ui i fh PAdpaeP reesei ay Pane Pe Hed Ait PY ae vip Ta AR " +f abe r cal Haat a ryt Aa Heian ibaa Sine det gepateathenny it Hk iM FS nee 5 Therese aU HEBD LF rep reteetes ; pebeeere i} i ue Hi ae Sean Win re nes SSI ie at a Purkedeppe sibeepyatener tL ‘ too ; PASAT 4) 1} th Hat p} ' IDeA ut th vera a ity 5] teeny Vy vi it) RE Mt WK aa a mn nin Tit) WUE aH Wares tl sista) tt a aya (ore iin babtestrasett atiatittes ists MH opetnes AY SEP CROLEP AUER EY YY Jydiys i} Hie rusjuat ryi tgs sue Penola haere i" ni iohees suite resets lepeeeteehaa phi oie ae WATT ad tea “tia aE MGUY ee Hata i uit vi HH ayn br M4 HAYE mbty Ny : ue non ‘ Hh i; fi Bika) Ae is ety Ve A tH ty) Ane u vi CORA FOrE Olio HN} wiv Hal ie Ht ie UU WOH i at PU a iy Hil a “ita 1 HBO Ay de Att a Hy ilies i a i j i i} it ve vi rit path Hah Hie It ‘ i Ht it D (yu Hae iH i a a Hi) ny Wt Ey yt tii! te Li i RA } i fl AY i“ H} i f ¥) i ty ih i Nae th i RA Siastayn tet ; Se ees Tish en hme s2Sn> = SS BSF Soe : a rs = “Ss SS dt i a batty SEEIEALIES aie a es Peta Sot) a uty Hester Sa ptreetese Ure cart a Ctl et Renieal oy tee areueaibastes pias at i‘ y 1 ae Sveti i etyiat ; 3 4 sap ce NH atta atte ealetns ce i — i ——- — aes tn Dovel enon ~~ +4 8 + aaa —- >> = == a Hac nice iia st Pas es re bs Me ib rs es zi a et onirsten peter habeereried eeepead tae Ay eal ste Mestabiials fede A gd ae Fehon atlas " a? tt Mail a ihe ht ‘4 na ahh me ves eee get a badd wyretve 4 rhdgahoot b ete pearen i +} Bi vhrt V o age} en ae a hed) ae , Tatty ll = : * 4 ayer Siaap raped +} ebhed on Pir nee 9c 6 » Wir cued ry eetey +a ee berdenet et Lap dy Age adie, \ebmhe nbs @ ot ith ui ae these -4 See eetd tet abs ou Tbe uh et a it Ht? ti nee it 7 4 ey Pp ves i uf Us 8 th ii 7 We it Wh) Sh aay Hits) haben Ris , +f aes tt +7 oi rte 1 he bh sh cat bie rth; i cc ceed yet oil is}as) Hitt sghts mid TAL hh op Padi eivort Prsaerl ier aisha ; thd lee ol thee os ho} teh Ads bdo ford 4H Sasi ye PROCEEDINGS The Academy of Natural Sciences OF PHIEADELPHIA VOLUME LXVIII 191¢ f\ we “ . PHILADELPHIA \ \'\ a THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 4°0 \ LOGAN SOUARE 191 Tne AcApemMy or NaTurAL Sciences OF PHILADELPHIA. JANUARY 15, 1917. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Procrepines for 1916 were mailed as follows:— Pages 1-32 ROHNERT cis ives March 7, 1916. 33-64 estes woe March 15, 1916. = 65-S4 i moaeitGa.;. earch 31, 1916. 85-196 Feit io eee Eg 9, 1916. 197-314 EVLA ot iy May 23, 1916. 315-378 Pets June 21, 1916. 379-426 eat ihuguah 14 1016, 427-474 Sate ae ULISh. 80; sLOLG: 475-538 Bae AS en oe November 21, 1916. * 539-602 ieee December 7, 1916. Set MIAN ADE Ooo cs bray ch cuueV2s bac: ch da ZrScos cca; sod 2k eae ee January 29, 1917. EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE: Henry SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Sc.D., Henry A. Pinspry, Sc.D., Wituiam J. Fox, Epwarp J. Nouan, M.D., Sc.D. The President, SAmuEL Gipson Drxon, M.D., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR: Epwarp J. Nouan, M.D., Sc.D. CONTENTS. For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index. ALEXANDER, CHARLES P. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulide, Ptychop- teridz, Diptera. Part 3 (Plates XXV-—XXX]).................... Banks, NaTHAN. Revision of Cayuga Lake spiders (Plates BARRINGER, Daniet M. A possible partial explanation of the visibility and brillianey of comets. With an addendum by Elihu Thomson . Berry, 8. STILLMAN. Cephalopoda of the Kermadec Islands emcee L, VEL Wait eae csiaditacte a iitecisas ortdinanesdteagiaelece CockERELL, T. D. A. Some bees from Australia, Tasmania, and the New Hebrides ; Co.ron, Harotp, 5. On some varieties of Thais lapillus in the Mount Desert region, a study of individual ecology... Craw Ley, Howarp. The sexual evolution of Sarcocystis muris (Plates I, II, III, IV) The zoological position of Sarcosporidia Dati, Wittram H. A new species of Onchidiopsis from IE ccc ssc ac cansssrtancesees eee DANIELS, L. E. See HeNpERSON, JUNIUS. FowLer, Henry W. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Costa Rica and the Canal Zone Notes on fishes of the orders Haplomi and Myecrocyprini Heatu, HArotp. The nervous system of Crepidula adunca and its developments Heparp, MorGan. See Renn, James A. G. Henperson, Juntus, and L. E. Danrets. Hunting Mollusca in Utah and Idaho (Plates XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII) Jacons, Merket H., Pu.D. Temperature and the activities of animals PAGE 480 68 iv CONTENTS. Pruspry, Henry A. Notes on the anatomy of Oreohelix, with a catalogue of the species (Plates XIX, XX, XX1J, XXII) Reun, James A. G., and MorGcan Hesarp. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Section of the southeastern United States (Plates XII, XIII, XIV) me Tuomson, Evinu. See Barringer, D. M. Viereck, Henry L. New species of North American bees of the genus Andrena from west of the 100th Meridian contained in the collections of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia i Bae Wane, Bruce. New genera and species of Gastropoda from the Upper Cretaceous (Plates X XIII, XXIV)... PAGE 340 PROCEEDINGS ACADEMY, OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADELPHIA. 2216, JANUARY 18. The President, Samurt G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., in the Chair. Thirty-six persons present. The death of Daniel Giraud Elliot, a member, December 22, 1915, Was announced. The Publication Committee announced the presentation of papers under the following titles: “Revision of Cayuga Lake spiders,’’ by Nathan Banks, December 2, 1915. “Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of the Coastal Plains and Piedmont Region of the southeastern United States,’’ by James A. G. Rehn and Morgan Hebard, January 17. ‘Fossil birds’ eggs,” by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, January 18. Pror. WiitiiAmM P. Maaie and Danre,. Moreau BARRINGER made communications on the Meteor Crater of Arizona, illustrated by lantern slides. (No abstract.) The. following were elected members: Walter Sonneberg. William 8S. Huntington. Samuel T, Bodine, David Wilbur Horn, Ph.D. The following was ordered to be printed: bo PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., THE SEXUAL EVOLUTION OF SARCOCYSTIS MURIS. BY HOWARD CRAWLEY. A number of years ago, at the University of Pennsylvania, an investigation of the early stages of the evolution of Sarcocystis muris in the intestinal cells of the mouse was undertaken. This investiga- tion was interrupted for several years, but was resumed at the laboratory of the Zoological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., and the first definite results obtained were outlined in a preliminary note published in 1914 (Crawley, 1914). In this note it was shown that following ingestion of the so-called spores of this parasite, penetration of the intestinal cells of the mouse was effected within about two hours. Once within the cells the spores rapidly underwent profound changes and after the lapse of about nine hours they had separated into two categories, which were interpreted to represent males and females. In the case of the supposed males, development took the form of a loss of most if not all of the cytoplasm, so that the parasite became reduced to a nucleus, which, however, was of considerably larger size than that of the original spore. Later, the chromatin of this nucleus became col- lected into a number of small rounded masses placed at the periphery. These masses, at first granular, later became solid and eventually transformed themselves into elongated, thread-like bodies, which were interpreted to be microgametes. This evolution was completed at the end of 18 hours. : Meanwhile others of the original spores went through a wholly different course of development, which was not at the time considered in detail. It was evident, however, that these elements retained their cytoplasm and eventually transformed themselves into oval cells, with rather dense cytoplasm and a vesicular nucleus containing a large karyosome. These, which were interpreted to be females, also reached the end of their development within 18 hours. Finally, appearances suggesting fertilization were noted. At the time when this preliminary notice was prepared, my material for the later stages, from 12 to 18 hours, was abundant and the conclusions as published were based on the findings in a number of mice. On the other hand, for the early stages only three mice were 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3 available, these representing, respectively, the 2 to 23 hour, the 3 to 34 hour, and the 3 and 6 hour stages, the last being a mouse given two infecting feeds between which was an interval of 3 hours, and killed 3 hours after the second meal. It was therefore con- sidered desirable to obtain more material for these earlier stages, and the results to be set forth herein are based upon the examination of a number of mice killed at periods of from one hour onward. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A list of the mice used, with appropriate explanatory matter, is placed at the end of the present section. During the entire course of the studies on sarcosporidiosis, every mouse obtained in whatsoever manner was given a number. In many cases these were trapped gray mice, or else white mice which had never been inoculated. Hence those used for the microscopical study of the evolution of the parasites in the cells represent but a portion of the entire series. It has been considered better, however, to retain the numbers origin- ally given, since no confusion can possibly arise from such a procedure. In the list appended the time in hours elapsing between the infect- ing meal and the death of the mouse has been placed immediately after the number of the mouse, since this is the most important datum. After this the fixing fluid is noted, and finally a statement with reference to the quantity of infectious material which the mouse ate is appended. The omission of these data in a number of cases indicates a failure to keep the record complete. The list as given includes 38 mice, and the conclusions as set forth herein are thus based on this number of experimental animals. It is desired to lay emphasis on this point on account of the possibility of confusion with other intestinal Protozoa, such as Coccidia. _ Erdmann (1914) endeavored to obtain mice in which the possi- bility of extraneous infection was excluded. The procedure was to raise mice from birth under as sterile conditions as possible. This, of course, is the ideal method, but, as Erdmann states, it is tedious and difficult. The other method is to use a large series of mice, which will presumably yield results that cannot be questioned. Thus, if, after feeding, parasites are found in the cells which are evidently Sarcocystis spores and if, as time passes, these intracellular elements undergo serial changes it would seem to be hypercritical to question their identity as stages in the evolution of Sarcocystis muris. For it would be necessary to assume that each experimental mouse harbored Coccidia in addition to the Sarcosporidia and that ‘ 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., in each and every case the Coccidia happened to be in precisely such a stage as to resemble the Sarcosporidia. The mathematical proba- bility of this taking place diminishes with the number of mice used and when this number is large becomes a vanishing quantity. Of course, since protozoan infections naturally tend to assume the epizootic form, if one or two mice from a given cage were found to be infected with Coecidia, the surmise would be warranted that many or all of the others were so infected. But in the case of the series upon which the present studies were based, the mice were obtained from various sources and from various places and in many cases had never been in contact. It is therefore believed that the results as stated are valid, so far as concerns the possibility of confusion with Coecidia. The mice selected for inoculation were deprived of food for 24 hours. This served a two-fold purpose. It rendered them more prone to eat the infectious material when given and it served to free the intestine of half-digested vegetable food, the presence of which interferes with sectioning. For the short periods, up to 18 hours or so, the mice were given a piece of infected muscle of what was regarded as an appropriate size. This was larger or smaller, according to the number of cysts it contained; and when these were abundant the portion given had a weight of the order of one-tenth of a gram. When the mouse is given its infecting meal, any one of several things may happen. Some mice positively refuse to touch the meat. while others merely play with it for a time and then abandon it. More usually, however, the mouse feeds, and the customary method is for it to hold the food in its forepaws and nibble at it until it is all consumed. This procedure, however, may be inter- rupted by delays, but if the entire time required to finish the meal is short in comparison with that to elapse between feeding and death, the mouse may be used. Finally, in some cases the meal was bolted in the manner in which a dog feeds. At the end of the proper period the mouse was chloroformed, opened, and the alimentary canal removed. In nearly all cases it was placed in the killing fluid entire, being neither cut into pieces nor slit open. The intestine of a mouse has such thin walls that the fluids have no difficulty in penetrating, and this procedure does away with the rough handling necessary in slitting the intestine. It more- over retained the intestinal contents, an obvious advantage, and a comparison with slit intestines showed that the fixation was equally accurate. The only disadvantage was that at times the pénetration 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 of the fluids from the muscularis toward the epithelium resulted in the latter being torn loose from the underlying connective tissue. At least this phenomenon was not infrequently manifest and _ is presumably to be credited to the direction of entrance of the fluids. Following fixation, each intestine was cut into pieces of a con- venient length for embedding in paraffin. In general, the small intestine was cut into 25 to 30 pieces which were numbered, as a rule, from the anterior to the posterior end. Thus, int. 1 of a given mouse indicated the piece immediately following the stomach, the highest or last number that piece immediately in front: of the caecum. Sometimes, however, this process was reversed, the last piece of the intestine being designated as int. —1; the next to the last, int. —2, and so on, the negative signs serving to distinguish such cases from the more usual procedure. This, as already noted, is applicable to the small intestine alone, the cecum and large intestine being given other designations. The procedure as outlined above was not, however, always followed. The fixing fluids used were: 1. Hermann’s fluid, stronger formula. 2. Zenker’s fluid. 3. Picro-acetic acid, made by reducing a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid to one-half strength with water, and adding 1 per cent. glacial acetic acid. 4. An alcoholic-corrosive-acetic mixture, designated in the text as A.C. A. The formula for this is as follows: . Saturated aqueous solution of mercuric chloride . 50 parts. Alcohol, 95 per cent .....00 parts. Glacial acetic acid 5 parts. Of these, Hermann’s fluid and the picro-acetic mixture, the latter despite Lee’s strictures, gave the most delicate fixation. Zenker’s fluid is not to be recommended, since it leaves the tissues in poor condition for staining and is at best a mediocre fixative. The A. C. A. fluid, while scarcely so accurate as Hermann’s fluid, is none the less a very good fixative. It is, moreover, very con- venient, since the tissues can be passed directly from it into alcohol, and it leaves the material in excellent condition for staining. The material was stained both in bulk and on the slide. While there is a prejudice against the former method for delicate cytological work, Delafield’s haematoxylin counterstained on the slide with alcoholic eosin or acid fuchsin dissolved in 95 per cent. alcohol, gives 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., results not far short of the best slide staining. The use of counter- stains in alcohol is a great time-saving device, since the preparation has but to be passed from xylol, to absolute alcohol, to 95 per cent. alcohol, to the stain and back again to be ready for the Canada bal- sam. Moreover, if acid fuchsin be used, one quick dip in the stain is sufficient. For slide staining, iron hematoxylin, Wright’s and Giemsa stains and thionin were used either with or without counterstains. The blood stains used alone are unsatisfactory, since only the blue ingre- dients seem to take hold of the tissues. Wright’s stain, counter- stained with alcoholic eosin, however, gave very good results. The technique was as follows: The slide holding the sections was first treated as a blood smear and allowed to lie with the mixture of stain and water upon it for 10 to 15 minutes. It was then washed first in water and then in 95 per cent. alcohol until all of the pre- cipitated stain had dissolved. It was then stained with eosin dis- solved in absolute alcohol, next passed into clean absolute alcohol, and finally into xylol. Wright’s stain comes out very rapidly in alcohol, but the whole procedure as above outlined can be completed in a very short time. Thionin preparations counterstained in either alcoholic eosin or acid fuchsin in alcohol were largely used and gave in some respects the best results. Preparations so stained display beautifully sharp and clear-cut pictures, and they are very good when it is a question of bringing out the chemical qualities of different parts of the para- sites. On the other hand, thionin fails to bring out certain granules in these Sarcosporidia which are perhaps significant, and slides stained in thionin are not permanent. Accordingly, most of the slides were stained with iron hematoxylin. With material fixed in Hermann’s fluid, a counterstain is not neces- sary, although it was often used. With the other fixatives a counterstain was necessary, and acid fuchsin was the one most generally employed. The list of mice used follows: Mouse 77 15 hours. 99 3 and 6 hours. 106 9 hours A.C. A Heavy meal. 120 103 and 17 hours ..... Heavy meal. 121 103 and 17 hours ........Heavy meal. 125 23 hours Hermann’s fluid. 126 34 hours Picro-acetic. 132 84 hours Hermann’s fluid ... Heavy meal. 133 9 hours Hermann’s fluid......... Heavy meal. 145 11} hours Hermann’s fluid.......... Moderate meal. 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. yf; 1462 ........ Lid hourss. eee... Hermann’s fluid.......... Moderate meal. iL: V eee Dione wees ee Hermann’s fluid.......... Moderate meal. MA cae s. 1S hours) wee eee Hermann’s fluid.......... Moderate meal. 149°... 24hiadte Se . ermann’s fluid::::...... Moderate meal. 150. 24hours........................ Hermann’s fluid.......:.. Moderate meal. GA ae _ 18 hours.......................... Hermann’s fluid. 153............ 24 hours.......................... ermann’s fluid.......... Heavy meal. 154............ 24 hours. 175...0....... L2POUrS:.......).)...--.. Erermann’s fluid. iOreres bee OURS af ececc ert. Hermann’s fluid. 177............ 14% hours... _........... Hermann’s fluid. 178 15% hours... _.........Hermann’s fluid. 179 .... 16% hours..... .........Hermann’s fluid. 180 173 hours.... _...........dermann’s fluid. 181 SF HOUTS. .2-.-.-.-caes _.. Hermann’s fluid. TBD indo te ROUEN esa. ...........Hermann’s fluid. 246 ection ee Bae)... Laight meal. 7 oes Pe 4 hours.. Say easel RAS fee ooo ns Leavy. rneal, Ae cnt 2 hours IAT Op AS cc 5: Moderate meal. 249. 3 hours. fee A. ©, A. ..6..:.-0....i». Moderate meal. Dae ove, 5 hours.. ... -. jd NN Oe) NG ee .... Heavy meal. 251 14 hove ee CA. :,, rcs... Very light meal. 252 24 Hote, so wee aes ©. A...) 2.2.02... Very light meal. 253 6 hours....... PA CA ee ... Heavy meal. 257 3 hours... _..... Hermann’s fluid.......... Moderate meal. 258 4 hours.. 2 LOAN eee _.......Moderate meal. 261 4 hours.. : Hermann’s fluid......... Heavy meal. 262 5 hours Hermann’s fluid.......... Moderate meal. Prior to taking up the description of the findings in the cells, it is desirable to call attention to a phenomenon first signalized by Erd- mann (1910). This is the exfoliation of the intestinal epithelium which appears to follow ingestion of the spores of Sarcocystis. The natural inference would be that this was due to the invasion and subsequent destruction of the cells by the parasites, and such was my original idea (Crawley, 1913). No doubt a certain amount of exfoliation is to be accounted for in this way, but other factors are involved. Thus Erdmann found that the ingestion of an extract of Sarcocystis eysts, from which the spores themselves had been removed, was followed by exfoliation, and data that I shall now give show that the exfoliation takes place before any extensive invasion of the cells. The intestines of a series of mice, all of which had been killed within 6 hours after feeding, were examined and the conditions presented by the epithelium in various parts of the intestine noted. The results of this examination are tabulated below. Where no exfoliation was demonstrable, the condition is indicated by the word “none.”’ Where, however, it is in evidence it is designated as “slight,’’ ‘““moderate,”’ or “severe,”’ according to its degree. Int. NOD OT ~~ —_—_— S «J Int. Int. 3 int 2 o-10— PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF. [Jan., Movse 246, 1-HoUR STAGE. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation moderate. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation moderate. Exfoliation severe. Exfoliation severe. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation severe. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation none. Mouse 251, 14-HouR STAGE. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. _...Exfoliation none. Mouse 248, 2-HOUR STAGE. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. _.Exfoliation very slight. Exfoliation very slight. Mowse 249, 3-HOUR STAGE. Mouse Mouse Exfoliation moderate. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation moderate. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation very slight. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation slight. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. 261, 4-HOUR STAGE. °xfoliation none. oxfoliation slight. Exfoliation slight. 247, 4-HOUR STAGE. Exfoliation none. Exfoliation none. 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9 16)... _.Exfoliation slight. 18.. Exfoliation slight. i a Exfoliation slight. 21) PaRRee nasi Exfoliation slight. = 4 Wher < Exfoliation very slight. Movse 262, 5 to 3-HoUR STAGE. Int.—1 za _.Exfoliation none. —2.. Exfoliation slight. —3 , Exfoliation slight. —4...... _...Exfoliation severe. —5...... er ; ae ae Exfoliation moderate. —6........ EP et acca Rnceoree Exfoliation moderate. Mouse 250, 5-HOUR STAGE. Ge i ee oy ann de ccesessssssevs-..-..-Ixfoliation none. rs tony Rate. S deen, BOT ce _........... £xfoliation none. Ua) 6 ee (ov vveevs--........xfoliation moderate. =f Seen eee eae oc 4 943 _......... Exfoliation moderate. 5 Meee Pe ii Asovas das “! Exfoliation slight. 5 eee ay a oer ees Exfoliation moderate. Mouse 253, 6-HOUR STAGE. si) 59 1 ea ee ee por ee _Exfoliation slight. 15 Pas oe Exfoliation slight. at 333, Pe Exfoliation none. - 19) 25. Exfoliation questionable. 25 Exfoliation slight. 5 : Exfoliation none. 7: ae Exfoliation none. QO. vc Exfoliation none. As already stated, as a result of the method of fixing the mouse intestine, the epithelial row was at times torn loose from the sub- epithelial connective tissue. It thus results that in some cases the material presented a decidedly battered appearance. While, how- ever, the epithelial row itself might thus be torn loose and more or less broken, the individual cells were not thereby injured and their appearance indicated an accurate fixation. On the other hand, it was frequently possible to see that the cells at the tips of the villi were abnormal, this abnormality expressing itself in a loss of staining capacity on the part of the cytoplasm and an obvious degeneracy of the nuclei. This degeneracy, at first affecting only the cells at the tips of the villi, passes into a condition in which these cells have disappeared, while those lying along the sides of the villi are affected. This condition, in its turn, passes into one in which the villi are represented merely by stumps of connective tissue, the epithelium being present only in the regions between the bases of the villi. Finally a stage is reached in which the intestine is wholly denuded of epithelium. In the lists given 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the term “slight” defines those conditions in which epithelial degen- eration is just beginning to be manifest, and ‘moderate’? conditions where the tips of the villi are seriously affected, and ‘“severe”’ con- ditions where the destructive influence has gone further. The data given in the above lists seem to establish the fact that exfoliation of the epithelium is correlated with ingestion of the spores of Sarecosporidia, but they are not consistent amongst them- selves. Thus, mouse 248, a 2-hour stage, is not so badly affected as mouse 246, killed only one hour after feeding, whereas mouse 251, a 14-hour stage, shows no exfoliation at all, although in this last case observations were confined to only a small part of the intestine. In the cases of Nos. 249 and 261, both 3-hour stages, and No. 247, 4-hour, exfoliation is not extensive, while No. 262, 5- to 3-hour, shows a considerable amount near the posterior end of the intestine, as does also No. 250, 5-hour. On the other hand, mouse 253, killed 6 hours after feeding, is but slightly affected. In view of the rather contradictory nature of the data, it is impossible to attempt any explanation of the modus operandi of loss of the epithelium. Erdmann suggested that the destruction of the epithelium was an adaptation having for its purpose the easier penetration of the spores into the tissues of the mouse. Presumably this destruction is correlated with ingestion of the parasites, but if it be of any value to host or parasite it seems more plausible to regard it as a defensive move on the part of the former. In their attack upon the mouse the parasites first invade the epithelial cells and this they do within the first two or three hours. Obviously, then, the destruction of this epithelium, either before or after penetration by the parasites can only work to their disadvantage. Hence, while it is possible to look upon this exfoliation as an adaptation on the part of the host, there seems no good reason for so doing. It is a matter of observation that exfoliation follows the ingestion of sarcosporidian cysts, but it is also a matter of observation that such ingestion is practically always followed by infection of the muscles. Hence, the exfoliation is obviously not protective. The matter is, however, one of minor importance and the data are merely given for what they are worth. EVOLUTION OF THE PARASITES IN THE CELLS. The account of the findings in the cells may appropriately be begun with mouse 246, killed one hour after feeding. As indicated in the table on p. 8, slides were prepared from the alternate pieces 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ll of the intestine from one end to the other. The anterior portions, Nos. 1 to 11, were wholly negative, there being no spores either in the lumen or in the cells. Beginning with int. 13, however, spores were present in the lumen, and they were seen in the cells in int. 19, 23, and 25. Their absence from int. 21 is to be credited to the severe exfoliation there present. From int. 13, where the spores were first seen in the lumen, there was a rapid increase in their numbers in each successive piece, and in the lumina of int. 23 and 25 they were present in enormous numbers. From this it is evident that it requires but one hour for the ingested spores to reach the extreme posterior end of the small intestine, and as shown both by this and other mice, apparently the great majority of them reach this situation very quickly. While they have also been found in the excum in very early stages, they evidently do not pass from the small intestine into the czecum as readily as they pass along the small intestine itself. This is evidenced by the fact that in the earlier stages—up to 9 hours or thereabouts—the last two or three centimeters of the small intestine always harbor spores free in the lumen. There is thus brought about a state of affairs of some interest when the earlier stages of the evolution of the parasites is under consideration. It is evident that the spores pass along the small intestine very rapidly until the posterior end is reached. The length of time required for this stream of spores to pass a given point will obviously vary in the different mice. In those cases where, as a result of prolonged nibbling, the ingested meat reaches the stomach thoroughly comminuted, we may presume that its stay in the stomach is shortened and its movement along the small intestine more rapid. On the other hand, when the meal is swallowed in large pieces, the presumption is that it will remain in the stomach until it is softened and disintegrated, and in consequence its progress along the small intestine will be delayed. Nevertheless, digestion in mice of purely animal matter is rapid, and in general at the end of a few hours spores are scarce in the lumen of the upper and middle portions of the small intestine. If, as a pure guess, we may assume that the stream of spores requires one hour to pass a given point, then the spores within the cells in any particular part of the intestine (except the posterior end) will all have entered the cells within an hour of one another. On the other hand, as we have seen, great numbers of the spores reach the posterior part of the intestine within one hour, and remain there for several hours, as is shown by finding them in this 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF ° [Jan., situation in 9-hour stages. During the whole of this time it cannot be questioned that individuals are constantly penetrating the cells. Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that within certain limits, the intracellular spores in a given section of the upper or middle parts of the intestine will be in somewhat the same developmental stage. On the contrary, in the posterior part of the intestine, the intracellular spores will represent a series in the development, covering the greater part of the period of time elapsing between feeding and the death of the mouse. Thus, in a 9-hour mouse, the parasites in the cells of this extreme posterior part of the intestine might represent forms which had been in the cells from only a few minutes up to seven or eight hours, and in Nos. 132 and 133 it was evident that this was the case. It further follows that in these posterior portions many more cells are parasitized than elsewhere, since there is here maintained for several hours a large supply of extracellular spores. Returning to the conditions as found in mouse 246, intracellular spores in small numbers were found in int. 19, 23, and 25. These, of course, represented the very earliest stages in the development and in the main were not to be distinguished from those in the lumen. In some cases, however, development had begun, thus demonstrating the extreme rapidity with which these parasites go through with their evolution. The mounted material of this mouse, however, was prepared with a view of getting a general survey of the conditions rather than for detailed cytological study. Hence, no figures of the parasites as found here have been made. Mouse 251.—Mouse 251 was killed 13 hours after feeding. According to the observations made at the time of the infecting feed, it received “a very light meal,’’ but when the stomach and intestine were prepared for study the findings suggested that whereas relatively the meal may have been very light, positively such a definition seemed scarcely appropriate. In the stomach, from which the epithelium had largely disappeared, there were abundant cysts of the parasite, many of which were more or less intact and contained the greater number of the spores. In int. 1, 3, 5, and 7 there were abundant spores in the lumen, and in int. 9 they were present both in the lumen and in the cells. Comparing the conditions found here with those in mouse 246, it is to be noted that in the latter the spores were further back toward the end of the intestine. In No. 246 the upper portions of the intestine were free of spores, whereas in 251 these same portions 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. | 13 contained them in considerable abundance. These differences are, as already suggested, probably to be accredited to differences in the manner in which the two mice fed. Taking up now the evolution of the spores within the intestine of the mouse, we may advantageously use as a point of departure the spore as it occurs free in the lumen, for it is evident that development begins here. Plate I, fig. 2, portrays such a spore and may be taken as the point of departure, although in all the early stages the spores in the lumen are identical with many of those in the cells. This particular case is from mouse 248, a 2-hour stage, but it is valid for any of the early stages. The characteristics of this stage are as follows: The contours of the cell are sharp and clear cut, and there is a distinct bounding line or periplast. The cytoplasm, while obviously alveolar, is dense and ordinarily stains well. Granules may or may not be present. The nucleus, which is conspicuous, is round and gives the appearance as though in life it were turgid with nuclear sap. There is a distinct nuclear membrane and a more or less distinct nuclear net is always present. With regard to its shape, the spore in the lumen may be a smooth oval, as, for examples, are the intracellular spores shown in Plate I, figs. 3 and 4, or it may have the sides more or less bulged out in the region of the nucleus. This latter phenomenon is due to the increase in size of the nucleus, a process initiated very shortly after the spore reaches the alimentary canal of the mouse. The appearance of the spores in the intestine, whether they be in the lumen or in the cells, offers a considerable contrast to that of spores removed from the cysts. With regard to these latter, a description is herewith given, although they are familiar objects in the literature and have been described and figured a number of times. Such spores are shown in Plate I, fig. 1. As is here indicated, one end of the spore is broader, the other end narrower, and the nucleus lies nearer the narrow end. The internal structure is obscure. The nucleus is a clear-cut vesicle, and to all appearances is provided with a definitive mem- brane. No internal structure can be made out, and the staining reaction is feeble. In Giemsa preparations it stains a pale reddish color. The cytoplasm with Giemsa stains a dense blue. Its structure can 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., scarcely be determined, but it may be inferred that it is alveolar. It is densest in the immediate vicinity of the nucleus. The broad end of the spore is frequently much less dense than elsewhere and at times shows a more or less well defined oval area. This appear- ance, however, is probably due merely to the fact that here the eytoplasm has a lower affinity for the stain than elsewhere. The same phenomenon is shown by the spores of Sarcocystis leporum (Crawley, 1914). In the case of the rabbit parasite, as I have endeavored to show, one end of the spore seems to be differen- tiated into a sort of rostrum, the cytoplasm of which does not stain as densely as does that of the balance of the spore. We are probably dealing with the same thing in the case of Sarcocystis muris, but in this parasite the differentiation of the rostrum is not so sharp. It may furthermore be suggested that it is this clearer region in the spore which has given rise to the belief, expressed by some authors, that the sarcosporidian spore possesses a polar capsule. Comparing the.spores taken directly from a cyst with those in the intestine, the latter are broader, more oval bodies, and, although this is not shown by the figures, there has been a loss of the granules which are such a characteristic feature of the former. The most noteworthy change, however, concerns the nucleus, which has become larger, apparently much more turgid, and begins to show a nuclear net. It is thus evident that evolution begins as soon as the spore reaches the intestine of the mouse, and apparently the most important step is a great increase in activity of the nucleus. This evolution, however, does not appear to be carried far unless the spore gains a resting place within a cell of the host. The cells invaded are the cylinder cells. At least this is so in the vast majority of cases. Now and then, however, parasites are to be found in mucous cells, but since the presence of a parasite in a cell may result in mucoid degeneration, it is difficult to diagnose such instances. The parasite may have invaded a mucous cell or it may have caused mucoid degeneration of a cylinder cell. This question, however, appears to be of no great importance. It is also well to emphasize the point that the spore is a naked mass of protoplasm and that the only differentiation displayed by the cytoplasm is the peripheral condensation into a periplastic layer. Statements to the effect that the spore opens and releases an amcebula are wholly without warrant, and polar filaments, either coiled up within one end of the cell or discharged, do not exist. Claims of 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 this sort, which have appeared in the literature from time to time, seem to be due to an unfortunate desire to correlate the Sarcospo- ridia with the Myxosporidia. These two groups may of course be closely related, but as yet there is no conclusive evidence on hand to show that they are. Plate I, figs. 3 and 4 show spores in the cells of int. 9 of mouse 251, a 14-hour stage. It is to be noted that each of these lies in a vacuole. Probably they have not been in the cells for more than an hour. In both of them the cytoplasm is dense, compact, and deeply staining. In both of them, also, the nucleus has enlarged and is separated from the periplast only by very narrow strips of cytoplasm. There is, however, a difference in the nature of the net in these two nuclei. In the ease of fig. 3, the meshes in the centre are solidly filled with chromatin, whereas in that of fig. 4 the chromatin is divided into separate masses. In all of these early stages the chromatin has a low affinity for stains, and, following the rule which seems to hold generally true in Protozoa, takes the acid rather than the basic stains. On this account it results that these nuclei are rather difficult microscopical objects, and seen with powers of less than 1,000 diame- ters, a nucleus like that of fig. 3 looks like a vesicle containing only a central granule. But with a magnification of 1,500 to 2,000, and an intense artificial light, the structure as shown in the figure is brought out. As will be shown later, fig. 3 represents the more primitive condition, in which the chromatin is concentrated into a single mass, within which, however, the meshes of the nuclear net can be traced. In the case of. fig. 4, the chromatin occurs in separate masses and the central meshes of the net are largely clear. Nuclei precisely. like either of these may be seen in spores in the lumen. Mouse 248.—Mouse 248 was killed two hours after feeding. Its intestine was cut into 32 pieces, int. 32 representing the extreme posterior portion. Observations were made on int. 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, and 32. In the upper portions there were scattered spores in the lumen and occasional specimens in the cells, but, following the general rule, parasitization was not extensive until the more posterior parts were reached. Plate I, fig. 5, from int. 27, shows a parasite lying in the usual vacuole close to the free edge of the epithelium. The cytoplasm is dense, while the nucleus shows very distinctly a nuclear net supporting scattered chromatin granules. The nucleus, in this case, lies near one end of the cell. Fig. 6, from int. 30, also represents what is clearly a very early stage. The cytoplasm is dense and compact, 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the cell contours are sharp and a periplast can be seen. The nucleus, however, shows merely as a faintly stained vacuole containing some formed substance, the details of which could not be made out. It may here be remarked that in most of the cell parasites the nucleus appears as a vesicle containing a nuclear net, and that in general this nuclear net is the only part of the nucleus that stains. Hence the net appears as though projected against a clear background. On the other hand, it is frequently to be observed in the spores free in the lumen, and much less frequently in those in the cells, that the nuclear sap as well as the nuclear net has taken the stain, thus obscuring the details of the latter. This condition is illustrated by fig. 6. In the preliminary note it was stated that at least a portion of the intracellular spores rapidly underwent a change which expressed itself in a reduction of the cytoplasm and an increase in the size of the nucleus, the ultimate result of which was the production of a body which was apparently only the enlarged original nucleus, the cytoplasm having apparently all disappeared. This, it was stated, was interpreted to be the male form. This evolution is illustrated in Plate I, figs. 7 to 11. Fig. 7 shows the nuclear enlargement with no great amount of cytoplasmic reduction. The nucleus is large and turgid, it causes the sides of the parasite to bulge and shows a distinct net. This net consists of a central aggre- gation from which strands run to the periphery. As already indicated in the discussion of figs. 3 and 4, whereas the appearance of this’ central aggregation differs considerably in the different specimens, its structure appears to be fundamentally the same throughout. It seems to be merely the close-meshed central part of the nuclear net, with the interspaces sometimes empty and sometimes filled in with faintly staining chromatin. The latter is the more primitive condition. The parasite shown in fig. 7 was from int. 15, or about the middle of the intestine, and hence is presumably that of a parasite which has been within the cell for some little time. Except, however, for the notable enlargement of the nucleus, it has all the characteristics of a very early stage. Fig. 8, from int. 30, represents a condition in which there has been as yet no great amount of nuclear enlargement, but a slight degree of cytoplasmic degeneration. In fig. 9 there is shown nuclear enlarge- ment accompanied by a considerable degree of cytoplasmic degenera- tion, as is evidenced by the vacuolization and rough contours of the 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. TZ cell. In fig. 10 the nucleus projects out from the sides of the cell, while the cytoplasm is reduced and shows uneven contours. In fig. 11 there is seen both nuclear enlargement and cytoplasmic reduction. The initial steps in the evolution of the male element are illustrated by the figures just described. The details of this evolution vary greatly, and it is doubtless true that this variation in detail is the result not only of variations in the actual biological process itself, but is also dependent on the technique. Thus, in iron hematoxylin preparations there are always associated with the nucleus one or more intensely black granules which are either not visible at all or only faintly visible in Delafield or thionin preparations. Furthermore, in material stained in thionin the cytoplasm is frequently seen to be separated into two portions, as shown in Plate I, figs. 12, 13, and 14. Here the cytoplasm is broken up into a number of lumps or streaks either lying embedded in a faintly staining ground substance (figs. 12 and 14) or apparently lying free in the vacuole which the parasite always produces in the mouse cell (fig. 13). It is evident that one of these conditions is readily derivable from the other. Thus, in figs. 12 and 14, the cytoplasm has separated into a chromophil substance lying within an almost achromatic substance. This latter gradually disappears, producing the condition shown in fig. 13. A high affinity for chromatin stains is characteristic of the by- products of protoplasm, and is especially well brought out by thionin. Thus, in material so stained, both degenerate nuclei and mucus are deeply stained.- In the former case we are dealing with a patho- logical, in the latter with a physiological process, but in both with protoplasmic by-products. In the case of these Sarcosporidia, the great increase in the size of the nucleus seems to predicate a supply of pabulum, and the suggestion is at least permissible that -this pabulum is supplied by the cytoplasm. If this were so, the presump- tion would be that the densely staining flecks, as noted in figs. 12, 13, and 14, represent the cytoplasmic debris remaining after the nucleus has robbed the cytoplasm of a part of its substance. It is of course to be understood that the above is put forth merely as a possibility, the matter being one scarcely open to a rigid demon- stration. Mouse 125.—As noted in the list given on p. 6, this mouse repre- sents the conditions from 2 to 24 hours after feeding. These are in all essentials the same as those of mouse 248, as is evidenced by figs. 15, 16, and 17. In the case of fig. 17, Plate II, it is to be noted that 9 ‘ 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., the cytoplasm is greatly reduced in quantity and is vacuolated, while in all three the nucleus is enlarged and shows the usual nuclear net. Mouse 249.—This animal was killed three hours after feeding. Its intestine was cut into 31 pieces numbered from 1 to 31. Observa- tions were made upon the stomach and upon int. 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 20, 22, 30, and 31. The stomach and the first five pieces of the intestine examined were negative. In int. 18 spores were present in the lumen; in int. 20, 22, 30, and 31 they were found both in the lumen and in the cells. It has already been shown (p. 11) that in some of the mice the spores move along the intestine very rapidly, yet it is always to be remembered that the failure to find them in a few selected slides is not proof of their absence from the particular portions of the intestine from which these slides were made. In this mouse it seems unlikely that so much of the intestine was actually negative. It is in mouse 249 that the differentiation into males and females first begins to be noticeable. In the case of the males, in which the characteristic changes consist of a great enlargement of the nucleus and a reduction of the cytoplasm, there is no confusion, since these changes are conspicuous and readily detected. Thus, Plate IT, figs. 18, 19, and 20 are all obviously males, since they all show nuclear enlargement and cytoplasmic reduction. A particularly good earmark of the males is the fact that the nucleus is not sur- rounded by cytoplasm, the parasites consisting (fig. 18) of an enlarged nucleus provided with two tongue- or cap-shaped masses of cyto- plasm. The conspicuous black granule, mentioned above as appearing in iron hematoxylin stains, is to be seen in fig. 20, whereas fig. 19 shows a stage wherein the cytoplasm is nearly gone and the nucleus has reached a size equal to that of many of the entire para- . sites. On the other hand, the differences between the female and the original spore are by no means so striking. The female is relatively shorter and broader, while the nucleus is sometimes larger and, as a rule, shows the chromatin concentrated into a single large karyosome. There is, however, no loss of cytoplasm. Moreover, with an exception to be noted below, the female undergoes no such conspicuous changes in the course of its evolution as does the male. In consequence, in these early stages it is always difficult and some- times impossible to say whether a given parasite is a female or merely one which has been in the cell a short time. Hence, it is only with much reserve that fig. 21, Plate II, may be pro- 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 nounced that of a female. It possesses, however, the rather densely staining cytoplasm characteristic for the females and the nucleus is too small fora male. The deeply staining granules present in iron hematoxylin material are here in evidence. Fig. 22 probably also represents a female since it is a smoothly oval cell with dense cytoplasm, and the nucleus, while large, does not cause any protrusion of the sides of the cell. The radiate nuclear structure in this parasite is peculiar for such an early stage, and may represent a very precocious case of maturation (see p. 30). Mouse 126.—This mouse was given the flesh of an infected animal at a stated time and required one-half an hour to complete its meal. It was killed three hours later and in consequence represents the conditions 3 to 33 hours after inoculation. Figs. 23 and 24, Plate II, are from this mouse and show early male stages, as evidenced by the enlarged nuclei and the scanty quantity of cytoplasm present. Mouse 261.—Mouse 261 was given a piece of infected muscle at 10 A.M. (Feb. 15, 1915). It began to eat at once and consumed a considerable quantity of the infected material, but did not then complete the meal. At 2 P.M. the mouse was chloroformed, the infected muscle having been eaten in the interim. Hence, it repre- sents the conditions from 4 hours down to some shorter period. The only portions of the intestine examined in this case were int. —1 to int. —5, or the last five pieces. The intestine of this mouse was slit open prior to fixation and in consequence the spores in the lumen were lost. Since the study here was confined to the last few centimeters of the intestine, a given intracellular spore might have been in its place anywhere from a few minutes to three hours or more, and hence it is impossible to pick out the early female stages with any degree .of certainty. Thus, fig. 25 might be either that of an early female stage or of a parasite which had been in the cell for only a short time. It is perhaps the same with fig. 26 which represents a form difficult to classify satisfactorily. On the other hand, fig. 27 is an evident early male, and both this and fig. 26 are of interest in showing very clearly the nuclear structure. In a few cases, in mouse 261, males were found in which the loss of cytoplasm was complete. Mouse 247.—This mouse was killed four hours after feeding. Its intestine was cut into 34 pieces, from int. 1 to 34, and observations were made on int. 12, 14, 16, 19, 30, and 33. The differentiation into males and females is here carried a little ‘ 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {Jan., further, although it is still difficult to get forms that can positively be diagnosed as females. An evident female, however, is shown in fig. 28, Plate IT. Thisistaken to be a female on account of its shape, its retention of the cytoplasm, and the character of its nucleus. This latter element, as is shown by the figure, is vesicular, with a sharply defined nuclear membrane and a central mass of chromatin from which strands radiate to the periphery. Fig. 29 shows another female. This figure is diagram- matic, but is essentially like fig. 28. Both of these figures were obtained from int. 14 of the mouse; that is, from the anterior half of the intestine, and hence the presumption is that both of the parasites drawn had been in the cells for some considerable time. Fig. 30, from int. 19, may also be that of a female, although here the diagnosis is more doubtful, since the form rather suggests a parasite which has been in the cell for only a short time. In addition to the females, characteristic early males were seen in the cells of this mouse. Mouse 250.—This mouse was killed five hours after feeding. Its intestine was cut into 34 pieces, numbered from 1 to 34, and observa- tions were made on int. 21, 22, and 32. In this mouse it is much easier to distinguish between the males and females, since the two lines of development have become well separated. Thus, figs. 31 and 32, Plate II, represent males which have reached what might be termed the nuclear stage; that is, the stage in which the cytoplasm has nearly or quite disappeared. Thus, in fig. 31, the cytoplasm has all disappeared except for a cap of degenerate-looking material at one end of the nucleus. The nucleus itself shows the usual net, associated with which are several black granules. Centrally ‘there is an irregular mass of acidophil chromatin in which lies a large black granule. This probably represents the karyosome. : Fig. 32 also represents a male. There is here to be seen a well- defined net of rather broad strands and a number of black granules. The meshes of the net are in some places filled with faintly staining material. A karyosome does not appear to be present, although the large black granule may perhaps represent it. The crescent of staining substance at one end of the nucleus may represent the remnant of the spore cytoplasm, but more probably is a crescent of host tissue which not infrequently forms at the end of the vacuole in which the parasite normally lies. Its actual detachment from the parasite suggests it is the latter, and if this be so the cytoplasm of 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 the parasite has wholly disappeared and the vacuole in which the nucleus lies is the vacuole originally formed by the parasite. _ Fig. 33, Plate II, represents a parasite from the same slide and same section of the intestine as figs. 31 and 32. Itisclearly afemale. The entire parasite is sharply outlined, and the cytoplasm is dense, ‘although showing several vacuoles. The nucleus is clear cut and contains a large, rather faintly staining karyosome, together with two black granules. One of these granules lies within the karyosome, the other appears to be in the space between the karyosome and membrane, but it is possible that it actually lay upon the membrane itself. In this particular case, strands connecting the karyosome with the nuclear membrane could not be detected. Fig. 34 was also obtained from the same slide as figs. 31, 32, and 33, but not from the same section. The parasite was clearly outlined. The cytoplasm, while not suggesting degeneration, was not homo- geneous, but appeared to consist of a matrix in which were a number of poorly defined denser areas. This is an appearance frequently to be noted in the early female stages, but it has not been possible to work out its significance. The nucleus of this parasite was clear cut and contained a large, faintly staining karyosome. Little strands radiated from the karyosome, but these could not be traced to the nuclear membrane. Two black granules were present, one within or upon the karyosome, the other on the nuclear membrane. The four parasites here figured and described typify conditions as found in mouse 250. They appear to furnish satisfactory evidence that the spores, after their invasion of the cells, separate into two groups, the later evolution of which indicates that they are to be regarded as males and females. This evolution, moreover, proceeds at such a rate that at the end of five hours at least a considerable number of the parasites can be.separated into males and females. It is also believed that the cases herewith considered are the more. convincing in that they were all taken from exactly the same place in the intestine. This was the twenty-second piece of an intestine cut into 34 pieces and therefore only two-thirds the way from the anterior end. This permits of the presumption that these four parasites had all entered the cells at somewhat the same time, and that this was perhaps four hours prior to the death of the mouse. It is of course to be understood that in the whole intestine up to 6 hours, and in its extreme posterior portions up to 9 hours, the parasites are in general in all sorts of conditions and that only a portion are differentiated into males and females. Furthermore, 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., it is to be understood that the figures are, as is usual in such cases, more or less diagrammatic, since it is impossible to reproduce the exact appearances as found under the microscope. Mouse 253.—This mouse was killed 6 hours after feeding and its intestine cut into 29 pieces, numbered from 1 to 29. Observations were made on int. 15, 19, 25, 27, and 29. The conditions here are, of course, very much like those of mouse 250, the cells showing evident males and females along with a number of others which had not evolved far enough to permit of their being determined. Characteristic females are shown in figs. 35, 36, and, Plate I1I,37. A male is shown in fig. 38, which was taken from int. 16. This, while differing somewhat from figs. 31 and 32, is nevertheless obviously a male, since the cytoplasm has wholly disappeared and the parasite consists of nothing more than the enlarged nucleus of the original spore. Mouse 99.—This mouse was given two infective feeds separated by an interval of 3 hours and killed 3 hours after the second. It therefore represents the conditions at both 3 and 6 hours after inoculation and it is usually possible, in the case of any given parasite, to say to which of the two inoculations it belongs. Thus, fig. 39 is obviously that of a male and no doubt belongs to the 6-hour stage. THE LATER STAGES. The Male.—The early stages of the evolution of S. muris have, as far as possible, been traced step by step as they occurred in mice killed from 1 to 6 hours after inoculation. At the outset the spores are apparently all alike, although it is possible that the dimorphism may be in evidence even for the spores in the cysts, as appears to be the case for the spores of Sarcocystis colii (Fantham, 1913). But whether this be so or not, by the end of 6 hours at least a considerable proportion of the parasites present are clearly separated into two categories. For the later stages it is more convenient to follow these two lines of development separately, instead of considering what is found at the end of increasingly longer periods of time. For after the first eight or ten hours the time factor ceases to be of value, and both 9- and 18-hour mice, for instance, may show identical stages of evolution. The development of the male will first be considered. As we have already seen, in the first few hours the male parasites lose most if not all of their cytoplasm and become reduced to an element which is obviously only the enlarged nucleus of the original 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 spore. Eventually the chromatin of these elements collects into a number of small aggregates which arrange themselves around the periphery of the parasite and transform themselves into what are evidently the microgametes. It may be assumed that the evolution of the male element, or microgametocyte, proceeds in an orderly manner, and hence it should be possible to obtain an orderly series from some such stage as that of fig. 31 (Plate IT) to that of fig. 75 (Plate V). It is not, however, possible to give all of the steps of this evolution. The parasites are themselves small, ranging around 8» in diameter and in consequence the details of their structure require the highest powers of the microscope. There is not a great deal of staining material within them, and the picture is confused by the fact that they lie embedded within the cells of the mouse in sectioned material. It is believed that in order to work out this evolution with precision it would be necessary to develop a technique which would permit of obtaining the parasites isolated, an end which could be gained either by cultural methods or by devising some means of getting the para- sites out of the cells in which they had developed. The few attempts which have been made along these lines have as yet not met with any success. It is therefore to be understood that the details of the evolution of the microgametocyte as here set forth are presented with some reserve. Taking up now this development of the male from the stage found in the 5- and 6-hour mice to that found at the end of 18 hours, the earlier phases of it are illustrated by figs. 40 to 53 (Plate III). As it happens, most of these are from mice 106 and 120, both of which gave especially favorable material. What is seen here, however, is confirmed by the findings in other mice of the same periods. Evidently what is found in the 2- to 6-hour mice will represent conditions earlier than those found in mice killed 9 hours or -more after feeding, and in these former the nuclear net is coarse and has a low affinity for chromatin stains (see figures of these stages). It is a matter of common knowledge that the chemical nature of chromatin varies with the physiological condition of the nucleus and that this is manifested by a varying staining reaction. Thus, in the so-called resting nuclei the chromatin has a relatively low percentage of nucleic acid, and this is indicated by a relatively low affinity for chromatin stains. On the other hand, as the nucleus prepares to divide, the percentage of nucleic acid increases, and as this takes place the chromatin displays a greater and greater affinity for chroma- tin stains. The percentage of nucleic acid is greatest at the time 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., when the chromatin is divided into chromosomes, and this is also the time when it stains most intensely. In the case of Protozoa, the resting, or better the trophic, nucleus takes the plasma rather than the chromatin stains, a fact which may be ascribed to an extremely low content in nucleic acid at such times rather than to a fundamental difference between the chemistry of protozoan and metazoan nuclei. -But when in division, the protozoan nucleus stains as does that of the Metazoa, and this same staining reaction is also displayed by certain of the products of this division, such as microgametes. It is therefore permissible to suppose that in these early male forms of Sarcocystis muris, the coarseness of the threads of the nuclear net is due to the fact that the achromatic filaments are bearing a quantity of chromatin poor in nucleic acid. Besides being distributed along the achromatic filaments and upon the inner surface of the nuclear membrane, the chromatin may also occur in lumps, in masses which fill up the meshes of the net, and there is apparently normally present a larger mass or karyosome. In the course of several hours, however, this type of nucleus trans- forms itself into a body such as is shown in figs. 66 and 67 (Plate IV). This is an oval element containing some achromatic stringy substance and showing around the periphery a series of granular clusters. The granules composing these clusters are extremely minute, but intensely chromophil, staining as do the chromosomes of a dividing metazoan cell. In spite of their minute size they are readily resolved. We thus start with a nucleus having a considerable bulk of chro- matin which has a low affinity for chromatin stains. Morpho- logically, this chromatin occurs as granules, irregular masses and bands, borne either by the nuclear net or upon the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. There is also usually present a central mass or karyosome. After several hours, however, the chromatin has diminished in bulk, has an intense affinity for chromatin stains, and is placed around the periphery in the form of clusters of minute granules. The conspicuous changes then consist in the taking on of a high affinity for basic stains, subdivision into minute granules and migration to the periphery. The desire is to show the several steps in this transformation. The earlier conditions are shown by figs. 31, 32, 38, and 39. Figs. 31 and 32 are from mouse 250, a 5-hour stage; fig. 38 from mouse 253 (6 hours), and fig. 39 from mouse 99 and presumably represents the 6-hour stage. These four figures show very distinctly the 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 variations with regard to what is interpreted to be the karyosome. In fig. 32 it is either absent or represented by the large black granule. In fig. 31 the irregular central mass provided with a black granule presumably represents this element. In fig. 38 it is a large irregular body, while in fig. 39 it is a large oval deeply staining granule, split nearly into two by a cleft. To some extent these differences are due to the technique employed, but in the main they represent actual differences in the morphology of the parasite itself. Passing now to mouse 106, a 9-hour stage which yielded highly favor- able material, we have figs. 40 and 41 (Plate III). Fig. 41 is very much like fig. 39, except for the staining reaction of the karyosome. Fig. 40 bears a general resemblance to figs. 31, 32, and 38. It is therefore apparent that figs. 40 and 41 represent the earlier of the stages present in mouse 106 and hence the starting point from which a number of these have arisen. For the parasites in a 9-hour mouse may have been in the cells anywhere from a very short time up to perhaps 8 hours. Hence, in passing from mouse 99, 250, or 253 to mouse 106, it is not necessary and would, indeed, be a mistake to assume that we had also passed over 3 or 4 hours of time spent in development. The period elapsing between the inoculation and death of the mouse, at least as far as concerns the periods up to 9 or 10 hours, is of value only as a high limit. A parasite of mouse 253 cannot be more than 6 hours old; one of mouse 106 cannot be more than 9 hours, and this is all that can be stated with absolute cer- tainty. Nevertheless, the parasites of mouse 106 will in general be older than those of mouse 253, even though they will in a number of cases represent the same stages of development. It is therefore permissible to use parasites such as are shown in figs. 31, 32, 38, and 39, as well as figs. 40 and 41, in tracing the later stages as found in mouse LOG. ; It is easy to pick out conditions readily derivable from these. Thus, fig. 42 (upper cell) is a good deal like fig. 41. Fig. 43 is also very much like fig. 41, except for the strip of basophil chromatin which runs across the nucleus. Fig. 44 also displays a general resemblance to the earlier stages, but has developed a greater quan- tity of basophil chromatin present in the form of scattered granules. A similar state of affairs is seen in fig. 45, in which the somewhat quadrangular mass of acidophil chromatin situated in the centre may represent the karyosome. In figs. 46 and 47, we have parasites in which the chromatin is all basophil and occurs in a rather finely divided state. In the case of the two parasites shown in fig. 42, 4 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., while they are not wholly unlike morphologically, the chromatin of the one is acidophil, of the other basophil, and the fact that they lie side by side seems to preclude ascribing this difference to irregular action of the stain. It is to be observed that all of the changes noted above point toward the production of finely divided and highly basophil chromatin. As pointed out above, in the early stages, a karyosome may or may not be present. When it is present, its evolution appears to take place as follows: In figs. 31, 38, 40, 44, and 48 the karyosome is composed of acidophil chromatin, associated with which are one or more basophil granules. A karyosome of the type shown in figs. 40 and 48, consisting of a rounded acidophil mass bearing several sharply basophil granules, was quite common. In fig. 47 there is a ring of basophil granules, and figs. 46 and 49 show somewhat similar phenomena. We seem here to be dealing with the conversion of the karyosome from an acidophil mass into a group of basophil granules. Resuming the account of the evolution of the entire parasite, fig. 53, from mouse 120, shows two parasites lying side by side. In the upper one the central body appears to represent the karyosome, here partly basophil and partly acidophil. In addition to this, the organism contains some acidophil material of irregular form together with a number of basophil granules, some of which are placed at the periphery. The lower parasite shows a central basophil mass and a number of basophil granules extending out from it. These para- sites, from int. 8 of mouse 120, should represent later rather than earlier conditions, and they can be derived from what is shown in figs. 45, 47, and 48. The lower of the two, also, is very much like fig. 49. It is always to be kept in mind that we are endeavoring to trace the development of a structure showing a typical nuclear net, and displaying both acidophil and basophil chromatin throughout. its entire extent to one in which all the chromatin present is intensely basophil and occurs as clusters of minute granules around the periph- ery of the parasite. Biological processes never proceed with mathe- matical precision, and hence we cannot look to find these three processes taking place side by side. But it is entirely reasonable to assume that if we compare any two parasites and find one of them more advanced with reference to one or more of these three con- ditions that it represents the later stage. Thus the lower parasite of fig. 42 is older than the upper, and the same thing may be said of 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 fig. 53. Figs. 46, 47, and 49 represent later stages than figs. 40, 44,and45. On the other hand, in figs. 44 and 48, while the chromatin is in part in the form of small basophil granules, the balance of it is acidophil. Hence, it would not be possible to say whether these represent older or younger stages than the lower parasite of fig. 42 Again, as between figs. 49 and 53, upper parasite, the chromatin of the former is all basophil, while that of the latter is showing a greater disposition to assemble at the periphery. The cases last given illustrate the irregularity with which the evolution proceeds. Fig. 54 (Plate IV) is from mouse 120. It shows a parasite with an irregular central mass from which prolongations run toward the pe- riphery. The staining reaction is partly basophil and partly acidophil. The basophil substance is partly in the form of granules and partly occurs as streaks and bands, but it is not improbable that these latter are composed of closely compacted granules, as is evidently the case, for instance, in the large aggregation of fig. 49. The central mass as shown in fig. 54 could have been derived from a karyo- some of the type shown in fig. 44. Finally, in addition to the central mass shown here (fig. 54), there are four more or less well-defined clusters of chromatin granules, in two of which the granules are very minute. The conditions shown in fig. 54 appear to be followed by those shown in figs. 55 and 56. In these latter there is a central mass sending out prolongations toward the periphery, but the chromatin is more completely basophil and more completely separated into granules. There is also the same tendency, at least in fig. 55, for the granules to be disposed in clusters. In these two parasites (figs. 55 and 56) there is very little achromatic material remaining, and this is in part only the fragments of the linin network. The parasite shown in fig. 57 appears also to belong to this stage of the evolution, The development is carried further in the organisms shown in figs. 58 and 59. In these the arrangement of the chromatin granules into aggregates is more obvious. A comparison of figs. 54 and 55 with fig. 59 suggests that at least in some cases the modus operandi is for the chromatin to assume the form of a very irregular dendritic mass which later breaks up into smaller masses. Thus, in fig. 59 six of these small masses have already become individualized, and one more seems about to become free. In fig. 58, although the granules are very small, only three such masses have become independent. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., The parasites shown in figs. 63 and 64 may belong in the above eyele. Although the central mass of fig. 64 is larger than that of fig. 54, its arrangement is not wholly different. Fig. 63, however, ‘annot very well be placed. Figs. 60 and 61, from mouse 179, give slightly later stages than figs. 58 and 59. At least the central dendritic mass has disappeared and the chromatin is distributed throughout the entire nucleus, either in clusters or as separate granules. Furthermore, there is a marked disposition for the clusters to assume a peripheral position, especially well marked in fig. 61. The smaller size of the granular clusters in figs. 60 and 61 than in figs. 58 and 59 suggests that in these last the clusters are destined to subdivide before reaching a peripheral position, a suggestion supported by what is seen in figs. 62, 65, 66, and 67. In figs. 60 and 61 all of the chromatin which could be seen by raising and lowering the focus was drawn, and hence some of the chromatin apparently central was actually peripheral. In fig. 62, only an optical section of the parasite is drawn. Here evolution has reached the stage where all of the chromatin is in the form of minute granules assembled in clusters that le around the periphery. It is to be noted, however, that they are irregularly placed. The next stage is shown in fig. 66, where the clusters have come to lie in regular order around the periphery. Fig. 65 no doubt represents the same stage, but apparently shows only a part of the organism. In fig. 67 the clusters, which are the future microgametes or their nuclei, have begun to solidify. The further steps in this process are shown in figs. 68, 69, and 70, the last showing that the nuclei finally become rounded solid balls of highly basophil chromatin. Fig. 71 shows a condition intermediate between figs. 69 and 70. Fig. 52 (Plate I11) shows a parasite in which the chromatin is present in the form of solid balls more or less strung together. The form and solidity of the chromatin masses suggest the later stages such as are pictured in figs. 70 and 71, whereas their arrangement as well as the elongated oval form of the parasite recalls earlier conditions. At times, however, the parasite reaches the end of its development while still retaining this oval form (fig. 74, Plate V). The final stages of the evolution of the microgametocyte are given in figs. 72 to 76 (Plate V). In fig. 72 the solid rounded elements are seen to be elongating, and this elongation is carried further in the case of fig. 73. Figs. 74 to 76 portray the microgametes. They always lie on the periphery, and fig. 76 gives the aspect as viewed in,optical 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 section, whereas in the other two figures more than an optical section is shown. Figs. 75 and 76 are the more typical; in fig. 74 the para- site is unusually small for this stage, but is characteristic in showing very clearly the arrangement of the microgametes around the periphery. The fully evolved male element or microgametocyte is a rounded or oval body, showing a stringy or amorphous residual mass and a series of microgametes disposed around the periphery. These latter are bodies about 2 to 2.5 microns long, broader at one end than the other and apparently composed wholly of intensely basophil chro- matin. This is at least their appearance in sectioned material, it is not impossible that in life, or in material otherwise prepared, they may show more than is here evident. Analogy would lead us to suspect the existence of flagella. This stage is apparently of short duration. Mouse 152, killed 18 hours after feeding, was heavily parasitized, but the exact stage shown in fig. 75 was comparatively scarce. This, however, is much as might be expected. The presumption is that the microgametes are motile elements, and once they are fully ripe they doubtless quickly abandon the situation in which they evolved, and without them the residuum would searcely be recognizable. In number they vary, following the counts made, from 13 to 17. Allowing both for an actual variation and for the practical difficulties in making an accurate determination, the supposition is plausible that the typical number is sixteen. It is a familiar biological phenomenon that in those cases where the number of elements ultimately produced is some power of two, we are dealing with the results of the repeated division of some one original element. In this case, however, the end appears to be attained in a less regular manner. In the description of the later stages of the evolution of the male element, reference was confined to the conditions as found in mice 106, 120, 152, and 179, respectively, 9, 103 and 17, 18 and 16} hours. The first three of these gave particularly favorable material, all of them being heavily parasitized and none showing much destruction of the cells. The conditions seen here, however, were duplicated in other mice. Thus, Nos. 113, 132, and 133, all either 84- or 9-hour periods, showed many of the same stages as were seen in mouse 106, while the later stages in the evolution of the microgametes were seen in mice 121, 175, 177, 178, 180, and 182, representing periods ranging from 104 to 18 hours. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., The Female.—It has already been shown that the female, in the 5- and 6-hour mice, is an oval cell with rather compact cytoplasm and a vesicular nucleus with a large central body, the karyosome. It is illustrated in figs. 33 to 37. The nuclear structure is com- paratively simple and is portrayed well enough by the figures. The nuclear membrane is usually clear cut, and there is always present a large karyosome which takes the acid rather than the basic stain. The karyosome frequently has associated with it one or more sharply basophil granules, and may or may not show strands extending out toward the nuclear membrane. It is difficult, however, to show the cytoplasm as it actually occurs, and in the main this has been done in the figures in a purely conven- tional manner. Its fundamental structure appears to be alveolar with the alveoles quite small and frequently tending to be variable in size. The picture, however, is greatly confused by the fact that in general both spongioplasm and hyaloplasm stain with much the same degree of intensity and both have a rather high affinity for plasma stains. Figs. 35, 77, 78, and 81 are attempts to show the conditions as they actually occur. In fig. 35 (Plate II) the alveolar structure is evident, although somewhat obscured, while it is seen much more clearly in fig. 81 (Plate V). Parasites in which the alveolar structure was as obvious as in fig. 81 could be found, but they were rare. Figs. 34,77, and 78 show the cytoplasm to consist of an aggrega- tion of poorly defined rounded bodies lying in a paler matrix. This was a frequent appearance. The black granules seen in some of the figures represet the black granules usually to be seen in material stained with iron hematoxylin. Frequently, also, the cytoplasm is vacuolated. The general appearance here described does not undergo any great change. Thus, figs. 28 (mouse 247) and 79 (mouse 113), respectively 4- and 9-hour stages, are much alike, as are figs. 77 and 78, respect- ively, from 6- and 9-hour mice. There is, however, one phenomenon presented which appears to be of interest. One phase of this is shown in figs. 81 and 82. In each of these the nucleus presents somewhat the appearance of a wheel. There is in each case a central acidophil karyosome which sends out strands to the periphery. Around the periphery are a number of basophil granules. This condition was not at all infrequent and appeared to be especially characteristic of the intermediate periods of 9 or 10 hours. It was, however, seen in mouse 77, a 15-hour stage. We also have the condition illustrated in fig. 83, where there is some basophil material outside of the nucleus. 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 The appearances suggest maturation, a suggestion which is strengthened by what is seen in figs. 84 to 87. In these the nucleus is the typical vesicle with its central karyosome, while the cytoplasm is more or less liberally provided with sharply staining granules. It seems permissible to suppose that we are here dealing with later stages in which the rejected chromatin has passed out into the cyto- plasm. Here it is apparently absorbed, since the fully mature macrogamete shows no indications of it. This phase of the life history of S. muris is protrayed by figs. 88 to 91, from mice 120, 145, and 152. The second of these was killed 11} hours after inoculation, and hence the macrogamete may reach the end of its development within this period of time. FERTILIZATION. The earlier stages of the parasite are passed while within a cylinder cell of the intestinal epithelium in its proper place in the epithelial row. The parasite, however, has a‘deleterious influence on the cell it invades and apparently always destroys it in the end. It would then necessarily follow that the remnant of the cell, with its con- tained parasite, would, by pressure, be thrust out of its place in the epithelial row. In so far as the mechanics of the process are con- cerned, there does not seem to be any choice as to whether the dead cell would be pushed out into the lumen or beneath the row into the subepithelial tissue. It looks as though one contingency would be as likely to occur as the other. Nevertheless, as early as 9 hours, but more particularly later, a considerable number of the parasites are to be found beneath the epithelium. This is more particularly the case with the macro- gametes, which is further in accord with the probabilities. For the macrogametocyte is a rather compact, solid-looking element and presumably will retain its integrity even though subjected to mechani- cal stress. On the contrary, the microgametocyte, the bulk of which is obviously merely decadent residual matter, would presumably readily yield and break up if acted upon by pressure. Here and there in the epithelium a ripe male cell occurs in which the microgametes appear to be streaming out into the subepithelial tissue. Conditions such as these may, of course, be interpreted in two ways: the microgametes may have reached their places beneath the epithelium either actively or passively. An examination of fixed material clearly sheds no light on such a question, but analogy 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., favors the view that such a movement is the result of an actual motility of the microgametes themselves. It may also be that in life the macrogametes are amoeboid and gain their subepithelial situation through their own motility, but here the probabilities are the other way. Analogy is not in favor of a belief that the macro- gamete is motile, nor do the macrogametes ever show amoeboid outlines in the fixed material. As to the actual situation of the parasites which occur beneath the epithelium, the fixed material does not give wholly conclusive evidence. They appear, however, to occur rather between the row of cells and the stroma than in the stroma itself. - We thus have obvious male elements and obvious female elements occurring beneath the row of epithelium cells. The production of male and female cells necessarily involves their union, and the environment in which they both occur offers no obstacle to such a procedure. It is evident that the proper demonstration of such a process should be made upon living material, since, in a situation such as has been indicated, the identification of a minute fragment of highly basophil matter as a microgamete is largely a matter of guess-work. It is easy enough to identify the thread-lke bodies of figs. 75 or 76 as microgametes, since here their relationships with their surroundings can be established. But it is clear that an isolated microgamete cannot be identified when it occurs in a region pre- senting such a confused picture as does the subepithelial tissue of the mammalian intestine. Nevertheless, when the macrogametes as they occurred in the subepithelial tissues of mouse 152 were studied, it was possible to separate them into two categories. A certain number were as figs. 88 to 91. Others were as fig. 93. These differ only that in the latter there was present in the cytoplasm a sharply basophil body. Also, conditions such as are illustrated in fig. 92 were found, where two elongated sharply basophil bodies are seen either lying upon or partly within the cytoplasm of a macrogamete. In consideration of the fact that it is axiomatic that the development of males and females involves fertilization, the indirect evidence here offered as to the actuality of the process seems satisfactory. Fig. 92 shows two supposed microgametes associated with the macrogamete, but it is safe to conclude that only one would have been successful in effecting union. The three cells shown in fig. 93 have somewhat irregular outlines, this being the condition as found. Assuming that this is not an 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 artifact, it indicates that they are in no sense encysted, but are rather naked masses of cytoplasm. This irregularity of outline, however, is not necessarily associated with the supposed fertilization, since many of the macrogametes which showed the conspicuous chromatin body had maintained their smooth and regularly curved contours. DISCUSSION. If the evolution of the macro- and microgametocytes of S. muris, as outlined above, be compared with that of Coccidiwm schubergi, as worked out by Schaudinn (1900) it will be seen that there is a very close resemblance. Thus, in both, the chromatin of the micro- gametocyte becomes divided into very small particles which collect. in masses at the periphery and there condense to form the micro- gametes. This mode of division is designated by Minchin (1912) as chromidial fragmentation, the minute granules themselves being the familiar chromidia. Similarly, in both the sarcosporidian and the coecidian, the nucleus of the macrogametocyte discharges chro- matic granules into the cytoplasm where they are apparently absorbed. On the other hand, there are many marked differences. In the first place, in S. muris the male cell loses most if not all of its eyto- plasm, the formation of the microgametes taking place in what is morphologically the nucleus. Hence, there is not only no increase in size of the parasite after it gains an entrance into a host cell, but actually a loss of substance. It is somewhat the same with the female cell which, while it gains in bulk, does so to a rather limited extent. This is in marked contrast to the phenomena displayed by Coccidium schubergi, in which the macro- and microgametocytes are many times bulkier than the merozoites from which they took origin. The sarcosporidian runs through its sexual development within from 9 to 18 hours, while judging from the data given by Schaudinn (p. 217), the coceidian requires about two days. The resemblances and differences between these two parasitic Protozoa are here merely pointed out. The resemblances are certainly very striking, but it seems premature to assign any signifi- cance to them. It is conceivable that they indicate a genetic rela- tionship between the Sarcosporidia and Coccidia, but it is just as likely that we are dealing with phenomena broader than those suitable for connecting groups of the value of the Coccidia and Sarcosporidia. The problem is one that requires more evidence before any far-reaching conclusions are warranted. 3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Some of the features presented by the evolution of S. muris, however, when considered wholly by themselves, are worthy of attention. One of the most striking of these is the loss of cytoplasm displayed by the microgametocyte. So far as I am aware, no other protozoan displays a mode of development at all like this. Yet it is perhaps not so different from the usual procedure as it may at first seem. In all cases of the evolution of microgametes in Sporozoa the cytoplasm is largely or wholly inert. Thus, in the case used for comparison, that of Coccidium schubergi, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromidia collect in the cytoplasm where they eventually produce the microgametes. But there is nothing to show that the cytoplasm takes any active part in this development. It may function merely as a mechanical support for the micro- gametes. Furthermore, at the end of development the microgametes abandon the cytoplasmic mass, which is merely left behind. This, indeed, is generally true. Throughout the entire group of the Sporozoa the fully developed microgametocyte consists of a number of microgametes associated with a residuum that represents unused cytoplasm. This residuum is always abandoned, and, so far as it is possible to see, it is always about equal in bulk to that of the original cytoplasmic mass. It may therefore be suggested that in the case of S. muris, the discarding of the cytoplasm merely takes place before the microgametes are developed instead of afterward. The next peculiarity is the fact that there is either only a slight gain of substance, as in the females, or an actual loss, as in the males.: This is probably correlated with the speed with which the develop- ment is effected. In general, parasitic Protozoa that live in cells enter these cells as very minute bodies which increase in size for a longer or shorter period, growing at the expense of the cell, and it is only after they have reached a certain size that they divide. That is, the host cells are the dwelling places of these parasites. But in the case of S. muris in the intestinal epithelium of the mouse, the host cell appears to be used merely as a temporary lodging place. The parasites, although they appear usually to destroy the cells they invade, do not seem to feed upon them. No sooner do they come to rest than they proceed forthwith to evolve into the mature sexual stages, which are produced within 18 hours or less. It is apparent that the so-called spore possesses enough energy at the outset to carry on this development, and it seems much more plausible to look upon the granules which the spores contain as reserve food than as the so-called sarcocystin. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 My studies do not extend beyond the formation of the zygote. In mice killed one to two days after feeding, oval cells resembling the zygotes, but larger, are quite frequent. These are most abundant in the villi beneath the epithelial row, but they also occur in the cells and occasionally free in the lumen. Their ultimate fate has not been followed, but Erdmann (1914) describes what seems to be schizogony in the cells and subepithelial tissues of mice killed several days after feeding, and it is not at all unlikely that the oval bodies mentioned above are schizonts. One fact stands out clearly: the banana-shaped body of the Sar- cosporidia is not a spore. There was never any reason to suppose that it was, even though this misleading designation has been used exclusively in the literature during recent years. Labbé (1899) designated it as a sporozoite, which, in view of its form, is far more plausible, and may indeed be a correct designation, so far as it is allowable to apply terms based on the conditions in the Telosporidia to stages of Sarcosporidia. For if the oval bodies occurring in one- and two-day mice give rise to the schizonts described by Erdmann, and if the products of this schizogony give origin to the familiar muscle cysts, then apparently the banana-shaped body is in some respects at least the analogue of the coccidian sporozoite. As against this interpretation is the fact that in Coccidia, where there is both schizogony and sporogony, the sporonts are derived from merozoites. This would suggest that the banana-shaped sarcosporidian element is a merozoite. Obviously, however, the evidence at hand is not sufficient to warrant a conclusion. Accord- ingly, it has been considered best to follow recent custom and to retain the term spore, despite the fact that it is incorrect, for it is believed that this procedure is less confusing than to adopt a different designation which future discovery might show to be equally incorrect. SUMMARY. (1) The spores of Sarcocystis muris, ingested by a mouse, may reach the posterior part of the small intestine within one hour. (2) Invasion of the epithelium cells of the intestine may also take place within the same time. (3) Upon reaching the lumen of the intestine, the spore rapidly undergoes changes. The nucleus becomes larger and more con- spicuous, and a distinct nuclear net becomes evident. The granules characteristic of the spore as it oceurs in the cyst either disappear or become much less evident. Further changes, however, do not take place unless the spore gains an intracellular situation. ‘ 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., (4) The spores are sexually differentiated, but it does not appear to be possible, at the outset, to distinguish between the males and females. (5) Within the mouse cells the changes undergone by the males, or microgametocytes, begin to be evident at the end of 145 to 2 hours. (6) These changes are, first, a further increase in the size of the - nucleus accompanied by a further development of the nuclear net, and, second, degeneration and ultimate disappearance of the cyto- plasm. The cell contours become rough and irregular, vacuolization occurs, the cytoplasm becomes reduced to two masses of debris lying at the ends of the nucleus. These finally disappear, the entire process usually being completed at the end of 6 hours. The micro- gametocyte is thus reduced to its original nucleus, which, however, is of approximately the same size as the original spore. (7) Conspicuous internal changes next take place, which modify both the morphology and chemistry of the parasite. They may be considered under three headings, but they all take place more or less simultaneously. (a) The chromatin appears to suffer a loss in actual bulk, but alters in staining reaetion from acidophil to basophil. (6) From occurring in large irregular masses or distributed along the threads of the linin net in strips or bands, the chromatin is reduced to granules which become progressively smaller and smaller and at the same time display a greater and greater affinity for chro- matin stains. ‘c) These granules finally assemble in clusters around the periphery of the organism. (8) The next step is the solidification of these granular clusters into rounded, solid balls. These balls next elongate and become minute, thread-like bodies, which are the microgametes. This stage may be found in mice killed from 9 to 18 hours after inoculation. It is very rare in the shorter of these two periods, but has apparently passed its acme at the end of 18 hours. (9) The females go through with their development side by side with the males, but there are no such conspicuous changes and the early female stages are much like the spore which has just entered the cell. (10) In the course of a few hours, however, the females can be picked out, appearing as broadly oval cells, relatively shorter and broader than the original spores. The cytoplasm is all retained and assumes a rather dense alveolar texture. The nucleus shows no 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 evident increase in size. The nuclear net does not develop as it does in the male parasite, but the chromatin concentrates into a single large karyosome which maintains an acidophil rather than a basophil staining reaction. (11) In the 6- to 15-hour periods, phenomena are seen which seem best interpreted by regarding them as maturation. Irregular chromatin granules appear in close association with the nuclear membrane. Later these granules pass out into the cytoplasm, and finally disappear. (12) The mature female, or macrogamete, may be found in mice killed from 11 to 18 hours after inoculation. (13) Finally, in the 18-hour stages, macrogametes may be found which in some cases show minute, thread-like bodies upon their surfaces, and in others contain within their substances small solid chromatic bodies, one in each case. These appearances are regarded as warranting the interpretation that fertilization takes place. EXPLANATION or Puatss I, II, III, IV, V. The original figures were made by the author and later copied in ink by Mr. Haines, artist of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The greater number are from camera outlines, made on the table with a 2 mm. apochromatic objective and No. 18 eyepiece. This method yields a magnification of about 3,530 diame- ters. The remaining drawings are free-hand sketches of approximately the same enlargement. In reproduction, the drawings have been reduced in the ratio of 3 to 2, and hence are about 2,350 times larger than the objects themselves. In order to show the relationships between the parasites and the cells, the latter have in some cases been drawn in outline. It was not, however, considered necessary to do this throughout. Priate 1.—Fig. 1—Camera outline. Giemsa stain. Spores taken directly from acyst. The cytoplasm stains a dense blue; the nucleus is a reddish vesicle with little or no internal structure. The spores are broader at one end than the other. Vig. 2.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Spore free in lumen. Cell outlines clear cut; a periplast present; cytoplasm shows no signs of degeneracy. The nucleus shows a nuclear net and is somewhat enlarged, causing the cell edges to bulge. ; Fig. 3.—Camera outline. Delafield and acid fuchsin. Mouse 251, 14 hours, int. 9. Cytoplasm slightly degenerate, but staining deeply. Nucleus enlarged, about to cause bulging of the sides of the cell and showing a central mass joined to the nuclear membrane with strands. Fig. 4.—Camera outline. Delafield and acid fuchsin. Mouse 251, 1} hours, int. 9. Cytoplasm dense and staining deeply. Nucleus enlarged, with the central mass separated into granules. Fig. 5.—Camera outline. Delafield. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 27. Cytoplasm dense with occasional clear spaces. Nucleus not enlarged, Chromatin in the form of small granules distributed throughout. the net. Fig. 6—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Cytoplasm very solid, staining deeply with the thionin and showing no signs of degeneracy. Nucleus is a vacuole which stains more or less homogeneously, apparently due to the fact that the nuclear sap has stained as well as the siiake net and thus the latter is obscured. This is a frequent appearance, especially in parasites free in the lumen. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., 7.—Camera outline. Delafield. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 15. Typical early male form. Nucleus greatly enlarged; cytoplasm reduced to two separate masses, one at each end of the parasite. Nuclear net distinct. 8.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Early male stage. Cytoplasm beginning to show irregular out- lines = to become vacuolated. Nucleus not greatly enlarged, but otherwise typical. . 9.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Early male stage. Shows very clearly the degeneration of the cytoplasm, evidenced by the rough outlines and vacuolization. Nucleus enlarged, with a distinct nuclear net. . 10.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Karly male stage. Cytoplasm degenerate. Nucleus elongated transversely, a frequent appearance in the early stages. Nuclear net showing a single large central mass, in which is a vacuity. ; 11—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Early stage of male. Cytoplasm reduced in amount and degenerate in appearance. Nucleus greatly enlarged with a central aggregation differen- tiated into an acidophil mass beset with basophil granules. 12.—Free-hand drawing. Thionin and eosin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Early male. Shows a method of degeneration of the cytoplasm frequently observed. The cytoplasm consists of a number of basophil masses lying in a faintly staining matrix. The nucleus was typical. 15.—Free-hand drawing. Thionin and eosin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Early male stage. Shows mode of degeneration of cytoplasm, which at one end of the parasite is broken up into a mass of basophil lumps, apparently lying free in the host tissue. The nucleus was typical. 14.—Camera outline. Thionin and eosin. Mouse 248, 2 hours, int. 30. Early male stage, probably slightly earlier than the form shown in fig. 13. The cytoplasm has separated into a number of denser masses, taking the thionin, which lie in an almost achromatic ground substance. The nucleus - is typical. 15.—Camera outline. Wright’s stain. Mouse 125, 2 to 23 hours. Early male stage, showing nuclear enlargement. 16.—Camera outline. Wright’s stain and eosin. Mouse 125, 2 to 23 hours. Early male stage. Prate II.—Fig. 17.—Camera outline. Wright’s stain and eosin. Mouse 125, Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 2 to 2} hours. Early male stage. Cytoplasm greatly reduced and degener- ate. Nucleus much enlarged with a very distinct nuclear net. 18.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 249, 3 hours, int. 22. Two early males, both lying in the same vacuole. In both the nuclei are enlarged, and although the cytoplasm is reduced, it still retains its smooth outlines and is not vacuolated. Nuclei typical. 19.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 249, 3 hours, int. 22. Male. Cytoplasm reduced to a small cap at either end of the parasite. Nucleus greatly enlarged and showing the usual structure. 20.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 249, 3 hours, int. 30. Early male stage. Cytoplasm somewhat reduced in quan- tity and showing signs of degeneration. Nucleus shows a net of the usual character and is provided with one large conspicuous granule. This kind of granule appears to require iron hematoxylin for its demonstration. The parasite lies in a partly emptied mucous cell. 21.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 249, 3 hours, int. 30. Possibly an early female stage. Cytoplasm dense; nucleus clear cut with a central mass and three black granules on periphery. 22.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 249, 3 hours, int. 22. Probably an early female stage. Cytoplasm sharply delimited and dense. Nucleus enlarged, but not sufficiently so as to cause bulging of the cell boundaries. Within the nucleus is a round red body from which blue rays extend to the nuclear membrane. : I SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. : 1916 NATURAL 39 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 23.—Camera outline. Wright’s stain. Mouse 126, 3 to 3} hours. Early male form. The cytoplasm has nearly disappeared. The nucleus is typical. 24.—Camera outline. Mouse 126, 3 to 33 hours. Early male stage. Cytoplasm greatly reduced. Nucleus very large with a well-developed nuclear net. 25.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin. Mouse 261, 4 hours,! int. —3. Early stage of doubtful sex. Cytoplasm sharply delimited and dense. Nuclear net obscured. A large black granule present. 26.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin. Mouse 261, 4 hours, int. —3. Parasite lies in what seems to be a mucous cell. Cytoplasm dense and nearly homogeneous. Nucleus clear cut, showing a sharply marked karyo- some and two conspicuous black granules. This parasite might be either a male or a female. 27.—Camera outline. Thionin. Mouse 261, 4 hours, int. —3. Early male stage. Consists of an enlarged nucleus surrounded by a narrow strip of cytoplasm, with a quantity of degenerate material lying on one side. The parasite is probably cut obliquely. The nuclear net is well developed. 28.—Free-hand drawing. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 247, 4 hours, int. 14. Early female stage. Cell outlines smooth and cytoplasm appar- ently not degenerate. Nucleus rather small with a clear-cut membrane and a central karyosome. m4 29.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 247, 4 hours, int. 14. Early female stage. Cell boundaries sharp. The cytoplasm is neither degenerate nor has it suffered any loss in quantity. The nucleus does not cause any protrusion of the sides of the cell. A large, distinct karyosome is present. Figure diagrammatic. 30.—Camera outline. Delafield and acid fuchsin. Mouse 247, 4 hours, int. 19. Form difficult to classify. The cytoplasm shows a distinct external boundary and, while vacuolated, is apparently not degenerate. Nucleus is a vesicle with a very large central mass. 31.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 250, 5 hours, int. 22. Male. Cytoplasm has disappeared, éxcept for a cres- centic mass at one end. The nucleus is greatly enlarged and shows a well- developed net. The net itself is acidophil, the granules associated with it are basophil. 32.—Camera outline. Iron hwematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 250, 5 hours, int. 22. Male. Cytoplasm has apparently wholly disappeared. The nucleus is very large and shows an acidophil net beset with a number of sharply basophil granules. 33.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 250, 5 hours, int. 22. Female. Cytoplasm dense and, while vacuolated, shows no signs of degeneration. Nucleus a vesicle with a large karyosome and two intensely black granules. Strands joining the karyosome with the nuclear membrane could not be made out. 34.—Camera outline. Iron hematoxylin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 250, 4 hours, int. 22. Female. Cytoplasm shows no signs of degeneracy. It consists of a lighter ground substance in which are a number cf poorly defined darker bodies. Nucleus a vesicle in which is a large karyosome. Little strands extend out from the karyosome, but they could not be traced the whole distance to the nuclear membrane. Two black granules present. 35.—Camera outline. Delafield and acid fuchsin. Mouse 253, 6 hours, int. 19. Female. In this figure an attempt is made to indicate the alveolar character of the cytoplasm of the females. Nucleus a vesicle containing a large karyosome. 36.—Camera outline. Delafield and acid fuchsin. Mouse 253, 6 hours, int. 19. Female. Cytoplasm rather dense, but liberally vacuolated. Nucleus a vesicle with a large karyosome. PLATE Il1.—Fig. 37.—Camera outline. Delafield and acid fuchsin. Mouse 253, ‘See the annotation with regard to mouse 261, on p. 19. 6 hours, int. 19. The figure shows two females which have invaded the same cell and developed side by side. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. . 41. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., 38.—Camera outline. Thionin and acid fuchsin. Mouse 253, 6 hours, int. 16. Male. Parasite reduced to its nucleus which shows the nuclear net and a large central mass of chromatin. 39.—Camera outline. Lron hematoxylin: and acid fuchsin. Mouse 99, 3 and 6 hours. Male. The parasite, reduced to the nucleus, shows a 70, camera outline from a mount in balsam. Fig. 9.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia, nearly apical view of a similar sucker [416], < 70, camera outline from a mount in balsam. Fig. 10.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia, optical section of second photophore from base of left tentacle of type [416], camera sketch from mount in balsam, X 15. Buccal membrane eight-pointed; the lappets light colored, but the delicate intervening membranes dotted on the outside with dark, wine-colored to brownish chromatophores. Fig. 5. Fig. 11. Fig. 5.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia, left eyeball, seen from below in outline, showing position of photophores, < 14. Fig. 11.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia, basal photophore from left tentacle of type [416], seen in optical section, X 15, camera sketch from mount in balsam ; chr., chromatophores; phot., photogenic organ; st., stalk of same. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 Subocular photophores large, circular in outline, whitish; four in number on each eye; three, of which the median is somewhat the smallest, occupy the usual situs on the ventral periphery; the fourth is larger than any of these, and situated just within the boundary of the pupil, at a point almost exactly behind the centre of the lens (fig. 5). A series of four large ovoid photophores appears embedded in the stalk of each tentacle below the club, the three proximal ones occupy- ing the proximal half of the tentacle, the distal one somewhat isolated from the others and near the club. At the extreme base of the tentacle borne on a short stalk on its outer side appears a spherical photophore, which is almost wholly concealed in preserved specimens by the tentacular sheath. It is distinctly larger than even the most proximal of the organs just described, and judging from its outward appearance only I think it will prove to be entirely different in structure text fig. 11 (Pl. VIII, fig. 4). Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 12.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia, camera drawing of gladius of type [416), dorsal aspect, * 3. Fig. 13.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia, ventral view of posterior extremity of gladius [416], * 18, camera sketch. Fig. 14.—Dorsal view of same, same scale, 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., In addition to the above are the following intrapallial luminous organs: 1. A roundish, swollen, brownish organ on each side of the cavity, a little behind the anus. 2. A very large, elongate- pyriform, bright, silvery organ at the base of each gill, near the middle of the cavity. 38. A bright silvery tubercle, larger than the anal organs, but very much smaller than the branchial, situated behind the viscera in the medio-ventral line nearly at the tip of the body (fig. 4). ° Gladius of simple Enoploteuthid structure, the rhachis free in front and broadest at the apex; thence tapering quite rapidly to a narrow point; wings thin and delicate, sharply angled in front of their middle, where each is about three times as wide as is the stem at the same level; they extend along the posterior two-thirds of the gladius, terminating around the point of the rhachis to form a slight posterior concavity, which is hardly spoon shaped, and is certainly not to be called a cone (figs. 12-14). Color in alcohol: mantle brownish white, dotted with pale chro- matophores; head and ventral aspect of the funnel darker, due to the more numerous dark chromatophores; eyes dark slate color, the lenses pearly white; arms and tentacles pale like the mantle. Type.—A rather poorly preserved female (?) [S. S. B. 416]. - It is minus one tentacle, and a little macerated, but is in good enough condition to be described as above. Type Locality—A beach on Sunday Island, where the single specimen was picked up by Mr. R. 8. Bell in 1910. Measurements. ; mm Total length ; ee ee ee ats: 85 Ig RMI oi. enc nessoncsnceassgenicds naczetedee perry Mieeteit a7k. 5 ukvey AR Se ae 30 Tip of body to base of dorsal arms Minish Sects Oe 39 Length of fins, extreme...... a ee ee 7 Width of fin...... : See gee eee 14 Width across fins hiitecenttnt hota tt ee Anterior width of mantle PO nS 15 Width of neck.... DATE Rr 7 Width across eyes.. hdd ate eer ae eee Length of head ; SN Ree 10 Length of funnel... ue esti tee MRIS GEELOL SE APERE ELITIST CATED «723; 255060050 42deas000ravpcossvalans babs sans bitterede DETER A PT ne LZ. Length of left dorsal arm Nee sighs ee 15+ Length of right second arm Cake pe he rene 13+ Length of left second arm Dee ie bt 20+ Length of right third arm.... Suny RA Lee Length of left third arm dL idietignndattices tee ee Length of right ventral arm bP oc hansde ta ais Re eee EE 22 Sere Ea Es OND REE MCAT UR TER ARE AIN TS ©, 5, S55 oc csssuedeseosoevvvesdesoa uate eGiiiceetac de tat aPR eran eaten 22 PRISE UAL PLT CTI GES CIE, hee is «ssa sponses nne O 1914. Abralia astrolineata right tentacle 2, Berry, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 46, club [408], 30, od p. 145, pl. 10. camera drawing ge oO : : : oii An illustration of the ten- pea ata = 02 | tacle club of this species is 0. \ supplied in fig. 15, and of a hook therefrom in fig. \ \ 16. The statement on p. 145 of the original de- Fig. 15.—Abralia scription regarding the discrepancy in the num- astrolineata, inner yer of hooks on the two tentacle clubs of the face of right ten- : 5 one p tacleclub of type _ type specimen is Just reversed; the right club (408), X8,mainly shows a fifth hook, the left only the four large a camera draw- ing. ones. Genus ABRALIOPSIS Joubin, 1896. 13. ? Abraliopsis hoylei (Pfeffer, 1884). Pl. IX, fig. 1. 21884. Enoploteuthis Hoylei Pfeffer, Ceph. Hamburg Mus., p. 17, fig. 22-22b. 21896. Abraliopsis Hoylei Joubin, Bull. Soc. Sci. Ouest, 5, p. 33, ete. 1914. ?Abraliopsis hoylet Berry, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 46, p. 148. The specimen previously recorded [8. 8. B. 400] is now figured on Pl. IX, fig. 1. Abraliopsis (?) species. Pl. IX, fig. 3. A small abralioid in the second collection offers some interesting peculiarities [S. 8. B. 419], and I am not certain that it represents the same species as the preceding, though this will quite likely prove to be the case in the end. The only doubtful character is that each arm of the ventral pair appears to terminate in a slender filament instead of the usual beaded photophores, but these filaments are quite badly damaged in the specimen so that their exact nature is difficult to make out. The two rows of hooks on the ventral arms persist even onto the 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 base of the filaments. Abraliopsis. The tentacle club much resembles that of the preceding, as de- scribed in my former paper. There are four large slender hooks in the ventral row, and three (or four?) small ones in the dorsal row, the latter being succeeded proximally by two minute suckers. The distal portion of the club is occupied by the usual four rows of small suckers. I can make out only two suckers in the fixing ap- paratus (figs. 17, 18). The photogenic organs of the mantle are dis- tributed longitudinally in bands and lines. There is a conspicuous, clearly defined space free of ‘ photophores along the medio-ventral line. Bound- . ing this on either side is a roughly triserial, band-like aggregation of photogenic organs, the central members of which tend to be larger than the lateral ones. This band is succeeded laterally by a single series of large and small Otherwise the specimen is a fairly typical Fig. 18.—Abraliop- sis (?), lateral view of large hook from left tentacle club [419], * 30, cam- era drawing from mount in balsam. Fig. 17.—Abraliop- sis (?), inner face of right tentacle club of young specimen [419], * 15, free- hand sketch from mount in balsam. The arrangement and number of the distal suckers is only approxi- mated. photophores, more or less in alternation. A weak series of small organs is then followed by a very distinct single line of photophores, beyond which the organs are scattering and less regular. There are eight rows on the ventral aspect. of the head, and the rudiments of perhaps as many onthe funnel. Each central arm bears two rows. The two terminal photophores of the subocular group are con- spicuously larger than the three median ones, and of the latter the central organ is in its turn a little the largest. Family OMMASTREPHID 4. Genus STHENOTEUTHIS Verrill, 1880. 14, Sthenoteuthis bartramii (Lesueur, 1521). 1821. Loligo bartramii Lesueur, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, p. 90, pl. 7. 1880. Sthenoteuthis Bartramii Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sei., 5, p. 225. 1914. Sthenoteuthis bartramii Berry, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 46, p. 148. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {Feb., Genus SYMPLECTOTEUTHIS Pfeffer, 1900. (Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830).] F 1830. Loligo oualaniensis Lesson, *Zool. Voy. Coquille, p. 240, pl. 1, fig. 2. 1900. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Pfeffer, Synops. Gigops. Ceph., p. 180. It now appears that my reference of certain of the Kermadec squids to this species was premature (see further note below), despite the fact that the islands lie well within its probable range. Genus EUCLEOTEUTHIS new genus.? 15. Eucleoteuthis species (young ?). 1914. Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis Berry, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 46, p. 148 (not Loligo oualaniensis Lesson, 1830). With the exception of the smallest, which*may prove to be a genuine Symplectoteuthis, six quite small and rather poorly preserved ©mmastrephids in the second collection sent me [S. 8. B. 421] are apparently referable here. A reéxamination of the similar specimens previously reported as S. oualaniensis, in the light of Sasaki’s recent work (see appended footnote), shows that these likewise should be included in the newer genus. On all, with the single exception noted, the supposed photogenic tissue is evident as a pair of narrow whitish bands running along the ventral aspect of the body, muck as in FE. luminosa, though apparently not interrupted as in that species. In some of the specimens a pale oval macula may be made out near the mantle margin and just outside the line of the bands, but in no case have the macule at the base of the ventral arms been identified. Numerous other differences in the outline of the photogenic organs, their distribution, the shape of the fins and body, and the proportions *In a recent paper (‘‘On three interesting new cegopsids from the Bay of Sagami,”’ Jour. Coll. Agric., Tohoku Imper. Univ., Sapporo, v. 6, pp. 131-150, pl. 4), Madoka Sasaki describes and beautifully illustrates a very remarkable luminous squid from 700 fathoms, off Misaki, Japan, to which he attaches the name Symplectoteuthis luminosa. The creature is absolutely unique among described cephalopods in the fact that the principal photogenic organs, instead of being small spherical or ovoid cysts as in most cegopsids, take the form of a - pair of narrow, zone-like bands, extending with but two interruptions along the ventral aspect of the mantle for nearly its entire length. A pair of smaller macule of similar character lie outside the terminal segments of the bands near the anterior margin, and a larger, ovoid, transverse organ appears at the base of each ventral arm. While the photogenic property of these curious structures does not appear to have been observed in the living animal, Sasaki infers such a function from their histology. It seems to me that these characters, coupled with several minor features, among which may be noted the unidentate horny rings of the larger tentacular suckers, are sufficient to quite preclude the proper reference of this species to Symplectoteuthis, a genus not known to possess any luminous properties, and in which the larger tentacular rings are multidentate. Having conveyed these opinions to Prof. Sasaki and ascertained that he has no present intention of altering his original disposition of the species, I now propose, with his courteous permission, the new genus Eucleoteuthis, with S. luminosa Sasaki as type. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 of the arms are evident, so that it seems possible that an undescribed species of the genus is before us. The largest of the specimens, however, has a mantle length of only 41 mm., and since we know nothing of the younger stages of E. lwminosa, while the condition of our own material leaves much to be desired, a more detailed con- sideration of the speciology will best be deferred for the present. Family CRANCHIIDZ., " Genus MEGALOCRANCHIA Pieffer, 1884. 16. Megalocranchia pardus new species. PI IX, fig. 2. Small; elongate cask-shaped. Mantle thin, smooth, saccular, membranous, much inflated; its greatest circumference near the middle, thence tapering slightly anteriorly and more so behind, where it comes to an acute point between the fins; maximum width of mantle distinctly less than half the length. Fins small, about three-tenths as long as the body; thin; semicircular; barely con- tinuous around the point of the mantle, which they exceed for about a third of their length; posterior cleft deep and very narrow. Anterior margin of the mantle trilobate, being conspicuously indented (almost cleft) in the dorso-median line, as well as to a less degree at either side of the funnel, the clefts marking the three points where the mantle is firmly attached to the head and funnel. Head very short and broad, the length contained in the width (measured to include the eyes) nearly four times; width of head between the eyes less than the depth of the eyeball. Eyes very large and protruding; elevated on short, massive, slightly movable stalks; eyeball ovate in outline, projecting obliquely downward; lid opening of fair size, not puckered. The ventral surface of the eyeball is occupied by a large, semicircular, photogenic organ, which forms a bluntly conical projection toward one side; another smaller organ of crescentic outline lies within the concavity of the latter (fig. 19). Funnel large, thin-walled; broad at base, extending well past the base of the ventral arms, and entirely covering the ventral surface of the head between the eyes; aperture ample. Funnel organ well developed; the large hepatiform medio-dorsal organ bears on each lobe a finger-like papilla, which bends inward at the base so that it lies almost transversely; the two smaller lateral organs are roughly circular, and each has a slight indentation on the front inner margin (fig. 20). Arms short, robust, the longest but little more than a quarter as ‘ 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., long as the mantle; unequal, the order of length distinctly 3, 4, 2, 1. Umbrella wanting. Ventral arms with a frill-like keel on the outer angle; keel of third arms confined to distal portion, and obscure or \ - -bhog® ~ OC & Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 19.—Megalocranchia pardus, part camera outline of right eye of type [415], ventral aspect, X 5}; phot.', phot.’, photogenic organs. Fig. 20.—Megalocranchia pardus, outline of funnel organ [415], much enlarged. wanting on the two dorsal pairs. All the arms have a delicate trabeculate swimming membrane on either margin of the sucker- bearing area, but this attains much its best development on the third pair. Suckers biserial, closely placed in each row, but. the series slightly separated from one another on all but the ventral — arms, where they are relatively close together; number of suckers varying from 14 pairs on one of the dorsal arms to 163 pairs on the ventral arms. Sucker apertures wide, the horny rings weakly den- tate on the upper semicircumference and with only rudiments of teeth below; even at their best, the denticles appear rather as strong crenulations than teeth; about 18 were counted on a ring from one of the larger suckers of the right third arm (fig. 21). Tentacles short, stout, the longer about a third again as long as the longest arms, or about two-fifths the length of the mantle; larger and thicker than any of the arms. Clubs slightly expanded; armed with four crowded rows of suckers, largest near the middle, but diminishing in size both distally and proximally, where they continue down the stalk a little more than half way to the base. A horny ring from one of the largest suckers on the club shows about 26 conical, round-pointed, sometimes curved teeth, which are smallest on the inferior margin (fig. 22). Color of preserved specimen brownish cream; chromatophores brown; eyes bluish black; subocular photophores bronze, sur- rounded by a bluish ring. Chromatophores large, scattered, elongate 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 - oval in outline, conspicuously spotting the entire mantle, though somewhat paler ventrally than dorsally; an underlying bilateral arrangement is evident, particularly in the case of the larger chro- x Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 21—Megalocranchia pardus, sucker from right third arm of type [415], * 28, camera outline from mount in balsam. Fig. 22.—Megalocranchia pardus, one of the larger suckers from the right tentacle club of the type [415], & 60, camera drawing from a mount in balsam. matophores; there also seems to be a certain tendency to an arrange- ment in zigzag lines in a transverse direction, most apparent on the ventral aspect. There is a single series of chromatophores along the medio-dorsal line, exactly overlying the gladius, which appears as a translucent line beneath; 21 of the organs can be counted to the point where the translucent area expands. Type.—The unique type [S. 8. B. 415] is in an excellent state of preservation. Type Locality—A beach on Sunday Island, Kermadee Group (R. 8. Bell, 1910). : Measurements. minh. Total length..... 75 Length of mantle, dorsal 50 Extreme length of fins l4 Maximum width of mantle . 22 Width across fins 13 Width across eyes 15 Length of head 4 Length of funnel 13 Length of right dorsal arm 7 Length of left dorsal arm 7.5 Length of right second arm 9 Length of left second arm 9 Length of right third arm 13 Length of left third arm 13 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., mm Length of right ventral arm iss BPA er ee een Fae ce 10 Length of left ventral arm... Fe fanioics stevie rian tal ELLE Length of right tentacle Bs cddires cvavusiscsduce gece MOREE TTC mieten eae 21 Length of right tentacle club beSuakiatas OY carte aunts Series 5 Length of left tentacle » Nx ccsptiaeshesheces thencinrs aan Reet 16 Length of left tentacle club So icius os sovsenvecvecuasvestS CORNER ASOT atN Gee ae eee 6 Remarks.—The elucidation of the compact little group of squids, of which VW. pardus is a typical example, has been for me one of the most difficult taxonomic problems encountered in the study of the cephalopoda. All the species are represented in collections by such scanty material, are so similar to one another, and the characters which separate them appear of such a trivial nature, that the de- scribed forms are in sore need of careful checking up by someone having access to the type specimens of the older species. At the same time, the species are quite well set apart from other Cran- chiids, so that a synopsis of the genus would include only: the following Megalocranchia maxima Pfeffer 1884. Taonius abyssicola Goodrich 1896. Helicocranchia fisheri Berry 1909. Desmoteuthis pellucida Chun 1910. Megalocranchia pardus Berry 1915. UR Oo No The second of these is little known, is unique in several respects, and may eventually prove to belong elsewhere. On the other hand, the first, third, and fourth are apparently not strongly differentiated, and it is with these that the present species requires special com- parison to justify its separate recognition. The specimen most certainly represents a species different from M. fisheri; the only other Megalocranchia with which I have had opportunity for com- paring it, but to Chun’s pellucida it seems exceedingly close. The description and figures of the latter are not now available to me, but from my notes made therefrom a few years ago, I feel that the differences, though so slight, are nevertheless too great for uniting the species. In reaching this conclusion I place reliance upon the almost stalked eyes of VW. pardus, the immense development of the funne 1, and the denticulation of the horny rings. * The species described as De emoteuthis tenera Verrill (Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., p. 412) now seems to me to be improperly’ grouped with the cask- -shaped, AE ET ET forms cited above. As I have shown in a former paper (Science, N.38., 36, pp. 645-646), the genus Desmoteuthis falls into the absolute synonymy of Taonius, so can no longer be used here. I would therefore propose for the reception of D. tenera the new genus Verrilliteuthis. To name the group for the master of American teuthologists requires no excuse save possibly an apology for the resulting barbarism. 1916.) NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 Order TETRABRANCHIATA. Suborder NAUTILOIDEA. Family NAUTILIDA. Genus NAUTILUS Linné, 1758. 17. Nautilus pompilius Linné, 1758. 1758. Nautilus Pompilius Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. X, No. 283, p. 709. 1910. Nautilus pompilius Iredale, Proc. Malac. Soc., 9, p. 72. 1915. Nautilus pompilius Oliver, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 47, p. 558. Oliver reports a broken shell washed up on the beach at Sunday Island. 18. Nautilus macromphalus Sowerby, 1848. 1848. Nautilus macromphalus Sowerby, Thes. Conch., p. 464, pl. 98, figs. 4, 5. 1910. Nautilus macromphalus Iredale, Proc. Malac. Soc., 9, p. 72. 1915. Nautilus macromphalus Oliver, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 47, p. 558. Oliver reports a broken shell washed up on the beach at Sunday Island. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KERMADEC ISLAND CEPHALOPODS. Berry, 8. StTinuMan. 1913. Nematolampas, a remarkable new cephalopod from the South Pacific. Biological Bulletin, Vol. 25, pp. 208-212, 1 text fig., August, 1913. (Nematolampas regalis, new genus and species.) — 1914. Notes on a collection of cephalopods from the Kermadec Islands. Transactions New Zealand Institute, Vol. 46, pp. 134-149, text figs. 1-4, pls. 7-10. June, 1914. (Gives notes on 9 species, including Polypus oliveri, P. kermadecensis, and Abralia astrolineata, new species.) ke Hoye, Wituiam E. 1885. Diagnoses of new species of Cephalopoda collected during the cruise of H. M. 8. “‘Challenger.”—Part I. The Octopoda. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5), Vol. 15, pp. 222-236, March, 1885. (Amphitretus pelagicus, new genus and species.) —— 1885a. Brief notice of the “Challenger” Cephalopoda. Narrative Challenger Expedition, Vol. 1, pp. 269-274, [1-7], figs. 106-109, 1885. (Figure of Amphitretus pelagicus.) —— 1885b. Preliminary report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. 8. “Challenger.”” Part I. The Octopoda. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 13, pp. 94-114, cuts, August, 1885. —— 1886. Report on the Cephalopoda colleeted by H. M. 8. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873-1876. Voyage of the Challenger, Vol. 16, pp. i-vi, 1-246, 9 figs. in text, pls. 1-33, 1886. (Three species, Cirroteuthis meangensis, Amphitretus pelagicus, and Eledone verrucosa, reported from near the Kermadecs. ) IrREDALE, Tom. 1910. On marine Mollusea from the Kermadee Islands and on the Sinusigera apex. Proceedings Malacological Society, London, Vol. 9, pp. 68-79, March 1910. (List reprinted in Proce. N. Z. Inst., 1910, p. 57, fide Oliver; five species of shell-bearing cephalopods listed. ) Oxtver, W. R. B. 1911. Notes on reptiles. and mammals in the Kermadec Islands. Transactions New Zealand Institute, Vol. 43, 1910, pp. 535-539, July, 1911. (Mentions a fragment of an undetermined giant squid cast up on the beach, p. 536.) —— 1915. The Mollusea of the Kermadee Islands. Transactions New Zealand Institute, Vol. 47, pp. 509-568, pls. 9-12, July, 1915. (Gives a résumé of previous records, the cephalopods on pp. 558-560.) 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., EXPLANATION OF PuaTes VI, VII, VIII, IX. Piate VI.—Fig. 1.—Argonauta species, female. Mantle laid open to show the male hectocotylus in situ within the cavity [S. 8. B. 4031 (x 1}). Fig. 2.—Polypus oliveri Berry, female. Dorsal aspect of type [S. 8. B. 405], about natural size. Piate VII.—Fig. 1—Nematolampas regalis Berry. Distal portion of right third arm of type [S. 8. B. 409], photographed by reflected light from a mount in balsam (x 2). Fig. aoe regalis. Proximal portion of same preparation (X 84). Fig. 3.—Nematolampas regalis. Median portion of the terminal filament of the right third arm (Xx 83), photographed from the same preparation. Puate VIII.—Fig. 1.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia Berry. Dorsal aspect of type [S. S. B. 416] (x 14). Fig. 2.—Ventral aspect of same, same scale. Fig. 3.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia. Tentacle club of type, from mount in balsam (xX 7). Fig. 4.—Lampadioteuthis megaleia. Base of tentacle from same preparation (X 7), showing the two basal photophores. Fig. 5—Nematolampas regalis Berry. Subocular photophores from right eye of paratype [S. S. B. 410] (X 7); photograph of inner surface from mount in balsam. . Piate [X.—Fig. 1.—Abraliopsis hoylet Pfeffer ?. Ventral aspect of immature female [S. 8. B. 400] (X 2). Fig. 2—Megalocranchia pardus Berry. Ventral aspect of type [S. 8. B. 415] x 2); Fig 3.—Abraliopsis (?), species. Ventral integument of very young speci- men [S. 8. B. 419], showing the distribution of the photogenic organs; photographed by reflected light from a mount in balsam, stained with - Delafield’s hematoxylin (x 6). Nore.—I am indebted to my friends, Edward A. Cornwall and Leroy Childs, for most of the photographs used in the accompanying plates. Thanks are like- wise due to both Messrs. Iredale and Oliver for many incidental favors. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OCF PHILADELPHIA. 67 Marcu 21. The President, SAamuEL G. Drxon, M.D., LL.D., in the chair. Seventy-eight persons present. The death of John Thomson, A.M., a member, Reales 23, 1916, Was announced. The Publication Committee reported the reception of papers under the following titles as contributions to the PROCEEDINGS: “The Germ Layers of Bdellodrilus,”’ by George W. Tannreuther (February 23). “Some Bees from Australia, Tasmania, and the New Hebrides,” by T. D. A. Cockerell (March 6). “4 New Species of Onchidiopsis from Bering Sea,” by William H. Dall (March 16). ‘“* Evidence of a Saturation Point in Evolution,” by Walter Sonne- berg (March 20) Dr. Epwin G. ConKkuiIn made an illustrated communication on his impressions and experiences during a trip to New Zealand and Australia. The following was ordered to be printed: 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {March, REVISION OF CAYUGA LAKE SPIDERS. BY NATHAN BANKS. In THe PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA for 1892, pp. 11-81, I gave a list of spiders collected in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y. It was the first important local list published in this country. Twenty-five years have passed since its preparation, and twenty-five years in any department of natural history produces many changes. A number of the new species have proved to be synonyms, a number have been redescribed by others since, and many species have had either their generic or specific name, or even both, changed since then. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly review these changes and to give a few notes and figures of such forms as seem to have escaped collection in recent years. The arrangement is the same as in the original work. Species not - mentioned are unchanged. DRASSIDZ. Micaria formicoides. This is a dark specimen of M. longipes, with the femora darker than usual. Prosthesima rufula. Goes in Zelotes. Prosthesima frigida. Goes in genus Zelotes. Prosthesima immaculata = Zelotes rufula Bks. Prosthesima blanda. Belongs to genus Zelotes. Prosthesima atra. Belongs in Zelotes. Prosthesima depressa. Belongs in Zelotes. Prosthesima ecclesiastica. Belongs in Herpyllus. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 Prosthesima minima = Zelotes blanda Bks. An immature specimen. Pecilochroa bilineata. Belongs in Cesonia. Gnaphosa brumalis. This is immature and evidently G. conspersa Thor. Gnaphosa humilis = Gnaphosa brumalis Thor. Not quite mature. Drassus saccatus. Now known as D. neglectus Keys. Drassus humilis = D. neglectus Keys. CLUBIONID 5. Thargalia agilis = Castianeira cingulata Koch. Thargalia perplexa = Castianeira longipalpis Htz. Thargalia fallax = Castianeira descripta Htz. Thargalia bivittata. Is known as Castianeira cingulata Koch. Thargalia crocata. Is Castianeira descripta; the true T. crocata is a southern form. Clubiona obesa. This is C. crassipalpis Keys., but I believe also Hentz’s species. Clubiona crassipalpis. The female whose vulva is figured is C. canadensis Emer. Clubiona canadensis. These are young of C. obesa Htz. Clubiona pygme#a. Appears to be the female of C. minuta Emer., this name, however, is preoccupied by Nicolet for a Chilian species. Clubiona rubra = ©. abbolti, Clubiona lenta. Related to C. pygmea, but I think distinct, the head and mandibles are not as dark as in that species; the eye region is broad as in C. latifrons Emer. I have seen another specimen from Washington, D. C., but do not yet know the male. Clubiona americana = ©. riparia Koch. C. americana given to replace the preoccupied C. ornata Emer. Clubiona excepta = ©. pallens Hts. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Anyphena incerta. Now known as Gayenna celer Htz. Anyphena saltabunda. Belongs to Gayenna. Phrurolithus palustris = P. alarius Hentz (non Emer.). Phrurolithus alarius (Bks. det.) = P. borealis Emer. Agreca ornata. A. repens Emer. is a synonym: AGALENIDZ. Celotes mediocinalis. Now placed in genus Coras. Celotes fidelis. This is related to C. wrbanus Keys., but in male palpi the patella is not so prolonged at tip, and with two (instead of one) teeth; a figure is given (Pl. X, fig. 8). Celotes longitarsus. Is now called C. calcaratus Keys. Celotes altilis. These large females may be the females of C. hybridus Emer., otherwise they are new; a new figure of the epigynum is given (PI. XI, fig. 24). Colotes lineatus. } Based on an immature male, and doubtless belongs to one of the other forms, quite probably C. calcaratus Keys. Celotes gnavus. This may be the same as the female C. longitarsus Emer., but his male is another form (C. calcaratus); it, however, is much larger than Cicurinia arcuata, more heavily marked, more geniculate mandibles; the epigynum is figured (PI. XI, fig. 22). Cicurina complicata. Is C. arcuata Keys., a large female. Cicurina creber = C. brevis Emer. The latter was described as a Tegenaria. Cicurina placida. Related to C. brevis, but a size larger; the posterior middle portion of the vulva is more narrow than in C. brevis; a figure is given (PI. XI, fig. 26). Hahnia bimaculata = H. agilis Keys. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. et DICTYNIDZ. Dictyna frondea. An immature female, probably of D. foliacea. Dietyna oruciata? One female, does not now show any differences in markings from D. foliacea, but the vulvar openings are very much farther apart. Dictyna minuta. Two males, scarcely two millimeters long, belong here. Dictyna foxii. Belongs in genus Prodalia. Dictyna volupis = D. foliacea Hentz. Dictyna maxima. Based on one female, whose large size and dorsal markings do not fit any other described form. Later I took males that appear to belong here; they are three millimeters long, and the tibia of palpus is long, curved, and with a very short projection at base as in figure (Pl. X, fig. 15). Dictyna decorata. Only females, which, although more strongly marked than usual, are probably D. foliacea (D. volupis); at least I have seen no males that might indicate another species. Dictyna dubia = D. frondea Emer. Amaurobius silvestris. I consider it is A. bennetti Blk. THERIDIIDZ. Mimetus epeiroides = WV. interfector Htz. Steatoda marmorata. Belongs in Enoplognatha. Steatoda guttata. Belongs in Crustulina. Steatoda triangulosa. Belongs in Teutana. Pholcomma hirsuta. Belongs to Ancylorrhanis. Ceratinella similis = (. emertoni Cb Ceratinella atriceps. The only specimen I now have is the Exechophysis plumalis Crosby. ‘ 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Ceratinella mesta. This belongs to the restricted genus Lophocarenum. Ceratinella placida. This is related to C. emertoni, but I believe distinct, the tibial process is much more slender, the style longer. I give figures of other views of the palpus (PI. X, figs. 6, 11). Ceratinella formosa. . This is peculiar in the position of the shield, and for it I later made the genus Jdionella; it belongs to the true Theridiide. Ceratinella annulipes. I made a new genus, Ceratinops, for this, it belongs to the true Theridiide. I have seen it also from Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Ceratinopsis interpres. Now placed in a separate genus, Notionella. Ceratinopsis nigriceps. Not nigriceps, but the species Emerton later described as C. auriculatus. Ceratinopsis frontatus. Belongs to the genus Maso, and a description and figures are given by Emerton under name of Caseola herbicola. Grammonota ornata. Probably correct, but the abdomen is shrunken now, and does not show the markings. Grammonota venusta. ; Probably the female of T’meticus tridentatus, but the epigynum (Pl. XI, fig. 18) shows the ridges more divaricate than usual; possibly the female of some allied species. Spiropalpus spiralis. Now considered to belong to genus Cornicularia. Cornicularia communis. Probably correct, but the epigynum does not project quite as far as in other specimens. Cornicularia pallida. An immature female, which agrees in markings and structure with adults from other localities. Cornicularia formosa = Gonatium rubens Blk. Cornicularia placida. A female Cornicularia, and probably the female of some described species; the figure I gave of the epigynum is not broad enough, 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 I give a new one (PI. XI, fig. 19). The posterior median eyes are scarcely their diameter apart, and as close to the plainly larger posterior side eyes. Lophomma cristata. A female, may belong to this species or to a Lophocarenum; the vulva (Pl. XI, fig. 29) is a broad opening, some distance in front of the rima. Sternum triangular, the hind coxe separated by less than their diameter; tarsi I a little shorter than metatarsi; P. M. E. scarcely diameter apart, much further from the subequal P. 5. E. Lophocarenum castaneum. Is a Diplocephalus, I think; the head shows no trace of elevation in these females; the sternum is broad, and the hind coxe separated by more than width, tarsi I much shorter than metatarsi I; eyes of posterior row subequal, and less than diameter apart (PI. XI, fig. 28). Lophocarenum tristis. Female of some species probably known in male, and may be L. castaneum; the eyes of posterior row are subequal, the P. M. E. about diameter apart, and a little further from the S. E.; sternum as broad as long, hind cox separated by less than their diameter. Lophocarenum florens. Belongs to Hypselistes. Lophocarenum unimaculatum. Evidently related to L. florens, which is now placed in Hypselistes; I have seen no further specimens, but the peculiar marking will distinguish it. Lophocarenum miniatum. This is a Cornicularia and apparently a dark female of C. directa Cb. (Pl. XI, fig. 23). Lophocarenum venustum = Gonatium rubens Blk. Lophocarenum montiferum. Determination correct; it now goes in Diplocephalus. Lophocarenum parvum. Is L. erigonoides Emer.; as in L. formosum the tibial process has a deep incision near base not shown in Emerton’s figures; it is also probably Erigone percisa Keys; it belongs to genus Diplocephalus. Lophocarenum exiguum. Is a Diplocephalus, and Emerton has given a description and figures in 1911 from a New England specimen. Lophocarenum spiniferum. Determination correct, but now placed in Diplocephalus. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Lophocarenum crenatum. Determination correct, it now goes in Diplocephalus. Lophocarenum crenatoideum. Is Diplocephalus crenatum, a & not fully colored, and apparently longer cephalothorax. Lophocarenum erigonoides. Is a Diplocephalus; the male is an immature specimen, and the female is also probably not mature or else belongs to a different species. Lophocarenum formosum. This is L. erigonoides, I believe, although the palpal organ does not fit Emerton’s figure in some parts. I think it is also the Hrigone percisa of Keyserling, his figure of palpus is not quite right, but the epigynum is the same as I have figured for formoswm (Pl. X, fig. 4). Lophocarenum arvensis = Cornicularia communis Emer. Lophocarenum longior. This is apparently a female Cornicularia and probably of C. directa; at least I find no differences. Tmeticus unicorn. This will go in the genus Delorrhipis, but is very different from D. monoceros. A new description is given by Crosby. Tmeticus trilobatus. Goes in Gonglydium. Tmeticus obscurus. The tarsi of palpi gone, but from the tibie it is quite probably T. plumosus, which has since been taken near Ithaca. Tmeticus flaveolus. Unchanged; a description, with figures, is given by Emerton in 1909 from New England material. Tmeticus luxuosus, This belongs to Ceratinopsis and is the species described by Emer- ton in 1909 as C. alternatus. Tmeticus rusticus. I cannot identify with any described form; I figure the long slender hook (Pl. X, fig. 10). Tmeticus pallidus. Unchanged, but goes in Gonglylidium. Tmeticus humilis = 7. plumosus Emer. Now in the genus Gonglyidium. 1916.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 Tmeticus mestus = Gonglydium trilobatus Emer. Tmeticus debilis. Unchanged, a description, with figures, is given by Emerton in 1909 from New England specimens. Tmeticus palustris = Gongylidium trilobatus Em. Tmeticus distinctus. I give a new figure of the epigynum (PI. XI, fig. 27); this shows a great resemblance to that of 7’. bidentatum Emer. which Emerton figures in 1909, and probably it is that species. Crosby gives some notes under the genus Tapinocyba. Tmeticus maculatus. Crosby has given some notes on it; probably the female of 7’. probatus; Emerton in 1909 gave a new figure of the epigynum which shows two lobes as in my figure. Tmeticus minutus. Crosby has given notes under the genus Gongylidiellum, a new figure of palpus is here given (Pl. X, fig. 5). Tmeticus gnavus. New figures are given of the palpus (PI. X, figs. 3, 7); it is in the trilobatus group. Erigone longipalpis. More properly placed under E. persimilis Cb. Linyphia communis. I place this in Frontinella Cambr. Linyphia clathrata. This belongs to Neriene. Linyphia phrygiana var. annulipes. This variation in color is hardly worthy of a name. Linyphia variabilis. Belongs to Neriene. Linyphia conferta. Belongs to Neriene, Emerton considers the true conferta to be a southern form, and has described this as Linyphia maculata. Stemonyphantes bucculentus. Is the type of the genus Bolyphantes. Diplostyla pallida. This is a very pale specimen of nigrina. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Diplostyla alboventris. Unchanged; I figure the hook (Pl. XI, fig. 21). Helophora insignis. Is considered to be a true Linyphia. Bathyphantes minuta. Belongs to Lepthyphantes. Bathyphantes nebulosa. Belongs to Lepthyphantes. Bathyphantes alpina. These are B. zebra, not so strongly colored as normal. Bathyphantes subalpina. Determination correct. Bathyphantes decorata. Very similar to B. zebra, but smaller, paler, and few if any silvery spots on the basal part of the dorsum of abdomen; the male palpus differs a little in the hook and in shape of the outer process which is long and pointed, and with a comb of long hairs above; a new figure is given (Pl. X, fig. 13). Bathyphantes argenteomaculata. These are B. zebra, not quite mature. Bathyphantes pallida. I cannot place these females; the prominent epigynum is even more protuberant than figured, possibly near to T’meticus brunneus, but more than one-half smaller. Bathyphantes sabulosa. These are B. zebra. Bathyphantes umbratilis. Not quite mature female, possibly of Microneta olivacea since the palpi are enlarged. Bathyphantes complicata. Not this species, but from the male palpus I cannot place it with any described form, though it may be near Microneta longitubus. Bathyphantes unimaculata. Related to B. complicata; the palpus has a broad band obliquely across as in that species, but the tube is slender and sharp. Bathyphantes inornata. The palpus figured is B. angulata, but others in lot are B. uni- maculata. 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 Bathyphantes tristis. The median rounded part of the epigynum shows two cavities on the posterior edge. Probably the female of some described Micro- neta or Bathyphantes (Pl. XI, fig. 17). Microneta latens = M. quingquedentata Emer. Microneta palustris. This is a Pedanostethus; I give a figure of the other side of palpus (Pl. XI, fig. 16) ; this does not seem to agree with any described species; the epigynum of the females (PI. XI, fig. 25) (collected after descrip- tion was made) agrees very well with one of Emerton’s figures of riparius. Microneta luteola. I give a figure of other side of palpus (Pl. X, fig. 2), it were prob- ably better in Bathyphantes, and related to B. calcaratus Emer.; there are, however, no marks on the basal part of the abdomen, but several faint, whitish, transverse spots toward tip. Microneta flaveola. This is probably only a form of Bathyphantes angulata; the hook, however, is not as heavy as in that species, and there are several structures not shown on Emerton’s figure. In the original figure a part of the median bilobed process was mistaken for a continuation of the upper limb of the hook (PI. X, fig. 9). Microneta complicata. A figure is given of the back of the palpus (PI. X, fig. 14); it is related probably to Bathyphantes intricata Emer., but distinct. Microneta minutissima. The size given was a little too small; it is about 1.1 mm. long (PI. X, fig. 12). Microneta frontata. This is a Pedanostethus, and it agrees well in size, color, and epigy- num with what Emerton figures as his female P. pumilus, and I believe it is the same. Microneta gigantea. This appears to be T’meticus brunneus Emer., the female of which was figured in 1909. The low, broad head and small A. M. E. would seem to indicate a special genus. Microneta distincta. Perhaps better placed in Tmeticus. I give new figures (PI. X, fig. 1) of the palpus; apparently not otherwise known. 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {March, EPBIRID AS. Epeira cinerea = £. cavatica Keys. Epeira sclopetaria. Is same as EF. sericata Cl. which has page precedence. Epeira patagiata. . Is same as EL. ocellata Cl. which has page precedence. Epeira strix. Has older name in E£. foliata Koch. Epeira marmorea. Is the same as FE. gigas Leach. Epeira insularis = £. gigas Leach. Epeira labyrinthea. Is considered to form a separate genus, Metepeira. Epeira placida. Belongs to genus Mangora. Epeira gibberosa. Belongs to genus Mangora. Epeira parvula = £. prompta Hitz. Epeira stellata. Belongs in genus Plectana. Epeira ithaca. Is young of FE. gigas Leach. Singa maculata. Name preoccupied, changed to S. truncata. Acrosoma rugosa = A. gracilis Walck. Argiope riparia = A. aurantia Lucas. Argiope transversa = A. trifasciata. Argyroepeira hortorum. Goes in genus Leucauge. TETRAGNATHIDA. Tetragnatha vermiformis. In genus Eugnatha. Tetragnatha straminea. In genus Eugnatha. Tetragnatha caudata. Belongs in genus Lucta. Tetragnatha pallida. The specific name was preoccupied and changed by B. Ohy e 1916.) NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 Cambridge to pallescens. MeCook has published a description; it goes in genus Eugnatha. Pachygnatha brevis. This is the real P. ranthostoma of Koch. Pachygnatha xanthostoma. This is the P. xanthostoma of McCook, but not of Koch; I propose to call it P. mccooki n.n. THOMISIDZ. Xysticus stomachosus. Probably is X. feror Htz. Xysticus feroculus = X. triguttatus Keys. Xysticus distinctus. This is apparently a specimen of X. stomachosus, recently trans- formed, in which the parts of the vulva show more distinctly than usual. Xysticus brunneus. This is the female of the true X. limbatus Keys. Xysticus crudelis = X. brunneus Bks. Xysticus transversus = X. stomachosus Keys. Xysticus lentus. This is the male of gulosus, previously not described. Xysticus nervosus. Unchanged; Emerton has given additional description and figures. Xysticus formosus. Unchanged, Emerton has given additional description and figures. Xysticus limbatus. Unchanged; it is a male of the true limbatus of Keyserling; not the limbatus of Emerton. Xysticus quadrilineatus = X. /uctans Koch. Xysticus maculatus. Immature specimens, probably of X. stomachosus. Oxyptila georgiana = 0. americana Bks. Oxyptila conspurcata. Unchanged; the O. georgiana Keys. is the same species. Misumena rosea = Misumessus asperatue Hta, Misumena georgiana. I consider this to be the M. celer of Hentz. Misumena foliata = Wisumessus asperatus Htz. 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |Mareh, Misumena placida = Misumessus asperatus Htz. Philodromus vulgaris = ?. pernix Blk. Philodromus prelustris Immature specimens of P. pernix Blk. Philodromus signifer. This, I believe, is the same as Ph. expositus of Keyserling (Ph. maculatus Blk.). Philodromus gracilis = Ph. perniz Blk. Philodromus unicolor = P. infuscatus Keys. Philodromus ornatus. Unchanged, Emerton has given a description and figures. Philodromus placidus. Unchanged; related to Ph. ornatus. Philodromus minutus. In well-marked specimens the legs are lined behind with black, the hind pair on front edge; I think that Ph. brevis Emer. is the male of this species; I have taken P. brevis at Ithaca. Philodromus minusculus. This closely resembles Ph. ornatus and it is probably that species; but its very much smaller size induced me to describe it; I have no other specimens as small. Philodromus exilis. This differs from the other small species of the genus in elongate abdomen; I believe the Ph. bidentatus Emer. is the male of this species. ; Philodromus rufus. Unchanged; Emerton gives figures and description under name of P. pictus. Philodromus laticeps. This immature male is Ph. pernix Blk. Philodromus aureolus. These are young specimens; in appearance they agree with Ph. lineatus Emer., but one cannot be sure without adults. LYCOSIDZ Lycosa nidicola = L. helluo Walck. Lycosa communis = L. avida Walck. Lycosa nigroventris. This is the male of L. frondicola. Lycosa similis = L. pratensis Emer. 1916. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 Lycosa rufiventris = L. arara Keys. Lycosa humilis = Schizogyna gracilis Bks. Lycosa polita = Trochosa rubicunda Keys. Lycosa scutulata = L. rabida Walck. Lycosa vulpina = L. aspersa Htz. Lycosa crudelis = L. helluo Walck. Lycosa immaculata = L. aspersa Hiz. Lycosa exitiosa = L. aspersa Htz. <’- Lycosa oblonga = L. aspersa Htz. Pardosa pallida. Name preoccupied and changed by Chamberlin to P. emertoni, but I think it is P. distincta Blackw. Pardosa annulata. Is the female of P. minima Keys. Pardosa venusta =P. lapidicina Emer. Pardosa brunnea. Is P. glacialis Thor., and I think is P. modica Blackw. Pardosa gracilis. This is a Schizogyna, Lycosa relucens of Montgomery is the same form. Pardosa albopatella. Now known as P. minima Keys. Pardosa nigropalpis. Is P. flavipes Keys., and I think also P. canadensis Blackw. Pardosa montana = P. zerampelina Keys. Pardosa mesta. Chamberlin has given a new description and figure in his Revision of the Lycoside. P. diffusa Em. is apparently the male of this species. Pardosa obsoleta = P. lapidicina Emer. Pirata montana. These females are not montana, but agree with aspirans Chamber. Pirata montanoides. Female runs out to ?. aspirans, and probably is that species, but the figure of the vulva of that species shows the tip flattened out instead of bent down as normally the case, so it appears different. P. humicolus is also close, the darker colors are of no specific value, at least not in allied ?. minua (Pl. XI, fig. 20). Pirata agilis = montana Emer, 6 4 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {March, Pirata exigua = P. minuta Emer. A very dark female, with black-banded legs and dark sternum; the vulva seems to be the same as in the pale form. Pirata minuta. A pale female with wholly pale, unbanded legs, and pale sternum. Aulonia aurantia. This is an immature Pardosa. Ocyale undata. Goes in the genus Pisaurina. Dolomedes sexpunctatus, Young specimens of D. tenebrosus. Dolomedes scriptus. Young specimens of D. tenebrosus. ATTIDA. Phidippus mystaceus = P. electus Koch, not Hentz’s mystaceus. Phidippus albomaculatus = ?. electus Koch. Phidippus rauterbergi = P. audax Htz. Phidippus mecooki = P. castrensis Koch. Phidippus tripunctatus = P. audax Htz. Phileus princeps = Phidippus putnami Peck. Philezus militaris. Belongs to genus Dendryphantes. Dendryphantes capitatus = D. oclavus Htz. Dendryphantes elegans. Belongs to genus T'utelina. Dendryphantes flavus. Specimens immature, but agree in markings with adults. Dendryphantes insignis = D. oclavus Htz. Dendryphantes ornatus = D. octavus Htz. Dendryphantes exiguus = D. flavipedes Peck. Specimens lack the dark mark on femora, normally present; the female had not been described. Icius formosus. Belongs to Marpissa, and is possibly the unknown male of M. binus. Icius albovittatus = Dendryphantes militaris. Icius palmarum. Is now in the genus Wala. Icius mitratus. Also belongs to Wala. 1916. | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Icius harti. Is I. fuligineus Blackw. Icius mestus = Dendryphantes militaris Htz. Icius elegans. A young specimen, probably of Wala. Eris octavus = Dendryphantes octavus Htz. Eris nervosus. Belongs in the genus Zygoballus. Hasarius hoyi = Pellenes falcata Clerck. Habrocestum latens = Pellenes falcata Cl. Habrocestum cecatum = Pellenes borealis Bks. Habrocestum peregrinum. Goes in the genus Pellenes. Habrocestum splendens = Pellenes decorus Blackw. Saitis pulex. Is kept now in Habrocestum. Astia vittata. Now known as Mevia niger. Epiblemum scenicum. Belongs in genus Salticus. Admestina wheeleri. I have elsewhere! shown this to be tibialis of Koch. Marptusa familiaris. I have elsewhere! shown this to be Marpissa undata De Geer. Marptusa rupicola. I believe it distinct from familiaris (undata); it also occurs Great Falls, Va., under pieces of rocks. Synageles picata. Is now placed in genus Peckhamia. EXPLANATION OF PLATES X AND XI. PLATE X. —Hig. 1.—Micronela distineta, palpus. Pig. 2.—Microneta luteola, palpus. Vig. 3.—Tmelicus qnavus, palpus. Fig. 4. —Lophocare num formosum, palpus. Fig. 5.—Tmelicus minutus, palpus. Fig. 6.—Ceratinella placida, top of palpus, Fig. 7.—Tmeticus qnavus, palpus. Fig. 8.—Coalotes fidelis, tibia and patella, Fig. 9.—Microneta flaveola, palpus. ' Ent. News, 1X, 142, 1898. at Puiate X Fig. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF . 10.—T meticus rusticus, hook. . 11.—Ceratinella placida, palpus. . 12.—Microneta minutissima, palpus. —. . 13.—Bathyphantes decora, palpus. . 14.—Microneta complicata, palpus. . 15.—Dietyna maxima, palpus. I.—Fig. 16.—Microneta palustris, palpus. 17.—Bathyphantes tristis, head. : _18.—Grammonota venusta, vulva. .19.—Cornicularia placida, vulva. _ 20.—Pirata montanoides, two vulve. . 21.—Diplostyla alboventris, hook. . 22.—Calotes gnavus, vulva. _ 23.—Lophocarenum miniatum, vulva. . 24 —Caelotes altilis, vulva. . 25.—Microneta palustris, vulva. . 26.—Cicurina placida, vulva. . 27.—Tmeticus distinctus, vulva. _ 28.—Lophocarenum castaneum, vulva. . 29.—Lophomma cristata, vulva. {March, ——— oa 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 Apri 18. The President, Samuget G. Dixon, M.D., LL.D., in the Chair. Thirty-five persons present. The deaths of the following members were announced: Emlen Physick, March 21, 1916. Charles Chauncey, April 3, 1916. Norton Downs, April 15, 1916. The Publication Committee announced the presentation of a paper entitled ‘‘Contributions to the Anatomy of Python reticulatus (Schneider),”” by Joseph C. Thompson (April 8, 1916). Temperature and the Activities of Animals—MeErRKEL H. Jacoss, Pu.D., remarked that the continued existence of living organisms is possible within a range of temperature of the order of magnitude of possibly one one-thousandth of that encountered in the universe. The majority of the activities of organisms occur within the region from slightly below 0° C. to about 45° C. For individual species the range is usually less—sometimes as little as 15° or even 6° C. A certain number of forms can exist for a short time in a more or less inactive condition through a range of 350° C. or more. Even within the natural range for a species the effects of different temperatures is very striking. A rise of 40° C. may cause at least a 16-fold increase in the rate of most of the chemical reactions under- lying the various manifestations of life. Since different processes are accelerated unequally by such a rise and since the point of equi- librium in reversible reactions is changed, the effect on the organism as a whole may be qualitative as well as quantitative. The use of high temperatures has been a favorable means of securing striking modifications of existing forms of life. A possible case of a heritable variation produced in this way is the three-vacuoled race of Parame- cium which appeared sixteen months ago in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania and which has remained constant ever since. Different organisms are differently situated with respect to the daily and yearly changes of temperature they are called upon to meet. Many marine forms are subject to an average change of less than 1° C. a day and 2° or 3° a year. On the other hand, terrestrial forms and those living in small bodies of fresh water frequently endure a daily range of 30° C. or more. The rotifer Philodina roseola is subjected to especially severe conditions. Living in small pools 7 ‘ ‘ 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF - {April, whose temperature in the springtime may drop almost to the freezing point at night and rise in the sunlight 10° C. above the air tempera- ture, it frequently passes in the space of two or three hours from an arctic to a tropical environment and vice versa. In general, the forms that in their natural environment have to meet sudden tem- perature changes show greater powers of acclimatization than those living under more constant external conditions. A comparison of the powers of rapid acclimatization to high temperature of Paramecium or the tadpole which lives in fresh water pools, with starfish larvee which live in the ocean, shows striking differences in this respect. Many of the terrestrial animals have developed the power of main- taining a constant body temperature under widely varying external conditions. This power, however, is insufficient in most cases to make possible a strictly world-wide distribution. Man is able to supplement natural with artificial means of temperature control. Even he, however, is considerably affected by external temperatures, especially high ones. One factor in producing this result appears to be the effect of such temperatures on the circulation. The prac- tical result of a more complete control of temperature by man would be the opening up of the enormously fertile tropical regions of the earth. The following were ordered to be printed: 1916.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87 STUDIES IN THE DERMAPTERA AND ORTHOPTERA OF THE COASTAL PLAIN AND PIEDMONT REGION OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. BY JAMES A. G. REHN AND MORGAN HEBARD. In the summers of 1911 and 1913, the present authors made extensive collections of, and field studies in, the Dermaptera and Orthoptera found in the southeastern States. About the time we were able to begin laboratory work on the fifst season’s collecting, other series from the same general region were placed in our hands, since which time an increasing amount of data has become available bearing on the same subject. We feel the most advisable method of making available to workers the really great amount of distribu- tional, synonymic and variational information now in hand, to be the publication of this single large paper. The authors’ time has been given more or less regularly for a period of two years to the preparation of this paper and others made necessary by collections referred to herein. It should be borne in mind that the present paper is not a final one, but instead a contribution based on available material, although nearly all of the species known from the regions studied are treated. In general, the geographic area covered by the collections here studied is, the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions from the Potomac River south to north-central (non-peninsular) Florida, west to the western boundary of Georgia. In addition a fair amount of material from the higher elevations in Georgia, from certain localities in central Florida and also from Maryland and other more northern States has been included. Aside from the Georgia mountain region records, which are geographically very important, those from outside the main area covered by the paper have been included to place on record the extreme geographic limits of certain species, or to cite material used in the detailed discussion on the species. In the study of certain genera here treated we have found it not only desirable, but necessary, to revise completely those groups as found within North America, in the course of which work practically all the available collections bearing on the subjects have been examined. These revisions consumed much time and involved some travel. The collections of the United States National Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Georgia State Collection ‘ 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, and the private series of Mr. W. T. Davis and Prof. A. P. Morse have furnished a great amount of important data, although the greater portion of our information has been derived from our own collections. The genera which have required comprehensive revis- ionary study are Cariblatta, Scudderia, Amblycorypha, Neocono- cephalus, Orchelimum, Conocephalus, Atlanticus, Cycloptilum, Cryp- toptilum, Gryllus and Miogryllus. Many data have been accumulated in the course of the studies here presented, which show the necessity of revisionary work in a number of other genera, but, unfortunately, either material or time is lacking at present to consider properly or thoroughly these groups; we have, however, given summaries of such general conclusions as . we have reached in these cases, the contributions being presented as abstracts of detailed studies we have in preparation or contempla- tion, or as accumulations of important general conclusions for the use of other workers. Such contributions will be found under Nomotettix, Neotettix, Tettigidea, Pardalophora, Hippiscus, Schistocerca, Melanoplus, and the Group Anaxiphites with particular reference to Anaxipha. The total number of specimens from the area under consideration examined in the preparation of this paper is 14,402, representing 251 species and geographic races, belonging to 100 genera. Of these species nine are here described as new, but a number of other new forms in the recently studied genera were based on material compris- ing portions of the series here recorded. In the text of this paper forty specific names and that of one genus have been placed in the synonymy, the completeness of the present material, with the conse- quent clearer appreciation of specific variation and character con- stancy, making the sinking of these names necessary. No synonymy has been established without several careful checkings of the evidence. Of the specimens examined, 7,294, or about one-half, were collected by the authors, chiefly in July, August and September, 1911 and 1913. The other principal sources of material, with the number of specimens examined from each, are as follows: Ciera Ot a AVIS. 25 tcnntoniemaa Mes Ste Behe 1,071 CR Sores ta Pe LOD ot cntsssces ts beech Mapaein te agate 877 Colletta BiAAe Se MOEBC.,. ise los.icsass dUnccaeeibahdndad oman veneer 784 United States National Museum Collectionn...cccccccssssssesseesnsee 703 Cone Lian ey reat OCCU OND. i omens seopltiteon ce aly Dern ag 636 Hebard Collection (other than Rehn and Hebard collecting)......... 611 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Collection (other than Rehn and Hebard collecting)... 211 1916.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89 Smaller series have also been examined belonging to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the Pennsylvania State Department of Zoology and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The neces- sity of seeing the historic Scudder Collection in the latter institution, to which three visits were made while preparing the present paper, is always very pressing in work on the North American species of the Orthoptera. . In order to reduce the length of our entries and yet give complete data, we have used in the present paper, as in a number of previous ones, standard abbreviations for the sources of the material, or, m the case of the larger series which can be located by the collector’s name we have considered the latter sufficient to place the specimens. No location is given for material collected by Rehn and Hebard, jointly or individually, as it is understood it is in the Philadelphia collections, either the Academy of Natural Sciences or the Hebard Collection. Material in the collection of Mr. W. T. Davis, of New Brighton, New York, collected by himself, and that of Dr. A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, Massachusetts, collected by the same individual, has no location given for it, as it is understood such material is in their respective collections unless otherwise specified. Material collected by other individuals in the Davis and Morse Collections has the location indicated by the abbreviations given below. No location is given for material credited as collected by Dr. J. Chester Bradley, it being understood that is in the Georgia State Collection at Atlanta unless from localities in the Okeefenokee Swamp, in which case it is in the collection of Cornell University. From each of ‘these col- lections a representation has been retained in the Philadelphia collections in return for the work of identification. The abbreviations for the source of material used through the present paper are as follows: A. N.S. P., for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. B. 1., for the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Cornell Univ., for the collection of Cornell University. Davis Cln., for the collection of Mr. W. T. Davis, of New Brighton, Staten Island, New York. Ga. St. Cln., for the Georgia State Collection, located at Atlanta. Hebard Cln., for the Hebard Collection, in Philadelphia. M. C. Z., for the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Morse Cln., for the collection of Prof. A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, Massachusetts. 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, N. C. St. Dept. Agr., for the collection of the North Carolina State Department of Agriculture at Raleigh. Pa. St. Dept. Zool. Cln., for the collection of the Pennsylvania State Department of Zoology at Harrisburg. U.S. N. M., for the United States National Museum at Washington. In the references to the authors as collectors they are indicated by the initials R. and H. LOCALITIES. To facilitate the placing of localities given in the body of the paper we have tabulated alphabetically under States the localities repre- sented by fair series. The elevations given have been taken from Government topographical charts, official lists of elevations or our own aneroid determinations. In a few cases we have been unable to secure information on the elevation, in which case the fact is so stated. elevation given. In addition, localities at or very near the sea-level have no The dates given are those for the specimens examined and the location is that of the ownership of the same. Virginia. Arlington, Alexandria County, eleva- tion about 200 feet. VII, 9, 1914. (H.) Falls Church, Fairfax County, eleva- tion 364 feet. V, 25,1913. (A. N. Caudell.) [U.S. N. M.] Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania and Stafford Counties, elevation about 10 to 250 feet. VII, 20, 1913. (R. & H. je Lynchburg, Campbell County, eleva- tion about 700 feet. VII, 22, 1913. (R. & H.) Glencarlyn, Alexandria County, eleva- tion 183 feet. IV, 27,1913. (A.N. Caudell.) {U. 8S. N. M.] Orange, Orange County, elevation 500 to 800 feet. VII, 21, 1913. (R. & H.) Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, eleva- tion about 100 feet. VII, 23, 1913. (R. & H.) North Carolina. Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, eleva- tion 670 to 750 feet. VII, 27, 1913. (R. & H.) Fayetteville, Cumberland County, elevation 100 to 150 feet. IX, 9, 1911. (R. & H.) Goldsboro, Wayne County, elevation 110 feet. VII, 25,1913. (R. & H.) Greensboro, Guilford County, eleva- tion 900 feet. VII, 26, 1913. (R. & H.) Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, elevation 60 feet. IX, 8, 1911. (R. & H.) Murphy, Cherokee County, elevation 1,540 feet. VII, 25, 1903. (Morse.) {Morse Cln.]} Raleigh, Wake County, elevation 350 feet. Various dates, collectors and collections. Southern Pines, Moore County, eleva- tion 519 feet. XI, 1908 and 1905. (A. H. Manee.) [N. C. Dept. Agr.] Tryon, Polk County, elevation 1,090 feet. (W. F. Fiske.) [U.S. N. M.] Weldon, Halifax County, elevation 70 feet. VII, 24,1913. (R. & H.) Wilmington, New Hanover County. BX 8, 1901S CR. are.) Winter Park, New Hanover County. EX, fy MOUS, y (ike ee es) Wrightsville, New Hanover County. IX; 7, 1901) ~ CR ee.) South Carolina. Ashley Junction, Charleston County. VERT 15; 1913) 10R:) Columbia, Richland County, elevation 300 feet. VII, 28,1913. (R. & H.) Denmark, Bamberg County, elevation 257 feet. VIII, 15, 1903. (Morse.) {Morse Cln.] 1916.) NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 ~ * ¢ iA ~ / NN ‘ fe SF ‘ Pe : . f t ., . } f J ' : ‘ . : ate F: Fad | {~~ Pyne eee Ya 6 UE eer Ss = ee ee fas aft en 7 + + ~ 4 ( a ee a a d ee # (rar ee eet ae a7 + \. Ve + a he + 7 + +* ‘ + N; —+ \ + . = ° - p \ \ 4 4 F \ in cd ‘, ° . oN \ a" ’ ‘N \ > x \ ‘i Sy, \ g j t ; + wt ‘ i + - \ . + + \ rr + w+ \ + - ae + .* + +. 2 + \\ 2) Fig. 1.—Outline map of the southeastern United States, showing the positions of the principal localities, represented by series, in the collections studied in connection with this paper. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Florence, Florence County, elevation 138 feet. IX, 6, 1911. (R. & H.) Isle of Palms, Charleston County. VIII, 15, 1913. (R.) Magnolia, Charleston County. IX, 5, 1911. (R. & H.) Manning, Clarendon County, eleva- tion 91 feet V, 1914. (Witmer Stone.) [A. N.S. P.] Spartanburg, Spartanburg County, aes 875 feet. VIII, 6, 1913. (H.) Sullivan Island, Charleston County. IX; 5, 1911. (R. & H.) Yemassee, Hampton and Beaufort Counties, elevation 18 to 40 feet. IX, 4,1911. (R. & H.) Georgia. Albany, Dougherty County, elevation 184 feet. VIII, 1, 1913. (R. & H.) Atlanta, Fulton County, elevation 900 to 1,050 feet. Numerous dates and collectors. [Ga. St. Cln.] Augusta, Richmond County, elevation 140 to 200 feet. VII, 29, 1913. (R. & H.) Austell, Cobb County, elevation 900 to 1,000 feet. VIII, 6, 1910. [Ga. St. Cln.] Bainbridge, Decatur County, eleva- tion 110 feet. Numerous dates. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] Billy’s Island, Okeefenokee Swamp, Charlton County. V and VI, 1912, IX and XII, 1913. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Cornell University.] Black Rock Mountain, Rabun County, elevation 2,000 to 3,500 feet. V, 20 to 25,1911. [Ga. St. Cln.] Brunswick, Glynn County. II, 12, 1911. (Ga.St.Cln.] VII, 30, 1911. (R. & H.) Buckhead, Fulton County, elevation 1,000 feet. IV, 16, 1911. ([Ga. St. Cln.] VIII, 2, 1913. (R. & H.) Burton, Rabun County, elevation 1,800 feet. V, 21,1911. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] Chase Prairie, Okeefenokee Swamp, Charlton County. IX, 5, 1913. (J. Chester Bradley.) {Cornell Univ.] Clayton, Rabun County, elevation 2,000 to 3,700 feet. VI. (Davis.) {Davis Cln.] Columbus, Muscogee County, eleva- tion 200 to 350 feet. VII, 16, 1913. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] [April, Cornelia, Habersham County, eleva- tion 1,500 feet. V, 28, 1906. [Ga. St. Cln.] VII, 1910. (Davis. ) [Davis Cln.] Cumberland Island, Camden County. VIII, 31,.1911. (i. & BH) Currahee Mountain, Stephens County, yo ag 1,700 feet. VIII, 5, 1913. (H.) Dalton, Whitfield County, elevation 1,000 to 1,200 feet. VIII, 7, 1913. (R.) De Witt, Mitchell County, elevation cannot be ascertained. VIII, 19, 1912. [Ga. St. Cln.] Fargo, Clinch County, elevation 116 feet. VIII, 31, 1913. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Cornell Univ.] Groveland, Bryan County, elevation cannot be ascertained. VII, 28, 1913. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] Hebardville, Ware County, elevation about 150 feet. V, 15, 1915. (H.) Homerville, Clinch County, elevation 176 feet. VIII, 27,1911. (R. & H.) Honey Island, Okeefenokee Swamp, Charlton County. VI, 1912. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Cornell Univ.} Isle of Hope, Chatham County. LX, 3, 1911. (R. & H) Jesup, Wayne County, elevation 100 to 125 feet. IX,1,1911. (R. &H.) Jasper, Pickens County, elevation 1,200 to 1,500 feet. VIII, 5, 19138. (R.) Macon, Bibb County, elevation 350 feet. VII, 30 to 31,1913. (R. & H.) Mixon’s Hammock, Okeefenokee Swamp, Charlton County. V, 16, 1915. (4. Okeefenokee Swamp (general label), Ware, Charlton and Clinch Counties. V, 1911. (J. Chester Bradley.) {Cornell Univ.] Pinnacle Peak, Rabun County, eleva- tion 4,100 feet. VIII, 20, 1913: (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] Rabun Bald, Rabun County, elevation 4,000 to 4,800 feet. VIII, 21, 1913. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] Sandfly, Chatham County. IX, 3, 1911. (R. & H.) : Savannah, Chatham County. Various dates, collectors and collections. Sharp Mountain, Pickens County, elevation 1,800 to 2,000 feet (baro- metric).! VIII, 6, 1913. (R.) 1 This peak is about nine miles to the westward of Jasper and should not be confused with Sharp-top Mountain near the same place. The latter peak is higher than Sharp Mountain and is to the eastward of Jasper. Sharp-top Mountain was visited by Morse in 1903. ’ _ . _ eee ——————<—_ — _— 1916.] Spring Creek, Decatur County, eleva- tion about 110 feet. Numerous dates. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] Stone Mountain, De Kalb County, elevation 1,050 to 1,686 feet. Vicin- ity of same, elevation 950 to 1,050 feet. VIII, 3, 1913. (R. & H.) St. Simon’s Island, Glynn County, IV to V, 1911 and 1912. (J. Chester Bradley.) [Ga. St. Cln.] VIII, 30, PORT Ch. ws E1.) Suwanee Creek, Lot 328, 12th Dis- trict, Okeefenokee Swamp, Charlton County. VIII,28,1911. (R. &H.) Tallulah Falls, Rabun County, eleva- tion 1,630 feet. VIII, 1887. [U.S. N. M. and Hebard Cln.} VII, 1910. (Davis.) [Davis Cln.] Thomasville, Thomas County, eleva- tion 250 feet. Various dates. (H. and R. & H.) Thompson’s Mills, Jackson County, elevation cannot be ascertained. Various dates. (H.