PROCEEDINGS OF The Academy of Natural Sciences OF PHILADELPHIA Volume lxvi 1914 philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences ' LOGAN SQUARE 1915 \ The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. January 30, 1915. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Proceedings for 1914 were mailed as follows: — Pages 1-48 March 31, 1914. 49-192 April 11, 1914. " 193-224 April 21, 1914. " 225-290 June 3, 1914. " 291-434 June 25, 1914. " 435-530 August 5, 1914. " 531-546 August 25, 1914. " 547-554 September 19, 1914. " 555-602 November 24, 1914. " 603-618 December 9, 1914. " 619-666 January 23, 1915. EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. PUBLICATION committee: Henry Skinner, M.D., Sc.D., Wither Stone, A.M., Sc.D. Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, Edward J. Nolan, M.D. The President, Samuel Gibson Dixon, M.D., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan, M.D. 7 / K CONTENTS. For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index. PAGE Alexander, Charles P. New or little-known craneflies from the United States and Canada. Tipulidse, Diptera (Plates XXV-XXVII) 579 Andrews, Roy Chapman. Notice of a rare ziphioid whale, Mesoplodon densirostris, on the New Jersey Coast (Plates XVI-XVIII) 437 Banks, Nathan. New neuropteroid insects, native and exotic (Plate XXVIII) 608 Barringer, Daniel Moreau. Further notes on Meteor Crater, Arizona (Plates XXI-XXIII) 556 Boyer, Charles S. A new diatom (Plate X) 219 Brown, Amos P., and Henry A. Pilsbry. Fresh-water mol- lusks of the Oligocene of Antigua (Plate IX) 209 Cockerell, T. D. a. Miocene fossil insects 634 Crawley, Howard. Two new Sarcosporidia 214 The evolution of Sarcocystis muris in the intestinal cells of the mouse (Plate XV) 432 Fow^LER, Henry W. Fishes from the Rupununi River, British Guiana 229 Description of a new Blenny from New Jersey, with notes on other fishes from the Middle Atlantic States 342 Fishes collected by the Peary Relief Expedition of 1899 359 Fox, Henry. Data on the orthopteran faunistics of eastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey 441 Heath, Harold. Certain features of Solenogastre develop- ment 535 Keeley, Frank J. Notes on some igneous rocks at Ogunguit, Maine, and Pigeon Cove, Mass 3 McIndoo, N. E. The olfactory sense of Hymenoptera (Plates XI, XII) 294 The scent-producing organs of the honey-bee (Plates XIX, XX) 542 IV CONTENTS PAGE PiLSBRY, Henry A. Description of a new echinoderm (Plate VIII) 206 PiLSBRY, Henry A., and Amos P. Brown. The method of progression in Truncatella (Plate XIV) 426 List of land and fresh-water moUusks of Antigua 429 PouLTON, Edward B. Mimicry in North American Ij utter- flies. A reply (Plate V) 161 Reese, Albert M. The vascular system of the Florida Alligator (Plate XIII) 4ia Rehn, James A. G., and Morgan Hebard. A study of the species of the genus Dichopetala (Orthoptera, Tetti- goniidse) ' 64 On the Orthoptera found on the Florida Keys and in extreme southern Florida, II 373 Smith, Burnett. Morphologic sequences in the canaliculate fulgurs (Plate XXIV) 567 Spaeth, Reynold A. The distribution of the genus Cyclops in the vicinity of Haver ford, Pennsylvania (Plates I-IV) 20' Stone, Witmer. On a collection of mammals from Ecuador ^ Thompson, Joseph C. Contributions to the anatomy of the Ilysiidse 285 Vanatta, E. G. Land and fresh-water shells from eastern Canada 222 Montana shells 367 Wardle, H. Newell. Description of a Tsantsa in the ethnological collection of the Academy, with notes on another specimen (Plates VI, VII) 197 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1914. January 20. Mr. Charles Morris in the Chair. Nineteen persons present. The Publication Committee reported that papers under the following titles had been presented for publication in the Proceed- ings: "Notes on some igneous rocks at Ogunquit, Maine, and Pigeon Cove, Mass.," by Frank J. Keeley (December 30, 1913). "Conspicuous flowers rarely visited by insects," bj^ John H. Lowell (January 2). "Mimicry in North American butterflies: A reply," by Edward B.'Moulton (January 9). The death of Silas Weir Mitchell, M.D., a member, January 4, was announced. The Council reported the following appointments: Committee on Finance. — John Cadwalader, A.M., Edwin S. Dixon, Effingham B. ^lorris, James D. Winsor, and the Treasurer. On Library. — Thomas Biddle, M.D., George Vaux, Jr., Henry Tucker, M.D., Frank J. Keeley, and Witmer Stone, A.M., Sc.D. On Publications. — Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, A.AL, Sc.D., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, and Edward J. Nolan, M.D. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., On Instruction and Lectures. — Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Henry Tucker, M.D., George S. Morris, and Stew- ardson Brown. Solicitor of the Academy.— George Vaux, Jr. Curator of the William S. Vaux Collections. — Frank J. Keeley. Custodian of the Isaac Lea Collections.— Joseph Willcox. The President of the Academy is ex officio a member of all Com- mittees. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., made an illustrated communication on epiphytic Bromeliads of Costa Rica and their animal inhabitants. (No abstract.) Mr. Arthur Howell Napier was elected a member. The following were ordered to be printed: 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3 NOTES ON SOME IGNEOUS ROCKS AT OGUNQUIT, MAINE, AND PIGEON COVE, MASS. BY FRANK J. KEELEY. It would probably be difficult to find a more remarkable display of igneous rocks than that along the coast of Maine south of Ogunquit. Here for a couple of miles the shale, dipping nearly vertically, is penetrated by almost innumerable dikes, varying from a few inches to over fifty feet in thickness and showing great variety in color and texture. The shale itself, as the result of these numerous intrusions, has been metamorphosed and indurated until it is frequently as hard as the igneous dikes. Fresh fractures are usually gray with faint indications of differently constituted lamina, but on the weathered surfaces the various layers assume different colors, often producing a decidedly striped appearance resembling banded jasper, Ijecoming particularly noticeable in the rounded pebbles occasionally lining the shore. Numerous ramifying veins of white and yellow quartz further characterize the shales, and the extremely rugged character of the coast line, with several coves and an overhanging cliff exceeding fifty feet in height, together with the almost unlimited variation in color due to weathering of the shale and its igneous intrusives, has resulted in this section becoming a favorite haunt of artists. From early times it has likewise attracted the attention of geologists, and in the first geological survey of Maine, published in 1838, Charles T. Jackson gives considerable space to the description of the features of this district and calls attention to the manner in which some of the dikes intersect each other, as indicating that the igneous intru- sions can be referred to at least three periods. During the past summer, with the view of becoming better acquainted with the petrographical character of these rocks, I collected a number of specimens, from which I have since prepared sections and studied them microscopically. The locality receiving particular attention was a small cove on Israel's Head, between the mouth of the Ogunquit River and Lobster Point. Here a patch of sand beach, used by the guests of the Ontio and Lookout Hotels as a bathing place, is surrounded by the usual shales of the region, 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., penetrated by several dikes and intrusions of igneous rocks. A series of these rocks was collected and this particular place selected for the purpose, not only because the intrusions seemed to include the principal types of igneous rocks, but also for the reason that they are located where they can be readily identified from the description by anyone interested. Commencing with the rocky point which extends out to low-water mark on the north of the bathing beach, this is penetrated by a dike about twelve feet thick of diabase porphyrite with phenocrysts of plagioclase too much zoizitised for specific identification, in a matrix of diabasic texture, composed of augite, biotite, plagioclase, and chlorite, the latter apparently altered pyroxene; also as accessory constituents, titanite, apatite, and secondary calcite. Dr. F. Bascom, who kindly looked over these sections wath me, suggests that the reason much of the pyroxene is entirely fresh or in part altered to hornblende, while in other cases it is completely replaced by chlorite, is probably that there may have been two distinct varieties of pyrox- ene originally present, one more readily altered than the other. Near contact with the shale, this dike becomes basaltic in texture, a fine-grained mixture of feldspar, biotite, magnetite, and bro^vn horn- blende, the latter no doubt replacing primary pyroxene, with pheno- crysts having the outlines of pyroxene, almost invariably completely altered to chlorite. A short distance toward the south, in the rocky wall back of the beach, is a twelve-inch dike of diabase with a small branch dike forking from it. Except that it contains a few small vesicles filled with secondary calcite, this is a typical diabase, fine and uniformly grained. Beyond it is a dike of basalt, four to eight inches thick. At the contact it is glassy, with lath-shaped feldspars oriented parallel to the wall. The interior is more completely crystalline, with phenocrysts of pyroxene altered to chlorite and many small, rounded patches of calcite, apparently filling vesicles. Further south is an irregular angular intrusion of trachyte. It consists almost exclusively of intermeshed rods of feldspar, apparently orthoclase somewhat kaolinized, with scattered patches of ferru- ginous material slightly translucent and dark red in color when sufficiently thin, also generally red by reflected light. This rock corresponds in texture to the dyke rocks which have received the name of bostonite, but in the absence of any microscopical evidence of the presence of anorthoclase, a chemical analysis would probably be necessar}' to determine whether it should be so classed. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 Next comes another dike of diabase, characterized by the presence of considerable pjTite, which occurs in rounded aggregates, filling the interstices between crystals of augite and plagioclase. It also contains vesicular cavities averaging about a millimeter in diameter, filled with calcite and a little quartz, margined by acicular secondary hornblende. Somewhat south of the beach is a large intrusion having an irregu- larly rhomboidal outline, consisting of trachyte porphyry with large orthoclase phenocrysts in a felsitic matrix containing some horn- blende and a little quartz. Four sections were made from specimens of the shale associated wdth dikes mentioned, one broadly striped, another showing finer laminations, and the remaining two of rather uniform texture. All are highly silicious, including quartz grains up to a half millimeter in diameter scattered among finer grains of quartz and some secondary minerals, chiefly micas, sometimes biotite, and in one sample, a bright green mica. The extent of metamorphosis is indicated by apparent metosomatic penetration of the secondary minerals into some of the primary quartz grains. Striping, when present, is due to the concen- tration of such secondary minerals in layers, which in the original sediment were probably less purely silicious than the rest. Beyond a gully south of Lobster Point is a very noticeable dike about five feet in diameter, transected at an acute angle by another of same size. The first may be classed as a diabase porphyrite and contains vesicles about a millimeter in diameter such as characterize so many of the dikes here, but in this case there is about as much quartz as calcite in the cavities, while generally the filling is entirely of calcite. This rock also contains much pyrite in the form of isolated grains in the interior of the dike, but in clouds of minute particles several millimeters across, in the basaltic textured rock near the contact. The other dike is an olivine diabase, notable for numerous large idiomorphic phenocrysts of olivine now completely altered to serpentine of unusually high double refraction, apparently consisting, in part at least, of chrysotile, showing development along irregular cracks, so characteristic of the alteration process in olivine. Possibly a mile further south, beyond Perkin's Cove, there is exposed on the shore an extensive intrusion of diabase, under which there is a water-worn cave between tide levels, locally known as the Devil's Kitchen. This rock is a rather coarse-grained diabase with some primary biotite, in which the augite is perfectly fresh, but another ferro-magnesian constituent originally present has been 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., completely altered to a brown serpentine-like material sometimes apparently mixed with felted masses of biotite and chlorite. This may have been an orthorhombic pyroxene, as slight traces of it remaining in the heart of a couple of the brown areas showed parallel extinction, and it has none of the characteristics of olivine. In addition to the usual magnetite, apatite is present as an accessory mineral, but not at all plentifully. While the indurated shale is continuous along the sea coast for a couple of miles south of Ogunquit, granite outcrops at a number of places not far back from the shore, as at Pine Hill and further to the west at Mt. Agamenticus. It is hornblendic at the outcrops noticed, but I did not collect or further study any specimens. Some additional collections of dyke rocks were, however, made just north of Ogunquit on the road to Portland. Here, in widening the road, several outcrops have been cut away, leaving fresh exposures. One such is located on east side of road about one-eighth mile north of the car barn and shows three different igneous rocks penetrating or in contact with each other. Toward the south, there is first a gray, medium fine- grained diabase, then a compact black basalt. A section of the contact demonstrates that the basalt was a later flow than the diabase. Next to it comes a coarse diabase porphyrite with feldspar phenocrysts, sometimes exceeding an inch in length; and beyond this another fine-grained diabase, and then indurated shale similar to that described from the shore. On the west side of the road, one-eighth mile further toward the north, is another good exposure of diabase porphyrite, in which the phenocrysts are developed to an extent that they appear to make up more than half the rock, in contact with basalt of later origin. For comparison, I give the following brief description of igneous rocks at Pigeon Cove, Mass., where years ago I collected and studied specimens from the dikes along a similar short section of the shore. The end of Cape Ann consists of light gray hornblende granite, quarried extensively for commercial purposes. Its feldspar is almost exclusively microcline and the hornblende is generally accom- panied by ])iotite. This granite is penetrated by many igneous dikes, although these are not so numerous or varied in character as those at Ogunquit. Near the extreme point of the cape, known as Andrew's Point, below an unfinished square stone tower, is a dike of solvsbergite, a uniformly crystalline mixture of jilagioclase with hornblende allowing pleochroism from olive to indigo-blue, much finer grained in 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 an offshoot which extends into a parallel crack in the granite. A block of granite which has been picked up by the molten dike rock is exposed in the interior of the latter. East of this is an extensive intrusion of quartz porphyry, so classed from the general characteristics of the whole mass, rather than from the microscopical examination of individual sections, some of which would otherwise rank as fine-grained granites, while others show a few phenocrysts and patches of micro-pegmatite. Within this intrusion are segregations containing crystals of hornblende several inches long and large masses of blue quartz. It has been injected with diorite, but as it does not split in straight lines like the granite, no regular dike is exposed. The diorite has forced its way irregularly among the fragments of the older rock, some of which are included in it. The diorite consists of a fine-grained mixture of hornblende, biotite, and triclinic feldspar, with a few phenocrysts of zoizitised plagioclase and occasionally a small one of light colored pyroxene. It is intersected by numerous small white veins, no doubt of secondary origin, and consisting in one section examined of feldspar, both orthoclase and plagioclase, and light colored pyroxene. To the south, the dike of solvsbergite, which crosses the point, again appears, and further on a sharply defined dike of quartz porphyry several feet thick. Still further south are three small dikes of diorite, differing from that at the point in several minor respects. There is but little biotite, and the hornblende is of a bluish- green color. No veins were noted, and the smallest dike, which is l3ut a few inches thick, is very fine-grained and free from phenocrysts. They are probably all derived from the same source. Beyond them comes another series of dikes, all no doubt of similar origin. They are, respectively, two to three inches, twenty-eight inches, sixteen inches, and eighteen feet in thickness, the latter just below the Ocean View Hotel, while further on is still another nearly as large. The larger dikes are typical fully crystallized diabases, coarser or finer grained according to size of dike, with unaltered constituents and basaltic texture near the contacts. The two- to three-inch dike is basaltic throughout. It passes close to a swimming pool blasted out of the rocks, and is visible over the sloping shore for a couple of hundred feet, occupying a crack in the granite as straight and sharply defined as if cut with a knife. The sixteen-inch dike is admirably adapted for illustrating the effect of quick or slow cooling on an igneous rock, as it has an offshoot or branch, three-eighths to two inches thick, extending into the 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [Jan., granite. Where three-eighths to one-half inch thick, chips of the rock are procurable which permit of sections being made showing the granite penetrated by the small dike. Here the matrix is an almost opaque glass with plagioclase rods and phenocrysts of augite. When it becomes three-fourths inch thick, a slight tendency toward crystal- lization of the matrix is noticeable in the centre, "and so on until the middle of the main dike is reached, where but little trace of the basaltic texture remains and the rock is a characteristic diabase. A similar series of sections can of course be made by starting from the contact in one of the larger dikes, but the transition from basalt to diabase is much more sudden. Two other rocks occurring nearby, but not appearing on the shore line just considered, are worthy of mention. One is a highly por- phyritic andesite with phenocrysts sometimes two inches long, indicated by their extinction angles to be oligoclase, in a matrix consisting of uralite, biotite, and plagioclase. This rock is not well exposed at Pigeon Cove. I have noted an outcrop in a door yard near centre of village and another in a hollow west of what is known as Sunset Rock, but across Sandy Bay it appears as a sharply defined dike in the granite, on the shore between Rockport and Straits- mouth. As the granite here seems capable of cleaving in a straight line for an indefinite distance and the three exposures are approxi- mately in line, although widely separated, they may all pertain to the same dike. The other rock referred to occurs in a cut leading from the shore to the Rockport Quarry, near the archway under main road. It is a light brown crystalline rock which proved to consist entirely of micro-pegmatite, the best example I have seen of this intergrowth of quartz and microcline. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9 ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM ECUADOR. BY WITMER STONE. Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads made a collecting trip to Ecuador, February- July, 1911, and secured a valuable series of vertebrates. His entire collection was purchased by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and reports on the fishes and reptiles have already appeared in the Proceedings.^ The mammals, comprising sixty- eight specimens, referable to nineteen species, were obtained for the most part on the paramo and the region immediately below, on Mt. Pichincha, 10,000-13,000 feet, while a few additional specimens were obtained from the mountains above Chambo, from the Pagma forest near Chunchi, 7,000 feet, and from Bucay, province of Guayas, 975 feet. As the Academy previously possessed no mammals whatever from the Andes, the satisfactory identification of much of Mr. Rhoads' material was rendered impossible until such specimens could be secured for comparison. Upon his return from Peru, Mr. Wilfred H. Osgood, being anxious to make comparisons with certain Ecuador species, generously offered to compare Mr. Rhoads' specimens with the series in the Field Museum in return for their use in the identifica- tion of his Peruvian mammals. This he has done and has given me his opinion as to their relationships. The American Museum has, through Dr. .J. A. Allen, curator of mammals, loaned me specimens of Blarina thomasi and B. squami- pes for purposes of comparison and the U. S. National Museum a. series of Scinrus hoffmanni. For this aid I would extend my sincere thanks especially to Mr. Osgood, without whose co-operation this paper could not have been prepared. Mr. Rhoads has kindly furnished me with some field notes on Ccenolestes and other interesting species which are duly credited. 1. Ichthyomys soderstromi de Winton. Ichthyomys soderstromi de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 507. Two specimens of this interesting fish-eating rodent were obtained from Mr. Soderstrom, of Quito, who collected the type specimen on 11911, p. 49.3; 1913, p. 1.53. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the Rio Machangara, Ecuador, February, 1895. One of the speci- mens before me was obtained March 16, 1904, but neither has .ttn exact locality. 2. Epimys rattus (Linn). Mus rattus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 61, 1758. (Sweden.) One skin and three skulls in the collection, obtained at Hacienda Jalancay, Chunchi, Chimbo, and at Bucay, Guayas. 3. Epimys norvegicus (Erxleben). Mus norvegicus Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., vol. 1, p. 381, 1777. (Norway.) One skull, from specimen caught in a house at Bucay, June 15, 1911. 4. Mus musculus (Linn). Mus musculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 62, 1758. (Sweden.) Five specimens obtained at Riobamba and Hacienda Garzon at the southern foot of Mt. Pichincha, 11,000 feet. 5. Oryzomys minutus (Tomes). Hesperumys minutus Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 215. (Ecuador.) The Hesperomys minutus of Tomes was based upon an immature specimen obtained by Fraser, but without definite locality, although it was supposed to be from Pallatanga. Oldfield Thomas, in describing a new species of this genus from Peru (Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1894 (XIV), p. 357), identified with Tomes' type an adult specimen in the British Museum which was also collected by Fraser at Palla- tanga, Decemljer, 1858. Later (op. cit., 1898 (II), p. 267) he de- scribed this specimen as new under the name Oryzomys dryas. His explanation of this action is that specimens received from Mr. Soderstrom (locality not given) were obviously identical with Tomes' type and different from the Pallatanga skin. Mr. Rhoads' five specimens were all obtained in the vicinity of Hacienda Garzon (or Rosario) at the southern foot of Mt. Pichincha, some of them "in meadows and swamps below the house, 10,150 feet, " others higher up near the paramo, 12,000 feet. Hind Length. Tail. foot. Ear. d^. May 12, 1911 180 100 23 11.5 cf , May 12, 1911 183 103 23 12 d", May 13, 1911 178 98 23 13 d", May 15, 1911 180 100 23 13 9, May 12, 1911 190 103 22 12 The Soderstrom specimens mentioned by Thomas doubtless 'came from Pichincha, which is of easy access from Quito, and probably , 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 Tomes' type was also obtained there. While the latter is probably not absolutely identifiable after this lapse of time, it seems best to retain his name ininutus for this form. The animal is a little smaller than Mus miisadus and almost exactly the same color below, while above it is very much more rusty with a clearer line of demarcation on the side. The ground color above, at the base of the tail where it is purest and brightest, is "tawny ochraceous" of Ridgway's Color Standards 1912, but is duller and browner on the back and head and thickly mixed everywhere with black hairs. 6. Eeithrodontomys soderstromi Thomas. Reithrodontomys Soderstromi Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898 (I), p. 451. (Quito.) Four specimens obtained from Mr. Soderstrom, who collected them at or near Quito, and one obtained in Quito by Mr. Rhoads^ April 25, ad. 9 , length 185 mm., tail 105, hind foot 20, ear 14.5. 7. Phyllotis haggardi Thomas. Phijllotis Haggardi Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898 (II), p. 270- (Mt. Pichincha.) One immature female (12,697, Coll. A. N. S. Phila.) obtained at Hacienda Garzon at the southern foot of Pichincha, at 12,000 feet, nearly up to the paramo, IVIay 12, 1911. It agrees very well with Thomas' description, excepting that the tail is only 50 mm. in length, whereas that of the type measured 86 mm. 8. .Slpeomys vulcani (Thomas). ^peomys vulcani Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898 (I), p. 452. (Mt. Pichincha, 12,000 feet.) A partially mummified skin (12,698, Coll. A. N. S. Phila.) ol)tained from Mr. Soderstrom, collected on the west side of Mt. Pichincha. Thomas seems to have made a mistake in citing the tail as "barely as long as the head without the body," since a few lines below he gives length of "head and body 111 mm. and tail 84 mm." The measurements are probably correct as given, since our dried specimen is 100 mm. long exclusive of the tail which measures about 72 mm. 9. Thomasomys paramorum Thomas. Thomaaomys paramorum Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898 (I), p. 4.53. (Paramo, south of Chimborazo.) Ten specimens obtained on the paramo of Mt. Pichincha are apparently referable to this species, obtained originally in a similar region near Mt. Chimborazo. They are almost exactly like the much smaller Oryzomys minutus in color, both above and below. r 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan. Mr. Rhoads' measurements are as follows: Hind Length. Tail. foot. Ear. 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 4 201 108 23 14 9 , juv., Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 13 174 95 23 14 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft.. May 15 215 118 24 12 cf , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft.. May 15 216 118 24 IG cr^, Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 205 100 24 15.5 9 , Paramo, 13,000 ft., :VIay 7. 205 125 25 IG 9 , Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 204 112 24 14 9, Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 195 102 24 14 cf, Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 210 115 25 15 10. Thomasomys rhoadsi sp. nov. Mr. Rhoads secured a series of seven specimens of another Thoma- somys on the paramo of Mt. Pichincha apparently allied to T. cinereus Thomas, from Cutervo, Peru. As no such animal seems to have been described from Ecuador, I propose to name it Thoma- somys rhoadsi, in honor of Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads whose expedition to Ecuador has brought to light so many interesting species of verte- brates. Type No. 12,709, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, d" . May 15, 1911, Hacienda Garzon, Mt. Pichincha, 10,500 feet. Coll. by Samuel N. Rhoads. Skull similar to that of T. cinereus Thomas, but a little larger with much wider interpterygoid fossa. Fur long and soft. Brown tints of upper parts nearly bistre of Ridgway's "Color Standards," but so mingled with black hairs that the general appearance is very much darker, nearly black on the back. The fur of the under parts is gray with buffy tips, not whitish. The upper side of the hind feet is clothed with dusky hairs down to the base of the toes, while the latter have scattered white hairs, notably at their extremities. The fore feet an; but scantily haired, while the hairs on the tail in no way conceal the scales. The ears are well haired. Length 250 mm., tail 110, hind foot 31.5, ear 16. Skull measure- ments.2 Total length 35 mm., greatest breadth 18, molar series 7, incisors to first molar 10, l)readth of constriction between orbits 6, lower jaw (bone only) 20. 2 As used by Thomas in desorij)! ion of T. cinereus. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 The series of skins measures as follows: Hind Length. Tail. foot. Ear. cf, Hacienda Garzon. 10,500 ft., April 28 250 115 32 17 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., April 28 212 103 29 16 9 , juv., Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., April 28 210 100 28.5 15.5 cf, Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., April 28 253 115 30.5 15.5 cf , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 12 30 15 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft.. May 15 250 110 31.5 16 Mr. Osgood informs me that so far as he is aware all of the de- scribed species approximating this in size have relatively shorter tails, while the blackish back distinguishes it from all those species available for comparison. "Several specimens of this mouse were secured above the Casa 'Garzon, along the trail from that Hacienda to the summit of Mount Pichincha. The elevation was a few hundred feet above the valley, where the marsupial Ccenolestes was secured, approximately 10,500 feet and probably this is their lowest range, as much trapping was done 200 to 300 feet farther down without securing any. Their habitat was on the rocky wooded slopes, where they had burrow^s similar to those of our North American Microtine rodents, from one to three inches below the surface of the soil and debris. "I was interested to notice, when skinning these mice, that all of them, or possibly only the males, were supplied with a remarkable prolongation of the anus, that organ being extended, or rather, >extensible, beyond the thighs for half an inch or more, as indicated in the memoranda on the labels of the specimens. This prolongation was not an internal extension, but external, being hairy throughout." (S. N. Rhoads.) 11. Akodon mollis altorum Thomas. Akodon mollis altoruvi Thomas Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1913 (II), p. 404. (Canar.) Nine specimens of this mouse were obtained on the paramo of Pichincha or near Hacienda Garzon, a little lower down. Externally they are almost exactly like Thomasomys paramorum, averaging perhaps a little darker or duller, but are easily recognized by the shorter tail. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., The measurements of the series are as follows: Hind Length. Tail. foot. Ear. cf , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., April 28 185 73 24.5 14 9, Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 105 26 14 cf, Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 169 69 ' 23 14 9 , Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7. 160 64 23 12 9 , juv.. Paramo, 13,500 ft., May 8 155 60 23 10 cf. Paramo, 13,500 ft., May 8. 187 .80 23.5 11 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 12 172 72 23 13.5 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 16 172 68 23 15 9 , Cumboya, N. S. of Quito, May 29 152 60 23 13.5 12. Sciurus irroratus (Gray). ? Macroxus irroratus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1867, XX, p. 431. (Upper Ucayali River, Brazil.) One specimen (12,725, Coll. A. N. S. Phila.), male, procured in the Pagma forest, July 11, 1911, is perhaps referable to this species, though no suitable material is available for comparison. Length 330, tail 152, hind foot 50, ear 20. "Squirrels were reported by the natives to be in the forests about Huigra from 4,000 feet and upwards, but we saw none until we penetrated the Pagma forest above Hacienda Jalancay, 6,000 to 7,000 feet. They were exceedingly rare, however, even in this forest. I saw one, after the specimen secured was taken, in an orange grove near the Casa, 1,500 feet lower down. I can state nothing about their habits, not having personally observed them in life. No other species of squirrels were observed in our wanderings." (S. N. Rhoads.) 13. Sciurus hoffmanni soderstromi suljsp. nov. One specimen (No. 12,726, Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), from Mt. Pichincha, November, 1903, collected by L. Soderstrom. While a member of the yS. hoffmanni group, this specimen is much more rusty-red especially across the shoulders and on the fore legs than any specimens I have seen from Costa Rica or any in a con- siderable series with which Mr. Osgood has compared it in the Field Museum. In other respects it does not seem to differ. I find no name applicable to this form and would propose that it be called Sciurus hoffmanni soderstromi , in honor of its collector, 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 who has done so much in developing our knowledge of the birds and mammals of Ecuador. 14. Sylvilagus andinus (Thomas). Lcpiis andinus Thomas, Ann. Nat. Hist., XX, 1897, p. 551. (Mt. Cayambi.) Three specimens obtained on the mountains above Chambo,. 10,000-10,400 ft. Hind Length. Tail. foot. Ear.. 9 , April 10 330 17 73 57 d^ , April 10 340 17 72 59 d^,juv., April 17 280 15 ' 60 55 These specimens no doubt represent S. a. chimbanus Cabrera (Trans. Mus. Cien. Nat. Madrid, Zool. Series, No. 9, 1913), but as. I am unable to appreciate the difference between the two forms and have no typical material of either for comparison, I prefer to refer the specimens to Thomas's *S. andinus. "These cottontails were found, as we rose from the Chimbo River valley up the slopes, 500 to 1,000 feet above the town of Chambo. They frequented the brush-grown pastures in similar situations to those frequented by our cottontails of the United States, only they kept more closely to the bushes and were not found in the open pastures. They seemed to range from that point no lower, but to reach up the slopes into the paramo, at an elevation of 12,000 to 13,000 feet, but we secured none in the paramo region, abundant as they evidently were by their tracks and droppings in the thick tussock grass. We also saw several on the paramo of Mount Pichincha, above Hacienda. Garzon, but were fated to secure no specimens. None were seen in this locality below the paramo, viz., 11,000 feet, approximately. It is quite possible that the paramo rabbit is distinct from the animal of the templada, at least subspecifically, or that there are two species, not distinguisliable at a distance by a field observer."' (S. N. Rhoads.) 15. Mazama americana (Er&l). Moschus americanus Erxleben, Syst. Regni. Anine, vol. I, p. 1777. One female specimen (12,730, Coll. A. N. S. Phila.) obtained at the junction of the Chanchan and Chaguancay Rivers on the lower western slope of the Andes, February 27, 1911. Length 1,050 mm., height at shoulder 600, height at rump 715,. tail 160, ear 115. Mr. W. H. Osgood has revived Erxleben's name for M. nemo- rivagus (Field Museum, Nat. Hist. Puhl., No. 155, vol. X, p. 43, 1912) 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., but Oldfield Thomas (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, XI, 1913, p. 585) •considers that it applies rather to M. rufus of authors, and I so use it. 16. Mustela aureoventris Gray. Mustela aureoventris Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 55. (Ecuador.) One specimen (12,731, Coll. A. N. S. Phila.), male, procured in the Pagma forest, July 11. Measurements: Length 420 mm., tail 165, hind foot 48, ear 12. While there is an earlier Mustela auriventer Hodgs, 1841, which in my opinion would invalidate Gray's name, yet it does not seem ■desirable to propose a substitute until the relationship of the Ecuador species to those described from Colombia and Peru is definitely settled. At present I am unable to secure any of the material necessary for comparison. '' The only weasel seen on the expedition was shot by Mr. Lemmon, my assistant, in the Pagma forest from a tree at a low elevation, and, until picked up, was thought to be a squirrel." (S. N. Rhoads.) 17. Blarina osgoodi sp. nov. Eight specimens of a Blarina were obtained at Hacienda Garzon on Mt. Pichincha at an altitude of 10,500 ft. and on the paramo 1,500 ft. higher. Four of these were prepared as skins and the others preserved in spirits. So far as I am aware, no Blarina has previously been found south of Colombia {B. thomasi Merriam and B. squamipes Allen) and Merida, Venezuela {M. meridensis Thomas) ; and as the Ecuador specimens differ from all of these, I propose to name them Blarina osgoodi for Mr. W. H. Osgood, of the Field Museum of Natural History, whose expeditions to South America have done so much to enrich our knowledge of its mammals and birds. Type from Hacienda Garzon, Mt. Pichincha, 10,500 ft. altitude, May 12, 1911, female, collected by Samuel N. Rhoads. No. 12,732, Collection A. N. S. Phila. Similar in size and coloration to B. thomasi Merriam from Bogota, but not quite so broA^m. Anterior unicuspid teeth less distinctly angulate on the inner side than in B. thomasi and the third and fourth unicuspids quite different. The third unicuspid in B. thomasi is apparently as long as broad, while in B. osgoodi it is very much broader than long, and both it and the fourth unicuspid are smaller in every way. Total length 105 mm., tail 30 mm., hind foot 14 mm. Skull measurements: total length 22 mm., greatest breadth 10 mm. 191-4.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 Measurements of the other skins: Hind Length. Tail. foot. 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 5 113 30 14 9 , Paramo, 13,000 ft., May 7 105 26 14 cT, Paramo, 13,000 ft.. May 7 106 26 14 I am not prepared to say how good a character the squamation of the feet may prove to be, but B. osgoodi exhibits scaly plates on the hind feet similar to, but smaller than, those of B. squamipes. They are not apparent on the fore feet nor on any of the feet of B. thomasi which has the feet much more thickly haired than either B. osgoodi or B. squamipes. In general size, color, and length of tail B. meridensis and B. squamipes appear to be very similar, and it would be interesting to know whether the former exhibits the marked squamation. ''These shrews were first taken at the Hacienda Garzon on the southern slope of Mount Pichincha, about on the level with the Casa. They were trapped in runways along the banks of a deeply cut arti- ficial ditch, the kind used in that country in lieu of a fence against cattle. The location was wooded clearing and brush land, at that point deeply shaded upland. The runways in location and character were precisely like those made and used by Blarinas in the United States." (S. N. Rhoads.) 18. Didelphis marsupialis Linn. Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X., 1758, p. 54. One specimen obtained at Quito collected on the east side of Cayambe. Also a ramus of a lower jaw found at Bucay, June 20. Mr. Osgood has compared the Cayambe specimen with true marsupialis of Guiana and Venezuela and finds but little difference except that it is somewhat larger. It may possibly be referable to D. m. colomhica Allen, type locality Santa Marta. 19. Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes). Hyracodon fuliginosus Tomes, Proc. Zool. 8oc. London, 1863, p. 51. (Ecuador.) Two female specimens of this little known marsupial were obtained by Mr. Rhoads at Hacienda Garzon, near the paramo of Mt. Pichincha, May 12, 1911, about three months after Mr. Osgood had rediscovered the very closely allied C. obscurus on the Paramo de Tama on the borderland of Colombia and Venezuela. So far as I am aware, no specimen of this interesting animal has been obtained in Ecuador since the type was taken by Fraser about 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., 1859 (see Tomes, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 213). Fraser's specimen was sup- posed to have come from Pallatanga, but this was not certain as the collection had been mixed up, and it is quite as likely, in view of Mr. Rhoads' discovery, that he got it on Mt. Pichincha. As given by Tomes in describing the animal in 1863, the measure- ments of the t}npe (reduced to millimeters) are : head and body 97 mm., tail 97, head 31. In his description of C. obscurus Thomas. gives the measurements as head and body 151, tail 144, hind foot 23, ear 12x11.5, and bases the species as distinct from C. fuliginosus on the fact that it is " double the size." Mr. Rhoads' measurements of his two specimens are: Hind Length. Tail. foot. Ear. 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 12 198 103 22 11 9 , Hacienda Garzon, 10,500 ft., May 12 217 110 22.5 11.5 Mr. Osgood's series of five females of C. obscurus averaged as follows : Total length 223 mm., head and body 107.6, tail vertebrae 115.4, hind foot 22.5. It will be readily seen, therefore, that his specimens and those of Mr. Rhoads are practically identical in measurements, while a com- parison of the skins made by Mr. Osgood shows "no appreciable difference." Unless it is maintained that there are two species in Ecuador, it looks very much as if C. obscurus Thomas might become a synonym of C. fuliginosus Tomes. Such a view, involving the assumption that Tomes' measurements were quite erroneous or that his specimen was a young one, seems to me much more rational than to suppose that two species of quite different size occur in Ecuador. "The two specimens were secured in swampy ground, the edge of a large pasture on the Hacienda Garzon, within a few feet of a swiftly flowing stream of considerable size. They were caught in small cyclone mouse traps set in underground runways among the thick grass, these runways being al)out on the level with the waterline of the swamp. They were caught on the same day, soon after placing the traps in that locality, but although I continued to trap there for a week longer, having as many as 40 or 50 traps in that place, I secured no more specimens there, nor in any other similar localities where trapping was done. The stream alluded to runs over a bed strewn with volcanic rocks and boulders and is in 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 an open cultivated valley-head, draining the south slopes of Mount Pichincha, about 8 miles south of Quito and at an elevation of about 10,500 feet, the valley at this point being about half a mile wide and extending to even greater widths as far as one can see, in a southerly direction." (S. N. Rhoads.) 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS CYCLOPS IN THE VICINITY OF HAVERFORD, PENNSYLVANIA. BY REYNOLD A. SPAETH. The original purpose of this paper was, after the notes and obser- vations of two years had been collected, to prove that by a careful and regular study of the water from a single locality, many of the forms of the Cydo'pidce which are now considered rare would be found to be quite abundant, at least at certain seasons of the year. Owing to unforeseen circumstances, this purpose had to be abandoned in part, and although all the forms recorded in this paper have been taken from a single small pond in the vicinity of Haverford College, the records of monthly abundance or rarity of the different species are not complete. Certain species, notably C. varicans, C. fimhriatus var. poppei, and C. phaleratus, appear far more abundantly in the spring from the middle of March to the end of May. C. prasinus I have found in the greatest numbers in September and early October collections. C. alhidus, C. viridis var. insectus, and C. serrulatus do not vary so noticeably in the collections, while C. fuscus is the most unvarying species of the genus, a few being found in the water taken the year round. In his paper of '97, E. B. Forbes has made a most excellent revis- ional study of the North American Cydopidce. His work has sim- plified investigation for all future workers in this field, and his very careful and excellent observations can hardly be overestimated. I have followed his system of subgenera to avoid confusion. Cragin's paper of '83 has scarcely received due credit from the investigators who have followed him. His drawings show con- siderable accuracy of detail and very few of the important structural features have escaped his notice. Marsh's work has been rather more of a plankton study than one of in.dividual structure. Brewer's paper of '98 lays considerable emphasis on feet-armature, which is now generally considered a variable feature and not a reliable character for specific distinction. Miss Byrnes' recent paper of '09 is somewhat confusing. Rather unfortunately she has reverted to Herrick's varietal names of C. ^ignatus, has credited Forbes with both C. bicuspidatus Claus and C- serrulatus Fischer in her list of species studied, and has confused 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 C. bicolor Sars with C. varicans Sars. Many of hor drawings, however, are excellent, and she has furthermore presented all figures on the same scale, which is of value in a comparative study of the species. Her chief source of information has apparently been Herrick, whose work, while remarkable, considering the number of species described, is, owing to its large field, often misleading and at times quite incor- rect. She has neglected both Schmeil and Forbes — the most com- plete modern works on the subject. Her most careful study has been on the armatures of the four pairs of swimming feet, which, while interesting in showing the variations that occur, are not sufficiently constant characters to warrant a deduction of general conclusions. E. B. Forbes was the first American investigator to lay much stress on the importance of the shape of the receptacidum seminis. He w^as convinced by Schmeil's work of '92 that it was the most important character for specific distinction. Its shape, while often, somewhat obscure, varies very little, and the same general outline is preserved in all members of the same species. This outline is effected largely by the number of spermatozoa contained in the receptaculum. Other important distinguishing characters are the number of female antennal segments, the length of the first female antennae, hyaline plates and sensory hairs and clubs, armature of the stylets (variable in some species), and the shape and armature of the fifth foot. The number of female antennal segments is usually quite constant. Of the specimens from this locality, C. phaleratus and C. varicans were the only exceptions to the rule. The former may have either ten or eleven joints and the latter eleven or twelve. In the plate of C. varicans I have shown only the eleven-jointed form of the first antennae, as this seems to be a winter transitional stage, though such individuals were all sexually mature. The twelve-jointed form did not appear until the April collections. The length of the female first antennae varies remarkably in C. serrulatus, but in all species having antennae of less than twelve segments, it is quite constant. Hyaline plates vary very slightly as to their edges. Minute serra- tions occasionally appear or are absent, notably in C. prasinus. Sense-clubs and hairs are constant features. The armature of the stylets and their proportions are constant in some species, as C. modestus, C. varicans, and C. phaleratus. In others, as C bicuspidatus and especially in C. serrulatus, the variation is very great. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Forbes considers the armature of the swmiming feet "of con- siderable value in certain cases, and constant as a rule;" that 'Hhe general character with regard to strength, etc., may usually be relied upon; but I have often seen in a single specimen all the gradations between spines and setse, and it would be impossible from this character to say which of the two names should be applied." The more I have worked out the armature of the swimming feet, the more I am convinced that a constant standard cannot be obtained for such an armature for all members of the same species. The following table is an illustration of the confusing results obtained in attemjjting to establish a standard "swimming-feet armature for C. phaleratus. Case Number 1, First pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one spine, four setse. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, four setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Third pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setse. Case Number 2. First pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Third pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setse; "inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setse. Case Number 3. First pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one spine, four setse. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Third pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Fourth pair — (right) three spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setse. Fourth pair — (left) four spines, four setse; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setse. The above cases show a variation in both outer and inner ramus of the first pair, in the outer ramus of the second pair, and the outer 1914,] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 ramus of the fourth pair. The case of a spine becoming a seta as m the outer ramus of the fourth foot of Number 3 right and Number 3 left is not as unusual as the appearance of an extra spine, as on the outer ramus of the first pair of Number 3 compared with the cor- responding ramus of 1 and 2. In some species the armature is considerably more constant. In C. modestus, for example, it rarely varies at all, specimens from widely separated localities showing an identical arrangement of both spines and setse. After the examina- tion of a great many specimens of a number of species, I have con- cluded that unless there are very distinct differences in some of the other important distinguishing characters, a slight variation in swimming-feet armature is not sufficient proof for establishing a new species or even a variety. The fifth foot, both in armature and shape, is constant as a rule. There are slight variations occasionally in the shape of the segments and comparative lengths of spines and setae. In a single case I have found a mature female of C. viridis var. insectus with an extra com- pletely developed seta on the distal segments of both fifth feet. This very unusual form is now in the collection of C D. Marsh. The receptaculum seminis has already been mentioned. In pre- .serving specimens it is advisable to use a 1 per cent, solution of formalin to avoid contraction and distortion of this organ. All of the plates have been drawn from life. The movements of the living animals may be readily overcome by the use of a 1-1000 parts solution of chlorotone. This I have found to be very con- venient and all danger of flattening and distorting the outline of specimens may be thus avoided. By this method the same individual may be repeatedly used, as the animal recovers a few moments after having been replaced in fresh water. Care must be taken that the solution of chlorotone does not become concentrated by evaporation, in which case the animals are killed by its too violent effects. The work in this paper covers a period of three years. All of the species described herein have been taken from a single pond of less than one acre area. The Copepoda having been largely neglected in this part of the country, it is interesting to note the presence of some of the more unusual forms, as C. varicans, C. fimbriatus var. poppei, and several others. I am greatly indebted to Dr. C. D. Marsh for his identification of specimens and his general interest and assistance throughout the period of study. My thanks are also due ]Mr. E. B. Forbes and Dr. H. S. Pratt. The latter, through his unfailing personal interest and encouragement and by placing the 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., very best of the laboratory equipment at my disposal, is largely responsible for the existence of this paper. I gladly take this oppor- tunity to acknowledge also the assistance of iVIr. J. Ashbrook in collecting material. Genus CYCLOPS O. F. MuUer. Subgenus CYCLOPS Claus s. str. Cyclops bicuspidatus Claus. PI. II, figs. 1-5. Cyclops bicuspidatus Claus, '57, p. 209. Cyclops pulchellus Sars, '63, pp. 246, 247, pi. XI, figs. 6 and 7. Cyclops nai'us Herrick, '82a, p. 229, pi. V, figs. 6-13, 15-17. Cyclops thomasi Forbes, '82a, p. 649. Cyclops bicuspidatus Schmeil, '92, pp. 75-87, pi. II, figs. 1-3. Cyclops ininnilus Forbes, '93, p. 247. Cyclops serratus Forbes, '93, pp. 247, 248. Cyclops forbesi Herrick and Turner, '95, p. 104. Cyclops navus Brewer, '98, p. 133. Cyclops pulchellus Brewer, '98, pp. 133, 134. Cyclops bicuspidatus Lilljeborg, '01, pp. 11-14, pi. I, figs. 12-17, pi. II, fig. 1 Cyclops pulchellus Byrnes, pp. 24, 25, pi. X. Cyclops bicuspidatus Byrnes, pp. 25, 26, pi. X. Synonymy and Distribution. — In his discussion of the synonymy of this very variable and widely distributed species, Forbes has cleared up the question of C. thomasi Forbes, C. navus Herrick, C. minnilus Forbes, and C. serratus Forbes = C. forbesi Herrick. He finds, after a careful comparative study, that they should all be considered as slight variations of the type C. bicuspidatus, but the differences are not sufficient to warrant the varietal names. Schmeil has also discussed the question at great length. He does not consider C. thomasi Forbes nor C. navus Herrick of specific value, since the latter is only a variety of C. thomasi Forbes. Brewer has described, as C. nanus Herrick and C. pulchellus Koch, two species of cyclops from the vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. His descriptions of the rudimentary and .swimming feet show that he wa* dealing with slightly different specimens of C. bicuspidatus Claus. As C. pul- chellus Herrick and C. bicuspidatus Forbes, Miss Byrnes has described examples of C. bicuspidatus Claus from Long Island. Her descrip- tions of the swimming feet and her drawings of the receptaculum seminis show very conclusively that the two forms both belong under this specific name. The variation of the single seta on the fifth foot is frequently encountered in the species. The form of the fifth foot in what she describes as C. bicuspidatus Forbes is very interesting, for Forbes has found it but once and on that occasion from Woods Hole, Mass. It corresponds exactly with the European forms and with the representatives of this species from this locality. C. bicuspidatus Claus is very widely distributed over the L^nited 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 States. Forbes states that "it has been found in Massachusetts and Wyoming and in all the intervening territory," and further that "it is the commonest Cyclops in the Great Lakes." Miss Byrnes has recently found it to be a common form in the Long Island waters. I have noted that it occurs very abundantly in one of the large streams in this vicinity, but in the small pond from which I have taken every other species described in this paper I have found but a single specimen.^ Specific Description. — In the specimens of C. hicuspidatus Claus from this vicinity, the lateral angles of the cephalothorax are very prominent, as in the "specimens from the far west" (Forbes). The first thoracic segment is a little more than half the length of the entire cephalothorax (PI. II, fig. 1). The posterior borders of all the thoracic segments are smooth. The first abdominal segment (PI. II, figs. 1 and 5) is unusually expanded, laterally, on the anterior side of the suture. It is about as long as the remaining three abdominal segments. The posterior margins of the first three abdominal segments are finely serrated (PI. II, fig. 5). The fourth segment has the usual row of spinules on its posterior margin (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2). The stylets (PI. II, fig. 2) are more than twice as long as the last two abdominal segments. Their length is about six times their width and they are frequently slightly out-curved. The above proportions hold good only in the cases of the specimens examined. They vary considerably in different localities. The lateral spine is inserted at the beginning of the posterior third of the ramus, and at a distance of about one-quarter of the length of the stylet from its insertion point there is always present a minute lateral comb of spinules (PI. II, fig. 2). Of the apical setae, the outermost is heavy, finely plumose, and about as long as the delicate inner seta. The longer of the two prominently developed setae is about equal in length to the abdomen and twice that of the shorter seta. The}' are both delicately plumose. The first antennae of the female (PI. II, fig. 1) are seventeen- jointed and terminate at the end of the first thoracic segment. At the distal end of the twelfth segment there is borne an unusually long, spear-shaped sense-club (PL II, fig. 3). The setae are all quite short and plumose for the most part. The terminal segments bear ^In late March and April, 1910, collections in the vicinity of Cambridge. Mass., this was by far the most abundant form. 26 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., no hyaline plates and the last three gradually increase in length to the end. The armature of the swimming feet is as follows : First pair — outer ramus, two spines, four setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Second pair — outer ramus, three spines, four setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Third pair — like second. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, four setse; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setse. The fifth foot (PI. II, fig. 4) is two-segmented, the basal segment being about as long as broad and bearing a plumose seta on its outer distal angle. The distal segment is cylindrical, about twice as long as Avide, and bears a long plumose seta and a short, thick spine. For this spine is often substituted a longer seta-like form, though that is not the regular armature in the local specimens. The receptacuhim seminis (PI. II, fig. 5) consists of two divisions. The anterior portion extends as a low arch across the segment. The posterior division is bag-shaped and reaches a point half-way to the posterior margin of the first abdominal segment. Its anterior border branches out abruptly on either side along the suture. The porus is situated on the median line, between the lateral angles on the suture. The egg-sacs are unusually large and are carried at a considerable angle from the body. Forbes gives the size of this species as 1-1.4 mm. Schmeil gives 1.3-2 mm. for the European forms. The specimens from this locality average about 1.5 mm. The color of C. bicuspidatus is generally a very pale shade of yellow. Often individuals appear to be quite colorless. The dorsal surface of the thorax, especially the anterior portion, usually has a peculiarly shiny appearance. The last characters for the distinction of this species are its slim form, the shape of the fifth feet and the receptacuhim seminis, and especially the. small lateral combs of spinules on the outer sides of the stylets. Subgenus MARCOCYCLOPS Claus. Cyclops fuSCUS Jurinc. PI. I. Mottoculus quadricnrnis fii.scus Jurine, '20, pp. 47, 48, Taf. II, fig. 2. Cyclops signnlu.^ Koch, '3S, Ileft, 21, Nr. 8. Cyclops conmalus Clans, '()3, i)p. 97-99, Taf. II, fig. 16 and Taf. X, fig. 1. Cyclops signalus var. coronalus Herrick and Turner, '95, p. 106, pi. XV, figs. 1-4. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 Cyclops fuscus Schmeil, '92, pp. 123-127, 136-140, pi. I, figs. 1-76; pi. IV, fig. 16. Cyclops fuscus Jurine, Marsh, '95, pp. 16, 17, pi. VI, figs. 5, 7, and 11. Cyclops signatus var. coroiiatus Herrick, Brewer, '98, pp. 129, 130. Cyclops fuscus Jurine, Lilljeborg, '01, pi. Ill, figs. 12-15. Cyclops signatus var. corouatus Herrick, Byrnes, '06, pp. 193-200, pi. VII, figs. 1-6, pi. VIII, figs. 1-3. Cyclops signatus var. corouatus Byrnes, '09, pp. 9, 10. Synonymy and Dislribution. — In his discussion of the differences between this species and the closely related Cyclops albidus Jurine, Dr. Schmeil has proven not only that we are dealing with two distinct species, but also that Jurine was the first investigator to distinguish these two. It is only right, then, that Jurine's names should stand and that Koch's Cyclops signatus give way to (1) C. Juscus and (2) C. albidus Jurine. In spite of Schmeil's careful proof, several of our American investigators have clung to Herrick's varieties ienuicornis and coronatus of C. signatus Koch. C. D. Marsh accepted Schmeil's proof in his paper of '95. Even after the publication of Porbes' paper of '97, in which he abandoned Herrick's terms for "those of Jurine, Brewer in '98 and Miss Byrnes in '06 and again in '09, have reverted to Herrick's varietal names. In speaking of the "two varieties," coronatus and tenuicornis, IBrewer states that "the real differences between them are confined to the seventeenth- joint of the antenna and the caudal setse." He then continues: "The difference between their first cephalothoracic segments and their furcse is hardly distinguishable." On p. 136 of Schmeil's monograph there is a table of "the most important dis- tinguishing characters" of the two species in question. Of the eleven "important characters" mentioned, Brewer has noted four, and no mention is made of such important features as the receptacu- lum seminis and the sense-club (present or absent) on the twelfth antennal segment. It is quite evident that Miss Byrnes has overlooked the more important distinguishing differences between the two species. In her recent paper. The Fresh Water Cyclops of Long Island ('09), in spite of the carefully tabulated proofs of Schmeil in Germany and the acceptance of his views by both Marsh ('95) and Forbes ('97), Miss Byrnes has clung to the ob.solete name of C. signatus Koch and attempts to revive Herrick's varietal name coronatus and Richard's(?) annulicornis. In a foot-note- (on p. 9) she states: "I have used the more recent name C. signatus var. coronatus instead of the older name C. fuscus Jurine, because it expresses more clearly the evidently close relationship that exists between C. signatus var. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^ coronatus and the allied form C. signatus var. annulicornis, called C. albidus by Jurine. " It is quite evident that Miss Byrnes has not had Dr. Schmeil's exhaustive work on the Cyclopidce of Germany at hand. He has shown conclusively (129, 130 and 137-140) that by right of priority Jurine's names should stand. No matter how "close" the "relation- ship" between the two forms in question, Miss Byrnes is hardly justified in using "the more recent" name. In her description of Cyclops signatus var. coronatus (p. 9) she states that this form has "serrations in the hyaline plate on the two distal segments of the antennae" and, furthermore, that "the notches in the hyaline plate of the antennae form gradually and may or may not be present. In fig. 4 they are seen on the last segment only. " The first statement I am unable to verify, nor do any of the investigators mention a serration of the "two distal segments of the antennse." They are always present in the hyaline plate of the distal segment in adult forms. In the immature forms the plate on the distal segment of the antennse is often exactly as in C. albidus Jurine. The serrations do not "form gradually." I have several times observed a young specimen of C. fuscus just before the last ecdysis. In such cases there was a finely serrated hyaline plate on the last segment, but the coarsely serrated plate of the adult form could b& distinctly observed below the transparent chitin folded flat down along the segment. In every case the serrations of the coming plate were complete. In her conclusion Miss Byrnes states that "there are wide ranges of variability in the reduced seta on the inner ramus of the fourth foot of annulicornis and in the hyaline plate of the antennae of both varieties — in short, in the most important difi^erential characters of the two varieties." It is not at all surprising that Miss Byrnes considers the "two varieties" so closely related when we find that half of (to her) the "most important differential characters" are concerned with a single seta on the inner ramus of the fourth foot. In her description of this species, as well as all the others descrilied by her, Miss Byrnes obviously neither considers the receptaciduin seminis a most important feature, nor does she mention the presence of sense-club or hair in a single species. Miss Byrnes has added very little to the evidence of the close rela- tion that may exist between these two species. She gives but one- quarter of the observations in Herrick's "diagnosis," which is incomplete even in its full form, and then draws her conclusion mainly from her own notes on the difference in the single seta of th(> 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 inner ramus of the fourth foot, already mentioned. I quote from her paper once more. ''He (Herrick) states that the two varieties have similar armature of the swimming feet, but that tenuicornis iliffers from coronatus in the absence of serrations on the antennal lamellae and in the divarication of the ovisacs." Here follows the original description of Herrick's "Cyclops signatus var. tenuicornis. First segment of thorax shorter, its length to that of the entire thorax as 1 : 1.9. Last segment of antennse with unserrated lamella. Caudal stylets longer, length to width as 2.1 : 1, inner aspect not ciliated. Outer apical seta half as long as inner. Second segment of antennules longer. Color variable, but always banded or splotched. It is also generally true that the ovisacs in the present variety are more strongly divaricate than in the variety coronatus." ]\Iiss Byrnes now concludes that since "the antennal lamella of anjiidicornis sometimes bears serrations and coronatus sometimes bears its egg masses in a divaricate position, as I have found in attempting to distinguish the two forms by this character, .... consequently Herrick's diagnosis is untenable." This gives Herrick absolutely no credit for six of his eight points of difference noted. Herrick's diagnosis should not be considered untenable, but merelj- incomplete. This species, while not as common as Cyclops albidus, appears to be quite generally distributed over the United States. Forbes reports it from the "ponds and lakes of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Massachusetts," where it "occurs sparingly." Brewer found it with C. albidus Jurine (= C. signatus var. tenuicornis Herrick) in the vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska, but "always in small numbers." Miss Byrnes has studied the species at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. Kofoid does not mention it in his studies of the "Plankton of the Illinois River." I have found it in this locality; rather more abundantly in September, October, and April than during the winter months. I have never found it in very great numbers. During the summer and fall of 1909, it occurred sparingly in collections from Lake Winnepesaukee, N. H., and in a small pond adjoining "Fresh Pond" at Cambridge, Mass. Specific Description. — The cephalothorax (PI. I, fig. 1) in this spe- cies is a little more than twice as long as the abdomen. They are to each other as 21 : 10. The first segment is to the entire cephalothorax as 7 : 11. The length of the thorax to its width is as 11: 6. In the living animal none of the lateral angles of the thoracic segments are prominent. The posterior borders of the thoracic segments are all 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^ unserrated. The fifth segment has a row of minute chitinous teeth extending transversely across the ventral side between the fifth feet. This same segment has on its lateral sides a row of fine spinules as well as a minute fringe of hairs, as in C. prasinus. The abdomen tapers but little towards its posterior end. The first segment is about as long as the three following ones. The pos- terior edges of the first three abdominal segments are smooth. Occasionally there are very slight and uneven serrations present (PL I, fig. 3). The ventral posterior border of the fourth segment has a prominent fringe of spines which do not extend to the edge of the anal opening, as is the case in C. alhidus. I find no mention of this characteristic in any descriptions of C. fuscus that I have at hand. The stylets (PI. I, fig. 3) are short; the branches often slightly out-curved. The length is three times the width. Schmeil states that the inner border is ''densely" set with hairs. In the specimens from this locality these hairs are often very irregular, rarely "dense," but always present. The apical setae are well developed and densely plumose. The outer is to the inner as 4 : 7. The longest is to the next in length as 7 : 5. The first antennae of the female (PI. I, figs. 1 and 9) reach to the anterior border of the first abdominal segment. They are seventeen- jointed and bear a minute sensory hair upon the twelfth segment in place of the sense-club found in C. alhidus (PI. I, fig. 9). On their anterior edges at the point of juncture with the following seg- ments, the eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth segments are ornamented with a row of prominent, obliquely set spinules. These rows of spinules form almost a quarter circle on the eighth, ninth, and tenth segments. On the twelfth and thirteenth segments they are not so closely set and are fewer in number. It is interesting to note that where Schmeil found six spinules on these segments in European forms, I have found but four or five, and on the fourteenth segment where he records four, I have noted five in every case. I have never seen more than seven of these spinules on the eighth, ninth and tenth segments, and the eighth and tenth usually have but five. Besides these regular rows of spinules, there are smaller transverse and longitudinal rows and irregular groups Of very minute spinules (PI. I, fig. 9) on the ventral side of the first fourteen antennal segments. The longitudinal rows mark the boundary between the smooth portion of the segment and that on which the spinules occur. The three terminal segments bear transparent hyaline plates. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 These plates are smooth on the fifteenth and sixteenth segments, but on the seventeenth (PI. I, fig. 7) the plate is coarsely serrate from the base of the segment to the insertion point of the middle seta; from thence to the end minutely serrated as in C. albidus. This plate projects somewhat beyond the end of the seventeenth segment. The second antennae (PI. I, fig. 5) are unusually long. The third segment is the longest of the four — a distinguishing difference between this and the following form. The swimming feet are armed as follows : First pair — outer ramus, four spines, four setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. Second pair — -outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. Third pair — like second. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, three spines, two setae. Marsh has noted that "the larger of the two terminal spines of the endopodite of the fourth foot, instead of being serrated on its edges as is customary in all the spines of the swimming feet, is beset on its inner margin with long, rather irregular teeth. " I find this character present in the local specimens, though the "irregular teeth" do not extend to the tip of the spine on its inner margin. There are but five or six of these long serrations at the middle of the inner margin, thence to the tip of the spine the serrations are normal. Schmeil notes that the lamella which connects the basal segments of the fourth pair of swimming feet is ornamented by a fringe of long hairs. This is found also in C. albidus, and is therefore hardly a distinctive character of C. fuscus. In all the specimens that I have examined, these "hairs" are very coarse, resembling rather long serrations. There is a very noticeable characteristic in the lamella between the basal joints of the thij'd pair of swimming feet. There are two very minute rows of blunt spinules extending transversely across the lamella. The upper row is broken in the middle. In the following species this character is very different. The fifth foot is practically identical with that of the following species. Miss Byrnes states that the basal segment of the rudiment- ary fifth foot in ^'coronatus" (= C fuscus) is conspicuously short. Schmeil finds no such difference. Among all the representatives of C. fuscus that I have compared with C. albidus, I have found only very slight differences in the lengths of the basal segments of the fifth feet. The apparent difference in length may often be 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., accounted for by the strongly arched cephalothorax of C. albidus, which enables the animal to place the fifth feet close upon the first abdominal segment. In C. fuscus the shorter basal segment is frequently only a foreshortening because of the angle at which the feet are held. The arrangement of the spinules, the spines and the setae are exactly as in C. alhidus (PL I, fig. 13). The receptaculum seminis (PI. I, fig. 11) consists of two main divisions. The anterior portion is wide, shaped very much like the corresponding portion of the receptaculum in C. alhidus, but with a very distinct indentation on its anterior border. The posterior part appears as a pair of slightly elongated reniform divisions sepa- rated by a median line and fusing at the porus. The color of the receptaculum is always a deep reddish-brown which frequently makes it difficult to distinguish its outline. The egg-sacs are carried very close to the abdomen. The eggs are dark; in the living animal they look quite black, but in reality they are a deep shade of brown. This applies only to freshly de- posited eggs, as all Cyclops eggs from which the young are about to emerge show a characteristic salmon tinge due to the color of the bodies of the nauplius. The length of the female varies but little. The following five measurements ^ve an approximate average for C. fuscus from this locality. All measurements include the caudal setae. No. 1 3.75 mm. No. 2 3.2 mm. No. 3 3.4 mm. No. 4 3.4 mm. No. 5 : :3.58 mm. Average 3.46 mm. Schmeil gives 3.4 mm. Brewer's figures are much smaller — 1.4 mm.- 1.8 mm. The males are often only half as long as the females. An average length is 1.75 mm. The color of the first four thoracic segments and the abdomen from the posterior half of the first segment to the furca is usually a dark green. The fifth thoracic segment, the stylets, and the fourth, fifth, twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth segments of the first antennae are blue. The anterior half of the first abdominal segment is reddish- brown. Occasionally there are irregular blotches and streaks of blue on the posterior borders of the first four thoracic segments. The remaining segments are a dirty yellow color, deeper on the anterior border. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 C. fuscus may be readily distinguished from all other members of the genus by its size, dark color, and closely Ij^ing dark egg-sacs- The absence of the sense-club of the twelfth antennal segment, the coarsely serrated hyaline plate of the seventeenth antennal segment, the form of the receptacidum seminis, and the ciliated inner border of the stylets are the most easily distinguishable characteristics of this species. In order to simplify the comparison of C. fuscus with C. albidus, I have arranged the following tabulated form for the characters of the two species: Cyclops fuscus. Cyclops albidus. (1) Inner borders of the stylets ciliated. smooth. (2) Third segment of second antennae long. ^ short, pear-shaped. (3) Receptaculum seminis (PI. I, fig. 3.) (PI. I, fig. 4.) (4) Twelfth segment of first antennte bears sense-hair. sense-club. (5) Hyaline plate of seventeenth antennae segment coarsely serrate. finely serrate. (6) Egg-sacs carried close to abdomen. widely divergent. (7) Length of outer furcal seta to that of inner 4 :7. 1 :3. (8) Furcal setae densely plumose. lightly plumose. (9) Posterior border of fourth thoracic segment smooth. finely serrate laterallj\ (10) Serration of posterior border of fourth abdominal seg- ment do not extend to anal opening. extend to the anus. (11) Lamella of third pair of minute spinules. coarse spinules. swimming feet (12) Color dark (green and blue) . • light with occasional black portions. Schmeil notes differences in the form of the spermatozoa and their position in the spermatophore. The twelve points of difference noted above should enable anyone to distinguisli the two forms positively. 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF • [Jail.^ Subgenus MARCOCYCLOPS Claus. Cyclops albidus Jurine. PI. I. Monoculus quadricorni^ var. albidus Jurine, '20, p. 44, pi. II, figs. 10 and 11. Cyclops signatus var. tenuicornis Herrick and Turner, '95, pp. 106, 106, pi. XV, figs. 5-7; pi. XX, figs. 1-7; pi. XXXIII, figs. 1, 2. Cyclops albidus Schmeil, '92, pp. 128-132, pi. I, figs. 8-146; pi. IV, fig. 15. Ctjclops albidus Forbes, '97, pp. 47-49, pi. XIII. Cyclops albidus Lilljeborg, '01, pp. 49-51, pi. Ill, figs. 21 and 22. Cyclops albidus v. Daday, '06, p. 184. Cyclops signatus annulicornis Byrnes, '09, pp. 10-13, pi. IV. Specific Description. — The first segment of the strongly arched elliptical cephalothorax (PI. I, fig. 2), is in the proportion of 3 -.4 compared with the entire length of the cephalothorax. The lateral angles of the segments are not prominent. The fifth segment is rarely visible from above, owing to the arched form of the cephalo- thorax. The first three segments are smooth along their posterior borders. I find in all of the specimens examined from this locality that the fourth segment has on its posterior border, laterally and not extending to the median line, a row of very minute chitinous serrations. These are only visible when the animal is turned on its side. I find no mention of these serrations in any of the descriptions of this species to which I have access. The fifth segment bears, dorsally situated, three transverse rows of spinules. The last of these is the only complete one and borders the segment posteriorly. The second row does not extend to the median line. The first row is quite short, lateral in position, and the spinules are considerably larger than in the other two. Schmeil states in his note number three, p. 130, that, with two exceptions, these rows of si^inules have "never been observed." In Cragin's paper of '83 in his description of Cyclops tenuicornis Claus (= Cyclops albidus Jurine), he saysi "Either side of the fifth thoracic segment is furnished with three transverse rows of serrulations, of which the posterior one is mar- ginal." Furthermore, he illustrates the point in his PI. II, fig. 13. His drawing is inconsistent, however, with his description, as it does not show the marginal row extending the entire width of the segment. Forbes, very properly, does not mention the row of blimt spinules between the insertion points of the fifth feet. This is not a "char- acteristic, " as it is found in Cyclops fuscus Jurine. The width of the cephalothorax is to its length as 1 : 2. Its length to that of the abdomen is as 7 : 4. (Schmeil reverses these figures and gives abd. : ceph. : : 9 : 5, obviously an oversight). The abdomen is heavy; the first segment tapers only slightly, but the enlargement at the anterior end extends beyond th(> width 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 of the last thoracic segment. The second and third segments are cylindrical and their posterior margins are very slightly and unevenly serrated, largely on the under side. The fourth segment has the usual fringe of spines on its posterior edge, and tapers suddenly to the insertion point of the stylets. The stylets (PI. I, fig. 4) are short, but slightly divergent and smooth on their inner sides. This is an important character which Forbes does not note in his descrip- tion. The proportion of the length to the breadth of each ramus is 3 : 1 . There are four well-developed apical bristles. The longest is to the second in length as 7 : 5; the outer to the inner as 1 : 3. They are all plumose, but not as densely so as in Cyclops fuscus J urine. The first antennae vary very little in length. In the female they usually reach to the middle or posterior border of the last thoracic segment. They are seventeen-jointed, the terminal joints attenuated, the last three being each armed with an hyaline plate. The edges of these plates on the fifteenth and sixteenth segments are for the most part entire, Ijut I have-repeatedly seen them, especially at the base of the fifteenth segmental plate, minutely serrated. More rarely these serrations extend along the entire edges of all three plates. The plate of the last segment is always finely serrated on its distal half. The point where these serrations cease and the smooth edge begins is sharply defined by a much deeper notch or indentation (see PI. I, fig. 8). The twelfth segment bears a well- developed sense-club (PI. I, fig. 10). Its length is about equal to that of the thirteenth segment. All of the segments, except the three terminal ones, bear an irregularl}^ broken, longitudinal row of minute spinules on their under side. The eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth and thirteenth segments have each a short row of small cone-shaped serrations at the point of juncture with the following segments, as in Cyclops fuscus. The twelfth segment (PI. I, fig. 10) has, in addition, several (usually two) rows of smaller spinules extending parallel to the marginal semicircular row. Marsh ('95) failed to find these "crowns of spines" on the antennae of "a large number of mature females" of C. albidus which he "examined with great care." He concludes that this peculiar character "seems to be rarely true in our forms." Forbes has found it in the specimens examined by him from many parts of the country. I have never failed to find it in the local specimens. The third segment of the second antennae (PI. I, fig. 6) is short; and somewhat pear-shaped. The armature of the swimming feet is- as follows: 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., First pair — outer ramus, four spines, four setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Third pair — like second. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setse; inner ramus, one seta, two spines (inner smooth-edged), two setse (distal one reduced) (see PI. I, fig. 14). The lower row of spinules on the lamella connecting the basal segments of the third pair of swimming feet is very large and well •developed (about twelve coarse spinules). The fifth foot (PI. I, fig. 13) is essentially like that of C. fuscus Jurine. Lilljeborg, in his PI. Ill, fig. 21, shows the fifth foot differing from that of C. fuscus (fig. 13) on the same plate by the absence of the rows of spinules on the two segments. The fifth foot consists of two segments. The basal segment is slightly convex on its outer margin, while the inner margin is correspondingly concave (see PI. I, fig. 13). Toward the inner lateral surface of this same segment there are several, usually three, rows of well-developed spinules. At the outer distal corner it bears a long seta, plumose on its distal half. The distal segment is set well towards the inner side of the lower segment and at the point of juncture is ornamented with a f circle of small spines. It bears on its tip two heavy spines and a slender seta. The inner spine is slightly longer than the outer. At its base there is a semicircle of quite prominent spinules. Both of these spines are more densely plumose on their inner edges. Be- tween them and borne at the end of a truncated cone-shaped projec- tion is the long middle seta. It is only slightly plumose at its distal end, and these hairs (8-10 on each side) are placed at regularly diminishing intervals. The shape of the receptaculum seminis (PI. I, fig. 12) can be readily noted. The anterior division is almost elliptical when fully dis- tended. The posterior portion is two-lobed and has the form of a low, widely spread letter w. This organ is practically colorless, and for this reason its form can be unmistakably observed. The egg-sacs (PI. I, fig. 2), carried at a considerable angle from the abdomen, are nearly as long as the abdomen. In a 9 in which the abdomen measured .6 mm. the egg-sacs were .57 mm. long. In discussing the size of this species, Forbes states that "the usual length of the female in America is from 1.26-1.4 mm., but it seems to be much greater (2.5 mm.) in the European representatives 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 of this species." It is interesting to note the measurement of the following five females taken at random: No. 1 2.5 mm. No. 2 .2.51 mm. No. 3 2.21 mm. No. 4 2.50 mm. No. 5 2.47 mm. This gives an average measurement of 2.43 mm. for representatives of the species from this locality — less than .1 mm. difference in size from European forms. Taking Forbes' figures and the above together, we get an average measurement of 1.88 mm. The color, a blue-gray, occasionally nearly black, is most prominent in the stylets and last abdominal segment, the second, third, first half of the fourth, ninth and tenth segments of the first antennae ( 9 ) and in irregular transverse bands, usually four, on the cephalo- thorax. The remaining portions of the animal are nearly colorless or a pale shade of yellow, though I have frequently noted individuals in which they were a bright blue-green. , The species seems to be one of the commonest not only in America^ but all over the world. Forbes found it "in all localities examined." In nearly all the lists of crustaceans to which I have access it is recorded as a common but rarely abundant variety. Kofoid records it as "numerically the least important of the dominant members of the genus in our plankton" (Illinois River). I have found it to be one of the commonest of the Cydopidce. Miss Walker has studied the species in Todd's Pond, Oregon^ where she found it to be, with Cyclops serrulatus, second in abundance after Cyclops prasinus. In collections made during the summer of 1909, at Lake Winne- pesaukee and in the vicinity of Cambridge, Mass.. in March and April, 1910, C. albidus was a common but not an abundant form. Subgenus ORTHOCYCLOPS Forb33. Cyclops modestus Herrick. PI. II, figs. 0-11. Cyclops modestus Herrick, '83a, p. .500. Cyclops modestus Herrick and Turner, '9.5, pp. 108, 109, pi. XXI, figs. 1-5. Cyclops modestus Mansh, '93, pp. 213, 214, pi. V, figs. 10-13. Cyclops capilliferus Forbes, '93, pp. 248, 249, pi. XL, figs. 14-17; pi. XLI, fig. 18. Cyclops modestus Forbes, '97, pp. .51-53, pi. XV, fig. 4; pi. XVI, figs. 1-3. Cyclops modestus Byrnes, '09, pp. 26, 27, pi. XI, figs. 4 and 5. Specific Description.- — The shape of the cephalothorax is very characteristic in this species (PI. II, fig. 6). The first segment reaches 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jail., its maximum width considerably in front of the posterior border, and the anterior border line is somewhat straighter than usual, resembling C. prasinus in this respect. This segment is to the entire thorax as 5 : 8. The fourth segment is regularly, semicircu- larly excavate on its posterior margin. Forbes finds the posterior edges of the first three segments irregularly notched, but the fourth smooth. I am unable to verify this observation; all the thoracic .segments of specimens examined by me had smooth posterior edges. The thorax is about twice as long as wide and one-third as long again as the abdomen. In the male the cephalothorax (PI. II, fig. 7) tapers only a very little. The first segment is distinctly concave on its anterior border. It expands abruptly in its anterior third, but its middle does not attain the width of the preceding thoracic segment. The first three segments have smooth or faintly uneven posterior margins. The last segment Forbes notes to be "peculiar in lacking the usual fringe of spines on the posterior edge." I have noted on either side of the anal opening peculiar, out-curving, hook-like projections of the chitin (PI. II, fig. 8) on the posterior border of the fourth abdominal segment. Otherwise its edge is smooth. It is interesting to note that half-way between the anterior border of the anal opening and the posterior margin of the third abdominal segment there are present in this, as in all the Cyclopidce, two peculiar button-like projections whose function vasiy be sensory (PI. II, fig. 8). The stylets (PI. II, fig. 8) are rather slim and about twice as long as the fourth alidominal segment. Their length is four times their width. The lateral spine is inserted slightly beyond the middle of each ramus and from this point half-way to the posterior margin of the stylets, they are in the female peculiarly excavate. Along the curving line that marks this character there is a very minute row of spinules. The outer apical seta is rather short and finely plumose. The other three apical setse are all well developed. The outer is to the inner as 4 : 3. The middle is the longest and is to the next in length as 3 : 2. Though Forbes has shown the inner borders of the stylets to be densely and coarsely plumose in his fig. 4 of PL XV, he fails to mention this character in his description. I have never seen a specimen of C. modestus with the stylets as densely ])lumose as he shows them to be. All of the specimens examined from this locality showed very fine and often unevenly distributed hairs on the inner surfaces of the stylets (PI. II, fig. 8). They are only visible under a high power. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 The female first antennae consist of sixteen segments. Herrick notes a similar form with seventeen joints, but this again I am unable to verify. They extend a little beyond the posterior margin of the first thoracic segment. The second, third, tenth, and thirteenth segments bear unusually long, heavy, plumose setae. In the males these spines, which correspond to those of the third segment in the female antennae, are very conspicuous (PI II, fig. 7). When the first antennae are folded under the body they protrude as shown in the figure. This also occurs when the female aniemiap are folded under the cephalothorax. The female antennae show an unusual change of direction between the third and fourth segments, giving the animal a characteristic appearance and making the females resemble the males to the naked eye. On the fourteenth and fifteenth segments of the first female antennae occur several characters that may be sensory in function. The fourteenth segment bears a minute sensory hair and a verj^ inconspicuous, transparent, hyaline plate that contains about twelve coarse serrations (PI. II, fig. 11). The fifteenth segment bears a smooth-edged hyaline plate of which the distal end is club-shaped and protrudes considerably beyond the anterior end of the segment. Forbes ('97) indicated the position of this plate in his fig. 1, PI. XVI, of the first female antennae, but he seems to have overlooked the character of the organ. In the figure, the positions of the large setae of the fourteenth and fifteenth segments are indicated. The armature of the three segmented swimming feet is very constant. The setae and the apical spines are long and slender. Forbes notes that "the distal segments of the third and fourth pairs of legs turn inward in a way peculiar to this species." The inner border of the distal segment of the inner ramus of all four pairs is finely plumose. The feet armature is as follows: First pair — outer ramus, four spines, four setae; inner ramus, six setae. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, six setae. Third pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, six setae. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setae. The lamellae connecting the swimming feet have a peculiar form. PL II, fig. 10, shows this feature in the third pair. In the fourth pair the place of the seta on the basal joint is taken by a short chitinous 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., point. The lamella of the second pair is similar to that of the third, while in the first pair the chitin points have become quite rounded and smooth. The fifth foot (PL II, fig. 9) is generally considered as having three joints. Forbes states that it "has three freely movable segments, though the basal one is small." Miss Byrnes simply states that "the fifth foot is very distinctly three-jointed, and not 'obscurely' as Herrick observed." The basal segment is certainly very short, though its presence is no longer a matter of conjecture. Whether it is "freely movable" I am unable to say. The second segment is almost square and bears a short seta on its outer side. They are both plumose and the larger is borne at the end of a slight projection of the segment. The shorter of these set® is usually folded under the longer, as shown in the figure. The rudimentary feet in this species are unusually large. The receptaculum seminis is very much like that of C. bicuspidatus Claus. The anterior division is very low, extending but a little beyond the porus. The posterior, bag-shaped portion reaches half- way to the posterior margin of the abdominal segment. The egg-sacs are narrow and extend a little beyond the ends of the stylets. They usually contain from 10-12 dark ovae. Forbes gives 1.2 mm. for the length of C. modestus. 1 find it slightly larger, 1.3 mm. being an average length for females. The color of this species is most beautiful, violet and lavender shades predominating. It is evenly distributed in the chitin and persists in preserved material. There are usually a number of large, orange-colored globules below the chitin. These are specially numerous in the cephalothorax and the swimming feet. C. modestus can be readily distinguished from all other species by the sixteen- jointed first antennae, the three-jointed fifth foot, the very characteristic stylets, and the receptaculum seminis. While nowhere an abundant species, C. modestus appears to be very generally distribute^d over the United States. Forbes reports it from several localities hi Illinois and from Grebe Lake in the Yellowstone Park. Marsh found it in Rush Lake, Wisconsin, and Herrick in Cullman County, Alabama. Miss Byrnes has recently studied the species from the Long Island waters. I have found it, always in small numbers, one of the rarer species of the genus from this locality. In a collection from "Fresh Pond," Cambridge, Mass., made in the fall of 1909, this form outnum])ered all other species. It occurs 1914.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41 also in collections from Lake Winnepesaukee made during July and' August, 1909. Subgenus MICROCYCLOPS Glaus. Cyclops varioans Sars. PI. Ill, figs. 6-10. Cyclops varicans Sars, '62, pp. 252, 253. Cyclops varicans Schmeil, '91, pp. 33, 34; '92, pp. 116-118, pi. VI, figs. 1-5.. Cyclops varicans Forbes, '97, pp. 63 and 64. Cyclops varicajis Lilljeborg, '01, pi. IV, fig.s. 23, 24, pp. 72-74. Cyclops riibelhis Lilljeborg, '01, pi. IV, figs. 25 and 26, pp. 75-77. Cyclops bicolor Byrnes, '09, pi. XIII, pp. 29-31. Synonymy and Distribution. — Though I am unable to translate Lilljeborg's Swedish description of his new species C. rubellus, I am convinced from the Latin synopsis as well as his drawings of the receptaculum seminis and abdomen that this species is synonymous with C. varicans Sars. His drawing of the receptaculum seminis shows this organ to have the form of that pictured by Schmeil (Taf. VI, fig. 3) with a slightly greater expansion of the "wings" of the anterior division. By a careful study of this organ in a number of specimens, I have concluded that what Lilljeborg pictures as the receptaculum seminis of the type C. varicans (see Taf. IV, fig. 24, of his paper of '01) is the extreme form of narrow anterior portion, Schmeil's drawing showing a slightly greater expansion of this same division. Lilljel;)org's drawing of the receptaculum of C. rubellus and my own (PI. Ill, fig. 10) of this organ in C. varicans are examples of the extremely wide and wing-like form. The proportional lengths of the caudal setse, as shown by Lilljeborg, are identical with those of the typical varicans (PI. Ill, figs. 6 and 7). Miss Byrnes in her recent paper (March, '09) has described a species of Cyclops under the name of C. bicolor. Her description of the antenna, which she states "contain each twelve segments," at once suggests C. varicans, for nowhere do I find a record of C. bicolor with more than eleven joints in the first female antenniB. Schmeil gives eleven, Lilljeborg 10-11, and Marsh has noted a form with ten segmented antennae, though he finds the usual number is eleven. Herrick, with whose description she seems to have compared her own, also gives eleven as the number of female antennal segments. Miss Byrnes' formula for the swimming feet agrees exactly with that of specimens examined from this locality. In speaking of the variation of this species, she says: "The species C. bicolor is usually placed {e.g., by Marsh) among Cyclops having ten or eleven segments. The occurrence, therefore, of a twelve-jointed antenna shows that considerable variation may occur in this organ. Except in this 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., respect, the form from Cold Spring Harbor agrees with Professor Marsh's description." The above extract needs no comment. Herrick assigns C. varicans a place among the twelve-jointed-antennse forms having a ^wo-segmented fifth foot. This may account for Miss Byrnes' error, for Herrick's drawing of the fifth foot of C. varicans is quite incorrect. C. varicans is one of the rarer species of the genus. Schmeil foiind it sparingly in the vicinity of Halle. Lilljeborg reports it and •describes it from Sweden. Herrick found it but once, and Miss Byrnes also collected it in a single instance from a pond on Long Island, describing it as a twelve-jointed variation of C. bicolor. In his summary of species Forbes records it as "a fairly common species throughout the range of Cyclops in North America." I have found it in small numbers in the March and April, 1909, collections in this locality and sparingly in the vicinity of Cambridge, Mass., and from Lake Winnepesaukee collections taken in July and August, 1909. Specific Description. — The first segment of the almost elliptical cephalothorax (PI. Ill, fig. 6) is about as long as wide and a little over half as long as the entire thorax (3 : 5). The lateral angles of the third, fourth, and especially the fifth thoracic segments are prominent. The proportion of cephalothorax and abdomen is as 10 : 7. The posterior borders of all the thoracic segments are smooth. The fifth segment is somewhat flattened and extended laterally. Its lateral edges protrude considerably beyond the first abdominal seghient. At the ends of these wing-like projections of the fifth thoracic segment are inserted long, curving, plumose setse, which are usually considered homologous to the outer setse of the basal segments of the two-jointed rudimentary fifth feet. The fifth feet are inserted at the inner corners of the lateral projections of the fifth thoracic segment on its posterior edge (PL III, fig. 9). The first abdominal segment is considerably expanded in its anterior half (PI. Ill, figs. 6 and 10). The entire abdomen, which is rather slim, tapers gradually to the furca. The posterior borders of the first three segments are smooth. On the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal segment, ventrally placed and rarely extending half way around the circumference of the segment, there is present a short row of long serrations. The stylets (PI. Ill, fig. 7) taper slightly and are carried very close together. They are slightly shorter than the last two abdominal segments taken together. The outer apical bristle is rather heavy, sparsely plumose, and nearly as long as the delicate inner one. Of 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 the two developed apical setae, the inner longer one is to the outer as 10 : 7. Schmeil shows both of these setae to be evenly plumose on their distal seven-eighths. This character is rarely present in the specimens from this vicinit^^ The anterior plumose portion is replaced by a short row of delicate spines on either side of the setae (PL III, fig. 7) . These do not merge into the hair-like forms gradually, but end abruptly at the beginning of the plumes as in the long median caudal seta of C. phaleratus. The lateral spine is inserted two-thirds of the length of the stylets from their anterior border. It is usually delicately plumose, although the bare form is not rare. The female first antennae may have either eleven or twelve seg- ments. The number given by Schmeil is twelve, but I have frequently found eleven-jointed sexually mature forms, bearing eggs. Such forms occur more frequently in late winter and the twelve-jointed- antennae forms in April and May (PI. Ill, figs. 6 and 8). The antennae are a little over two-thirds as long as the first thoracic segment. The division from eleven to twelve joints takes place in the third joint. The fourth, fifth and sixth joints are often narrower than the seventh and eighth. Most of the antennal bristles are not plumose. Schmeil notes the presence of a well-developed, closelj^ lying sense-club on the ninth segment. This I cannot discover on the specimens that have come under my observation. In its place there is a minute sensory (?) hair. The first antennae of the male are peculiar in the unusual develop- ment of the sensory structures of the first division. These are larger than in any other species of the genus and may be readily noted even under a slight magnification as long blue, semi-transparent, narrow bag-shaped structures on the posterior side of the antennae. The swimming feet are all two-jointed. The outer ramus of the fourth pair is generally visible from above in life. This is due to the unusually large lamella connecting these feet which makes them protrude at a greater lateral angle. Schmeil notes that the fourth pair of swimming feet is less fully developed than the other three pairs. In fig. 11 of PI. Ill I have shown a foot of the third pair. It is interesting to note an indication of the third segment; a row of .short hairs at the middle of the distal segment of the outer ramus and a group of longer hairs on the corresponding segment of the inner ramus. This character is always present in the first three pairs of swimming feet. The armature of the swimming feet is as follows: First pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jail., Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, five setae. Third pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, five setae. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, three setae. The above armature is quite constant. Herriclc states the fifth foot is two-jointed. Since he has only collected the species in a single instance, this must be considered an error. There is often a very inconspicuous indication of a former large basal segment (PI. Ill, fig. 9), but the movable fifth foot consists of a single cylin- drical joint. At the middle of its distal end there is borne a long, delicatel}^ plumose seta (PL III, fig. 9). The shape of the receptaculimi seminis has already been discussed. Fig. 5 of PI. Ill shows what is probably the extreme ''wing-like" formation of the anterior division. The posterior portion is about as long as the anterior and has the form of a short bag. The porus is situated immediately between the two portions on the narrow transverse division that extends entirely across the first abdominal segment. The egg-sacs contain from ten to twelve ovae and are carried at a slight angle from the abdomen. The following measurements of six females taken at different times give an average length of .867 mm. No. 1 Total length = .895 mm. No. 2 = .841 .966 .96 mm. No. 3 ...; mm. No. 4 mm. No. 5 = .89 mm. No. 6 = .89 mm. The females average .21 mm. in width. The males are somewhat smaller than the females — .69 mm. being an average length. Schmeil gives .8-.92 mm. for the size of the females and "about" .7 mm. for the males. Sars' figures are somewhat greater — 1 mm. Herrick gives .8 mm. The color of C. varicans is ordinarily very pale. A faint shade of yellow is noticeable throughout the body, making the animal un- usually inconspicuous. It may ])e readily distinguished from all other species of the genus by its short, twelve-jointed antennae, the very characteristic receptaculum seminis, and th(^ two-jointed swim- ming feet. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 Subgenus EUCYCLOPS Glaus. dyclops prasinus Fischer. PI. HI, figs. 1-5. Cyclops prasinus Fischer. '00, pp. ().52-654, pi. XX, figs. 19-26a. Cyclops fluriatiliH Ucrnck, 'S2, p. 2ol, pi. VII, figs. 1-9. Cyclops magnoctarus Cragin, 'S3, pp. 70, 71, pi. Ill, figs. 14-23. Cyclops prasinus Sfhmeil, '92, pp. 150-156, pi. V, figs. 1-5. Cyclops fluviatiiis Herrick and Turner, '95, pp. 114, 115, pi. XXVI, figs. 1-8; pi. XXX, fig. 1. Cyclops prasinus Forbes, '97, pp. 57-59, pi. XIX, figs. 1 and 2; pi. XX, figs. 1 and 2. • Cyclops fluviatiiis Brewer, '98, pp. 135, 136. Cyclops prasinus v. Daday, '06, p. 180. Cyclops fluviatiiis Byrnes, '09, pp. 28, 29, pi. XV, figs. 1 and 2. Specific Description. — The form of the cephalothorax in this, the smallest species found in this locality, is that of an ellipse slightl}" flattened at the. ends. The first segment is to the total length of the cephalothorax as 5:7. Its length is to its width as 5:4. The lateral angles of all the thoracic segments are obscure. Their posterior borders are unserrated. The lateral edges of the last segment bear each a fringe of very minute hairs (PI. Ill, fig. 5). The abdomen, which is to the cephalothorax as 5 : 9, is rather slender and tapers only slightlj" towards its posterior end. The first segment is enlarged at its anterior end and about as wide as the last cephalothoracic segment. The posterior borders of all the abdominal segments are unevenly and minutely serrated. The short stylets (Pi. Ill, figs. 1 and 2) stand well apart in the living animal. The lateral spines are situated f of the length of the stylets from their anterior end. Of the apical setse only two are well developed. The inner and outer bristles are small. Of these the outer is much heavier and is slightly shorter than the inner. Neither attains the length of the stylets. Of the large middle pair the inner is to the outer as 5:3. Brewer gives 4 :5 "or equal." The larger of the two is four times, the shorter about three times, as long as the stylets. Both are delicately plumose. The first pair of (twelve-jointed) antennae (PI. Ill, fig. 1) reach in the female to the posterior border of the third thoracic segment. Forbes finds them often reaching "quite to the first abdominal segment. " The eighth joint is the longest, exceeding that of the two preceding segments. Dr. Schmeil finds on the ninth segment a "well-developed sense-club," and, in his foot-note, states that Richard "even denied the presence of a sense-club." All of my specimens agree with Forbes' description in the absence of the sense-club, but "minute sensory bristle" on the tenth segment. This seems, then, to be undoubtedly a characteristic point of differ- 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., ence from the European forms. The three terminal joints are slightly curved and each bears a well-developed hyaline plate. The edges of these plates, which Forbes found to be entire, seem to vary. I have frequently found them finely serrated on the distal third of the terminal segmental plate. Again I have noted a very distinct notch or indentation at the posterior end of the serrations. This resembles somewhat the characteristic "notch" in the corresponding plate of Cyclops leuckarti Claus, though it is not so deep nor con- spicuous. Occasionally I have observed a specimen in which all three hyaline plates were finely serrated. The commonest form has two of the plates with smooth edges, though the plate of the last segment invariably has the slight notch mentioned above (PI. Ill, fig. 3). The very long and strong setae on the first and fourth antennal segments and the change of direction of the remaining segments beyond the fourth, as well as the short caudal stylets, suggest a superficial resemblance to Cyclops modestus Herrick, The four pairs of swimming feet are armed as follows : First pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, six setae. Third pair — like second. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, three setae. Both the spines and setae of these feet are peculiarly long and slender. The rudimentary fifth foot (PI. Ill, fig. 4) consists of a single seg- ment, armed with a spine and two setae. The spine is inserted immediately above the characteristic bulge of the minutely plumose inner side. The longer of the two setae is borne at the end of a cone- shaped projection of the distal end of the segment. The remaining seta is inserted on the outer side of the segment at the base of the cone-like process. Its length is two-thirds that of the apical seta and slightly greater than that of the spine. Both the setae are delicately plumose; the spine is more coarsely so. Brewer notes that the "three setae" are bare in his specimens. The form of the receptaculiim seminis (PI. Ill, fig. 5) is the most characteristic feature of this species, though it is frequently quite difficult to distinguish owing to the density of the pigment matter in the first abdominal segment. It consists of two very distinct 1914;.J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 47 divisions. The anterior portion has a central arm extending half- way to the upper edge of the first abdominal segment, whicii branches into two wing-lik(^ i:)rojections at right angles to the central arm and extending transv(n'sely across the abdomen on either side of the median line. The outer ends of these projections are often slightly enlarged. Forbes and Schmeil both find that these side arms are "S-shaped." Among all the specimens that I have examined from this locality, I have noted the "S shape" in only one instance. In many cases the outer ends of the wing-forms tend to turn up slightly, but the "S-shaped" canals are certainly the exception and not the rule among the local representatives of this species. Consequently, in my drawing (PI. Ill, fig. 5) I have shown what I consider a rather more characteristic form of the receptaculum seminis for C. prasinns. This somewhat insignificant detail shows that the receptaculum seminis may be a variable character. The portion of the receptaculum behind the suture consists of two lateral sacs connected by a narrow transverse canal lying close under the suture. In the middle of the anterior edge of this lower con- necting arm is the porus. The anterior division of the receptaculum fuses with the posterior at this same point. The contents of the upper and lower portions differ in appearance only. Dr. Schmeil has proved that the spermatozoa in the upper portion are simply more densely packed together than in the lower. The egg-sacs contain only a few ova. I have never noted more than ten; seven is an average number. They adhere closely to the . abdomen, often covering two-thirds of its dorsal area. An average length for the female from this locality is .82 mm. Forbes gives .48-.7 mm. Some of the European measurements are as follows: Vosseler 1.0 mm. Richard 9 mm. (after Schmeil). Vernet 88 mm. Schmeil 8-.9 mm. The males average .62 mm. long and .14 wide. They have a very long setae at the distal end of the first division of the first antennae. The color seems to be quite constant. The first thoracic segment is a pale yellowish-brown with irregular patches of blue-green along its posterior border. The remaining thoracic segments are a deep shade of blue-green. The first abdominal segment is brown, more dense in the anterior half. The remaining segments are irregularly blotched with the thoracic shade of green which becomes solid in 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jail., the stylets. The first pair of antennae are a brownish-yellow; their anterior border is often tinged with green. Forbes has "seen both blue and pink individuals." Herrick found that the color varies "from deep indigo to greenish-brown." Cragin states: "Animal dirty blue-green, antennae lighter. Dark green pigment masses are scattered beneath the integument in various places, particularly along the anterior side of the first antennae." This species is quite generally distributed over the eastern and central United States. Herrick found it in Lake Minnetonka, Minn. Marsh reports the species from Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, and some of the smaller lakes of Michigan and Wisconsin. Forbes has found it in collections from Sister Lake, Fla., and many localities in the State of Illinois. As C. fluviatilis Herrick, Brewer reports it from the vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska, and Miss Byrnes from Long Island. Miss E. R. Walker reports it as the most abundant form from Todd's Pond, Oregon. It is one of the most abundant forms in September and October dredgings, but I have noted only a few individuals during the winter months. It is easily distinguished by its small size, its habit of swimming near the surface, its dark color (it frequently appears to be black to the naked eye), and, under the microscope, by the very charac- teristic form of the receptaculum seminis and short caudal setae. Subgenus PARACYCLOPS Claus. ■Cyclops phaleratus Koch. PI. IV, figs. 1-4. Cyclops phaleratus Koch, '35-'41, Heft 21, pp. 8, 9, pi. IX. Cyclops pcrarmatus Cragin, '83, pp. 72, 73, pi. I, figs. 9-18. Cyclops phaleratus Schmeil, '92, pp. 170-178, pi. VIII, figs. 1-11. Cyclops phaleratus Herrick and Turner, '9.5, pp. 120, 121, pi. XMI, figs. 1-7; pi. XVIII, figs. 2-2d; pi. XIX, fig. 1; pi. XXI, figs. 6-10. Cyclops phaleratus Marsh, '95, pp. 19, 20. Cyclops phaleratus Forbes, '97, pp. 59-62, pi. XX, fig. 3. Cyclops phaleratus Lilljeborg, '01, pp. 10.5-109, pi. VI, figs. 20, 21. Cyclops phaleratus Byrnes, '09, pp. 31-33, pi. XIV, figs. 1-9. Specific Description. — The first segment of the unusually broad cephalothorax is a little longer than the other four thoracic segments. Its width is slightly greater than its length. The posterior borders of the first three thoracic segments are smooth. The fourth segment is ornamented with a minute fringe of short serrations. The chitinous covering of the fifth thoracic segment is compo.sed of a continuous cylinder like the abdominal segments, and not of a dorsal and ventral plate, as is the case in the corresponding segment of other species of this genus. This segment is armed ventrally along its posterior margin by a row of heavy, cone-shaped teeth (PI. IV, fig. 4) which 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 extend at a slight angle and not parallel to the body. This row is, furthermore, not continuous, but generally interrupted in the middle for a short distance on either side of the median line. Occasionally, however, I have noted specimens in which this row of spinules is practically continuous, though there is always a slight break. The length of the entire cephalothorax to that of the abdomen is as 7 : 5. The first abdominal segment is very slightly smaller than the fifth thoracic segment, and the whole abdomen tapers but little. HoAV small this taper is may be readily seen from the following pro- portional width of each segment at its posterior l^order. First segment 27 Second segment 26 Third segment 24 Fourth segment 21 The proportional lengths of the four abdominal segments beginning with first are 11 :7 :6 : 2. All the segments are cylindrical. The posterior borders of the first, second, and third segments are minutelj" serrated (PI. IV, fig. 2). The last abdominal segment is less than one- fifth as long as the first segment and bears on its posterior border a fringe of unusually long and heavy spines (PI. IV, fig. 2). The stylets are short (PI. IV, fig. 2). Their length and width are to each other as 4 : 3 — a proportion that shows them to be very wide. Below the point of insertion of the short lateral spine, which may or may not be plumose, the stylets taper rapidly. In addition to this lateral spine, there is a row of slightly shorter spinules (usually from- four to six), extending from the lateral spine, ventrally, slightly below the middle of the side of each stylet. Forbes mentions "a row of long spinules on the ventral side of each ramus, extending from the middle line of the anterior border to the point of insertion of the lateral spine." I have never noted such a row of spinules in any of my specimens, though this entire minutely spinose armament of the stylets must be considered a variable feature. , There are two or three rows of minute hairs extending obliquely from the middle of the anterior border of each stylet towards the posterior border. The interior border of the stylets is often .plumose (Schmeil found an "unbehaarten Innenrande") and the inner and posterior dorsal surfaces are armed with irregular groups and rows of short, blunt spines (PI. IV, fig. 2). Forbes and Schmeil both note that the outermost apical bristle "is placed high up on the side of the stylet./' In his fig. 1 on pi. VIII, Schmeil has shown this to be the case, but in fig. 2 of the same plate he shows this spine inserted directly beside 4 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the shorter of the two developed caudal setse. I have found it only as he shows in fig. 2 (PL IV, fig. 2). This spine is often quite blunt and always densely plumose on both sides. At the point of insertion there are several long, dorsally placed serrations extending a third of the distance about the base of the spine. The innermost bristle is very delicate, about as long as the outer, and plumose on its outer side only. Of the two well-developed median bristles, the inner is from two and one-half to three times as long as the outer. Its first third is bare, the middle portion fringed with small spines, and the last third finely plumose. It is longer than the abdomen and un- usually wide at its insertion point. The smaller of the two developed caudal setae is bare for one-quarter of its length, thence to its tip it is fringed with a row of small spines on the outside and delicately plumose on the inner. Between the insertion point and the beginning of the outside row of spines there is often a minute fringe of hairs. The dorsal median seta is quite slender, a little longer than the outer apical spine, and not plumose. The first antennae of the female (PI. IV, fig. 3) are eleven-jointed in most cases, though the ten-jointed form appears occasionally. Sehmeil records only the ten-jointed form from Germany, and Lilljeborg the same from Sweden in his paper of 1901. Forbes states that they "may be either ten- or eleven-segmented," and Miss Byrnes has noted a single individual in which the left antenna had eleven, the right but ten segments. I have noted a similar individual in a single case. Herrick found that ''the antenna is usually ten-jointed, but frequently is eleven-jointed (?), and is much shorter than the first thoracic segment." The question-mark seems to indicate some doubt as to the existence of the eleven-jointed form^ though subsequent workers have verified his observation in the case of the American representatives of this species. It is interesting to note here that the eleven-jointed form has, as far as I am able to ascertain, been recorded only by the American investigators. In the eleven- jointed form there is borne at the distal end of the eighth segment, in place of a sense-club, a minute sensory bristle. The antennae taper but little in the first nine joints, the last two being considerably narrower than the others. The last joint bears an unusually strongly developed seta. The armature of the other antennal joints is quite uniform. The length of the female first antennae is a little more than half that of the first cephalothoracic segment. Sehmeil states the first antennae of the male are normal. I have 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 noted that there is on the last division an unusually large spine, set well towards the distal end. There is also a small blunt spine with a large comb-like fringe on its outer margin, placed about in the middle of the second large division of the male antennae. The re- maining spines are rather smaller than in other species. On the joints of the first division there are present, on the under side, the usual long, blunt, finely plumose sensory structures. The second antennse are very short and broad. The long curving seta of the basal segment I have never found to be evenly plumose as Schmeil shows it. It 'is usually armed with a row of short spinules on each side of its distal three quarters, while the first quarter bears, only on its upper side, an uneven row of longer spinules. The second segment bears on its outer side a double row of delicate spines, and on its upper side a fringe of spinules and near its distal end a peculiar spine. The distal half of this spine is curved and bears on its upper side a comb-like fringe of fine spinules. The smaller spine on the distal end of the third segment has this same peculiar curve and fringe. The curved setae at the top of the fourth segment are short and very broad. The four pairs of swimming feet are all three-segmented, both spines and setae are well developed, and the outer edges of the first and second' segments of each ramus bear rows of heavy spinules. The armature is most variable. For example, I have found on the outer ramus of the first pair either three or four spines and five setae. Again in the second pair on the corresponding ramus I have found four spines with either four or five setce. In another case I have found on the outer ramus of the fourth foot of the right side, three spines and five setae and on the same ramus of the opposite side four spines and four setae. Furthermore, the armature of the inner ramus of the second and third pairs of swimming feet differs consistently from that given by Forbes, in the presence of an extra seta on the inner side. This seta is very obscure and may be overlooked on account of the long spinules on the same side of the ramus, but its existence can be positively identified by its position and by the fact that, though it is often not much larger than the accompanying spinules, it is the only one that is plumose. I give this rather lengthy dis- cussion of the swimming feet merely as an example of the armature not being constant nor reliable as a point of differentiation of species. (See Introduction.) The following is an average armature for the local specimens: First pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. Third pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setae. The fifth feet (PI. IV, fig. 4) are merely flange-like projections of the fifth thoracic segment. They are more lateral than ventral, and there is ordinarily no line marking the position of a former segment. Occasionallj', however, I have noted a faint indication of a possible segment, extending from the base of the outer spine obliquely to a point below the inner spine where the large row of serrations con- necting the two fifth feet ceases (see description of cephalothorax and fig. 4, PI. IV). The fifth foot is armed with three nearly equal spines, of which the inner is coarsely plumose, the middle one more finely plumose, and the outer bare or finely and sparingly plumose on its outer side. Schmeil's criticism of Brady's '' otherwise excellent drawing, " in which he shows all three spines to be plumose, is hardly justifiable (see note 2, p. 176, of Schmeil's monograph). In addition to the three large spines there are several small serrations about the base of the inner spine and an uneven mass of similar small serrations laterally below the outer spine. The receptaculum seminis 'consists of two nearly equal divisions extending as narrow bands transversely across the entire first abdominal segment. The porus is situated in the middle of the short, median, common portion. Owing to the dark color of this species, the structure of the receptaculum is extremely difficult to observe. The egg-sacs are l^orne close to the abdomen and frequently extend quite beyond the end of the stylets-. They usually contain from ten to twenty large dark eggs. The oviducts are of unusual interest in this species. While in all other species they terminate within the cephalo- thorax, in C. phaleratus they extend as a blind duct to the anterior border of the fourth abdominal segment (PI. IV, fig. 1). The following measurements of six females covering collections from the same spot during two years, give an average length of 1.73 mm. No. 1 Total length = 1.6 No. 2 " " = 1.95 No. 3 : " " = 1.88 No. 4 " " = 1.78 No. 5 " " = 1.61 No. 6 " " = 1.6 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 The males are only a little smaller — 1.6 mm. being an average length for local specimens. The coloring of C. phaleratus is most brilliant. The ground-color, which in this species is directly in the chitin, is a brick-red. The second thoracic segment, the last abdominal segment, the stylets and the caudal setae and spines, the swimming feet, the mouth parts, second antennae, and the last segment of the first antennae are sky-blue, which varies in intensity. Often these parts appear quite colorless. The egg-sacs are dark blue or lavender in the first stages of development. C. phaleratus is a pelagic species. In aquaria it may often be found a little above the water line, where it sometimes crawls even beyond the upper margin of the meniscus line. Its swimming motion is a rapidly darting one. The easiest way of distinguishing it from all other members of the genus is by its superficial resemblance to the genus Canthocamptus. The short, eleven-jointed antennae, and form of the rudimentary fifth feet, are certain microscopic points of identification. This species seems to be very widely distributed in America, though nowhere is it particularly abundant. Forbes reports it from several localities in Illinois and Wisconsin and from Portage La Prairie, Manitoba. Marsh has found it in several of the Michigan lakes and Cragin reports it from Cambridge, Mass., as Cyclops per armatus. Miss Byrnes has studied the species on Long Island, where she found it in "shallow, fresh-water ponds." I have noted it rather more abundantly in the spring collections, but never in great numbers from the vicinity of Haverford, Pa., and from a small spring-Avater pond near Gillette, Wyoming, as well as in collections from Lake Winne- pesaukee and the vicinity of Cambridge, Mass. Subgenus PARACYCLOPS Claus. Cyclops fimbriatus var. poppei Rehberg. PI. IV, figs. 5-11. Cyclops poppei Rehberg, '80, p. 550, Taf. VI, figs. 9-11. Cyclops fimbriatus Schmeil, '91, pp. 35, 36. Cyclops iimbriatus var. poppei Schmeil, '92, pp. 168-170, Taf. VII, figs. 14-16. Cyclops' fimbriatus Herrick, '95, pp. 121, 122, pi. XVII, figs. 8, 9; pi. XXI, fig. 11; pi. XXV, figs. 9-14. Cyclops fimbriatus var. poppei Forbes, '97, pp. 63 and 65. Cyclops fimbriatus Bj^nes, '09, p. 33, pi. XV. Synonymy and Distribution. — In his Beitrdge zur Kenntniss, etc., of '91, Schmeil considered Cijclops poppei Rehberg, synonymous with the typical C. fimbriatus. The following year, however, after a more careful study of the species, though he still claimed the differences to be too few to warrant a new species, he granted that 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., there should be a variety of C. fimhriatus, which he named C. fimhriatus var. jJoppei Rehberg. All of Herrick's drawings of the stylets of what he describes as C fimhriatus Fischer show that his specimens belonged to the var. poppei, and not to the typical form. Forbes recognizes the varietj' poppei, but gives no description or figures in connection with his note of the occurrence of the species. Miss Byrnes, following Herrick's mistake, has described this variety as the typical C. fim- hriatus from Long Island. Her fig. 5, pi. XV, of the stylets with their characteristic armature of a longitudinal row of spines proves that the animal examined by her was not fimhriatus, but the variety poppei of Rehberg. There has been not a little confusion of the above-mentioned two forms. I cannot find a single description of the typical C. fimhriatus Fischer by any American investigator. The species seems to be represented in this country by the variety only. This has been described at least twice under the name of the type form. Cyclops fimhriatus var. poppei seems to be one of the rarer species of. the genus. Several of the investigators have failed to find it. Kofoid states in his Plankton of the Illinois River, "K. B. Forbes ('97) records in May, September, 1896, C. varicans Sars as common, and C. fimhriatus var. poppei Rehberg and C. bicolor Sars as rare." Forbes states that this is "a rare species in Manitoba, Alabama, and the north central States. " Brewer does not record it from the waters about Lincoln, Nebraska. Marsh, in '95, names "fimhriatus'' in his Key to Species of Cyclops, but gives no description. Miss Byrnes has studied the species from Long Island waters, where she states that "Cyclops fimhriatus has been taken in great numbers — especially in the collections made in the early spring." This obser- vation agrees very closely with my own regarding the variety poppei in this vicinity. In a collection made in the spring (March) of 1907 it was the most abundant form. I have never recorded it from September to January, In February, 1909, I found a few egg-bearing females. I consider it one of the rarest of the members of the genus found in this locality. Specific Description. — The somewhat slim cephalothorax (PI. IV, fig. 5) tapers only slightly posteriorly. The first segment is half as long as the entire thorax. The dorso-ventral diameter is short in proportion to the length of the animal. In a specimen measuring 1.13 mm. it was but .14 mm. The width of the three posterior thoracic segments diminishes but a little. The lateral angles of the 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 thoracic segments are not prominent. Both Herrick and Miss Byrnes have obviously dra^vn their specimens under pressure, when, as I have repeatedly observed, the thoracic outline is entirely changed. Fig. 5, PI. IV, shows the form of cephalothorax in life. The third segment is finely serrated along its entire posterior margin (fig. 10, Pi. IV). These serrations often are slightly larger at the end of the marginal row. The fourth thoracic segment bears, laterally, a short row of minute but rather coarse "hairs" (fig. 11, PI. IV). On the corresponding portions of the fifth segment there are present similar short rows of coarse hairs, but on this segment they are much larger (fig. 8, PI. IV). The entire cephalothorax is to the abdomen as 7 : 5. Its length to its width is as 2 : 1. The abdomen is wide, the first segment being but a little narrower than the fifth segment of the thorax. In my drawing of the living animal (fig. 5, PL IV) the first abdominal segment is foreshortened owing to the curve of the entire dorsal surface. This fact, taken together with the short first antennae and the method of locomotion, suggests a strong resemblance to members of the genus Caniho- camptus. The first three abdominal segments are finely serrate on their posterior margins. These serrations in the fourth segment, instead of stopping at the sides of the anal opening, turn anteriorly and extend a short distance along either side of this opening. There are, furthermore, between the upturned portion of the posterior row of serrations and the side of the anal opening, two very minute rows of what Schmeil calls "button-like projections" (fig. 6, PI. IV). Neither Herrick's nor Miss Byrnes' drawings give an accurate view of this armature, though the former evidently noticed this detail from his fig. 11, PI. 21, of his report of '95. Miss Byrnes' drawing shows the marginal row of serrations of the fourth abdominal segment extending across the anal opening. All the abdominal segments bear transverse rows of minute indentations of the form of the marginal serrations, but not projections of the cuticula. This may easily be proved by turning the animal on its side, when the dorsal and ventral lines of the abdominal segments will appear as unbroken lines. I find this character quite constant in specimens of the variety poppei, though Schmeil notes that it is often missing in the type jimbriatus. The stylets (fig. 6, PI. IV) differ from those of the typical ^w6na^MS. They are only as long as the last two abdominal segments. Their length is three times their width and their inner margins almost meet at the point of insertion in the abdomen. One of the main differences 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., between this form and the type lies in the characteristic armature of the dorsal surface of the stylets. The lateral spine is inserted well towards the median line. On the outer lateral surfaces and a little below the position usually occupied by the lateral spine there is a row of prominent serrations. The position and course of this row of serrations may be seen in fig. 6 of PI. IV. There are two well- developed apical setse which are carried prominently divaricate. Of these two, the outer is a little over half as long as the inner aQ,d is ornamented on its outer surface with minute spines, its inner surface bearing the usual hairs. Herrick's statement, "inner two-thirds as long as the outer," is undoubtedly another case of reversed propor- tions. The longer seta is plumose. The delicate innermost setse are as long as the outer and generally curved as in fig. 6, PI. IV. The outermost setse are very heavy, rather blunt and delicately plumose on their inner surface only. About the base of each there is a f circle of long serrations. The first antennae of the female (fig. 7, PI. IV) are eight-jointed. They are only half as long as the first thoracic segment and are carried at right angles to the median line, as is the case with practically all of the Cydopidce. The segments taper rapidly, the distal one being but one-quarter as wide as the first at its line of juncture with the second. The fourth segment is the longest. The two distal segments are slightly bent forward in life (fig. 5, PI. IV). Herrick states: "The basal joint with a small semicircular series of fine bristles." This is not a characteristic of this species, but of the entire genus. Miss Byrnes' description is this: "The antennae contain but eight segments; they are short and are characterized by two well-developed setae." The fifth segment bears a well- developed sense-club (fig. 7, PI. IV). This is somewhat different from Schmeil's figure of this organ for the type form. In the speci- mens that I have examined I find it to be rather more slim and spear-shaped than "club-shaped" as in the type. It suggests the form of the corresponding organ in C. bicuspidatus Claus (PI. II, fig. 5). Many of the setse of the first seven segments are delicately plumose, but those of the terminal segment are, as far as I have been able to observe, quite bare. Along the line of the distal third of the third segment (fig. 7, PI. IV) I have repeatedly noted what appears to be the beginning of the segmentation of another antennal joint. However, I have never observed a specimen of "var. poppei'' with nine-jointed first antennae. The semicircle of fine bristles at the base of the first joint is unusually prominent. 1914.] NATURAL ttClKNCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 The antcnnules are characterized by the two very short terminal segments. . The armature of the three-jointed swimming feet is as follows: First pair — outer i:Amus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setae. Second pair — outer ramus, four spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, one spine, four setse. Third pair — like the second pair. Fourth pair — outer ramus, three spines, five setae; inner ramus, one seta, two spines, two setae. The inner margins of all the branches of the swimming feet are ornamented with rows of bristles. This is especially the case in the second, third, and fourth pairs. In her description of the variations of this species, Miss BjTnes says: " The most striking variation iir C. fimhriatus is a tendencj^ toward a reduction in the armature of the inner ramus of the first swimming feet, where in the apical position, for example, a single large spine replaced two setae or a spine and a seta, which is the typical armature of the organ." She does not give the ''typical armature" in her table, and the small seta on the inner side of the inner ramus of the first pair of swimming feet she has probably overlooked. The fifth foot (fig. 8, PI. IV), which is one-jointed, I find bearing the following armature: On the inner side of the distal end of the single segment there is a heavy spine, serrate on its inner surface and finely but not densely plumose on its outer margin. The row of minute serrations which Schmeil shows to be present in the type form at the base of the corresponding spine (see his Taf. VII, fig. 12) I do not find at all after a careful examination of a number of speci- mens. There is a single spine-like projection at the base of the inner spine, but no indication of a row. On the outer distal corner of the fifth foot there is a very coarse spine-like seta that is densely plumose on its inner and outer side. These two "spines" (the outer is more nearly a spine than a seta) are of equal length. Between them and borne at the end of a button-like process is the middle seta, slightly longer than the two spines and plumose on its distal half. Rehberg noted that "das rudimentare Fiisschen ist mit zwei gleichlangen Dornen und einem kiirzeren Haar Isesetzt, wahrend sich bei Cycl. fimhriatus nur ein kurzer Dorn und zwei lange Haareii befinden." Schmeil admits that Rehberg's description and drawing is quite accurate, states, however, that the fifth feet in type and variety are identical. I am inclined to agree with Rehberg that 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the outer seta of the type form is replaced in his variety by a spine. There has been much confusion over this point. Herrick states that the fifth foot has ''three spines." Miss Byrnes agrees in her -description with Schmeil, for she finds "a coarse inner spine and two setae." This is undoubtedly one of those details of structure which may vary considerably, and I merely give the observations of the investigators to show their opinions on this point. The receptaculum seminis (fig. 4, PL IV) is of a very characteristic form. It consists of two portions. These are in the shape of long, closely lying narrow ellipses. The upper portion has a slight inden- tation in the middle of its anterior margin and the ends are slightly upturned. The porus is situated in the middle of the short common portion which connects the two divisions of this organ. The struc- ture of the receptaculum seminis has never before been observed in the American representatives of this variety. The egg-sacs contain but a few dark ovae, 7-10, and are carried close to the abdomen in life. I have found that 1.17 mm. is an average length for females of the variety poppei. Schmeil gives .86 mm. and Herrick .8 mm. The former states that "die Varietat ist etwas kleiner als die typische Form." For the "typische Form" Schmeil gives for the female "0.92-1 mm." The smallest mature female that I have measured was 1.13 mm. long — longer than the typical European form. Schmeil's observations on the size of this species does not seem to hold good, then, for the American forms. In fact, the reverse is true of specimens from this vicinity. Further study of the species will undoubtedly show that type and variety are of a size. The variety poppei is practically colorless. Irregular chains (fig. 5, PI. IV) of rose-colored globules are scattered occasionally throughout both cephalothorax and abdomen, and the ovaries, when distended, appear a deep shade of lavender. The most readily distinguished characters of this variety are the short eight-jointed antennae (which show that it belongs either to the type or variety) and the very characteristic armature of the dorsal surfaces of the caudal stylets. The following table illustrates the main points of difference between type and variety: 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 (1) Fifth foot C. fimbriatus Fischer. C. fimbriatus var. poppci Rehberg. with a spine and two setae, the spine circled at its base by a row of minute spinules. (2) Receptaculum semi- "may reach the anterior nis border of first abdominal segment" (Schmeil). with two spines and a seta, one spine phimose, and no row of spinules at the base of either. narrow, low lying, ellipse (fig. 9, PI. IV), with slight indentation in mid- dle of anterior border. (3) Fourth a b d o m i n a 1 serrations stop at side ofiserrations turn up (fig. 6, segment (4) Transverse row of serrations on sty- lets (5) Stylets anal opening. Pi. IV). form semicircle about sty- extend longitudinally (fig lets stopping above lat- eral spine. narrow, set far apart, almost equal to last three abdominal segments. 6, PI. IV). shorter, inner margins almost meet, length equal to last two abdomi- nal segments. Schmeil notes further minute differences in the structure of the male first antennae. N. B. — Since the compilation of the above table I have had occasion to examine collections from Lake Winnepesaukee, N. H., in which a form occurs which bridges over the gap between type and variety as regards character No. 4. In these forms the transverse row of serrations on stylets is exactly as in the type form as figured by Schmeil, but the proportional length of stylets agrees with var. poppei and not with the type form. List of Cyclopid.e Recorded from a Single Small Pond in the Vicinity of Haverford, Pa. (The above small pond is on the estate of Mr. McFadden, directly on the south side of the Philadelphia and Western Railroad tracks and to the right of the bridge that crosses these tracks at Haver- ford station.) Geniia CYCLOPS. I. Subgenus CYCLOPS Glaus s. str. 1. Cyclops Viridis var. insectus Forbes. Not described in this paper, but an abundant form. "2. Cyclops bicuspidatus Claus. II. Subgenus MACROGYCLOPS Claus. 3. Cyclops fuSCUS Jurinc. '4. Cyclops albidus Jurine. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^. IV. Subgenus ORTHOCYCLOPS Forbes. 5. Cyclops modestus Herrick. V. Subgenus MICROCYCLOPS Glaus. 6. Cyclops varicans Sars. VI. Subgenus EUCYCLOPS Glaus. 7. Cyclops serrulatus Fischer. _ Not described in this paper, but the most abundant form. 8. Cyclops prasinus Fischer. VII. Subgenus PARAGYCLOPS Glaus. 9. Cyclops phaleratus Koch. 10. Cyclops fimbriatus var. poppei Rehberg. In the above Kst, subgenus III is omitted since it only contains C. ater Herrick, a form not found thus far in this locality. This arrangement is taken directly from Forbes' paper of '97. Description of C. viridis var. insectus Forbes and C. serrulatus Fischer are not given in this paper. The latter form is perhaps the commonest one of the genus and will not be mistaken for any other since no other American form approaches it in morphological details. Forbes has discussed the synonymy in his paper of '97, but since that time several European investigators have established new species and varieties all intimately related with the type form. A careful comparative study of these new forms will be necessary before the description of C. serrulatus Fischer can be brought up to date. It is known to be a most variable form. Size and stylet proportions are rarely constant in individuals taken at the same locality' and even in the same collection. Bibliography. Brewer, A. D. '98. A Study of the Copepoda found in the Vicinity of Lin- coln, Nebraska. Studies from the Zool. Lab. of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, No. 29, Article XIII, pp. 119-138, pi. VII. Byrnes, E. F. '03. Heterogeny and Variation in some of the Copepoda of Long Island. Reprinted from the Biol. Bulletin, Vol. V, no. 3, August, '03. pp. 152-168, 5 figs. '06. Two Transitional Stages in the Development of Cyclops signnlus var. coronatus. Reprinted from Biol. Bulletin, Vol. X, no. 5, April, '06. '09. The Fresh Water Cyclops of Long Island, Cold Spring Harbor Mono- graphs, No. VII, March, '09. Pub. by the Brooklyn Inst, of Arts and Sciences. Fifteen plates, 43 pp. Chichkoff, G. '06. Copepodes d'eau douce do Bulgarie, Zool. Anzeig., Band 31, pp. 78-82. Claus, C. '63. Die freilebenden Copepoden, mit besonderer Berlicksichtigung der Fauna Deutschlands, der Nordsee und des Mittelmeeres. 230 pj)., 37 pis. Leipzig. Cragin, F. W. '83. A Contribution to the History of the Fresh-water Copepoda. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., Vol. VlII, pp. 06-80, pis. I-I\'. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 Daday, E. v. '97. Resultate dcr wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Bala- tonsees. IX Section — Crustaceen, 31 pp., 40 drawings. Budapest, '97. '03. Mikroskopisehe Siis-swasserthiere aus der Umgebung des Balaton. Zool. Jahrbiich., Abt. f. Syst. etc., vol. XIX, Heft I. '06. Untersuchungen liber die Copepoden-fauna von Hinterindien, Sumatra und Java, nebst einem Beitrag zur Copepodenkenntnis der Hawaii-Inseln. Pp. 175-20(5. 3 Taf., Zool. .Jahrbiich., .\bt. f. Syst. etc., Bd. 24, Heft 3. Jena. DouwE, C. V. '99. Zur Morphologie des rudimentaren Copepoden-fusses. Zool. Anzeig., Bd. 22, pp. 447-450. '03. Zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Siisswasser Copepoden Deufschknds — Cyclops crassicaudis Sars. Zool. Anzeig., Bd. 26, pp. 463-465. '07. Zur Copepodenfauna von Java und Sumatra. Zool. Anzeig., Bd. 32, pp. 357-364. Forbes, E. B. '97- A Contribution to a Knowledge of North American Fresh- water Cvclopida?. 111. State Lab. of Nat. Hist., Vol. V, Article II, pp. 27-82, pis. VIII-XX. Forbes, S. A. '82. On some Entomostraca of Lake Michigan and Adjacent Waters. Amer. Nat., vol. XVI, pp. 537-543, 640-6,50, pis. VIII, IX. Herrick, C. L. '83. Heterogenesis in Copepod Crustacea. Am. Nat., Vol. XVII, pp. 208-212. '83rt. Heterogenctic Development in Diaptomus. Am. Nat., Vol. XVII, pp. 381-389, 499-505, pis. V-VII. Herrick, C. L., and Turner, C. H. '95. Synopsis of the Entomostraca of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., Zool., Series II, 525 pp. 81 plates. KoFOiD, C. A. '08. The Plankton of the Illinois River, Part II. Constituent Organisms and their Seasonal Distribution. Bull. 111. State Lab. of Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, art. 1. Lehmann, H. '03. Variations in Form and Size of Cyclops brevispinosus Herrick and Cyclops americanus Marsh. Trans. Wise. Acad, of Sci. Arts and Letters, Vol. XIV, part I, pp. 279-298, pis. XXX-XXXIII. LiLLJEBORG, W. '01. Synopsis Specierum hue usque in Suecia Observatorum Generis Cyclopis, sive Bidrag Till en Ofversigt af de Inom Sverige lakttagna Arterna af Slaktet Cyclops. 118 pp., VI Tab. Stockholm, '01. Marsh, C. D. '95. On the Cyclopidse and Calanidas of Lake St. Clair, Lake ^Michigan and Certain of the Inland Lakes of Michigan. Bulletin of the Michigan Fish Commission, No. 5, 24 pp., 9 plates. '03. The Plankton of Lake Winnebago and Green Lake. Wise. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. No. XII, Series No. 3. Randolph, H. '00. Chloretone .... an Anaesthetic and Macerating Agent for Lower Animals. Reprinted from Zool. Anzeig., Bd. XXIII, No. 621. Rathbun, M. J. '05. Fauna of New England, 5. List of Crustacea. Occa- sional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, VII. Boston. S.w. T. '18. An Account of the Crustacea of the United States. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., Vol. I, pp. 421-458. "ScHMEiL, O. '91. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Siisswasser Copepoden Deutsch- lands, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Cj'clopiden. Zeitschr. f. Natur- wiss., Halle, Bd. 64, pp. 1-40. '92. Deutschlands freilebende §iisswasser-Copepoden. I.Teil. Cyclopidse. Bibliotheca Zoologica, Heft II, 191 pp., 8 Tafeln. '93. Copepoden •des Rhatikon-Gebirges, 40 pp., 4 pis. Abhandl. d. Naturf. Ges. zu Halle, Bd. XIX. Walker, E. R. '08. Observations on the Microfauna of an Oregon Pond. Transactions of Amer. Microsc. Soc, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 76-84, pi. VI. Explanation of Plates. Plate I. — Cyclops fuscus Jurine. Cyclops albidus Jurine. Fig. 1. — C. fuscus, adult female. Oc. 2, obj. 1. (Ocular and objective numbers refer to Leitz lenses unless otherwise noted. All drawings were made with the help of the camera lucida.) 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^ Fig. 2. — C. albidus, adult female, showing the characteristic divaricate- position of the egg-sacs. Oc. 1, obj. 1 (Bausch & Lomb). Fig. 3. — Dorsal aspect of stylets and last abdominal segment of C. fuscuii. Oc. 3, obj. 3. , * Fig. 4. — Stylets and last abdominal segment of C. albidus. Oc. 1, obj. 3 (B. & L.). Fig. 5. — Three proximal joints of the second female antenna, C. fuscua. Oc. 2, obj. 3. Fig. 6. — Third and fourth joints of the second female antenna, C. albidua. Oc. 1, obj. 3 (B. & L.). Fig. 7. — Terminal segment of first female antenna, C. fuscus, showing the typical deep serrations of the hyaline plate. Oc. 2, obj. 3. Fig. 8. — Terminal segment of first female antenna, C. albidus. The finely serrated plate is characteristic. Oc. 3, obj. 5. Fig. 9. — Twelfth segment of the first female antenna of C. fuscus, showing the armature of minute serrations and the sense-hair. Oc. 2, obj. 5. Fig. 10. — Twelfth segment of the first antenna of a female C. albidus, showing rows of "thorns" and sense-club. Oc. 2, obj. 5. Fig. 11. — Receptaculwm seminis of C. fuscus. Oc. 3, obj. 3. Fig. 12. — Receptaculum seminis of C. albidus. Oc. 3, obj. 3. Fig. 13.— Fifth foot of C. albidus. Oc. 2, obj. 5. - Fig. 14. — Distal segment of the inner ramus of the fourth pair of swimming feet of C. albidus, showing a group of small hairs in place of the second seta of the inner side. Oc. 0, obj. 5. Plate II. — Figs. 1-5, Cyclops bicuspidatus Claus. Figs. 6-11 Cyclops modestus,. Herrick. Fig. 1. — An adult female (slightly extended by pressure). Oc. 0, obj. 3. Fig. 2. — Lateral view of a stylet showing the minute serrations near the- anterior end. Oc. 3, obj. 5. Fig. 3. — The sense-club of the twelfth segment of the first female antenna^. Oc. 3, obj. 7. Fig. 4. — A foot of the fifth pair. Oc. 3, obj. 7. Fig. 5. — The receptaculum seminis. Oc. 3, obj. 3. Fig. 6. — An adult female. Oc. 0, obj. 3. Fig. 7. — An adult male with first antennae folded under the cephalothorax. Oc. 0, obj. 3. Fig. 8. — Stylets and last abdominal segment. Oc. 2, obj. 5. Fig. 9.— A foot of the fifth pair. Oc. 1 (B. & L.), obj. 7. Fig. 10. — Lamella of the third pair of swimming feet. Oc. 1 (B. & L.),. obj. 5. ■ Fig. 11. — The three terminal joints of the first female antennae showing hyaline plates and sense-hair. Oc. 1 (B. & L.), obj. 5. Plate III. — Figs. 1-5, Cyclops prasinus Fischer. Figs. 6-11, Cyclops varicans: Sars. Fig. 1. — An adult female. Oc. 2, obj. 3. Fig. 2. — The stylets and last abdominal segment. Oc. 3, obj. 5. Fig. 3. — The three terminal joints of the female first antenna showing the characteristic hyaline plates. Oc. 2, obj. 7. Fig. 4.— The fifth foot. Oc. 2, obj. 7. Fig. 5. — The receplaculum seminis. Oc. 3, obj. 5. Fig. 6. — A mature female of C. varicans with eleven-jointed first antenna? :; a winter transitional form. Oc. 2, obj. 3. Fig. 7. — The stylets and last abdominal segment. Oc. 2, obj. 5. Fig. 8. — An eleven-jointed antenna of the first pair in the female. Oc. 3,. obj. 5. Fig. 9. — The fifth thoracic segment showing the rudimentary fifth feet.. Oc. .3, obj. 5. Fig. 10. — The receptaculum seminis. Oc. 0, obj. 5. Fig. 11. — A two-jointed swimming foot of the third pair. The division of the third joint is always inilicated by minute rows of hairs. Oc. 2, obi. 5. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 Plate IV. — Figs. 1-4, Cyclops phdlcralus Koch. Figs. 5-11, Cyclops fimbrialus var. poppei Rehberg. Fig. 1. — An adult female. Oc. 0, obj. 3. Fig. 2. — The stylets and last abdominal segment. Oc. 0, obj. 5. Fig. 3. — The female first antenna. Oc. 2, obj. 5. Fig. 4.— The fifth foot. Oc. 2, obj. 5. Fig. 5. — An adult female; the first ccphalothoracic segment appears some- what foreshortened. Fig. 6. — The stylets and last abdominal segment. Fig. 7. — The female first antenna. Fig. 8. — A foot of the fifth pair. Fig. 9. — The receptaculum seminis. Fig. 10. — Posterior serrated margin of the third thoracic segment. Fig. 11. — Posterior margin of the fourth thoracic segment. «64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., A STUDY OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DICHOPETALA (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIID^). BY JAMES A. G. REHN AND MORGAN HEBARD. The possession of the extensive series of this genus secured by us in the southwestern' United States in the summers of 1910 and 1912, with the acquisition by the junior author of the very important representation of the same group contained in the Bruner Collec- tion, prompted us to make a detailed study of this interesting but previously little-known genus of long-horned grasshoppers. The scope of our work became so extended that practically all the material of the geniis in American collections was finally examined. The few types contained in European collections were relatively unimpor- tant. Our work has required the description of a number of new forms and the synonymizing of several old ones. The color descriptions have been based on Ridgway's recent set of color standards.^ DICHOPETALA Bruimer. 1878. Dichopetala Brunner, Monogr. der Phaneropt., p. 77. 1891. Dichopetala Brunner, Verhandl. K.-K. Zool.-bot. Gesell., Wien, XLI, p. 4. 1897. Dichopetala Saussure and Pictet, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 315. 1900. Dichopetala Scudder, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, p. 67. 1900. Dichopetala Hehn, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XXVII, p. 88. 1901. Dichopetala Rehn, Entom. News, XII, p. 207. 1902. Dichopetala Rehn, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XXVII, p. 335. 1902. Dic/iopf-tato Scudder and Cockcrell, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, p. 51. 1902. Dichopetala Morse, Psyche, IX, p. 381. 1906. Dichopetala Kirby, Synon. Catal. Orth., II, p. 388. 1907. Dichopetala Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 56. 1909. Dichopetala Rehn and Hebard, ibid., 1909, p. 167. 1912. Dichopetala Hunter, Pratt and Mitchell, Bull. 113, Bureau of Entom. U. S. Dept. of Agric, p. 50. This genus was based on two species — inexicana and eniarginata Brunner. Genotype: Dichopetala mexicana Brunner (selected by Kirby, 1906). The genus is a member of the Phaneropterinse and of the group Odonturge, constituting with the genera Odontura Rambur, Pseudi- sotima Schulthess, Epiphlebus Karsch, Atlasacris Rehn, Peropyrrhicia ' Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. By Robert Ridgway. Wash- ington, D. C, 1912. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 and Angara Bruiiner a section of the group. Of these genera all are exchisively Old World except Angara, which is Brazilian. Generic Description. — Fastigium of vertex more or less'compressed, short, not or distinctly sublamellate, not at all sulcate or finely sulcate proximad, more or less in contact with facial fastigium. Antennae subcrassate proximad, from two to five times the length of the body. Pronotum not at all, or more or less constricted mesad, dorsum more or less arcuate in transverse section; caudal margins of lateral lobes more or less arcuate or subtruncate. Tegmina in male abbreviate; anal field extending nearly the entire length of tegmen; sutural margin at apex of stridulating vein obtuse-angulate to rectangulate produced. Tegmina in female very short, not reaching or distinctly surpassing the caudal margin of the metanotum, overlapping, subcontiguous, or more or less decidedly remote from one another; distal margin of female tegmina arcuate to truncate. Abdomen more or less dilated; disto-dorsal abdominal segment with distal margin emarginate, bisinuate, truncate or arcuate, supra- anal plate simple or (in d^ of tauriformis) bearing a dorsal erect T-shaped structure. Cerci of male incurved, acute, falciform, simple, with dorsal margin rarely serrato-dentate or with median tooth or lobe on dorsal or external face, occasionally with an accessory digitiform lobe from base. Subgenital plate of male broad and short or produced, more or less narrowed cUstad, free lateral margins concave, subparallel or converging, distal margin truncate or more or less deeply and completely V- or obomegoid emarginate, unicari- nate or tricarinate ventrad. Ovipositor from one and one-half to three times the length of pronotal disk, more or less arcuate, apex more or less acuminate and with its margins serrato-dentate. Sub- genital plate of female emarginato-truncate, arcuato-emarginate, or more or less completely divided into two halves, these more or "less acute distad. Limbs more or less-elongate. Cephalic femora from one and one-half to three times as long as the disk of the pronotum in the male, one and one-third to two and one-half times in the female. Caudal femora -from four to nearly seven times the lengih of the pronotal disk in the male, from four to five and three-fourths times in the female. Classification. — From a systematic standpoint, the characters of greatest value in the differentiation of the species are: in both sexes, general form of the body and shape of the eyes; in the male, form of the pronotum, form of the tegmina, form of the cerci and subgenital plate; in the female, form of the pronotum, form of the tegmina, 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., relative size and width of space between the tegmina, 'form of the ovipositor and that of the subgenital plate. The general form is much more robust in some species than in others, the females almost always more robust than the males, in falcata and poUicifera less different in this respect than in the other forms. The outline of the eye is, in a few cases, of assistance in distinguishing females of closely allied forms, as castanea and brevihastata. The pronotum ranges from not at all constricted, to decidedly constricted mesad in both sexes. In the male sex the tegmina show modifications in the form of the margins and the width of the fields, the prominence of the stridulating vein and the projection of the sutural margin at the apex of the same vein. The tegmina of the female are as diagnostic as the more complex appendages of the male, their relative position and the interspace between the same, as well as the form of their margins, being of importance. The characters of the genitalia of the two sexes are discussed in detail below. Morphological Notes on Male Genitalia. — The variation in struc- tural form in the cerci of the male covers a number of types which show six different lines of development, relatively as follows: (mexicana falcata durangensis D {castanea brevihastata ( gladiator { emarginata (oreoeca catinata F- ( caudelli \ tridactyla E — taurijormis C — poUicifera B — serrifera The position of durangensis is more or less problematical, as we have only nymi)hal males. Group D 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 The extremes in structural variation in the form of the cerci are a simple incurved falciform type, found in the group A, and one with a median tooth and an accessory lobe from the base, found in group F. The general cereal structure of the various groups can be pre- sented best in tabular form. [ mexicana 1 Group A j falcata I ^ii^^P^G) falciform. Group B (serrifera). — Simple, dorsal margin serrato-dentate. Group C {polUcifera). — With an external median tooth. Incertse sedis (diirangensis) . — With evidence of a dorsal median tooth. [ castanea ; brevihastata With a dorsal median fork, developing gladiator from a simple tooth to a large flattened emarginata | lobe covering the greater portion of the oreoeca distal section of the cereal shaft. catinata Group E {fauriformis) . — With a greatly developed lobiform median tooth arising from the external margin of the shaft, the distal portion of the latter peculiarly modified. A transverse proximal lamella present dorsad on the shaft. I tridactyla 1 With a dorsal median tooth and an accessory Group F I caMdelli J digitiform lobe from the base of the shaft. The species in group D exhibit a regular development in the form of the dorsal median fork from a simple median tooth which becomes depressed and flattened, spreading laterad until it is as wide as the proximal portion of the shaft, to the other extreme which has it modified into a great inverted spoon-like plate covering the greater portion of the cereal shaft. The peculiar digitiform accessory appendage of tridactyla and caudelli springs from a proximal trans- verse ridge, which is apparently homologous with the more decided transverse lamella found in the same region in tauriformis. From the evidence of eighteen immature males, 'belonging to six species {durangensis, brevihastata, gladiator, oreoeca, catinata, and polUcifera), it is evident that the separation of the median fork of the cercus is never accomplished before the mature condition. Of brevihastata and polUcifera we have material representing two con- secutive instars, one preceding the mature condition, the other species being represented by this stage alone. In the forms of which we have two stages no indication of the lobe is apparent in 68 ■ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the earlier instar, while in the other stage, in all of the species repre- sented in this condition, there is a more or less distinct indication of an incipient lobe or tooth, this being most pronounced in durangensis and catinata. In the latter this embryonic lol)e is more definitely formed than in durangensis, consisting of an ovate vertical area of relatively large size. In the closely related oreoeca, the incipient lobe is not vertical, but horizontal in position. The male subgenital plate is very varied in form, the distal margin ranging from truncate with lateral styliform processes to obomegoid emarginate; the general form broad with the distal portion little produced and narrowed, the lateral angles more or less blunted, to an opposite jextreme, elongate, narrow, concave laterad with the lateral angles acute, between which extremes are a number of modifi- cations of one or the other. Quite curiously, there exists no correla- tion between certain forms of cerci and certain forms of the subgenital plate, forms nearly related in cereal structure, as oreoeca and catinata, having very different subgenital plates. Morphological Notes on Female Genitalia. — The ovipositor ranges in general form from the elongate, very slender, decidedly arcuate type seen in gladiator, and the elongate robust type with a more or less straight ventral margin as found in a number of species, to a short, moderately arcuate form seen in castanea and hrevihastata. It is evident that there is considerable individual variation in the depth of the ovipositor, this being very apparent in those species represented by considerable series, so much so that the extremes have different facies, but the major portions of such series always bridge the apparent gaps. In ovipositor length there is marked variation in gladiator and hrevihastata, this being most apparent in the former species, the extremes of which are quite different in appearance. We have before us ten female nymphs which we can positively refer to five species {durangensis, hrevihastata, gladiator, oreoeca, and j)olli- cifera). Of durangensis we have represented the second instar preceding maturity, of hrevihastata the two preceding maturity, and of the other three species the instar preceding maturity. From this material it is evident that the development of the ovipositor is very rapid, but in no case do the external margins acquire distal teeth until the mature condition is reached. In one specimen which is appar- ently on the eve of the last ecdysis (the type of Icevis) the teeth of the enclosed ovipositor can be seen through the sheath when it is held to the light. The subgenital plate of the female presents great diversity in 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 development, which in its details are not always correlative with apparent affinities. These diversities can be placed in two categories, one {mexicana, falcata, durangensis, castanea, and brevihastata) with the plate entire, the other (comprising the remaining species) with it divided completely in two, at least as far as the chitinous portion is concerned. In the first section we have from an extreme which is very broad and short, with the distal margin emarginato-truncate, to one of a similar general form with the margin bisinuate to arcuato- emarginate. In the second section we have even greater diversity, the paired lobes varying from broad to very narrow, blunted to aciculate, the general form of the margins differing to a lesser degree. In the forms with an entire subgenital plate, the distal margin has a different appearance when the plate is flat or when it is compressed, which factor should always be considered in determining the character of this margin. For the sake of uniformity, we have endeavored to give the character of this margin from the plate were it flattened out. Notes on Tegminal Structure. — In the male the tegmina are more ample in oreoeca and more reduced in size in tridactyla than in the other species. The angle of the sutural margin is very greatly pro- duced in tridactyla and on the other hand almost imperceptible in catinata. The stridulating vein is apparent in all the forms of the genus, but variable in strength and curvature, while the tympanum is also of variable form and definition. In the female the considerable variation in form and position indicated in the generic description is not correlated mth the general relationship of the forms, as certain species with overlapping quadrate tegmina and others with nearly contiguous similarly shaped tegmina occur in sections of the genus which on «um total of characters are well removed from one another. The reduction of the female tegmina has proceeded further in emarginata than in any other form of the genus, as there they are decidedly lateral and very small, while the development of the tegmina in the same sex is most marked in falcata, where they are overlapping, covering all of the metanotum and the greater portion of the proximal dorsal abdominal segment. The venation in the female tegmina is always generalized, being more complex in falcata than in any of the other forms. Color Pattern. — The color pattern of all of the forms of this genus is similar in several respects; first, in the possession of pale paired lines extending from the eye caudad to the apex of the abdomen and, second, in the general uniformity of the lateral and ventral color. In the majority of the forms the color of the dorsum between the pale 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., lines is more or less uniform and, for convenience in describing the extent and character of the pattern, we have referred to this as the dorsal color, the ventral and lateral tones as the lateral color, and the pale paired lines and their developments as the pale pattern. The range of tone in all three of these principal components of the colora- tion is very considerable, the extreme on one hand having the pattern intense, the contrasts decided and the tones darker and richer, while in the other extreme the pattern is dilute, the contrasts poor and the tones paler and weaker. To facilitate reference to these extremes we have termed them the intensive and recessive extremes. In the recessive condition the pale pattern is frequently much restricted as well as weakened, while the dorsal color is often but little, in part only, or not at all different from the lateral color. Distribution. — Extending from north-central Texas (Dallas), southern New Mexico (Dry Canyon and Mesilla Valley) and central southern Arizona (Tumamoc Hill and Sycamore Canyon), south to the upper Rio Balsas Valley in Guerrero, Mexico, on the west reaching Tepic and on the east the vicinity of the coast at Corpus Christi and Brownsville, Texas, and Tamos, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Vertically the genus ranges up to at least 6500 feet (in the Davis Mountains, Texas). It reaches its greatest diversity in southern Texas and the northern and central parts of the Mexican tableland. History. — In 1878, Brunner^ erected the genus for two species then described, viz., mexicana (from Mexico) and emarginata (from Texas). In 1880, Bormans^ described a species from Schoa, Abyssinia, as Dichopetala massaice, which has since been placed in the genus Peropyrrhicia, which is exclusively African. Scudder, in 1900, described^ a Dichopetala hrevicauda from California, which we now know to be an Arethcea and not at all related to Dichopetala. In 1901, Rehn^ described a new form from Mexico as D. pidchra, basing it on material which he had previously recorded as mexicana. Scud- der, in 1902, in Scudder and Cockerell's list of New Mexican Orthop- tera" described as new a species of the genus from New Mexico, calling it Dichopetala hrevicauda, but as that name was preoccupied, Morse, at Scudder's suggestion, renamed the species D. hrevihastata? In 1907, Rehn described a species from Arizona as D. loBvis.^ 2 Monogr. der Phancropt., p. 76. ' Ann. Mus. Civ. Slor. Nat., Genova, XVI, p. 218, fig. ■< Canad. Enlom., XXXII, p. 331. 5 Enlom. News, XII, p. 207. ^ •"' Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, p. 51. T Psyche, IX, p. 381. * Pitoc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PniLA., 1907, p. 50. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 Material. — In the preparation of the present paper the types of the following species have been before us: (Dichopetala pulchra Rehn, synonym of D. mexicana Brunner.) Dichopetala falcata n. sp. Dichopetala serrifera n. sp. Dichopetala durangensis n. sp. Dichopetala pollicifera n. sp. Dichopetala tauriformis n. sp. Dichopetala castanea n. sp. Dichopetala hrevihastata Morse. {Dichopetala Icevis Rehn, synonym of D. hrevihastata Morse.) Dichopetala gladiator n. sp. Dichopetala orececa n. sp. Dichopetala catinata n. sp. Dichopetala tridactyla n. sp. Dichopetala caudelli n. sp. The entire series of the genus examined by us numbers 362 speci- mens. The great majority of these (239) were taken by the authors on recent trips and are located in the Hebard Collection and that of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Of the remainder of the representation we have had before us, 37 specimens were from the Hebard Collection ex Brunner; 27, comprising the entire series of the genus in the United States National Museum, were examined through the kindness of Mr. A. N. Caudell; 50, forming the entire series in the Scudder Collection, were either loaned or made accessible to us by Dr. Samuel Henshaw, of the INIuseum of Comparative Zoology, and a few specimens each were loaned by the authorities of the Field Museum and the American jNIuseum of Natural History. To the above-mentioned gentlemen and the authorities of these museums we wish to express our hearty thanks for their assistance in the work. We have, with their co- operation, been able to examine almost all of the material in America on which the records of the genus were based. Aside from the typical material of the two original species of the genus, no recorded specimens of the group exist in other collections. Key to the Species. Males. A. — Cercus subfalciform, non-furcate. B. — Cercus non-serrate. C— Length of pronotum equal to one-third that of cephalic femur. Subgenital plate produced into lobes mexicana Brunner. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., , CC- — Length of pronotum equal to two-thirds that of cephalic femur. Subgenital plate not produced into lobes. falcata n. sp. BB.— Cercus with the dorsal margin serrate. (Subgenital plate broadly subtruncate with decided lateral substyliform appendages.) serrifera n. sp. AA. — Cercus with a median fork (either tooth or lobe) . (No access- ory digitiform lobe from base of cercus.) B. — Subgenital plate little produced. (Cercus with median tooth simple. Eyes ovate.) castanea n. sp. BB. — Subgenital plate distinctly produced meso-caudad. C. — Subgenital plate greatly produced. Cercus with the tooth very long, as long as the remainder of the shaft, and needle-like distad tauriformis n. sp. CC. — Subgenital plate moderately produced. Cercus with the tooth not as long as the d-emainder of the shaft and not needle-like distad. D.- — Cercus with the median tooth blunt and simple. (Eyes elliptical.) brevihastata Morse. DD. — Cercus with the median tooth depressed and lamellate. E. — Cercus with the median lobe (i.e., tooth) acute, not rounded when seen from the dorsum, placed on the external margin of the cercus. Pronotum little constricted mesad. General coloration green pollicifera n. sp. EE. — Cercus with the median lobe generally rounded when seen from the dorsum, placed on the dorsal face of the cercus. Pronotum mod- erately constricted mesad. Coloration varie- gated. F. — Subgenital plate with the distal margin weakly emarginate and the lateral angles blunted gladiator n. sp. FF. — Subgenital plate with the distal margin decidedly emarginate and the lateral angles acute (variable in degree) (?) durangensis n. sp. G. — Median lobe of cercus decidedly shorter than the proximal half of the oercal shaft emarginata Brunner. GG. — Median lobe of cercus at least as long as the proximal half of the cereal shaft, spoon-like in shape and inverted over the shaft. H. — Margins of the cereal lobe converging distad, apex hardly truncate, ven- tral margin of the lobe decidedly cingulate oreoeca n. sp. 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7'S. HH. — Margins of the cereal lobe hardly converging clistad, the apex sub- truncate, ventral margin of the lobe- weakly cingulate calinata n. sp. AAA. — Cercus with a dorsal median tooth and an accessory digiti- form lobe attached at the dorsal base. B. — Tegmina shorter than the pronotum, the portion of the anal field of former distad of stridulating vein very brief, sutural margin at apex of this vein decidedly produced. Cercus with the median tooth proportion- ately longer tridactyla n. sp. BB. — Tegmina longer than the pronotum, the portion of the anal field of former distad of stridulating vein normal,, sutural margin at apex of this vein slightly produced. Cercus with the median tooth proportionately shorter, caudelli n. sp> Females. A. — Ovipositor very decidedly longer than the head and pronotum together.^ B. — Tegmina slightly overlapping mesad. C. — Ovipositor hardly or not at all longer than half the length of the caudal femora. Subgenital plate not produced laterad into large trigonal lobes. D. — Size large (body 21.5 mm., pronotum 6.9, ovipositor 14.5). Ovipositor slenderer falcata n. sp. DD. — Size medium (body 15.5-18.2 mm., pronotum 4.1-^.3, ovipositor 10.2-10.5). Ovipositor more robust : durangensis n. sp. CC. — Ovipositor distinctly longer than half the length of the caudal femora. Subgenital plate produced laterad into large trigonal lobes. (Size medium; pronotum not sellate.) tauriformis n. sp. BB. — Tegmina not attingent or subattingent mesad. C. — ^Subgenital plate compressed, truncate, shallowly arcuato-emarginate or biconvexo-emarginate distad. mexicana Brunner. CC. — Subgenital plate with distal margin very profoundlj- triangularly emarginate or broadly divided to the base. D. — Form slender, subcompressed. Pronotum narrow, elongate (of the t\T)e usual in the genus). Limbs and ovipositor proportionately longer than in the opposite category. E. — Subgenital plate with lateral apices very acute, more or less spiniform. 9 Occasional specimens of D. brevihastata , which belong to the opposite cate- gory, have the ovipositor appreciably though not decidedly longer than the hearf and pronotum. These specimens are exceptional and do not represent the- average condition of the species. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., F. — Ovipositor with ventral margin nearly- straight except at distal extremity. Teg- mina small emarginata Brunner. FF. — Ovipositor with ventral margin more {gladia- tor) or less (oreoeca) arcuate. Tegmina medium sized. G. — Size large. Ovipositor slender. Limbs very elongate _ gladiator n. sp. GG. — Size medium. Ovipositor more robust. Limbs moderately elongate...orececan. sp. EE. — Subgenital plate with lateral portions trigonal, but apices blunted, non-spiniform. (Ventral margin of lateral lobes of pronotum distinctly sinuate. Eyes relatively prominent.) catinata n. sp. DD. — Form compact and robust. Pronotum not elon- gate, short. Limbs and ovipositor proportion- ately shorter, the ovipositor robust. E. — Ovipositor not quite half as long as the caudal femora; subgenital plate with lobes rotundato- angulate tridactyla n. sp. EE. — Ovipositor equal to or slightly more than half as long as the caudal femora; subgenital plate with lobes quite acute caudelli n. sp. AA. — Ovipositor slightly or not at all longer than the head and pronotum together. B. — Tegmina separated by nearlj^ or quite their own width. (Eyes elliptical.) hrevihastataM. orse. BB. — Tegmina separated by much less than their own width. C. — Form more robust. Ovipositor elongate, slender pollicifera n. sp. CO.- — Form slenderer. Ovipositor quite robust, castanean. sp. Dichopetala mexicana Brunner. 1878. D\ichopetala] mexicana Brunner, Monogr. der Phaneropt., p. 77, pi. I, fig. 6. [Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.] 1897. Dichopetala mexicana Saussure and Pictet, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 315. 1900. Dichopetala mexicana Rehn, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XXVII, p. 88. [Rio Cocula, Guerrero, Mexico.] 1901. Dichopetala pulchra Rehn, Entom. News, XII, p. 207. [Rio Cocula, Guerrero, Mexico.] This species needs comparison only with D. falcata (vide infra), from which the male can be immediately separated by having the subgenital plate exserted in lobes, the female by having the tegmina not overlapping and both sexes by the proportionately more elongate limbs. Types: (f and 9 ; Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. [Brunner •Collection.] 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 AVe here describe a topotypic female from the Hebarcl Collection, (data: Cuernavaca, Mexico; January 4, 1899). Description. — Size medium; form subcompressed. Head with the occiput subglobose, strongly descending to the antennal fossse; fastigium compressed, short, subcultriform-lamellatc dorsad, apex rounded when seen from the side and not projecting cephalad of the rig. 1. — Dichopetala mexicana Brunner. Lateral outline of topo- typic female. (X 2.) antennal scrobes, almost touching the facial fastigium; face, genae, clypeus and labrum glabrous; eyes ovate in basal outline, moderately prominent; antennae incomplete. Pronotum with the greatest dorsal length subequal to the greatest ventral width (across lobes) of same; dorsum of pronotum with the impressed transverse sulcus distinct, broadly V-shaped, placed mesad, the dorsum slightly constricted at the same point; cephalic and caudal margins of disk subtruncate; lateral lobes of pronotum with the greatest depth contained one and two-thirds times in the greatest dorsal length of the same, ventral margin subtruncate, cephalic and caudal angles of the same margin rounded, transverse sulcus marked only on the dorsal portion of the lobes and there descending ob- liquely ventro-cephalad. Tegmina very short, reaching the caudal margin of the metanotum, much broader than long, the greatest length contained twice in the greatest width, distal margin broadly arcuate, disto- costal and disto-sutural angles broadly rounded, sutural margins narrowly separated. Abdomen heavy; cerci very short, crassate, substyliform, the apex rather sharply attenu- ate; ovipositor heavy, robust, the length half that of the caudal femora, dorsal margin moderately arcuate, ventral margin straight for the median three-fourths, strongly arcuate proxiinad and distad, Fig. 2. — Di- chopetala mexicayia Brunner. Ventral outline of s ubgenital plate of topotypic female. (X4.) 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,. the proximal half of the whole ovipositor in consequence tapering, to the middle, thence subequal in width to the subacute apex, dorsal margin strongly serrato-dentate for a third of its length from the apex, with nine to ten teeth, ventral margin armed in a similar fashion for a fourth of its distal length, with seven to eight teeth; subgenital plate moderately transverse, lateral margins broadly con- vergent, distal margin broadly and shallowly arcuato-emarginate, the lateral angles forming very short rectangulate lobes. Cephalic femora, with the length slightly greater than the dorsal length of the ovipos - itor, slightly less than the ventral length of the ovipositor; cephalic tibiae slightly longer than the femora, spined on all the margins, for- amina elliptical. Median femora very slightly longer than the cephalic pair. Caudal femora about two and one-third times the length of the cephalic femora, moderately inflated proximad, ventral margins unspined, genicular lobes spined; caudal tibige surpassing the length of the femora by about the length of the pronotum, dorsal margins more heavily spined than the ventral ones. Description of the Male Type (from Brunner). — Tegmina of male with the internal margin having a considerably produced angle. Cerci of male robust at base, not far from base horizontally incurved at a right angle, attenuate, compressed, acute acuminate. Sub- genital plate of male very much flattened, attenuate in the middle, exserted caudad in two lobes. Measurements (in millimeters). Cuernavaca, Mex. Rio Cocula, " > Mex. cf 9 9 9 (Type, ex (Type, ex [Hebard (Type of Brunner). Brunner). Coll.] pulchra.). Length of body (exclusive of [A.N.S.P.] ovipositor) 18. 15. 17.5 20. Length of pronotum 3.5 4. 5. 4.5 Greatest caudal width of disk of pronotum 3.7 3.2 Length of tegmen 1.6 1. Greatest width of tegmen 2.6 2.2 Length of cephalic femur 10. 9. 10. 11. Length of median femur 11.4 12. Length of caudal femur 24. 23. 25.6 24.5 Length of ovipositor 12. 12.3 11.2 Color Notes. — The original color characters given by Brunner are as follows (paraphrased) : Green. Occiput rufous, with a fine median line of sulphur. Pronotum rufous, disk fuscous, marked 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 Avith longitudinal lines of sulphur, approximating mesad. Tegmina of male green, disk fusco-maeulate, external margin all)o-vittate. All of the femora rufescent at their bases, toward the apices green, apex of the caudal femora, as well as the base of the caudal tibiae, infuscate. Abdomen of male fuscous dorsad, marked with a black line and a broad vitta of sulphur, distal segment of male rufous. Cerci of male nigro-lineate. Subgenital plate of male light green, lobes nigro-marginate internally at termination. Abdomen of female rufo-punctate. Ovipositor with both margins rufescent at apex. The two females before us show considerable color variation which the following description covers. General color of the face, gense, lateral lobes of the pronotum, pleura^ and greater portion of the lateral aspect of the abdomen honey yellow to dull green yellow, ventral aspect of the body similar but inclining toward Avax yellow. Dorsal aspect of pronotum, fastigium, occiput, dorsum of abdomen, a^id dorsal portion of lateral aspects of the latter brick red to claret red. Eyes buckthorn brown to raw sienna, crossed obliquely by a fine seal brown line; antennae with the two proximal joints largely morocco red to claret brown, remaining joints of dorsal color; ventral portion of infra-ocular region, at base of mandibles, with a more or less distinct blotch of claret brown. Pronotum with a pair of narrow discal lines varying from honey yellow to light viridine yellow, these bordered more or less distinctly on one or both (dorsal and lateral) margins by blackish lines, the pale lines regularly diverging cephalad and caudad from the middle of the pronotum; cephalic and caudal margins of the disk more or less -distinctly beaded with blackish. Tegmina with the discoidal section of the color of the dorsum of the abdomen, occasionally washed in part with blackish; marginal field of lateral color; distal margin in one specimen edged narrowly with the green of the limbs, sutural region approaching the lateral color in the other specimen. Abdomen with traces of a seal brown pattern bordering the lateral section of the dorsal color, the pattern sometimes enclosing areas of the clear dorsal color and again merely a line of seal brown; marginal beading of segments distinct dorsad, more or less distinct laterad. Ovi- positor of lateral color, more or less washed with parrot green, the rufous margining extending to the base on the dorsal margin and little proximad of the armed section on the ventral margin, dorso- proximal section with the sulcus more or less blackish. Limbs absinthe green to claret brown, proximal portion of the cephalic and median femora washed with chestnut when the general color of the 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^ femora is green; apices of all the femora, or only the caudal femora and the adjacent portion of the tibiae blackish; caudal femora proxi- mad with a reticulate pattern of blackish brown on the lateral face, a central line of which pattern is more or less decidedly indicated;, distal portion of the caudal tibiae and tarsi blackish. Distribution. — The present species is known only from two localities on the slopes of the upper Rio Balsas Valley in the states of Morelos and Guerrero, Mexico. The species apparently has a range in vertical distribution extending from about 1900 to 5440 feet, from the evidence of the two localities from which it is now known. Morphological Notes. — The ovipositor, as is usual in species of the genus, varies somewhat in length. The subgenital plate of the female shows considerable variation in the form of the distal margin, ranging from the truncate type originally described, through the moderately arcuato-emarginate condition found in our Cuernavaca topotype, to the moderately decided and distinct obtuse-angulate emarginate condition found in the Rio Cocula specimen. The- tegmina of the "female have a certain amount of variation in the distal margin of the same, this being more truncate in one of our specimens than in the other. There is also some little variation in the \ndth of the interspace between the tegmina in the same sex. Synonymy. — The senior author is responsible for the only synonym of the present species — D. pulchra. The female specimen on which that synonym was based was first recorded correctly by him as D. ?nexicana, but later differences in the subgenital plate were noticed which seemed of specific value, and the individual was separated as D. pulchra, its closest relationship being supposed to be with D. emarginata. The apparent difference on which this separation was made we now know to be untrustworthy, as the amount of com- pression of the plate produces a different form in the margins of the same. A certain amount of individual variation in the emargination of this plate is also evident from the form of it in the three known individuals of that sex. Remarks. ^Ow'ing to our lack of male individuals of this species, the type of that sex being unique as far as known, we have placed the species in the male key from the evidence of the original descrip- tion. Specimens Examined. — 2; 2 females. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, January 4, 1899, 1 9 . [Hebard Coll.] Rio Cocula, Guerrero, Mexico, May 12, 1898, (Otis W. Barrett), 1 9 . Type of pulchra. [A. N. S. P.] 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 Dichopetala falcata n. sp. This species belongs to the same section of the genus as mexicana, but differs in the greater general size, the shorter limbs of the male, in the tegmina being overlapping in the female, the male subgenital plate being without exserted lobes, in the same portion in the female being distinctly emarginate and in the greater length of the ovipositor. Type: cf ; Tepic, Mexico. (Eisen.) [Hebard Collection.] Description of Type. — Size quite large (for the genus); form comparatively robust. Head with its greatest width contained about one and one-half times in the depth; occiput well inflated, steeply declivent to the very short, compressed, and sublamellate fastigium, the apex of which is very bluntly recurved, very slightly separated from the apex of the facial fastigium; eyes small, elliptical in outline, Fig. 3. — Dichopetala falcata n. sp. Lateral outline of type. (X2.) the length about equal to half that of the infra-ocular portion of the genae; antennae elongate, proximal joint subdepressed. Pronotum with the greatest dorsal length subequal to the greatest width across the ventral portion of the lateral lobes, dorsal line when seen from the side straight, the whole dorsum slightly constricted mesad when viewed from the dorsal aspect; cephalic margin of disk moderately arcuato- emarginate, caudal margin truncate; but a single complete transverse sulcus present, this entering the disk laterad at the middle and on the middle of the disk strongly arcuate caudad; lateral lobes distinctly longer than deep, the greatest depth contained one and one-half times in the length of the same, ventro-cephalic angle very narrowly rotundato-rectangulate, caudal margin obliquely rotundato-truncate, so PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., ventro-caudal angle very broadly rotundate, ventral margin slightlj' arcuato-emarginate. Tegmina with their exposed length about three-fourtjis that of the dorsum of the pronotum, broad, the greatest width slightly exceeding the length of the same, the general form subquadrate ; marginal field regularly narrowing distad, distal extremity broadly arcuato-truncate, disto-costal angle narrowly rounded, sutural margin with the proximal angle distinct, subrect, thence the margin is obliquely biundulate to the distal margin; texture of the tegmina coriaceous, the principal veins poorly indicated, interstices obscurely and irregularly reticulate, stridulating vein strongly indicated. Disto-dorsal abdominal segment transverse, a rectangular depressed area present mesad; supra-anal plate trans- verse trigonal, the apex distinctly produced in a short slightly upturned acute process; cerci simple, depressed, falciform, the proximal third moderately broad, slightly lamellate laterad, dis- tinctly tapering from the proximal third, the internal margin regularly arcuate, the external one with a rounded angle where the proximal Fig. 4. — Dichopetala f ale at a n. sp. Fig. 5.—Dichopetala falicata n. sp. - Outline of apex of abdomen of type Outline of ovipositor of allotype, seen from the dorsum. (X 3.) (X 2.) lamellation disappears, the form of the whole cercus appearing bent-arcuate in consequence, apex acute; subgenital plate broad, short, narrowing distad, the apex very narrowly subtruncate. Cephalic femora about one and one-half times the length of the dorsum of the pronotum. Median femora nearl}^ twice the length of the pronotum. Caudal femora with their length not greatly inferior to that of the body, distinctly but not greatly inflated proximad, ventral margins unarmed, genicular lobes very weakly or not at all spined; caudal tibias distinctly but not greatly exceeding the femora in length, dorsal spines more numerous than the ventral ones. Allotype: 9 ; Tepic, Mexico. (Eisen.) [Hebard Collection.] Description of Allotype.- — Differing from the type in the following characters: Pronotum with the dorsal length slightly greater than the greatest ventral width across the lobes, median constriction extremely slight, hardly evident, cephalic margin emarginato- truncate, caudal margin truncate. Tegmina shorter, their exposed length no greater than half of the pronotal length, decidedly broader 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 than long, maroins as in the male, the sutural margins overlapping for the greater ])()rtion of their length, with their form much the same as in the male. Disto-dorsal abdominal segment and the supra-anal plate similar in form to that found in the male, but the terminal tubercle of the latter is broader and less evident; cerci very short, crassate, tapering, apex acute; ovipositor with the length about one and one-half times that of the cephalic femora, moderately heavy, the dorsal margin regularly and distinctly arcuato-concave, ventral margin straight except at the extreme proximal and distal extremities, at the latter well arcuate dorsad to the subacute apex, for the distal third of the dorsal and a fourth of the ventral margins strongly serrato-dentate; subgenital plate transverse, distal margin bis- arcuate emarginate, produced into brief trigonal lobes laterad. Cephalic femora slightly less than one and one-half times the length of the disk of the pronotum. Median femora al)out one and two- thirds times the length of the pronotum. Caudal femora with their length distinctly exceeding that of the body (exclusive of that of the ovipositor). Measurements {in millimeters). Tepic, Mex. d^ 9 (Type.) (Allotype.) Length of body 23 . 21.5 Length of pronotum 5.5 6.9 Greatest ventral -width of pronotum 5.7 ■ 6.3 Length of tegmen 4.2 3.3 Length of cephalic femur 8 . 9.2 Length of median femur 10. 11. Length of caudal femur 21.5 25. Length of caudal tibia 23 . 26 . 5 Length of ovipositor 14.5 Color Notes. — Both specimens of this species seen by us have been at some time immersed in a liquid preservative which has completely removed their original color, leaving them in general a pale ochraceous. Fortunately, however, sufficient of the pattern remains to enable us to give a few notes on "the same. Caudal portion of the occiput, which area is usually covered by the pronotum, seal brown, a very fine postocular line of the same and sometimes a similar weak medio-longitudinal line on the occiput present, the post-ocular continued ventro-cephalad across the eye; antennae irregularly but very closely and strikingly annulate with seal brown. Pronotum with the disk margined laterad with fine continuations of the post- 6 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jall.^ ocular lines of the head, subparallel caudad to the transverse sulcus and thence distinctly but not greatly diverging (male), or regularly but very gently diverging throughout their entire length (female). Tegmina with the dorsum darker than the marginal field, the venation of the pale general color on a darker, nearly wine-colored, background, humeral trunk of the darker color. Abdomen with the dorsum of the proximal segments in the male narrowly edged cephalad with seal brown, this portion like that similarly colored on the occiput proliably normally concealed; the dorsum of the abdomen separated from the sides by a more or less distinct line, which in position is continuous with the postocular line of the head and pronotum; caudal margin of the dorsal segments in the female more or less distinctly and broadly edged Avith darker color. Limbs more or less decidedly washed with madder brown, a slight edging of the same color on the dorsal margin of the ovipositor, the terminal teeth of the same tipped with seal brown. Distribution. — This very striking species is only known from the type locality, the territory of Tepic, western Mexico. Specimens Examined. — 2; 1 male, 1 female. Tepic, Mexico, (Eisen), 1 cT, 1 9. Type and allotype. [Hebard Collection.] Dichopetala serrifera n. sp. On account of the peculiarly serrate cerci of the male, this species occupies a unique position, and comparison with other forms is not necessary. Type: cT ; Barranca, twelve kilometers north of Guadalajara, state of Jalisco, Mexico. Altitude not less than 3,500 feet. Septem- ber 13, 1933. (W. L. Tower.) [American Museum of Natural History.] Description of Type. — Size medium; form subcompressed. Head with greatest width contained about one and one-half times in. greatest depth; occiput moderately declivent to fastigium and antennal scrobes; fastigium low, acuminate, faintly sulcate dorsad, ventrad subattingent with frontal fastigium; eyes moderately prominent, reniform in basal outline, depth about two-thirds that of the infra-ocular portion of the gense; antennae incomplete. Pro- notum moderately sellate, greatest ventral width about five-sixths that of the dorsal len2;th of the pronotum, greatest caudal width of disk about two-thirds length of same; cephalic margin of disk very broadly and shallowly obtuse-angulate emarginate; lateral margins of disk of pronotum (as indicated by color pattern) slightly con- 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 verging caudad from the cephalic margin to the middle, thence decidedly diverging to the caudal margin; transverse sulcus rather weak except at median line, crossing margins of disk mesad, broadly V-shaped on disk; lateral lobes with the greatest depth contained one and two-thirds times in the greatest dorsal length of lobes, cephalic margin straight, ventro-cephalic angle obtuse, ventral margin obliquely sinuato-truncate, ventrorcaudal angle more or less Fig. 6. — Dichopetala serrijera 'n. sp. Lateral outline of type. (X 3.) broadly rounded, caudal margin obliquely subtruncate except for a short dorsal section which is truncate with the caudal margin of the disk. Tegmina subequal to four-fifths the length of the pronotal disk, width of discoidal and anal fields subequal to the caudal width of pronotal disk; marginal field broad, costal margin gently arcuate, strongly arcuate distad, distal extremity of whole tegmen obliquely truncate, sutural margin strongly obtuse-angulate produced at the apex of the stridulating vein, distad of this pro- jection straight and rounding into the distal margin; stridulating vein decided, straight, distal portion of stridulating field with anastomosing short cross veins. Disto-dorsal abdominal segment with main portion of same truncate distad, a broad triangular impressed area indicated; supra- anal plate trigonal with the apex briefly and narrowly fissate; cerci with the proximal half robust proximad, thence decidedly tapering, at the middle the shaft is bent rather sharply meso- dorsad, subdepressed and slightly expanded at the apex, the margins proper unarmed, dorsal face\\-ith an elevated ridge bearing ten to eleven teeth of unequal width but subequal length, the distal extremity of Fig. 7. — Dichopetala serrijera n. sp. Outline of apex of abdomen of type from dorsum. (X 3.) 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the cercus proper rectangulate, distal extremity of the toothed ridge with the terminal tooth distinctly projecting, immediately proximad of which, on what is properly the lateral margin of the shaft, is placed an extra adpressed tooth; subgenital plate very ample, moderately produced, lateral margins subparallel, distal margin arcuato-truncate, lateral angles produced into considerable styliform appendages, which in length are about equal to one-half the distances between their bases. Cephalic femora slightly more than one and one-half times the length of the dorsum of the pronotum; cephalic tibiae with foramina elliptical. Median femora one-third again as long as the cephalic femora. Caudal limbs damaged. Measurements {in millimeters). — Type: length of body, 16.5; length of pronotum, 5; greatest dorsal width of pronotum, 3.7; length of tegmen, 4; width of discoidal and anal fields of tegmen, 3.3; length of cephalic femur, 8.2; length of median femur, 10. Color Notes. — General color cinnamon buff. Dorsum of proximal portion of occiput, extending cephalo-laterad as far as the eyes, disk of pronotum, proximal portion of anal field of tegmina, inter- marginal section of proximal third of the sutural margin of the same, greater portion of discoidal field of same and dorsum of abdomen, sharply delimited laterad, black. Medio-longitudinal region of pronotum and abdomen with a bar varying from burnt sienna to clay color, this area narrow cephalad on the pronotum, somewhat expanded caudad on same, very poorly defined on abdomen and there broad mesad. Eyes cinnamon l:)rown flecked with blackish brown; antennae with the two proximal joints touched with claret brown laterad, remaining joints and ventral surface of the two proximal ones black, the simpler joints narrowly annulate with the general color distad. Lateral lobes of the pronotum sparsely and weakly punctulate with bone brown. Tegmina with region of humeral trunk burnt sienna; edge of proximal third of sutural margin of general color. Lateral aspect of abdomen rather heavily punctulate with bone brown; margins of all segments more or less beaded light and dark; a pale unmarked area present on each side of abdomen in the position usually occupied, in species of the genus, b}^ jiale Ijands; disto-dorsal al)dominal segment with the black of the dorsum limited to proximo-later ad trigonal areas. Limbs more or less Aveakly washed with victoria lake, the femora considerably and tibiae less decidedly lined and speckled in linear fashion with black; tarsi black. Distribution. — The species is only known from the type localit3^ 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 Remarks. — The type of this remarkable species is unique. Specimeyjs Examined. — 1 ; 1 male. Barranca, twelve kilometers north of Guadalajara, state of Jalisco, Mexico, elevation about 3,500 feet, September 13, 1903 (W. L. Tower), 1 d". Type. [Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.] Diohopetala durangensis n. sp. Related, as shown by the female sex, to D. falcata, from which it differs in the much smaller size, the more sellate pronotum, the rela- tively more prominent and larger eyes, the shorter and more abbrevi- ate tegmina, the more decidedly trigonal extremity of the disto-dorsal abdominal segment and in the much more robust ovipositor. The available males are not mature, but they show conclusively that the species has a median tooth or lobe on the cercus, while /a?ca/a has the same simple, aside from which the form of the subgenital plate is characteristic. As the females of all of the species except D. serrifera are known, we have no hesitation in describing the species "without Fig. 8. — Dichopetala durangensis n. sp. Lateral outline of type. (X2.) adult males, as the possibility of the present form being the female of serrifera is exceedingly remote. Type: 9 ; Durango, Mexico. (Palmer.) [Scudder Coll.] Description of Type. — Size medium; form rather robust. Head with the occiput sharply declivent to the fastigium, strongly arcuate in transverse section; fastigium little elevated, slightly recurved at the apex, elongate, but little compressed, shallowly sulcate dorsad, ventrad touching the fastigium of the face; eyes moderately promi- nent, ovate, the depth of same at least two-thirds that of the infra- ocular portion of the gense; antennae incomplete. Pronotum weakly sellate, broad, the greatest ventral width but slightly surpassing the greatest dorsal length of disk; disk of pronotum with the lateral margins, which are weakly indicated structurally by calloused lines ' and strongly by color pattern, parallel to the transverse sulcus, which 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [JaiL, severs the same mesad, thence shghtly divergent caudad; cephahc margin of disk weakly arcuato-emarginate, caudal margin of same truncate, width of disk caudad contained about one and one-third times in the length of the same; transverse sulcus forming a broad V-shaped pattern mesad on the disk; lateral lobes of the pronotum with the greatest depth contained one and two-thirds times in the dorsal length of the same, cephalic jpj„ 9 Dichopetala ii^^rgin of same very faintly emarginate dorsad, diirangensis n. sp. ventro-cephalic angle rotundato-rectangulate, head' pronotum ventral margin moderately sinuato-truncate, ven- and tegmina. tro-caudal angle broadly rounded, caudal margin ^ '^ obliquely arcuato-truncate. Tegmina with the exposed portion about two-fifths the length of the dorsum of the •pronotum, transverse, greatest width about twice the apparent length, considerably overlapping mesad; costal margin obliquely arcuate, sutural margin subtruncate, distal margin subtruncate, disto-sutural angle narrowly rounded; marginal field comprising about two-fifths the entire tegminal width. Supra-anal plate rotundato-trigonal, the distal margin of same slightly thickened and recurved; cerci very short, conical, apex slightly incurved; ovipositor about one-half the length of the caudal femora, moderately falciform, median depth about one-sixth of the length, dorsal margin con- siderably and regularly arcuate, ventral margin for about three-fourths of the length subtruncate, the distal fourth of the ventral margin strongly arcuate, dorsal margin with distal two-fifths armed with six to seven decided teeth which are well spaced and increasing in length distad, ventral margin armed on distal fourth with nine spines, which increase in length distad and are slightly recurved at the same end of series; subgenital plate small, broadly emarginato-truncate mesad, laterad with short trigonal lobes at the angles. Cephalic femora slightly shorter than length of head, pronotum and tegmina combined, very faintly clavate distad; tibiae distinctly exceeding the femora in length, tympanum small, elliptical. Median femora one- third longer than the cephalic femora. Caudal femora moderately elongate, proximal dilation moderate, regularly tapering to the narrow subequal distal portion; caudal tibiae exceeding the femora l)y about one-half the length of the pronotal disk. Notes on Male Sex. — As all the specimens (two in number) of this sex are immature, we can give only a few notes on the genitalia as there found. The cerci are provided mesad on the dorsal surface 1914.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87 with the beginning of what is unquestional)!}' in the adult a very decided lobe, the distal margin of which in the nymphal condition is nearly rectangulate, the whole being considerably elevated dorsad of the shaft of the cercus. The distal portion of the cercus is little curved, robust, slightly depressed, the apex acute. Subgenital plate moderately produced, subequal in width, the distal margin deeply rotundato-emarginate, the lateral angles acute, slightly recurved toward the median line. Parahjpic Series. — We have before us two paratypic adult females, one of which is measured below. Measurements (in millimeters) . Duran^o, Mex. (Type.) (Paratype.) 9 9 Length of body (exclusive of ovipositor) 15. 5"^ 18.2^" Length of pronotum 4.3 4.1 Greatest dorsal width of pronotum 3.2 2.9 Length of tegmen 2. 2. Greatest width of tegmen 3.2 2.9 Length of cephalic femur 7.3 7.5 Length of median femur 8.9 9. Length of caudal femur 20.2 Length of ovipositor 10.5 10.2 Color NotesM — General shade ranging from old gold to oil green, on the pronotum paling (in the old-gold individual) to light viridine green. A pair of narrow lines of blackish 'are more or less distinctly indicated, extending from the dorsal margin of the eye caudad over the sides of occiput and along the lateral angles of the pronotal disk, margined laterad by a band of empire yellow of varying width and