephalopoda (Plates V- IX), 380, 489. Biological and Microscopical Section, report of, 559. Botanical Section, report of, 562. Boulenger, G. A. A synopsis of the genus Mastacembelus, 130. Boyer, Charles S. Report of Biological and Microscopical Section, 559. Brown, Amos P., and H. A. Pilsbry. Notes on a collection of fossils from Wilmington, N. C. (Plate I), 130, 152. Fauna of the Gatun Formation, Isthmus of Panama, II (Plates XXII-XXVI), 499, 500. Brown, Stewardson. Report of Bo- tanical Section, 563. Bryant, Henry C. Government agen- cies in the advancement of geo- graphical knowledge in the United States, 148. Burns, Charles Marquedent, vote of thanks to, 7. Calvert, Philip P. Report on Second International Entomological Con- gress (no abstract), 490. Waterfall inhabiting dragonflies of Costa Rica (no abstract), 491. Caudell, A. N., and Morgan Hebard. Fixation of the single type (lecto- type) specimens of species of Ameri- can Orthoptera, Part II, 154, 157. See Rehn and Hebard. Centenary celebration, 129. Resolu- tions, 155. Clarke, John M. Early adaptation in feeding habits of starfishes, 6. Colton, Harold Sellers. Lymnaea columella, and self-fertilization, 156, 173. Committees, Standing, 1. Conklin, Edwin G. Experimental studies in nuclear and cell division in the eggs of Crepidula, 134, 489. Conesponding Secretary, report of,. 549. Council, 1913, 567. Curators, report of, 555. Dahlgren, Ulric. On the production of light by animals (no abstract), 7. Dall, William H. Mollusk-fauna of northwest America (no abstract), 148. Department of Mollusca, report of, 558. Dickey, Rev. Charles A., announce- ment of death of, 2. Dixon, Samuel G., presentation of portrait of, 400. Report of Curators, 555. Dixon, Samuel G., Mrs. Dixon and Miss Dixon. Centenary reception, 143. Donaldson, Henry H. The history and zoological position of the albino rat,. 136. Dyer, Sir William Thiselton. On the supposed Tertiary antarctic conti- nent, 130. Election, annual, 566. Elections in 1912, 568. Entomological Section, report of, 560. Fowler, Henry W. Description of nine new eels, with notes on other species, 6, 8. Record of fishes from the Middle Atlantic Coast and Virginia, 6, 34. P'ukuda, T. Statistical studies on variation in the wing-length of a butterfly of the sub-family Satyrinse, 277, 489. Furness, Horace Howard, announce- ment of death, of 490. .7. IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec, A., announcement announcement of David Alter, the spectrum analysis, Reef-building and Griscom, (.'lenient of death of, 491 Haines, .lane R., death of, 155. Harshberger, John W. The physiog- raphy and vegetation of the Florida Everglades (no abstract), 6. The vegetation of the banana holes of Florida, 130, 134. Heath, Harold, and Ernest A. McGregor. New polyclads from Monterey Bay, California (Plates XII-XVIII), 455, 489. History of the Academy, by the Recording Secretary, 6. Hoernes, Rudolf, announcement of death of, 400. Holland, William J. first discoverer of 134. Houston, Edwin J. How the natural sciences can lie made attractive to the young, MM. Howe. Marshall A. lancl-forming seaweeds, 137. Index to the scientific contents of the Journal and Proceedings of the Academy, by the Recording Secre- tary, 6. Isaac Lea Collection, report of Cus- todian, 559. Ives, .James E. The radiation of energy, L56. Jacobs, Merkel H. Physiological characters of species, 146. Keeley, Frank J., report of Curator of William S. Vaux Collections, 558. Lewis, Graceanna, announcement of death of, 154. Librarian, report of, 551. Loeb, Jacques. Experiments on adap- t at ion to high temperatures (no abstract), 141. Lyman, Benjamin Smith. Natural history morality, 138. Report of Mineralogical and Geological Section, 563. McAfee, W. L. The experimental method of testing the efficiency of warning and cryptic coloration in protecting animals from their ene- mies, 281, 489. Macfarlane, John M. The relation of protoplasm to its environment, 117. 154. Maury, Carlotta J. A contribution to (he paleontology of Trinidad, 6, 132. -Meiirs, Edward B., and L. A, Ryan. The ash of smooth muscle, 136. -Milne, Caleb J., announcement of death of, 490. Mineralogical and Geological Section, report of, 563. Mitchell. Edward Craig, announce- ment of death of, 490. Montgomery, Thomas H. Human spermatogenesis: spermatocytes and spermiogenesis 6. Announcement of death of, 130. Resolutions, 154. Moore, Clarence B. Some aboriginal sites, on Red River, 156. Moore, J. Percy, report of Corre- sponding Secretary, 549. Morgan, T. H. Further experiments with mutations in eye-color of Drosophila: The loss of the orange factor, 156. Nelson, J. A. Structural peculiarities in an abnormal queen bee, 3, 6. Nolan, Edward J. Presentation of portrait of, 7. History of the Academy (no abstract), 130. Rem- iniscences (no abstract), 130. Vote of thanks, 499. Report of Recording Secretary, 545. Report of Librarian, 551. Officers, 1913, 566. Ornithological Section, report of, 564. Osborn, Henry Fairfield. Tetraplasy, a law of the four inseparable factors of evolution, 144, 156. Parker, George Howard. The relation of smell, taste and the common chemical sense in vertebrates, 130, 147. Parvin, Thomas I., announcement of death of, 490. Pennell, Francis W. Further notes on the flora • of the Conowingo or Serpentine Barrens of southeastern Pennsylvania, 520. Pilsbry, Henry A. On the tropical element in the molluscan fauna of Florida, 142. A study of the vari- ations and zoogeography of Liguus in Florida, 490. Report of Depart- ment of Mollusca, 558. Potts, Edward, announcement of death of, 2. Recording Secretary, report of, 545. Rehn, James A. G. The orthopteran inhabitants of the Sonoran creosote bush, 143. Rehn, James A. G., and Morgan Hebard. Fixation of single type (lectotype) specimens of species of North American Orthoptera (Part I), 7, 60. See Caudell and Hebard. A revision of the genera and species of the Group Mogoplistii (Orthop- tera: Gryllidse) found in North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama, 184, 489. On the Orthop- 1912. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 599 tera found on the Florida Keys and in extreme southern Florida, I, 235, 489. Report of Biological and Microscopical Section, 559. Report of Botanical Section, 562. Report of Corresponding Secretary, 549. Report of Curator of William S. Vaux Collections, 558. Report of Curators, 555. Report of Custodian of the Isaac Lea Collection, 559. Report of Department of Mollusca, 558. Report of Entomological Section, 560. Report of Librarian, 551. Report of Mineralogical and Geo- logical Section, 563. Report of Ornithological Section, 564. Report of the Recording Secretary, 545. Reports of Sections, 559. Shufeldt, R. W. Notes on a prehistoric race of Yucatan (Plates XIX, XX, XXI), 491, 492. Skinner, Henry. Mimicry in Boreal American Lepidoptera, 7. Mimicry in butterflies, 141. Report of Ento- mological Section, 560. Smith, Benjamin H. On recent species of Crataegus (no abstract), 6. Smith, Burnett. Observations on the structure of some coral beds in the Hamilton Shale (Plates X, XI), 447, 489. Spitzka, Edward Anthony. On the production of light by animals (no abstract), 7. Standing Committees, 1. Standing Committees, 1913, 568. Stone, Witmer. Fauna and flora of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, 149. A new Synallaxis, 365, 489. Report of Ornithological Section, 564. Thompson, Will F. The protoconch of Acmaea, 499, 540. Trotter, Spencer. The faunal divis- ions of eastern North America in relation to vegetation, 130, 142. Biological aspects of population (no abstract), 155. True, Frederick W. Description of a new fossil porpoise of the genus Delphinodon from the Miocene Formation of Maryland, 7, 135. Tucker, Henry. Harmless and useful "snakes (no abstract), 154. Vanatta, E. G. Phenacolepas malonei n. sp., 151. A new species of Vertigo from Florida, 445, 489: Yaughan, Thomas Wayland. On the rate of growth of stony corals (no abstract), 130, 142. Vaux, George, Jr. Appointment as Solicitor of Academy. Verrill, A. E. The Gorgonians of the Brazilian coast, 156. Von Ihering, H. Analyse der Siid- amerikanischen Heliceen, 400. Von Wijhe, J. W., withdrawal of paper, 490. Wherry, Edgar T. Apparent sun- crack structures and ringing-rock phenomena in the Triassic Diabase of Eastern Pennsylvania, Plate II, 156, 169. The Triassic of Pennsyl- vania, 156. Silicified wood from the Triassic of Pennsylvania (Plates III, IV), 366, 489. Age and corre- lation of the ''New Red '' or Newark Group of Pennsylvania, 373, 4S9. Willcox, Joseph. Appointment as Curator of William S. Vaux Col- lections. Report of Custodian of Isaac Lea Collection of Eocene Mollusca, 559. William S. Vaux Collections, report of Curator. 558, 39 PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XII b. be. fr§Ve- ib ■ -■' fk'A"4'''--f'"--'v'- *: ">C Y>~cV 'f- nt-^ - | ft be. s %3- te. '■*. . ib. ■ 7 £?K?*b ";;^':- )mg>- ib. vd. ps. ag- HEATH AND MCGREGOR; NEW POLYCLADS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XIII. 8 ,•••■ 10 be. \. ab. * : ■■' me? HEATH AND MCGREGOR: NEW POLYCLADS PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XIV. 1/ ae be. "g- c- ;;"< ■< 19 be. te. • . « 20 nt. '•• be. £b 21 HEATH and MCGREGOR: NEW POLYCLADS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XV. 23 26 sg af. ps. 28 mg. ib. o HEATH and MCGREGOR: NEW POLYCLADS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 19l2. PLATE XVI. 29 ••'"V "N - , be. ■r>1 ai. ' ■ ■ a -o*. • . • ° Oo • *o%b;°-'o- mg. HEATH AND MCGREGOR: NEW POLYCLADS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XVII. af. sc HEATH AND MCGREGOR: NEW POLYCLAD3. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XVIII. 39 • ■ . . * 40 r*l» b-> % •• % 42 be. 5i.s • ••. • •• te- •••**! : b. dp. vd. 44 am. O' 43 • • %?'- '&'■> *•* te. ' 1 ^^ te. •J* £>.*■ af. O" dp,. HEATH AND MCGREGOR: NEW POLYCLADS. a o o X PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XX. SHUFELDT: A PREHISTORIC RACE OF YUCATAN. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XXI. SHUFELDT: A PREHISTORIC RACE OF YUCATAN. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XXII. BROWN AND PILSBRY: FAUNA OF THE GATQN FORMATION. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XXIII. BROWN AND PILSBRY: FAUNA OF THE GATUN FORMATION. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XXIV. BROWN AND PILSBRY: FAUNA OF THE GATUN FORMATION. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PH1LA. 1912. PLATE XXV. BROWN AND PILSBRY: FAUNA OF THE GATUN FORMATION. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1912. PLATE XXVI. BROWN and PILSBRY: FAUNA OF THE GATUN FORMATION. MBL WHOI LIBRARY 111 H IflSD D