PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

or ^- ^e>-

O

PHILADELPHIA.

1871.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Joseph Leidy, M.D.^ Wm. S. Vaux,

KoTJEiiT Bkidoes, jVI.I)., Geo. W. Tryon, Jr..,

Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.

PHILADELPHIA:

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

Corner of Broad and Sansom Streets.

1871.

Hall of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, April 9, 1872.

I hereby certify that printed copies of the Proceedings for 1871 have been presented at the meetings of the Academy, as follows : —

ige	s 9 to 40 .			May	2, 1871.
	41 to 56 .			i(	9, 1871.
	57 to 88 .			June	6, 1871.
	89 to 120 .			July	11, 1871.
	121 to 136 .			(4	18, 1871.
	137 to 152 .			August	1, 1871.
	158 to 184 .			u	15, 1871.
	185 to 216 .			, October	24, 1871.
	317 to 232 .			Navember 28, 1871.
	233 to 243 .			December	12, 1871.
	245 to 276 .			January	16, 1872.
	277 to 324 .			February	13, 1872.
	325 to 340 .			. March	19, 1872.

SAMUEL B. HOWELL, M.D.,

Recording Secretary.

PHILADELPHIA COLLINS, PRINTER.

/

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

With reference to the several Articles contributed by each. For Verbal Communications see General Index.

Cope, E. D. Ninth Contributiou to the Herpetology of Tropical

America 200

On the Fishes of the Ambyiacu River 250

Coues, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C, and

vicinity (No. 1) 12

Same (No. 2) 120

Lawrence, Geo. N. Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Fami- lies Troglodytidfe and Tyrannidse 28:5

Lea, I. Description of three New Species of Exotic Unionidse 188

Descriptions of twenty New Species of Uniones of the United States 189

Meehan, T. Morphology of Carpellary Scales in Larix 106

Meek, F. B. Descriptions of New Species of Invertebrate Fossils from

the Carboniferous and Devonian Rocks of Ohio 67

Description of New Species of Fossils from Ohio and other Western

States and Territories 159

Notice of a New Brachiopod from the Lead-bearing Rocks at Mine

La Motte, Missouri 185

Descriptions of new "Western Palseozoic Fossils, mainly from the

Cincinnati Group of the Lower Silurian Series of Ohio 308

Newton, A. On certain Species of Falconidfe, Tetraonidse, and Anatidaj 94 Ogden, J. A. Synopsis of the Genus Chettusia (Lobivanellus), with a

description of a new species 194

Rand, Theo. D. Notes on Feldspars and some other Minerals of

Philadelphia and vicinity 299

Streets, T. Hale. Descriptions of five New Species of Crustacea from

Mexico 225

Catalogue of Crustacea from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by J. A. McNeil 238

Thomas, Prof. C. Contribution to Orthopterology 194

/ ^ 7- ^ 0

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADE3IY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF

PHILADELPHIA.

NEW SERIES.

PART I. 18tl.

January 3, 1871.

Mr. Wm. S. Yaux, Yice-President, in the chair.

Twenty-four members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : —

'' Xotes on the JSTatural History of Fort Macon, X. C, and vicinity. No. 1." B3' Elliott Coues.

Professor 0. C. Marsh, of Yale College, exhibited a tooth of a new species of Lophiodon^ from the Miocene of New Jersey, whicli was the first indication yet discovered of remains of the Tapiridoe on the Atlantic coast, or of the genus Lophiodon in this countrj^, east of the Rocky Mountain region. The tooth, which was in a perfect state of preservation, was the first true molar of the left upper jaw. It measured across the crown seven lines in antero- i:)osterior diameter, and eight and one-quarter lines in transverse diameter. This would indicate an animal intermediate in size between L. occidenfalis and L. modesfus of Dr. Leidy. From the latter species it may .readily be distinguished by the enamel of the crown, which is smooth and not wrinkled. As this species is evidently distinct from any described. Professor Marsh proposed for it the name Lophiodon validiis. The specimen was found in the miocene marl of Cumberland County, New Jersey, and appa-

[May 2, 1871.] part i— 2

10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

rentl}'' at about the same horizon as the Elotlierium Leidyanum, and Rhinoceros matutinus Marsh, from Monmouth Count}^, in the same State.

January 10. Mr. Wm. S. Yaux, Yice-President, in the chair. Thirteen members present.

January It. Dr. Carson, Vice-President, in the chair. Twenty-five members present.

January 24. Mr. Yaux, Yice-President, in the chair. Eighteen members present.

Mr. Thomas Meehan presented a fruit of a pear, which pre- sented the external appearance of an apple, gathered from a Tj'son pear tree growing in the garden of Dr. Lawrence, of Paris, Canada. Dr. Lawrence had a Rhode Island greening apple near the pear tree, and some of the latter interlaced with it. The pear tree was full of blossoms last spring, but only those interlacing bore fruit. They had all the appearance of apples, so much so, that many who had seen them had supposed there must have been some mistake as to Dr. Lawrence gathering them. Dr. L. liad, however, when he first saw them, obtained Mrs. Lawrence's aid in separating the branches, so that there should be no mistake. The specimens had been sent to Mr. Meehan, who regarded them as apples ; but on cutting them open, found the seeds to be of the pear. The granular matter characteristic of the pulp of the pear also existed in the carpels, but none in the pulp, which was wholly fibrous, as in the apple; the insertion of the stalk, also, was that of the pear. Instead of the cavity being funnel-form, as in the apple, it was carapanulate, as if the stem had been pushed in, carr^'ing the epidermis and pulp with it. He had no doubt that the fruit had the pedicle, carpellar}^ walls, and seeds of the pear, with the granular pear-pulp wanting ; but with the fibrous pulp and eiDiderm of the apple.

As to the law of its production, he disliked speculation, but it would seem that there were two ways in which it might be pro- duced— either by a natural evolution of form, independent of sexual influence, which plants at times exhibited, or by cross-

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 11

fertilization with the apple. In the latter case, if found true, it would liaA'e an important bearing on the question often mooted, whether cross-fertilization effected change immediatel}' in the fruit impregnated, or that change only appeared after the germination of the impregnated seeds. In the case of A'arieties of Indian-corn, we know the change is immediate ; and it was generally belicA'ed some cucurhitaceous plants furnished similar facts ; but he thought it had not been known in other plants, especially in the case of species as distinct as were the apple and the pear.

January 31. Mr. Jos. Jeanes in the chair. Twenty-two members present.

The report of the Biological and Microscopical Section was presented.

Twenty members not being present when the election of com- mittees was in order, the committees elected in 1870 were con- tinued for 1811.

The election of members was postponed until the next business meeting.

On favorable report of the committee, the following paper was ordered to be published : —

1871.]

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FORT MACON, N. C, AND

VICINITY. (No. 1.)

BY ELLIOTT COUES.

During two 3'^ears' residence in this locality, I paid some atten- tion to the zoology and botany of the vicinity, and the information obtained may be of some value to others besides myself The present paper, in which mammals, birds, and reptiles are noticed, ma}^ be followed by one or more treating of the fishes, insects, marine invertebrates, and plants.

I. MAMMALS.

Lynx rufus, Raf. Occasional.

Vulpes virginianus, Rich. Putorius vison, Gapper. Lutra canadensis, Sabine.

These three, but especially the mink, are common, and, with the first-named and the following species, represent the fur-bearing animals of the immediate vicinity which are of commercial conse- quence.

Procyon lotor, Storr.

Syn. p. lotor var. Mexicana, St. Hilaire, Voy. Venus, I, 1855, p. 25, pi. 6.— P. Ilernandezii, Wagler, Isis, xxiv, 1831, p. 514. — P. Hernandezii var. Mexicana, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 1857, p. 212. — P. nivea, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1837, p. 580 (Albino).— P. psora, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. X, 1842, p. 261 (mutilated). — '■'■Procyon gularis, Smith, Int. Mamm. Jard. Nat. Lib., xiii, 1842, 222" (fide Baird).

A common animal, in the wooded portions of the vicinity.

Residing for several years in difierent Southern States, where the Raccoon is either common or very abundant, I became familiar with its variations in size, color, etc., and feel sure that these are as great as those differences held to distinguish a western from the eastern form. Although I do not assign the above synonymy from direct comparison of specimens from the different localities (as I saw none in New Mexico, Arizona, or California), I am con- fident it is correct, provided F. Hernandezii^ etc., do not differ from lotor in any other points than those given in descriptions of

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 13

tlie authors above quoted. As Mr. Allen^ holds, and probaljly has shown, all the features belieA'ed to distinguish the western raccoons may be discovered in examination of sufficiently exten- sive series of eastern ones. Dr. Gray's two species are not dilfer- ent, according to that author's subsequent admission.

Cariacus virginianus, Gray.

Common, almost to be called abundant in wooded portions of the main land near the coast, and said, upon good authority, to occur in the wooded part of the Banks. During the autumn and winter, venison is not much more expensive than beef, a fact attesting the above statements.

1 Balaena cisarctica, Cope.

An individual, which I rather suppose than know to be of this species, was taken in Maj^, 18G9, off Shackleford. It measured about forty-five feet in total length. The fishermen called it a " right whale." Besides this kind, they spoke of two others, that the,y occasionally captured, under the names of "Scrag" and "Humpback" {Agaphilus sp ? and Megaptera sp ?). They usually take two or three each spring. Remains of whales, as the jaw- bones, shoulder-blades, humeri, and especially vertebrae, are strewn abundantly along the beach.

Delphiuus Sp.

At least one species of porpoise is very abundant in and about the harbor, and I think that a second, smaller and darker than the other, is of frequent occurrence. They are to be seen at all times, but are most abundant in spring and fall, during the migration of the fish upon which they prey ; and in April and May, during the pairing season, they become especially conspi- cuous in their amatory gambols. The sexual act is frequently witnessed, and may be recognized at a distance by the reversed position of one of the pair, and the smoothing of the surface of the water by the wasted emissions. The great voracity of the porpoises is evident in their pursuit of schools of fish, some of which are often driven out of the water, only to fall back into the open jaws of the pursuers. The animals are sometimes taken for their oil, in nets made especially for the purpose, but are not

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 8, pp. 182-3. 1871.]

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

often molested, and usually show entire fearlessness of the near- ness of man.

Remains of some cetacean (not a whale), about seventeen feet long, were cast upon the beach during a storm in October last, but identification was impossible, owing to the advanced stage of decay.

Lasiurus cinereus, Allen.

Occasional specimens, in summer.

L, noveboracensis, Gray.

Very abundant in summer, and appearing to live mostly in and about the fort itself, as far as the eastern extremity of the island is concerned ; other suitable hiding-places not being in plenty.

Scalops aquaticus, Fischer.

Occasional traces of this animal's presence in the loose soil betweeu the sand-hills and the marsh.

Sciurus carolinensis, Gmelin.

Very abundant in all the wooded vicinity.

Mus decumanus, Pallas. M. inusculus, Linn.

Ever^'where about the fort and other settlements.

Fiber zibethicus, Cuvier. Common.

Lepus sylvaticus, Bach.

One specimen from the neighboring island of Shackleford — the only one I ever saw in the vicinity. I scarcely think that it occurs on Borden, where the next species abounds.

L. palustris, Bach.

The most abundant and characteristic mammal of the island.

I gave some account of this species, in the Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society for 1869 (p. 89), and have little to add to what there appears, or may be gathered from Audubon's and Bachman's article.

The animal sometimes reproduces in April, more commonl}'^ in May, and thence during part of the summer ; I do not know whether more than one litter is reared, but think such is the case. The nest is a snug, pretty affair, in a tussock of rank grass or

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15

■sveods, or little shrubby patch, in a dry situation. It is sunk a little in the ground, then arched over, with an opening on one side; built of dried grasses, mixed with a few leaves, and warmly lined with the animal's own fur. All those I have seen were so far from water as to be out of reach of anj"^ possible rise of the tide.

This appears to be the most distinct of the several species closely related to the foregoing ; and is in fact distinguishable on sight, as some of the others are not.

Didelphys virginiana, Shaw.

Syn. I), calif or )uca, Bennett, P. Z. S., i, 1833, p. 40. — D. brcviccps, Id., ibid. — D. 2rrui>iosa, Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, ill, 1843, p. 40.

Abundant in the wooded portions of the vicinity.

Having made this animal a special stud}', I am in position to offer remarks which cannot be reasonably- questioned. Although my investigations were rather anatomical than zoological, I did not neglect the latter portion of the subject. The more speci- mens I examined, the more I was struck with the variations that depend upon sex and age, as well as those that different indi- viduals corresponding in these conditions present. An examina- tion of these points in the natural histor}^ of a single animal, may give results of general application. And yet, in calling attention to the variability of the opossum, I do not wish to be understood as supposing that the animal is not as constant as many or most others ; for I believe it to be no exception to a general standard or average in this respect. I doubt that one could stud^^ any mammal as closely as I have the opossum, without being simi- larly impressed. The following paragraphs are mainly confined to consideration of external characters. I can affirm that not one of the characters assigned to the supposed species above cited, is not to be found in specimens of D. virginiana from the same localit}' ; that the differences indicate individual peculiarities ; and that even npon striking an average of preponderance of certain characters, common to each in various degree, no results will be obtained warranting the separation of the opossums from the southwest as even a geographical race or variety. The assertion is made, it should be understood, upon consideration of descrip- tions only, without direct comparison of specimens.

Professor Baird remarks (Mex. B. Survey, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 33), that " although there are some differences in the skulls of the D.

isn.]

16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

virginiana [and of D. californica\ yet I am unable to establish on them any specific characters. In fact, the variation in the thick- ness and length of the muzzle in different specimens, in addition to other points, are so great, as readily to convey the impression of mail}' more species than really exist." This is certainly true, and, I think, is speaking within bounds. The author's tables of measurements of skulls of D. virginiana show a difference of nearly an inch and a half in total length, in only four specimens ; yet this scarcely represents extremes between the largest old males and the smallest young (though full-grown) females. I have skulls before me upon which a person so minded might base very specious geneiHc characters. The lateral measurements of the skull are variablj^ proportionate to the longitudinal ones. The muzzle is sometimes tumid, at others regularly conic. Some- times the interparietal crest forms a high arch, at others is only a direct backward and upward prolongation of the face. This crest may be only a fourth of an inch, or more than half an inch above the expanded surface of the par'ietals, and when so large it ma}^ be partially detached, appearing like an osseous lamina developed in the fascia separating the masseteric muscles. Gene- rall}", it is in direct proportion to the size and strength of the individual, and is usually smallest in the female. The zj^gomatic arch is very variable in amount of outward curvature. The ramus of the lower jaw may be neai-ly upright, or slope backward so far as to overreach the cond3de. It appears to vary with age. The long lower border of the jaw-bone may form a slight regular curve, or a strong irregular one. In two specimens before me, the difference in total length of this bone alone is a full inch, and the smaller of the two is that of the older animal, as shown by the stronger ridges and deeper depressions for muscular attach- ments, and the much-worn teeth. The difference in length between two canine teeth (both unworn) is a fourth of an inch ; the pos- sessors of these were both adult animals. In general, the tusks of the male are longer and stronger than those of the female. It is unnecessary to cite further details. Elimination of all these and other accidental variations shows how very different a skull should be, to furnish specific characters.

The length of the tail, compared with the length of the body, appears to have been relied upon in some instances ; but, for several reasons, it is difficult to predicate anything upon this

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. It

character. In the first place, it is impossible to always measure the tail from the same point. There is no visible point of separa- tion of tail from bod}^; tlie latter narrows regularly and gradually into the former, so that we cannot say where one ends and the other begins. Measurement from the end of the fur is usually supposed to be meant ; and about where the true fur ends the scal}^ plates begin. But it will be quite safe to allow for a varia- tion of at least two inches in this regard. I have certainly seen so much difference as this, as well as I could judge. This refers to external measurements of the animal in the flesh ; the dried, especiall}' if skinned, tail can afford no data whatever. Finall}-, appeal to the vertebrte themselves is not infallible, for these may var}' . The first coccygeal vertebra (as I hold it to be) resembles the others in ph3'sical characters, but is really a part of the sacrum, being anchylosed therewith. At the extremity of the tail, one vertebra or more may be lost without evident trace. The termi- nal dozen or more bones have no neural canal, nor any notice- able parts beyond the impervious centra by which they articulate; they resemble the internodes of a digit. The tail is singularly liable to ulceration upon injur}'^, when one or more bones may exfoliate from the end, and the subsequent cicatrix be scarcely' recognizable.^ I met with one such case. It would not be safe to base a specific difference upon less than three or four inches in length of tail ; and this should be taking age for age of the animal, of course, and be only declared of specimens measured in the flesh. In color, the opossum's tail is usually in largest part whitish or flesh-colored, blotched with a dark livid or blackish hue toward the base. The degree of blotching and the shapes of the dark spaces vary with almost every individual. Sometimes most of the tail is dark colored ; sometimes there is almost no pigment in the scales. Absolutelj^ nothing can be pre- dicated of this feature.

The ears of this creature are very thin and membranous, and

' It is also highly probable that the coccygeal vertebrae uormally vary one or two in number, that is to say, we may find 21, 22, 23 bones, without any having been lost by accident or disease. Tliis, however, is an opinion of mine, not an observation. Some small long-tailed animals vary more than this ; e. g., Mr. Allen says (Bull. :Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 8, p. 228) tliat Eespemmys leucopus may have from 24-5 to above 30 caudal vertebra?. Other Muridce appear to vary quite as much. 1871.]

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

mostly nuked, reminding one of the texture of a bat's wing. In color, they are like the tail ; usually dark, blotched or rimmed with flesh-color ; but they may be wholly blackish or mostly whitish ; it is impossible to base any character upon their colora- tion. The general shape of the conch may be called pyriform (base uppermost) or subcircular ; but it is not easy to see what the shape really is, unless the ear is pressed out flat. From their texture, they shrink and shrivel in drying. I have never seen a Virginian opossum with so pointed an ear as "D. californicus" is represented to possess in pi. iii. of the Mexican Boundary Sur- vey ; but if, as I presume, the drawing was made from a dried specimen, it is not trustworthy in this point, for indeed the true shape of the ear could have been only guessed at. The ears, like the tail, are peculiarly subject to disease ; and may ulcerate away entirely, as I have observed in animals kept in confinement; and this, too, without appreciable general ill-health.

The general body colors are amongst the most variable features. The variation is largely a matter of individual diflerence ; but there are certain things that influence it in a general way ; espe- cially age. The opossum grows gray Avitli age, as a rule ; half- grown ones seen at a little distance give the impression of a lilackish animal; old ones, of a whitish animal. The paws are particularly A^ariable. Generally, they are among the darkest parts, and are often quite blackish ; frequentl}-, they are as pale as any other parts. Not to go into tedious particulars in this connection, I may say, in short, that I have seen no points of coloration adduced for D. californica that might not be easily matched out of a dozen individuals of the Eastern species, with a single exception. To the best of my recollection, I have not seen a specimen of Virginiayia with paws completely black to the nails.

Under the circumstances, it seems most probable that a second species of Didelphys remains to be determined, if occurring within our limits.

II. BIRDS.

The list is restricted to those species that came under personal observation on the unwooded portion of the island itself, and on the waters of the immediate vicinitj^ ; for an exhibit of the strictly littoral and maritime bird fauna, as distinguished from that of

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19

the locality at large, seemed to promise the more of real interest. At the same time it should be remembered, that any of the Pas- seres, &c., of the wooded main land adjoining, not here noted ma}^ occasionall}^ stray into the shrubbery of the sand-bars. Tlie catalogue of the water birds is believed to be pretty full. Aside from these, and excepting a few mai-itime land birds like the Am- modrami for example, the bird-fauna of the locality appears to differ from that of the State at large, mainly in the absence durino- the breeding season of species that, like the robin and nieadow- lark, pass the summer as well as other seasons in higher parts, and perhaps, also, in a rather earlier arrival in spring, and later departure in the fall, on an average, of the migrants.

Turdus migratorius.

Spring and fall, especially March and November ; some winter ; none observed in summer.

Turdus pallasii.

Spring and fall, occasional, in the shrubbery; spec, in Xov. As elsewhere* noted, this species migrates earlier in the spring and later in the fall than its nearest allies ; and I have no doubt that it winters in this vicinity.

Turdus aliciae.

Like the last, but later in coming ; specs, in April and Ma}'.

Mimus polyglottus.

Resident ; common ; but not so abundant as it is inland, and especially somewhat further south.

Mimus carolinensis.

Resident ; common ; but most numerous during the migration.

Anthus ludovicianus.

Abundant, in flocks, from early in Xovember till Apri/.

Thryothorus ludovicianus.

Common ; resident ; mates in March ; nests and lays in April ; young obtained May 9.

Telmatodytes palustris.

Abundant, particularly duTing the migration. It continues in plenty through part of Xovember at least, and I think that some

' Coues and Prentiss, Smithsonian Report for 1861, p. 40-1 18T1.]

20 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADExMY OP

may winter here. jN'o nests were observed, and I doubt that any breed in this locality, although it is a common summer bird in Virginia swamps, and I found it breeding in the same latitude (about 35° N.) in the West.

Cistothorus stellaris.

One specimen, October 11, 1869, the only time that I ever saw the bird alive.

Geothlypis trichas.

The most abundant and characteristic of its family, in summer ; and I presume, but do not feel sure, that some pass the winter here. They arrive in numbers during the latter part of March and early in April, when many of them have not acquired their full dress. They begin to sing almost immediately, and many nest in April. Young birds may be seen early in May, along with the first broods of the Carolina wren, and from that time until August. The species remains plentiful through part of November.

Parula americana.

Only occasional during the migration (one spec, in September).

Dendroeca coronata.

Very abundant in winter ; complementing the j^ellow-throats at that season. They arrive late in October ; become more nume- rous the following month, and remain until the last of March or early part of April, frequenting the shrubbery in flocks with the savanna sparrows. None were observed to have gained their full plumage before leaving.

Dendroeca discolor.

Arriving late in April, these birds become very numerous in May, when nearly every patch of juniper and clump of bushes has one or more in full song, and continually foraging for winged insects, which they catch in the air with great adroitness. The greater number pass north to breed, but many remain during the summer, especially in thinly wooded sandy tracts of the neigh- borhood.

Dendroeca striata.

Occasional, in the shrubbery, during the migration.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21

Dendroeca palmarum.

Kather frequent, particularly late in the fall, in low shrubbery, with the sparrows.

Progne purpurea.

Common, March to October ; as many as can find accommoda- tion breed about the fort.

Hirundo horreorum.

During the migration only; then abundant.

Hirundo bicolor.

Abundant during the migration. Numbers made their appear- ance January 11, 1870, on a warm day, though there had been ice a half inch thick two days before. They almost immediately disappeared during some blustering weather, but reappeared in greater numbers than before on the 20th, and were occasionally seen from that time until the regular migration took place, in April.

Cotyle riparia.

During the migration.

Vireo novaeboracensis.

Common summer resident of the shrubber}', April — October.

Vireo olivaceus.

Occasionally seen, during the migration.

Pyranga sestiva.

Frequent, in summer.

Chrysomitris tristis.

Common, in flocks, from November to April. Here it spends much of its time on the ground, feeding apparently in greatest part upon the seeds of Cenchrus trihuloides.

Passerculus savanna.

The characteristic sparrow ; very abundant everywhere out- side the marsh itself, from October to Ma}* ; none remain through the summer. Its numbers do not perceptibly decrease until the middle of April, when the greater part move northward ; but loiterers are seen through most of Maj'. Their earliest connected notes are heard late in March ; and they are in full song and

1871.]

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

plumage before tlicy leave. Some straggle back in September ; more arrive in October, and the full complement appears with the first cold weather of November.

Zonotrichia albicoUis.

Only occasional, in winter and during the migrations ; although very abundant on the neighboring mainland.

Melospiza melodia.

Common ; resident ; but most numerous from October to April, as most of them pass northward for the summer.

Melospiza palustris.

Common ; resident, I think, as I saw them after May, although I did not observe them through either of the two summers. They seemed most plentiful in November, when many were sing- ing. The ordinary chirp of this species is totally different from that of the last. A timid bird, courting the seclusion of the thick bushes that border the marsh, it forms a sort of connecting- link between the two last species that frequent open grassy places and sparse shrubbery, and the two next, that are confined to the marsh itself.

Ammodromus caudacutus.

Living side by side with the next, and with the same general habits and manners, the sharp-tailed finch nevertheless has some obvious peculiarities, as compared with the seaside. As the two species spring up together from the reeds, the sharp-tailed is re- cognized at a glance by its inferior size, and its general yellow- ish appearance, closely resembling, in these respects, the Gotur- niculus 2^o,sse7-inus, the place of which it appears to fill in the marshes. Seen at the same hasty moment, the seaside looks more like the marsh sparrow ; but the general impression re- ceived is of a gray, instead of a rufous bird ; and its nearest approach, in color, is to the Foospiza Belli. The difi'erence in plu- mage between spring specimens, in full dress, of the sharp-tailed, and the 3'oung of the same, in the fall, is striking, and greater than has usually been mentioned ; it consists chiefly in the pale- ness or almost want of the orange-buff that marks the hisfhest condition. There is also a remarkable difference between the two species of Ammodromus, in the time of the vernal moult. The seaside finches were all found in full feather, and with highly

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23

developed sexual organs, from the beginning of April; while the sharp-tailed remained in moult through the same month. This, of itself, is a good indication of some notable difference in the time, and probably the places, of breeding. I do not thinlc that any of the sharp-tailed finches breed hereabouts ; and it was not until Maj^, when they appeared to be about leaving, that I found any with excited organs, or in perfect plumage. At that date the seasides were mating and nesting, if not already incubating. In the fall, when both species are again together, it is only during a part of the season that they are found in equal numbers. This is during the warm days of October, when they loiter in troops about the bushes around the edges of the marsh, as well as among the reeds. Previously, in September, there are few of tlie sharp-tailed to be seen ; and on entering the marshes in Novem- ber, the seasides will be found scarce or altogether wanting, while the former are still abundant. These observations, which I made very carefullj', are mutually explanatorj^, and point to the fact that these two species, so closely allied, so often found to- gether, and so commonly spoken of in identical terms, have really a different range of habitat (one being more northerly than the other), migrate independently of each other, moult at separate seasons, and breed more or less apart.

Ammodromus maritimus.

More numerous, on an average, than the last, and more truly characteristic of the localitj^, as it breeds here in great numbers. In April it retires from the interior of the marsh, to place its nest among the bordering bushes, a little above high-water mark. It begins to sing when mating, and is afterwards, during the in- cubating, particularly earnest and persevering about it. Each pair usually claims some particular copse, and the male has his favorite singing post, to which he continually resorts. The simple song is something like that of the yellow-winged sparrow, beo-innino- with a few slow notes, then a rapid trill, finall}^ slurred till it sounds like the noise made by some of the grasshoppers. The nest and eggs are now well known. The young in September are somewhat differently streaked from the adults, and appear to constitute Audubon's A. macgillivrayi.

The comparison that has been draAvn between the actions of the Ammodromi and of Sandpipers seems somewhat forced, and

1871.]

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

a more natural one might be traced In the Nuthutches, Titmice, and even Woodpeckers. They climb the reeds with remarkable ease, sliding up and down, skipping from one to another, and hanging in every attitude except head downwards ; they are doubtless much aided by the somewhat stiffened tail. On the ground, they are unmistakabl}' sparrow-like, and always pi'oceed b}'^ hopping; the flight does not differ noticeably from that of their several near allies. It is irregular and very quick, and they never remain long on wing. They are rather difficult to procure in large numbers, independently of the miry nature of the places they inhabit ; as they are not often, comparatively, seen at rest, and it is quite a knack, only acquired bj' practice, to shoot at them on wing with any certainty of killing. A collector will do well to take a score of them in a morning's walk, even when they are most abundant.

Comparing the Fringillidse of this seacoast locality with those of inland places of the same latitude, the distinctive features are seen in the Ammodromi, and in the great abundance of Passer- culus, together with the absence or only casual occurrence of seve- ral species elsewhere abundant. Thus, I never saw a Chipping Sparrow, Yellow-winged Sparrow, Bay-winged Bunting, or Snow- Bird, on the island.

Pipilo erythroplithalinus.

Common; summer resident, breeding; and just possibly a few spend the winter here, though I do not think I saw any between November and March.

Cardinalis virginianus.

Common ; resident ; breeds (in Maj^ and subsequently). Icterus spurius.

Moderately common, from the latter part of April, through a portion of September ; breeds.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

During the migrations only ; in spring, not abundant, mostly in early Ma}', when many are in full dress, and singing volubly ; in fall, very common, beginning to arrive late in August, and continuing througli October.

Agelaeus phoeniceus.

Resident ; abundant. They become more numerous during the

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25

latter part of January, begin to sing in March, get restless in earl}^ April, wlien they come into full feather, but continue in flocks for a week or two longer. The greater number then pass off northward, and those that remain begin to pair. They breed sometimes by the single pair, sometimes in companies with the jackdaws, and have their first eggs early in Ma}'; though other batches may be found throughout June and part of July. I estimated that a narrow strip of brushy ground about two miles long contained about a hundred pairs. The young begin to flock about the middle of July ; there may have been about a thousand in the tract just mentioned, before they were reinforced, in Au- gust, by new-comers from the north.

Sturnella magna.

Yevy abundant, in flocks, from October to April, when they pass north, or at an}' rate to higher grounds inland. I saw none breeding, and do not think I ever observed a pair during the summer.

Quiscalus major.

The characteristic species of the family, and very abundant. I judge it to be resident, though it is much less common during December and January, and may move off altogether during the extreme of the season. It does not seem to be authenticated as occurring beyond the Middle States ; and, however far north it ma}^ occasionally stray in summer, it is essentiall}' a bird of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. It is strictly maritime, and its food differs from that of most of its allies, much as that of the fish-crow does, in comparison with that of C. americanus. It feeds on molluscs, aquatic insects, fiddler-crabs, and small fry, which it catches expertly by wading in the water and striking with its bill, in a manner reminding one of a heron. It frequents the muddy flats at low tide, and for similar animal food, and is dispersed through the marsh in gleaning for seeds that form part of its fare. The sexes mingle in flocks, often of large size, up to some time in April, when they break up in pairs, several asso- ciating together in the same copse, and placing their nests close together in a sort of rookery, frequented also by the redwings and the green herons. The nests are bulky and inartistic, com- posed chiefly of interlaced twigs and intertwined grasses, gene- rally with the addition of a few dried leaves as lining or wadding ; 1871.] PART I.— 3

2G PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

I saw none with either mud or horsehair. The la3'ing season is at its licight thetliird or fourth week in April ; I did not find more than six, nor fewer than three, eggs in a nest. They measure on an average 1^ by a little OA'er ^ inch ; and have the usual shape and curious zigzag markings, on a pale bluish-green ground color. On leaving the nest, the young are curious-looking objects — clear brown above, pale gra}' or almost white below, with a naked space about the eyes, and flutfy tufts of down on the head. They appear early in June, and by the first of August both old and young are flocking. The 3'oung rapidly change after leaving the nest, the brown acquiring a greenish-black cast, the gray of the under parts becoming brown. Both sexes undergo a change in the early fall, after rearing of the young is over, and again in the spring. The moult begins on the head, and progresses back- ward, the quills and tail-feathers being renewed last. When in perfect plumage, the male is a splendid-looking bird ; its large fan-shaped tail, with the lateral feathers placed slantwise, giving it a jaunty air, and serving to steady its flight. A fuller account of this interesting species will be found in the " Ibis," 1870, p. 367.

Corvus ossifragus.

Verjr common, and resident, though less numerous in summer, and not to my knowledge breeding in the immediate vicinity, pro- bably through lack of suitable woods. They frequent the sea beach, contending with the turkey-buzzards and herring-gulls for the refuse from the fort, and scatter over the marsh, often in com- pan3Mvith the last species, feeding upon various animal substances gatliered from the shoals and mud-flats, such as shell-fish, fiddler- crabs, and aquatic worms.

Tyrannus pipiri. {T. caroUnoisis.)

Common summer resident, April to September; breeds. This is the only one of the family that appears to regularly visit the island, though four or five species at least are common in the woods of the adjoining land.

Ceryle alcyon.

Occasional, at any season.

Chordeiles virginianus.

Very common, from April to October; breeds, and is especially numerous in August.

o'

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 2Y

Coccygus erythrophthalmus.

Frequent, during the migration.

Colaptes auratus.

Rare or occasional (one specimen taken October 10, IS'IO).

The Picus querulus, although not actually observed on the island, may be here noticed, as one of the characteristic species of the South Atlantic States, and an abundant bird of the pine swamps of the neighboring mainland, where it is resident. It is easily distinguished from our other Pici proper, at any reason- able distance ; first by its different note, and next bj- the greater blending of its colors, producing a gra3'ish appearance at a dis- tance where the other species still look definitely black and white. The sexes are exactly alike, except that the ? lacks the red over the auriculars, and of the same size ; average measurements give 8^^x15x4^; tail 3 J.

Falco sparverius.

Frequent ; apparentl}^ resident.

Accipiter cooperi.

Frequent ; apparently resident.

Accipiter fuscus.

Specimen in September.

Circus hudsonius.

Very common ; resident.

Fandion haliaetus.

Common, especialljMU spring and fall.

Haliaetus leucocephalus.

Frequently observed at different seasons.

Strix pratincola.

Occasional; specimen taken in' the marsh in daylight.

Brachyotus palustris.

Frequent, about the marsh.

Cathartes aura.

Abundant ; resident ; more numerous in summer than in winter ; believed to breed in the neighboring pine swamps.

1871.]

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Cathartes atratus.

This species was observed in summer too freqnentl}' to be con- sidered as merely a straggler, though it is far less abundant here than on the coast of the next State southward. Numbers were seen March 22d, 1810 (their first appearance that year) ; and in November of the same year I saw many near New Berne, N. C.

Zensedura carolinensis.

Resident ; abundant ; begins to flock in August, and so con- tinues until April.

Ortyx virginianus.

Casually on the island, which is not entirely suited to its wants ; plentiful in the vicinity.

Cliaradrius virginicus.

Common during the migration, particularly in October and November.

Aegialitis vociferus.

Abundant, especially during the migration, but observed at all seasons, and probably resident, though not known to breed.

Aegialitis semipalmatus. Aegialitis melodus.

These two species come and go together, and are usuall}^ found in company ; but the first named much outnumbers the last. They become very plenty in April, and so continue through that month and the next, after which none are to be seen until the latter part of August. In September and October they are again plentiful, and remain in scarcely diminished numbers until cold weather, frequenting all the water-edges with several other small waders. Before leaving in the spring, they come into perfect dress, with very brightly colored bill and feet, and the brilliant ring around the e3^e. All the colors are duller in the fall, although even at that season adults are easily distinguished from the birds of the year. The two species are easily told apart at any distance by the paleness of ^. melodus, which closely resembles the winter condition of the sanderliuo-.

Aegialitis wilsouins.

The characteristic species of the family ; summer resident ; breeding abundantly.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29

Iris brown ; no conspicuous coloring of the edges of the eye- lids ; bill wholly black ; legs pale flesh-color, sometimes with a livid, at others with a 3-ellowish, tint. Shade of the upper parts intermediate between that of meloclus and of semipalmatus ; % with a perfect black pectoral collar and bar across the vertex, the nape and cervix strongly tinged with rufous, as in the western species ; 9 with the bars plain grajdsh-brown, and with little rufous ; young, like the female, but duller and grayer. When newly hatched, the down of the upper parts is curiously varie- gated with brown and black ; the under parts are pure white ; the bill and feet are as in the adult.

None of these Plovers winter here. They come from the south late in March, with constant increase during April ; a part pass further north in May, but many remain to breed. Excepting a few stray sandpipers, they are the only waders of the beach during June and July. Before pairing and resorting to the sand-dunes to breed, they frequent the beach, sand-shoals, mud-flats, and scant- herbaged salt meadows indifferently, in flocks of considerable size, keeping much among themselves ; their size, longer legs, and large black bill render them conspicuous among their congeners ; they are rather shyer than the rest, and their note is decidedly differ- ent. In those opened were found gravel, insects, soft substances apparently both animal and vegetable, and fragments of small molluscs, particularly the fragile young of the Solen ensis.

Some account of their nidification, and a description of the eggs, will be found in the American Naturalist for September, 18G9. This occasion is taken to repeat that the usual number of eggs is three, not four.

Squatarola helvetica.

Abundant during the migration, particularly in October. Here they frequent the water-edges, and the flesh is hardly so good as when they feed over uplands.

Strepsilas interpres.

Very common during the migration, and some probably winter. In May, just before they leave, very perfect specimens may be pro- cured. They begin to return the last of August, and soon become abundant. Many of the old birds at this time retain much of their spring attire, and are thus readily distinguished from the young. 1871.]

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Gallinago wilsonii.

Common during the migration, and often in winter ; but are somewhat uncertain. They frequent the marsh, &c. ; but rarely, if ever, the more open ground about the harbor.

Macrorhamphus griseus.

Yery abundant during the migration, and perhaps some winter, as they may be taken in December. They occur in large flocks on the sand-bars and mud-flats, as well as on the salt meadows; and aff'ord excellent shooting. They are not so common in the spring, and the passage is more rapid.

Pelidna americana.

Yery abundant, April and May, and September to November ; some may remain all winter. A large part of them attain their per- fect dress before leaving in the spring ; and it is partly retained by many during the full migration, when, however, most of them are in plain gray plumage. The vernal change begins early in April, soon after the main body arrives from the south. Even in spring they are often found exceedingly fat ; and in the fall their corpu- lence seems onlj'' limited by the capacity for expansion of the skin. In examining a great number, I found a variation of a third of an inch in the length of the bill ; but this is alwa3^s consider- ably over an inch long, and never quite straight. They seem to prefer muddy flats to the beach, and are among the most snipe- like of the sandpipers.

Actodromas bonapartei.

Common, during the migration, associating in flocks with several other species. The larger size, and conspicuously white rump, mark it at once from Ereimetes, and the next species, its most frequent companions.

This little species is liable to be found in sandy and muddy places throughout North America, east of the Rocky Mountains. It breeds in Labrador, where, in July and August, it is one of the most abundant shore birds ; and in various parts of British America. I found it migrating through Kansas in May.

Actodromas minutilla.

Extremely abundant, April and May, and August to October, both on the beacli, in flocks with the nest, and also in muddy meadows.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 31

The beach and marsh are cleared of all their sandpipers about the first of June ; and, for some six weeks, scarcely a straggler of an}^ sort is to be seen. But about the middle of July — a few days before or after the 15th — a few of this and the next species reappear, and in August the numbers are materiall}^ increased, still in advance of the main body of September arrivals. It is an open question about these July birds. It seems improbable that the}'^ should have gone so far north as the most southern places where we know of their breeding, and have raised a brood, in the short six weeks of their disappearance. Probably they are either those that left in the van of the spring migration, or those that did not accomplish a complete migration, from whatever cause.

Ereunetes pusillus.

Extremely abundant, as elsewhere along the Atlantic coast, during the migrations ; here, chiefly from early April to June, and from August (see above) through October. They show as decided preference for the beach as the least sandpipers do for muddy flats.

Calidris arenaria.

Very abundant at all times, excepting during the three summer months. The greater number pass north early in May, but a few linger until June. Some arrive late in August, and most of them in September. After October they are conspicuous by their light color, appearing almost white at a distance. The vernal change commences in April, but the process is slow, and few completely ruddy birds are seen here. Up to a short time before their de- parture, they continue in compact flocks ; but in May, are more dispersed, and the prospective pairs are seen chasing each other over the sand, the males, puffed up to nearly twice their usual size, going through a variety of odd motions, and piping in ex- cited tones.^

1 In this bird, with no external trace of a hallux, the accessory metatarsal is present, without, however, bearing even a rudimentary phalanx, and without causing any protuberance of the metatarsal envelope. It is a small oval or somewhat reniform ossicle, slightly twisted on itself, and deeply sulcate along the middle, lying in the fossa between the three prongs of tlic meta- tarse, where it is ligamentously bound down. It lacks the usual roughened surface of opposition with the principal bone. Independently of morpholo- 18T1.]

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Symphemia semipalinata.

Resident, but less common during the colder months ; very abundant at other times, and one of the few waders that regularly breed here. Numbers arrive from the south in March and April; a part of them proceed further north, and the rest, in May, scatter over the marshes to breed. In August the ranks are again re- cruited by the numbers hatched here, and in September by others returning. The large size, variegated color, and restless, noisy disposition combine to render it one of the most notable birds of the vicinity in summei'.

Gambetta melanoleuca. <

Gambetta flavipes.

Both common during the migration — the first named the more abundant.

Rhyacophilus solitarius.

Onl}' observed in April and May, and September and October, and not abundant.

Tringoides macularius.

Summer resident, arriving late in March, becoming very abun- dant in April, and the greater number passing north in May; but the young are common in July.

Limosa fedoa.

Abundant during the migrations, particularly in the fall. Pos- sibly some may breed in the vicinit}^, but I am not sure of this. Some appear in August, many moi'e in September, and they con- tinue plentiful about the harbor until December.

Numenius longirostris.

Resident ; abundant during the migrations, and rather common at other times. I observed it in February, and at irregular intervals through the summer, when it is sparingly dispersed over the marshes, in all probability breeding.

Immense flights of curlew sometimes occur in October and

gical considerations, its presence is not readily accounted for ; but it seems to be a sort of trochlear ossicle, for the guidance if not the increased action of the flexor tendons. This bone, in a more or less rudime'ntary condition, may perhaps be discovered in more three-toed birds than are now believed to possess it.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33

March. Some flocks that I witnessed must have contained thousands of birds. These were not the species just named, but "whetlier hudsonicus or borealis was not ascertained.

Recurvirostra americana.

I scarcely think that this is a regular, and it certainly is not, according to my observations, a common migrant here. The only time I identified it with certainty, was on the 12th of September, when a flock of six was seen.

Ardea herodias.

A resident species, common on the marshes at all seasons. This and the Bittern are the only species of the family' that I observed in winter. I do not know that it breeds in the imme- diate vicinit}^, but such is probably the case.

Herodias egretta.

Only observed late in summer, and through autumn, when raoderatel}^ common, and generally seen in small flocks.

Garzetta candidissima.

Apparently a summer resident, though not observed breeding. I first saw it early in May, when it appeared to be migrating, but individuals were obtained at various times during the summer. Thej'^ were oftenest in flocks of considerable size. Old birds killed in July still had lengthened plumes on the head and breast, but the former were not recurved, and the dorsal ones were wanting. Except in these respects, the birds of the year were like the adults. The}^ remain until October at least, and probably later.

Butorides virescens.

Summer resident, and verj' abundant, arriving late in March and early in April, and remaining until October. They breed in colonies with the jackdaws, placing the nests in the thick shrub- bery that covers part of this end of the island. The nests are rather large and frail platforms of loosely interlaced twigs, built on dense beds of small branches, or saddled in a crotch, or swung like hammocks upon a mass of climbing vines. The birds begin to lay the second or third week in April, but some do not fill the nest until after the first of May. The complement is usually five or six; but I have found only four, and in one instance seven — the latter number probably being the maximum. The old birds

1871.]

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

sbed their dorsal plumes during the period of incubation ; the young, for some time after quitting the nest, show traces of down here and there, particularly about the head.

Botaurus lentiginosus.

I tliinlc that the Bittern will prove a resident species here, though I have only observed it from September to May. It is quite common in the fall; thus, I have shot two or three, and seen as many more in an afternoon's walk in October. Singular as it may seem, viewing the abundance of the bird, and its wide distribution over Xorth America, a complete histor}'' has not yet appeared. The earlier accounts are defective, and not entirely accurate. Perhaps the best notice we have is Mr. Endicott's, in the American Naturalist, iii, p. 169.

Kallus crepitans. (= R. longirostris, Bodd.)

This is probably the most abundant, and it is certainly one of the most characteristic birds of the locality. It should j^roperly be classed among the resident species, although its numbers are greatly diminished during December to February, and it may entirely disappear in very cold weather. Its ranks are largel}^ recruited in March, and little or no decrease is perceptible until November. It becomes very noisy in April, and the marshes resound with its harsh cries until the next autumn. The laying season is at its height during the latter part of April, and through a portion of May ; but eggs may be procured nearly all summer. A full account of its nidification, with other particulars, will be found in the American Naturalist, iii, p. 600. I have nothing to add to what is there given, but I would now increase the number stated as an average nest-complement of eggs, to nine or ten. The largest number found in a nest was twelve, although there is no certainty", in such a case as this, that all were deposited by the same bird.*

' Embryos about one-half developecl, taken May 14, afforded the follow- ing tracts of the downy plumage. Pteryla capitis continuous, thougli weak, and running uninterrupted into prolongation of both spinal and ventral. The strong pt. spinalis commences as a single band on the median line over the coccyx, divides after passing the pelvis into two slightly divaricating bands, that approach but do not join on the cervix, and run uninterrupted to the nape — inclosing a narrowly lanceolate space on the back, and a linear one on the hind neck ; but this is very narrow, and would probably

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35

Forzaua Carolina.

During the migration onl}-, in April, Maj-, and part of August to October ; then common.

P. noveboracensis.

One individual observed April 12th, under circumstances that left no doubt of the identification.

The numbers of wild-fowl that throng the sinuosities of the coast in winter are simpl}^ incalculable. Immense flocks cover the waters of the harbor; and 3^et these are said to be inconsiderable compared with those upon the land-bound reaches of water a little removed from the coast. Aside from the natural conditions determining this influx of the Anatidse, such as congenial latitude, convenient feeding-grounds, and an abundant supply of food, we ma}^ attribute a part of the number of water-fowl to the incessant and systematic persecution they suffer somewhat further north. Here they are comparativel}'' free from annoyance, their destruc- tion not being attempted methodicall}', nor usually with any con- siderable degree of skill. A few of the species appear in the early fall, but the great flight does not fairly set in until the cold weather of November. The numbers are full the following month, and continue undiminished through the winter. The decrease is

disappear soon, by fusion of the two branches on the upper half of the neck behind. The pt. humeralis is completely isolated by apterise from sur- rounding tracts ; it is short but wide and strong, and lies parallel with the spinal. The pt. femoralis is doubled ; an inner and outer row of feathers are entirely separate, and both of them are strong. The under or upper band arises over the extremity of the pelvis, and runs with slight obliquity to the front of the knee ; the outer arises from the side of the coccyx, and runs parallel with the other along the lower edge of the outer aspect of the thigh to the crus ; it is there almost continuous with the ventral tract, and is hut slightly separated at its origin from the caudalis ; but is as widely separated from the other femoral tract as this last is from the spinal. The pt. cruris is as yet only indicated by a few sparsely distributed follicles, with the feathers beginning to protrude along the anterior and posterior borders ; the pt. alaris is in the same condition, and the caudahs but little more advanced. The ventral pteryla is double througli- out ; its branches are separated from each other on the neck, by as much space as they are from the spinal tract ; and rather abruptly divaricate on the breast, inclosing a broad oval space, finally approaching gradually as they pass backward. The anal circlet of feathers is just perceptible, but that around the oil-gland is not visible. 1871.]

36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

very great in March, and few are found later. I do not know that more than one species is resident.

Bernicla canadensis.

A few geese ma^'^ come in October, but they are not plenty for a month subseuqently. Some are to be seen in April, but the greater number depart in March. I think that occasionally a pair ma}^ remain to breed in the vicinity, as I have seen a brood in domestication, said to have been raised from the egg ; a state- ment that bears weight from the impossibilit}^ of procuring young birds in any other wa}'. But such instances are doubtless excep- tional. Geese may be procured, in season, for a dollar, or even less, apiece ; a fact of itself attesting their abundance.

Bernicla brenta.

Common in winter, and seen until April 6. This and the last were the only geese observed ; uor did I ever hear the gunners allude to any white ones, though I should judge that A. hyper- boreus would also occur in winter.

Anas boschas. Very common.

Anas obscura. Common.

Dafila acuta.

Common. Among the earlier October arrivals.

Cbaulelasmus streperus. Common.

Mareca americanai Common.

Querquedula discors. Nettion carolinensis.

Both teals are very common, and are among the first to arrive, and the last to leave ; flights occurring in September, and some- times even in August.

Aiz sponsa.

Resident ; abundant ; breeds on the island.

The Anatiuffi, as a group, are outnumbered in the harbor by the Fuligulinn?, and none of them are so numerous as some of the sea-ducks. The reverse is said to be the case on the inland waters.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37

Bucephala americana. (= B. dangula ?) Bucephala albeola. Fulix marila. Fulix affinis. Aythya americana.

Of these the two last named are apparently the most abundant. The canvas-back I have never seen here.

Oedemia perspicillata.

Yery common. Early in November, 1870, before the comple- ment of general wild-fowl was made up, these were perhaps the most abundant ducks on the harbor, mixed with a number of the next species. By far the larger proportion were females and young. The young males at this season almost exactly resemble the females ; having the two Avhitish spots on each side of the head, and bill wholly black, the place of the future black spot in the bill being indicated b}^ a slight corrugation of the skin. But they are generally distinguishable by the presence of a few per- fectl}^ black feathers about the head, and by the rather more turgid bill.

Oedemia americana.

Common. The female and young are distinguished from those of the last by the different number of tail-feathers, different shape of bill, and the continuously whitish sides of the head ; other- wise the resemblance is very close. Both are known as " black ducks," and by a probable further confounding with A. ohscura, are pronounced good eating by those who do not intend to eat them.

Mergus serrator.

Very abundant. I should judge this to be the most numerous of all the family in this vicinity. They are alwa3's on the harbor from October to April, and a few both earlier and later ; and are not much molested, being unacceptable even to not over-fasti- dious people. The distribution of their colors, showing large pure white areas, marks them out at any distance ; the Bucephala^ being the only ducks to which thej^ bear any special resemblance.

Pelecanus fuscus.

A few observed at irregular intervals through the summer months.

1871.]

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Sula bassana.

Several were seen during foul weather, in February and Marcli, both 3'ears ; but the species is not a common, if indeed a regular, winter visitor.

Graculus floridaniis.

Cormorants ma}'^ be seen at intervals the whole j'ear, and are common except during the warmer mouths. There are two species ; but I did not succeed in ascertaining their times of arrival and departure. The summer birds are all, without doubt, the G. fioridanus, to which species a full-plumaged specimen, cai^tured in the spring of 1869, belonged ; and the winter ones are in all probability

Graculus dilophus.

Very common in winter. Judging from the light brown ap- pearance of most individuals observed at this season, they were chiefly young birds.

Puffiuus fuliginosus.

A specimen taken May 21, 18Y0, in fine plumage, but injured in one of the webs ; this disabilit}^ probably accounting for its exceptional occurrence. It was caught b^' hand near the shore, and kept alive for some time. Placed on a level surface, it could with difficulty stand upright, and on endeavoring to walk, sprawl- ed with the use of its wings and by hooking itself along with the sharp point of the bill — not, however, grasping with both mandibles. I was before ignorant of this method of assisting locomotion on land, but can readily believe it to be a habit of birds of this family, and a means of approaching and leaving the places where many of the petrels are known to breed. The bird showed some spirit, snapping with all its strength ; but was per- fectly silent.^

• Length 18, extent 40, wing 12, tail 4, bill 1|, tarsus 2^, middle toe and claw 2f .

Some jDoints in the coloration of this specimen might lead one to suppose it to be a state of P. major. The accompanyiug cut (of natural size) shows a great irregularity in the contour of the posterior border of the sternum.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

Larus smithsonianus.

Winter resident ; verj-^ abnndant ; the characteristic and onl}'- common bii'd of the famil}' throughont that season. I have been repeatcdl}^ assured that some of the " sea-gulls," as this species is called in distinction from the smaller kinds, remain all summer, but have never seen any at that season, and doubt the statement, except perhaps in its application to diseased or otherwise disaliled individuals. Some, however, certainly linger longer in spring than would have been anticipated, being seen almost until June. There is little falling off in their numbers in March; but most of them pass northward early in April, about the time that the Terns and Ghrcecocephali make their appearance. A few arrive in Septeml:ter, but the}^ are not plentiful until the latter part of October. In consequence of being rarely molested, the}' become quite familiar, often mixing with the tame geese about the fort, and permitting themselves to be approached within a few feet ; still, as a rule, they show that they have an excellent idea of gunshot range. Three styles of these gulls are easily distinguished. The birds of the year are smokj'-brown (becoming grayer towards spring), and differ in this respect from the young of any other species occur- ring here. The birds hatched the previous summer but one are pale gra3'ish, with the blue of the mantle showing in irregular patches, the primaries wholly black, and the rectrices either the same or white with a terminal black bar. The birds in their third 3'^ear are in perfect plumage, but show the dusky streaking of the head and hind neck characteristic of the winter plumage. The bills of the birds of the first class are black; of the second, flesh-color, black-tipped; of the third, j-ellow, with or without the orange spot at the angle of the gonys. Most of the old birds regain their nuptial dress before leaving. They are rather silent during the winter, being rarely heard except when quarrelling for food; but in April, before they move off, the air resounds with their hoarse cries. Among the substances found in the stomach were the remains of a marsh-hare, though I hardly think that the animal could have been captured alive. L. delawarensis.

Spring and fall ; common, and jjrobabb/ also a winter resident, although I did not identify it at that season.^

1 In winter the head and hind neck of this species are definitely njiotled with blackish. In the case of the last species, and of, probably, the whole 1871.]

40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Chroecoceplialus atricilla.

Extremel}' abundant, in spring and fall. They appear the last of March or early in April, and become plentiful during the latter month. They remain so late, and are absent so short a time during the summer, that I think some breed near by, though I found none actually' nesting in the vicinity. Probably onlj' two years, instead of three, as in the ease of the larger Lari, are required for them to assume the perfect plumage. The majority of the spring birds are in full attire, but among them a large number of the conspicuously brown birds of the preceding year are always seen. A few return in August, many more in Septem- ber, and by the last of this month their number defies computation. It is no exaggeration to say that I have seen a thousand rise at the same moment from a single sand-bar where they were resting and Illuming themselves after feeding. They fish in companies often of numbers but little iuferior, following the shoals of small fry about the harbor, continually descending upon them, and rising on wing again after a moment's half-submergence. At such times they are in pursuit of the small fish that form the principal food of the blue-fish, and their presence is an unfailing guide. At this season the brown birds greatly outnumber the others. The adults are mostly moulting when they return, and retain traces of the spring plumage — seen in a slight glow of the under plumage, carmine tint in the duskj^ of the bill, red mouth, and slate about the head — at least until October, when the renewal is completed. The young of the year are quite definitely brown, etc., and bear little resemblance to the parents; but they may always be distinguished from any other gull by the length of the tarsus in comparison Avith the toes, and by the downward curva- ture of the end of the bill, which is sufficient to bring the tip nearly on a level with the angle at the sj'mphysis. The birds thin

race of "herriug-gulls," as argentatus, occidentalism etc., the same parts are streaked with lighter dusky. lu the gulls without black on the primaries, as glaucus, glaucescens, leucopterus, etc., this winter marking takes the form of obscure cloiidijig with grayish. These distinctions hold good with all the species of the family with which I am acquainted, and, moreover, the darkness of the plumage of the young of the year, in all, is correspondingly graduated from smoky -brown to pale gray. Similarly, the primaries and tail-feathers of the "white-winged" gulls above mentioned are, for the first year, gray like the general plumage ; while those of the others (including marinus) are black.

[May 2,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELnilA. 41

off in November, and few are seen after this month. I am not sure that amj remain all winter.

Chroecocephalus Philadelphia.

Extremely abundant, but only in spring and fall, being strictly

migrants here. The}' appear about the first week in April with

the last species, generally remain through most of May, and

return in September, remaining until the end of November. But

this general statement may be somewhat qualified in detail b}'

some observations that have interesting bearing, unless I wrongly

interpret them. In 1869, from the beginning of April until the

22d, the birds were here in great numbers, and with a marked

preponderance of old full-plumaged individuals. Without any

change in the weather, or other assignable cause, they suddenly''

disappeared, presumablj^ having moved northward. For a week

or ten days scarcely one was to be seen; when they became more

numerous, if possible, than before, and so continued through the

greater part of May. This last lot was almost entirely composed

of birds of the previous year, as shown b}^ the plumage, there

being hardly a black-headed one among them. I should judge,

therefore, that the old birds migrate in advance of the young, and

also that they move the more hurriedly of the two. It is probable,

moreover, that only these adults were going to breed that year,

although it is pretty certain that some gulls, at least, reproduce

before gaining their perfect plumage. In the fall few black-headed

ones are ever seen, the hood being lost before they reach this

latitude; but even at this season the old and young are readily

distiuguished by other marks. Man}' return in September, and

then the earliest ones to come are the young. I verified the same

o-eneral observations through four migrations that I witnessed.

This year (1810) there were few — almost no — birds in part of

October, after the September young appeared to have passed on ;

but as I write (Nov. 18) the harbor is covered with thousands

of old ones in their winter dress. They appear at a little distance

almost pure white, and are beautifully conspicuous among the

other gulls and the terns with which they associate.

Audubon is certainly mistaken in representing the female of this species with a brown hood. The sexes are not distinguish- able by any outward marks. If there is a United States gull with the head of the color shown in the plate just alluded to, it must 18*11.] PART I. — 4

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

belong to a species that has escaped the notice of later ornitho- logists.^

Thalasseus regius.

This tern certainl}^ breeds somewhere in the vicinity ; for, although I did not find any nests, I saw it constantly through two summers, and occasionally noticed birds so young that the}"^ were still receiving attentions from their parents ; while in June and July small flocks were often noticed pursuing so straight a course for long distances, that I had no doubt they were passing directly between their nests and their feeding-places. It commonly arrives from the south early in April, and through this and the next month is more abundant than at other times until the fall — a part, I presume, passing further north. It becomes numerous again in September, and so continues until the end of November. I cannot say whether or not any remain all winter, but think that, if observed at that season, it will be an exceptional case. It is more wary than any of the other terns, and is always the first to rise among the miscellaneous troops that fleck the sand-bars. It is conspicuous by its size and bright red bill ; and the young are easil}' distinguished hy the smaller size, yellow instead of red bill, and spotted plumage. The old birds lose the black pileum in September, the crown then becoming white, bordered behind by the long, loose blackish feathers of the occiput, and a few other dark ones on the sides of the head. The bill in winter is not so vivid in color as in summer, and much shorter. All the changes of the old are finished b}' October ; but the j^oung remain blotched, and with mere traces of the pearl-blue mantle, all the fall. I took one old bird with the feet curiously mottled with yellowish and black, and yellow claws — probably a pathological state, although the bird appeared perfectly health3\ These are vigorous, spirited birds, showing good fight when captured, and strong enough to bite prett}' severely. Their voice is loud and raucous, though still without the deep guttural intonation of that of the shear-waters.

Thalasseus acuflavidus.

Chiefly a migrant, but also a winter resident, sparingly ; none observed to pass the summer here. It becomes numerous early in April, with the last, and remains through part of May ; returns

' Qu. Larus capistratus of Bonaparte's Synopsis.

[May 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

in September (a few probably somewhat earlier), and is very com- mon until December. A large number shot in the middle of Sep- tember were in the same condition of plumage as T. regius was at the same time. The species ma^^ be marked out among its allies b}^ its size, its singularly trim shape, conspicuousl}^ black, long bill, yellow-pointed, and a gQUQval whiteness ; the mantle being paler than in any of the others. Specimens, even in the fall, frequently show a rosy blush of the under plumage, much like that generally supposed to characterize T. elegans of the California coast.

The difference in "the pattern of the coloration of the primaries of this bird, that was noted in my "Review" as separating the species (or whatever it is to be considered) from the European T. cantiacus, has not failed in a single instance that has come to my knowledge. No reliance, however, can be placed upon the yellow tip of the bill as a character ; this varies from nothing (in imma- ture specimens) up to a third, or nearly, of the total length of the bill, and no two specimens show exactly the same line of demar- cation between the yellow and the black. Specimens, as usual in this familj^, differ much in size, and particularly in the length and stoutness of the bill. The feet are always black, as in T. 7'egius.

Sterna Mrundo.

Yery common, but onlj- during the migration. Arriving from the south earl}^ in April, they all pass on during the following- month. They are abundant again in September and October, perhaps a little earlier and later, but I identified none except during these months. In the spring they are scarcely to be told with certainty, unless shot ; but in the fall they are conspicuous by the fact that they retain the black pileum, at least as long as they remain here. It has been stated, upon eminent authority, that this species never loses the black on the head ; and, although I do not confirm this from examination of specimens taken in the depth of winter, my observations until the end of October support it, and I do not remember to have seen in any museum a Wilson's tern without the feature in question. Numbers shot here in September had completed the winter plumage, and were newl}- feathered, except on the crown, where the black looked worn and faded, but was still unmixed with white, except a few specks on the extreme front. I presume that the change on this part of

1871.]

44 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OP

the body is very gradual. At this season the feet were simply orange-3'ellow, not vermilion, and the bill was dusky-shaded throughout. Some of the year's young had nearly perfect wing and tail featliers ; but the mantle showed dusky mottling, with some blackish areas upon the wing-coverts ; while younger still were marbled and otherwise beautifully variegated with gra}', light brown, &c. In all the young, the feet were yellowish, more or less obscured ; and the bill mostl,y black, with yellow or orange on the basal part of the under mandible ; it was smaller than that of the old, not so horny, and more obtuse.

Sterna Forsteri.

Chiefly migrant, but also winter resident. Compared with the last, there is, I think, a difference in the migrations, &c., something like that I have endeavored to show in the case of the Ammodromi^ this being the more northerly species of the two, migrating earlier in the spring and later in the fall, and wintering where 8. Wilsoni does not ; of the breeding I can say nothing from personal obser- vation. A few Forster's terns come back in August ; the}" become abundant the following month, and there is little or no decrease of their numbers until December, when a part go further south, to return the latter part of March, and the rest remain. It is one of the most plentiful terns on the harbor in October and ^N'ovem- ber, when it may be distinguished at any reasonable distance with ease ; Wilson's tern being the only one at all resembling it, and this being marked in the manner just indicated. Forster's at this season has the crown white, the occiput blackish, and a remark- ably distinct black transocular fascia, better marked than in any other species of ours. In this plumage it is unquestionably S. havelli, Aud., as I pointed out some years since. The bill is nearly as in summer, but not so bright ; the feet are orange instead of red. This plumage was finished in all of a number of old birds shot the second week in September. The young of the year can also be distinguished from the young of hirundo at ordinarj^ g^^n- shot range. The whole head is white, faintly washed with brown- ish, except the transocular fascia, which is pure black, and very sharply defined ; but nearly all the feathers of the crown have dusky bases, that will increase during the fall and coming winter, until the condition above noticed is attained. The eye-stripe is i^ inch long and about ^ an inch wide, reaching from the lores

[May 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45

through the eyes to and over the auriculars. The blue mantle only partly appears at this time, being lightly washed over with gray and clear brown; the rectrices are heavily dusky, as in hitntndo at the same season, but the dark color is on opposite webs in the two species. The wing-feathers are new and perfect, and more hoary-silvery than those of hirundo of the same ao-e • but the pattern of coloration is exactly duplicated. The feet are yellow, more or less obscured with duskj'.

Sterna antillarum.

Summer resident, from early in April until October ; and, except at the height of the influx of the other kinds, the most abundant tern of all. It breeds here in great numbers. Referrino- ao-ain to an article in the American Naturalist for September, 1869, for an account of its nidification, I have only to add here —

A tern shot May IT, had then an egg ready to be laid ; but most of the eggs are deposited towards June, and during the fore part of that month. The first young birds I noticed were flying June 20th ; but this was early for them, the broods not being fairly on wing until the middle of July. During all of May and June, indeed, there are plenty of immature birds about; but these, it should be observed, are of the last summer's broods, rendering the conclusion obvious that at least two j'ears are required to assume the perfect dress. These birds have the bill black, no black cap or white crescent, slaty auriculars and occiput, dark bar along the front edge of the wing, imperfectly colored primaries, and slightly forked tail ; thus not possibly to be con- founded with birds of the season, which are curiously variegated with graj'^-brown, and white, and show no pearly blue. The year- lings were in plenty with the adults at the breeding-grounds ; but whether or not the}^ were paired and had eggs too, was plainly im- possible to determine, as terns' eggs are almost never identified as to the exact parent, when numbers of the birds are breed- ing together. The usual number of eggs, I may repeat, is two, not three, and often only one is laid ; they do not average over 1:1^ X 1 inch. The black tip of the bill of this species varies from nothing to a fourth of the length of the bill. The distinctions between the species and S. minuta are constant and perfectly satisfactory.

isn.]

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Hydrochelidon fissipes.

Migrant only ; very abundant. This tern differs somewhat from the rest, in its times of migrating and other particulars. It is not very common, comparativel}', in spring, and passes north swiftly and silentl}^ The first spring I saw none until May 15th, and had begun to think that I had missed them, or that they ■ were migrating inland, when they became plenty, but only for a week or ten days. All that I saw were in perfect spring dress. They return in the van of all the terns, about the second week in August, when many are still black, but bj' far the greater number in the plumage of the j'oung. They remain until October — not later, I think — and during September are as common as any of the others. Although they flock with the rest over the harbor, and on its sand-bars, they also frequent the marsh, where they flutter about for hours, busy catching insects — chiefl}^ grasshoppers, I think — in a manner that reminds one of night-hawks similarly engaged ; and, in fact, the two birds are frequently associated together at such times.

Haliplana fuliginosa.

Concerning this species I can offer nothing bej'ond the record of the appearance of a flock Alarch 16, 1869, during a southwest gale. I have seen none since, and can as little account for this as for their isolated appearance on that occasion. If, as is most probable, the gull-billed, arctic and roseate terns pass this point, they escaped me altogether.

Rhynchops nigra.

These birds I have only noticed late in the summer, and during the autumn, though I presume that they pass by in the spring '■> none breed here, to my knowledge. In September they become plentiful, and so continue until the latter part of November, some doubtless remaining later. In examining large numbers of spe- cimens, I find a great difference in size, and particularly in the bill. Some individuals are fully a third heavier than others. The bill varies over an inch in length, and especially in the length of the under mandible. Sometimes the difference between the two man- dibles is hardly a third of an inch; at others, over an inch. The oblique striae on the under one are sometimes obsolete. In high condition, the bill is bright red (vermilion) and black ; otherwise, orange and black, or even mostly dusky, only yellowish at base.

[May 9,

NATURAL SCIEXCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 4Y

The young in the fall are curiously variegated with dusky and whitish above — few specimens being exactly alike. The note of this species is instantly distinguished from that of any of our other species of this family b}^ its deep guttural intonation, more like the croakino; of some herons than the cries of the o-ulls and terns. The bird also differs from its allies in going in true flocks, as distinguished from the gatherings, however large, in community of interest, that occur with the gulls and terns. The birds move synchronously, which is not the case with any of the others. They feed chiefly by night, or at any rate in the dusk of evening, at which time, in passing over the harbor, one maj^ hear their hoarse notes on every hand, and see the birds gliding swiftly along just over the water, either singly or in small flocks. During the day- time, when the gulls and terns ai-e busy fishing, the skimmers are generally seen reposing on the sand-bars, and they never drop on their prey like their allies. Their mode of feeding is not exactly made out, but it is believed they skim over the surface with the body inclined downward, the bill open, and the under mandible in the water, so that they really take their prey in a manner analo- gous to the feeding of whales.

Colymbus torquatus.

Abundant winter resident, from the latter part of September until Mixy. The greater part, however, do not arrive until some time in October, and a few linger through a portion of Ma^'. I took one full-plumaged bird alive in the latter part of June ; but it had evidently been prevented from migrating by sickness, and died shortly afterward.

Podiceps cristatus.

Occasional, in winter. (Specimen, January 29, 1870.)

Podilymbus podiceps. Frequent, in winter.

III. KEPTILES. I am indebted to my friend Mr. J. A. Allen, of Cambridge, Mass., for identification of some of the specimens.

Saitria.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, D, & B.

Yery abundant on the islands and sandy parts of the adjoin- ing mainland. They appear usually early in April, and may be 1871.]

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

found until cold weather in October. In spite of their remark- able agility, they are one of the animals oftenest found in the stomach of the larger snakes.

Alligator mississippiensis.

Of common and regular occurrence in the swamps of the ad- joining land, and said also to occur in the woody, marshy part of the island.

OpMsaurus ventralis, Daud.

One of the most abundant and characteristic reptiles of the island. The first examples noticed each year wei-e taken the third week in March, and this is probably the usual time of their appearance. Like the smaller lizard, they are out until the cold weather of October. They avoid the wetter parts of the island, and are especially numerous in open grassy places, as about the fort, where they may be almost daily taken during the summer- They appear rather inactive, if not sluggish, make little or no resistance when captured, and readily become tame. With an average length of a foot and a half, specimens were taken ranging from a few inches to nearly a 3'ard ; and the tints vary greatly, the variation being apparently a matter of individual peculiarity.

Ophidia.

Caudisona horrida (Li)in.), Cope, Pr. A. N. S. Philada. 1859, 338, and Smiths. Cont., Jan. 1861, 122.

Common in the vicinity, and certainly occurring on the islands as well, though not obtained there. One specimen measured upwards of five feet in length.

Ancistrodon contortrix, B. & Gr.

Common, chiefly in low, moist places.

Nerodia sipedon, B. & G.

Rather uncommon here, according to my observations. One specimen was taken in the open sea, swimming among the breakers.

OpMbolus getulus, B. & G.

Common. Females with eggs taken in Sn\y. One specimen, nearly 6 feet long, presented a different pattern of coloration from that usually seen ; one set of branches of the series of bifurcations of the yellow lines being defective, giving the snake the appear-

[May 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 40

ance of being obliquely baudecl, without perfect distinction of the black hexao-ons alono; the back.

Bascanion constrictor, B. & G. Very common.

Lepotophis aestivus, Holbr.

Of frequent occurrence, particularly in thick bushy places.

Testudinata.

Malacoclemys palustris, Ag. Yery abundant.

Chelonia midas, Schw.

Common.

Besides the foregoing, three other species, not determined, were noticed, one of which is called " chicken-turtle," and another is a Cistudo.

Xo species of batrachian was noticed on the island during my residence. On the mainland, and also on Shackleford, two species of Rana (undetermined), and a Hyla, were observed. The toad (B. lentiginosus = B. araericauus ?) is very abundant on the mainland. Great numbers were observed in the ditches, March 27, 1869, and within a few days of the same time the fol- lowing 3'ear, copulating and very clamorous. Probably, then, this is their usual time of spawning.

(To be continued.)

• •♦'

isn.j

50 proceedings of the academy op

Pebruary 6. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-one members present.

Prof. Leidy stated that he had recentl}'' received a small col- lection of fossils for examination from Prof. J. D. Whitne}^, who obtained them from California. The specimens are as follows: —

A fragment of an inferior molar, apparently of llasfodon ameri- canits. Of this specimen Prof. Whitnc}^ remarks that it was ob- tained from a depth of 80 feet beneath the basaltic lava of Table Mountain, Tuolumne County, Cal., where it was found in associa- tion with remains of human art.

A much worn lower molar of a large horse, probabl}^ the Equus paciflcus. From 16 feet on Gorden Gulch. The triturating sur- face of the crown measures 13i lines fore and aft, and 10 lines transversely, inclusive of the cementum.

Two equine molar teeth, which, according to the accompanying label, were obtained 350 feet below the surface, at Soulsbyville, Tuolumne County, Cal. One is an unworn upper back molar, appai'cntly of a species of Pr-otohippiis. It is moderately curved from behind forward and downward, but only slightly from within outward. It is 21 lines long in a straight line. Its irreatest

o o o

breadth above the middle, fore and aft, is nearly 9 lines ; its thick- ness, about T lines.

The other tooth is a lower molar, about one-third worn, proba- bly of the same species. The triturating surface is 10 lines fore and aft, and nearly *7 transversely.

Two teeth labelled "Found 10 feet below the surface at Dry Creek, near Bear Creek, Mercer Count}^, Cal." One of the speci- mens appears to be the portion of a canine tooth, and the other is an incisor. They resemble in form the corresponding teeth of the lama, and probably belong to a species of the same genus. The incisor is about 1^ inch in length ; the crown externally is 11 lines long and 4|- lines wide.

In a recent letter. Prof. Whitney informs me that the collection of fossils, indicated in the Proceedings for 1810, page 125, was obtained from the same locality as the two teeth just mentioned ; that is to say, from Dry Creek, Mercer County, Cal. The locality given at the time with the notice of the specimens is erroneous.

February 14. Mr. Vaux, Vice-President, in the chair. Eleven members present.

[May 9,

natural sciences op philadelphia. 51

February 21. Mr. Yaux, Yice-President, in the chair. Nineteen members present.

February 28. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-one members present.

The following were elected members : —

Caleb Cressou, J. B. White, M.D., William. P. Jenks, Henry T. Peck, Archibald Mclntyre, John McLaughlin, Lewis Thompson, George Thompson, Rachel L. Bodlej^, Lieut. Clarence E. Button, S. J. W. Mintzer, M.D., Elizabeth Shreve, Charles C. Phillips, Richard Morris Smith, S.Warren O'Neil, Charles T. Yerkes,Jr.

S. B. Buckley was elected a correspondent.

On favorable report of the committee, a paper "On Certain Species of Falconidse, Tetraonidfe, and Anatidse," b}' Prof. A. Newton, was ordered to be printed.

March Y.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-nine members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : — " Descriptions of new species of Invertebrate fossils from the Carboniferous and Devonian Rocks of Ohio." By F. B. Meek. The death of Dr. Charles M. Wetherill was reported.

Mr. Thomas Mbehan referred to some observations he made before the Academy last autumn in regard to a peculiar storing up of turpentine in the common insect, Redumus novenm-iu^. Since then entomologists had been investigating the use for which this turpentine was employed, without success. He was now able to report that it was for the purpose of fastening its eggs on the branches of trees, and for sticking them together. Also, in pro- bability, as a means of protection against enemies and tlie weather. The eggs of the Redumus were inserted in groups, and each set upright one against another with the turpentine, like the cell in a

1871.]

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

lioneycomb. It had liitherto been supposed by entomologists that the matter used for this purpose was a secretion of the insect itself; but so far as he could judge by the senses, the matter used was merely turpentine, and no doubt the turpentine he had ob- served the insect storing up in the fall.

Mr. Meehan exhibited some flowers of the common Bouvardia leiantha of the green-houses, and of the hardy Deutzia gracilis, and referred to his papers, published a few years ago in the Pro- ceedings of the Academy, on practical dicccism in the trailiug Arbutus (Ejngdea repens) and MitcheUa repens, in which he pointed out that these plants, though apparently hermaphrodite, had the stamens and pistils of difterent characters in separate l^lants, and were, therefore, subject to the laws of cross-fertiliza- tion as indicated by Darwin. He had had his attention called to the Bouvardia, by Mr. Tatnall, of Wilmington, Del., as furnishing a similar instance to that of Epigsea and MitcheUa, to the same natural order as which the Ginchoneous division of Ruhiacese the Bouvardia belonged. These had some plants with the pistils exserted, while in others only the stamens were visible at the mouth of the corolla tube. Mr. Tatnall had not had the matter suggested to him early enough to b^j that it was so in all cases ; but he believed that these flowers, which practicall}'' might be termed pistillate and staminate, were found entirely on separate plants. This is a very important fact, as the Bouvardia is not raised from seeds in green-houses, but from cuttings of the roots, and, therefore, all these plants with separate sexes must have been produced from one original individual, without the interven- tion of seed, and thus confirm the position advanced in a previous paper of the speaker on " Bird variations," namely, that variations in form, and, by logical inference, new species, may arise without seminal intervention ; and that in this way identical species may appear in separated localities, without the necessity of supposing an emigration from one small point, as Darwinism now does.

In the specimens of Deutzia gracilis were two forms of flowers on the same plant. Besides the large ones with stamens and pis- tils apparently perfect as generally seen, there were numerous small flowers in which the petals were only partially developed. The filaments were entirely wanting, but the anthers Avere as per- fect, if not larger than in what we should call the perfect flowers. Any one could see that these small flowers were the result of de- ficient nutriment, and would be apt to pass the matter over with this simple reflection; but he wished to emphasize the fact that this defective nutrition rendered the female organs inoperative, while the male organs were still able to exercise their functions ; thus affording another instance, if any more be needed, of the truth of his theory of sex, namely, that with defective nutrition, the female sex is the first to disappear ; and that on\y under the highest conditions of vitality is the female sex formed.

[May 9,

NATrRAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53

In the case of the Bouvardia a similar law -was seen. Tlic most vigorous stems, or, as they would technically be called, woody axes, produced the female flowers.

Prof. Cope made some observations on a Batrachian of the coal measures, Saiu^opleiira 7'einex, Cope. A specimen more per- fect than the type recentl}' obtained by Prof. Newberry, exhibited posterior limbs such as had been ascribed to the S. pectinata. The vertebrai posterior to this point were perfectly preserved, and supported the remarkable processes to the end.

He also stated that the Oestocephalus ampjhiuminus was dis- tinct, and was furnished with branchial arches of branchihyal bones, for the support of external gills.

March 14.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Sevent3^-oue members present.

The publication of the proceedings for September, October, K^ovember, and December, 1870, was announced.

March 21.

Dr. Carson, Vice-President, in the chair.

Eighteen members present.

Prof. Leidy made the following remarks on Tsenia medioca- nellata. Recentl^^, one of our ablest and most respected practi- tioners of medicine submitted to my examination a tapeworm which had been discharged from a young man, after the use of the Aspidium filix-mas. The physician, in giving an account of the case, stated that he had previously treated the patient for another affection, in which raw-beef sandwiches had been pre- scribed for food. After looking at the worm, I remarked that it appeared to be the Tsenia mediocaneUata, a species which I had not before seen, and added that the patient had probably become infected from a larva swallowed with the raw-beef sandwiches. The specimen consisted of the greater part of the worm, broken into several pieces. Including some lost portions, it was estimated to have been upwards of thirty feet in length. Unfortunately, the head proved to be absent ; but, so far as characters could l)e ob- tained from the specimen, in the form of the segments, position of the genital orifices, and the condition of the ovaries, it agreed with the description given of T. mediocanellata, rather than with

1871.]

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

T. solium. From a, want of acquaintance with the former, I did not feel entirely satisfied that the si^eciraen actually belonged to that species.

Subsequently, my friend brought to me the anterior part of the bod}^, probably, of the same individual tapeworm. He observed that his patient continuing to complain, he had administered another dose of the male-fern, which was followed by the expul- sion of the portion of the worm now presented. The head of the parasite was included, and it confirmed the view that it per- tained to the Tsenia mediocancUata.

The case serves as another caution against the use of raw flesh as food.

The description of the worm, as derived from the specimen, is as follows: —

The head is white, without pigment-granules, obtusely rounded, unarmed with hooks, and unprovided with a rostellum, but fur- nished with a minute acetabuliform fovea at the summit. The four acetabula are spherical, and opaque white. The diameter of the head is three-fourths of a line. The neck, or uusegmented portion of the bod}' immediately succeeding the head, is about 4 lines long by half a line in breadth. The most anterior indis- tinctlj'^ defined segments of the body, and those immediately suc- ceeding them, but more distinctly separated, are about one-fifth of a line long by two-fifths of a line broad. In a more posterior fragment of the body, the flat and nearly square segments mea- sure half a line long and 1 line broad, to one-third line long and 2|- lines broad. A succeeding fragment exhibits segments 3^ lines long by 4 lines broad, and 2 lines long b}'' 5 lines broad. Many of the segments in this piece are irregularly separated, lateral]}', b}^ deep, wide notches. In a succeeding long portion of the worm, the segments are wider behind than in front, and measure 2, 5, and 3 lines long by 5 lines broad. In a long piece of the posterior part of the worm, the segments are first 4 lines long and broad ; and in the last four feet of the same piece, the segments are clavate in outline, from G to 10 lines long, and 2 and 3 lines broad.

The genital apertures are conspicuous, and are situated behind the middle of the segments. They alternate irregularl3% Thus, in the last two feet of the posterior fragment of the worm, the first two segments exhibit the aperture on the left margin ; the succeeding segment presents the anomaly of an aperture on both margins ; then follow three apertures on the right, next two on the left, then four on the right, then eight alternating in pairs, then one on the left, and so on. The ovaries are opaque white, and exhibit numerous closely crowded lateral branches.

In the absence of pigment-granules to the head, and in the less robust character of the worm, the specimen differs from J", ?/lef/^o- canellata as described by Kiichenmeister. The minute acetabular

[May 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

55

pit or fovea at the summit of the head is uot mentioned by Kii- chenmeister and subsequent observers as a character of that spe- cies. It is a point, however, that might be readil}^ overlooked, especially if the parts of the head are obscured by'the presence of pigment-granules.

Fig. 1.

a. Head and neck magnified. L Form of segments in an anterior fragment of the worm. c. Form of segments in an intermediate fragment of the body. d. Form of segments at the posterior part of the worm.

Prof. Cope exhibited a number of fishes from the Amazon above the mouth of the Rio Negro, which included some new and rare forms. Some of the latter were Doras brachiafus, Plecostn- mus scoiyularnis^ Roehoides rubrivertex^ Myletes albiscopus, etc. The Plecostomus has the following characters: I). I. 7 ; A. 5 ; L.l. 27; head 25, total length; eye 25, interorbital width. Interaper- cular bristles very short, acute. Dorsal fin longer than high ; eight scuta between the first and second dorsals. Length, two feet. Color, light brown, with very numerous closely placed brown spots, those on the head more closelj' placed and often vermiform. Dorsal fin spotted. Long bristles on front and outer surfaces of both pectoral and caudal supporting rays, which are hooked at the end. Caudal marginal radii subequal. No ridge in front of orbit ; a short, prominent supra-occipital crest.

He exhibited a specimen of Fariodon microps^ Kner, describing the parasitic habits of Stegophilv.s and those ascribed to VandelUa. He thought the structure and coloration of the Fariodon indi- cated similar habits, and that it would be found to be an inhabi- tant, at times at least, of the cavity of the body of some other animal.

March 28.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-three members present.

Mr. Joseph Wharton remarked that a letter, received this day, from Thomas Macfarlane, the discoverer of Silver Islet, in Lake

1871.]

56 rROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Superior, near the north shore, states that, up to March 2, ores to the value of $250,000 had been taken out, and it is confidently believed that this will be increased before the opening of navi- gation to $500,000. A coffer-dam has been built around the islet,, at a cost of $00,000, to increase the area for working. The ore has thus far been sent to the factory of E. Ballach & Son, Newark, N. J., but works are now about to be built at Wyan- dotte, near Detroit, for the treatment of it. Although the islet is in Canada, and the discoverer is a Canadian, it was not found possible to interest Canadians in the venture of opening the vein, and this extremely promising deposit is therefore the pro- perty of citizens of the United States. The ore is worth about $1500 per ton.

The death of Mr. J. J. Cohen, a correspondent of the Academy, was announced.

The following gentlemen were elected members : Gustavus A. Nicholls and J. Price Wetherill.

The following were elected correspondents : John Hauxwell, of Pebas, Equador, and Hon. H. Nevill, of Ce3lon.

On favorable report of the committee, the following paper was ordered to be published : —

[May 0, 1871.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS AND DEVONIAN ROCKS OF OHIO.

BY F. B. MEEK,

OF THE Ohio State Geological Survey.'

The fossils described in this paper are some of the new forms collected during the progress of the Ohio Geological Survey, now being prosecuted under the direction of Prof. J. S. Newberry-, the State Geologist. Illustrations of these and other characteristic fossils from the different formations are in course of preparation, and will be published along with full descriptions of the same in the reports of the Survey.

ECHINODERMATA.

DOLATOCRINUS ORNATUS, Meek.

Body, including the vault, depressed subglobose, the portion below the arm-bases being a little higher than the vault, with nearly vertical sides above, but rounding under below to the somewhat flattened under side ; arm-bases protuberant, mainl}' in consequence of the rather deep furrows or sinuses of the vault over the iuterradial areas ; vault composed of irregular pieces, each of which projects in the form of a little sharply prominent node or short spine, the largest of which are situated around the nearly central ventral tube, and on the elevations between it and the arm-bases. Base small, a little impressed within the shallow concavity of the nnder side, and marked by a distinctly indented column-facet, which occupies near three-fourths of its entire breadth, so that only a narrow ring, as it were, of the basal pieces can be seen when the column is attached. First radial pieces comparatively large, extending out nearly horizontally, or only a little arching upward, and with their inner ends curving slightly into the shallow central concavity ; all wider than long, and hexagonal, with the upper (outer) side of each longer than any of the others. Second radial pieces about half as large as the

' I am under obligations to Prof. Henry for the use of books, rooms, and other facilities at the Smithsonian Institution, while preparing this paper.

June 6, 1871.] part i.— 5

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

first, wider than long, and quadrangular in outline.^ Third radials about as large as the second, from the curved-up edges of which they rise vertically, wider than long, and pentagonal in form ; bearing on each of their superior sloping sides a smaller secondary radial, each of which supports another smaller, more or less cuneiform piece, from which the arms arise ; thus making two arms from each ray, unless the number is increased by bifur- cations after they become free ; arms unknown, but apparently composed, at their origin, of a double series of alternating pieces.

First interradial pieces, somewhat larger than the first radials, about as wide above the middle as their length, eight or nine sided, with the lower part of eacli curving under to connect witli the first radials, while they curve upward vertically from near or below the middle ; each supporting on the upper side a much smaller hexagonal piece, which rises vertically, and usually bears on its short superior lateral edges two smaller pieces connecting with the secondary radials or first arm-pieces, while its short truncated upper side is not surmounted by any succeeding piece, but connects on its inner surface with the vault.

Sutures between all the plates channelled. Surface of bodj'- plates ornamented with raised lines or very small radiating costae, that cross the sutures parallel to each other at the sides of the plates, but soon become bent about and connected in various waj^s, so that very few of them extend directly to the middle of any of the plates, the arrangement being such as to produce a kind of vermicular style of ornamentation, especially over all the central part of the plates, like that often seen on the body-plates in AmphoracrinuH. A small rather sharp ridge also extends up the middle of each radial series of plates, more or less interrupted at the sutures, and showing a slight tendency to form a pinched node on the middle of the first and second radials ; while it is sometimes seen to bifurcate on the third radial, to send branches to the secondary radials, but these are generally so small as scarcel}' to be distinguished from the other little ridges ornament- ing all of the body-pieces.

Ventral tube unknown, but, judging from the spiniferous cha-

' In one ray of the typical specimen the second radial is abnormally want- ing, while the third is larger than usual.

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59

racter of the vault-pieces around its base, probably also spiui- ferous.

Height of body to arm-bases, 0.47 inch ; do. to top of vault, 0.60 inch ; breadth, 0.95 inch.

This species differs so materially from D. lacus and D. Marshi, of Lyon, in its ornamentation and other characters, as to render a comparison unnecessary. The only other described species from the same horizon, known to me, D. lamellosus (= Cacahocrinus lamellosus, Hall, Fifteenth Report of Regents, p. 141), must also differ materially, as it is described as having tlie body "spreading horizontallj'- to the top of the third radial plates." It also has four arms to each ray, instead of only two, as in our sjiecies, which likewise differs in the details of its ornamentation.

It is probablj" more nearly allied to some of the other species described by Prof. Hall from the Hamilton Group, under Troost's name Cacaboeriiius, though it seems to differ from them all in details ; while the limited vertical range of the species of Cri- noidea, renders it extremely improbable that the same species would be found in both the Corniferous and Hamilton groups.

It may be proper to remark here that thei'e is no difference between Dolatocrinus^ Lyon, and Cacahocrinus^ Troost. It is true, Mr, Lyon gives five as the number of basal pieces in his genus, but he also stated in a note that it may have only three basals, as he had not seen specimens showing the structure of the base very clearly. Troost's genus, as published from his manu- script, after the date of Mr. Lyon's publication of Dolatocrinus, agrees exactl}^ with the characters assigned the latter, excepting in having only three instead of five basal pieces. The species here described, however, is certainly a typical Dolatocrinus^ and yet shows only three basal pieces.

For the use of the fine specimen affording the above characters, the Survey is under obligations to the Rev. Mr. H. Hertzer, of Columbus, Ohio.

Locality and position. Columbus, Ohio. Corniferous division of the Devonian.

1871.]

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

AVICULOPECTEN CKENISTEIATUS, Meek.

Shell thin, attaining a moderatel}'^ large size, plano-convex, "oith a truncato-suhoi'bicular outline ; height and breadth nearly equal : basal margin more or less regularly rounded ; posterior margin rounding from the posterior ear into the base, sometimes a little straightened above ; anterior side rounded so as to make a shorter curve than the other ; hinge less than the breadth of the valves in length, but rather long.

Left valve moderately convex ; beak rising a little above the hinge margin, nearly or quite central and not oblique ; posterior ear small, with a marginal ridge, flat, without being separated from the swell of the umbo by a sulcus, rather acutely angular at the extremity, and distinctly shorter than the margin below, from which it is separated b}' a nearly rectangular notch ; ante- rior ear larger, or sometimes nearly as long as the margin below, rather acutely angular at the extremity, convex and separated by a rounded impression from the umbo, defined by a rather deep subangular marginal sinus. Surface ornamented by numerous, very slender, radiating costre or raised lines, separated by rather wide flat surfaces, in each of which a still smaller line is some- times intercalated ; crossing all of these are smaller regularly arranged, sharply elevated, concentric lines, that seem to form little projections at the points of crossing, so as to give a rough appearance to the surface ; costae becoming more closely crowded, but not smaller, on the ears.

Right valve flat or a little concave, and with beak obsolete ; ears flat, and of nearly the same size and forifl as in the other valve, excepting that the anterior one is broader and defined b3' a more shallow and more rounded sinus than appears to exist in the left valve ; surface cancellated by regular, rather closely ar- ranged, radiating and concentric lines, the latter being very sharply elevated, and minutely and regularly waA^ed, crenate, or somewhat vaulted ; radiating costai somewhat larger, and more distant on the ears.

Height, 2.50 inches; breadth, 2.78 inches; convexitj^ about 0.40 inch.

The specimens of this species are not very well preserved, being

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PIIILADELPIIIA. 61

mainly casts with some portions of the surface. It is remarkable in having only a comparatively shallow rounded sinus under the anterior ear of the flat right valve, where it is usually deep and angular in species of this genus ; while in the left it is deeper and more angular, though none of the specimens are in a condition to show clearly its exact form. One cast shows a little of the cardinal plate, which is rather coarsely striated longitudinally. None of the specimens of the left valve have the surface well enough preserved to show whether the sharply elevated concen- tric lines or laminae are minutely waved as in the other valve, but they probably are so when the surface has not been worn or exfoliated.

I am not acquainted with any described species so nearly allied to this as to render a comparison necessary.

Locality and position. Sciotoville, Ohio. Upper part of the Waverley series of the lower Carboniferous.

AVICULOPECTEN (STEEBLOPTERIA ?) HERTZERI, Meek.

Shell usually under medium size, higher than wide, ratlier compressed, the right valve being nearly flat, and the left only moderately convex; subovate in general outline (exclusive of the small ears), with a slight backward obliquity caused by the greater prominence of the anterior margin ; basal outline semicircular and curved regularly into the rather prominently rounded anterior side ; posterior margin less prominent than the anterior, and forming a longer and more gentle curve from the posterior ear into the base. Hinge distinctly shorter than the antero-posterior diameter of the valves ; posterior ear in both valves very small, flattened, very obtusely angular, much sliorter than the margin below, but well defined from the umbo, and only separated from «4he margin below by a faint sinuosity ; anterior ear of each valve distinctly larger than the posterior, though not as prominent as the anterior margin below, rather strongly compressed or flattened so as to be abruptly distinct from the umbo, and defined by a distinct sinus from the margin below, the sinus being deeper and more angular in the right valve ; beaks com- pressed, scarcely projecting above the cardinal margin, and placed a little behind the middle of the hinge, as well as that of the valves. Surface of both valves elegantl^^ ornamented by nu- merous, sometimes sharply elevated, nearly equal, very regularly 1871.]

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

arranged radiating and concentric lines, wliicli are larger and more strongly defined in the anterior ear of the right valve, par- ticularly the radiating markings, which there sometimes assume the character of small costaj, while the concentric markings some- times project as little lamellae slightly above the hinge-margin, so as to give it a dented appearance.

Height of one of the largest specimens seen, 1.32 inches; antero- posterior diameter, 1.20 inches; convexity, about 0.18 inch.

I know of no other shell in our rocks that is liable to be con- founded with this, its general form and neatly cancellated mark- ings being sufficient to distinguish it. Although I refer it provi- sionally to Amculopecten^ I really do not think it belongs properl}^ to that genus, as restricted to the typical forms. At least it differs from all the characteristic forms o^ Amculopecten^ in having the anterior ear larger than the posterior, as well as in having its beaks placed a little behind the middle of the valves, thus giving the slight backward obliquity mentioned in the descrip- tion. This latter character seems to approximate it to Sfrebloj)- teria of McCoy, but as we know nothing of its hinge and inte- rior, it is not possible to determine whether it belongs to that group.

The specific name is given in honor of the Rev. H. Hertzer of the Ohio Geological Survey, to whom I am indebted for the use of some fine specimens from his own private collection.

Locality and position. Newark, Ohio. Lower Coal-measures.

LUCINA (PAKACYCLAS) OHIOENSIS, Meek.

Shell apparently not attaining a medium size, compressed, nearly circular ; beaks small, central, depressed nearly to the dorsal line, and contiguous ; anterior margin rather abruptly compressed above, just in front of the beaks; hinge-margin short and rounding into the posterior dorsal outline ; surface orna- mented with small, more or less regular concentric undulations (most strongly defined on the umbones), and A'er^' fine lines of growth; posterior dorsal slope of each valve marked by a strong oblique sulcus, extending from the back part of the beaks to the upper part of the posterior margin.

Length, 0.46 inch; height, 0.42 inch; convexity, 0.18 inch.

This species seems to be related to L. lirata (=^Posidoma lirata, Conrad, Ann. Geol. Rept., N. Y., 1838, p. 116; and Thirteenth

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63

■Report Regents on State Cab., N. H., pi. ii, fig. 12); but its pecu- liar posterior dorsal sulcus, which gives it so much the appearance of the recent L. Jamaicensis^ is neither represented in Mr. Conrad's figure, nor mentioned in his description of L. lirata.

The identity of these Devonian shells with the existins: aenus Lucina may admit of some doubt, as their hinges and internal characters are not yet well known. The species under considera- tion, however, has even more exactly the external appearance of that genus than several foreign Devonian forms that are generally referred to it. Perhaps they may all be included under one dis- tinct genus, for which the name Paracyclas, Hall, may have to be retained.

Locality and position. Dublin, Franklin Co., Ohio. Coraiferous division of the Devonian.

■PTILODICTYA (STICTOPORA) GILBERTI, Meek.

Corallum growing in thin, or much compressed, branching (or perhaps sometimes foliaceous) expansions ; branches var3-ing from about half a line to three lines in breadth, with a thickness of near half a line; nonporiferous margins sharp, with strios well defined, and curving laterally and forward. Pores nearly circular, or slightly oval, and provided, in well-preserved specimens, with raised margins ; ranged in about eight to ten longitudinal rows in a branch two and a half lines in breadth, those in adjacent rows regularly alternating so as to produce a quincuncial arrangement; five of them occupy a space of one line, measuring longitudinally, and about six measuring obliquely, the spaces between the pores in the longitudinal direction being usually a little greater than the diameter of the pores themselves ; rows of pores separated by a slender, sharply raised longitudinal line. Axis forming about one-third of the thickness of the branches, and having the trans- verse strife sometimes very regular, well defined, and regularly arched.

I have not seen enough of any one specimen of this species to show whether or not its branches anastomose, but as they evi- dently frequently bifurcate, and send oflf lateral branchlets, it is probable that they do. It seems to be more nearly allied to Stictopora fenestrata, of Hall, from tht Chazy limestone, in the

' This description was accidentally inserted iu this place. 1871.]

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

arrangement and nearly circular form of its pores, as well as in having a raised longitudinal line between each row of pores, than to any of the known Upper Silurian species. It is a much more robust species, however, with only about the same number of rows of pores, in a branch of twice the breadth of those of that species, while it shows no traces of the transverse bars mentioned in the description of S. fenestrata. Its flattened, nonporiferous, and striated margins are also much more strongly developed. Indeed, no traces of this character of the margins are represented in the published figures or mentioned in the description of that species.

Although I am not aware that any published notice of the occurrence of this genus in the Devonian rocks has hitherto ap- peared, I have little hesitation in referring this species to the group, since it seems to present all the characteristics assigned to the same. In one respect it differs from some of the species de- scribed under Stictoj)ora. That is, in having the pores a little con- tracted, and nearly circular at the aperture. In this respect, however, it appears to agree with S. fenestrata, the. first species described under that genus ; and Prof. McCoy has shown that this character occurs in British species of Ptilodictya, of Lonsdale, of which it is now generally admitted that Stictopora, Hall, is only a sjnionym, or at most founded on types only subgenerically distinct.

From the same horizon as that from which the above-described species was obtained, but from a different locality (Whitehouse, Lucas Co.), there is in the collection a foliated specimen more than two inches in breadth, and 4.10 inches long, with broken margins all around. It is split in breaking the rock, so as to expose one side of the strongly wrinkled and striated axis. So far as I have been able to determine from some imperfect remaining portions of the poriferous part, its pores would seem to have the same form, size, and arrangement as the species here described. It may, therefore, possibly belong to the same species, though I am inclined to believe it will be found to be distinct. If so, it may be called P. {Stictopora) lichenoides.

Locality and jwsition. Sylvania, Lucas Co., and Marblehead. Corniferous limestone. Mr. Gilbert.

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. G5

CONOCARDIUM OHIOENSE, Meek.

Shell rather small, longitudinally subovate or sulitrigonal, being widest and most convex anteriorly ,i where the valves are rather distinctly ventricose ; posterior side produced and abruptly contracted behind the gibbous anterior region, partl}^ from lateral compression, and partly from the upward and backward slope of the posterior basal margin, which is slightly sinuous near tlie ex- tremity, and distinctly gaping, the widest part of the hiatus being above ; hinge-line straight, or sometimes slightly declining at the posterior extremity; cardinal margins of the valves aiichylosed; anterior side short, though not properly truncated, abruptl^^ con- tracted and a little impressed in front of the umbonal convexity, and apparently provided with a slender projection above (this part broken in the specimens) ; beaks projecting a little above the cardinal margin, placed in advance of the middle and incurved; umbonal slopes gibbous, broadly rounded, and, like the beaks, slightly inclined backward. Surface (as seen in specimens ap- parently a little exfoliated) ornamented by simple, somewhat flattened, radiating costse, about five or six of which, on the gib- bous part of each valve, are separated by flattened furrows nearly or quite as wide as the costaj themselves ; while on the posterior contracted portion, the costse are proportionally wider, and separated bj'" merely sharply impressed hair-lines, excepting near the posterior cardinal margin, where these im})ressed linear furrows are represented by little raised lines ; costae on the ante- rior surface more obscure ; fine regular lines, and a few stronger marks of growth, are also seen crossing the costse parallel to the free margins.

Length of a specimen with the anterior attenuated appendage broken away, 0.64 inch ; height, 0.43 inch ; convexity, 0.37 inch.

This species belongs to the section of the genus that has the umbonal slopes rounded instead of angular, and the anterior side in front of these slopes not so distinctly truncated or flat- tened as to impart the peculiar Hemicardium-like appearance so often seen in the genus. These characters at once distinguish it from its associate, G. trigonale, Hall, sp. ; which is also distin-

' I merely follow the most general adopted method of describing the gaping end as the posterior, without being entirely satisfied that this is the correct view. 1871.]

66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

guislied hy its remarkable alation extending forward from the angular umbonal slopes.

I have seen no specimens of our shell quite entire at the ante- rior end, but it is evident that there was a slender projection somewhat like that of C. aliforme of Sowerby, though it may not have been so long as in that species.

Locality and ^josition. Columbus, Ohio. Corniferous division of the Devonian.

SOLENOMYA (JANEIA) VETUSTA, Meek.

Shell of medium size, transversely sub-oblong or narrow sub- elliptic, the length being a little less than twice and a half the height ; valves rather convex ; anterior or longer side regularly rounded ; posterior extremity more narrowly rounded ; basal margin nearly or quite straight along the central region, but rounding np at the extremities, the curve being more gradual behind ; beaks depressed to a level with the dorsal margin, and placed somewhat behind the middle; dorsal margin a little con- vex and nearly horizontal in front of the beaks, but rounding regularly into the anterior outline, and behind the beaks, slighth* depresscd below the horizon of the latter, though without sloping- much posteriorly. Surface apparently smooth ; interior showing distinct radiating strise below the middle of the valves, excepting near the extremities. Posterior muscular impression rather nar- row, suboval, oblique, placed near the margin, and well defined by a slight oblique ridge along its antero-inferior margin ; anterior do. larger and faintly marked.

Length, 1.22 inches; height, 0.50 inch; convexity, about 0.32 inch.

This is another tj'pe very nnexpectedly found among the Cor- niferous siDeciraens. So far as I am aware, no example of this group has ever before been obtained from an^^ horizon below the mountain limestone. Whether we regard the Carboniferous and Permian forms usuall}^ referred to Solenomya, as really belonging to that genus, or as constituting a distinct group (for which Prof. King proposed the name Janeia), there can be no question what- ever, that the shell here described belongs to the genus that in- cludes these Carboniferous and Permian species. Specifically, it is perhaps more nearly related to S. biarmica of the European Per- mian rocks, than it is to S. Puzosiana, de Kon., or to P. primaeva,

[June 6, /

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67

Phillips, from the Carboniferous. Indeed it might even be referred to S. biarmica, with more propriety' than a Kansas Coal-measure species that has been so referred by Prof Geinitz. Compared with the figures of the original Russian example of S. biarmica, figured in the Palaeont. of Russia and the Ural Mountains, pi. xix. fig. 4 a and 4 6, our shell is seen to be proportionally somewhat more depressed and longer, with the beaks a little less prominent, and farther removed from the shorter or posterior extremity. Its posterior dorsal slope, even in the internal cast, is also less oblique. In this latter character it is even less like the Eno-Ush and German Permian forms referred to S. biarmica.

I have elsewhere (Proceed. Acad. Xat. Sci., April, 1810, p. 44) expressed the opinion that these Palaeozoic shells usually re- ferred to Solenomya, may yet have to be separated from that genus, and ranged under Prof. King's name Janeia, notwithstanding the fact that he subsequently abandoned his genus, under the impres- sion that it is not distinct from Solenomya. I still think it proba- ble that this may have to be done.

Locality and jjosiiion. Dublin, Franklin Co., Ohio. Cornife- rous group, of the Devonian.

CLINOPISTHA ANTIQTJA, Meek.

Shell very thin, transversely suboval, gibbous, with flanks along the middle near the lower margin, somewhat flattened or slightly concave; more than half as high as long. Anterior or longer side regularly rounded in outline ; posterior sloping above from the beaks to the narrowly rounded extremity, which is most prominent below the middle; basal margin straightened or broadly sinuous along the central region, and rather abruptly rounded up at the extremities ; beaks depressed nearly or quite to the dorsal outline, and placed about half-way between the middle and pos- terior extremity ; dorsal outline nearly horizontal and parallel to the base, in front of the beaks, but rounding regularly into the anterior margin. Surface merely showing moderately distinct lines of growth, with some obscure traces of radiating striae when a little worn near the base; these last-mentioned markings being more distinct on the internal cast.

Length, 0.82 inch; height, 0.51 inch; convexity, 0.39 inch.

I have been much surprised, to find among the collections from the Corniferous limestone, a shell agreeing so exactly as this in all 18T1.]

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

its known characters, not evidently merely specific, with the type of the genus Clinopistha, which I had previously supposed to be confined to the Coal-measures. It has the same short gibbous form, thinness of substance, posterior position of the beaks and ligament, surface markings, and even the same obscure interiial radiating striae. Indeed, if it were not for its rather more nar- rowly rounded, and more protuberant, instead of slightly trun- cated, posterior or shorter end, somewhat less gibbous beaks, and faintly sinuous base and flanks, it would scarcely be possible to distinguish it from the Coal-measure form by any external cha- racter, excepting the white chalky texture of the shell merely due to its state of preservation. The valves are a little displaced in the only good specimen I have seen, but the beaks certainly give some evidence of being slightly unequal, that is, of the left one lapping slightly upon the other, as in the typical species from the Coal-measures.

Locality and position. Same as last.

SANGUINOLITES ? SANDUSKYENSIS, Meek.

Sliell approaching a longitudinal-oblong or trapezoidal outline, moderately convex, a little more than twice as wi<le as high, and slightly narrower anteriorly than behind ; cardinal margin straiglit, equalling about three-fifths the entire length ; basal margin nearly straight and subparallel to the hinge, or slightly ascending ante- riorly ahnig its entire length, and rounding up a little more graduall}^ into the front than behind ;• posterior extremity com- pressed, obliquely truncated above, and rather narrowly rounded to the base below ; anterior end very short, sloping from the beaks above, and rather narrowly rounded at the middle ; beaks depressed nearly or quite to the hinge-line, compressed, and placed near the middle of the anterior third ; posterior umbonal slopes not angular, or even prominently rounded. Surface only showing a few irregular furrows and slight undulations of growth, most distinct below the middle of the valves.

Length, 2.t0 inches ; height at the posterior end of the hinge, 1.20 inches; do. under the unibones, 1.04 inches; convexity, about 0.52 inch.

I know nothing of the hinge of this shell, and merely refer it to the genus SanguinoUtes provisionally. Indeed, until palceonto- losists can aorree in regard to which one of the several shells that

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. G9

were originally referred to that genus is to be regarded as the typical form of the same, and something can be known in regard to the hinge and internal characters of those shells, it seems to me almost impossible to determine what Sanguinolites is. I do not agree with those, however, who would make AUoinsma of King a synonym of Prof. McCoy's genus, though some of the species included by him may belong to AUorisma. Locality and position. Same as foregoing.

SANGUINOLITES ? OBLIQTJTJS, Meek.

Shell SO depressed and elongated as to be nearly three times as long as high, rather distinctly convex, particularly along the posterior umbonal slopes, which are more or less angular from the beaks nearly to the posterior basal extremity ; pallial margin very flearly straight along most of its length ; anterior end ex- tremely short, and a little sinuous on the upper side just in front of the beaks, the sinuosity being caused bj- a ver}^ small deep lunule, at the lower end of which the margin is a little projecting and subangular in outline, and from this little iDrojection curves obliquely backward into the base ; cardinal margin extending back about three-fourths the length of the valves, and inflected so as to form a well-defined, lanceolate escutcheon along its entire length ; posterior side narrowed with a long slope above from the end of the hinge to the extremity-, which is a little gaping and very narrowly rounded or almost angular below ; beaks strongly de- pressed, very oblique, compressed below the ridges, \Qvy nearly terminal, and with the immediate points incurved over the little lunule. Surface showing only lines and furrows of growth, with occasional small, obscure, concentric wrinkles, that are not regu- larly arranged.

Length, 2.13 inches; height, O.tT inch; convexity, O.tO inch.

This species seems to be nearly related to a form from the same rock at Medina, Ohio, specimens of which were loaned hy Dr. Newberry to Prof. Hall, some time back, and returaed with the name Sanguinolites eeolus attached. A careful comparison, how. ever, of good specimens of each, shows them to be clearly distinct; the form under consideration being much more convex along tiie umbonal slopes, which are also more angular. Its beaks likewise differ in being decidedly more nearly terminal, and the inflection of its cardinal margin wider. The specimens of S. seohis also 1871.]

TO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

show faint traces of two or three very obscure longitudinal ridges above the umbonal angle of each valve, and impressions in casts, of a slight ridge behind the anterior muscular impression, that are not seen in our shell.

From the little that is now known of the shell that will pro- bably have to be regarded as the type of the genus Sanguinolites, it is impossible to determine whether or not such shells as this can be properly referred to that genus. They seem to agree, how- ever, more nearly with the same than they do with the typical forms of AUorisma, to which they are also related.

Locality and position. Rushville, and Newark, Ohio. Upper part of the Waverley group, of the lower Carboniferous.

ALLORISMA (SEDGWICKIA?) PLEUROPISTHA, Meek.

Shell depressed and elongated, or more than twice as long- as high, moderately convex centrally and anteriorly, and alate and produced behind ; pallial margin long, nearly straight along the middle, rounded up anteriorly and ascending more gradually behind ; posterior side very narrow, truncated and somewhat gaping at the extremity, which intersects the cardinal margin at an obtuse angle, and rounds abruptly into the base ; anterior side wider (higher) than the other, and more or less abruptly rounded. Dorsal margin depressed below the horizon of the beaks behind the latter, where it is concave or nearly straight in outline, and inflected so as to form a short corselet near the beaks ; while in front of them it slopes forward rather abruptly, and is provided with a well-defined oval lunule. Beaks moderately prominent, rather gibbous, and incurved without any obliquity or fissure; placed a little less than one-third the length of the valves from the anterior margin. Posterior umbonal slopes subangular, the ridge extending toward the posterior basal extremity, but becom- ing obsolete before reaching it ; while above this ridge the poste- rior dorsal region is flattened or a little concave and smooth.

Surface oi*nated with more or less defined concentric wrinkles and lines of growth, which are crossed on the posterior portions by linear but distinct raised radiating costse, separated by wider depressions. Of these costa?, the anterior ones descend almost verticall}^ from the beaks to the base ; while farther back they gradually become more oblique, and near the middle of the flanks

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71

more closely arranged, but above and behind this they become more widely separated again, and nearly as oblique as the obscure umbonal ridge, above which they are not defined.

Length, 2.28 inches; height, 1 inch; convexity, about 0.85 inch

This shell strongly reminds one, by its general outline and physiognomy, of those Jurassic species for which Prof. Ao-assiz proposed the genus Cercomya. In that group, however, tireVe is no lunule, and I am not aware that any of the species of the same are marked by radiating costaj as in the species under considera- tion. From all that is known of its characters, I am inclined to believe it more nearly allied to the curious Lyonsia-like Carbo- niferous shells, upon which Prof McCoy originally proposed to found the genus Sedgivickia, but which he afterwards referred to the genus Leptodomus. Still, it differs from the group Sedgickkia also, in the possession of radiating cost®. These are not mere rows of granules, such as doubtless existed on nearly all the dif- ferent types of this family {Anatinidse), but decided costc^, such as we see in Fholadomya, and, what is rather singular, they do not exist on the anterior part of the valves, but extend only as far forward as the beaks, under which they end abruptly, the anterior one being as strongly defined as any of the others,\vhile only the concentric stria? and wrinkles exist on the anterior third of the valves. In the possession of the radiating costte mentioned, as well as in the shortness of its hinge and the inflection of its' cardinal margin, and in its general physiognomy, it differs from the typical species of AUorisma, and hence it may be thought desirable to establish a subgenus for its reception, in which case I would propose for the group the name Cer corny opsis.

Along with the typical specimen of the foregoing species, another was found, with the same form and surface characters, excepting that the anterior end in front of the beaks is shorter, and more angular at the lower end of the lunule ; while the anterior of its radiating costs? are directed much more obliquely backward, in- stead of descending vertically from the beaks to the base. This specimen has tlie posterior end broken away, but as the peculiarities mentioned seem not due to any distortion, I am much inclined to believe it belongs to another species, for which AUorisma (Sedg- wickia ?) obliqua would be a good name.

Locality and position. Rushville, Ohio. Waverley group of Lower Carboniferous. Prof Andrews' collection. 18TL]

Y2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

GRAMMYSIA'? RHOMBOIDES, Meek.

Shell attaining a nioderatel}' large size, not very convex, the greatest convexity a little before and above the middle ; valves witliout an oblique mesial ridge or fold ; rhombic suboval in out- line, with height equalling about three-fourths the length, closed or nearly so all around ; basal margin most prominent just behind the middle, from near which it ascends with a nearly straight out- line obliquely forward, and more abruptly with a convex outline behind ; anterior side truncated obliquely forward from the beaks above, and ver}^ narrowdy rounded near the middle ; posterior side less narrowly rounded at the middle, with its npper edge probabl}^ sometimes obliquely truncated ; cardinal margin equalling about one-third the length of the valves, and inflected so as to form a well- defined escutcheon that narrows backward fi'om the beaks ; lunule rather deep, well defined, lance-ovate in form, and as long as the truncated anterior dorsal slope; beaks moderately prominent, not very gibbous or very strongly incurved, and situated a little nearer the middle than the anterior margin ; posterior umbonal slopes forming a very obscure rounded ridge, between which and the dorsal and posterior dorsal margins there is a rather narrow, slightly concave, or flattened space on each valve. Surface with only small marks or lines of growth, which are gathered into ver}'- small obscure wrinkles along the margins of the lunule.

Length, 2.90 inches ; height, measuring verticallj^ from the most prominent part of the beaks to the horizon of the tops of the beaks, 2.15 inches; do. to cardinal margin behind the beaks, 1.93 inches ; convexity, 1.40 inches.

I only know this shell from casts, which show neither the nature of the hinge nor the muscular or pallial impressions. It presents no traces of the characteristic oblique mesial fold or ridge, seen in the typical forms of Grammysia^ and might, when its cardi- nal margin and lunule are concealed in the matrix, be mistaken for a large Schizodus. Its well-defined lunule and escutcheon, however, and obsolete muscular impressions, show that it cannot be even nearly related to that group. As the casts show no indi- cations of the characteristic internal cartilage process of Eclmon- dia, and it does not seem to have the habit of Cardiomorpha, I know of no genus to which it appears to be more nearly related than to Grammysia, and have concluded to place it provisionally

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 73

in that group until its relations can be more precisely determined from the study of better specimens. Locality and position. Same as last.

GRAMMYSIA VENTRICOSA, Meek. Shell attaining a moderate size, extremely ventricose, the con- vexity being greater than the height, with the greatest gibbosity a httle in front of and above the middle ; height equalling about half the length ; posterior side comparatively long, a little crapin-. and narrowly rounded in outline, at or a little above the middle"' palhal margin usually a little sinuous near the middle or in front of It; anterior side very short, concave just under the beaks to the base of the lunule, where the margin is subangular or very abruptly rounded and most prominent, while below this it rounds obliquely backward into the base ; cardinal margins scarcely more than equalling half the entire length of the valves and in- flected so as to form a kind of shallow escutcheon; beaks very gibbous, moderately elevated, oblique, strongly incurved, and placed almost over the anterior margin ; lunule deep, ovate or obovate, and well defined; posterior umbonal slopes prominently rounded ; flanks without any oblique ridge or sulcus. Surface marked on the anterior side of the valves near the lunule by small wrinkles, which pass into mere lines and linear furrows of growth farther back, while even the latter become nearly or quite obsolete over the more gibbous parts of the valve.

Length of largest specimen seen, 2.50 inches; height, 1.30 inches; convexity, 1.55 inches.

I know nothing of the hinge or muscular and pallial impres- sions of this shell, and refer it to Grammysia from its form and general appearance. It shows no traces of the oblique ridge and furrows seen on the typical species of that genus, but it Is well known that this character is not constant in the group.

Locality and position. Same as foreo-oino-,

GASTEROPODA.

PLATYCERAS MULTISPINOSTJM, Meek.

Shell attaining a large size, comparatively thin, depressed sub- ovate, and very oblique ; apex free, stout, obliquely coiled so as

1871.J PART I. — 6

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

to make about one turn, beyond which the body part expands very rapidly to the aperture, making less than half of another volution ; aperture proportionally very large, and nearly circular; lip not sinuous or undulated, but sometimes slightly, and broadly retreating behind ; surface without plications or costfB, but thickly covered by numerous slender, tubular spines, which leave small, depressed, smooth, undefined tubercles on the internal cast.

Length, measuring direct from the most prominent part of the spire to the anterior margin of the aperture, 3.33 inches ; height, to the most elevated part of the dorsal surface, when the shell is placed with its aperture downward, 1.44 inches; length and breadth of aperture, each about 2.90 inches.

This fine species differs from P. dumosxim^ Conrad, not onl}^ in its much larger size, more oblique, depressed, and more rapidly expanding form, but in having more numerous spines. The largest specimens of that species are said to have more than one hundred spines, while that under consideration must have had more than two hundred. It likewise differs in not having its lip waved or undulated as in Mr. Conrad's species.

It is probably more nearl}^ related to P. echinatum, Hall, from the Hamilton group. No figures of that species have yet been published, but judging fi'om the description, our shell is not only very much larger (that species being described as from one inch to one and a quarter inch in length, with an aperture one inch in diameter), but wants the sinuous peristome mentioned in the description of P. echinatum. The term " strong nodes" would also not apply to the numerous small obscure elevations marking the positions of the spines on internal casts of our species.

None of our specimens show the entire length of the spines, but judging from the fact that their broken ends, at a distance of 0.42 inch from their bases, only measure 0.08 inch in diameter, they would seem to have been probably shorter and more slender, as well as much more numerous, than those of P. dumosum. Al- though these spines are as completely tubular as those of the genus Productus, their internal cavitj^ does not seem to have communicated with the interior of the shell, with probably the exception of those near the lip ; for if that had been the case, the smoothly rounded obscure tubercles seen on the internal cast would have shown the broken bases of the casts of the internal cavities of the spines.

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. -^5

Locality and i^osition. Columbus, Ohio. Coriiiferous <rroup of Devonian series. '^

PLATYCERAS ATTENUATUM, Meek. Shell attaining a moderate size, very slender and elongated. Body part more or less arched above, a little compressed behind,' subangular on the right side, rounded over the dorsal or anterior slope, and gradually tapering backward to the small free apex, which is composed of one to one and a half contiguous volutions,' and twisted to the right of the longitudinal axis of the free bod3^ Aperture irregularly oval or suborbicular, and comparatively small or little expanded ; lip most produced on the right anterior side, and sometimes a little retreating behind, with one or two other faint, smaller undulations of its margin around the front. Surface of cast without longitudinal plications, folds, or undula- tions, but showing over the dorsal and anterior slope numerous small tubercles that evidently mark the positions of spines on the exterior. Surface markings of the shell itself unknown.

Length of the largest specimen, measuring direct from most prominent part at the curve of the spire to that of the anterior margin of the aperture, 2.10 inches; do. measuring from the apex over the dorsal curve to the same, about 3.70; greatest breadth of aperture, 1.35 inches.

This shell seems to differ from all of the described spiniferous species with which I am acquainted, in being more slender, more elongated, and in having the small apex twisted nearly at right angles to the axis of the body part. These characters appeaAo distinguish it readily from the typical P. dumosum, Conrad ; while from the variety of that species that has been described under the name rarisjnnum^ it differs in never having its body even "mode- rately ventricose," nor in any case in contact with the apical coils, as well as in having more numerous spines, if we can judge from the number of tubercles, of which about fifty may be counted on the specimen from which the foregoing description was made out.

In general form it resembles the more slender individuals of the non-spiniferous species P. rejiexum, from the Oriskany sandstone,

' I describe such forms, for convenience, as if placed with the aperture downward and the apex directed backward toward the observer. 1871.]

76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

but its body part is much straighter, while it is never so large and ventricose as in some varieties of that species.

Locality and position. Columbus, Ohio. Corniferous group.

NATICOPSIS LEVIS, Meek.

Shell apparentl}^ attaining a medium size, subovate in general form, at maturity, but pi-oportionally shorter in the young; spire moderately prominent ; volutions four to four and a half, convex, increasing rather rapidly in size ; last one large, or form- ing near nine-tenths of the entire bulk of the shell, rounded on the sides, and a little extended below; suture well defined; ajierture ovate, being regularly rounded below, and more or less angular above; columella arcuate, and distinctly flattened, or a little concave below the nou-perforate umbilical region, above which the inner lip is thickened. Surface only showing obscure lines of growth.

Length of the largest specimens seen, 0.60 inch ; breadth, 0.48 inch ; height of aperture, 0.38 inch ; breadth of do., 0.2*7 inch.

So far as I am at present informed, this is the first Devonian species, beyond doubt known to belong to this genus, that has yet been described in this country; though it is certainly represented in rocks of that age in Europe.' Our species is even more closely allied to the typical Carboniferous forms of the genus, than it is to the European Devonian species, such as Naticopsis subcostata and N. margaritifera { = Natica subcostata and N. margaritifera, d'Archic and de Verneuil).

It is an interesting fact that the above-mentioned European Devonian species represent both of the subgenera found in our Coal-measures, the first belonging to the subgenus Trachydomia, and the other to the typical section of the genus.

Locality and position. Dublin, Franklin County, Ohio. Cor- niferous group of the Devonian.

NATICOPSIS (PLATYOSTOMA'?) ^QUISTKIATA, Meek. Shell subglobose ; spire much depressed ; volutions four, in-

' It is probable that several of the so-called Naticas of the European Silurian rocks also belong to this genus, as may be the case with some of the Americau Silurian species referred to Holopea, and other genera, from •the study of mere casts.

[June 6

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. ' YY

creasing rapidly in size, those of the spire convex, last one lar<re and ventricose; suture well defined; aperture ovate; outer iTp thin, extended forward and very oblique above, and broadly re- treating or sinuous below the middle; columella narrow arcuate, imperforate, and showing some appearance of being a little furrowed below, as if for the reception of the edge of an operculum; inner hp apparently not thickened above. Surface ornamented by fine, very regularly and closely arranged strh-e of growth, which pass very obliquely backward and downward on the upper and outer side of the body volution, and then curve gracefully forward again below, so as to conform to the broad sinuosity of the outer lip. Height, 0.17 inch; breadth, 0.18 inch.

This little shell will be at once distinguished from the young of the last, of corresponding size, with which it agrees very nearly in form, by its beautiful, very regular, well-defined, and gracefully curved strife, as well as by its narrower columella, and thin inner lip. The latter characters lead me to doubt whether it is not more properly a Platyostoma.

Locality and position. Same as last.

BEILEEOPHON NEWBERRYI, Meek. Shell scarcely attaining a medium size, subglobose in form; volutions rounded, all hidden by the last one, the umbilicus being closed on each side ; last turn expanded at the aperture, which is rather large, transversely lunate or subreniform, being nearly twice as wide transversely as the antero-posterior diameter ; lip moderately sinuous in front, and rounded in outline on each side, very thin excepting in the umbilical regions, between which it is thinly spread a little over that part of the return of the spire in- denting the inner or posterior side of the aperture. Dorsal band rather narrow, not usually elevated above the surface of the rounded dorsum, and merely defined by a slight furrow along each side.* Surface ornamented by distinct, very regularly disposed little transverse costge, or coarse raised lines, most strongly de- fined on the dorsal side, where they curve a little backward near the band, and more abruptly in crossing the latter ; while they be- come finer, more curved, and directed backward in approaching the

1 In one of the smaller specimens, the band is a little raised so as to form a slight ridge.

1871.]

78 • PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

umbilical region on each side, and diminish to mere fine lines of growth on the expanded part of the body volution near the aper- ture. Traces of much finer longitudinal, or revolving lines are also seen on well-preserved specimens.

Greatest autero-posterior diameter of a moderate-sized specimen, 0.70 inch; transverse diameter of aperture, 0.72 inch.

In its surface markings, this species seems to agree with B. patulus, Hall, from which it differs materially in having its aperture very much less expanded, and not overlapping the volutions pos- teriorly : as well as in not having its axis umbilicate. It is much more nearly like B. hiulcus, Sowerby, as illustrated by de Koniuck (Ann. Foss. Carb. Belg,, pi. xxvii, fig. 4, a, b, c), but in addition to being much smaller, its aperture is less transverse, and not near so deeply sinuate posteriorly by the inner volutions ; while its lip is very much less spread over the latter behind. It likewise differs in the possession of fine obscure revolving striae.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. J. S. Newberry, the State geologist of Ohio.

Locality and ijosition. Dublin, Franklin Co., Ohio. Coruiferous group of the Devonian.

BELLEROPHON PROPINQUUS, Meek.

This species agrees so nearly with the last in form and size, that it may be suflSciently characterized by pointing out the few char- acters in which it differs. In the first place, its transverse lines are distinctly finer, more crowded, and less regularly arranged ; while it has a small umbilical perforation not entirely closed by the thickened lip on each side, as we see in that species. Again, its dorsal band is always distinctly elevated, very narrow, and fur- rowed along the middle, so as to present a biangular appearance, while the transverse lines bend back more strongly in approach- ing this band than in B. Newberryi, and do not impart the cre- nated or subimbricated appearance in crossing the band, seen on this part of that species. It is likewise destitute of the very fine obscure revolving strife of B. Newberryi, and seems to have its aperture somewhat less expanded, though the specimens are scarcely in a condition to show the expansion of the aperture satisfactorily.

Locality and position. Same as last.

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79

CYCLONEMA CRENULATA, Meek.

Shell turbinate, subtrocliiform, thin ; spire depressed conical ; volutions four, increasing rather rapidly in size, those of the spire convex but not rounded; last one large, convex on the upper slope to the peripher}^, which is rather narrowlj^ rounded; suture well defined between the upper volutions, and somewhat canaliculate farther down; aperture ovate. Surface ornamented by sharply elevated revolving lines or small ridges, which are beautifully and minutely crenate by the crossing of the fine, very oblique lines of growth ; of these revolving lines from sixteen to eighteen may be counted on the body volution, and six on the next above, while those farther up appear to be quite smooth.

Length, 0.34 inch ; breadth, 0.32 inch.

This species seems to be related to G. midtUira, Hall (Fifteenth Report of Regents, p. 48, pi. 5, fig. It), but has a more depressed form, with the volutions of its spire merelj'^ convex instead of rounded, and its body volution narrowly instead of regularly rounded. It also has more revolving lines, which likewise show a delicate crenate character not represented in the figure nor mentioned in the description of C. muUilira.

In general appearance our shell more nearly resembles Mr. Conrad's original figure of his C. bilix (Journ. Acad., N. S. VII, pi. xvi, fig. 10), but it is less oblique, with more coua'cx volutions, and more numerous revolving lines.

Locality and position. Same as last.

ISONEMA HTIMILIS, Meek.

Shell large and robust, depressed subturbinate, about one- fourth to near one-third wider than high ; spire much depressed : volutions four, increasing rather rapidly in size, the exposed part of those of the spire gently conA'ex ; last one large and regularly rounded, or sometimes very obtusely subangular around the middle of the outer side ; suture well defined, without being properly channelled ; aperture circular a little within, but more or less an- gular above at the immediate edge of the lip, where it is more oval in outline ; outer lip thin, and, in mature specimens, slightly dilated ; inner lip thickened, very distinctly flattened, and slightly spread over the imperforate umbilical region, as well as a little thickened near the top of the aperture. Surface ornamented 1871.]

80 PROCKEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

with oblique, slightly archcnl lines of growth, which, on the first and second turns of the spire, are rather coarse, well defined, and present the characteristic regularity of size and arrangement, but soon become, on the succeeding turns, much finer and more crowded, as well as occasionally interrupted by irregular, stronger furrows and wrinkles of growth.

Height of a medium-sized specimen, 1.10 inches; breadth, 1.50 inches ; height of aperture, measuring at the margin of the lip, to the top of the angle above, 0.95 inch ; breadth, about 0.87 inch.

It is possible that this may be the full-grown adult form of Isone- ma Jepressa, M. & W., as its first and second volutions have much the form and surface markings of that shell. Still, as it shows only the same number of volutions in specimens of nine or ten times the volume of the typical specimen of that species, 1 am led to believe it distinct. Although young specimens are more inclined to be subangular around the middle of the outer turn than in the adult, which often has the body whorl regularly rounded, I think it is never at any stage of growth so angular as in the /. depressa.

In large examples, with the strong striae of the fii'st turns of the spire obscured by ei'osion, the specimens of this shell (which are usually preserved in such a condition as to present a perfectly white chalk appearance), when viewed from above, resemble very much the bleached shells of some of the large depressed forms of Hdicidse. The strongly flattened, smooth inner lip, however, gives a very different expression to the under side.

Until more is known in regard to the texture and ornamenta- tion, and particularly in regard to the nature of the inner lip, in the shells on which the genus Holoj)ea was originally founded, it is scared}'' possible to determine exactly the relations of our shells to that group. My present impression, however, is that they constitute a distinct genus.

The species here described resembles some forms of Platys- chisma, McCoy, but they show no traces whatever of the shallow- sinus of the outer lip, and differ remarkably in the presence of the thickened, appressed, and distinctly flattened inner lip, while in the species here described, and in /. depressa, there is not even a slight umbilical perforation. This latter character, how- ever, may not be constant in the group. Locality and position. Same as foregoino-.

. [June 6j

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 81

OKTHONEMA NEWBERRYI, Meek.

Shell turreted, elongate-conical; volutions eight or nine in adult examples, compressed-convex, with a more outward slope than the general slant of the spire, the most convex part being near the lower side of each, a little above the suture; first one or two very small and depressed, and the next one or two more rapidly increasing in size than those below, thus giving a propor- tionally shorter and more conical appearance to young than adult specimens; suture well defined, in consequence of the prominence of the lower part of each turn just above. Surface ornamented by three very slender, raised revolving lines, one of which is placed a little below the suture, and the other two below the middle of the turns of the spire, and on the middle of the last volution ; of these revolving lines the upper two ai'e broken up into minute, regularly arranged, projecting points, while the other is usuall}^ continuous ; lines of growth minute, sharpl}^ defined, and very regularly and closely arranged, passing vertically and very nearly or quite straight across the volutions. (Aperture unknown.)

Length, 0.63 inch; breadth, 0.22 inch.

The general appearance of this ver}' neat little shell, with its three slender revolving lines, two passing around the middle of its body volution, and below the middle of those of the spire, at once recalls to the mind the genus llurchisonia. A moment's exami- nation under a magnifier, however, shows that the sharply defined lines of growth pass straight across the volutions, without making the slightest flexure indicating a sinus in the lip, such as we see in Murchisonia and Pleurotoniaria.

It is a more slender shell than the t3'pe of the genus, 0. Salteri, M. and W., from the Coal-measures, and has a much deeper suture, and less angular body volution, with other differences in the details of its markings. Although nothing is known of the nature of its aperture and columella, it agrees so exactl}- in all its other generic characters with the genus 07ihonema, that I have no hesitation in referring it to that genus. It is certainlj^ not a Murchisonia, and differs radicallj^ in its ornamentation from Loxonema, and all of the other palaeozoic types to which the more or less similar univalves of the older rocks are usually referred.

Locality and position. Otsego, Wood County, Ohio, from the Corniferous groups, just above the Glass Sand. Mr. Gilbert. 1871.] .

82 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

TROCHITA? ANTIQTJA, Meek.

Shell strongly depressed, subtrocliiforra, about three times as wide as high ; under side flattened and provided with a broad, shallow, excentric umbilical impression; volutions two and a half to three, a little convex, with a gentle outward slope above, and an angular periphery at the connection of the upper slope of the whorls and the base ; suture rather obscure ; aperture transversely rhombic ; nearly three times as wide as high, with acutely angular outer and inner extremities ; upper edge of lip very oblique, and extended far forward beyond that below, which seems to be nearly straight. Surface of upper side ornamented by rather distinct lines, or small ridges of growth, which cross the volutions very obliquely, with strong backward curves as they approach the periphery parallel to the margin of the lip.

Breadth, 2.12 inches ; height, 0.66 inch.

The specimens of this shell yet found are very imperfect, but its form and general appearance are so peculiar that there can scarcely be any difficulty in identifying it. Although it has a broad umbilical impression, this impression does not appear to extend up into the very short spire as a true umbilicus. It may not be a true Trochifa, but the specimens yet seen show no cha- racters by which it can be separated from that group, which seems to be represented in the Carboniferous rocks.

Locality and position. Monclova, Lucas County, Ohio. Cor- niferous group of the Devonian.

TROCHONEMA TRICARINATA, Meek. Shell turbinate, thin, a little wider than high ; spire depressed. Yolutions about five, strongly shouldered, or nearly rectangular above ; the upper surface being flat, or a little concave, and ex- tended out almost horizontally to the rectangular and carinate shoulder ; below this the outer side is nearly vertically flattened to a second carina passing around near the middle of the body whorl, exactly coincident with the suture between that and the succeeding turn, so as not to be exposed on the spire ; below this second carina the under side of the body volution is flattened, with a strong inward slope, to a third well-defined carina, passing around the middle of the under side, and forming the margin of the umbilicus. Aperture oval-subpentagoual, being a little higher

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83

than wide, and somewhat angular above, at the connection of its outer lip with the return of the spire, and at the termination of each of the three revolving carinse, as well as very obscurely so a little below the middle of the inner side ; inner lip thin below its connection with the carina passing around the umbilicus, at which point it is very slightl}'' thickened, while above this it seems to be nearly or quite obsolete. Umbilicus rather wide, but shallow, or very rapidly contracting within. Suture well defined, without being in the slightest degree furrowed. Surface only showing very fine lines of growth, which, on the upper flattened space of the volutions, pass obliquely outward and backward, with a very slight curve from the suture to the upper angle or shoulder, below which they pas's nearly straight down the outer flattened area to the second carina, which is as far as they can be traced in the specimen studied.

Height, 0.81 inch ; breadth, 0.90 inch ; height of aperture, 0.54 inch ; breadth of do., 0.46 inch.

This rather neat shell seems to agree exactly in all of its generic characters with the type of Mr. Salter's genus Troclionema (T. umbilicata, Hall, sp.), excepting in not even showing any tendenc}'' to have its body volution become free at the aperture, nor apparently its peritreme continuous. The first of these cha- racters, however, seems not to be always constant in the typical species of Trochonema ; but the fact that it does generally occur in the same is worthy of note ; while the apparent absence of a continuous peritreme in the shell here under consideration, would certainly seem to be one of more than specific importance. If so, I would suggest for it, at least as a subgeneric designation, the name Trochonemopsis.

Specificallj^ this shell will be readily distinguished from T. um- bilicata, which it most nearly resembles, not only by its more depressed form, closely contiguous body volution, obsolete inner lip above the middle of the aperture, and more shallow umbilicus, but also by not having its suture channelled and bordered below by a fourth carina around the upper margin of each volution, as in that species.

Locality and position. Marblehead, Ohio. Corniferous group.

Note. — In the same matrix with the above-described shell, I have been surprised to notice numerous minute bodies that I can scarcely doubt are

1871.]

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

really the fruits of the fresh-water genus Cliara. At any rate, they certainly seem to present all the external characters of the same. These little bodies are globose, about 0.05 of an inch in diameter, and each ornamented by nine strongly defined, and very regularly disposed, spiral ridges, which start on one side around a minute i)it, and pass with perfect regularity spirally so as to converge to an exactly ojiposite point on the other side, making each about one spiral turn in passing from side to side. If really the seeds of this fresh- water genus of plants, they must have been carried into the sea by streams, and deposited where we now find them, along with numerous marine shells.

PTEROPODA.

CONULAKIA MICRONEMA, Meek.

Shell elongate-pyramidal, with the sides equal and diverging from the apex at an angle of about 16 degrees ; lateral surfaces nearly flat, and without any mesial furrow, but sometimes showing a very faint, slender mesial ridge, that becomes nearlj' or quite obsolete toward the smaller end ; each of the four angles a little rounded, and provided with a shallow, moderately distinct longi- tudinal furrow. Surface with numerous, extremely small, closely crowded, transverse strife, of \nery nearlj^ the same size on all parts of the shell ; striae gently arching forward as they cross the sides, and scarce!}'- interrupted at the little mesial longitudinal ridge ; minutely crenate, and separated by extremely slender linear fur- rows, numbering fifteen in the space of one-tenth of an inch on all i)arts of tlie surface; crenulations of striae twelve to fifteen in one-tenth inch.

Length of a specimen broken at both ends, with a diameter of 0.96 inch at the larger end, and 0.46 inch at the smaller, 2.30 inches.

This species is remarkable for the extreme fineness and closely crowded uniform character of the transverse striai on all parts of the surface. I know of no other species, resembling it in other re- spects, with near such fine crowded striie. At a little distance these lines are entirely invisible to the unassisted eye, and it requires the aid of a magnifier to see them distinctly. The furrows between these striffi are more impressed hair-lines, in which no crenula- tions are visible in the specimen.

Locality and poHifion. Sciotoville, Ohio. Waverley, or lowest division of the Carboniferous.

[June 6,

XATURAL SCIKSCR5 OF PHILADELPHIA. So

COXTLABIA ELEGAirrCLA. M^-ek.

Shell presenting the usual quadrangular pvraniidal form, with the di\-ergence of the sides from the rather jx>intevl ajx^x, fonuinij an angle of about IS degrees: each of the four lateral angles slightly rounded and distinctly furroweil : sides equal, nearly flat, and without any well define*.! longitudinal mesial furrow. Surface ornamented by numerous, very small, closely arrang^^l, transverse lines that arch gently forwarxl or towani the aivrtuiv, and sometimes become slightly interrupted and alternating along the middle of each side; while in other instances they are merely a little deflected and continuous across this slight impression or imaginary line. These lines attain their largest size, and are separated by spaces of their own breadth, at about O.TO inch from the apex, and beyond this l»ecome gradually smaller and mor« crowded toward the aperture. AVheiv largest and widest apart, they number about seven in one-tenth of an inch. They aiv all erenulated, thei-e being fourteen of the crenulations in a length of one-tenth of an inch. Furrows K^tween the transverse lines marked by very fine strife, much smaller and more cn^wded than the crenulations on the strijv, and running in the diivction of the longitudinal axis of the shell.

Length of specimen, apparently nearly entire, 1.70 inches; breadth, about 0.50 inches.

This species is related to C. bi/bUs of White ^^Proc. Bost. Soc, y. H.. Feb. 1S62, p. 22), and C. »m<//j(W/a/(i, M. ^t W. ^Proc. Acad. Sci.. Phila., Pec. lSt>o, p. 252\ from the Waverlcy group of Iowa and Ohio. It diflers, however, in having its transverse lines smaller and more crowded, there being about TO of them to the inch, at the point where they are largest and widest apart, and 100 in the same space near the larger end of the shell; while in both of the Waverlcy species mentioned, only forty-live to firty occur in an inch. The crenulations of the transverse stria^ an' also smaller and more crowded in the species under considcraiion, there being usually fourteen of them in one-tenth of an inch, which would oive 140 to the inch; while, according to Prof. WinchcU's measurements, they are so much larger and more distant in (\ h(/- blis, that GO to 75 of them would occupy the same space. Tiio obtusely rounded and smooth apex mentioned in Dr. White's de- scription, if natural, would be another very important distinction; 1S71.]

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

but I suspect, from the appearance of some of the specimens of species of this genus figured by Prof. Barrande, that this is due to the removal of the apex by some accident, so as to expose one of the smooth septa within.^

Compared with G. Niagarensis, Hall, the species under con- sideration evidently differs in being much more gradually taper- ing, and has the transverse lines much smaller and more crowded toward the larger end of the shell. In form it agrees more nearly with G. simjjlex of Barrande, which, however, has the furrows between the transverse lines smooth, and these lines not becoming smaller and more crowded toward the aperture from a point six to seven tenths of an inch from the apex.

Locality and position. Delaware, Ohio. Corniferous division of the Devonian.

CEPHALOPODA.

CYRTOCEEAS OHIOENSE, Meek.

Shell long, slender, gently arched, and very graduall}^ ta- pering, section nearly circular, the clorso-ventral diameter being slightly greater than the transverse. Septa distant from each other, on the outer or convex (ventral) side of the curve, slightly more than one-sixth, and on the inner side about one-seventh, the dorso-ventral diameter. Siphuncle situated near the outer side of the curve, but not exactly marginal. Surface ornamented by small, somewhat irregular annular ridges and strise that curve a little backward in crossing the ventral side. Rather distinct, raised lines also mark the surface longitudinally, so as to form with the annular markings a somewhat cancellated appearance.

Length of a specimen incomplete at both ends, and septate throughout, excepting about one inch of the anterior end, 6.50 inches (measuring along the convex side of the curve). Dorso- ventral diameter at the posterior end, 1.33 inches ; transverse

' Since seeing these figures of Prof. Barrande' s, I am led to think it pro- bable that C. hyblis, White, and C. multicostata, M. & W., may belong to one species, the apparent obtusely rounded smooth apex of C. hyblis being the principal character that led us to suppose the C. multicostata to be quite distinct. A comparison of specimens, liowever, might show other distinc- tions.

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87

diameter at the same place, 1.27 inches. The increase in size is such that the same measurements at a point three inches farther forward, are respectively 1.56 and 1.50 inches, while from this point to the broken anterior end, which includes only about one inch of the body chamber, the shell diminishes a little in both diameters, but apparently more in the transverse than the dorso- ventral, though this may be in part due to accidental lateral pressure.

This species seems to be related to Crxjptoceras eitgemum, Hall (Regents' 15th Report, p. 70, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2, and 3), but evidently not only attained a larger size, but differs in having its dorso- ventral diameter a little greater than the transverse, instead of the reverse. It also differs in being marked with distinct longitudinal raised lines, as well as in tapering somewhat, from the central re- gion forward, and in having its septa more closely arranged. In form it agrees more or less nearly with several of the Bohemian species figured by Dr. Barrande, but it differs from all of them in its surface markings ; while from his C. pugio^ which has some- what similar sculpturing, it differs in being a little more curved, and without transverse undulations.

The entire shell could scarcely have been less than 12 to 14 inches in length, and probably curved so as to form about one- fourth of a circle.

Locality and position. Dublin, Franklin Co., Ohio. Cornife- rous group of the Devonian series.

GYROCEKAS (TKOCHOCERAS ?) OHIOENSE, Meek.

Shell attaining a large size, oval-subdiscoid ; composed of thi-ee or four rather rapidly enlarging whorls, the inner ones of which are closely contiguous, while the last one seems to become a little free at the aperture; umbilicus large and of moderate depth. Volutions rounded — subquadrangular, with the transverse dia- meter somewhat greater than the dorso-ventral ; rather broadly flattened on the periphery, and compressed convex on the sides, which round off gradually into the umbilicus, and more abruptly to the periphery, excepting in young shells, which have the sides of the volutions more flattened, and rounding as abruptly into the umbilicus as to the flattened outer side. Septa moderately distant, or separated by spaces which measure, on the middle of each side, about one-third the dorso-ventral diameter of the volu- 1871.]

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

tion at the same point ; curving gracefully backward as they cross the sides, and forward as the}' pass from the sides to the flattened periphery, in crossing wliich the}' again make another, but stronger, backward curve. Body chamber large, or occupying more than half the outer volution. Surface (of cast) ornamented by small transverse ridges, of which about thirty may l^e counted to a side of each volution, the outer half only of which they occupy, without passing over or upon the periphery; while on the inner volutions they are sometimes so short as to assume the aspect of trans- versely elongated nodes. Siphuncle, aperture, and finer surface markings unknown.

Greatest diameter across the disc of a specimen with a part of the outer volution broken away, about nine inches ; dorso-ventral diameter of outer volution at the point where it is broken olfj 3.63 inches ; thickness, or transverse diameter, of same at same point, about 3.90 inches.

Owing to the fact that the only two specimens of this species I have seen are both in such a condition as to show clearly only one side (the upper side of it is a Trochoceras), I am in some little doubt whether it is a Oyroceras or a Trochoceras. From the depth of the concavity of this side, however, I can scarcely question that the volutions are really coiled in the same plane, as in Gyro- ceras and Nautilus. The contiguous character of its volutions (excepting apparently the last one, near the aperture) is, how- ever, rather against its being a Gyroceras, though the inner turns are sometimes in contact in species apparently belonging to that genus. If the last turn reallj' does become free, as seems to be the case, this character would be equally against the probability of its being a Nautilus; but as the specimens are not in a condi- tion to quite remove all doubts on this point, it is barely possible that this shell may be found to belong to some of the sections of that group, though I can scarcely think so.

I know of no described species of Gyroceras so nearly allied to this specificall}', as to require a close comparison.

Locality and position. Delaware, Ohio, and in Marion County of the same State. Coruiferous limestone of the UpiDcr Helderberg Series (Devonian).

[June 6,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89

GYKOCERAS (NAUTILUS ?) INELEGANS, Meek.

Shell attaining a large size, subdiscoidal. Volutions about two and a half to three, increasing rapidly in size, having a somewhat greater dorso-ventral than transverse diameter, being moderately compressed on each side, narrowly rounded over the periphery, and rounding regularly into the umbilicus, which is of moderate depth and distinctly narrower than the dorso-ventral diameter of the outer whorl. First turn apparently slightly embraced by the second, which seems to become free toward the aperture. Septa rather distant, deeply concave on their anterior faces, and all crossing the sides and periphery with very slight backward curves ; separated from each other on the periphery b}^ spaces equalling about half the dorso-ventral diameter at the point of measurement. Body chamber large, or forming half the outer volutions ; aperture not expanded ; lip sinuous on the outer side. Surface of cast showing, on the inner volutions, some traces of rather distant transverse ridges, which become nearly or quite obsolete on the outer turn. Siphuncle and finer surface markings unknown.

Greatest diameter across the disc of a specimen a little com- pressed by accidental pressure, nine inches ; dorso-ventral dia- meter of last turn near the aperture, 4.10 inches; transverse diameter of same, 3.50 inches.

This is another form in reo;ard to the generic characters of which I am in doubt. Its more rapidly expanding volutions, more rounded periphery, proportionally narrow umbilicus, and closely contiguous, or even slightly embraced inner turns, give it a much more nautiloid look than the last, and I should scarcely hesitate to refer it to the genus Nautilus, if it were not for the fact that the outer volution seems to be a little detached at the aperture. Still, this may possibl}- be due to compression.

Locality and iwsition. Corniferous group, Marion County, Ohio.

CRUSTACEA.

PROETUS PLANIMAKGINATUS, Meek.

Pygidium depressed, semi-elliptic, the length and breadth being nearly as five to seven ; anterior margin gently arcuate or convex in outline; posterior somewhat narrowly rounded; lateral margins diverging forward, with slightly convex outlines, to ,the anterior 1871.] PART L— 7

90 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OP

lateral angles, wliich are not truncated. Mesial lobe rather de- pressed, but rounded and well defined, narrow, or only about two-thirds as wide at its anterior end as the lateral lobes, taper- ing gradually, witli straight sides, to its posterior extremity, which terminates at a distance of about half the breadtli of the anterior end, within the margin ; provided with about twelve or thirteen nearly straight segments, most of wliich are well defined. Lateral L^bes gently convex, sloping gradually from near the middle to tlic lateral and posterior margins, which are horizontally flattened, but not thickened; segments eight or nine, not extend- ing upon the flattened margins, and each divided its entire length, by so broad a furrow (flat within) that only a very narrow ante- rior and posterior margin is left projecting, and merely separated from that of the contiguous segment by a faint linear depression, tlius presenting the appearance of narrow ribs or segments longi- tudinally marked by faint linear furrows, and separatevl from each other by broad flattened depressions. Surface apparently nearly smootli. (Other characters unknown.)

Length of pygidium, 0.G4 inch ; breadth, 0.94 inch ; height of lateral lobes, 0.13 inch; do. to top of mesial lobe at its anterior end, 0.23 incli.

The pygidium of this species seems to present much the same proportions as the corresponding part of P. Haldemani, Plall from the Hamilton group ; but it has a proportionally^ narrower mesial lobe, and a smaller number of segments in the lateral obes. It also differs in having a distinctly flattened instead of thickened border. If I have correctly understood the nature of the segments of its lateral lobes, they are also A^ery different from those of P. Haldemani, being provided with wide flattened longi- tudinal furrows. These furrows are so wide and strongly defined that I have been in some doubt whether the}'" ought not rather to be regarded as the divisions between the segments (wliich, in that case, would be represented by the comparatively narrow interven- ing furrows) than as the furrows of the segments themselves. On tracing them inward, however, to the mesial lobe, they are found to be abruptly narrowed and curved slightly forward as they approach the latter, so as to seem to correspond to the furrows on the segments, rather than to depressions hehveen them.

None of the specimens show much of the surface, but, as far as it can be seen, it seems to be smooth, and to coincide exactly

[July 4,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PniLADELPHIA. 91

with the smallest elevations and depressions of the internal cast, from which the foregoing description was drawn np.

Locality and position. Upper part of the Corniferous group, Sylvania, Lucas County, Ohio. Devonian. Mr. Gilbert's collec- tion.

DALMANITES OHIOENSIS, Meek.

Pj'gidium large, depressed, semi-elliptic or semi-oval in general outline, nearly straight or gentl}^ convex in outline on the ante- rior margin, with the lateral angles a little rounded ; posterior extremit}^ somewhat raised and truncated, with the lateral angles of the truncated margin produced into two rather sliort, distinctly converging spines. Mesial lohe narrow, or only equalling half the breadth of each lateral lobe at the anterior ends, depressed and graduallj^ tapering to the posterior end, which terminates very near tlie truncated posterior margin ; rather distinctly sepa- rated 1)y the furrow on each side from the lateral lobes ; segments about eighteen, passing straight across, and separated by Avell- defined furrows, that are narrower tlian the segments themselves, which are not furrowed. Lateral lobes most convex along some- what within the middle, where they are nearlj^ or quite as high as the mesial lobe, toward which they slope slightly on the inner side, while beyond the middle they sIojjc off gradually to the lateral margins, which are very narrow, not thickened above, and curve outward nearly horizontal!}^; segments al^out fifteen, widen- ing slightly outward, and separated V>y deep, well-defined furrows extending very nearly to the lateral margins ; the larger ones showing faint traces of a slender longitudinal furrow along the middle, while all, excepting a few of the smallest posterior ones, are produced beyond the lateral margins in the form of slender, sharp rounded spines, that curve a little backward and upward. Surface nearly or quite smooth. Thorax and cephalic shield unknown.

Length of pj^gidium, 1.10 inch; breadth, 2.10 inches; height or convexity, 0.25 inch; breadth of posterior truncation, 0.45 inch ; length of longest spines projecting from lateral margin, 0.38 inch.

This Trilobite seems to be closely allied to D. myrmecophorus (= Asaphus myrmecophorus), Green, to which I was at one time inclined to refer it. A careful comparison, however, with the 18TL]

92 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

description of that species given by Green and Hall, seems to show that our fossil cannot be properly considered identical. In the first place, it differs in having the mesial lobe only just half as wide as each of the lateral (measuring both at their anterior ends), instead of only about one-third as wide (see dimensions D. myrmecophorus, given in the Fifteenth Report, Regents Univ. N. Y., on State Cab. N. H., p. 18). Again, it shows no traces whatever of nodes or spines (excepting the marginal spines) on any of the segments, either of the mesial or latex'al lobes ; while in Green's species the segments of the lateral lobes are described, in the Regents' Report above cited, and also by Green, as being marked by one or two rows of nodes, and those of the mesial lobe are described in the Regents' Report as being marked each by three spines. Our species also shows a faintly impressed mesial line along each segment of the lateral lobes, not mentioned either by Hall or Green in describing D. myrmecophorus.

Green gives the number of segments in the middle lobe of the pj^gidium as fourteen, and in each lateral lobe as thirteen; while in apparently a larger specimen (three inches in length). Prof. Hall counted twenty-four segments in the axis, and twenty in each lateral lobe ; from which we may infer that the number of segments varied somewhat with the size of the specimen in that species.

Although nothing is known of the cephalic shield of this species, or, I believe, of that described by Green, I have little or no hesi- tation in expressing the opinion that at least the form here under consideration possessed the peculiar perforated or digitated exten- sion of its anterior margin seen in D. selinurus, and hence that it belongs to Mr. Conrad's subgenus Odontocephalus.

Another specimen in the collection from the same locality and position as that from which the foregoing description was made out, consisting of a rude cast of the p^^gidium, shows the same pro- portional breadth of the mesial and lateral lobes, and apparently about the same number of segments, but differs in being propor- tionally longer, its length being to its breadth as about 8 to 11, instead of about 8 to 13. It also differs in having the spines on each side of the truncated posterior extremity distinctly larger than in the form above described, and directed straight backward as in D. selinur-us, instead of converging, as in the last. The spines along its lateral margins, however, are, on the contrary,

[July 4,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 93

proportionally decidedly smaller. This, I suspect, belongs to a distinct species; but, as the specimen is too much eroded to show its surface character clearl3', I have preferred to refer it doubt- fully, for the present, to the same.

Locality and position. Marblehead, Ohio. Corniferous group of the Devonian.

isn.]

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ON CEETAIN SPECIES OF FALCONIDJE, TETRAONID^, AND ANATID^

BY ALFRED NEWTON,

PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

[Communicated by Mr. Coues.]

Magdalene College, Cambridge.

2Sth November, 1869.

My Dear Sir: I have just received your letter of the 9th inst. I have the greatest pleasure in giving you all the information in my power.

As to the Great Northern Falcon question — I cannot count more than six men in Europe who really understand it. It would be invidious to name them. Two of them, Schlegel and Blasius, I had the i:)lcasure of converting from their old heresies. I en- deavored to bring Cassin to a right understanding (»f the matter when I was in Philadelphia more than a dozen years ago, but I did not succeed, and consequently his notice in the " Birds of North America" (p. 13) is all wrong. I have not much to add or anything to retract from some remarks of mine on this ques- tion in "The Ibis" for 1862 (pp>. 44-53), in my appendix to Baring- Gould's " Iceland" (pp. 404, 407), and in the " Ootheca Wolley- ana" (pp. 85, 8t).

The first thing to become fully impressed with is that these large falcons have exactly the same changes of plumage as Falco 2')ereginus or F. anatum (supposing the}' are distinct), i. e., the young in their first plumage are marked longitudinally, and this plumage they keep until their second autumn, when the fully adult plumage is assumed. In sajdng this, I do not mean to declare that the moult is a matter of a very short time. On the ontrary, I have reason to believe tliat in most examples it lasts for some months ; but by the end of their second autumn they are in fully adult plumage. All that has been said about these birds growing whiter and whiter as they grow older is founded on mere speculation and fancy. The main differences between immature and adult plumage are that the browns become grays, and the longitudinal markings transverse. None of the European dealers understand this; and if j'ou liave skins from Paris, 3'ou will find, I am sure, young white birds marked " tres adulte," and old

[July 4,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

95

blue birds marked "jeune." It is the same with specimens from Copenhagen and elsewhere. Now it being understood tiiat, as I have above said, the age of the ])ird may be detected from the color, and, still better, from the direction of the markings, it will then be evident that in a large series you have what at first sight appears to be almost every step from the nearly pure white phase — wliieh some consider, tliough I do not, to be the F. arcticus of Holboll — to the dark-colored F. lahradora of Auduljon, and it is not easy to see how thej^ can lie distinguished. Easy it is, how- ever, on trial. Sort out all the specimens with white l)ills and claws (tlie white is often flesh-colored owing to extravasated blood), and then you will have Falco candicans. Then turn all the other specimens on to their l)ellies, and lay in one heap those that have the tops of their heads not darker than their backs, and on another those that have the tops of their heads not lighter than their backs. The first of these heaps will be F. islandicus, and the second F. gyrfalco. You will have perhaps some five per cent, that this test will not reach, and this remainder will require further comparison; but I am much mistaken if the "moustache" will not enable 3^ou to distriluite tlie balance. Then you may look at the labels — always being, of course, suspicious of French geography — and I think you will have something like this result : —

BILL AND CLAWS.

White or ( pale flesh < color. (

Dusky horu color.

PLnjIAGE ABOVE.

White with dark markings.

' Top of head not"! diii'ker than 1

back ; raous- | tache light. J

Dark with liglit mark- ings.

Top of head not~l ligliter than I hack ; raous- f tache heavy. J

F. eandieans,^

r

F. islandicus,'^

LOCALITIES.

Adult.

N. Greenland, N. parts of fur

countries, Siberia ?

Southern

Greenland and Iceland.'

■f. gyrfalco, -{

I Norway, Sweden, Finland, Siberia ?

Immature. Iceland, British Islands, Nor- way, Sweden, Canada, U. S., " Siberia"

(Pallas), (in Mus, Berol), " Amoor"

(Schrenck).

British Islands, Norway, Ice- land, Labrador, Canada, U. S.

Norway, Swe- den, Holland, N. Germany.

I P. S. 6 May, 1871. Since this letter was written Prof. Baird has kindly sent me some spcchnens from Alaska to examine. These are adult, and differ from Icelandic examples only in being slightly darker. (P. Z. S. 1870, p. 384.) "Alaska" should, therefore, be added to the localities named above. 1871.]

96 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF

The adults will be from the countries where each form breeds, and the 3'oung from those to which they wander (generallj^ in the autumn or winter).

We have in Europe (including Iceland and Spitzbergen as Euro- pean), in m3'- opinion, four^ species of Lagopus ; for I count L. sco- ticus as a species, since it can be always most readily distinguished from L. albus, and has (nowadays) a different habitat, but that it is only L. albus modified to suit an insular climate, I am per- suaded; just as I am that Lepus hihernicus is a mere insulated form of L. timidiis, Linn, nee auctt, (Cf. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 497.) Of L. scoticus, however, I need say nothing here. L. albus, of which remains are found in the caves of the "Reindeer period" in the south of France, together with those of Nyctea nivea, is now- adays, as you no doubt know, confined to Norway and Sweden in Western Europe, Finland and Russia in the East. Its south- ernmost limits in Russia I do not know. I think I have read somewhere of its occurring in the very east of Prussia, but I can- not be sure. Between European and American specimens of L. albus, I have never been able to detect any difference at all. The L.brachydacfylus of Temminck, figured by Werner (Atl. Ois. Eur.) and by Gould, is L. albus, as I know by the type at Lej-den which I have examined (so also says Schlegel somewhere). It is a win- ter bird with perfectly white remiges ; but I may here remark that the variation in the color of the remiges (I speak of the adult, for in the young the primaries first assumed and borne till the first moult are always brown) seems to me but an individual character. Examples killed from the same flock exhibit much diversity in the coloring of the space alongside the shaft of the primaries. Sometimes there is a broad dark-colored patch ex- tending along the greater part of it, and sometimes all is pure white. I have noticed much the same thing in American birds. Next to L. albus, we have L. mutus or alpinus — the species to which the Gallic name Ptarmigan is really applicable. This in- habits Scotland, Norway and Sweden, Finland, Northern Russia, the Alps and Pyrenees, its range being determined by the elevation above the sea-level, which varies inversely as the latitude. The male of this in full breeding plumage has a black breast (as figured in Gould's B.of Grt. Brit.), but the/itZZ breeding plumage

1 P. S. 6 May, 1871. I should now say "five," see next note.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97

is very seldom completed, and before all the winter (white) feathers have been shed, some of the ash3'-gray autumn plumage arc gene- rally observable. Still, a % , killed, say in May, always has a considerable number of purely black feathers on his breast. At this time the ? is of a bright orange color, vermiculated above with black, and hardly to be distinguished from L. rupestris of the same sex and season. Later in the year both sexes put on au ashy-gray plumage (for Lagojius has three moults a year), and in this you have the " plumage des noces" of most of the conti- nental dealers. I myself have never seen Pyrcnrean specimens, but it is said that they are specifically identical with those of the Alps, and these last are certainly not distinguishable from our own or Scandinavian examples. I am told that there is appreci- able difference observable in the size of Scotch specimens accord- ing as they ai*e from the summits of the hills or lower down, and I know there is such difference in Norwegian ones. The laro;est L. mutus I ever saw were from Qvalo, the island on which Hammer- fest stands, and owing to its proximity to the sea, I suppose, and the influence of the gulf stream (the well-known " Horri-eye" bean is constantly thrown up there), the climate of Qvalo is certainly much more equable and milder than that of the frontier range of mountains between Norway and Sweden, and still more so than such hills as those about Kilpisjeroi, whence have come the smallest specimens I ever handled. I should think two Qvalo birds would weigh as much as three from Kjolen, and the difference of size is plainl}^ visible even in the sternum. But of course no one would wish to separate these birds unless it was Brehm. The fourth European species I hold to be the same as your L. rupestris, which L. mutus certainly is not. Under the name of L. hemileucurus (or, Malmgren would say, L. hyperhoreus), the Spitzbergen bird has been described as distinct, but I have hardly a doubt* remaining that it is in every respect identical with the Islandic L. islando- rum, which again I hold to be specifically* identical with L. rein- hardti of Greenland, and L. rupestris of Labrador, and the

' P. S. 6 May, 1871. Dr. Von Heuglin having kindly sent me some ex- amples of the Spitzbergen bird obtained by him last year, an examination of them has entirely changed my opinion on this point. I now beheve L. liemileucxirus to be a good species, and I have stated my reasons for so thinking in notes which will shortly be published by that naturalist or by Dr. Finsch. 1871.]

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADExMY OF

Hudson's Bay territory. The females at no time of tlie year differ mucli from L. mutiis, but, so far as I know, the males never in spring assume or attempt to assume a black breast — the color of the new spring feathers upon that part being always a dark (blackish if you like) lirown, but mottled and freckled with 7n(st color. In this stage the bird has none of the fresh look which the brilliant contrast of the pure black and white gives to L. mu- tus ^ . The autumnal plumage of the ? rujtestris I have never been able to make out satisfactorily ; but I have seme reason to think that it is not of the generally clear ashy-gray hue that that of mufus is. This is a i)oint I want especially to be informed upon. They send many skins from Greenland, which I susjject are autumnal birds, but the men are content to mark them " Sommer." I have autumnal females from Iceland, where the orange-yellow of the spring is fast giving way to the white of winter, without the intervention of any autumnal gray. What the Icelandic J" does at the same time I do not know ; I did not stay long enough in Iceland to find out, and the specimens I desired to be sent to me are all apparcntl}^ females. That L.,idandorum and L. reinhardti are identical, I tliink there can be no doubt, and I cannot conceive why Brehm ever invented the latter. That islandoi'um and hemi- leucurus (from Spitzbergen) are the same, I also strongly opine,^ and if I could only get tlie latter to comiiare witli my skins of the former, I think I could settle the question, but it is rare.

I yesterday received from Malmgren a copy of a paper by him in the "Notiser ur Siillskapets pro Fauna et Flora Fcnnica For- handlingar" for 1869, containing remarks upon the Finnish and Scandinavian geese {Anseridae he calls them). I am delighted to see that he has come to my opinion on several points where we were at issue. Of the genus Chen I can tell you nothing. Of true Anser we havej^ue European species: —

1. A. /e?'us (Linn.), (^. cinerstts, Meyer), with a white " nail" to the bill, and light gray carpal feathers.

2. A. segetum (Gmel.), with a black nail to the long bill, dark brownish-gray carpal feathers, and orange-red legs.

3. A. hrachyy-hynchus, Baillon (A. plxo3nicoims^ Bartlett), with a black nail to the short bill, gray (but not so light as in !N^o. 1) carpal feathers, and pink legs.

1 P. S. 6 May, 1871. But see preceding note.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

4, A. albifrons (Gmel.), with a white nail, dark gray carpal feathers, and orange legs.

5. A. erythrojAis (Linn.), much reseraWing the last, but much smaller (about the size of Anas hoscJras) and perhaps redder orange legs. The synonj^ms of this bird are: A. fnmarchicus, Gunnerus, A. temminckii, Eoie, A. minutus, Naumann, and, as I now see by Malmgren, A. brevirostris, Fritsch ; but this last I have not myself certified.

jVo. 1. A.ferus is undoubtedly the species from which our tarae geese have sprung. It formerly bred in England, and now breeds in Scotland, where it is, I am satisjied, the only species that does so. (Cf. Ibis. 1865, p. 441 ; 1869, p. 21.) It also breeds in Iceland. (Ibis. 1864, p. 1.32.) The Scandinavian naturalists have said it breeds on the coast of Norway, if not in Sweden also ; but they have only just begun to know A. hrachyrhynchus^ and I suspect most if not all of the geese breeding on the Norwegian coast be- long to that species. It seems, however, to bi'eed in certain parts of Central Europe, and undoubtedly^ in Turkey (Simpson), and also Spain (Saunders). Its occurrence in England is now rare.

No. 2. A. segetiim, with which I also unite A. intermedins and probably A. arvensis of Naumann, comes to England as a regular winter visitor, but is not so common as the next species ; the A. segetum of Naumann (Naumannia, 1853) is I believe A. hracliy- rhynchus. I only k7ioio of Lapland as a breeding place of this species. The A. paludosus of A. Strickland (his A. seyetum being also A. hrachyrhynclius) is no doubt identical, but proof is wanting that it ever bred in this country.

No. 3. A. brachyrhynchus is the commonest winter goose in England, arriving often in August. It breeds in Iceland (Ibis. 1864, p. 132), Spitzbergen (Malmgren and Newton), north Norway (Ibis. 1869, p. 226), and I suspect all the way down the Norwegian coast to Trondhjem. Besides the synonym A. phoenicopus, Bart- lett, I believe it to be A. segetum of Naumann and A. Strickland.

No. 4. A. albifrons breeds in Iceland (A. N.), l)ut I do not know where else — certainly not in northern Scandinavia. In IIol- land they have breeding A. pallidipes^ De Selys, which I take to be ix, feral race of this bird, or perhaps a cross between it and A. ferus (cinereus) ; but it is doubtful to me how far it can be called wild tliere. It has the very white front of albifrons, but is larger

isn.]

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

and with the legs of A. ferns. A. alhifrons occurs every winter and sometimes numerously in England- No. 5. A. erythropuH. I first showed the identity of A. minutus with the bird originally described by Linnseus (P. Z. S., 1860, June 26). Except A. segetum, it is the only goose that breeds in the interior of Lapland, and it seems also to breed a good deal to the eastward — in Russia, for instance. I do not know of any in- stance of its occurring in England, but apparently they catch it occasionally in Holland. Saunders has seen it in Italy (Ibis. 1869, p. 395), and I think some one met with it on the Nile.

Yours, very truly,

ALFRED NEWTON. Elliott Coues, Esq., M. D.

[Jnly 4,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101

April 4, 1871. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Thirtj'-two members present.

Mr. Thomas Meehan, referring to the two-leaved division of Pinus of Graj^'s Manual^ said that Pinus mifis was especially named as having sometimes three leaves in a fascicle ; but in two others of that section, P. inops and P. jmngens, he found the so- called leaves in threes almost as abundantly as in the former one. But the chief interest was that in all three species the three-leaved bundles became more numerous as the growth of the season ap- proached its end. In many instances the fascicles just beneath the terminal buds were mostly in threes, and iu those cases, where a second wave of growth had occurred, the terminal fascicles were almost wholly in .threes. He thought that these indications of order in their production might eveutualh' lead to the discovery of the plan on which the fascicles were produced. It would, at least, appear that in all two-leaved fascicles the germs of three were present, and that it depended on some varying phase of growth whether they were all developed or not.

Mr. M. also said, in regard to the Acei-' rubrum, that he had examined a large number of trees this season in order to test defi- nitely whether there was any difference between the brown-flowered form and the darker one, that had hitherto escaped the attention of botanists. He found that there was no difference, but that as a general rule the brown ones were male ; and it was the brown filaments which gave them this color. There were, however, oc- casional trees of both sexes which favored either color. But he found that there were no trul}' hermaphrodite flowers amongst them, and therefore the description of the books, " polj-gamo- dioecious," was not strictly correct. In manj' female trees there were apparent stamens, but the filaments were almost Avanting, and he had been unable to find any of the anthers which they bore, polleniferous. These abortive stamens hardl}' extended at any time beyond the minute petals ; while the true stamens in the male flowers had filaments extending a half inch or more bej'ond the petals. He suggested that the fact of the apparently herma- phrodite flowers in Ace?^ ruhrum being really pistillate was per- haps a small matter in itself; but it would have much interest to those who were observing how numerous were the species which fell in with Darwin's discovery, that many plants took especial pains to avoid self-fertilization.

1871.]

102 proceedings op the academy of

April 11.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberqer, in the chair. Twenty-eight members present.

The death of Prof. Constant Dumeril, of Paris, was announced. A paper was presented for publication entitled — "Morphology of the Carpellary scales in Laris." By Thomas Meehan.

April 18.

Mr. Yaux, Yice-President, in the chair. Twenty-nine members present.

Prof. Leidy made the following remarks on some extinct turtles from Wyoming Territory : —

Several species of extinct turtles from the tertiary deposits of Wyoming differ from those previously described by me from the same formation. They are indicated by imperfect, though suffi- cientl3' characteristic, remains, sent to me by Dr. J. Van A. Carter, of Fort Bridger ; and by others obtained during Prof. Haj^den's exploring expedition the last 3'ear.

Anosteira ornata. — One of the turtles is founded upon a num- ber of isolated plates and fragments of others of the carapace of about four different individuals, obtained from Church Buttes and Grizzly Buttes, Wj'oming. The specimens are mainly marginal, including two pygal plates. The latter are remarkably thick at the fore part, where they are hollowed into a concavity directed forward, and l*ounded below by a projecting ledge. This con- cavity continues outward and forward upon the contiguous mar- ginal plates as a groove, bounded by an inferior ledge, which would aiJi)ear gradually to become narrower, and disappear at the third marginal plates in advance. The upper part of the pygal plate slopes on each side from a median acute ridge or carina, which subsides at the posterior third. The marginal and P3'gal have all been conjoined with the costal plates by suture, and the former in addition by gomphosis, as in living emydes. The free surfaces of the plates are closely covered with radiant elevations. These centrall}^ form rounded tubercles and peripherally more or less interrupted ridges with more or less interrupted branches. Apparently' in j^ounger plates the elevations form more continuous radiant and branching ridges, which wcnild api)ear in older animals to have become more and more broken so as to form rounded tubercles. In some specimens the radiant ridged appearance is more conspicuous on the under surface of the marginal plates,

[July 4,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

■while the rounrled tuberciilons condition is move ohvions above. In two marginal plates, conspicuously tuberculated al)0vc, the lower surfaces are perfecth' smooth. These prol^ably pertain to a difTerent species. None of the plates exhibit scute impressions, generally so evident in the eniydes.

Anosteira ornaf.a was almost tlic size of tlie palm or middle hand. A pygal plate measures about eleven lines in length and breadth ; and its height or thickness in front is seven lines. An- other plate from a younger animal measures al)OUt seven lines long, eight broad, and four lines thick in front.

Hybemys arenarius — The second turtle, almost as large as our common Emys picta, is founded on two specimens ol)tained by Prof. Hay den from a tertiar3' forjnation on Little Sa)id3- Creek. The}^ consist of a marginal plate and tlie portion of a costal plate. The bones are proportionatel}- tliicker than in our common emydes, but like thein are smooth and deeply impressed by t)ie scutes.

The marginal plate appears to be the ninth of the series. From the groove of the costal scute impression it is directed quite as abruptly outwardly as in any recent emys. Its peculiarity', upon ■which I liave founded the genus, is a striking character. The surfaces, separated hj the groove of the marginal scute impres- sions, present each a half circular boss at the fore and aft borders of tlie bone. Thus from this specimen we may infer that the margin of the carapace was ornamented wdtli a series of hemi- spherical bosses, each of which was situated in the position of, and divided by the sutures of the marginal plates. The breadtli of the specimen fore and aft and transversely is half an ijich.

April 25, The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. T^^\"enty-nine members present.

The resolution to amend Art. 2, Chapter XI., of the By-Laws by the addition of the following words : " If there is no quorum at tliese meetings then the election may be held at the sulisequent meetings," having been approved at two preceding meetings for business, ■was finall_y adopted.

The deaths of Mr. Benjamin Marshall and Prof. Charles M. "Wetherill were announced.

The followins: gentlemen were elected members: H.Crawford Coates and B. F. Quimby.

Professor Marsh, of Yale College, made a communication on some new rei)tiles and fishes from the Cretaceous and Tertiary for- mations. Nearly all the specin)ens described were discovered by the Yale College scientific party during their explorations in the Rocky Mountain region last summer. 187L]

104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Among the specimens from the Cretaceous exhibited were por- tions of a slveleton with the caudal series complete of a new species of Clidasles, about the size of Clidastes propylhon. The anterior caudals were elevated, and the diapophyses extended back to about the twenty-fourth vertebra witli chevrons. The tail was extremely attenuated, as there are in the series eighty-one vertebrae with chevrons, the terminal ones being less than one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. The muzzle in this species is less pointed than in G. j)ropijtJion. The remains were found in the Cretaceous of Kansas, and the species was named Clidastes Wijmani.

A second and very diminutive species of the same genus was represented by portions of the skull and teeth, with the quadrates, and several cervical vertebrae. The species was consideral)ly smaller than C. propytlion, and differed essentially from that species in several respects, especially in the quadrate, which had the postero-superior process terminated by a short compressed hook. The teeth were smooth and nearly round at the base. This species, which was also from the Gray Shale of Kansas, is the smallest known mosasauroid, and Avas hence named Clidastes pumilus. Another new Cretaceous reptile was indicated by two teeth, which were found together in the middle marl bed at Bir- mingham, New Jersey. They apparently belonged to a Croco- dilian, probably allied to Huposaurus. One of the teeth, apparently from the anterior part of the jaw, is long, pointed, nearly round, and covered with strong angular but smooth ridges, except just at the ai)ex, where the}' disappear. The posterior cutting edge is sharp and prominent, and extends the entire length of the crown. The anterior edge is onl}' distinct a short distance near the apex. The second tooth has the crown short and compressed, with irregular ridges, and resembles somewhat the posterior teeth of Hyposawiis. These specimens indicate a species considerably larger than H. Rogersii, which, until its generic characters are more fully determined, may be called Hyposaurus ferox.

Among the other reptilian remains exhibited b}'^ Professor Marsh were several new species of Crocodilians from the Tertiary of Wyoming. One of these, which was named Crocodilus ziphodon^ was remarkable in having smooth compressed teeth, with serrated edges, resembling the teeth of some of the carnivorous Dinosaurs. This animal, which was of moderate size, appears to have been covered witli articular scutes. The quadrate was subtriangular in transverse outline at its distal end. Another small species, also with articulated scutes, was indicated by the more important parts of the skeleton. It liad verj^ slender jaws, and smooth, nearly round teeth. The quadrate was unusually flat at its distal end, and had a broad longitudinal elevation on its lower surface. The hj'po- l^hysis was simple, elongate, and compressed. The species was named Crocodilus liodon. A third new species was apparently indicated by a nearly complete skeleton, and parts of several

[July 4,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPniA. 105

others. It had slender jaws, a short symphysis, and rugose, striated teeth, somewhat compressed. The quadrate was con- stricted at its distal end, and had a sharp longitudinal ridge on its lower surface. For this species the name of Crocodilus l[}riii- nelli was proposed.

The remaining reptilian fossils described by Professor Marsh were also from the Tertiary of Wyoming, and indicated several species of Lacertilia^ some of them of large size. They belong to a new and peculiar genus of lizards, with the head and parts of the body covered with thick, higlily ornamented bony plates, and hence the generic name Glyptosaurus was proposed. The teeth were pleurodont, and in some of the species, at least, short and obtuse. The vertebrre resembled those of Varanus, and the species discovered appear to all have had long tails. Four species were described which could readily be distinguished bj^ the form and ornamentation of the cranial plates, and some of them by other characters. G. .v/Ioesfri^, about four feet in length, had thin, nearl}^ flat, cranial shields, with small irregular tubercles, and articular ventral scutes of the same general pattern. G. nodosus, about three feet long, had more convex cranial plates and thicker frontals. G. ocellafus, at least four feet long, had very thick articular plates, with the tubercles arranged concentricall3% A much smaller species, probably two feet in length, and perhaps genericallj' distinct, was indicated by a number of vertebrae, and jaws, and possibly by some scutes. This was called G. anceps.

In addition to the reptilian fossils. Professor Marsh exhibited a number of fish remains which were found in the same fresh-water Tertiary basin in Wyoming. Among these were numerous ver- tebrae and cranial bones, evidentlj^ belonging to the genus Amia, and indicating two species about the size of the modern A. calva. One of tliese species, which had the pit of the articular depression in the dorsal vertebrae considerably above the centre, was named Amia Netoherinanus. The other species had vertebra more nearly like the living Amia, but broader, and without the median groove on the lower surface of the centrum. This was called Amia de- jyressus. In the same beds with these specimens numerous other fish remains were discovered, which clearly represented the genus Lejndosfeus, and indicated two species, both having smooth scales, and about the same size as the modern gar-pike. One of these fossil species, which had unusually short vertebrte, was named Lepidosteus glaber. The second species, with proportionally longer vertebrae, was called L. Whitneyi. All the specimens ex- hibited belong to the Yale College Museum, and will soon be described in full, by Professor Marsh, in the American Journal of Science.

On favorable report of the committee, the following paper was ordered to be published : — 1871.] PARTI.— 8

106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

MORPHOLOGY OF CARPEILARY SCALES IN LAEIX. BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

The facts which I have from time to time contributed, verbally or in papers, to the Academy, in regard to longitudinal series of axillary buds, and adnated and free leaves in coniferous plants, will, I believe explain something of the structure of the flowers of coniferse, which, if not quite distinct from any view before taken, will at least have reached the conclusion by an original line of argument.

I have shown that in the cases where there are longitudinal series of buds, one of the buds, and generally the upper supra-axillary one, is the largest. So far as this longitudinal series of buds is concerned, I find by extensive observation that there are very few of our American trees or shrubs which do not produce them under some circumstances, although they are more generally apparent in some than in others. In many cases they do not break quite through the cortical la3'er, but continue to grow from year to year, just as the wood grows, always remaining just under the outer bark. It is from these concealed but living buds that the flowers of the Cercis. or the spines of Gleditschia, will often appear from trunks many years old. In Magnolia and Liriodendron these concealed buds are easily detected b^^ a thin shave of the outer bark with a sharp knife. In very vigorous shoots of the latter, a series of two — one supra-axillary — is not rarely found prominently above the bark. In many cases one of these buds, usually the lower, and really axillary one, never pushes into growth. In Gymnocladus neither upper nor lower would probably ever push, onl}^ for the fact that it matures no terminal bud, and thus the laterals have to renew the next season's growth. But for this, Gymnocladus would go up like a palm, or, more familiarly, as Ar'alia spinosa does, without a single branch. Failing in the terminal, but two laterals push, giving the branches their dichotoraous character. The two which push are always the upper ones in the series of 2, 3, or 4, which appear in this species.

The purpose of this duplication of axillary buds will interest

[July 11

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. lOt

all who studj^ this part of Botaii}-. I find that the^^ are not for the duplicatiou of parts, but are separately organized from one another. Thus, in Gratgxus and Gleditschia, the upper bud pro- duces a spine, the slower is organized to grow as an axillary shoot the next season. But the best illustration of the distinctive organization is in those cases where both upper and lower buds sometimes push the same season, as in Ifea, Lonicera^CaprifoKum, or Halesia. Here we find that one is organized for floral organs, and the other for axillary prolongation. The upper bud always has the same function, and the lower its own, in the same species.

A flower being a modified branch, in which the bract is the leaf and the peduncle the axillary bud, it follows that the laws of axillary stem-production will be more or less reproduced in the inflorescence.

Referring now to my paper on Adnation in Goniferse^ we found that the true leaves of many genera in this order were adnate to the stem, forming what some botanists have termed pulmni^ or cushions, under the fascicles of some species of Pimis, and that what are commonly called leaves, the " needles," are really phyl- loidal shoots. An examination of Abies excelsa will show that the upper portion of the needle has a different origin from the lower adnated portion, or pulvinus, and that in all probability it is a modification of the phenomenon referred to in Gymnocladus, and other plants, of a longitudinal string of buds, in which the upper is of a diff'erent organization to the lower one. In Larix it was shown that in the verticils, or perhaps more properl}' spurs or clusters, the true leaves were free, while in the elongated axis they became for most of their length adnate with the stem, forming the spathulate scales we find peel off" the two-3'ear-old wood.

At the flowering time of the Larch, the male and female flowers proceed from the termination of the spurs — not merely "of the preceding year," according to Graifs llanual, but in some cases of many preceding j^ears, " the sterile from leafless buds, the fertile mostly with leaves below." (Gray^s llanuaJ, 5th ed., p. 472.) Why have the female flowers leaves under them, and the male none? Comparing the male and the female catkins, we see why. The scales of the male are formed out of the leaves which become full}^ formed in the female one. The pair of anther cells are thus simply on the back of a transformed leaf, just as we find the spore-eases of ferns borne in the same way. The weaker organization which I have 1871.]

108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

shown in my paper, and communications on sex, permits no fiirtlaer development here. Bnt in the case of the female flower the leaf maintains a separate organization all through the catkin or cone; and, as shown in my paper on the Stijndes of Magnolia^ the midrib of the leaf shortens, and, assuming a stipular character, increases in width, until we have the purple bractea so well known in Larix. As soon as these bractea have been arrested in their development, the carpellaiy scales, wiiich answer to the phylloidal fascicles of Pinus, commence their growth in most species of Larch, finally equalling the bracts in length.

Whether or not the ovules which appear in the axis of the car- pellary scales again result from a third longitudinal bud, I have no evidence ; what I have proposed to myself in this paper is simply to show that the scales in the male catkin of Larix are modi- fied true leaves; ivhile in the female they arise from buds of another organization, being the morphologized secondary leaves, or phylloidal shoots as I term them, of other coniferous genera.

[July 11,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109

May 2.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Thirty-four members present.

Mr. Thomas Meehan exhibited some flowers of the 31agnoIia jnijyurea, which were much curved toward the apex, and said tliat this curvature was always towards the north when the flowers opened in the full sun. This had alwaj's been a subject of specu- lation witli him, as the tendency of growing vegetation was usuall}^ towards the south, or towards the greatest source of light. This season he has had the opportunity of examining man}- hun- dred, and almost all were due north ; a few were either a little west or east of north. The plants bearing these flowers were low, and the sun had full power on all the opening blossoms. That this northern tendency of the curve was, however, due to the sun, was evident from the fact that when growing under the shade of trees, the flowers of this plant were perpendicular, and of uniform growth all round.

This season he believed he had found the explanation. He ob- served the same curving towards the north in the expanding male catkins of Salix caprea. These, so long as elongation continued, were perpendicular; when this ceased, the stamens developed first on the warmest side, the side next the sun. The growth of these expanding stamens was very rapid ; and he had observed that this growth not only was towards the light, but the growing parts had the power of drawing part of the axis to ivJiich itivas attached ivith it. A ver}' small rise in the temperature was sufficient to excite growth in the willow, and the diflerence between the sun striking against the south side of the catkin, and the heat which could lie commanded by the north side, made a diff"erence of several daj-s in the expansion of the stamens on the respective sides. Some- times a catkin would be formed on the north side of the plant, in the shade of the tree, in which case the most heat cominir from the north, that side of the catkin would expand its stamens first, but slowly. In this case there would be a slight curve towards the south. In the case of curved catkins, the curve was alwaj's greatest after a hot burst of sun, when the stamens grew most rapidly. When the northern side developed, the axis curved back again, so that the ultimate direction was perpendicular, as it was in the beoinnins:.

The growth of the flower of magnolia being comparatively slower, did not furnish the same evidence in detail ; but the results were the same, and no doubt were influenced by the same law. The flowers curved to the north while expanding ; but after a few da^'s of full opening the north side caught up, and the flowers were 1871.]

110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

finally erect, as in tlic case of the willow catkin. He thought we might safely conclude from these facts that vegetation not only grew towards the light, but exercised at the same time a lifting ibrce which we had not before recognized.

He believed no explanation had ever been given that was generally accepted as to the curving of many kinds of pine-cones. Possibly the facts now offered might furnish the ke3\

Mr. Meehan then exhibited some expanding buds of Fraxinua qjiadravgulata^aud showed that the}^ had no bud-scales as other species of ash had. These other species had two pairs, the outer broad and somewhat thin, and which underwent little change in spring ; the other and inner often grew into a short succulent sub- petiole. In the F. quadranrjxdata^ at the termination of its full growth, instead of the usual broad scales, there were but minute black specks, whi(;h in the spring grew out into fully developed leaves. The buds of this species of ash were, therefore, "naked" buds. He had under his observation only one tree of this kind; but he took it lor granted it was the usual condition of other trees of the species.

On his grounds were man}' hundred of Fraxinus excelsior, and lie noted this season a large number of them, of whieh he exhi- bited specimens, that had the same characteristic buds as in the F. quadrangulata. Examining further, he found that in all cases of this kind the buds terminated second growths of last year. In all other cases, where the normal solitary cycle of growth was all that was made, the usual broad bud-scales were present. Thus we arrived at the important conclusion that a law which operated with sufficient uniformit}^ in the case of F. quadrangulata to con- stitute a specific character, existed onlj- in special cases in another species. What that law is, he thought 3'et unknown. To most persons it Avould be a sufficient answer to say, it was the late second growth which caused the non-development of true bud-scales in the case of the F. excelsior ; but, remembering the case of i^. quadrangulata, where the same facts existed without the second growth, we could onl}- say that tliis circumstance merely aided the action of a law, which could operate without it.

He suggested that the science of botany had suff'ered from the too hasty assumption of explanation of facts. For instance, it was taught in our best text-books that the " office of bud-scales was to protect the tender parts beneath." It would strike any one at once that it ought to be as necessar}' for F. quadrangulata to have this protection as F. excelsior ; but not ox\\y this, but here we have the fact of F. excelsior getting through the winter as well without as with them, and that, too, on the secondary, and as man}- would suppose more immature, growth.

Mr. Meehan further referred to a paper which he contributed to the " Proceedings" of the Academy last fall, on the floAvers of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, in which he showed tliat the horns of the

[July 11

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill

achenia were but the remains of other flowers which had been absorbed by the central and stronger one in an earl}' stage of their existence, and b}- this adnation had become an integral part of the structure of the flower.

He had now to exhibit to the Academy a small plant of this species, which had grown in a pot in his hot-house during winter, and which was in floAver, and not onl}- exhibited this fact better than the specimens he had brought to the notice of members last 3'ear, but also presented some other very remarkable phenomena. Here was a regular gradation of true horns down to an entire separation from the central achenium, in which case these detached horns bore the usual twin pistils, or rather elongated stigmas. But what was remarkable in this case was that beneath all these normal and abnormal pericarpia some small bulbels issued from the stem, and these also had stigmas more or less perfectly developed.

The whole plant, he observed, was in many respects a curiosity, which would rival the art-produced Japanese dwarf. Here was a plant a little over an inch in height, which, at the second node above the cotyledons, commenced to produce female flowers. There were no male flowers. Indeed, it was not impaired nutrition which gave it its dwarf character, for the soil in which it was growing was very rich, and the bright green color of the plant was opposed to all idea of starvation.

Another sug-o-estion occurred to him in connection with the little plant exhibited. The ambrosia was the common rag-weed of our cultivated ground. When such plots of ground were put down into grass, no more of this weed appeared; j'et, though this gronnd remained in sod an unlimited number of 3'ears, when broken up the ambrosia always appeared in immense numbers. Though we know that the seeds of this weed, preserved as ordinary garden-seeds are, will only live a season at best, j^et all farmers and many good botanists believe that the plants spring from seeds of the crop which ripened many years before, and which have retained their vitality through all the period. But if such pigmy plants as these can perfect their seeds, we see at once how hundreds can exist amongst the grass and other vegetation, thus perfecting seeds and perpetuating themselves year after year successively, full}' ac- counting for the appearance of plants on the subsequent breaking up of the sod, without resorting to a mere imaginary theory of wonderful vitality.

Mr. Gentry directed attention to the fact that Alyssum calyci- num, Lin., a native of Europe, was growing abundantly' on the western side of the Mt. Airy water-works, near the city, where it appears to have permanently established itself.

1871.]

112 proceedings of the academy of

May 9.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-four members present.

The following paper was offered for publication : —

" Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon. No. 2." By Elliott Coues.

Prof. Leidy said that he had just received, from its author, Mr. Mason, a copy of an abstract from the proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for June, 1811, giving an account of a case of polydactylism in a horse from Bagdad. In this case the usual " splint-like rudiments of the metacarpals of the fourth toe in the fore feet had given rise to an additional toe provided with three phalanges, of which the last is incased in a hoof." A pre- paration of the foot of a horse, preserved in the Museum of the Universit}'^ of Pennsylvania, exhibits a similar condition. The abnormally developed metacarj^al has the toe with two phalanges, of which the last is inclosed in an irregular hoof. If there were a corresponding development of the metacarpal on the other side of the preparation, the foot would represent the normal condition of the tertiary horse Hipparion. If both outer toes were still better developed in relation with the intermediate one, the foot would represent the condition of the earlier tertiary horse Anchi- therium.

Prof. Cope demonstrated some anatomical points of import- ance in the classification of some of the Siluroids of the Amazon, noticing first those which have no swimming-bladder, but having the post-temporal bone pierced in a sieve-like manner, forming minute tympana; these he characterized as '■'■ OtocinclusJ^

Others having huge swim-bladders, gun-boat style of shape. No adipose fin ; the back naked. No lyre plate ; indicated as ^^ Zathorax.''

A 3d, body protected by bonj' shields above. No adipose fin ; the scapular arch dermoossified and lyre-shaped below ; indicated as ^''PJujsopyxis Jyra.'"

A 4th, shielded all over its sides, with the under lip turned back, genus '■'■ Corydoras.^^

A 5th, where the under lip is separated, except at the ends, forming loops, named ^'■Jjrochis.^'

In the Gtb, Avhere the lips are separated from the beard distally forming chin beards, indicated as '■'• Dianema.''^

Lieutenant Dutton remarked that the persistence and con- stancy of specific characters, while generic features were under- going change, was admirabl}- illustrated in some of the genera of Brachiopoda in the Silurian and Devonian. These genera are

[July 11,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 113

very numerous and very abundant in species, and seem to exem- plify tlie views of Prof. Cope in a remarkable manner. Take, for instance, the Ortbis family, one of the most common and prolific both in respect to individuals and species. In this family are five or six -well-marked genera, and yet the specific characters, so far as they are discernible in the hard parts, are often quite identi- cal in species of different genera ; and though they have often varied, yet sufficient constancy is maintained to deceive any care- less investigator, and to give the idea of specific identit}-. It is fairly to be inferred from a study of this class of fossils that generic and perhaps higher characters may change very rapidly, "while specific ones are changing but slowly, nor remaining con- stant.

May 16. Dr. Carson, Yice-President, in the chair. Twentj^-three members present.

Remains of Ilastodon and Horse in North Carolina. — Prof. Leidy exhibited two photographs, received from Prof. W. C. Kerr, State Geologist of North Carolina, representing some remains of Mastodon americanus found in that State. One of the specimens represented is that of the greater part of the lower jaw of a mature male, retaining both incisor tusks and the last two molar teeth. The latter, with their angular lobes separated hy deep angular and nearly unobstructed valleys, are quite characteristic of the species. The incisors are an inch and three-fourths in diameter. The last molar has four transverse pairs of lobes and a well- developed heel. The penultimate molar has three transverse pairs of lobes. The specimen was obtained from gravel overlj-ing the miocene marl near Goldsboro', Lenoir Co., N. C. An isolated last lower molar of the same species, represented in companj^ with the jaw, was obtained in Pitt Co.

Prof. Leidy also exhibited a specimen of an upper molar tooth, which Mr. Timothy Conrad had picked up from a pile of miocene marl at Greenville, Pitt Co., N. C. He suspected, from its size and intricacy in the folding of the enamel of the islets at the middle of the triturating surface, that the tooth belonged to the post-pliocene Equus complicatus, and was an accidental occupant of the miocene marl. It may, however, belong to a Hipparion of the miocene period, but the imperfection of the specimen at its inner part prevented its positive generic determination.

Remains of Extinct Mammals from Wyoming. — Prof. Leidy then directed attention to what he regarded as one of the most remarkable fossils which had yet been discovered in our western

1871.]

114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

territories. The specimen consists of tlie greater portion of the lower jaw of a pachyderm from the Bridger tertiary formation, probably eocene, of AVyoming. It was discovered by Dr. J. Van A. Carter, of Fort Bridger, in the vicinity of that place. In the same localit}^ were also found remains of PalseosyojJS paludosus^ and the curious turtle Anosteira ornata.

The jaw belonged to an old individual, as indicated by the worn condition of the molar teeth ; and the animal to which it pertained was about the size of the larger Peccary. The jaw, howevei", is of much more robust character than in the latter. The two rami are completel^^ coossified at the symphysis, as in recent pach^'derms. The chin, or forepart of the jaw, resembles in its broad slope the corresponding part in the Rhinoceros or Peccary, but is convergent as in the Beaver or other rodent.

The forepart of the jaw is occupied by two large teeth, the features of which are such that at first glance one would think we had before us a portion of the skeleton of some huge representative of the order of Rodentia. The two teeth curve upward and for- ward in the same manner as in the latter, but are separated by a decided interval, which at the edge exhibits alveoli for a pair of small incisors. Hence the number of incisors appears to be four, and the large teeth are to be regarded as the lateral pair. These do not extend backward in their alveoli further than the position of the premolars, and in this respect differ widely from the condi- tion of the Beaver and other rodents.

The form and construction of the incisors are wonderfully like in the latter animals. As in these, their forepart alone is invested with enamel, which is quite thick. They are, however, decidedly convex in front, and not nearly' flat, as usual in rodents. They have been worn oft' in a sloping manner, not only as in these, but also later- ally, so that it would appear the corresponding upper teeth were more divergent than the lower ones, or held a position related Avith one another resembling the condition in the peccaries and hogs, rather than in the rodents.

Unless the laroe teeth described are to be res^arded as canines, instead of incisors, thej' were absent, as in the Rhinoceros and Mastodon.

The fossil exhibits evidences of the existence of six molar teeth, and there may have been a seventh in the series, but this is not obvious in the specimen. The molars extended close to the posi- tion of the large incisors, leaving no hiatus like that in Rhinoceros, Mastodon, and the rodents, or like that in the Peccaries back of the canines.

Nearl}^ all the molars have been lost in the fossil, the imperfect crown of the second true molar and part of that of the first alone being preserved. The base of the crown of the last of the series indicates a fore and aft three-lobed tooth, as in Palaeotsyops, Titanotherium, and Palseotherium.

The crown of the second molar is much worn, but in the entire

[July 11,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

condition appears to have had neavl}^ the same construction as in the genera just named. It was indeed suspected from the form of this tooth that the jaw belonged to Palasosi/ops, but to a smaller- species than P. 2MludoHiis, the forepart of the jaws of which have not been discovered. The bottom of the S3anphjsis of the jaw under examination reaches as far back as the position of the first true molar, but in a fragment of PalseoHijoj-jspaludoms is seen not to extend as far as the last premolar. Other differences in the corresponding portions of the jaw indicate the animals to belong to different genera.

For the curious pachj^derm, first brought to our notice by Dr. Carter, the name of Trogosus castoridens, or the Beaver-toothed Gnawing-hog, was proposed.

The fossil brings to our view an animal which would appear to have pertained to the stock from which diverged the Rhinoceros and Mastodon, the Peccar}^, and perhaps the Beaver.

Measurements of the fossil are as follows: Length of jaw from back of last molar to fore edge of symphysis, 4 inches 10 lines ; depth of jaw below true molars, 1 inch 8 lines ; depth of sym- physis, 2 inches 8 lines ; thickness of jaw above base, 10 lines; length of molar series from position of large incisors, 4 inches ; length of true molar series, 2 inches 7 lines; space between large lateral incisors, 4 lines ; fore and aft diameter of large incisors, 9^ lines ; transverse diameter of the same, 6 lines.

Another interesting fossil, discovered by Dr. J. Van A. Carter in the same locality as the former, is the portion of the ramus of a jaw of a carnivorous animal about the size of the Gray Fox. The specimen contains two teeth, apparently the last premolar and the sectorial molar, behind which are portions of two other teeth.

The last premolar is larger than in the Gray Fox, and is larger than the succeeding tooth, being both wider and higher. The principal cusp exhiliits a feeble deuticle in comparison with that on the back border in the Graj^ Fox. The heel of the crown is proportionately better developed than in the latter, and presents a fore and aft acute edge, from which the sides slope to the basal ridge.

The carnassial tooth is less in size than the tooth in advance. The crown has the same general form as in the corresponding tooth of the Foxes and Weasels. The forepart or sectorial por- tion of the crown is less well developed than in the Fox, and the inner cusp is half as large as the principal one. The notch of the sectorial border does not end in a cleft, as in the Fox. The heel or back portion of the crown is nearly half the breadth of the latter, and it includes a concavity bordered by a horseshoe-like ridge, as in the Weasels.

The next tooth is rather larger than the one described, and is inserted by two fangs. The forej^art of the crown is broken away ; the back part has the same form as in the tooth in advance. This may also have been a carnassial tooth. 1871.]

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACABEMY OP

The last tooth, the smallest of those in the jaw specimen, was also inserted by a pair of fangs. Its crown is broken away.

The animal indicated by the jaw fragment appears to liaA'e held a position intermediate to the musteline and canine families. It was proposed to name it Sinopa rapax, the former name, ac- cording to Prof. Hayden, being that applied by the Blackfeet Indians to a small Fox.

Mr. Thomas Meehan exhibited a specimen of Achillea mille- folium, in which an underground stolon of an Agrostis had pene- trated, and referred to a similar case, to which he had called the attention of members last year, where a Triticum had penetrated through large tubers of potatoes. He remarked at that time on the peculiarity of the growing force of plants which would rather en- deavor to push directl}^ through an obstruction, than turn to one side out of its straight course. He thought the present instance still more remarkable, as the living stem of Achillea was little thicker than ordinary brown thread, ^^et the grass had cloven it directly in halves in a manner we could scared}^ imitate with a needle.

He then presented a quantity of sprouting peach-kernels, in order to call attention to the great variety of form which existed in the cotyledons. The most usual was ovate, the apex and base both regularly tapering, but some were obtuse — occasionally almost square — at the apex ; while others were so lengthened out at the base as to give to the cotyledon a spathulate form. Others were cordate at the base, some more with the base of the lobes spurred, and others again which were simply gibbous on one side. We were, he said, all familiar enough with the fact of great natural variations in foliar and floral organs, but he believed no great differences in cotyledons have been exhibited here.

But he thought there prevailed a still greater interest in the lobing of the separate cot^dedons. It was very common to find some which had one of the cotyledons separated for one-third the depth, some one-half, and occasionally two-thirds, and in some cases both cotjdedons would be divided, so as to present the ap- pearance of four perfect ones — that is, the two would be divided almost down to what might be termed their petioles. Still more intei'esting he thought the fact that, in one of the cases he exhibited, another plumula had been formed in the angle of the divided coty- ledons. It had been his opinion that in many plants cotyledons were to be considered as modified axis, rather than modified leaf, speaking according to the general idea of stem-structure, for he inclined to the opinion that all axis originallj' is but modified leaf — and in these cases it would seem as if the cotyledons had started to make anotlier mode of growth, as a true stem axis would do.

In regard to the number of cotyledons, he thought a close ex- amination might find it variable in many classes of plants. Mr. Burk, of the Academy, liad called his attention to the fact that it

[July 11,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. lit

■was by no means uncommon for the common morning-glory (Convolvulus piuyureus^ L.) to have three cotyledons. In Coni- ferte the numerical variations were well known.

Amongst the peach cotyledons was one in which the radicle, • with nnmerous branching fibres, had pushed several inches be- neath the integuments, and coiled themselves about the cot3de- dons. The interest here was, that this had evidently taken place, before the seed had quite finished its growth in the fall, as there were grooves all along the surface of the cotyledons which indi- cated that the}' had rather grown around the fibres, than that the latter had forced their way through after the cotyledonous growth had been completed.

Mr. Meehan further exhibited two stalks of a Lilium candidum, the common white lily, grown in a greenhouse by Mr. W. C. Strong, of Brighton, Mass., which, instead of the usual flowers, had each terminated in two large seal}' bulbs, one inch, and one and a half inches in diameter, precisel}^ similar to those produced under ground. In the ordinary growth of this lily, the spring leaves, which started from the scales, were broadly ovate, not long and narrow as the stem leaves were, and in these terminal stem- bulbs the broad leaves terminated the scales in the same way, giving the flower-stems a peculiar coronetted appearance. He explained a difference in the bulblets we often find in some lilies, and true bulbs, in this, that bulblets form in the axils of the leaves ; and while the scales of the true bulb were simply dilated and succulent leaf-stalks. They had no axillary buds visible. These axillary buds were, however, really formed, but were ab- sorbed by the leaf structure, as he had shown in past times was the case in Cassia marilandica, when accounting for the gland on the petiole of that plant In the case of the \i\y^ however, the bud, though absorbed, did not wholly lose the power of develop- ment, for though, if suffered to remain on the parent stem, scales, absorbed buds and all, usually died away, yet if these scales were removed so that the matter stored in them was not absorbed by the growing flower-stem, the latent bud in the scale would develop itself into a bulblet, which the next year would become a bulb of the ordinar}' character. It was in this Avay that the lily was now so extensively propagated by commercial florists.

May 23.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-eight members present.

The following papers were presented for publication : — " On the fishes of the Ambyiacu River." By Edw. D. Cope. " Descriptions of new species of fossils from Ohio and other western States and Territories." By F. B. Meek.

" Contributions to Orthopterology." By Prof. C. Thomas.

isn.]

118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Prof. Letdy directed attention to some remains of PaldeoHyops, recently received from Dr. Joseph K. Corso'n, U. S. A., who dis- covered them at Grizzly Buttes, near Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory. They were more complete than those from which this cnrious tapiroid animal was first characterized, and mainly consist of portions of several lower jaws.

The specimens exhibit teetli, and fragments and traces of others indicating, at least, a series of six molars, which approached so closely the position of a large canine tooth, as to indicate that little or no hiatus existed between the former and the latter. The back portion of the lawer jaw is broad and deep as in the Tapirs, and a deep concavity occupies a position externallj'' in advance and below that of the condyle. The body of the jaw is thick and strong, with a thick convex base. The bottom of the symphj^sis appears hardly to have reached the position of the anterior pre- molar.

The lower true molars are like those of the Palseotherium, An- chifhermm, &c. The outer portion of the corresponding upper molars likewise resembles that in the genera just named, but the inner portion is different. The antero-internal lobe is a low cone with a base expanding so as to occupy two-thirds the inner por- tion of the crown. The postero-internal lobe is trilateral. The last upper premolar has the crown composed of an outer pair of conical lobes, and a single larger inner cone. The last lower pre- molar is like the succeeding true molars. The lower penultimate l^remolar has the anterior lobe of its crown proportionately more, and the posterior lobe less, developed than in the succeeding teeth. The series of the lower true molars measures 3J inches ; the depth of the jaw below the interval of the second and last true molars is 2| inches. The last lower molar measures 19 lines fore and aft. The second upper true molar is 16^ lines transversely and fore and aft. The last upper molar is about 19 lines fore and aft at its outer part.

Mr. Thomas Meehan said he had recently observed that a clasping motion when touched existed in the stigma of Torenia asiatica, similar to that well known in the leaf of Dionsea musci- pula. In this the stigma was cloven into two flat valves, which were usually expanded and somewhat revolute; when it was touched on its inner surface, the valves slowly closed together. The motion could scarcely be perceived, on account of the small- ness of the parts ; but it occupied in a total closing only about thirty seconds.

He also exhibited a branch of Gissus amazonica in which the ten- dril, usually situated on the stem opposite to a leaf, was in one in- stance on the other side, under the leaf, as if the leaf were axillary to the tendril. He remarked that the best botanists did not seem united in their opinions as to the correct morphology of the tendril in vitaceous plants. He had supposed the basis of structure in this

[July 11,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119

order was that of opposite leaves, onl}' that on one side of the node, instead of the opposite leaf and axillary bud, the whole had been developed into a tendril, thus giving the api)earanee of an alternate-leaved structure. This appeared the more probable as the Phyllotaxis was in the half arrangement so common in oppo- site-leaved plants. But the appearance of the tendril, as in this case, could scarcely be deemed possible under this view, and it might be that the tendril really belonged to the leaf S3'stem oppo- site, as we saw it in Gucurbitaceee, Pasi^ijloracese, &c., only that it had become twisted around on the opposite side. We saw this tendency in Cucurbitaceae. Instead of being exactly over the leaf axil as in Passifloracese, it was twisted so as to extend one-third the way round the axis in Cucurbitacefe, and it might, therefore, get half-way round in the grape-vine and other vitaceous plants. But he simply made this as a suggestion. He thought that at any rate the appearances of the tendril in this instance might be of service to those who were stud^'ing the morphology of tendrils iu this tribe of plants.

The death of Mr. Stephen Morris was announced.

May 30.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-two members present.

The report of the Biological and Microscopical Section for Jan- uar}', February, March, and April was received.

The following gentlemen were elected members : "Wm. Camp- bell Gatzmer, and Samuel P. Wetherill.

On favorable report of the committees, the following papers were ordered to be published : —

isn.i

120 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

NOTES ON THE NATUEAL HISTORY OF FORT MACON, N. C, AND

VICINITY. (No. 2.)

BY ELLIOTT COUES.

As the identification of the Fishes and Insects that were col- lected seems likely to be delayed, our "Notes" are continued^ with lists of the Crustacea Decapoda, and of the Shells, mostly marine, as well as of a few other marine Invertebrates.

CRUSTACEA DECAPODA.

The identifications of most of the species were made by Prof. S. I. Smith, of the remainder by Dr. Wm. Stimpson. The ma- jorit}' of tlie specimens referred to, including all those taken with the dredge alone, were collected by Dr. A. S. Packard and myself.

Libinia canaliculata.

Dredged in various parts of the harbor, and found common on Bird Shoals. ( Cf. Streets, these Proceedings, 1810, pp. 104-5.)

Cancer irroratus, Say. Beach and elsewhere.

Menippe mercenaria. " Stone Crab."

Common, and highly esteemed as an article of food. It is much less generally distributed than, not so abundant as, the common edible crab.

Panopaeus berbstii, Edw.

Panopaeus berbstii var. obesus. Pilumnus aculeatus.

A few specimens, dead on the beach. Platyonycbus ocellatus, Latr.

Dredged, and dead on the beach.

Callinectes hastatus, Ordway.

Exuviifi found in great numbers in shallow pools in the marsh, middle of April.

Acbelous spinimanus.

' From p. 49 of tliese Proceedings for 1871.

[July 1 1.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121

Achelous gibbsii. Achelous depressifrons. Arcnseus cribrarius, Dana.

Sesaima reticulata, Say. Sesaima cinerea, Say. Gelasimus pugilator, Latr. Gelasimus minaz, Lee. Gelasimus pugnax, Smith.

The fiddler crabs occur in immense numbers throughout the marsh, and the muddier banks of the harbor. The three species given above were taken together, and appear to associate indis- criminately. They form a considerable part of the food of vari- ous birds, especially the herons, rails, gulls, fishcrows, and grackles, and many are destroyed by the larger crabs, as the Stone, and the common edible species. They may be found at all seasons, but are much more numerous during the warmer months than in winter, when, however, some are seen abroad ; and they may always be taken by digging into their holes. Of their numbers one who has not seen them can form no adequate estimate : they gather about decaying substances until the ground for several square j^ards may be completely covered; and troops running throuoh the scant herbage of the marsh make a rustlinc; sound They doubtless exercise great influence upon the natural economy of the localities they frequent, in devouring decomposing matters, both vegetable and animal. They swim with ease, but in general avoid the water, and appear to prefer rather dry and sandy places to the heaviest mud. This preference is especially marked in the selection of places for boring the holes ; this is done chiefly, I think, during the night, at least I do not remember to have seen the animals so engageel ; and frequently places I had walked over the day before, when there had been no holes seen, were riddled through in the morning. The holes average in diameter little over half an inch, and look exactly as if launched by the end of a walking-stick ; they are sunk at all angles with the surface, are oftener tortuous than straight, and generally a foot, or less, deep. Little piles of sand near the entrance show the fresher excava- tions, as they are soon levelled b}^ natural causes. The tunnels are

1871.] PART II.— 9

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

probably at first the exclusive right of the individual digging them, but the proprietorship is not observed, at least on an occa- sion for alarm, when the crabs tumble promiscuously into the nearest one, often with struggle for precedence ; and it is particu- larl}'^ amusing to see some large individual, caught away from his own habitation, stick in a hole too small for him, or try several such in desperate hurry. I noticed that the animals went in either side first with equal facility. Without alluding to what may have been the specific characters used to separate the above species, I should judge that specimens incontestably the same varied indefinitely in coloration. The great claw of the larger individuals is sufficiently strong to bring blood from the finger. Although pretty active, they are much less swift-footed than the next species, and may be easily captured by hand. The onl}"^ use to which I knew of their being put, was to bait hooks for fish, for which purpose they are well adapted, being greedily taken by sheepshead, sea-trout, and other smaller kinds.

Ocypode arenaria, Say.

While the preceding kind is confined to the marsh and adjoin- ing soil, the sand-crabs are equally restricted to the beach and the clean dry sand of the dunes, there forming one of the most con- spicuous features of the localit3^ Although they do not occur in such immense numbers as the fiddlers, they are numerous enough to act as efficient scavengers in their own territory; and, particu- lai'ly during the summer months, hundreds ma}'^ be seen in a few minutes' walk. At times they gather in troops of considerable size, though never very closel}^ aggregated, and march together to near the water's edge. Each one throws up a, little embank- ment of sand or digs a slight pit for himself, and they all lie in wait for their prey. When disturbed at such times they scamper en masse into the surf, and such is their custom, also, whenever caught too far away from home. But they are apparently not at ease under water, and seek the first chance to creep safely out. Whenever a shark or other large fish is rotting on the beach, they fairly invest the carcass, encamping closely about it, and not raising the siege as long as anything edible is left. I think their holes, the mounds around which dot the neighboring sand, usually or often connect with the meat under ground ; because in digging- out remains of cetaceans, the crabs are often turned out with the

[July 18,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 123

spade. The holes are usually just large enough to admit the hand a little way, and pass in every direction downwards ; may be straight or tortuous, and from a few inches to a yard or more in depth ; two or three feet ma}' he an average excavation. Usually the sand is heaped up about the entrance, and forms quite a con- spicuous mound. It is apparently simply pushed out in most instances ; but in one instance that I examined with particular care, this was not the case. The hole was in perfectly dry and drifting sand, and all around, at varying distances, from a foot to over a j^ard from the entrance, lay little separate piles of fresh wet sand brought up from below ; a ditferent set of tracks leading to each heap. This showed that the animal had repeatedly brought up an armful of sand, and dumped it at some distance. The holes, I may add, are almost invariably placed above ordinary high-water mark, mostly in the flat dry shingle separating the beach proper from the adjoining sand-drift dunes. A small pro- portion of the crabs live in the sand-drifts still back of this, and a few others come about the houses near the fort, digging in odd corners, and to all intents and purposes replacing the house-rats. Their remarkable swiftness of foot is well known ; and when brought to bay, their pugilistic attitudes and actions are as noticeable as is the sly cat-like aspect they present when crouching closely, in hopes the intruder will pass them unnoticed, or in hang in wait for prey. The large claws are of porcelain-like whiteness and hardness, and capable of inflicting a wound not to be over- looked in a moment ; but the general covering is so soft that the animals are disabled, or even killed outright, by being simply dropped upon the hard sand from the height of a man's head. The young, which are at first spotted, and bear little resemblance to the adults except in shape, begin to appear in the latter part of April ; and they are an inch or more wide before they begin to assume the general dull yellowish color of the adults. These crabs are put to no use, except to afford excellent sport to boys and boyish men, who bait them with their canine companions.

Pinnotheres ostraeum.

The oysters furnish the usual numbers.

Persephona punctata.

Common, on the sand-bars, &c.

1871.]

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Hepatns decoris.

Dredged, and found on the beach.

Hepatus angustatus, White ?

Hippa talpoides, Say.

Very common, in sheltered portions of the sandy shore, the sand-bars, clear tide pools, &c. They often gather in large num- bers in the pools among the stone jutties along the beach, actively swimming about in a manner that forcibly recalls the similar sports of the Notonectes, and burying themselves in the sand with remarkable speed. Females with eggs were taken early in May.

Eupagurus pollicaris, Stimp. Eupagurus longipes, Stimp.

These two hermits are found in every locality about the harbor, except it be, perhaps, along the open beach, and in the muddiest parts of the marsh. They were dredged in the deepest portions of the channel, and are numerous in the tide-pools along the shore and on the sand-bars. The smaller species is much the most abundant, and finds ample accommodation in Nassa obsoleta, of which there are thousands dead everywhere, Littorina, and shells of similar shape ; the other is usually taken in young Busycons, Fasciolarise, and the Cancellaria reticulata.

Palaemon vulgaris, Say.

C? Palsemonopsis carolinus.)

Peneus braziliensis, Latr.

The smaller shrimp I only noticed about the pools in the marsh, "where it is extremely abundant. It is not, to my knowledge, used in this locality, as the other fi-equently is. The latter occurs in great numbers along the inner shores of the harbor and about the sand-bars, and more sparingly in clearer parts of the marsh.

Homarus americamis.

One specimen was taken during the summer of 1870, the first I ever heard of in this locality ; and it was a question whether it had not been lost overboard from some vessel coming southward.

[July 18,

natural sciences op philadelphia. 125

Entomostraca. limulus polyphemus.'

Common, but much less abundant than further north. It may- be taken at any season, but is especially numex'ous in May, when it resorts to the shoal water about the harbor to spawn. About the middle of this month hundreds were noticed on Bird Shoal, these mostly copulating or seeking to do so ; and all the females examined were laden with eggs. One specimen taken presented a curious monstrosity, having the tail bifurcated at the extremity for over an inch. One of the forks was rather smaller than the other, and stood out more obliquely from what appeared to be the proper termination.

CiRRHIPEDIA. Ealanus eburneus?

In profusion, on all hard submerged objects. Two other species of cirrhipeds occur, chiefly, it would appear, on wood, &c., that has floated from some distance southward.

ANNUL AT A.

BRACHI0P0DA.2 Lingula pyramidata, Stimp.

This animal can be procured in any desired numbers, with little trouble, in a particular part of the harbor. After numerous trials, the best place was found to be the southern side of Bird Shoals (side next the fort), and in a straight line between the flagstaff upon the fort and the large building at the eastern extremity of

' On the development of this animal, see Lockwood, S., "A Contribution to the Natural History of the King Crab," read October, 1869, N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist.; and " The Horse-Foot Crab," Am. Nat., IV., July,- 1870, p. 357 ; and A. S. Packard, jr., abstract of a paper read before the 19th meeting of the A. A. A. S. in the Am. Nat., IV., October, 1870, p. 468.

2 Mr. E. S. Morse's discussions of the position and relations of the group, as "a division o{ Annelida,'''' which have attracted so much attention, will be found in the Am. Nat., IV., July, 1870, p. 314; Am. Journ. Sc. and Arts., 1870, (abstract from Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H.) ; Am. Nat., IV., Oct. 1870, p. 493 (abstract from Proc. of 19th Meeting of A. A. A. S). An abstract of a paper by W. H. Dall in the same number of Nat., p. 510, gives an op- posite view of the case. Prof. W. C. Kerr (abstract of a paper in Am. I(at., Nov. 1870, p. 571) ascribes the origin of theCarolina phosphates to Lifigula. 1871.]

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

the town of Beaufort. This is a solid and apparently nearly sta- tionary part of the shoals, where the sand is somewhat packed and matted with a scant growth of some marine grass. No specimens whatever were found, although carefully sought for, in more ex- posed and shifting parts. As the shoal is flooded over with two or three feet of water at high tide, and the animal lives only about at or below low-water mark, it can be gathered only during an hour or two when the tide is fully out. They will be found a few inches below the surface, and may readily be pro- cured by the expedient devised by Mr. Morse, of digging up spade- fuls of sand, and sifting it through a coarse sieve held partly under water. It will be found most convenient to wade into the water where it is a foot or less deep, and dig there, as there is then no necessity of carrjdng the sieve back and forth. In this way Mr. Morse, Dr. Packard, and myself once procured over fifty in about an hour, and I several times took twentj^ or thirty in the same time. They should be carefully picked out from the stems and roots of the grass in which they are found entangled after sifting, and placed in a basin or bottle of water with some clean sand, where they may be kept alive for an indefinite length of time. Mr. Morse wrote me that all the specimens he took north in May, were alive several months subsequently. Other interesting speci- mens may be procured along with the Lingulas, in the same way ; as numerous tubicolous worms, an ophiurau, Benilla, and the rare and highly prized Branchiostoma.

CEPHALOPODA.

I have not the means of identifying the'following species, and merely presume that the names may be correct, from the circum- stance of their occurring in Kurtz's list.

Octopus granulatus, Lam.

One specimen, measuring about thi'ee feet across the tentacles, was brought to me in winter by some fishermen, who considered it a rarity.

Loligo brevipinna, Lesueur.

Rather common ; several specimens obtained at diflferent sea- sous.

The collection of Marine Shells was referred to Sanderson Smith, Esq., for determination ; and the names in the following

[July 18,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 12t

list, with a few exceptions, rest upon his identifications of the specimens. His critical observations are introduced between quo- tation marks. My own notes, though mei'ely those of a collector, may prove of some use to future observers in this localit}'; their general accuracy is believed to be unquestionable.

In May, 18t0, Dr. Packard and Prof. Moi'se visited Fort Macon, bringing a dredge ; and all the species exclusively obtained with its use are among the results of our joint collecting.

The list is restricted to the species actually collected, and con- tains a few not previously recorded from this locality.

I cannot do better than to reproduce in this connection a part of the prefatory remarks in Dr. Stimpson's article.^

" The vicinity of Cape Hatteras, the most projecting point of our coast south of New York, has peculiar interest to the student of zoolog}'. This Cape, which divides the Areniferous region into two nearly equal parts, the Virginian and Carolinian pro- vinces, is remarkable for the exhibition of a fauna more tropical in character than that of either of these provinces. * * This is an evident result of its proximity to the gulf stream, the warm waters of which are even said to be deflected directly upon the cape after violent southeast gales.

" * * The harbor of Beaufort is situated at one of the southern outlets of Pamlico Sound, where it joins Bogue Sound. It is shallow, and much obstructed by extensive shoals. * * The bot- tom is generally sand3% but that of the deeper channels is shelly, and that of the shallower channels often muddy. Outside the harbor, and off the coast, the depth never exceeds eight fathoms within a few miles of the laud, with a variable bottom, sometimes 'sticky' or clayey. * * In following the beaches, we observed a decided increase of the tropical character as we proceeded east- ward toward the Cape.

" Geologists will be interested to notice the occurrence of several species hitherto only known as Tertiary fossils, such as species of Axineea, Lucina, Astarte, Amphidesma, Tellidora, Myalina, Pano- paea, Entails, and Colurnbella. These were found either alive or in such condition as showed them to be recent shells, which would doubtless have been found alive upon further search. The occur- rence of Myalina subovata is interesting, although our specimens

' American Journal of Science, May, 1860. 1871.]

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

of this species, as of Amphidesma consfricta, are not certainly- recent, being only single valves. Of the beautiful Tellidora lunii- lata we obtained several living examples, some attaining a length of nearlj'^ two inches. Among the shells of a tropical character several species will be noticed which have not hitherto been found north of the West Indies, and do not exist upon the South Caro- lina coast."

Beaufort, Fort Macon, and the Morehead Depot are nearly equidistant, and about two miles from each other. Vessels of ordinary tonnage reach Morehead by the nearly direct ship- channel, but none larger than schooners of the lightest di'aught can reach Beaufort, between which and Fort Macon lies a small island. The entrance to the harbor is comparatively narrow ; and as a large body of water passes through it twice a day, the cur- rent in the main channel is strong. This sweeps sharpl}'^. close past the projecting extremity of Bogue Banks, but its erosive action seems to be about counterbalanced by that of the S. to W. winds which almost constantly prevail, depositing sand as fast as it is removed. I can account only in this way for the permanence of this, the most exposed point in the harbor. The waters that pass through the main outlet are collected from several widely separated directions from E. through N. to W. ; and this is one evident cause of the numerous shoals that now obstruct the har- bor, deflecting the different currents, and increasing as well as continually varying their conflict with each other. As a result, the hj'drography of the harbor is notably inconstant, and surveys can be relied on in detail only for comparatively short periods. The channels and minor water-lines are especially susceptible of change, because the land consists almost entirely of loose sand. No better illustration of general instability is required, than the present condition and situation of what was once the site of Foi't Hamilton ; now a slight shoal indicated b}^ breakers between Fort Macon and the western point of Shackleford, nearly a mile from the present Fort. This last has only been preserved from the en- croachment of the sea, which once washed the base of the glacis, by a system of stone breakwaters laid down on the outer beach, which have carried the water-line outward one or two hundred yards. Details of the contour of the beach change noticeably with every considerable storm; and within the harbor, the shoals have very perceptibly varied in extent and shape during the short

[July 18,

k

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129

time they have been under my observation. Bird Shoals, the most extensive of these, is believed to be now cuttino; in two ; and it will probably in time form two islands, covered with vege- tation, like the "town marsh," above mentioned as now lying be- tween Beaufort and Fort Macon. A current directly across it, in a line from Beaufort to the point of Shackleford, is already per- ceptible during a part of each tide.

The formation of the long, narrow islands that girt so large a portion of the southern coast, is excellently shown here. Along a considerable part of Shackleford and Bogue Banks the loose sand is blown by the prevailing off-sea winds, and heaped up to such extent, in some places, as to bury trees twenty feet high. At other points the reverse action of the elements is witnessed, in the stumps of trees, apparently cedars, that are denuded at low tide.

The general character of the shells that are so abundantly strewn on the outer beaches, may be gathered from the list; of these, as distinguished from those not likel^^ to be procured except by dredging, the list is believed to contain very neai'ly all ; the exceptions being chiefly such as only occur nearer Hatteras, al- luded to in Dr. Stimpson's article. The abundance of fossil species found on the beach, as the several Areas and others, is especially noteworthy. I should judge that nearly half the number of indi- vidual shells (not, of course, of the species) are not certainly recent. In the harbor. Bird Shoals will be found the most fruit- ful collecting-grounds when the dredge is not used. This is a mile or so long, bj' half as wide, almost perfectly flat, alternatel}'' covered with two or three feet of water and completely exposed. The edges are loose and shifting, but most of the surface is some- what fixed, and supports a slight sparse growth of marine plants. This portion affords the best things. A considerable proportion of the living shells of the locality may be found there. The sand is full of tubicolous worms of several different species. Several Echini, star-fishes, and jelly-fishes lie just about its edges. It is the favorite spawning-ground of Limulus and two or three Busy- cons. An Ascidian, an Ophiuran, Renilla reniformis, and Syn- apta (?), are abundant. Two or three specimens of the rare Bran- chiostoma were secured in sifting for Lingida pyramidata ; of which last, as stated elsewhere, any desired quantity can easily be procured 1871.]

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

In forming the present collection of marine invertebrates, every part of the harbor was prett^^ thoronghly explored with the dredge, which, however, was not used outside. Nearly everywhere the depth of water proved less than we had been led to expect, and the bottom freer of everything except shelly detritus. Upon the whole, the results of dredging were not in a usual ratio, in interest and importance, with those of collecting by hand on the shoals, &c. I mention this fact, which surprised us at the time, as it goes to show the changeableness of the locality. Probably some of the dredging-grounds worked over by Drs. Stimpson and Gill, in 1860, are not now such.

The following names occur in Dr. Stimpson's list and not in the present one : —

Cj'nthia vittata; Molgula sp. ; Ascidia sp.; Plicatula sp.; Lima sp. ; Axinrea sp. ; Area crelata; Pinna carolinensis ; Modiolaria lateralis; Lucina cribraria and two other species; Felania; Lepton lepidum ; Astarte undulata; Trigona sp. ; Yenus rugosa ?; Chione pygmsea ; Lucinopsis n. sp. ; Semele reticulata ; Tellina fausta, versicolor, constricta, T. sp., T. n. sp. ; Strigilla carnaria ; Telli- dora lunulata ; Solen viridis ; Saxicava distorta ; Lyonsia sp. ; Pholadidea cuneiformis ; Tornatella punctostriata ; Dentalium sp. ; ClyiDidella pustula; Scalaria turbinata, multistriata, novang- lia3?; Turbonilla sp. ; Volva uniplicata; Mangelia rubella, fili- formis ; Columbella sp. ; Nassa ambigua ? ; Cerithiopsis ? n. sp. ; Acus concavus.

Additional ones of the present list are : Pecten sp. (fossil ?) ; Area occidentalis, transversa, limula (fossil ?) ; A. sp. (fossil ?) ; Modiola castanea ? ; Gemma tottenii ; Strigilla sp. ; Cochlodesma leana; Crepldula, var. intorta; Pleurotoma plicata ; Marginella apicina ; Cypraea exanthema ; Nassa? ; Rapana cinerea.

Some of the undetermined names in the two are presumably the same, and several of those in Dr. Stimpson's list have without doubt been also found by me, but, in consequence of the miscar- riage of a box containing them, were never finally determined.

Ascidia.

A species we have not determined is very common on Bird and other shoals

[July 18,

natural sciences of philadelphia. 131

Lamellibranchiata.

Anomia ephippium, Linn.

Abundant in all situations.

Ostrea virginiana, Latr.

Abundant, of excellent quality ; worth, according to season, from 25 cents to 50 cents per bushel.

0. equestris, Say.

Abundant; adhering to rocks, with Modiola and Mytilus.

" Prof. Stimpson informs me that this is not a N. C. species, although it is in his Beaufort list. The specimens seem to me to agree exactly with Say's description and figure ; they are short and small, with from six to twelve denticulations on the upper valve near the beak, received into corresponding depressions on the edge of the lower valve."

Plicatula depressa, Lam. Frequent. Beach.

Lima scabra, Born. IS'os. 2615-6-7, dredged in the channel.

Pecten dislocatus, Say.

Abundant. All the live ones I saw were on the sand-bars and somewhat muddy flats about the harbor ; the worn and variously discolored valves are strewn everywhere. The scallops bring a high price in the market ; the muscle is considered the only edible part. These molluscs, and the large Cytherea, furnish some part of the food of the herring gulls in winter.

"Distinguished by the interrupted and dislocated colored mark- ings from P. irradians, Lam., which has concentric bands of color. Some of the specimens probably belong to this last species ; but all the perfect ones I examined, even though showing prominent concentric bands, display the zigzag markings, especially when placed in water, so as to bring out the colors."

Pecten concentricus, Say. (P. irradians, Lam.)

Amono; the interminable variations in color of worn specimens, some are pure white, or with only faint coloration in apparently perfectly regular and concentric bands.

1871.]

132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Pecten nodosus, Lam.

Apparently very rare ; one valve only (No. 2584) ; beach, worn, in winter.

Pecten, sp. indet.

One specimen (No. 1687), fragment of a large species. "Pro- bably fossil."

Pectunculus, probably charlestonensis, Holmes.

A few specimens (Nos. 1704, 2504, 2640) from the beach.

" I think there is another species, much smaller. There ought to be a good many fossil Pectiinculi, of which eleven species are given by Conrad in his list of the miocene shells of the Atlantic slope, most of them from North or South Carolina. Living or fresh specimens would be of great interest."

Area americana, Gray.

Yery common, beach and elsewhere, both living and dead.

Area holmesii, Kurtz.

Beach and elsewhere ; very common.

" I have seen no detailed description nor authentic specimen of this species, and am uncertain whether a detailed description has ever been published. I feel no doubt, however, of the correctness of the identification" (of Nos. 2500, 49, 50, 1, 3, 4, etc.).

Area lienosa, Say.

Beach, frequent ; all the specimens I gathered were discolored and more or less worn.

" Fossil ? Say described it as fossil, but Stimpson has it in his recent list."

Area noae, Linn.

More abundant than the next, to judge from specimens gathered indiscriminately. Beach ; generally much worn.

"^. zebra Swainson, according to Say. Whatever is the proper name of this, it is certainly the shell that Say describes and figures (Conchology, Binnej^'s Reprint, p. 229, fig. 66)."

Area occideutalis.

Beach, common ; usually worn.

" Prof. Stimpson says this is different, and I see a very plain distinction ; in noae the ribs are alternately large and small, while

[July 18,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133

in occidenfalis the larger ribs are comparatively few and distant, ■with three or four smaller ribs between each pair."

Area transversa, Say.

"I find some small specimens that I think are this species, but am uncertain whether they are not the young of some of the others, especially as Stimpson does not include it in his Beaufort list. Kurtz, however, gives it from both N. and S. C." I should add, that Prof. Stimpson, in looking over an early lot of shells I sent to the Smithsonian, made the same identification, presumably from the same specimens that Mr. Smith subsequently received.

Area limula, Conr.

Beach, frequent. The specimens were without exception grayish or rust-colored, with a chalky appearance in places.

" Fossil ? Conrad quotes it as a miocene fossil from the Xeuse River, below New Berne, and from Wilmington, N. C. It agrees perfectly with Conrad's description and figure (Mioc. Foss. U. S., p. 60, pi. 31, fig. 3)." Area ponderosa, Say.

Beach; fresh or living specimens, common.

Area incongrua, Say.

Beach; the most abundant of the genus, apparently; and, with the last, oftenest found alive.

Area.

" Numerous specimens, all I think fossil ; and I have not the means of determining them." Nucula proxima, Say.

Dredged, in the channels. Yoldia limatula, Say.

Beach, occasional, and dredged.

Leda acuta, Conr.

In the sand, frequent. Bird Shoals.

Finna seminuda of Kurtz's list.

Abundant. There may have been another species among the many specimens gathered, only a few of which were forwarded.

Avicula atlantica, Lam.

Not common ; only two specimens secured. 187 l.J

134 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Modiola plicatula, Lam.

Yery abundant, in the muddier parts of the marsh, below high- water mark, and thence part way out to the beach ; but no live ones seen in the sand of the beach itself. In the former situa- tions, the shells closely assimilate in color to the ground in which they are partly imbedded ; in the sand, they are clearer, and show the purplish hues. The larger ones are generally found singly, anchoi'ed to bits of stick, the roots of plants, etc.; the smaller, in masses, along with Ilytilus, adhering to plats of raccoon oysters, the stones of the wharves at Beaufort, and the jutties of rock on the beach.

Modiola americana, Leach.

Rather uncommon, on the beach only; none found alive, and most somewhat worn.

" Krebs gives 'J/, americana Tarvart d'Herbigny (if. ameri- cana Leach ? M. tulipa Link, etc.)' and does not quote M. tulipa otherwise. Stimpson gives in the Check List M. americana (Leach), and among the doubtful species, 31. tulipa Lam. In the Beaufort List, he gives both M. americana and 'If. tulipa.'' "

Modiola castanea, Say ?

A single specimen, dredged alive in the channel.

"I have never seen an authentic specimen of this species, which Kurtz in his catalogue gives only from S. C. It seems to differ from M. americana, and to agree exactly with Say's description."

Hytilus caroliuensis.

Abundant ; adhering in masses to rocks and bunches of oys- ters.

Mytilus edulis, Linn.

Beach. Mytilus cubitus, Say. Cliama aroiuella, Linn.

Beach ; rather uncommon. Chama macrophylla, Chemn.

Beach and elsewhere, abundant. Dr. Stimpson informs me that this is near its northern limit.

Cardium magnum, Born.

The most conspicuous shell on the beach, by reason of its size

[July 18,

.NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 135

and striking variegated colors, as well as its abundance. Dead shells are strewn everywhere; and live ones (mostly young) may be found in every part of the harbor.

Cardium muricatum, Linn. Beach ; rather common.

Cardium isocardia, Linn. Beach ; common.

Liocardium laevigatum, Lam.

Beach ; not uncommon ; almost always worn, and with slate or blackish discoloration.

'■'' Cardium Isevigatum Lam. is given hy Hanley as a syn. of C serratum (Linn.), and G. Isevigatum (Penn., and Linn?) as = 6'. serratum Lam. The first named is our species, the other coming from England."

Liocardium mortoni, Conn.

Dredged, and on the beach ; but apparently not abundant.

Lucina strigilla, Stimp.

Extremely abundant everywhere ; but no live ones seen. This is a favorite with the population in the vicinity for what they consider ornamental purposes — as, to paste on picture-frames, along with Donax variabilis, Tellina alternata, Sigaretus per- spectivus, and Scalaria humphreysii.

Lucina chrysostoma {L. radula of Kurtz's list).

Very common, beach and elsewhere ; no live ones seen.

Diplodonta ? punctata, Say.

Dredged. Astarte lunulata, Conr.

Dredged ; apparently rare.

Cardita tridentata, Say.

Dredged, one or two specimens.

Mercenaria violacea, Schum.

The representative species, and extremel}' common.

Mercenaria violacea var. notata.

Several specimens, among numbers of round clams indiscrimi- nately gathered. 1871.]

136 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

■

Mercenaria mortoni, Conr.

The quahogs with prominent recurved concentric laminae are common, and, so far as I am able to judge, readily distinguishable from the more usual kind. Yery large specimens (five to six inches) are scattered over the sand, half buried, on Bird or other shoals, where I did not notice 31. violacea. I have seen boat-loads brought for sale, consisting entirely of the ridged kind, and was assured that they occurred in certain localities to the exclusion of the other species. The fishermen seem to make a distinction, and certainly I saw none that I hesitated to discriminate. Young specimens (two to three inches) are quite smooth between the fewer and sharper laminae ; in the largest ones the ridges become blunter and more crowded, and the whole surface is rugged.

Gemma totteni, Stm. ( Ve7ius gemma, Tott.) Dredged.

CMone cancellata, Linn.

An abundant shell. Cytherea convexa, Say.

Strewn in numbers OA'er the beach. Of the many examples gathered, all show gray or olive discoloration, and are much eroded.

"Fossil ? Stirapson does not give it, and Kurtz marks it 'N. C, fossil ?' If fossil, the specimens are probably C. sayana Con- rad, which he described and figured in his Miocene Fossils of the United States as identical with Say's convexa ; but in his Cata- logue of the Miocene Shells of the Atlantic Slope (Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1862, p. 575) he states it to be different. I have seen no notice of the differences. It would be well to search for living shells."

Cytherea gigantea, Chemn.

An abundant and conspicuous species of the sand-bars and half muddy flats in the harbor ; also dredged in the channel ; not seen on the beach. The colors of equally fresh specimens vary much, in the general hue, and in the distinctness of the radiating dark lines ; the young are generally brightest. They are al- ways more or less scratched about the most convex part, where much of the epidermis may be worn off. This mollusc is a favorite article of food with the gulls ; the birds hold them under foot much after the manner of hawks with their prej'^, and

[July 18,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13Y

break in one valve by repeated blows with the beak — a tedious process, it seemed, in some cases that I watched. The fracture of this shell is clean, sharp, and almost vitreous.

Dosinia discus, Reeve. {Artemis concentrica, Born.)

Very abundant ; the dead ones, almost always with the hinge intact, are conspicuous on the beach ; and some live specimens were procured about the harbor.

Lucinopsis, sp. indet.

Dredged. Petricola pholadiformis, Lam.

Dead shells are common ever^'where, but especially on the beach.

Raeta canaliculata, Say. Beach, very abundant.

Eaeta lineata, Say.

Not ordinarily common ; but occasionall}^, after storms that seem to disturb some special situations they inhabit, they are strewn on the beach in large numbers.

Mactra raveneli, Conr.

Strewn in profusion on the beach and elsewhere. Most of the worn specimens are variously discolored.

" Probably what is catalogued as M. oblonga, Say, by Kurtz and Stimpson."

Mactra similis, Say.

With the last ; not so common.

" I find among the specimens some that I think are this, but it is a doubtful species."

Mactra lateralis, Say.

Abundant, with the first.

Donaz variabilis. Say.

Very abundant ; living a few inches below the surface of the sand, chiefly of the beach itself. At certain states of the tide, &c., they are in the habit of coming to the surface, and of disporting with considerable agility. They must, however, be somewhat cautiously watched, as they have a sense of observation, whatever it may be, that imforms them of probable danger, and causes them.

1871.] PART II.— 10

138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

to disappear below with a degree of celerity tjiat astonishes one who observes it for the first time.

This species is very appropriatel3^ named. In looking at some hundreds, I have found very few alike in color. After death the valves, like those of Dosinia, long remain joined.

Cumingia tellinoides, Conr.

Dredged ; apparently not common. Semele orbiculata, Say.

A few specimens, dredged in the channel. Amphidesma constricta ? Philippi.

Dredged ? (Label misplaced.) Abra sequalis, Say.

Common : valves on beach and elsewhere ; and dredired. Tellina alternata, Say. ,

The largest and most conspicuous, if not also the most abun- dant, species of the genus noticed. Valves everywhere; and dredged.

Tellina tenera, Say. Tellina tenta, Say. Tellina iris, Say.

These three species are common; teiita apparently less so than the two others ; the specimens of it were all, I think, picked up on the beach, where both tenera and i7'is also occur. The two last, however, are more abundant on the sand-shoals, and in shallow dredging-ground ; and, in particular, numbers of them were taken among eel-grass with Bittium sp., which see. Some of the several other species of the genus given by Stimpson ma}^ also have been taken; but if so, were not identified.

Tellina polita, Say. Strigilla flexuosa, Say. Dredged.

Strigilla, sp. indet. Soleu ensis, Linn.

Abundant. Younger shells, living, are ver}' numerous on Bird Shoals. S. viridis was )iot obtained.

^iliquaria gibba, Spengl. {Solecnrtits carribaiis, Lam.)

Very common ; dead valves are plentiful on the beach, but still

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139

more so on the shingle at the mouths of the estuaries that make from the marshes into tlie harbor, where tlie best specimens may be found. Siliquaria bidens, Chemn.

Common, on the beach only, where all the numerous specimens were gathered.

Solemya velum, Say.

Not uncommon ; living specimens dredged, and taken on Bird Shoals, a few inches below the surface.

Mya arenaria, Linn.

Not common, comparativelj^ ; occasional valves occur anywhere, but the species is not known here as an article of food.

Corbula contracta, Say.

Dredged ; a few specimens.

Myalina subovata, Conr.

Dredged ; a few specimens. Panopaea americana, Conr.

Apparently rare; two specimens; one valve (No. 1818), very large, worn, was found on the beach, in winter ; another (2494a), fresher and smaller, was taken the next winter, after one of the storms that threw up numbers of Raeta lineata.

Gastrochsena, sp.

Dredged ; one specimen. I do not find the name among Mr. Smith's Mss., and think it was an identification of Mr. Morse's.

Cochlodesma leanum, Conr. Lyonsia byalina, Conr.

Dredged, I think (label misplaced).

Pandora trilineata, Say.

One specimen (No. 2618) ; beach.

Pholas costata, Linn.

Beach, very common.

Pbolas truncata, Say.

Beach, frequent. As in the cases of several other species, I found valves quite plentiful at intervals, between which none were seen.

1871.]

140 proceedings of the academy of

Gasteropoda. Polyceral sp.

One specimen, dredged in the deeper part of the channel, about an inch long, noticeable for its bright blue and yellow tentacles.

Aplysia? sp.

Two specimens of another nudibranch were taken Aug. 3, 1870, as they were floating on the surface of the water in the harbor, and the same species was subsequently several times seen. The animals Ttere quite lively, moving about freely, especially if irritated, by a regular waving motion of the free edges of the tunic. When most contracted, they were of a flattened and some- what irregularly oval shape, some three inches long ; and were capable of stretching out between six and seven inches. Placed in water, the color appeared of a clear warm brown, pellucid- punctate all over ; these whitish dots gathered in irregular patches, changing their contour with the animal's motions; when it was closely contracted, an open network of dark lines appeared all over the surface. Out of water, the whitish patches confer a general glaucescence upon a dull brown ground. The animal is tinted, especially behind, with carmine, from the deep lake-colored, viscid, glairy fluid it emits in a stream, apparently at will. Black eye-specks, distinct at the base in front of the posterior pair of tentacles. I have not the means, at present, of identifying the species, which seems to be not at all rare, but presume that it may be recognized by the above description.

TJtriculus canaliculatus, Say.

Dredged, and on the beach. Bulla solitaria, Say.

Dredged. Chiton apiculatus, Say.

Fragments on the beach, and one perfect specimen, dredged. Entails pliocena, T. & H.

Numerous specimens, all dead; beach, and dredged. Crepidula fornicata, Linn.

Yery abundant, and the one oftenest found alive ; one, or several together, upon the outside of other larger shells.

Crepidula fornicata, var. intorta, Say.

Several specimens.'

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPKIA. 141

Crepidnla convexa, Say.

Commou. Crepidula unguiformis, Say.

Commou ; dead, an^^where; and alive, adhering to the inside of shells, such as Neverita, etc.

Fissurella altemata, Say.

Common ; chief!}'' on the beach.

Zizyphinus, sp.

Yery rare; a single specimen, dead, on the beach (No. 2516). Turbo crenulatus, Gm. ?

A single worn, incrusted specimen (No. 2595), from the beach, evidently transported from a distance.

"Exactly like Cuban specimens marked T. Mppocastaneus =^ T. castaneus (Chemn.), which, however, I do not find recorded from our coast."

Littorina irrorata, Say.

Extremely abundant, in the marsh; generally seen crawling up the culms of reeds and grasses, from which they drop at a touch. During summer they are so numerous in some places, that they almost give color to the herbage,

Scalaria humphreysii, Kiener.

"Blood-shells," so called often, from the purplish color of the soft parts that appear at the opening. Yery abundant, chiefly on the beach, where occasionally they may be found touching each other, if not heaped. The purity of color and pleasing form of this shell render it a great favorite for those peculiarly ugly fab- rications called " shell-frames."

Scalaria lineata, Say.

Common everywhere.

Solarium granulatum, Lam. Vermetus radicula, Stimps. Common.

CeritMum, sp.

Some specimens, as 1*782, which apparently Mr. Smith did not receive, were mentioned to me by Dr. Stimpsou as '■^ Cerithium ferrugineum ?"

18T1.]

142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Bittium nigrum, Tott. Bittium greenii, C. B. Ad.

Dredged. Bittium, sp.

Extremely abundant in the shallowest and most sluggish parts of the harbor, adhering to marine plants. On forcing a boat through beds of this vegetation, where the water hardly covered the dredge, we took scores of specimens in a few minutes ; and the same haul showed the following : Tellina tenera, T. iris, Co- lumbella avara, Abra, Nucula, Corbula, Obeliscus, Turbonilla interrupta, Area holmesii, Nassa vibex, obsoleta, &c. The Bitti- ums were blackish, and covered with vegetable matter.

Triforis nigrocinctus, C. B. Ad.

Dredged. Odostomia seminuda, C. B. Ad.

Dredged, in deeper waters. Odostomia impressa. Say.

Dredged, with the last. Turbonilla interrupta, Tott.

Beach and dredged. Turbonilla 1 sp.

Specimens in a large miscellaneous lot gathered on the beach.

Obeliscus crenulatus, Holmes.

Dredged.

"I have not access to Holmes's description, but think this must be his shell."

Eulima oleacea, Ktz. and Stm.

Dredged ? (Label misplaced.)

Sigaretus perspectivus, Say.

Very common. Dead shells are plentiful everywhere ; and on Bird Shoals the live animals are frequently found. The largest animals measured about four inches across, with a shell of an inch or more.

Natica pusilla. Say.

Not common. Two or three specimens dredged.

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 143

Neverita duplicata, Say.

Abundant. Cypraea exanthema, Linn.

Rare; one specimen (Xo. 1810), a worn fragment, so identified bj'' Dr. Stimpson.

Pleurotoma cerina, Ktz. and Stm.

Dredged. Pleurotoma plicata, C. B. Ad.

Dredged. Marginella apicina, Menke.

Dredged, and frequently found on the beach. Oliva litterata, Lam.

Very common ; called " Key-shells," Olivella mutica, Say.

Very abundant ; "Bead-shells." Columbella avara, Say.

Common ; beach, shoals, and dredged in A^arious parts of the harbor. "Some are of unusually bright colors."

Columbella ornata, Ravenel ?

Several specimens. Columbella lunata, Say.

Several specimens dredged. Dolium galea, Linn.

Beach, frequent. Semicassis granulosa, Brug.

Common.

Cassis cameo, Stm.

Common ; but I never saw it alive, and nearly all the specimens noticed were worn, and usually also with slate discoloration.

Purpura floridana, Conr.

Rare, I should judge, having obtained but few specimens — Xos. 115T and 2588 (a broken one), and two live ones,

Ilyonassa obsoleta. Say.

I should judge this to be the most abundant shell of this locality, LittoiHna, even, not excepted. - Mj-riads cover the sand-

1871.J

144 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

shoals and mud-bars of the harbor, and the mud of the marshes, in some places so thickly that no step can be taken without tread- ing them under foot. They may be dredged at all depths ; and bleached shells are heaped in some places. Such numbers, in devouring decaying vegetable substances, must exercise decided influence in the natural economy of the locality. The dead shells of this as well as of tlie species of the next genus afl?ord the most usual accommodations of the smaller Eupaguri. Many specimens may be found with the apex perfect ; but in such cases it is usually lighter colored and more fragile than the rest of the shell, as if already devitalized.

Nassa vibex, Say.

Common. Nassa trivittata, Say.

Common. Nassa T

Several undetermined specimens; and others marked ^^Nassa vibexV^ CeritMopsis terelsralis, C. B. Ad.

Dredged, in the channel.

Acus dislocatus, Say. {Cerithium petitii,^.)

Yery abundant. The species lives mostl}^ on the shoals and in the shallower dredgings ; dead shells are found everywhere.

Rapana (Fusus) cinerea, Say. (Buccimmi plicosum, Menke.)

Common on the beach and dredged in various places. The shells are too numerous to be likely to escape ordinary observation (and the species may have been accidentally omitted from Dr. Stimp- son's list). " I have some doubt about this identification, as there appears to be some difiference in the canal and outer lip; but if not this, I do not know what it is."

Busycon pyrum, Dillw. (Fulgttr pyruloides, Say.)

Not common ; two or three specimens only, dead, from the beach. Busycon canaliculatum, Linn.

Common, but less so than the next. While the many speci- mens examined seemed to me constant in form, the colors are notably variable. Nearly all are white, more or less pure, outside, but the older ones have a rough brownish epidermis ; inside, the

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145

tint varies from nearly wliite or pale delicate j'ellow to briglit salmon-color.

Busycon carica, Linn.

Abundant ; probably there are ten or more of this to one of the last or of the next. They are used for food by the lower classes.

This pyrula spawns in May. I have observed and taken nu- merous specimens with the egg-case issuing from them. At this season the females resort to the shoals covered with a foot or so of water at high tide, and exposed at other times. They bury themselves a few inches below the surface of the sand, and doubt- less remain stationary during the whole process, which appears to require considerable time (not ascertained, even approxi- mately). The case is thrust upward through the sand, and at length appears above the surface, lying exposed, and thus indicat- ing the whereabouts of the animal. The string begins as a simple shred of the substance, two or three inches long, without proper cases. The first few cases are imperfect, smaller than the rest, and of decidedly different shape ; one or more may not contain young shells. They regularly increase in size, and assume with equal regularity the perfect shape. The string is spun out to an average length of between two and three feet ; the cases are largest and most closely packed at or just beyond the middle; the series generally terminates more abruptly than it began.

These es^or-cases have the form of those ascribed to Pyrula canaliculata by Mr. Smith (Ann. Lj'C. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. vii, p. 150), and by Mr. Geo. H. Perkins (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 115). Mr. Smith writes: "I have determined the species to which each form of egg-cases belonged simply by com- parison of the young shells contained in them with adult specimens of P. carica and canaliculata; and have ascertained from Mr. Perkins that he made his determination in the same way. I have made a comparison of the young shells contained in the broad- edsed cases comin£c from Fort Macon, with similar ones from Rockaway, L. I., and find them to agree exactly. Mr. Perkins and myself are therefore evidently wrong, the broad-edged cases belonging to P. carica, and the sharp-edged to P. canaliculata.^^ Egg-cases of the broad form are abundantly strewn on the beach and elsewhere, especially during the summer months ; but I do not now call to mind that I ever noticed the sharp-edged ones. 1871.]

146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Specimens of this species, or of one closely resembling it, vary remarkably in color, and to a notable degree in general contour, number of spines to a whorl, their length and stoutness, &c. Younger individuals, up to three or four inches in length, are much variegated, but pretty regularly so, with the brown bands; the full-grown ones are too different in this respect to be concisely described. The oldest lose distinctive coloration, from the growth of rough dark epidermis, and are usually incrusted with foreign substances, as well as often with balani, ostreje, &c. Inside, the shells appear to have no determinate color ; this varying from indefinite whitish, with some variegation from the colors outside showing through (in young specimens), to yellowish ortawn}^; and finall}', in mature spring specimens at any rate, to brilliant salmon — almost red. I should judge that the coloration could afford no reliable specific characters. The shells bleach pure white in time, passing through a tawny or rusty stage ; others present slate, or almost black, discoloration. The upper surface of the foot in life is jet black, contrasting strongly with the vivid color of the under side.

This species, and the last, as well as, doubtless, the others, ai'c carnivorous, and apparently rapacious, animals ; they also prey upon each other. I have found younger shells of both carica and eanaliculata^ enwrapped and half hidden in the folds of large individuals of their own and the other species.

" There are probably several species of Busycon on our coast, but they are not well made- out. No. 1*771, as well as some of the smaller ones (thus 1*132, &c.), having numerous rather low spines and dark brown bands, is probably B. spinosum (Conrad, Pr. A. N. S. Phil., 1862, p. 553)."

Busycon perversum, Linn.

Common; about equalling, I should judge, canaliculatum in numbers. It generally passes, hereabouts, for a "she conch," carica being the " he."

Caucellaria reticulata, Linn.

Common ? Two or three specimens, dead. Fasciolaria tulipa, Linn.

One mutilated specimen (2126).

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147

Fasciolaria distans, Lam.

Common. This and young Busycons are favorite residences of the larger Eiqoagurus.

Fasciolaria gigantea, Kiener.

Two specimens, from the beach, much worn and discolored (slate), each over a foot long.

Eanella caudata, Say, Common.

Murex spinicostata, Val.

Not common (two or three specimens). Strombus pugilis, Gm.

Frequent. Of about a score of specimens examined, all were much worn, and had evidently been transported from a distance.

[Note. — I append to the foregoing list the names of a few air-breathers that were collected. ]

(Gasteropoda Pulmonata.) Limaz, sp.

Observed under decaying wood, &c., on Bogue Island.

Helix albolabris, Say. Helix thyroides, Say. Helix multilineata, Say.

These three species were obtained, the two first in large num- bers, from the beach of Shackleford, but no one of them was seen on Bogue Island.

Helix postelliana, Bland.

"Interesting on account of the localit3% neither this species nor an}' other of the group to which it belongs having hitherto been found here" (Bland, in epist). Very abundant on Bogue Island, in moist grass, &c., about the edges of the marsh.

Melampus bidentatus. Melampus obliquus, Say.

Rather common, on the beach, and dredged in shallow water among marine plants.

RADIATES.

The few specimens that have been determined, out of a consi- derable number collected, furnish the following names, mostly

187L]

148 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

given upon Dr. Stimpson's authority : A species of Physalia, and another allied form, are of frequent occurrence along the beach. Two or three jelly-fishes were noticed, one of them occurring in laro-e numbers about the harbor. Several corals and sea-fans also occur.

Ophiophragmum wurdemanni? Bird Shoals, common.

Asterias arenicolai Abundant.

Luidia clathrata.

Very abundant. Astropecten articulatus.

Abundant. Fresh specimens are of a rich purple, edged with golden yellow.

Melita quinquefora.

The most abundant echinoderm of all, found everywhere.

ScMzaster lachesis.

Rather common. EcMnocidaris punctulatus. Lytechinus variegatus 1

This and the last are two common species, found about the edsres of the shoals throughout the harbor.

Actinia? sp.

A medium-sized plain grayish sea-anemone occurs in abundance on the rocks of the jutties along the beach.

Benilla reniformis.

Rather common. Specimens ranged from a few lines to over

two inches in breadth.

(To be continued.)

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149

CONTRIBUTION TO ORTHOPTEEOLOGY. BY PROF. C. THOMAS. Caloptenus difFerentialis. Thomas.

Syn. Acridium clifferentiale, Uliler. Trans. 111. St. Ag. Soc, r. 450. (Thos.) CyrtacaJithacris differcntialis. Walk. Cat. Dermap., IV. GIG.

Although the name of this insect has found its "way into the catalogues, j'et it has received no other description than the very short and imperfect one given by me in the Transactions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, vol. v. 450. It was designated by the name A. clifferentiale, in a box of Orthoptera kindly named and returned to me by Mr. Uhler. But as he has never described it, and, as I learn from him, does not propose to do so, I give here the first regular description, that it may no longer stand in the catalogues as a mere name.

Large, robust ; sides of the pronotum squarel}' deflexed, but lateral carinte not distinct ; wings as long as the abdomea ; pul- villi of tarsi remarkably large. General color, olive-brown.

Female. Occiput convex, not punctured ; a transverse indenta- tion between the angles of the eyes ; vertex broad, expanding in front of the eyes, obtuse, with a broad shallow sulcus above (per- haps not always distinct) ; the frontal carina broad, flat, or very slightly sulcate, sides parallel, a row of slight punctures each side; lateral caringe obtuse, nearly parallel. Antennse passing the thorax slightly, slender, filiform, joints not distinct except near the base. Pronotum has the sides squarely deflexed, the dorsum but slightly convex, that of the posterior lobe being almost flat ; the three transverse incisions distinct, the posterior, which is deeply indented, being postmedial ; the median carina distinct on the posterior lobe, but indistinct on the anterior lobes ; the lateral carinte consist only of the rounded angles formed by the deflexion of the sides. Elytra narrow, about as long as the abdo- men. Wings thin and delicate, with slender nerves, a little shorter than the elytra. Abdomen large and fleshy, somewhat keeled above ; upper and lower appendages very stout, cerci very short. Posterior femora very much swollen near the base and quite thick, tapering rapidly so as to be rather slender near the knee ; a little shorter than the abdomen ; not sharply carinated either above or below. Tibiie much enlarged at the apex ; about as long as the femora ; the apical half furnished with strong spines and hairy. 1871.] ^

150 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Claws of the tarsi stout ; pulvilli remarkably large. Prosternal spine cylindrical, blunt, and bent back to the margin of the meso- sternura.

Male. Is only about two-thirds the size of the female, from ■which it differs as follows : Frontal carinte more distinct, the middle one more distinctly sulcate. The elytra and Avings are longer in proportion to the body, extending beyond the abdomen ; the posterior femora also proportionally longer. The abdomen is considerably enlarged at the extremity, and turned abruptly up- ward ; the cerci very large, bent upward and inward, broad at base, with an off'set or notch on the lower edge; the little angular processes at the base of the superanal plate are very minute and blunt (much less than in G. sprelus or femur-rnbrum) ; the sub- anal plate convex, pointed, and almost entire, hairy.

Color (dried after long immersion in alcohol).

Female. Head and anterior lobes of the pronotum reddish- brown ; labrum and parts of the mouth black ; antennae rufous. Posterior lobe of the pronotum an olive-brown. El3^tra unspotted, olive-brown at the base, fading toward the extremit3\ Wings transparent, with a portion of the nerves near the front and apex dark. Abdomen and under side dark reddish-brown. Posterior femora with the disk and upper edge dark brown, lower edge yellowish ; inside yellow, with an oblique, interrupted, dark stripe running from the upper edge back across to the lower edge be- yond the middle ; knee black. Tibiae have the upper end and lower half yellow, spines black ; tarsi brown ; claws j-ellow at base, black at the points ; pulvilli with a yellow stripe through the middle.

Male. Yery similar, the principal difference being that the thorax, abdomen, and under side are of a lighter olive or j^ellow color ; an oblique j-ellow stripe immediately behind the middle legs quite distinct and bright.

When the insect is living, the olive-brown is an olive-green or olive color; and there are yellow spots and stripes on the thorax, and the abdomen and under side are principally yellow. The male is generally of a brighter color than the female.

Dimensions. Female, length 1.7 in. ; head and pronotum .52 in. ; femora .92 in. ; tibioe .9 in. Male 1.2 in.

Habitat. Jackson County, Illinois.

I^ote. — Walker (Cat. Dermap, iv. 610) has placed this species in Cyrta-

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 151

canthacris, for no otlier reason, so far as I can see, than that the prosternal spine approaches the border of the mesosternum. Although it differs slightly from the typical species of Caloptenus, yet it certainly has more characters of the latter than of the former genus. It is, in shape, very much like the larger specimens of C. hivittatus. The back of the pronotum is not sloped from the median carina, but is exactly like the dorsum oi femur- rubrum, spretus, bivittahis, etc.

Opomola brachyptera, Scudd.

As Mr. Scudcler's description is founded on a single male speci- men, I will give a full description of what I conceive to be a female of the same species.

Female. Vertex carinated ; elytra narrow, reaching the tip of the second abdominal segment. Antennge broad, ensiform. Pale orange-brown, with minute dusky points.

Occiput convex, straight, not ascending, with a shallow longi- tudinal depression each side, leaving a low, broad, rounded ridge in the middle. Yertex triangular, margins turned up, a veiy dis- tinct median carina, the three meeting together in front form a blunt point; length in advance of the eyes equal to about one- third the entire length of the head. The face tricarinate, or rather quadricarinate, as the frontal ridge is so deeply sulcate that it forms two distinct carinas, which meet at the vertex; all some- what divergent, and reaching the cross suture. Eyes oblong-ovate. Antennse scarcely as long as the head and thorax, ensiform, flat- tened, and slightly prismatic. Pronotum about as long as the head, tricarinate; sides almost perpendicular, parallel; only the posterior transverse impression distinct on the dorsum, situated a little behind the middle. Elytra lanceolate, narrow, reaching the extremity of the second abdominal segment. Wings narrow, minute, about half as long as the elytra. Abdomen long, slender and somewhat cylindrical, slightly carinated on the dorsum. The four anterior legs short and slender; posterior femora slender, straight, and not as long as the abdomen ; tibiae slender, nearly cylindrical, somewhat hairy at the apex. The prosternal point is short, being only a blunt protuberance ; behind it the prosternum is marked by a shallow sulcus (but this may not be constant). Color (dried after long immersion in alcohol). General color a pale orange-brown, without distinct spots or markings, but with minute dusky points. The antennae brown, with a purplish tinge ; vertex, legs, and abdomen tinged with the same color. Spines of

1871.]

152 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

the posterior tibise, abdominal appendages, and tarsal claws tipped with black.

"When living, the only specimen I have seen appeared to be of a uniform grayish-brown. Length 1,5 inches.

My unique specimen was caught near the ruins of Fort Casper, on the North Platte, Wj'omiug Territory, August, 1870. Found in the tall grass on the river bottom.

Mesops wyomingensis, Thos. nov. sp.

Small, slender, cylindrical ; elytra reaching the fifth abdominal segment; abdomen of the male terminating in a pointed process. Pale green, sometimes varied with red, immaculate.

Female. Occiput convex, slightly bowed up in the middle ; a very slight median ridge can be discerned which reaches a little in front of the eyes, where it suddenly terminates in a semicircular depression, which separates it from the vertex. The vertex is flat above, conical, margin not turned up, triangular, advanced con- siderably in front of the eyes; a shallow foveola ma}' be distin- guished under each lateral margin ; the circular depression which divides it from the occipital ridge, sweeps round from the upper canthus of one eye to that of the other. The face quadricarinate — the frontal ridge being so deeply sulcate as to appear like two distinct carinse, all prominent, sharp, divergent below, and reach- ing the cross suture ; the sides of the frontal ridge approach each other just below the ocellus, and on each side, directly opposite this constriction, there is a short transverse indentation (this appears to be constant). Eyes oblong-ovate, somewhat promi- nent, situated near the antennre. Antennas flattened, broad, and somewhat prismatic. Pronotum about as long as the head, nearly cylindrical, not carinated, though a faint median line is some- times visible. Elytra narrow, sharply rounded at the apex, reaching to the anterior margin of the fifth segment. Wings nearly the same length. Abdomen elongate, cylindrical, slightly enlarged at the apex ; appendages short, the upper ones nearly covered b}^ the super-anal plate ; the cerci are mere points. The four anterior legs are very short and delicate; posterior femora of moderate length, reaching the tip of the fifth segment, slender and deeply channelled below ; posterior tibiae about the same length as femora, very slender, cylindrical, furnished with delicate spines about two-thirds their length; tarsi somewhat elongate,

[July 25,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153

the middle joint being rather longer in proportion to the others than usual. Prosternal point quite short and blunt, more so in the female than in the male. Mesosternum convex, with a sharp indentation running lengthwise on each side.

Color (dried after long immersion in alcohol). Pale greenish- yellow, immaculate. Antennae dull ash golor, darkest along the exterior margin Spines of the posterior tibia and tarsal claws tipped with black. When living, the female is of a uniform pea- green color.

Male. Differs from the female as follows: Is much smaller and of more slender proportions. The vertex more pointed and the margins slightly elevated. Face rather more oblique, being almost horizontal. Abdomen terminating with a long-pointed extension bent slightly upward at the tip, about equal in length to the head. El^'tra and wings same proportional length as in the female. Antennoe, face, vertex, occiput, pronotum, posterior femora, and abdominal appendage a pale carneous red ; a white stripe runs from tlie lower border of the eye along the lower edge of the face and pronotum to the base of the middle legs. This description of the male marks the extreme variation from the female, those of immediate shades being common.

Found along the east base of the Black Hills of Wj-oming, in the vicinity of Cottonwood Creek, August, 1870. Taken in the grass}^ creek bottoms.

Dimensions. Female — length 1.1 inch ; male, .9 inch.

I have placed this species in Mesops^ to which it appears to belong from the incomplete generic description of Serville, who had only one imperfect specimen, which had the apex of the abdo- men wanting. Walker (Cat. Dermap., III. 501) names another species of this genus — 31. carinatus — as found in the United States, but speaks of the sheaths of the oviduct of the female as being lanceolate.

]\fote. — Two errors occur in my paper published in the Proceedings July, 1870, which should be corrected.

B. nigrum, Thos., should be B. nubilum, Thos. Syn. Gryllus nuMlus, Say. Oed. pruinosa, Thos., should be Oed. trifasciata, Thos. Syn. Gryllus trifasciatus. Say.

The descriptions are proper, aud may stand, as the original descriptions of Say are very short and incomplete. The corrections were forwarded before publication, but failed to reach their destination. •

1871.] PART IL— 11

154 proceedings of the academy op

June 5, 1871.

Mr. Yaux, Vice-President, in the chair.

Nineteen members present.

The publication of pp. 57 to 88 of the proceedings for 1871 was announced.

Remarks on a Fossil Tesfudo from Wyoming — Prof. Leidy directed attention to some remains of a fossil turtle discovered bj Dr. Joseph K. Coi'son, U.S.A., of Fort Bridger, at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming, in association with remains of Palseosyops^ &c. Most of the remains of turtles from the same locality, which had been submitted to his inspection, appeared to belong to the same family as our terrapins, except those referred to the geiyis Trionyx. The present fossils appear to indicate a large species of land tortoise, equal in size to the living Tesfudo indica of the Galipagos Islands. Less characteristic fragments, apparently of the same turtle, had been previously found by others, espe- cially Prof. Haj'den and Dr. J. Van A. Carter. The most charac- teristic specimen obtained by Dr. Corson is the anterior extremity of a sternum, consisting of the greater part of both episternals and a small portion of the entosternal bone. It might be supposed to belong to an Emys, but its abrupt and prolonged extension for- ward as in several of the living species of land tortoises, cou^Dled with its great thickness and strength, leads to the opinion that it really indicates a large Tesfudo.

The gular scute impressions are defined by strong oblique grooves diverging at angles of about 40°. From the outer boun- dar}^ of these impressions, the episternals are directed rather abruptlj' forward for an inch and three-quarters. In front, the sternum forms a nearlj^ straight line three and three-quarter inches wide, and is only slightly notched at the middle.

The under surface of the episternals corresponding with the position of the gular scutes, is strongly convex ; the upper sur- face slopes forward to the anterior acute border.

The gular scutes, at their posterior angle, touched upon the entosternal bone. Their length in the median line is three and a half inches ; at their outer border, three and a quarter inches. The episternals measure three and a quarter inches in advance of the entosternal plate ; their thickness reaches an inch and a half

The species was named Testudo Corsoni, in honor of its dis- coverer.

Remarks on supposed Fossil Turtle Eggs. — Prof. Leidy then exhibited a number of specimens of what he suspected were fossil

[August 15

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155

turtle eggs. They were found b}^ Dr. J. Yan A. Carter, of Fort Bridger, Wyoming, in the same formation which has yielded so many remains of turtles. Dr. Carter had discovered upwards of forty of them together, and first suggested the idea that they might be eggs. Prof Hayden's collection from the same vicinity contained several specimens of the same bodies, Avhich had been incidentally glanced at as coprolites. The uniformity in shape and size of these bodies, coupled with the structure, which con- sists of a thin homogeneous stony shell filled with an arenaceous matrix, renders it probable they may be eggs. They have the elongated oval form of the eggs of our common Emi/,H 2ncta^ and measure about an inch in length and five lines in the short dia- meter.

Remarks on the Garnets of Greenes Creeh^ Delaware Co. — Prof Leidy also directed attention to the character of the garnets of Green's Creek, Delaware Count3^ These garnets, usually much prized b}^ our mineralogists, appear not to have been discovered in place, and have been found as part of the pebbles of the creek bottom. They never present a crystalline form, and are looked upon as rolled pebbles. Specimens exhibited show a singular grooved appearance, apparently due to the abstraction of crystals of some other mineral, which had been imbedded in the surface of the garnets. This condition would indicate that the garnets probabl}^ existed in the rock in the form of nodules and not of ci-ystals, as is frequently the case with minerals imbedded in trap rocks. In Dana's Mineralogy it is stated that chlorastrolite occurs on the shores of Isle Royale, L. S., in small rounded pebbles which have come from the trap and are water-worn. To avoid an erro- neous impression, it should rather state they are found in the trap as rounded nodules, and become detached by the breaking up of the trap on the shores of the lake.

Mr. Thomas Meehan referred to some remarks made by him to the Academ^^ recentlj'' in regard to variations in the cotyledons of the peach, in which the most striking fact was that there was a multiplication of cotyledons when there was a plurality of era- brj'os, without an}' increase in the usual cotyledonous mass; and that in the division of this mass no proportionate rule was adopted in the apportionment of each. He said he could not then under- stand how this arrangement accorded with the general opinion that the lobes of the dicotyledonous seed were formed almost simultaneously with the origin of the fertilized vesicles, but dared not express his doubts on that one instance alone. But he had now to offer for the examination of the members numerous speci- mens of sprouting cotyledons of Querent robur and Quercus ru- bra, which seemed to admit of no otiier conclusion than that the division into cotyledons was accomplished long after the cotjde-

1871.]

156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

donous mass had been shaped as we find it finall}^ developed in the seed.

In the case of Quercus rohur a plurality of plantlets from one sprouting seed was not uncommon. He had found dozens in a peck of seed. These were usually in tAvos, but occasionally in threes. Of the last he exhibited only one specimen. In all these cases there Avas no more matter emploj'ed than if only one dicotj-ledonous seed had been perfected in the usual way. The division of the mass into four or six cotyledons was ver}' arbi- trary. In some cases one cotjdedon Avould have one-third the whole to itself, the remaining being divided between the rest. There was also the same irregularity^ in direction. In some cases the division, after going longitudinally perhaps one-third the dis- tance, would take a lateral direction, giving a broken-off appear- ance to the one cotyledon, similar to the leaf of a Liriodendron^ while the opposite division would thus be left with a thick gib- bous tip. The divisions in other cases would take a somewhat spiral course. It was evident that there was little more rule in these divisions than there would be in the breaking of a piece of glass.

He had examined a half peck of sprouting acorns of Qnercus jjalustris and another of Quercus macrocarpa^ but in these he could detect no sign of variation — each seed seemed cleft smoothly and directly through the centre into two regularly equal halves. But in Quercus rubra there were some remarkable phenomena. Of these he exhibited numerous specimens. In none of them did he find a plurality of embryos, the interest was in the division of the pair of cotjdedons. All the specimens of Quercus rubra examined had fissures extending from the outside towards the centre. These were two, three, or four. In some cases the fissures extended but a mere line in depth ; at other times they would penetrate to near the centre of the mass. In all these instances the surfaces in the fissures were clothed with membrane, just as we find to be the case in the walnut. The divisions of the coty- ledons ivere_ always in the direction of these Jissm^es, giving the lobes a very irregular appearance. In some cases a triangular section served for one lobe, while the sum of two united tri- angular sections served for the second one. It was so evident here that the divisions of the seed into cotyledons were in the weakest lines of union, and that these weak lines existed prior to the division, that he thought no one of the gentlemen present who were examining them could possibly dispute the conclusion.

He further suggested that the absence of au}^ secondai'y mem- brane from the face of the cotyledon was an argument in favor of a late and smaller division. In ruminated seeds, such as the walnut or papaw, this membrane followed tlie innei'most outline of the surface, and was no doubt a formation directly from the cells of the cotj'ledouous mass ; but the suddenness of cotyledon forma-

[ August 15

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157

tion would prevent the formation of such a membrane, especially after the cells had lost much of their vitality by being converted into depositions of starchy or other mattei*. Hence we found but the finest membrane covering the cotyledon faces.

He could not understand how the facts exhibited accorded with the earl}^ division into cot3dedons by actual growth, as taught in our leading botanical works. For himself, he felt that botanists would yet come to regard all seeds as non-cotyledonous in their early stages ; and that the divisions into cotyledonous lobes ivas a mechanical result determined in a great measure b^"^ the position of the germinal vesicle without the cotyledonous mass.

Mr. Meehan also referred to remarks he made on a former occa- sion in regard to the sensitive clasping of the stigraatic divisions of the pistil in Torenia asiatica. He had since found the same phenomenon in 3Iimulus, Lindernia, and Diplacus; allies of the Torenia. He did not know that this irritable closing power had been placed on record au3Mvhere; but as there were hybrids of Mimulus in cultivation, the fact could not but have been noticed by cultivators at some time. In Mimulus the motion was more rapid than in others he had tried.

June 13. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-seven members present.

The following papers were offered for publication: —

"Notice of a new Brachiopod from the Lead-bearing rocks at Mine La Motte, Mo." By F. B. Meek.

"Descriptions of three new species of Exotic Unionid^e." By Isaac Lea.

" Descriptions of twenty new species of Unionidse of the United States." By Isaac Lea.

Prof Cope made some extended observations on the supposed orders of Plectognathi and Lophohranchii of Cuvier, of which the following is an abstract : He stated that, after an examination of their structure, he could not regard them as divisions of equal value with the Physostomi and Fhysoclysti, etc. He stated that the Plectognathi are Physoclysti in all respects, viz., the relations of the supra-occipital to the other cranial bones, the structure of the scapular arch, hj^oid and branchial arches, in the relations of the dorsal and ventral fins, structure of basis of caudal fin, of swim-bladder, etc. The family Teuthyes, among other Physoclysti, formed the nearest approach to them, and that the coalescence of 1871.]

158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

the bones of the maxillary and mandibular arches is not more important than many other structures found in the same subclass. He regarded the Lophohranchii as a group having the same general affinities with the Physoclysti, but aberrant with some other groups in the possession of abdominal ventral fins. It was closely related to another division of the Physoclysti which he called the Hemihranchii^ which has ventral fins, and wants one or more of the outer series of the superior pharyngeal bones, besides other characters. This order embraces the Fistulariidse, Centriscidx, and Gasterosteidse, and should perhaps include the Lopliobrancliii also.

June 20.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Sixteen members present.

The following paper was presented for publication: — "S^-nopsis of the genus Chettusia (LobivaneUus), with a descrip- tion of a new species." By J. A. Ogden.

June 27. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty -one members present.

The following gentlemen were elected members: —

Fred'k W. Endlich, Edw. K. Williams, and Fred'k Gutekunst.

Gen. L. E. Yorke, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was elected a corre- spondent.

On favorable report of the committees, the following papers were ordered to be published : —

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 159

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS FEOM OHIO AND OTHER WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES.

BY F. B. MEEK.

The Ohio fossils described in this paper are a part of the col- lections of the Geological Survey of that State, now being prose- cuted under the direction of Dr. J. S. Newberry. Full descrip- tions and illustrations of these will appear in the reports of this Survey. Those from Illinois will likewise be illustrated and described in the reports of the Survey of that State. For the latter I am under obligations to Mr. William Gurley and Dr. Winslow, of Danville, Illinois.

The Melantho and Vivijjarus, described at the end of the paper, belong to collections brought by Dr. Hayden from Wyoming Territory, and were accidentally omitted in my preliminarj^ paper recently published in Dr. Hayden's report. They will be figured along with the others in his final report.

OHIO COLLECTIOXS.

FENESTELLA DELICATA, Meek.

Growing in flat flabelliform, very finely reticulated expansions; branches ver}^ slender, rigid, bifurcating, and often nearly parallel, or gradually diverging to give room for new ones formed by divi- sion ; dissepiments about half as thick as the branches, alternat- ing or opposite, and but little expanded at their ends as seen on the non-poriferous side ; fenestrules very uniform, oblong, with length usuallj' about one-third to one-half greater than their breadth ; non-poriferous side roughened by little granules ; pori- ferous side with a row of little pointed elevations along a more or less defined mesial ridge of each branch, pores comparatively large, alternating and numbering two, or occasionally three, in each row opposite each fenestrule, and one generally exactly at each end of each dissepiment.

Size of entire polyzoum unknown, but it apparently attains a length of three inches or more ; number of fenestrules in 0.20 inch, measuring longitudinally, three; ditto, measuring trans- versely'-, four. 1811.]

160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

As seen on the non-poriferoiis side, this species closel}'' re- sembles Prof. McCoy's figure of his F. plebeja, as represented natural size, excepting that it forms a sliglitly finer network. Under a magnifier, however, it is seen to differ in having a row of little nodes along each branch, and I have not seen any longi- tudinal stria on its branches, though they probably exist on those of perfect specimens. The magnified figure of the poriferous side of F. loleheja shows still more important differences, its fenes- trules being proportionally much longer, with four or five pores opposite each side. The little nodes or i^rojections along the middle ridge of this side of the branches in our species do not exist in F. plebeja, nor does the latter usually have a pore oppo- site the end of each dissepiment, as in the species under consider- ation.

Localitij and position. Lodi, Ohio. Waverley group of Lower Carboniferous.

PTILODICTYA (STICTOPORA) CARBONARIA, Meek.

Ramose, branches from their origin generallj'' nearly equalling the breadth of the stem from which they spring more or less al- ternately and at angles of about 50° to 60°; poriferous surfaces of each side flattened convex; lateral margins sharp and smooth; pores arranged in quincunx so as to form about seven to nine longitudinal rows (those of each two adjacent rows alternating), and about the same number of pores may be counted in each ob- lique row, very nearly or quite circular, and each with a promi- nent margin, so as to appear as if penetrating minute pustules ; intervening spaces usually about once and a half to twice the breadth of the pores, and smooth or without longitudinal ridges or furrows.

Entire size unknown ; breadth of medium-sized branches, 0.14 inch; thickness in the middle, 0.05 inch; number of pores in a space of 0.10 inch of each longitudinal row, six; while in the oblique rows about seven may be counted in the same space.

Among the Silurian species of Stictopora, this seems to agree most nearly with S. pnnctipora, Hall, from the Niagara Group, which it nearly resembles in its round pores with raised margins, as well as in the number and arrangement of its pores. It differs, how^ever, in having its sharp lateral margins smooth, instead of being striated. A critical comparison of specimens from these

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161

two Ayidel3'-separated horizons would doubtless show other differ- ences of details.

Its branches are narrower, and the number of its longitudinal rows is less than in the species from the Corniferous limestone that I have described under the name P. Gilherti^ Mdiich also differs in having longitudinal ridges between the rows of pores.

Locality and position. Newark, Ohio. Coal-measures (loAver part).

AVICULOPECTEN SANDTJSKYENSIS, Meek.

Shell attaining a rather large size, strongly compressed, very nearly equivalve, rather oblique, somewhat longer in its antero- posterior diameter than high ; posterior margin rounded and somewhat produced below, and sloping upward and forward above ; anterior margin rounding obliquely backward and down- ward from the anterior ear into the base, which is semiovate, being a little more prominent behind than anteriorly ; hinge line rather distinctl}'' shorter than the entire antero-posterior diame- ter of the valves ; ears flat, subequal, and acutely pointed, the posterior one being shorter than the margin below, and the ante- rior sometimes longer than the anterior margin beneath ; in the left valve both are defined by somewhat angular nearh' equal marginal sinuses, while in the right valve the anterior one is slightly concave and defined by a more angular sinus, from which a linear impression extends obliquel}'^ upward to the beak, which seems not to project above the cardinal margin ; beak of left valve slightl}^ more convex than that of the other, but scarcely more prominent, and placed a little in advance of the middle of the hinge. Surface of left valve ornamented by numerous un- equal, slender, radiating costai or thread-like lines, that are nar- rower than the spaces between, and obscure concentric striae, only the latter of which are usually seen on the ears ; surface of right valve similarly but less distinctly marked.

Antero-posterior diameter of a specimen under medium size, 1.27 inches; height, measuring at right angles to the hinge, 1.20 inches; convexity, about 0.16 inch. Some specimens were, when entire, evidently not less than twice the linear dimensions of that from which these measurements were taken.

As near as can be determined from Mr. Conrad's rather brief

1871.]

162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

description, and his figure of a single riglit valve of his Avicula 2iarilis (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. 8, pi. xii., fig. 9), the species under consideration would seem to be somewhat nearly allied. It has nearly the same general outline and obliquity, and somewhat similar cars, though its anterior ear is proportionally shorter, and defined by an impressed line extending from the sinus obliquely upward to the beak. Our shell also differs in being very nearly or quite equivalve, instead of having the right valve flat and the left plano-convex.

I know nothing of the hinge of this shell, and therefore merely refer it provisionally to Aviculopecten. It is rather more oblique than the species of that genus generally are, and possibly it may be found to have the internal characters of Pterinea or Avicula^ and thus have to take the name Pterinea Sandusky ensis or Avi- cula Sanduskyensis.

Locality ay\d position. Sandusky and Delaware, Ohio. Corni- ferous group of the Devonian series.

PTEEINEA (PTERONITEST) NEW ARKENSIS, Meek.

Shell small, longitudinally subovate or truncato-semiovate, about two-thirds as wide (high) as long, being wide behind and narrowing anteriorly ; cardinal margin straight or slightly curved in outline behind the beaks, and about two-thirds the length of the valves, very short and declining in front of the beaks; poste- rior margin truncated so as to iutersect the hinge at an angle of about 100°, but rounding regularly into the base; anterior side very short, somewhat lobed and narrowly rounded; basal margin semiovate, being most prominent, and ascending obliquely with a very slight!}^ sinuous outline before. Left valve moderately con- vex, the greatest convexity being near the middle, or a little be- fore it, and thence obliquely forward and upward to the beak, as well as downward to the most prominent part of the base behind the middle ; beak xery oblique, elevated a little above the hinge margin, and placed about one-fifth the length of the valve from the anterior extremity; swell of the oblique umbonal and central regions separated from the slightly lobed, narrowly rounded an- terior extremity by a broad undefined impression extending to the antero-basal margin ; posterior dorsal margin compressed and somewhat alate: surface apparently smooth, excepting some very faint ridges of growth, which are most strongly defined on the

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 163

anterior extremity. (Right valve unknown.) Length of left valve 0.55 inch ; height (behind the middle), 0.35; convexity, 0.10 inch.

This is one of those peculiar forms presenting an intermediate appearance between Avicula, Pterinea^ and Pteronites^ but not agreeing exactly in outline with well-defined species of any of these groups. So far as can be determined from casts of the left valve only, it does not appear to have had the hinge teeth of Avicula or Pterinea ; wiiile it also differs from the latter in not having the posterior extremity of the hinge extended or acutely angular, though there is an obtusely angular, slight posterior dorsal alation, which, however, is not defined by any sinuosit^^ of the posterior margin. From the forms on which the genus Ptero- nites was founded, it differs in having the hinge a little shorter than the posterior margin, and its beaks further removed from the anterior extremity.

There are probably several undefined genera among the Carboni- ferous shells of this general appearance, that we have not yet the means of defining.

Locality and jyosifion. Newark, Ohio. "Waverley group of the Lower Carboniferous series.

CYPRICARDINA? CARBON ARIA, Meek.

Shell small, longitudinally' oval, less than twice as long as high, the widest (highest) part being under the posterior extremity of the hinge ; rather gibbous, with often a shallow undefined impres- sion or slight concavity extending from the beaks obliquel}^ back- ward and downward to near the middle of the basal margin ; pos- terior side rounded below the middle, and somewhat straightened and sloping up obliquely forward to the posterior extremity of the hinge ; anterior side extremely short and more or less rounded ; cardinal margin nearl^^ straight or slightly arched, and about two- thirds the length of the valves, sometimes showing a very faint compression, or tendency to become a little alate behind; base most prominent posteriorly, and gentl}' ascending forward, with a more or less defined broad sinuosity along the middle ; beaks extremely oblique, terminal, and so little prominent as scarcely to project beyond the rounded outline of the anterior end. Surface orna- mented by about twenty, very regularly disposed, subimbricating lamina? of growth.

o

1871.J

164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

licngtb, 0.56 inch; height, 0.34 inch; convexity, about O.lt inch.

This little shell agrees very nearly, in size, form, and ornamen- tation, with the t3^pical forms of the group for which the name Cypricardina was proposed, excepting perhaps the fine sculptur- ing seen between the larger regularly disposed lamina of growth in those shells, though even these markings may possibly exist on well-preserved specimens of our species.

In regard to the hinge of the t3'pical species of Cypricardina, nothing is known. In the shell here described, however, one of the casts shows a moderately well developed hinge plate, with one linear tooth in one valve, and two in the other, running nearly parallel with the cardinal margin along its entire length, and at the posterior end of the hinge one or two shorter linear teeth parallel to and beneath the others ; while at the anterior end of the hinge, in the right valve, there is one very small, slightly oval tooth, fitting between two similar minute teeth in the left valve. These little teeth are slightly compressed from above and below, and range with their longer diameter nearly parallel to the hinge margin. No cardinal area can be seen, though there may have been a very small narrow one immediately between the beaks, as there is no cavity seen in the hinge margin for an inter- nal cartilage. The muscular and pallial impressions are so faintly marked that no traces of them have been seen on the casts of the interior.

Until the hinge of the typical species of CypiHcardina can be made out, it is impossible to determine whether our shell belongs to that genus or not. I have the impression, however, that it belongs to a distinct Carboniferous group nearly allied to the Silurian genus Cyp)ricadites of Conrad, but differing in having its principal hinge teeth extending the entire length of the car- dinal margin, with the cai'dinal area more or less nearly obsolete, and the anterior muscular impression very obscure. It also dif- fers from the known species of Mr. Conrad's genus, in having remarkably regular, prominent, imbricating, concentric ridges or laminffi. Area squamosa, A. obscura, and A. faba, de Koninck, belong apparently to the same group, and possibly also the form referred by this same author to A. obtusa, Phillips, though the latter approaches still more nearly to the tj'pical Silurian forms of Cypricardites in its hinge characters.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 165

If Cypricardina should be found to have a differently con- structed hinge, I would propose for the group of Avhicli the species here described might be regarded as the type, the name Synopleura^ in allusion to its very regular concentric costas or laminae of growth. It is still possible, however, that this group may be found too nearly allied to Cypricarclites to stand as a distinct full genus ; if so, the name of the species under con- sideration would have to be written Gypricardites (Synopileura) carhonaria.

Locality and position. Newark, Ohio. Lower Coal-measures.

SCHIZODUS MEDINAENSIS, Meek.

Shell of medium size, subtrigonal, moderately convex above the middle and cuneate below, somewhat longer than high ; an- terior side rounded ; basal margin somewhat straightened or slightly convex in outline along the middle, rounded up regularly in front and more abruptly behind ; dorsal outline sloping nearl}' at right angles from the beaks toward the extremities, tlie ante- rior slope being more abrupt than the other ; posterior side longer than the anterior, sloping with a more or less convex or subtruu- cate outline above, and very narrowly rounded below; beaks rather prominent, pointed, located a little in advance of the middle ; posterior umbonal slopes rather prominently rounded or subangular from the beaks obliquely to the posterior basal ex- tremity. Surface nearly smooth, or only showing fine lines of growth.

Length, 1 inch ; height, 0.82 inch ; convexity, 0.44 inch.

This species has been supposed to be identical with, or nearly related to, a New York Chemung form, which was, I believe, de- scribed by Mr. Conrad under the name Nuculites Chemungensis. It certainly differs, however, materially in form from that shell as figured and described by Mr. Conrad in vol.viii. of the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., and might with as much propriety be identified with western Coal-measure species, ranging even up into beds referred by some to the Permian. One of these, described by Prof. Swallow under the name Cypricardia'^ Wlieeleri (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. ii. p. 96, 1862), and figured by Prof Geinitz under the name Schizodus o&scwrws, in his "Carbonformation und Dyas in Nebraska," agrees more nearly in form, but differs in being decidedly more depressed, with less elevated beaks, and a more 1871.]

IGG PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

truncated posterior outline. It also differs from the shell under consideration, in being sometimes a little sinuous on the poste- rior basal margin. Another Coal-measure form figured by Prof. Geinitz, under the name Schizodus Rossicus, is in some respects still more nearly like our shell, but differs in other characters.

As difficult as it certainly sometimes is to separate closely allied species of this genus, I cannot think that we ought to refer to the same species forms found occup^nng such widely dif- ferent horizons as the Chemung group of the Devonian, and the Waverley group and Coal-measure of the Carboniferous; on the contrary, it seems to me that we ought to regard them as distinct species, although it may not be easy, in all cases, to point out well-defined distinctions in the fossilized shells.

Locality and position. Medina, Ohio. Waverley group of the Lower Carboniferous.

SCHIZODUS STJBTRIGONALIS, Meek.

Shell trigonal-subovate, about once and a half as long as high, rather convex ; basal margin more or less nearl}'- semicircular in outline, rounding up regularly in front and abruptly behind ; an- terior side short, rounded or subtruncate ; posterior side some- what extended, rounded below, and slanting very obliquely for- ward and upward above to the posterior extremity of the hinge, which is short and a little straightened ; posterior umbonal slopes prominently rounded ; beaks somewhat depressed and usually nearer the anterior end than the middle. Surface smooth, with apparently only fine lines of growth.

Length, 0.96 inch; height, 0.66 inch; convexity, 0.36 inch.

This species is more depressed and oblique than the last, and has its beaks placed farther forward. In its depressed oblique form, it agrees even more closely with S. Wheeleri, Swallow (sp.), than the last, but it differs again in having its beaks placed far- ther forward, or sometimes almost over the anterior margin. It also appears to be alwa3's without the faint sinuosity of the pos- terior basal margin sometimes seen in that Coal-measure form.

Locality and position. Wooster, Ohio. Waverley group of the Lower Carboniferous series.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107

ALIORISMA WINCHELLI, Meek.

Shell of about medium size, elongate subelliptic, the length being equal to about three and a half times the height, moderately convex ; posterior extremity a little gaping, obliquely subtrun- cated above and narrowly rounded below the middle ; anterior extremity extremely short, closed, concave in outline obliquely forward and downward from the beaks above, to the lower end of tlie lunule, where it is subangular, and from this point rounding off obliquely into the base ; ventral margin forming a broad, gentle curve, but generally somewhat straightened, and sometimes faintly sinuous near the middle ; dorsal margin nearly straight, or a little concave in outline, and showing the usual in- flection, which forms a lanceolate escutcheon with a slight ridge on each side, from the beaks to the posterior extremity of the hinge, which equals about three-fourths the entire length of the valves ; beaks much depressed, very oblique, incurved, and located onl}- about one-fourteenth the entire length of the shell from the anterior extremity ; posterior umbonal slopes merely somewhat prominently^ rounded ; anterior umbonal slopes gene- rally subangular near the beaks, and sometimes this prominence is obscurely continued as a faint rounded ridge obliquely back- ward and downward to a point a little in advance of the middle of the base. Surface ornamented with concentric lines and ridges of growth, that generally assume the character of little regular wrinkles on the umbones. Lunule small, rather deep, moderately well defined, and obovate in form.

Length of a mature specimen, 1.1 i inches; height to middle of dorsal side, 0.83 inch; do. to horizon of beaks, 0.87 inch; con- vexity, 0.70 inch ; length of hinge line, 1.17 inches.

This is a very neat, symmetrical species, often found in an excel- lent state of preservation as casts of the exterior showing per- fectly the form and surface-markings, excepting the fine granula- tions usually, if not always, existing in species of this genus. Like other species of the group, it varies more or less in form, some individuals being proportionally shorter and higher than others. In size and general appearance it closely resembles A. clavata of McChesney, from the Chester group. It does not re- semble the particular variety of that shell, however, figured by Prof. McChesney, so nearly as it does what I have always believed 1871.]

168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

to be the usual form of the same, bis tj^pical specimen baving tbe beaks more prominent and fartber removed from the anterior end than in tbe more normal form of tbe species, and its dorsal out- line straigbter and more sloping posteriorl3% with the valves more compressed. Compared with specimens that I have referred to, A. clavata from tlie Chester group of "West Virginia, collected by Prof. Stevenson, our Waverley species are found to agree very nearly with some individuals of tbe latter, though it alwaj'S has its ridges of growth less strongly defined and more irregular, and its anterior basal margin usually more oblique. It also differs in the possession of an anterior umbonal ridge extending from the beaks obliquely backward and downward nearly or quite to the basal margin a little in advance of tbe middle.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof, A. Winchell, the able State geologist of Michigan, who has described many fossils from tbe same horizon in tbe western States.

Locality and position. Rushville and Xewark, Ohio. Upper part of the Waverley group of the Lower Carboniferous.

ALLORISMA VENTRIOSA, Meek.

Shell subovate, the length being about once and a half the height, moderately convex ; posterior margin obliquely subtrun- cated above, and narrowlj^ rounded or subangular near the middle^ thence sloping obliquely under and forward ; base rather deeply and somewhat irregularly rounded, tbe most prominent part being near tbe middle; anterior side short, with an oblique truncate or concave forward slope above, to the lower extremity of tbe lunule, where there is a more or less angular projection, below which the margin slopes with a slightly convex outline oblique backward and downward sometimes nearly to the middle of tbe base ; dor- sal margin more or less concave in outline, and showing tbe usual lanceolate escutcheon margined on each side b3^a subangular ridge ; hinge equalling about two-thirds the length of the valves; lunule rather small, deep, well defined, and narrow-subovate in form; beaks moderately prominent, oblique, and placed about one- seventh the length of the valves from the anterior end. Surface ornamented by small irregular ridges and furrows of growth.

Length, 1.46 inches; height to cardinal margin, 0.98 inch; do. to horizon of beaks, 1.03 inches; convexity, 0.66 inch ; length of

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILABELPHIA. 1G9

hinge, 1 inch. Another specimen, 1.54 inches in length, has a convexity of 0.15 inch.

It is barely possible that this may be a variety of the last, bnt as I have before me ten good specimens of that shell, and two of the form under consideration, and there are among them no inter- mediate gradations between the two forms, I can but regard them as distinct species. The shell here described differs from the last, with which it was found associated, in being proportionally decidedly shorter and wider (higher), as well as in having its ven- tral margin much more prominent or deeply rounded in the cen- tral region. Its beaks are also less oblique, rather more promi- nent, and proportionally farther from the anterior end. It shows some faint traces of a similar anterior oblique umbonal ridge to that seen in the preceding species, but it is less distinct, and does not show so decided a tendency to become angular at the beaks.

Locality and position. Rushville, Ohio. Waverley group.

PLATYOSTOMAT TRIGONOSTOMA, Meek.

Shell strongly depressed or subdiscoid, with the periphery an- gular ; spire so low that the shell is less convex above than below the periphery ; volutions three, XQvy rapidly increasing in size, particularly in breadth, merely' with an outward slope above ; last one large and compressed convex, but not much projecting below, a little declining near the aperture on the inner side above ; suture linear ; aperture large, subtrigonal, with breadth greater than height ; lip extended forward on the inner side above, and appa- rently very oblique. (Surface marking unknown.)

Breadth 1.35 inches ; height about 0.60 inch.

I am not sure that this is a true Platyostoma. It is far more depressed in form than anj- of the described species of that genus, and, judging from some faint undulations on the cast apparently corresponding to the direction of the lines of growth on the upper and lower sides of the body volution, these lines would seem to have curved strongly backward in passing outward toward the peripher}^, thus indicating the presence of a rather deep, broad sinuosit}' of the lip at the termination of the peripheral angle. If this is the real direction of the lines of growth, it would probably be nearer correct to call the species Pleurotomaria trigonostoma ; but as there is no appearance of a band on the periphery, and the lines of growth are not certainly known to describe these curves, 1871.] . PART II.— 12

170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

I have concluded to place it provisionally in the genus Plaiyos- toma.

I should perhaps remark here, that this is certainly not a de- pressed variety of Platyostoma Niagarensis ; and the specimens clearly show tliat they have not been accidentally compressed. In internal casts there is a small umbilical perforation, but this was probabl}' occupied by the columella, before the shell itself was dissolved away.

Locality and jMsifion. Yellow Springs, Ohio. Niagara group of Upper Silurian.

PLATYCERAS (ORTHONYCHIA!) LODIENSE, Meek.

Shell rather small, non-spiral, or merely having the form of rapidly expanding cone, with a backward obliquity that brings the apex nearly over the posterior margin ; lateral slopes nearly straight or slightly concave, and converging to the apex at an angle of about 80°; posterior side vertical and a little concave in outline; anterior slope somewhat more than twice as long as the height of the posterior side, moderately convex in outline, and provided with a ridge or obtuse carina along its entire length; aperture oval suborbicular, being slightly longer than wide; lip a little sinuous anteriorly, immediately on one or both sides of the termination of the central ridge of the anterior slope, which ridge is thus made to terminate in a little projection of the margin. Surface marked by fine lines of growth, most distinct on the an- terior slope, where they curve backward as they approach the mesial ridge, and then abruptlj^ forward in crossing this ridge; extremely faint traces of minute radiating striae apparently also exist. Apex rather abruptly' pointed and directed backward, without any lateral obliquity.

Length, measuring obliquel}' from apex, 0.91 inch; breadth, 0.82 inch; direct length from anterior to posterior margin, 0.96 inch; height of apex, 0.40 inch.

This species is remarkable for its regular obliquely-conical form and non-spiral apex, which is merely rather obtusely pointed and directed obliquely backward, without the slightest lateral curve. It therefore differs widely in form from the typical species of Platyceras, and agrees more nearly with existing species of Capii- lus. It also resembles a shell figured and described in the third

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 171

A'oluine of the Palaeontology of New York, from the Oriskany Sandstone, under the name Cyrtolites e^^9a>i8M8, excepting that its apex is not so alternate. Although possibh^ not a true PlaUjceraii^ it seems to be more nearly- allied to the section of the same for which the name Orthonychia has been proposed than to Cyrtolites^ which was founded on a very different type (C. o?'nafiis, Con.), with a very peculiar style of ornamentation. In its surface mark- ings our shell agrees with Plafycei-as, in being merely marked with fine lines of growth more or less undulated on the anterior slope, with traces of very obscure radiating stripe, which latter, with its non-spiral form, indicate relations to the section Ortho- nychia. It therefore bears the same relations to the elongated forms of Orthonychia that the depressed, rapid!}- expanded species of Platyceras, such as P. obscurum, bear to the typical forms of the genus.

Locality and x^osition. Lodi, Ohio. Waverley group of the Lower Carboniferous series.

PLATYCERAS TORTUM, Meek.

Shell very thin, dextral, attaining a medium size ; in young- specimens composed of about one and a half to two volutions subglobose, these first turns being contiguous, rounded and rapidly increasing in size, after which the next turn, which composes the larger part of the shell, becomes free, very oblique, and increases little in size toward the aperture, thus making the entire form very obliquel}^ subrhombic; body volution a little flattened on the upper slope, subangular above, and somewhat prominently rounded near and below the middle ; aperture apparently oval suborbicular ; lip without sinus ; surface without plications, and with only moderately distinct lines of growth.

Length, 1.3G inches; breadth, 1 inch; breadth of aperture, 0.80 inch; height of aperture, 0.82 inch.

I have long been familiar with casts of this shell in the collec- tions of the Illinois Survey-, but as they were only casts of the interior, I had some doubts whether they might not be from dis- torted specimens of some of the other Gasteropoda already de- scribed. The specimens from which the above description was made out, however, retain the shell itself, and show that it is a true Platyceras. Specifically it is more nearly allied to some of 1871.]

172 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

the non-plicated varieties of the N.York Upper Silurian P. sinrale, than it is to any of the other Carboniferous species known to me, thongli its first two volutions are more compactly coiled together than those of that species.

Locality and position. Greentown, Summit Co., Ohio. Coal- measures.

HOLOPEA (CYCLORA) NANA, Meek.

Shell very small, subglobose, wider than high ; spire much de- pressed ; volutions three, rounded, increasing rapidly in size, so that the last one forms the larger part of the shell ; suture deep or almost channelled ; surface smooth ; umbilicus small ; aperture subcircular; lip simple.

Height of the largest specimen seen, 0.05 inch ; breadth, 0.01 inch.

This little shell seems to be quite abundant, and from the fact that the larger specimens present considerable uniformity of size and general appearance, I can scarcely doubt that they are adults. It will probably fall into the genus Cyclora, Hall (Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. xlviii. p. 294, 1845), and would seem to agree closely in size and form, as near as can be determined from a description alone, with the typical species C. minuta. So far as I have been able to determine, its inner lip, however, does not appear to be reflected over the minute umbilicus, as is said to be the case in that shell. The G. minuta came from the Cincinnati group at Cincinnati, and it is very improbable that it ranges up to the horizon at which the specimens under consideration were ob- tained.

Locality and jiosition. Clinton, Ohio. Silurian.

ORTHOCERAS ? ISOGRAMMA, Meek.

The only specimens of this shell that I have seen are flattened by accidental pressure. The most nearly perfect specimen in the collection is 2.80 inches in length, with a breadth (as seen flattened in the matrix), at the larger broken end, of about 0.95 inch, and with sides diverging from the smaller, rather bluntly pointed ex- tremity, at an angle of about 18°. At and near the smaller end the surface is marked by very minute, crowded, transverse, or annular striae. About three-fourths of an inch farther up, these

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PIIILADELrHIA. 17

o

striae gradually increase in size, and become more irregular in tlieir arrangement, but soon pass above into very regular larger transverse lines, separated by spaces about twice as wide as the lines themselves. These spaces gradual!}'' increase in breadth, until the}' become five or six times as wide as the lines, above which point they continue very regular in their arrangement, about four of the lines and three of the intervening spaces occu- pying a space of 0.10 inch. Near the smaller end, the flattened spaces show what appear to be impressions of septa made visible through the thin shell b}^ pressure. Two of these occup}' a space of 0.10 inch.

As it is seen flattened in the matrix, the very regular transverse lines on this fossil give it somewhat the appearance of an attenu- ated Conularia ; but as it shows no indications whatever of longi- tudinal angles or furrows, it cannot belong to that genus, from which it also diflTers in texture, though I am not quite sure that it is an Orthoceras. It will be readilj' distinguished by its surface- markings alone, from any species of the latter genus hitherto described from our Coal-measures. In its surface-markings, it bears some resemblance to Dentaliur)i cinctian, de Koninck (Am. Foss. Belg., pi. xxii.. Fig. 3), which Prof, de Koninck afterwards refers to the genus Orthoceras. Our shell, however, is much more rapidl}' tapering, and straight instead of arched.

Locality and position. Newark, Ohio. Lower Coal-measures.

ILLINOIS COLLECTIONS.

'STREPTACIS WHITFIELDI, Meek.

Shell small, elongated, slender, and very gradually tapering ; volutions nine or ten, increasing gradually and regularly in size ; first or embryonic turn minute, planorbicular and standing edge upward ; succeeding turns convex and obliquely coiled ; suture deep and very oblique ; aperture ovate. Surface smooth.

Length, 0.16 inch ; breadth, 0.04 inch ; slopes of spire straight, with a divergence of about thirteen degrees.

This little shell agrees so nearly with those Tertiary species on which Deshayes founded his genus Aciculina, that I am strongly

> I referred this shell to Aciculina, Desh., in MS.; but as that name was I)reoccupied, I propose for our type the name Streptacis. [187L

114 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

inclined to think it belongs to that group. It has exactly the form, size, surface, aperture, and lip, and even the irregularit}', of the embryonic volutions seen in AcicuUna; while the only differ- ence I have been able to see is, that its embryonic turns, instead of forming a minute cone turned to one side at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body of the shell, have the form of a Plaiiorbis standing edge upward. Whether or not this slight peculiarity in the minute apex ma}' have been accompanied by some important difference in the structure of the animal, it is of course impossible to sa3^

The specific name is given in honor of R. P. Whitfield, Esq., of Albany, New York.

Locality and position. Danville, Illinois, where it occurs with many other small shells of the Coal-measures, in a bed of shale immediately over the coal-mine of that place.

LOXONEMA ATTENUATA, var. SEMICOSTATA.

Chemnitzia attenuata, Stevens, 185S, Am. Journ. Sci., vol. xxv. (Sec. series), p. 259. — (Not Loxonenia attenuata, Hall, 1859.)

Shell very small, elongate-conical, somewhat more tapering above than below the middle ; volutions about twelve, slightly convex and increasing gradually' in size from the apex, the last one being rounded and not larger in proportion to the regular increase of the whole than the others ; suture distinct ; aperture ovafe, scarcely equalling one-fourth the entire length of the shell. Surface of the upper volutions (excepting one or two of the smooth apical turns) each ornamented by thirteen or fourteen very regu- lar, straight vertical costse, about equal in length to the furrows between ; farther down these costfe gradually become obsolete, so that tliree or four of the lower volutions show only minute lines of growth that are invisible without the aid of a magnifier.

Length of a rather small specimen, 0.13 inch; breadth, 0.15 inch; slopes of spire slightly convex and diverging from the apex at an angle of about 18°.

This little shell is evidently closely allied to the form called Chemnitzia attenuata by Dr. Stevens, but its volutions increase more rapidl}', and have the costse smaller. It is probablj' a dis- tinct species, but until more specimens can be examined with the view of determining how far the species varies in the characters mentioned, I have preferred to place it as a variety L. attenuata.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

One of the specimens of this species shows some indications of having the immediate apical turn, as it were, very slightly un- coiled, from which I am inclined to suspect that its embryonic volution may have been reversed. This and the very small size of the species seem to separate it from the typical Loxoneraas and approximate it to Turhonilla. If its apex really was re- versed, it should be placed in the latter genus, with the name written Turhonilla attenuata var. semicostata.

Locality and jJosition. Shale over the coal-bed at Danville, Illinois.

MTJECHISONIA OBSOLETE, Meek.

Shell small, conical; spire moderately prominent, with lateral slopes, straight, or sometimes very slight!}' concave a little above the middle, rather attenuated near the apex ; volutions about ten, compactly coiled, and regularly and gradually increasing in size from the apex, compressed convex ; last one not enlarged, or more produced below than in proportion to the general increase in the size of the others, somewhat prominently rounded, but not even subangular below the middle; aperture subrhombic, being a little longer than wide, angular above, apparently angular or ef- fuse on the inner side below, and rather abruptl}' rounded on the outer side belov/ the middle, while the arcuate character of the columella gives a rounded appearance to the middle of the inner side ; suture deepl}^ impressed ; spiral band very obscure, being flat, even with the surface, and onlj' defined by the faintest possi- ble impressed line along its upper and lower margins. Surface almost entirely smooth, but showing, when closely examined, very obscure traces of marks of growth curving strongly backward as the}' approach the spiral band, which passes around rather less than, its own breadth above the suture on the volutions of the spire.

Length of largest specimen, 0.95 inch; breadth, O-St inch.

This species will be at once distinguished from the last, by its shorter and more compactly coiled volutions, and almost entirely smooth surface, on which no traces of revolving lines, or of the distinct regular lines seen on that shell, occur. It also wants the impressed line immediately below the suture of 3L loxone- moides. It is very peculiar in having the revolving band almost entirely obsolete.

Locality and position, same as last. 1871.]

176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

PLEUROTOMAEIA TEXTILIGERA, Meek.

Shell attaining a medium or somewhat larger size, turbinate or rhombic, suboval in general outline, with height a little greater than the breadth; spire depressed conical; volutions four or five, flattened exactly on a line with the slope of the spire from the apex to near the middle of the last turn, where there is more or less defined angle; last turn large, somewhat ventricose below the angle, and produced so as to make this angle near the middle of the entire bulk of the shell ; umbilical region a little excavated, the excavation apparently being continued as a small perforation up into the axis ; aperture, as inferred from sections of the body volution, obliquely rhombic-oval ; suture merely linear, or some- times very narrowly channelled between the middle volutions; spiral band occupying, and slightly truncating, the angle of the body volution, where it is flat or a little concave, and passing around immediately^ above the suture on the volutions of the sphere, excepting on some of the upper turns, where it seems to sink nearly or quite below the suture line. Surface very neatly cancellated by distinct, regular, curved, threadlike transverse and revolving lines, of about equal size and distance apart, the former becoming much finer and arched backward in crossing the band.

Height of a large specimen, 1.42 inches ; breadth of revolving band on body volution, 0.10 inch; angle of spire, 10° to 80°.

I was for some time inclined to think this might be the form described by Dr. White and Mr. Whitfield, from the same horizon at Burlington, Iowa, under the name Pleiwotomaria Mississipi- ensis, but on comparison with a sketch of the t3'pical specimen in the Museum of the University of Michigan, sent to me by Prof. Winchell, I find it to be quite distinct. Thet37Je specimens of P. 31ississi2nensis are natural casts, but Prof. Winchell's sketches show that they differ from casts of the species under considera- tion, in having the angle of the body volution continued on those of the spire distinctly above the suture, so as to give them a tur- reted appearance instead of being all flattened exactly on a line with the slope of the spire. It also has the spire more elevated than that of our shell, and the upper slope of the body volution concave instead of flat. Indeed, White and Whitfield's species is more nearly allied to P. tabulata of Conrad, from the Coal-mea- sures, than it is to that under consideration.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 177

Xjocality and position. Medina, Ohio. Waverley group of the Carboniferous, where it seems to be quite abundant.

PLETJROTOMARIA GTJRLEYI, Meek.

Shell small, with breadth somewhat greater than its height ; spire depressed-conical, slightl}^ obtuse at the immediate apex ; volutions five and a half, convex, and near the apex rounded, but becoming nearly rectangular farther down, the angle being at the middle of those of the spire, and passing around above the middle of the body whorl, which is rather convex but not much produced below ; upper side of all the volutions (excepting the rounded ones near the apex) sloping a little and flattened or slightly concave from a linear revolving carina just below the suture, outward to the mesial angle, below which the outer side is verticallj^ flattened and smooth ; suture canaliculate ; revolving band very narrow, rather distinctly concave, with a linear ridge or minute carina along each margin passing around upon or just above the mesial angle; umbilicus very small. Surface on the inner side of the body vo- lution ornamented by about fourteen distinct raised revolving lines, the upper of which are somewhat larger than the others, and on the upper slope above the mesial angle, by three or four very small revolving lines ; while the small rounded whorls near the apex are each occupied by about six revolving lines ; striae of groAvth yQvy minute, and, on the upper slope and flattened outer side of the whorls, very strongly and abruptly curved backward to the band, so as to indicate an unusuall}^ profound, rapidly widen- ing sinus iu the lip. Aperture wider than high, and obliquely subrhombic in form.

Height, 0.17 inch ; breadth, 0.20 inch ; slopes of spire straight; divergence of same nearly rectangular.

This little shell has much the form and general appearance of P. Graymllensis, N. & P., but ma}' be distinguished at a glance by the differences in the details of its sculpturing ; and particu- larl}' by the smooth vertically flattened outer side of its volutions, on which the lines of growth are seen, by the aid of a magnifier, to be much more obliquely curved backward than those on the corresponding part of P. Grayinllensis. It must be very rare, as I have seen only the single typical specimen among all of the Coal- measure fossils of the western States and Territories that have ever come under my observation. 1871.]

178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The typical specimen is beautifully iiiincralized by brilliant iron pyrites, and was discovered by Mr. William Gurley, of Danville, Illinois, in honor of whom I have named the species.

Locality and i^osition. From the shale over the Danville coal- bed, Danville, Illinois.

COLLECTIONS FROM MISSOURI, WYOMING, TEXAS, &c.

AVICULOPECTEN ? WILLIAMSI, Meek.

Shell small, subcircular, convex lenticular not oblique; hinge shorter than the antero-posterior diameter of the valves; anterior and posterior margins rounding regularly into the rounded base; beaks a little nearer the posterior than the anterior extremity' of the hinge. Right valve rather distinctly- convex, the greatest convexity being in the middle; anterior ear of moderate size, shorter than the anterior margin, rather acutely rounded at the extremit}', compressed so as to be distinctl}'' separated from the swell of the umbo, and defined from the margin below, b^^ a mode- rately deep angular sinus ; posterior ear a little smaller than the anterior, and, although compressed, less distinctly defined from the convexity of the umbonal region, considerably shorter than the posterior margin, and nearly rectangular at its extremity', but with its posterior margin slightly sinuous. Left valve a little more convex than the right, but otherwise similar, unless thei*e is some difference in the ears, which are not known. Surface of both valves smooth or only with \e.\'y fine concentric strioe, ex- cepting on the anterior ear, which (at least on the right valve) is marked by a few small radiating costre. (Hinge unknown.)

Height and length, or antero-posterior diameter, each 0.53 inch; length of hinge, 0.35 inch ; convexity, about 0.32 inch.

As I have not seen the hinge of this little shell, I cannot be sure whether or not it belongs to the genus Amculopecten proper. Its nearl}-^ equivalve form, and slightly larger anterior ear, to- gether with its rather prominent anterior margin, lead me to think it Avill probably be found not to belong to that genus, when all of its characters can be known. I therefore suspect that it may have to be called Strehlopteria WiUiamn, as the external peculiarities mentioned seem to indicate affinities to the types upon which Prof. McCoy proposed to found his genus Strehlopteria.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 179

Specificallj^, it seems to be more neni'ly allied to Aviculopeden neglectus { = Pecten neglectus^ Geinitz) from the Coal-measures, than to any other form known to me. It has much the same form, and agrees in having the body part of both valves smooth, and the ears costated, or at any rate the anterior one of the right valve. It has a rather shorter hinge, however, more convex valves, and a rather more rounded general outline, with less deeply sinuous margins under the ears; while it attains a somewhat larger size. It may be regarded as the Lower Carboniferous rep- resentative of that Coal-measure species, as many of the other forms from this horizon represent species in the Coal-measures.

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. G. A. Williams, of Boonville, Missouri, to whom I am indebted for the tj'pical specimens.

Locality and position. Chouteau Springs, Boon County, Mis- souri; from the beds called the Chouteau Limestone in the Geo- logical Reports of that State, but now known to belong to the same horizon as the upper part of the Waverley group of Ohio.

SPIRIFER (TEIGONOTRETA?) TEX ANUS, Meek.

Shell scarcely attaining a medium size, ver}' gibbous in the adult, varying from subquadrate or subglobose to longitudinally subovate, the widest part being generally in advance of the middle, and the length greater than the breadth ; hinge line short, or in young individuals scarcely equalling the breadth of the valves, and in the adult often proportionally very decidedly shorter, some- times obtusely angular at the extremities, while in the more gib- bous individuals its extremities do not project be3'ond the lateral slopes; anterior margin often somewhat emarginate in the middle. Dorsal valve truncato-subcircular or subquadrate and moderately convex; beak incurved with the narrow area, but not prominent ; mesial elevation commencing as a small simple plication at the beak, but rapidly widening and becoming more prominent and angular, with, on each side, several small costre, which divide so as to form altogether 14 to 16 at the front; lateral slopes having at the beak each two or three plications or costae, which farther forward divide so as to form as many fascicles, beyond which the costae become uniform, smaller, and number about 9 on each side

isn.]

180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

of the mesial fold and sinus. Ventral valve more gibbous than the other, and strongly arched from beak to front; beak very prominent in the adult, always point and distinctly curved back- ward over the hinge; cardinal area moderate, well defined, ex- tending to the extremities of the hinge, directed backward and strongly curved with the beak ; foi'amen slightly wider at the hinge than its height, open nearly or quite to the apex, and pro- vided with a distinct marginal furrow on each side ; mesial sinus angular, commencing small at the beak, but widening and deepen- ing very rapidly to the front, where it is very profound, and ter- minates in a strongly curved triangular projection that fits into a corresponding sinus in the margin of the other valve; surface cos- tated as in the other valve, the costse in the sinus being smaller than those on the lateral slopes; fine, rather obscure undulating stride, and near the front and lateral margins a few stronger marks of growth traverse the valves parallel to the free margins ; while numerous small, rather scattering but regularly disposed granules, . apparently the remaining bases of minute spines, may be seen on the whole surface of w^ell-preserved specimens ; Avhich also some- times show traces of extremely minute radiating stria.

Length of a large gibbous example, 1 inch; breadth, 0.88 inch; convexity, 0.82 inch; length of hinge, 0.51 inch. Smaller speci- mens are proportionally shorter, wider, and less convex, with a lono-er hinge line.

Small specimens of this species resemble somewhat the more gibbous forms of S. cameratus, with a very short hinge line ; but in the adult the shell becomes proportionally much more elongated anteriorly, more gibbous, and has the beak of the ventral valve so narrow and so much produced and incurved as to give the shell the appearance of a Pentamerus. Its distinctly granular and minutely striated surface, however, will always serve to dis- tinguish even those specimens with the most extended hinge line from any of the analogous gibbous varieties of S. caniarafus. Its granular surface leads me to suspect that it may possibly be a Spiriferina ; but as I have not been able to see any punctures in the substance of the shell, it probably does not belong to that group. Should a more careful examination reveal the punctate structures, however, and the characteristic internal lamina, of course the species will have to be called Spiriferina Texana.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPniA. 181

Compared with foreign forms, this shell seems to be most nearly like the extremely narrow and elongated variety of S. duplicosta. Phillips, as illustrated by Mr. Davidson's figure, 8, pi. iv., Mongr. British Carb. Brachiojioda. It is much more gibbous, however, with a decidedly more prominent and more angular mesial sinus, while its surface granules and minute striffi serve to distinguish it. Although its mesial fold has a vei'y angular appearance, a careful examination shows it to be very slightly flattened, or even faintly furrowed along its prominent middle; while there is some- times a faint indication of a slightly more prominent rib in the middle of the angular sinus of the other valve.

Locality and jDOsition. Young County, Texas ; where it was foiind hy Mr. H. E. Roessler associated with Coal-measure fossils-

I have never seen it from any of the western localities north of Texas.

CAMPELOMA (MELANTHO) MACROSPIRA, Meek.

Shell attaining a large size, thick and strong, elongate-subovate; spire much elevated; volutions five, convex but not rounded, in- creasing gradually in size, excepting the last one, which is more abruptly enlarged, oblique, and somewhat produced below; suture stronglj' defined; aperture ovate, nearly or quite half the length of the shell ; inner lip thick and more or less reflected in the adult, but leaving uncovered a rather distinct umbilical impression. Sur- face with only moderate]}^ distinct marks of growth.

Length of an adult, 1.10 inches; breadth, 1.10 inches.

Specimens of this species have been brought by various explor- ing parties, during the last eight or ten years, from the Bear River country, Utah; but always in too imperfect a condition to show their characters clearlj', until some recently brought in. These show it to resemble, when not distorted, an abnormally elongated specimen of C. {Melanfho) integra, Say, figured by Mr. Binney in his Smithsonian monograph, part iii., p. 49, excepting that its volutions are less convex, its spire a little narrower below, and its bod}^ volution and suture more oblique. Its inner lip is also less oppressed to the columella, so as to leave a decided larger and deeper umbilical impression. It is likewise a thicker, stronger shell than any of the varieties of C. decisa I have ever seen, being as thick as C. ponderosa^ if not thicker.

isn.]

182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

I have sometimes been inclined to think Prof. Hall's Turbo paludinseformia^ of Fremont's Report, might have been founded upon a young or imperfect specimen of this species, but the fact that that shell occurs in a yellowish-gra}' limestone showing sometimes an oolitic structure, and also containing Prof. Hall's Cerithium nochdosum (a true Goniobasis), shows that it must belong to a different horizon from the shell here under considera- tiou, "which comes from the oldest tertiary beds of the Bear River country, holding, according to Dr. Haj^den's examinations, a position below the yellowish-gray limestone beds of that region.

Locality and position. Gilmore, Wyoming (Mr. Durkee) ; Bear River near the mouth of Sulphur Creek, Utah (Col. Simpson); and at various localities in the Bear River countrj^ (Dr. Hayden). It is always associated with Corbula pryriformis, PyrguUfera humerosa^ Corbicula Durkei^ and Unio prisons ; none of which have been identified among the specimens from the higher beds of that district.

VIVIPAEIJS? WYOMINGENSIS, Meek.

Shell obliquely conoid-subovate; spire conical, with slightly convex slopes; apex rather pointed; volutions six, those of the spire obliquely compressed convex, last one large, a little com- pressed on the upper slope, but rounding over the middle, and somewhat produced below; suture Avell defined, but not deep; aperture ovate; lip not thickened on the inner side below, and apparently very faintl}" dilated around the outer side, at the immediate margin. Surface with rather regular, distinct, oblique lines of growth, that are crossed, near the upper margins of the volutions, by fine, regular, revolving stria?. Axis apparently sometimes very slightly perforated.

Length, 1.45 inches; breadth, 1.15 inches; height of aperture, about 0.90 inch; breadth of do., about O.GO inch; divergence of slopes of the spire, 0.72°.

The specimens of this shell in the collection are mainly broken or distorted casts. One of the latter, however, is very nearly perfect, while some of the other specimens retain more or less of the shell itself. From the strong, regularly arranged strife of o-i'owth, seen on some of the latter, and apparently some indica- tions of a slight reflection of the outer lip, 1 was led to think it a land shell, probably belonging to some of the elevated types

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183

of the Helicidse^ with which I am not familiarl}' acquaiiitecl. Another reason for snspecting that this might be the case is, that we have from the same formation, somewhat farther northward, another simiLar but more depressed form {H.veterna^ M,), which has the same kind of surface-markings, with a slightly but un- mistakably reflexed outer lip; while this latter shell stands, as it were, exactly intermediate in form between the still more de- pressed H. Leidyi, H. & M., from the White River territory', and that under consideration. That these latter two shells (//. Leidyi and H. veterna) really belong to some section of the genus Helix, there seems to be no reason to doubt.

Although believing the form under consideration to be related to the two species last above mentioned, its unusually elevated spire left me in doubt respecting its affinities. Consequently I sent the best specimen in the collection (which, however, is a cast retaining none of the shell) to Mr. Tryon, of Philadelphia, who has studied the existing land and fresh-water Gasteropoda with much care, and requested him to give me the benefit of his opinion in regard to its relations; and he writes that he doubts the pro- priety of viewing it as a land shell, or at least that he thinks that if it be, it cannot belong to an}- of the existing North American groups. He rather inclines to think it a Viviparus allied to V. Joponica^ a species now inhabiting the streams of Japan. It certainly has much the form of that species, though more de- pressed.

Without being entirely sure that it belongs to that genus, I have concluded to refer the species provisional!}^ to Viviparus. If a land shell, it would seem to be related to some section of the genus Gochlosfyla, though probably not even then belonging to any of the recent groups ranged under the same.

Locality and position. Henry's and Black's forks. Church Buttes, &c., Wyoming; Middle Territory.

ISOCARDIA? HODGEI, Meek.

Shell cordate-subtrigonal, very gibbous; length and height nearly equal ; ' beaks elevated, gibbous strongly involute, and placed in advance of the middle ; posterior dorsal side of valves convex; incurved and sloping rather abruptly backward from near the umboues; anterior side very abruptly truncated by a broad, well-defined, large concave, cordate lunule, extending with the 1871.]

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

curve of the beaks to their points, and downward to the anterior basal angle; while within this area there is a smaller, deep, and sharply defined impression, or second lunule, under the beaks; basal margin forming a nearl}' semiovate curve from the lower ex- tremity of the large lunule to the posterior end of the valves. Surface ornamented by small, nearly regular radiating costse, separated hy rather broader furrows ; the whole being crossed by larger concentric ridges and furrows, which become smaller, more regular, and rather more distinct on the large lunule, where there are no radiating costse.

Length and height, each 1 inch; convexity, 0.86 inch.

Of this curious form I have seen but one specimen, wliich is in the condition of an internal cast. The shell itself must be ver}" thin, as the surface-markings are quite distinct on the cast. In general form, and its strongly incurved beaks, it reminds one of Isocardia, but its radiating costoe, and very large lunule-like cordate impression occupying the whole anterior end of the shell, are peculiar characters, I believe unknown in that genus. In addition to these features, its hinge would seem to have been without the teeth of Isocardia, so far as can be determined from the internal cast. From these facts I strongl}' suspect that it will be found to belong to an undescribed genus. If so, I would propose for it the name Procardia, in allusion to the distinctly heart-shaped impression occupying the whole anterior end. This species is evidently related to Cardium ? decussatum, Mantell, and must belong at least to the same group. It is much smaller, however, and differs specifically in having mere radiating lines, instead of broad costce.

I am under obligations to Dr. Newberry for the use of the only specimen I have seen, which was given to him b}^ Prof. J. T. Hodge, who bi'ought it from the Upper Missouri countr3\

Locality and position. Mr. Hodge discovered the typical specimen in a band of iron ore that extends along tlie U2)per Missouri for some distance, near the Great Bend in the Fort Pierre group.

[August 15,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

185

NOTICE OF A NEW BEACHIOPOD FEOM THE LEAD BEAEING ROCKS AT MINE LA MOTTE, MISSOURI.

BY F. B. MEEK. LINGULELLA LAMBORNI, Meek.

Fis:. 4.

Fiir. 1.

Fi2;. 3

1. Lingulella? Lamhorni; being a view of the area and interior of a ventral valve, en- larged to 2)^ diameters: s, s, are lateral internal scars, and (a) the area with its mesial furrow for the peduncle.

2. Lingulella Davisii; being an internal cast of the dor.'ial valve, with a view of area of the ventral valve and its mesial furrow. Nat. size, after Mr. Davidson.

3. An outline internal view of another specimen of same species, showing internal scars as understood by Mr. Salter; C, being supposed to represent the anterior retractors ; and B, on each side, the sliding muscles. Nat. size, after Mr. Salter.

4. Lingulepis pinniformis; being a view of internal cast of a ventral valve, showing the trilobate scar within. Enlarged about 2 diam. From N. Y. Kegeuts's 16th State Cab., Nat. Hist. Report, pi. 6, tig. 16, for comparison with fig. 1.

Shell small, compressed, broad-subovate, being about one-fifth longer than wide. Ventral valve pointed at the beak, from which the nearly straight lateral slopes diverge at an angle of about 35°, to near the middle of each lateral margin, from near which these margins round forward into the regularly rounded front ; false cardinal area well developed, and extending back with the beak nearly one-fourth the length of the valve behind that of the other valve, and having its mesial furrow for the peduncle well defined, witli on each side of it a diverging longitudinal line ex- tending from the apex of the beak, so as to form the margins of the false area, which is transversely striated ; interior marked by numerous little irregularlj' scattered pits, which are largest pos- teriorly and diminish in size forward ; Avhile near the anterior margin very obscure traces of minute radiating strire are some- times seen ; internal scars presenting a trilobate appearance,

1871.] PART XL— 13

186 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

there being a short mesial rounded lobe nearly reaching the mid- dle of the valve, and near half way between this and each pos- terior lateral margin, there is a long, slender, diverging lateral lobe or impression. Dorsal valve shorter than the other, and subcircular in form, its beak being apparently a little truncated ; interior showing the same pitted appearance seen in the other valve ; visceral and muscular impressions unknown. Surface of both valves marked bj' fine concentric strise.

Length, 0.26 inch ; breadth, 0.22 inch ; convexity, about 0.04 inch.

From the foregoing description and illusti'ations, it will be seen that this shell agrees exactly in the nature of its pitted inte- rior, and in its furrow in a triangular false area, for the recep- tion of the peduncle, with the tj'pe of Mr. Salter's genus Lingu- lella (L. Davisii, Salter). The scars of the interior, however, do not agree with the muscular impressions as made out by Mr. Salter (see the cut fig. 3, reproduced from one of Mr. Salter's figures). Still, as Mr. Davidson says, he could not see these impressions as Mr. S. represented them, even on carefully exam- ining his typical specimens ; it is quite probable that the latter gentleman, although a careful, conscientious observer, may not have made them out exactly right, especially as they are said by Mr. Davidson to be very dimly defined.

I have represented, in fig. 1, these scars of the interior of the ventral valves as they appear to be in the form under considera- tion, though they are obscurely defined, and seem to me to be rather the impression of the visceral sack, than those ofthe mus- cles. By comparing these impressions, as represented by the ac- companying fig. 1, with those seen in the type of the genus Lin- gulepis of Hall (reproduced by the annexed fig. 4), it will be seen that they agree very nearl}-. I therefore suspect that Lmgu- lep)is and Lingulella may yet be found to have been proposed for the same genus, as we have here a shell witli the area and fur- row for the peduncle of Lingulella^ possessing scars of the inte- rior corresponding to those of Lingulepis. If so, our species will have to be called Lingulepis Lamborni, as the latter generic name has priority of date. It is barely possible, however, that our shell ma}' belong to an intermediate undefined genus, possess- ing some of the characters of both of the genera mentioned ; especially as the type of Lingulepis shows no traces of the pitted

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 18T

interior seen in our shell and the type of Lingulella; and so far as I have been able to determine, from examining casts of Lingu- lepis, they do not appear to have possessed a false area with a furrow for the peduncle, seen in the shell under consideration and in Mr. Salter's type.

Compared with Mr. Salter's tj'pe (L. Davisii), as illustrated by Mr. Davidson, our shell will be readily distinguished specifically, by its much smaller size, proportionally shorter form, more pointed beak, and less straightened latei-al margins. The inte- rior of its ventral valve also shows no traces of a small ridge indicated by a linear furrow in the internal casts of Mr. Salter's sijecies.

Locality and position. The specimens were discovered by Robert H. Lamborn, Esq. (after whom I have named the spe- cies), in a thin bead of shale between two beds of limestone bearing heavy dejjosits of galena, at Mine La Motte, Madison Co., Missouri. They were sent b}^ that gentleman to Prof. Leidy, of Philadelphia, and by him referred to me for study. I am not acquainted with the age of the rocks at Mine La Motte, never having seen any other fossils from there, but from the affinities of this single fossil to Lingulella from the Lingula flags of Wales, and to Lingulepis from the Potsdam sandstone of Minnesota, it would seem that these lead deposits belong to a much older period than the Galena and Dubuque lead-bearing limestone, of Illinois and Iowa, although the latter is known to belong to the Lower Silurian.

18T1.]

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF EXOTIC UNIONIDJE.

BY ISAAC LEA. Unio JeiFreysianus.

Testa crebre et leviter sulcata, regal ariter elliptica, compressa, parum insequilaterali; valvulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassi- oribus; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, polita, evadiata; dentibus cardinalibiis parvis, lamellatis, obliquis; lateral- ibus loiigis, lamellatis subrectis et in utvoqiie valvule simplicibus ; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta.

Hah. Australia, C. M. Wheatley.

Unio Stevensii.

Testa bialata, valde plicata, triangulari, compressa, valde inae- quilaterali; valvulis crassiusculis; antice crassioribus; natibus vix promineutibus; epidermide tenebroso-coruea, eradiata; denti- bus cardinalibus parvis sulcatisque; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hah. Yuruari River, Tributary to Essequebo River, Guiana, R. P. Stevens.

Anodonta ezilior.

Testa alata, Irevi, obovata, inflata, valde injequilaterali; valvulis exilissimis ; natibus prominulis, ad apices minute undulata ; epi- dermide vel olivacea vel brunnea, polita et eradiata; margarita coerulea et valde iridescente.

Hah. Mexico, C. M. Wheatley.

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 189

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY NEW SPECIES OF TJNIONES OF THE UNITED

STATES.

BY ISAAC LEA. TJnio lawii.

Testa laevi, obliqua, clavfeformi, antice tumida, valde insequi- laterali, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassis, antice aliquanto crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, fere teriniualibus ; epider- mide flavida, radiis interruptis iudutis ; deutibus cardinalibus parviusculis, acuminatis creuulatisque ; lateralibus sublongis, subcurvis lamellatisque ; margarita argentea et iridesceute.

Hah. Tennessee River, Tuscumbia, Alab., B. Pybas. Tenn. River, Dr. Edgar. Holston River, Miss A. E. Law and Prof. Cope.

Vnio appressus.

Testa Isevi, triangulari, securiformi, valde ingequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice subangulata ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice aliquanto crassioribus; natibus prominentibus; epidermide flavida, radiis interruptis postice indutis ; dentibus cardinalibus parvius- culis, compressis creuulatisque; lateralibus sublongis, curvis lamel- latisque ; margarita argentea et aliquanto iridescente,

Hab. Tuscumbia, Alab., B. Pybas and J. G. Anthony. Holston River, Miss Law and C. M. Wheatley.

ITnio validus.

Testa laevi, triangulari, inflata, insequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata ; valvulis crassis, antice aliquanto crassi- oribus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide olivacea, valde radiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, compressis creuulatisque ; lateralibus sublongis, crassis subcurvisque ; mar- garita argentea et iridescente.

Hab. Duck River, Tenn., Dr. Powell. Clinch River, Pres. Estabrook. Holston River, Dr. Edgar and Miss Law.

Unio litus.

Testa Isevi, elliptica, subcompressa, ingequilaterali, antice rotun- data, postice subbiangulata ; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassi- oribus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide crocea, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis compressisque ; lateralibus sublongis, sub- 1871.]

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

curvis lamellatisque ; margarita salmonis colore tiucta et elegan- tissime iridescente.

Hob. Cahaba River, Shelby Co., Alab., E. R. Schowalter, M.D.

Unio simulans.

Testa la3vi, obliqua, subcompressa, injequilaterali, antice rotuii- data, postice obtuse angulata ; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassi- oribus ; uatibus prominulis ; epidermide teuebroso-fusca, eradiata ; deutibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis crenulatisque; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hah. Cababa River, Shelby Co., Alab., E. R. Schowalter, M.D.

TJnio Cahabensis.

Testa valde tuberculata, qnadrata, compressa, subasquilaterali, antice rotunda, postice truncata; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassi- oribus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epidermide crocea, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandis, compressis crenulatisque ; mar- garita salmonis colore tincta et elegantissime iridescente.

Hah. Cahaba River, Shelby Co., Alab., E. R. Schowalter, M.D.

Unio acuens.

Testa Iffivi, triangulari, compressa, valde ineequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice subbiangulata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; uatibus prominentibus ; epidermide luteola, radiis iuterruptis ; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, subcompressis cre- nulatisque; lateralibus subcrassis, brevis subrectisque; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hah. Holston River, near Concord, E. Tenn., Miss Law.

TJnio crudus.

Testa laevi, subrotunda, comijressa, insequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus; epidermide rugosa, tene- broso-fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, sub- compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus crassis, subbrevis subcur- visque ; margarita argentea et parum iridescente.

Hah. French Broad River, E. Tenn., Pres. Lindsley. Swamp Creek, Murray Co., Geo., Maj. Downie. Holston River, Miss Law and C. M. Wheatle3\

ITnio Tuscumbiensis.

Testa Isevi, triangulari, tumida, ad latere planulata, intequi- laterali, antice subtruncata, postice obtuse angulata ; valvulis

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 191

crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, subretusis ; epider- mide luteo-oliva, perradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, subcoinpressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus curtis, sul)erassi& sub- rectisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente.

Hah. Tuscumbia, Alab., L. B. Thornton, Esq. Holston River, E. Tenn., Dr. Edgar.

TJnio dispansus.

Testa Isevi, elliptica, subinflata, valde iuaeqnilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassiusculis, antice crassioribus ; natibus j^rominulis, fere terminalibus ; epidermide tenebroso-olivacea, perradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, tuberculatis et in utroque valvule duplicibus; lateralibus prae- longis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita purpurea et valde iridescente.

Hah. East Tennessee, Dr. Edgar.

Unio Pealei.

Testa Iffivi, rotunda, valde inflata, subglobosa, valde insequi- laterali, antice et postice rotundata; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus elevatis, tumidis, subretusis; epidermide luteo-olivacea, dilute perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus jjarvius- culis, subconicis; lateralibus longis crassis subrectisque; mar- garita argentea et iridescente.

Hah. Topeka, Kansas, Chas. W. Peale. TJnio globatus.

Testa Itevi, globosa, valde intequilaterali ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus valde inflatis, parum elevatis; epider- mide tenebroso-fusca; dentibus cardinalibus percrassis et valde corrugatis; lateralibus curtis, crassis, parum curvatis corruga- tisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente.

Hah. Holston River, Dr. Edgar. Etowah River, Geo., Thos. Bland.

TJnio sutglobatus.

Testa Iffivi, suborbiculata, insequilaterali ; valvulis percrassis ; natibus tumidis, elevatis, iucurvis ; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, ad apices maculata et radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvius- culis, compressis sulcatisque ; lateralibus crassis, curvatis corru- gatisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente.

Hah. Florence, Alab., B. Pybas. Nashville, Tenn., Pres. J, B. Lindsley. 1871.]

192 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

TJnio recurvatus.

Testa Itevi, rotundata, valde inflata, valde inagquilaterali ; an- tice rotundata, postice obtuse augulata ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibiis valde prominentibus et recurvatis; epider- mide fusca, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, crassis sulca- tisque ; lateralibus percrassis, curtis, subcurvis corrugatisque ; marofarita aroentea et iridescente.

Hah. Tenn. River, J. G. Anthony. Holston River, E. Tenn., Miss Law.

TJnio obuncus.

Testa losvi, triangulari, subinflata, ad basim arcuata, insequi- laterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus ; epidermide dilute oliva, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis corrugatisque; lateralibus crassis, lamellatis corrugatisque ; margarita argentea et iridescente.

Bab. Tuscumbia, Alab. Holston River, E. Tenn., Miss Law.

TJnio radiosus.

Testa Ifevi, subtriangulari, subinflata, subequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angulari; valvulis crassiusculis, antice parum crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus ; epidermide luteo- oliva, perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis crenu- latisque ; lateralibus subcrassis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hah. Holston River, E. Tenn., C. M, Wlieatley and Miss Law.

TJnio circumactus.

Testa Iffivi, rotundata, ad apices inflata, ad basim compressa, inffiquilaterali ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus; natibus ele- vatis recurvatisque ; epidermide vel rufo-fusca vel castanea, raacu- lata et radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subcompressis sulcatisque ; lateralibus percrassis, subcurvis corrugatisque ; mar- garita argentea et valde iridescente.

Hah. Florence, Alab., Rev. G. White. Holston River, Miss Law.

TJnio radiolus.

Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, valde inrequilaterali, antice rotunda, postice obtuse angulata; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis, fere terminalibus ; epidermide brunnea, valde radiata;

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 193

dentibus carclinalibus parvis, siil)compressis creiuilatisque ; late- ralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et irides- cente.

Hah. Ogeechee River, Liberty Co., Geo., Major John Le Conte.

Unio pattinoides.

Testa loevi, obliqua, subcompressa, valde insequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse angiilata ; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassoiibus ; natibus subpromiuentibus, fere terminalibus ; epi- dermide Inteo-brunnea, maculata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, subcompressis corrugatisque ; margarita argentea et iridesceute.

Hah. Clinch River, Pres. Estabrook. Holston River, Dr. Edgar and Miss Law.

Unio Santeeusis.

Testa lasvi, suboblonga, subinflata, valde insequilaterali, antice rotundata, postice obtuse biaugulata ; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis, ad apices minute undulatis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, nitida et valde radiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis et in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis subcurvisque ; margarita vel purpurea vel salmonis colore tincta et iridesceute.

Hah. Santee Canal, S. C, Dr. Foreman. Oconee River, Geo., Major J. Le Conte.

187L]

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS CHETTUSIA (LOBIVANELLUS) , WITH A DESCEIPTION or A NEW SPECIES.

BY J. A. OGDEN.

The species'belonging to the genus Chettusia are recognized by their moderately strong bill, the culmen somewhat depressed at the base, with the sides compressed and grooved for two-thirds their length ; nostrils lateral, basal, with the opening linear ; wings long, with the first, second, and third quills nearly equal and longest ; the shoulder of the wing more or less armed with a tubercle or spine ; tail broad and even ; tarsi moderately long, exceeding the length of the middle toe; toes four; head not crested, and sometimes more or less lobed.

a. Species with wattles well developed ; tubercle upon the wing prolonged into a spur, or spine ; hind toe short.

1. C. senegalla (Linn.)-

Parra senegalla., Linn., Syst. Nat. I., p. 259.

Vanellus albkajnlla, YieWl, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXV., p. 205.

Vanellus sejiegalensis, Sliaw, Gen. Zool. XI., 2, 515.

Vanelhts strigilatus, Swains., B. of W. Afr. II., p. 241, pi. 27.

Vanellus albifrons, Kiipp., PI. enl. N. 362; Eeicli., pi. C. figs. 682-83.

Hab. Western Africa (tSwainson).

(Collection of the Academy.)

2. C. macropterus (Cuv.).

V. macropterus, Cuv., In Mus. Paris.

Cli. cucullatus, Temm., PI. col. 505.

F. tricolor, Hors., Linn. Trans. XIII. , p. 186.

Lob. tricolor, Strick.

Hab. " Indian Archipelago."

(Collection of the Academy.)

3. C. lobata (Lath.).

Tringa lobata, Lath., Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 65.

V. galUnaceus, Temm., Jard & Selby, 111., Orn. vol. III., pi. 84.

V. Novcc-Hollandw, Stepp., Cont. of Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. XL, p. 516.

V. lobatus, Vieill., Ency. Meth. Orn., pt. III., p. 1075.

Ch. lobatus, Wagl., Syst. Av., sp. 51.

Lob. lobatus, Gould., B. of Aust. fol., vol. VI., pi. 9.

Hab. New South Wales (Gould).

(Collection of the Academy.) [October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 195

4. C. personata (Gould.)-

Lob. personata, Gould., Proc. Zool. Soc, pt. X., p. 113. B. of Aiist. foL, vol. vi., pi. 10; Reich. CIII., 10oo-56.

Hah. Northern Australia (Gould).

(Collection of the Academy.) 6. C. lateralis (Smith).

F. lateralis, Smith., Zool. S. Afr., pi, 23, Hab. South Africa (Smith).

(Collection of the Academy.)

h. Species with wattles not so well cleveloped ; wing armed with a short tubercle, otherwise the same as in the previous species.

6. C, inornatus (Schlegel.).

Loh. inornatus, Schlegel., Fauna Jap,, p. 106, pi. 63. V. inornatus, Swains, C. Wagleri, Bonap.

Hab. India (Jerdon).

(Collection of the Academy.)

7. C. melanocepliala (RUpp.).

Lob. melanocephala, Riipp., Syst. Ubers., p. 115, pi. 44.

Hah. Northern Africa (Riipp.).

(Collection of the Academy.)

8. C. goensis (Gmel.).

Parra goensis, Gmel., Syst. Nat, I., p. 706, Lob. goensis, Strick. V. indicus, Bodd.

Cn. atrogularis, Wagl., Syst. Av. sp. 49; PL enl. 807; Gould, Cent, of Birds, pi. 78.

Hah. India (Jerdon).

(Collection of the Academy,)

9. C. atronuchalis (Blyth.).

Lob. atronuclialis, Blyth., Journ. Asiatic Soc, of Bengal.

Hah. Burmah (Blyth.).

c. Species devoid of wattles at the base of the bill ; tubercle upon the wing rudimental ; otherwise the same as in the previous species.

10. C. gregaria (Pall.).

Ch. gregaria, Pallas., Reisel., p. 456, No. 9, CTi. ventralis, Wagl., 111. Ind. Zool., pi. V. Keptuschka, Temm., Gould., B. of Europe, pi. 292. P. cinereus, Blyth,, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, p. 587, 1842. Hab. India (Jerdon) ; Europe (Gould); Central Asia (Pallas).

(Collection of the Academy.) 1871.]

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

11. C. leucurus (Licht.)-

V. leucurus, Liclit., Eversm., Reise. Nach. Bucli, p. 137. V. flavipes, Sav. L' Egypt. ZooL, pi. 6, fig. 2.

Hah. Middle Asia; N. Africa; rare in India (Blyth.).

(Collection of the Academy.)

12. C. crassirostris (Hart.). Cabanus Journal III., p. 427. Hah. Borders of tlie Nile (Hart).

13. C. aralensis (Eversman.).

V. aralensis, Evers., Bull. Mosc, 1853, p. 497. Hah. Russia (Evers.).

14. C. dominicana (Linn.).

Para dominicana, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 705. Ch. Brissonii, Wagl., Syst. Av., sp. 55.

Hah. St. Domingo (Linn.).

15. C. ludoviciana (Gm.).'

Parra ludoviciana, Gm., Syst. Nat., p. 706.

V. miles, Bodd.

Ch. callceas., Wagl. Syst. Av., sp. 52.

Hah. Araboina (Forster).

16. Chettusia nivifrons, nov. sp. Plate I.

Fore part of head extending to the occiput, including the sides and foreneck white ; the occiput, nape, and breast bluish-black ; the remaining under parts, upper tail coverets, large and small wing coverets are also white ; back and scapulars, light brownish- gray, with the tertiaries darker, slightly glossed with green ; the three first primaries nearly of the same length, and are brownish- black ; the tail brown, inclining to a bluish-black at the tip, ex- cepting the portion under the coverets, which is white ; the base of the bill apparently of an orange color, with the tip black; legs and feet of a reddish hue ; the tibia for about one-half its length free of feathers.

Dimensions. Total length about 11 inches ; bill, from gape, 1;!^ ; wing 7| ; tail 3| ; tarsi 2| ; middle toe If ; outer toe If ; hind toe ^.

Hah. " Fazoglou."

(In the museum of the Academy, from the Rivoli collection.)

• (The species Nos. 12-15 have not been examined by me.)

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 191

July 4, 1871. Mr. Mactier in the chair. Eight members present.

ReynarlcH on Donation of Fossils from Wyoming. — Prof. Leidy directed attention to the collection of fossils presented this evening b}^ Dr. JosejDh K. Corson, stationed at Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory. The fossils, consisting of remains of mammals, tnrtles, and crocodiles, were obtained at Grizzly Buttes, in the vicinity of Fort Bridger. Among the mammalian fossils are many pertaining to Palseosyops paludosus, consisting of portions of the skull, jaws with and without teeth, articular extremities of the limb bones, etc. Dr. J. Van A. Carter had recently sent to Prof. Leid}- some well-preserved portions of jaws with teeth, of the same animal, from Lodge-pole-trail, thirteen miles from Fort Bridger, and also from Heniy's Fork of Green River. Among the specimens from the latter localit}^, there is the most complete series of the upper molar teeth which he had yet seen.

The specimens of jaws and teeth indicate a variation in the size of Palseosyops. The molar series of teeth further undergo a rapid reduction in size fi'om behind forwards, so that from isolated specimens of teeth, the smaller anterior molars might readilj- be viewed as pertaining to a smaller species. Prof. Marsh had recently designated what he supposed to be a smaller species of Palseosyops with the name of P. minor., from an inferior molar tooth, "apparently from near the middle of the series." The measurements which he gives to the tooth, ten lines fore and aft, and five lines in front, and five and sixteenths behind, at the summit of the lobes, would apply to the first true molar of P. paludosus., while the last premolar is still smaller.

In a nearly complete ramus of the lower jaw of P. paludosus., a series of teeth, consisting of the true molars and the two pre- molars in advance, measures G4 lines. Another series of true molars measures 46 lines. These measure in succession fore and aft, 11 lines, 15 lines, and 19 lines. The last premolar, looking like a reduced molar with the hinder lobe proportionately less well developed, measures scarcely 9 lines.

1871.]

198 proceedings of the academy of

July 11. The President, Dr. Rusciienberger, in the chair. Sixteen members present. The following paper was presented for publication: —

" Conti'ibntions to the Ilerpetology of Tropical America. No. 9." By Edw. D. Cope.

The publication of pp. 89 to 120 of the Proceedings for 18U was announced.

The death of Wm. P. Turnbull was announced.

July 18. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Thirteen members present. The following paper was presented for publication : —

"Descriptions of five new species of Crustacea from Mexico." By T. Hale Streets.

The publication of pp. 121 to 136 of the Proceedings for 18tl was announced.

August 1.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Thirteen members present. The following paper was presented for publication : —

"Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Families Troglo- dytidse and Tyrannidse^ By Geo. N. Lawrence.

The publication of pp. 137 to 152 of the Proceedings for 1811 was announced.

Remarks on Blastodon^ etc. of California. — Prof. Leidy stated that he had recently corresponded with Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, of Centerville, Alameda Co., California, who had discovered the Mastodon remains to which he had called the attention of the meeting on Sept. Gth, 1810. Dr. Yates writes that in his travels through various portions of California, he had made special search for remains of Mastodon and Elephant. He has noted twenty

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 199

localities of the former, and nine of the latter, most of which he has visited.

The fragment of a tusk, from Stanislaus Co., referred to Mastodon Shepai-di, Dr. Yates found imbedded in the blutf of a hill about ten feet above the bed of a creek. The hill, upwards of a hundred feet in height, is one of the tertiary hills mentioned in Wliitney's Geological Report, as being scattered over the plain of San Joaquin, at the base of the foot-hills of the Sierra Xevada.

The remains of the Mastodon of Contra-Costa Co. were obtained from the rock at the base of one of the rounded hills, of tertiary age, mentioned in Whitney's Report, pp. 31, 32, near the edge of the San Joaquin Plains, which skirt along the foot-hills of Monte Diablo.

A small photograph, accompanying Dr. Yates' letter, represents a much mutilated lower jaw, without the ascending portions poste- riorly, and with straight tusks projecting with an upward direc- tion. The tusks appear to be quite as long as the jaw has been in its complete state. No details of character are given in relation to the specimen.

Note on Anchitherium. — Prof Leidy also exhibited a specimen recently received from Prof. Hayden, who discovered it on the head waters of the Jefferson Fork of the Missouri River. It consists of a portion of the lower jaw, apparently of a species of Anchitherium, larger than A. Bairdi, and relating in size to a mutilated molar, from John Daj^'s River, Oregon, referred to A. Gondoni (Pr. 1870, 112), and may, perhaps, pertain to the same species.

On motion the following papers were ordered to be published: —

1871.]

200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

NINTH CONTRIBUTION TO THE HERPETOLOGY OF TROPICAL AMERICA.

BY E. D. COPE.

The materials examined, from wliich the present contribution is derived, are contained in six collections, viz: One made by the U. S. Expedition for the exploration and survey of a canal route across the Isthmus of Dai'ien, under Commander Selfridge ; a second by the U. S. Exploring Expedition to survey a canal route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, under Captain Shufeldt, made by Dr. T. Hale Streets, who accompanied it as naturalist — which collections were placed in my hands for determination by Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution ; a third by John Hauxwell, our correspondent at Pebas, Eastern Equador ; and a fourth made in the southeastern part of the Island of Hayti, in the republic of Santo Domingo, by our member, Wm. M. Gabb.

I. The first of these collections embraces the following species: —

LACERTILIA.

Goniodactylus, sp. aff., albigulari.

Corythophanes, sp.

Anolis squamulatus, Peters, Monatsb. Pr. Ac. 1863, 145.

Auricular opening nearly as large as eye-slit; scales smallest; seven rows between orbits, twelve at middle of muzzle, and eleven at middle of lores, the inferior not larger than the rest. No larger supra-orbital and infra-labial scales ; scales of arm, back and tail, one-keeled.

Green, with seven crossbands, each of a double rOw of blackish spots from axilla to tail, the front very oblique. One anterior similar, extending from the ear to the shoulder.

This description is introduced for comparison with those of Aiiolis microtus and A. insignis, described a few pages later.

OPHIDIA, Kuhl.

Camilla Monotropis.

Ninia atrata, Hallow., var. with yellow inferior surfaces with median brown band-

Ophibolus micropholis, Cope.

Pliocercus euryzonus, Cope.

Dromicus Ignitus, Cope, sp. nov.

Herpetodryas carinatus, L., var.

Thrasops occidentalis, Gthr.

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 201

Himantodes cenclioa, L. Oxyrrhopus occipitoluteus, D- B. Nothopsis rugosus, Cope, gen. et. sp. nov.

DKOMICUS IGNITUS, Cope.

Posterior superior maxillary tooth scarcely longer than those prececliug, but separated by a marked interspace. Scales in seven- teen longitudinal series. Form slender, head little distinct. Ros- tral plate scarcely visible from above ; common internasal suture considerably shorter than frontal shield, which is shorter than common suture of occipitals. Length of muzzle to orbit, equal ■width of frontal and one superciliary. Dorsal longer than high. Orbitals 2-2, in one case by median division, in another by infe- rior intercalated between labials. Temporals 1-1^, the first occu- pying the whole space between occipital and seventh labial. Eight superior labials, fourth and fifth in orbit ; nine inferiors ; geneial pairs subequal. Gastrosteges 128; urosteges, 62 -f (the end lost, at least fifteen urosteges wanting).

Color brown above, blackish along the sides throughout, up to the middle of the fifth row of scales, then a very bright brown, commencing abruptly and shading to a deeper brown on the me- dian region of the back. The light margin becomes a white line on the anterior fifth of the length, which extends to the orbit. Upper lip and throat light yellow, rest of inferior surfaces, dark crimson; a black dot on the end of each gastrostege. Scales dusted with black. Length restored? 15.5 inches; to vent, 10 inches.

This serpent is allied to the D. tseniatus of Peters (Monatsbe- richte, Berl. Ac. 1863, 275), from Mexico.

NOTHOPSIS RUGOSTJS, Cope, gen. et sp. nov.

Teeth on all of the usual bones of the mouth, wanting on the premaxillary. Maxillary teeth of equal lengths, entire. Head flat, oval, moderately distinct; body and tail compressed. Uros- teges in two rows, anal shield entire, gastrosteges narrow, angu- late, the ends crossed by a longitudinal groove; pupil round. Head covered with small scales above, except a pair of internasals in contact with nasals and rostral; an isolated median frontal, and a pair of small oval occipitals, each also entirely surrounded by small scales. A single nasal pierced by the nostril; loreals

18T1.] PART II. — 14

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

like other head scales, orbit surronncled by scales, labials not pitted. One pair of geneials. Scales of body subeqnal, keeled, without apical pores. ,

The above generic characters ^111 indicate to the zoologist a type of whose affinities I have been quite uncertain. Its superficial characters remind one at once of the Peropoda, and the double urosteges suggest the Pythons. Examination shows that it does not possess the essential characters of the division, lacking all external trace of posterior extremities, and having the mandi- ble constructed on the Colubrine type, thus lacking the coro- noid bone. The form of the postfroutal bone is, however, sig- nificant ; it is of considerable size, and sends forwards along the external margin of the frontal a process, as far as the prefrontal. This structure is characteristic of the family Aclwochordidse,^ which embraces the genera Ghersydrus and Achrochordiis. The present genus differs in the possession of ventral shields, where- fore it may be referred to a new family under the name of the NoTHOPiD^. I should not be surprised to find that the genus Xenodermus of Reinhardt belongs to it.

The allies of this genus, then, are exclusively Old World, and confined to farther India and the Archipelago.

Cha7\ Specif. — Head rather small ; neck and tail rather slender. Scales of body in twenty-nine rows, all strongly keeled, those of the seven median rows a little broader than the lateral, and more Strongly keeled. The scales of the inferior series are more acute than the superior. A broad shallow groove extends throughout the length, between the keel of the first row and the angle of the gastrosteges. The difference between the dorsal and lateral series of scales is more distinct posteriorly, which, with the angulation of the vertebral line, gives the animal a pentagonal section. The scales of the head are smaller than those of the body, not imbri- cate, and keeled ; but one row separates the orbit from the labials. Muzzle rounded, a little projecting. Rostral plate not visible from above, subtriangular, broader than long. Nasal subparal- jelogrammic, the upper anterior angles nearly meeting above the rostral, the inferior approaching near to the labial margin. Supe- rior labials small, twelve, seventh under orbit ; inferiors fourteen or fifteen, the inferior four in contact with the geneials. First

' See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1864.

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 203

pair and geneials separated by a median longitudinal groove ; latter plates 2.5 times as long as wide ; I'emaiuder of gular region covered with small scales. Internasals together crescentic, the points extending to behind the nostrils. Frontal broad cordate, the apex posterior ; a half suture from the front divides it. Occi- pitals narrow, length equal from muzzle to frontal, greater than width of latter. They are separated by a single series of small scales, in contact at one point. Gastrosteges 158, anal 1; uros- teges 1 entire, 55 divided, and probably 10 wanting from the loss of the extremit}^ The section of the tail is compressed, pentagonal. Length, .381 M. ; to vent, .225 ; to rictus oris, .001.

The ground color is brown, which is yellowish on the sides, dark on the vertebral region, darker anteriorly, and almost black on the head. The sides are marked from the second to the tenth series of scales with dark brown 3-ellow bordered triangles, apices upwards, three in an inch ; the bases scooped out and with the legs sometimes cut off. A series of subquadrate blackish spots separates their apices along the median line ; these sometimes divide, and the halves alternate. Head unspotted, upper and lower lips with lateral ventral groove ochre-j^ellow. Belly clearer 3'ellow, with several series of small deep brown marking. Outer ends of urosteges blackish, anal shield black.

The above description indicates how closely this serpent resem- bles in coloration the j'oung examples of Trigonocephalus atrox from the same country, and the T. neovidii of Brazil. This is so marked as to constitute a case of mimetic analogy. But few cases of mimicry of the Crotaline venomous snakes are to be observed in South America, the imitations being chiefl}^ of the other venom- ous group Proteroglyiyha, as represented by Elaps. In this con- nection may be made a

Reclamation, of the discovery of this, perhaps the most exten- sive example of mimetic analog}' known in zoology. Alfred R. Wallace, in his admirable work, " Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection," London, 1870,^ gives Dr. Giinther as his authority for the facts of the case with regard to the genera Plio- cercus Oxyrrhopiis, Erythrolamprus, etc., and refers to his own previously published account of it in one of the British Reviews for 1869. The first published account of the case will be found

' Wallace is quoted by Darwin in " Descent of Man," to the same efffect. 1871.]

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

in the " Proceedings of the Academj' of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia," 1865, 199, in a paper by the author; although attention had been called to it in the same publication for 1860, p. 262.

It was repeated and extended in " Origin of Genera," 1868, but had been already pointed out in conversation with Dr. Wallace, and probably Dr. Giinther also, in London, in 1863, a fact which had probably escaped his memor}-.

II. Examination of a collection of reptiles and fishes brought from near San Jose, Costa Rica, by Dr. Van Patten. The collec- tion embraced fortj^-one of reptiles, six of batrachia, and nine of fresh-water fishes from the Rio Grande. The facies of this part of the fauna may be seen in tlie following list : —

OPHIDIA.

Candisona durissa, L.

Bothrops atrox, L.

Bothriechis affinis, Bocourt.

Bothriechis nigroviridis, Peters.

Elaps nigrocinctus, Gird.

Elaps ornatissimus, Jan. var. with black amiuli ten scales apart, nineteen on body, sis on tail.

Elaps multifasciatus, Jan. Pelamis bicolor, Daud. DryiopMs brevirostris, Cope. Dryiophis acuminatus, Wied. Thrasops 1 mexicanus, D. B. Leptognatlius nebulatus, L. Dipsas gemmistratus, Cope. Leptodira annulata, var. var. Masticophis margaritiferus, Schl. MasticopMs boddaertii, St. Herpetodryas carinatus, L. Spilotes melanurus, D. B.

LiopMs epinephelus, Cope, Proc. A. N. S., 1862, 78.

Coniophanes fissidens, Giinther. Scales in fifteen series; belly red behind. Conophis lineatus, D. B. Erythrolamprus venustissimus, L. Khadineea serperaster, Cope, sp. nov. Tantilla melanocepliala, Linn. Abundant.

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 205

Tantilla melanocephala, Linn. Variety.

StenorMna ventralis, D. B.

Stenorhina degenhardtii, Berth.

Ninia maculata, Peters. Abundant.

Ninia atrata, Hallow.

Colobognathus hoffmannii, Peters. Abundant.

Colobognatlius brachycephalus, Cope, sp. nov.

Colobognathus dolichocephalus, Cope, sp. nov.

Epicrates cenchria, L.

LACERTILIA.

Anolis insignis, Cope, sp. nov.

Anolis microtus, Cope, sp. nov.

Anolis nannodes, Cope, P. A. N. S., 1864, p. 173, var. with only five scales between the canthal rows on muzzle, and six rows of large smooth geneials.

Anolis hoffmannii, Peters, Monatsber. Pr. Acad., 186.3, 142.

Anolis trochilus, Cope, sp. nov.

Sceloporus malachiticus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, 178.

Cyclura acanthura, Wiegmann.

Phyllodactylus.

BATRACHIA.

Trypheropsis chrysoprasinus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1866, 1.30; 1868, 117.

Atelopus varius. Very abundant. The light spots on this species are crimson in life.

Bufo.

Smilisca daudinii, D. B.

Agalychnis moreletii, Dum. Very abundant. Golden and green in life. Descriptions of new species are appended."

TELEURASPIDES.

This group of the rattlesnake famil}^ embraces those with undi- vided anal shields and no rattle. It stands immediately between the true Trigonocephali and the Grotali^ as the former have di- vided caudal scutella and the rattle absent, the latter the rattle with simple scutella. One genus of this division was described long ago by Beauvois, and adopted by Gray and others, that is, the Ancistroclon of North America and Mexico, but most of the genera have only been recognized within a recent period. In March, 1859, Prof. Peters distinguished a second genus of the

1871.]

206 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

group, and, towards the close of the same year, the writer named a third. Prof. Peters subsequently named another genus which may be retained, thougli in a sense quite different from that in which it was originally intended. I allude to Bothriopsis, first defined by the four small scuta on the top of the muzzle of one of the species, a character not worthy of such a valuation. The char- acters adopted will be seen below. All the known species are found between North Mexico and Peru.

I. Head scaled above.

a. Body compressed, tail prehensile (arboreal) .

A series of liorn-like scales above the eye, outside of the superciliary shield.

Teleukaspis. Superciliary reaching to the edge of the eye opening, no horns.

BOTHRIECHIS.

aa. Body cylindric, tail straight (terrestrial).

Nasal plate one. Porthiditjm.

Nasal plates two. Bothriopsis.

II. Head with nine plates above.

Body cylindric ; two nasals. Ancistrodon.

TELEUKASPIS, Cope. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, 338; 1860, 345.

The species of this genus are few, and are so far only known from the Isthmus of Darien and west of the Andes to Peru.

Teleuraspis schlegelii, Berthold, Abh. wiss., Gottingen, 1847, iii. 13 (^Trigonocepha- lus). Cope, Pr. A. N. Sci., 1859, 338 ; 1860, 345.

From Veragua and Darien.

Teleuraspis nitida, GUnther, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1859, Nov. Tab. (Lackesis). Cope, 1. c. 345, et 1868, 110.

Equador.

Teleuraspis nigroadspersus, Steindachner Sitzungsber. Wien. Academie, 1870, May, pi. viii.

This species is near the last, especially to a bright j'ellow va- riety of it. It differs, according to its describe!', in the two nasal shields, and the fewer superciliary horns.

Central America.

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 20T

BOTHRIECHIS, Peters.

Monatsber. K. Preuss. Academie, 1859, 378. Cope, Pr. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1859, 345. Thamnocenchris, Salvin.

This genus is, like tlie last, coufiued to the great forests of Cen- tral America and the northwest of South America. Species have been found further north than those of Teleuraspis. Like the latter, they inhabit trees, filling the place in America of the species of the East Indies which belong to the Trigonocephali^ and of the tree-vipers of West Africa, Atheris, Cope. All the species of these different groups are of green colors, in contradistinction to those of terrestrial habits, which are of various shades of brown. This is evidently related to their convenience in the struggle for existence in the localities in question.

Bothriechis nigroviridis, Peters, 1. c. Cope, L c.

Costa Rica. A specimen from Dr. Yan Patten's collection is peculiar in" having the nasal shield to reach the labial border in front of the labials, and the superciliary shield transversely di- vided. In all other respects it agrees with Peters' description and figures.

Bothriechis lateralis, Peters. Monatsb. Preuss. Acad., 1862, 674. Botkrops hilin- eatus, Pet. 1. c, 1S59, 278. ? Buthrops hicolor, Bocoiirt, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1868, p. 201.

Costa Rica.

Bothriechis aurifer, Salvin (r/ta»i?ioce?jc/i?-w). Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, 459. Tab. pulcherrima I

Coban, Yera Paz.

POKTHIDIUM, Cope.

This genus is proposed to accommodate the Bothrops lanshergii and related species, which display characters intermediate in some respects between the last genus and Bothriopsis.

Scales in 23 rows. Rostral plate narrow, high ; two or three scuta above canthus rostralis ; superciliary wide. Body compressed. Dark brown crossbars alternating on sides. P. lansbergii.

Rostral higher ; scales of vertex more elongate in front. P. nasutus.

Porthidium lansbergii, Schlegel, Magazine de Zoologie, 1841. Tab.

Tropical America. Porthidium nasutum, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1868, p. 202 {Bothrops).

Guatemala. 1871.]

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

BOTHRIOPSIS, Peters. Monatsber. Preuss. Acad., 1861, 359, emendatus.

The species of this genus are all of terrestrial habits, and ap- proach, in this respect, the Ancisb-odontes. They have a more extended range than anj^ of the preceding, occurring from the upper or Peruvian Amazon to northern Mexico. They are very venomous, but not so much dreaded as the true T7'igonocephali of the same regions, which attain a larger size.

a. Superciliary shield wide.

Scales in 21 rows, two inferior smooth ; canthus rostralis with two scales only ; two rows below eye ; a series of brown dorsal rhombs.

B. GODMANII.

Scales in 33 rows ; rostral a narrow vertical parallelogram ; three scales on canthus ; 2-3 rows below orbit. Light, with twenty-one or fewer broad brown crossbars, alternating on each side ; mouth black.

B. BRACHYSTOMA.

Similar, but with forty quadrate spots on each side the middle line, with two rows of spots below them on each side. B. ophryomegas.

B. CASTELNAVI.

aa. Supercihary shields very narrow. B. No small scales surrounding rostral.

Scales in 23 ("25") rows, three inferior smooth; small scales on canthus, four rows below eye ; rostral broad as high ; nine superior labials, fourth largest. Twenty -two dorsal rhombs. B. affinis.

SB. Rostral separated from nasals by small scales.

Scales in 25 rows ; rostral triangular, broader than high ; small scales on canthus, five rows below eye; 10-11 superior labials. A series of large dark brown dorsal rhombs. B. mexicanus.

Bothriopsis godmannii, GUnther {Bothechis). Am. Mag. N. H., 1863, nov. pi. vi., f. G. Botlirops hrammianus, Bocourt, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1868, p. 201.

Vera Paz and Guatemala.

Bothriopsisbrachystoma, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1861,295 (Bothtechis) . B. castehiavi, var. hrackystoma, 1. c. 1859, 339.

Guatemala.

Bothropsis ophryomegas, Bocourt (Botliroijs, Bac). Ann. Sci. Nat., 1868, 201. Central America.

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES Or PHILADELPHIA. 209

Bothriopsis castelnavii, Dum. Bibr. Erp. Gen. vii. {Botkrojis). Castelnau, Anitn. Nouv. ou rares Am. Sud. Kept. Tab. Steindacbner, Sitzungsb. Wien. Acad., 1870, May. Bothriopsis quadriscutatns, Peters, Monatsb. 1851, 359.

Equador; Peru.

Bothriopsis affinis, Bocourt. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1860, 201. Teleiirasjjis mexicanus. Cope, Proc. A. N. S., 1859, 339. Bothriechis, do., Cope, 1. c. 1860, 345, nee Atrojius fnexicanus, D. B.

Mexico, as far north as Tuxpan, and Central America to Costa Rica.

Bothriopsis mexicanus, Dum. Bibr. (Atropics). Erp. Gen. viii., p. 1521, Tab. 83 bis.? Atiopns nummifer, Riippel, Verzeicbn. Senck. Mus. Frankr. p. 21. Tcleu- rospis, do., Giinther. Am. Magaz. Nat. Hist., 1867, March, Tab. iii., fig. C, nee Copei, Pr. A. N. S. Phila., 1859, 339, et 1860, 345 = B. affinis, Boc.

Riippel's description is so brief and worthless as to be unfit for application to any species. I used it for what turns out to be the B. affinis of Bocourt, but Dr. Giinther retains it for this onej believing it to be identical with the former. Bocourt first distin- guished them, but they may prove to be the same ; they are at least veiy closelj^ allied.

Common in Mexico.

Numerous specimens of these species are in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, chiefly obtained by Henry Hague, of Coban.

ANCISTRODON, Beauvais.

Traus. Amer. Philos. Soc. AgJcistroclon and ToxicopMs (Troost). Baird and Gh-ard.

Ancistrodon bilineatus, Giinther. Am. Magaz. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1863.

Guatemala ; Tehuantepec. Coll. Smithsonian.

Ancistrodon pugnax, Bd. Girard. CataL Serpents N. Amer., 18. Texas.

Ancistrodon piscivorus, Catesb.

United States, from Texas to Virginia; the^ Mississippi Valley to south Illinois (Kenuicott).

Ancistrodon contortrix, Linn.

North America. East of Rocky Mountains, from Texas inclu- sive of Massachusetts.

Elaps multifasciatus, Jan. Mag. Zool. 1859, pi. A.

An elongate species, with extremely short tail, and head rather 1871.J

210 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

suddenly wider than the body, and with closely approximated broad black rings.

Tail one 22d or 3d of the total length, obtusely conic at the apex. Scales rather broad, in fifteen longitudinal rows. Head broad and short, the muzzle broadly rounded. Eye very small, not exceeding the external nostril. Rostril plate broad, low; internasals a little longer than wide. Frontal elongate, exceeding superciliaries by. 33; occipitals large. Preocular large, triangu- lar, the apex just touching the postnasal. Postoculars small, the upper larger, and in contact with occipital. Labials high and narrow, seven on the upper lip. Of these, the third is as wide as the base of the preocular, while the fourth and fifth, which sup- port the orbit, are very narrow. The sixth is very large, and reaches the occipital on one side, but is separated on the other by a narrow temporal cut from its upper margin. Counting this one, the temporals are 1-1-1 ; the last two being large. Seventh la- bial but little longer than deep. The venom gland of this species must be large, as the head is much swollen laterally, and the la- bials exhibit a broad infolded margin at the borders of the lips which are in contact. The fangs are short. Inferior labials seven, all wide ; geneials large, the pairs equal, separated by three scales from the first gastrostege. Fourth labial in contact with geneial in part, the other part with the fifth and sixth, bordered poste- riorly by a plate which diverges from the geneials. Gastrosteges 268; anal divided; urosteges 23.

Ground color crimson, crossed by numerous closely placed black annuli, which are closer together above than on the abdo- men. They cover four series of scales above, and two gastrosteges. There are fifty-five on the body in the specimen, and two and a tip on the tail. The scales of the red annuli on the sides are dotted with black. The first ring forms a collar, in front of which the head is yellow as far as the postoculars and middle of fifth labials. In front of this point it is unspotted black. Chin little or not dark-spotted. Total length, M. 9.35 ; of tail, 0.4Y ; width of head, 0.19.

The very small eyes and broad head give this serpent a vicious expression, and it is probably one of the most venomous of the genus. Its characters are intermediate between those of the E. corallinus and E. mipartitus, and the large extent of the sixth upper labial, if normal, will ally it to the E. 7Hisei. It is as large

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211

as the E. lemniscatus. It is evident from the above description that it is distinct from the E. mipartitus^ D. and B., with which Giinther is disposed to unite it. See Am. Magaz. Nat. Hist., Sept. 1859. Prof. Jan's figure does not represent the species well, having the black rings too wide ; it must have been taken from a young animal.

COLOBOGNATHUS DOLICHOCEPHALTJS, Cope, sp. nov.

Scales in thirteen longitudinal series carinate to the urostesres on the tail, to the first row of scales on the posterior, and to the second row on the anterior part of the body. Head elongate, conic, scarcely distinct from the neck. Internasals very small, prefrontals verj'' long. Frontal wide, openly angulate in front, with superciliary margins distinct from the parietal ; latter plates well developed. Superior labials six, second bounding nasal and loreal; third a little, fourth largely in eye, fifth longer than high, in contact with parietal. One temporal above sixth labial, which is higher than long. Inferior labials six, second and third minute, fourth long and narrow. Postgeneials small, separated by a scutum. Oculars 0-1. Rostral elevated, not separating inter- nasals. Tail slender, 5.15 times in the total length. Gastrosteges 131, anal 1, urosteges 39. Color of body above, and entire tail, black ; a series of large distant red spots on each side, which often meet above, forming half-rings. These disappear on tail and neck. Below red, lower lip and chin black. Length, 12-14 inches.

San Jose, Costa Rica. Dr. Van Patten.

This species diff'ers from the C hojfmannii^ Pet., in its more numerous labial shields, keeled scales, coloration, etc. From the (7. nasalis, Cope (Gatostoma, olim), in the fewer scale-rows (the latter has seventeen), the coloration, etc.

COLOBOGNATHUS BRACHYCEPHALUS, Cope.

Scales in fifteen longitudinal rows, smooth, except a faint trace of cariuation near the posterior part of the body. Head flat ; rather wide behind, and distinct from neck. Postgeneials small, separated by a scale. Rostral moderate, internasals not minute, prefrontals nearly broad as long. Frontal broad convex in front, superciliary and parietal sutures nearly continuous. Oculars 0-1. Superior labials six, two behind orbit, sixth longer than high, sur- mounted by one temporal ; fifth longer than high, bounding

isn.]

212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

parietal ; third and chiefly fourth in eye. Lower labials seven ; geneials short, wide. Gastrosteges 124, anal 1, urosteges 38.

Color of bod}'^ and entire tail black ; gastrosteges reddish, brown margined. A yellowish or orange collar crosses behind the parietal plates, and a band of the same color extends from the side of the neck to the tail on the second and third rows in front, and third to fifth behind. This band is composed of two rows of alternating narrow spots, which are not always perfectly united.

Total length eight inches, the tail one-sixth of the total.

The species just described agree with the C. nasalis, the C. hoffmannii^ and the Cafostoma semidoliatuih, in having the first labial behind the eye in contact with the parietal shield. They are intermediate, in the structure of the jaws, between the type of the genus and the last-named Cafostoma. In the C. semidoliafum the maxillary bone is developed, and bears teeth opposite the first labial plate. In the Colobognafhus hoffmannii, it, with the pala- tine, is cartilaginous in front, and bears no teeth anterior to the fourth labial shield. In the C. brachycejjhalus and C. dolichoce- phalus, the maxillary and palatine are a little better developed, the teeth extending to the posterior margin of the second superior labial. In the serpent described by me (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 131) as Cafostoma nasale^ the dentition is precisely as in the two species here described, and I accordingly^ refer it to Colo- bognafhus. This genus will then embrace four species. In the genus Colophri/s, Cope (1. c, 18G8, 130), the maxillar}- is still better developed, the teeth commencing at the anterior part of the second upper labial.

KHADIN.aEA SEEPEKASTER, Cope, sp. nov.

This species agrees with those regarded as typical when the genus was first defined (see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, 132). That is, the teeth are equal, the scales smooth and poreless, the anal plate divided, the nasals two, loreal one, and oculars 1-2.

In this serpent the scales are in nineteen series. Superior labials eight, not elevated, fourth and fifth bounding ej^e. Tempo- rals 1-2-3. Internasals transverse, narrow ; postnasal larger than prenasal. Frontal wide, superciliarj^ suture shorter than anterior, total length exceeding that of common parietal suture. Loreal square; geneials subequal. Gastrosteges 164, anal 2, urosteges 18*

Dark brown, with six longitudinal 3'ellow or white lines, of

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 213

wliicli the first and second are brightest. The second dark band is wider than the first and vertebral ; it and the third arc partly divided by a faint white line. Another white line on each side is produced by a series of dark spots on the ends of the gastrosteges. Labial plates black, j'ellow spotted. Head dark brown above, with a pale shade across frontal, and two just behind parietals. Chin and belly yellowish.

ANOLIS INSIGNIS, Cope, sp. nov.

Auricular opening half as large as eye. Scales intermediate ; seven rows between orbits; one or two superorbital rows but little larger than the others ; eight rows across middle of muzzle, and six across loreal region at middle. Three large and two small keeled infralabial rows. Scales of arm smooth, of tail striate.

Fawn-brown, with four double bands of greenish-blue between axilla and tail. Divided between the brown band b}- a yellow band, which widens below and breaks into spots above. A large round greenish-blue spot with brown centre in front of axilla.

Interorbital and occipital regions deeply concave, the latter bounded posteriorly by two elevated osseous ridges which meet behind at an acute angle. No facial rugai, front flat except a slight median elevation. Muzzle with broad median ridge. Scales of front equal, those of canthus osseous. Postfrontal and zygo- matic arches prominent, rugose. Inferior loreal rows of scales larger than others, nares surrounded by small scales. Fan very largely developed. An elevated crest or dermal fold on the nape- Scales of the sides and back (except some median rows) flat, pavement-like, equal, smooth, one-third the size of the smooth ventrals. Four median dorsal rows subconic, smaller than the ventrals. Tail proximally compressed, covered with equal scales. Limbs stout, the anterior extending four-fifths way to groin; the hinder reaching nearly to the ear. Scales of the limbs small ; dilatations distinct.

The colors of this Anolis are very elegant. Besides the large spot behind the angle of the mandible, there is a blue one on the angle surrounded by fawn color, and this by yellow. Sides of the temporal region and neck with yellow spots. Bluish of first cross- baud in a coarse netted figure. Top of head fawn color; fan entirely vermilion ; belly bright yellow. Tail with broad blackish anuuli ; limbs with dark crossbars, three on tibia, femur, and forearm ; two ou humerus. 1871.]

214

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Total length, 0 M. 44. Length to orbit, .0183 ; to ear, .03^ ; to axilla, .0fJ2; to groin, .135; to angle of parietal crests, .035. Width at anterior angle orbits, .014; zygomatic arches, .019; length fore foot, .023 ; of tibia, .029 ; of hind foot, .04.

From San Jose. Dr. Yan Patten.

This is a large species, being about equal to the A. edwardsii of Jamaica. It is one of the most elegantly colored among the species of a beautiful genus.

Its affinities, as alread}'^ pointed out, are to the A. squamulatus, Peters, which is very near the A. laticejys of Berthold.

ANOLIS MICEOTUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Auricular opening not larger than nares. Scales generally larger ; four rows between orbits ; two rows of large ones above orbits ; seven rows between rows of canthus rostralis at middle of muzzle ; three loreal rows at middle ; three large smooth infra- labial rows. Scales of tail and foreleg three or four keeled.

Brown, with cross-bands of large paler ocelli crossing the sides behind the axilla, at middle, and at crura. Eye and a broad band to shoulder, dark brown.

Description. — Scales of back, sides, and belly equal and smooth. Tail compressed at base, distally cylindric, covered with equal scales. Front without ridges, but with well-marked concavity ; all the scales covering it equal and smooth. Occipital or parietal region concave, with high latero-posterior bounding ridges, which do not unite, but leave a notch between them (in one specimen). Occipital region covered with small scales. Zygomatic arch pro- mine^it, canthus rostralis not tubercular. Fan well developed. First two infralabial scales longer than the others. Limbs short, stout, anterior not reaching groin, posterior extending to angle of lower jaw. Dilatations well developed.

	M.
Total length .... . .	.. 0.31
Length to orbit	.015
" " ear	.03
" " axilla	.05
" " groin	.0955
" " convergence of parietal crests .	.029
" of fore foot	.017
" " tibia	.0183
" " hind foot	.029
Width at anterior angle orbits ....	.0125
. " " zygomatic arch	.017
	^October	24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 215

This species is darkei* tlian the last, and is much less orna- mented. The color is a rich yellowish-brown ; where the epidermis is lost on the head, a strong yellow pigment appears, so that it is probable that it could in life change to that color at will. A deep brown band commences by covering the whole eye and extends to the shoulder, where it is marked by pale centred ocelli. It is sei^arated above by a narrow paler band from a large dark brown patch that covers the nape and scapular regions. Limbs and tail broadly and indistinctly brown cross-banded. Belly and throat immaculate.

San Jose, Costa Rica. Dr. Van Patten.

This large species is allied to the last, but perhaps resembles more the Anolis biporcatus, Wiegm., the largest Anolis of Mexico. The latter has, among other points of difference, keeled abdominal scales and a shorter muzzle, with very different coloration. The uniform size of all the scales is a noteworthy character of the A. microtus.

ANOLIS TROCHILTJS, Cope, sp. nov.

Abdominal scales small, flat, smooth; tail cylindric, with similar scales. Dorsal scales smaller than ventral, pavement-like, very weakly keeled, graduating into those of the lower part of the side, which are smaller. Head moderately elongate ; width be- tween anterior margins of orbit, equal length of muzzle from same point, measured on the side. Interrugal concavity of the front well marked, occupied by very small scales, much less than those of the rugse, in nine rows. Scales between rugse and canthus, large. Two rows separate the superciliaries, which are separated by three or four rows from the occipital. Five rows of loreal scales. Six smooth scales in the supraorbital disc, those inner larger, transverse, the three outer longitudinal. Four rows of infralabials medially; nostril surrounded by small scales. Auri- cular meatus one-half eye-slit.

Limbs long, toes slender, the dilatations well marked. The fore limb oppressed, reaches the groin ; the hind limb extended, attains the end of the muzzle. Fan little developed.

Above and below, brilliant metallic green with a few black dots along the vertebral line. Head and anterior part of sides, brown; a black V extending from the auricular openings, which are con- nected by a broad black band with the orbits. Another V ex- 1871.]

216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

tends towards the occiput from the limbs of the nuchal V, in- closing a narrow brown area with it. Top of muzzle and limbs, blackish.

M.

Totallength 0.108

Length to orbit 005

" " ear Oil

" " axilla '. . .018

" " groin 0378

- Width head behmd 006

Length hind foot ■ . , .014

San Josd. Dr. Van Patten.

A small species of metallic colors, allied to the A. viridiaenetis, Peters. It is the eighty-fifth of the genus known to the writer.

III. The third collection was made by the U. S. Expedition to survey the Isthmus of Tehuantepec for a ship canal, under Capt. Shufeldt, by T. Hale Streets, M.D. It included a few species of fishes whose names are appended.

OPHIDIA.

Elaps ornatissimus, Jan. (with distant annuli). Masticophis margaritiferus, Schl. Oxybelis acuminatus, Wied. Coniophanes fissidens, Gthr. Oxyrrhopus plumbeus. Hydrops lubricus, Cope, sp. nov.

liACERTILIA.

Sphaerodactylus glaucus, Cope. Adult of two inches ; labials J | ; tail orange-red. Scales smooth, flat. See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, 192.

Cyclura acantbura, Wiegm.

Cyclura pectinata, AViegm.

Sceloporus.

Amiva.

Cnemidopliorus.

Plistodon.

BATRACHIA.

Systoma ustum, Cope {Engystoma mexicujium, Peters).

Bufo agua, Dand.

Bufo steruosignatus, Gthr.

Litbodytes rbodopis, Cope {Hylodes sallaei, Gthr.).

[October 24,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211

FISHES.

Philypnus dormitator, C. V. Tetragonopterus streetsii, Cope, sp. nov. Xiphophorus hellerii, Heck. Fundulus, sp. 1. Fundulus, sp. 2.

HYDROPS LTJBRICUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Head short, broad, little distinct from neck. Scales entirely smooth, poreless. Posterior grooved tooth not much larger than those in fi-ont of it. Head-shields normal, labials not divided ; loreal distinct, not reaching orbit; oculars 1-2.

Internasals contracted in front. Frontal wide, with parallel sides longer than muzzle in front of it. Parietals still longer, somewhat contracted behind. Rostral broad, low ; loreal small, higher than long. Temporals 1-2, first in contact with two labials. Superior labials eight, fourth and fifth bounding rather small orbit; seventh wider above than below. Inferior labials 10 or 11, 4.5 in contact with anterior, 1.5 with posterior or longer genials. Scales in 21 rows. Anal divided. Tail 4| times in total length.

Ground color above, a stone brown. A blackish lateral band extends from the end of the muzzle to the end of the tail, includ- ing all between the approximated edges of the second and sixth rows of scales. A dark brown shade extends throughout the length on the vertebral, and two series of scales on each side of it. Below the second row of scales white (? in life j-ellow), a large black spot marking the third from each end of each gas- trostege and urostege, thus forming two series. Labial plates above and below, pale with a black spot ; gulars and geneials similar. Total length two feet. Gastrosteges 162. TJrosteges 71.

This species was found by Dr. T. H. Streets on the bank of the Coatzacoalcos River, in the department of Vera Cruz, Mexico. It is excessively smooth, so much so as to produce the sensation of an oiled surface when the finger is passed over the scales.

TETRAGONOPTERUS STREETSII, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii D. 11, A. 25 ; scales 1-41-5. Maxillary bone elongated, the extremity extending to below the anterior part of the pupil, its margin toothless. Profile nearly plane, rising into the convex dorsum at the supra-occipital crest; muzzle obtuse, jaws nearly

1871.], PART II. — 15

218 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

equal. Interorbital region transversely convex, as wide as the diameter of the orbit. Dorsal fiu originating a little behind that of the ventral.

General form elongate rhombic. Depth 2.5 times in length less caudal fin ; length of head 4 times in same. Eye 3.2 times in head. Total length five inches. Color of superior half of head and body blackish ; a vertical clavicular dark band, a leaden band from its upper margin to basis of caudal fin terminating in a P3'ri- form black blotch of considerable size, which is prolonged on the caudal radii. Below, yellowish-white. Fins unicolor.

From the head-waters of the Coatzacoalcos River amons; the Cordilleras.

This species may be allied to those mentioned by Bocourt from the rivers of Belize and Peten (Ann. Sci. Nat., XI.) ; but it will be impossible ever to recognize them from the notes attached to the names.

lY. The collection made by Dr. Gabb was chiefly obtained near the city of San Domingo, in the southeastern part of the island. It embraces twenty species, as follows : —

OPHIDIA.

Dromicus parvifrons, Cope.

Hypsirh.ynclius ferox, Gthr. (H. scalaris, Cope).

This is no doubt the true habitat of this snake.

Thrasops catesbeyi, D. B.

" oxyrhynclius, D. B. Ungualia maculata. Homalochilus striatus, Fisch.

LACERTILIA.

Amiva vittipunctata, Cope. Liocephalus raviceps, Cope. Anolis coelestinus, Cope.

" semilineatus, Cope

" cybotes, Cope

" distichus, Cope. Hemidactylus. Sphaerodactylus notatus, Baird. Abundant.

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219

BATRACHIA.

Bufo gutturosus, Latr. (Giinther Cat, Anura B. M. PI. V. f3g. B.) Hyla vasta, Cope, sp. nov. Trachyceplialus marmoratus, D. B. Lithodytes lineatus, Grav.

HYLA VASTA, Cope, sp. nov.

The largest species of the genus, equallmg in size the Hypsihoas maximus, Gincloscopus granulatus, etc.

Form stout and rather clumsj'. Head broad ; muzzle short, rounded; canthus rostralis well marked, concave; vertex strongly concave. Width of head at tympana .33 gi'eater than length to line of the same. Eye not very large, tympanic disc one-fourth its area. Teeth in two rather long transverse arches opposite the posterior margin of the inner nares. Tongue broader than long ; choause smaller than inner nares. Parietal fontanelle not larae.

The limbs are stout, the forearm and tarsus bordered by a der- mal fold behind, which has a scalloped thickened margin. No fringes on the body, but the skin is covered everywhere with small warts, which are indistinct or obsolete on the median upper surfaces of body and limbs. The under surfaces, except the tibia, are areolate-warty, nearly smooth on the pectoral region. The fingers and toes are webbed to tlie base of the last phalange of all but the longest or median toes. The dilations are immensely large, the largest being twice the size of the tympanum. The fore limb extended reaches a little beyond the groin ; the hind limb measures the end of the muzzle with the heel. Some small dermal flaps on the ischia.

M.

Length of head and body (5 inches) .... 0.126

" to line of tympana 033

" of fore limb 076

of hind limb 187

" of hind foot 081

Color above smokj^ gray, blackish on the head, with a brown band between the eyes. Inner surfaces dirty flesh-color, femur with three or four dusky cross-bands, unspotted behind. Throat black-spotted.

Near the city of Santo Domingo, W. I.

This tree-frog is probably not abundant, as it occurs now for

1871.]

220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

the first time in our collections, though I have examined four made in the island. From its size, its voice must be sufficient to betray its whereabouts to the naturalist. Its structural characters are apparently somewhat like those of Hyla lichenosa, Gthr., from Mexico. It differs in the larger palmation of the hand, concave front, minuteness of warts, size, coloration, etc.

AMIVA. VITTIPUNCTATA, Cope, sp. nov.

Twelve series of abdominal plates ; no heel spurs ; one frontal plate. Seven plates in the infralabial series separated b}'^ granules and scales from the labials througiiout ; no plates inside the infra- labials behind. A few gulars a little enlarged in the middle of the area. Edge of gular fold widely granular. Three supraorbi- tals, seven superciliaries. Teeth, 18 on maxillary bone, the an- terior 14 with anterior denticle, the last 4 with both anterior and posterior. Brachial scales rather small, one row larger ; postbra- chials similar, two rows enlarged ; antebrachials two narrow, one transverse row, well separated from brachials. Preanals, a mar- ginal series with small central, with large ones bounding it, and three short rows of diamond-shaped scuta in front of them.

M.

Length (tail perfect) 0.373

" to vent . . . ■ 088

" to auricular meatus 021

" of fore limb 03

Longest toe of extended hind limb reaches to orbit. Femoral pores 18.

Color above, olive, with three pale lines on each side of the median line ; a light lateral band from above axilla to groin, separated from outer dorsal line hy a broad black band, which is marked by a median series of light dots. Sides and limbs white-spotted, tail brown-spotted, black below. Belly and throat uniform light olive; head above, uniform brown.

Y. A small collection from the Island of Saint Eustatia, made by Dr. R. E. Yan Rijgersma, contained the following species: —

Hemidactylus mabia, Cuv. Anolis sagrse, D. & B. var. Anolis gingivinus, Cope.

This species was described by me from specimens in the British

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 221

Museum said to be from "AuguiHa Eock, near Trinidad." It appears, from Dr. Yan Rijgersraa's investigations, that the Island of Anguilla, far north of Trinidad, was meant.

Anolis leachii, Gray.

This species is near the last, but has coarser lateral scales and more slender mandible ; it is also larger, and the color is quite different. It is bright green with a pale band over the shoulder, with a black spot aboA-e it, opposite the axilla. The fan is small.

AMIVA ERYTHROPS, Rijgersma, MS., sp. nov.

Abdominal plates in 12-14 series; no spurs on the heel. One frontal, four supraorbital, nine superciliary plates. Five infra- labials separated by a few intermedials from posterior labials, first not separated from third labial. Seven rows of larger gular scales extending entirely across the throat. Three larger series on gular fold, which has several rows of granules near margin. Brachials small, in four rows ; postbrachials small. Antebrachials large, two rows hexagonal, one transverse. Femoral pores small, 38 in a series. Preanal scales two large median with a single row of one or two in front ; small scales occur in some specimens behind the posterior two. Outer hind toe a little longer than inner.

Teeth in adults compressed, one or two only with denticula- tions. The end of the longest toe of the extended hind foot reaches the anterior margin of the ear.

Color brownish-olive, with a broad greenish band on each side the back from the nape above the ear. In young specimens these bands are bright. Another less distinct band extends along the side from above axilla to groin. Between these and the dorsals, and across the back, are transverse black reticulations. Bellj' greenish, the color appearing as spots on the outer scales. Tho- rax and edge of sides of fold black ; throat bright yellow ; sides of head red ; upper surface brown ; limbs olive, with black reticu- lation.

M.

Length of (tail reproduced) 0.32

" to vent 126

" to auricular meatus 029

" of fore limb 05

YI. The collection from Ambyiacn R., from John Hauxwell, in- cluded the following : —

1871.]

222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Helicops carinicauda, Wied.

Liophis pygmaeus, Cope.

Amiva surinamensis, Gray.

MabuiaT cepedii, Gray, with only 28 series of scales on the body.

Goniodactylus humeralis, Guich.

Goniodactylus varius, Dum.

Hyperanodon ochrocollaris, Spix.

Podocnemis sp. pullus.

Ranula palmipes, Spix.

Atelopus spumarius, Cope, sp. nov.

Scytopis allenii, Cope.

Scytopis aurantiacus, David.

Hyla marmorata, Daud.

Hyla leucophyllata, Beireis.

ATELOPUS SPUMARIUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Muzzle projecting, forming a narrow rim whicli is concave be- low, and overhangs the upper lip. Nostril lateral, above the sym- physis of the mandible, when the mouth is closed. Loreal region plane, canthus rostralis straight, angular. Head, viewed from above, a section of a cone which is rounded truncate at the apex. Diameter of orbit equal from its front border to the nostril. Width of head behind equal length of humerus. Fingers nearly free, toes webbed at base. Tongue narrow, subc^dindric. Muzzle marking basal third of forearm, and near middle of tarsus of hind limb.

Above, dark brown, with a broad band from orbit to groin, com- posed of numerous aggregated annuli of greenish-yellow, which has the appearance of dried foam. The band sends branches in- wards on the back. Bands of the same character cross the fore and hind limbs in various places. Soles, palms, under surfaces of the limbs except tibia, and tarsus, yellow. Throat and bellj' yellow, dark brown spotted. Length M. .0275 ; width of sacral diapophyses .007.

In a second specimen the gular region is very sparsely spotted.

VII. Two new serpents from the Atlantic Southern States have been recently received by the Academy, as follows : —

DEOMICUS FLAVILATUS, Cope, sp. nov. This species is of especial interest, as the first representative of a West Indian and Mexican genus, found in the Nearctic Re-

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 223

gion. No species of Dromicus has been kuown in North Ame- rica, and the occurrence of this one on the extreme eastern coast, and its very close affinity to a species {D. callilsemus, G osse) com- mon in Jamaica, are circumstances suggestive of origin by car- riage in floating driftwood on the current of the Gulf Stream.

Habit moderately slender; tail 3.2 times in total length; head distinct, elongate, oval. Scales very thin, without scale-pores, in seventeen longitudinal series. Superior labials seven, third and fourth in orbit; fifth higher than long, with sixth separated by a narrow temporal from occipital ; seventh longer than high. Infe- rior labials nine, four bounding geneials. Postgeneials longer than pregeneials. Internasals nearly quadrate; prefrontals longer than wide. Frontal, anterior width .T5 length; parietals rather elon- gate. Nostril in prenasal, which is lower than postnasal; loreal very small, high as long; sculars 1-2. Gastrosteges 126; uros- teges 77.

In D. callilsemus the frontal plate is very nearly as wide as long, and the gastrosteges number 140 ; the coloration is also dif- ferent.

Color above, a rich golden brown, the scales of the two inferior rows on each side broadly gold-edged, the color of the back com- mencing on the third row. The ends of the scales of the vertebral row are sometimes darker-tipped. Head dark brown, darkest behind, with numerous but obscure paler vermiculations. Sides of head paler, with a reddish-brown band from the rostral plate through the eye to the middle of the last labial. Labials whitish, with black dots on the posterior, in oblique rows. Below white, lower labials sparsely black-dotted A pair of pale dots on the common occipital suture.

This, the first addition to the Ophidia of our Eastern States made for some years, was discovered by Dr. Henry C. Yarrow, near Fort Macon, on the coast of North Carolina. Near the same time another new Ophidian came to hand, as follows: —

CONTIA PYG^EA, Cope, sp. nov.

In its generic features, this species may be thus described. The dentition is complete, and the teeth of the maxillary bone are of equal length. The scales are smooth and without pores, and the anal plate is divided. The head-shields are normal ; the nasal, usually entire in the genus, is in this species half divided by a 1871.]

224 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

suture from the nostril to the labial border. Two pairs of gene- ials; a loreal; rostral obtuse. The head is little distinct from the body, and the pupil is round.

The form of this species is stout and subcylindric, the tail enterino- the total lenoth 4.33 times. The head is stout, oval, the profile a little arched. The centre of the orbit, anterior to the middle of the lip margin. The rostral is visible from above; the nasals approach so as to reduce the internasals to a subtriangular form each, of which the middle and posterior suture are equal. The frontal is long, and with parallel sides, its length exceeding that of the head in front of it. The parietals are still longer, and wide, with subtruncate outline behind. Loreal plate higher than long, half the height of the single preocular, which does not reach the frontal. Postoculars 2 ; temporals 1-2, the first in con- tact with three labials. Superior labials eight, their height sub- equal, the fourth and fifth bounding the orbit. Inferior labials nine, six in contact with geneials, five with the first, two with the second geneial. Latter subequal. Scales in seventeen series, those of first deeper than long. Those of sides at vent and of basal two-thirds of the tail roof-shaped or obtusely keeled. About one- sixth of the length in front of and behind the vent compressed, the dorsal outline keel-formed. Gastrosteges 120; urosteges 54.

Coloration above, black, with a very faint pale line along the centre of each scale of several lateral series. The lines are more distinct near the vent and on the tail, and heighten the effect of carinfe produced by the angulation of the scales. Beneath, pale in the alcoholic specimen ; the posterior half of the body, with the tail, red ; each scutum with a short black crossbar at its ends on the anterior margin. These cease a short distance anterior to the vent.

Length nine inches. Discovered at Yolusia, Florida, by Ed- ward Tatnall, of Wilmington, Delaware.

This interesting addition to our reptile fauna is quite unlike any species heretofore found in our territory. Its nearest affinity is apparently with the G. mitis of Baird and GLi'ard, common in California. The only other American species, G. episcopa of Ken- nicott, has been found in Texas.

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 225

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA FROM MEXICO.

BY T. HALE STREETS.

PACHYCHELES MEXICANUS, nor. sp.

Plate II. Fig. 1.

Carapax broadly oval, about as broad as long, slightly convex antero-posteriorly ; surface shining, but minutely granular through the lens ; anterior portion of the carapax cTeflexed, triangular, and furrowed, a small white spot at the tip ; neither spines nor teeth an^^where on the body ; eves small, supra-orbital border concave and inflated. Carpus as broad as long ; three teeth on the ante- rior border ; two slightly elevated ridges of granules on the supe- rior surface ; hand broad and large, the right larger than the left ; fingers hooked at their extremities, denticulated ; surface of the carpus and hand more coarsely granulated than the carapax ; the granules extend to the ends of the fingers. Color red, with patches of a lighter shade ; three posterior pairs of legs striped ; the last article furnished with a few stiff hairs. Length of the carapax 0.18 inch; the hand 0.25 inch.

Habitat. — Gulf of Teliuan tepee, Mexico.

PANULIRUS GRACILIS, nov. sp. Plate II. Fig. 2.

Antennary ring armed with two spines, situated near together on the anterior border ; behind these, and separated more widely from each other, are two rudimentary spines, seen through the lens; two stout horns projecting forward over the base of the ophthalmic peduncles ; surface of the carapax covered with spines, larger anteriorly than posteriorly ; also furnished with a few stiff hairs, attached mostly to the spines ; epistoma armed with three spines ; abdomen smooth ; the transverse sulci, except the last, interrupted in the middle ; a pit between the last nearly connects them, separated by two very narrow bands on either side of the pit. Color reddish-brown ; external antennae striped with bands of white. Length 0.9 inch.

Habitat. — Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico.

PAL^MON DASYDACTYLUS, nov. sp.

Plate II. Fig. 3-3a.

Rostrum long and slender, reflexed, extends beyond the lamel-

liform appendages of the external antennse ; armed on the superior

margin with nine or ten teeth, and six or seven on the inferior

1871.]

226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

margin ; the first tooth on the upper margin small, situated more directly on the carapax than, and separated from, the following six, which are situated together ; the seventh and eighth separated by a wider si^ace ; last tooth quite small ; apex of the rostrum pointed ; the fifth tooth on the upper margin (counting from the carapax) uearlj^ over the first on the lower margin ; eighth over the last on the lower margin ; those with but six teeth on the inferior margin have the last under the seventh of the superior margin ; the first constant in its situation. Two external flagella of tlie internal anteunfe united for a very short distance, smaller flagellum very short ; all the others very long. First pair of legs short and slender ; carpus more than twice the length of the hand ; fingers half the length of the hand, slightly pubescent ; second pair of legs very long ; carpus not quite as long as the hand ; fingers cylindrical and straight along their approximated surfaces, not as long as the palmar portion of the hand, densely downy ; under surface of this pair of legs covered with spinules to the base of the fingers ; the spinules on the carpus arranged in four parallel rows, of which the anterior and posterior rows contain the largest spinules. Posterior legs rough to the feel, pubescent*

This species can verja'eadily be distinguished from P. mexicanus (Saussure), which it most closely resembles, by having six or seven teeth on the inferior margin of the rostrum. The carpus in P. mexicanus is longer than the hand, and the terminal segment of the abdomen is armed with three spines. In P. dasydactylus the terminal segment of the abdomen is armed with five spines — one in the middle, and one at either extremity, and a larger articu- lated one on either side of the middle.

Length from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the terminal segment 4.3*7 inches.

Habitat. — Tide-water of the Coatzacoalcos River, Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

PAL^ffiMON SEXDENTATUS, nov. sp. Plate II. Fig. 4-4a.

Rostrum long and slender, more relaxed than in the preceding species ; longer than the lamelliform appendages of the external antennae ; armed on the superior margin with nine or ten teeth, and six on the inferior margin ; sixth tooth on the upper margin over the first on the lower ; the last on the lower margin half way

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 227

between the eighth and ninth on the upper margin ; those witli but nine teeth on the superior margin have the first below under the sjDace between the fourth and fifth ; the last midway under the space between the seventh and eighth of the superior margin. Inner free flagella of a deep red color. Anterior pair of legs slen- der and delicate ; carpus more than twice the length of the baud ; hand slightl}^ pubescent ; second pair of legs slender, smooth on the upper surface ; under surface beset with very minute spiniform granules, seen onl}^ through the lens ; carpus longer than the hand, twice the length of the palmar portion of the hand ; fingers cj'lin- drical, straight, less than half the length of the hand ; posterior legs smooth. Length 2.81 inches.

This species is very closely allied to P. mexicanus (Saussure), and may prove to be nothing more than a vai-iety of that species. The measurements of the second pair of legs of P. sexdentatus agree with De Saussure's description, but differ widel}' from the measui'ements of his figure. P. mexicanus has but four or five teeth on the inferior margin of the rostrum. The terminal segment of the abdomen in P. sexdentatus is armed with three small teeth, and two longer movable spines situated one on either side of the middle tooth ; the hand is verjr largely beset with hairs.

Habitat. — Same as the preceding.

PALiEMON FLUVIALIS, nov. sp. Plate II. Fig. 5-5a.

Rostrum short, lanceolate, somewhat arched above ; not as long as the lamelliform appendages of the external antennte, reaching to the end of the second joint of the antennae ; superior margin armed with seven teeth, the inferior margin with two, situated near the point of the rostrum. One specimen of this species had but four teeth above and one below. Two flagella of the internal antennae united for a very short distance ; spines on the lateral portion of the carapax very small ; first pair of legs slender ; hand more than half the length of the carpus ; hand of the second pair stout ; carpus shorter than the palmar portion of the hand, gradu- all3'' enlarged toward the hand ; fingers cylindrical and straight, shorter than half of the hand, the same length as the carpus, beset with a few stiff" hairs; legs smooth. Length 1.3 inches.

This is a fresh-water Pal^mon, taken from a tributary of the Coatzacoalcos River among the Cordilleras.

18tl.]

228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

August 8. Dr. Carson, Vice-President, in the chair. Fifteen members present.

Bema7'ks on Fossil Vertehrates from Wyoming. — Prof. Letdy remarked that the collections of fossils presented this evening, by Drs. J. Van A. Carter and Joseph K. Corson, were of nnusual interest. They consist of remains mainly of turtles, with those of mammals and crocodiles, and were obtained from the tertiai'y deposits in the vicinity of Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory.

The great abundance of remains of turtles, of many species and genera, of fresh-water and terrestrial habit, obtained in W3'oming, indicates this region to have swarmed with these animals during the earlier portion of the tertiarj^ period. Crocodiles and lacer- tian reptiles were likewise numerous. The many mammalian remains found in association with the reptilian fossils mainly belong to tapiroid and carnivorous animals.

The Wyoming tertiary fauna presents a remarkable contrast with the later faunre of the Mauvaises Terres of White River, Dakota, and of the Niobrara River, Nebraska. Among the large number of fossils from these two localities, rich in evidence of mammalian life, there occur the remains of a single species of turtle in each, and none of crocodiles or other reptiles.

Dr. Carter's collection, besides containing remains of Trionyx guttatus, Emys Jeanesianus, E. Haydeni, and E. Stevensonianus, and Baena arenosa, also adds two new turtles to the list. One of these is a species of Emys of the largest size, and exceeds any now living. The carapace has measured about two feet and a half in length, and the sternum about two feet. In honor of its discoverer, it may be named Emys Carteri.

The first and second vertebral plates of this species present an unusual, perhaps an anomalous, appearance. The first is 4 inches long, and clavate in shape, with the narrow part foremost. The second is 2^ inches long, and presents the usual hexagonal form reversed. The third plate, a little longer, is quadrate, with convex sides. The first vertebral scute is vase-like in outline, 5^ inches long, 2f inches wide in front, 4f inches near the middle, and 3^ inches at the back border. The second scute, of the oixlinary form, is 5 inches long, and 4 inches wide.

The second turtle belongs to the recently characterized genus Baena, but is considerably larger than its associated species which have been described. The shell in its complete condition has been upwards of a foot and a half in length, and is seven inches and a half high. The sternum is flat, and about fifteen inches long. Its pedicles ascend at an angle of about 45°, and are seven inches and a half broad. As in the living Eermatemys,

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 229

and tbe sea-tnrtles, they are covered with large scutes, four in number, as in Baena arenosa. The intermediate vertebral scutes, are longer than broad — the third being 4 inches long, and 3i inches wide. A peculiarity of the species is the undulating manner in which the costal scutes join the marginal scutes, and the sternal scutes one another. The species may be named Baena undafa.

Dr. Carter's collection also contains some fragments of bones of a large mammal, which are so mutilated as to be hardly charac- teristic. A jaw fragment among them, with the retained fragments of the true molars, would appear to indicate a species of Palseosyops much larger than P. paludosus. In absence of other evidence, it might be viewed as a species of this genus, under the name of P. major. The true molars occupied a space of four and a half inches. The last molar measured an inch and seven-eighths fore and aft, and an inch transversely in front.

Dr. Carter had also sent some fossils to Prof. Leidy, among which were portions of jaw^s, with nearly full series of teeth of Hyrachyus agrarius. This animal is related to the Tapir, Hyra- codo7i, and Lophiodon. The formula of its dentition is the same as in Hyracodon: 7 molars, 1 canine, and 3 incisors. The true molars are like those of Lophiodon^ except that the last lower one has a bi-lobed instead of a triple-lobed crown. Apparently the same animal has been indicated by Prof. Marsh, under the name of Lophiodon Bairdianus. A fragment of a lower jaw containing the last premolar, and the first true molar, indicates a larger species of Hyrachyus^ which ma}^ be named H. eximius. The crown of the last premolar is 7^ lines antero-posteriorly, and 5^ transversely. The true molar has measured about 8^ lines fore and aft, and 6 lines transversely. The depth of the jaw fragment below the true molar is over an inch and a half.

Another fossil is a mutilated incisor, indicating a species of Trogosus rather more than half the size of T. castorideyis, which may be named T. vetidus.

A femur of Palseosyops paludosus, in the collection, exhibits the third trochanter, characteristic of the unequal-toed pachyderms. The astragalus of this animal almost repeats that of the living Tajsirs.

Among the remains of Dr. Corson's collection, there is the greater part of the lower jaw of a large crocodile, but too much broken to attempt to give an opinion in regard to its specific character, until it is in some degree mended or restored.

1871.]

230 proceedings of the academy op

August 15. The President, Dr. E-uschenberger, in the chair. Eight members present.

August 22. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Nine members present.

August 29. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Fourteen members present.

Notice of some Extinct Rodents. — Prof. Leidy remarked that Dr. J. Van A. Carter had recently sent to him some remains of rodents discovered in the tertiary deposits near Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Prof. Marsh has ah-eadj- indicated some remains of the same order, obtained from the same locality, which he has re- ferred to a genus under the name of Sciuravus. The characters given are insufficient to determine positively whether the remains I have the opportunity of examining pertain to the same genus, though, from the greater size of the animals they indicate, they clearly belong to different species.

The remains appear to have belonged to a peculiar genus of the Sciurine family apparently allied to Arctomys.

The lower jaw is short and deep compared with that of most living rodents, apparently from a shortening of the bone in ad- vance of the position of the molars. To compensate for this reduction in length, and give room for the incisors, they not only extend beneath all the molars, but also above them posteriorly and externally. Prof. Marsh states that in Sciuravus " the incisor extends below the entire molar series." The hiatus in advance of the molars presents an acute edge nearly on a level with the alveolar border, and does not form a deep notch as usual in living rodents. The masseteric fossa does not extend so far forward as usual in most living rodents, except the hares, only reaching be- low the position of the penultimate molar, where it is bounded by a prominent rectangular ridge, as in the Maryland marmot. The principal mental foramen is situated immediately in advance of the position of the first molar. The symphysis at its lower part apparently extended below the first part of the molar series.

The number of molars is the same as in the squirrels and mar- mots. They are of nearly uniform size, but are proportionately narrower than in the animals just mentioned, that is, the fore-and- aft diameter exceeds the transverse, which is usually the reverse

[JSTovember 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 231

in the sciurine animals. The crown is composed of four lobes, of ■which the antero-internal is the largest and most prominent, the one behind it is the smallest, and the outer ones are of interme- diate size, and neai'ly equal.

If not Sciuravus, the genus may be named Paramys. The specimens probably indicate three different species of the genus, mainly differing in size.

Paramys Delicatus — The largest species was perhaps a fourth less in size than the Maryland marmot, though its molar series is equal in length with that of the latter, measuring three-fourths of an inch. The hiatus in advance of the molars has measured about three lines and a half, or about half that in the Marjdand marmot. The depth of the jaw at the first molar is 6i lines, at the penul- timate molar 6 lines. The incisor is 2^ lines fore and aft, and 1^ lines transversely.

The specimen upon which the species is indicated consists of the greater portion of the right ramus of the lower jaw. It presents two mental foramina, one below the first molar, besides that in the usual position. A prominent tubercle is formed at the angle of convergence of the two ridges bounding the fore part of the masseteric fossa.

Paramys delicatissimus. — The smallest species is indicated by a similar specimen to the former, and was about two-thirds the size of the largest species. The molar series is half an inch in length. The hiatus in advance of the molars measures 2| lines. The depth of the jaw at the first molar is 4^ lines, at the penulti- mate molar 4 lines. The incisor is 1^ lines fore and aft, and 1 line transversely.

Paramys delicatior. — An intermediate species is apparently indicated by the greater portion of a left ramus of the lower jaw. The molar series has measured about 1j lines in length. The jaw is 5 lines deep at the penultimate molar. The incisor is 2 lines fore and aft, and l^ lines transversely.

A smaller rodent than the preceding, and of a different genus, is indicated by the portion of a lower jaw containing the posterior two molars, and the fangs of the two in advance.

The constitution of the jaw is similar to that in the former genus. The jaw being comparatively short and deep ; the hiatus in advance of the molars short and nearly straight, and the masse- teric fossa advancing only as far as the position of the penulti- mate molar. The molars are inserted each by two fangs ; their crowns are slightly greater fore and aft, especially the first and last of the series.

The crown of the penultimate molar in its worn condition pre- sents a pair of transverse elliptical dentinal tracts united by a narrow median fore-and-aft isthmus. In the slight recess of the inner poles of the ellipses of dentine, a small tubercle projects with a circular islet of dentine on the summit. The crown of the

1871.]

f

232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

last molar exhibits five shallow tubercles with minute dentinal islets at the summits.

The size of the animal was but little greater than the domestic mouse. The molar series measures 3 lines in length. From the front of the incisor to the back of the last molar measures 4| lines. The relations of this extinct rodent I have not determined, nor can I refer it to any genus with which I am familiar. It may be named Mysops minimus.

On favorable report of the committee, the following paper was ordered to be published : —

[November 21,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELnilA. 233

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS OF THE FAMILIES TROGLODYTID^ AND TYRANNID^.

BY GEO. N. LAWRENCE.

TROGLODYTIDiE.

1. Catherpes sumiclirasti.

Upper plumage and wing coverts of a deep reddish-brown, sides of the head lighter, and the rump more of a blackish-brown ; quills dark brownish-black, the secondaries narrowly edged with the same color as the back, and crossed with darker nearly obso- lete bars ; throat of a dull light grayish-rufous, breast and sides of the neck of a clear rather dark rufous, each feather of the lower neck and breast crossed with several faint dusky narrow bars ; the abdomen is dark reddish-brown, besprinkled with small round white .spots, which are surrounded narrowly with black, the sides of the breast and abdomen are of a dark reddish-brown, crossed with not very conspicuous black bars ; the sides under the wings, thighs, and under tail coverts deep blackish-brown like the rump ; upper mandible black, tlie under is yellow, except at the end and on the sides for its terminal half, where it is black- ish-brown ; "iris brown ;" tarsi and toes black; the tail, unfortu- nately, is deficient.

Length to rump, 5 inches; wing, 2^ ; bill, l^; tarsi, 1^; hind toe and claw, |.

Habitat. " Mata Bejuco (Yera Cruz)."

" Collected by Mr. T. Labarraque."

Type in Museum Smithsonian Institution, from the collection of Prof. F. Sumichrast.

Remarks. — This is rather a remarkable looking bird, and seems to be a second species of Catherpes., though of a much stouter form and darker colors than C. mexicanus ; the bill is precisely of the same form, though proportionally stronger, and the mi- nute white spots on the abdomen are similar to those on the back of that species ; the wings are very short and rounded, and the feet large and strong.

It was received over two years since, and I delayed its descrip- tion hoping to get others, that b}' the character of the tail its

1871.] PART II.— 16

234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

true position might be more satisfactorily determined. Prof. Sutnichrast has not been able to obtain any more specimens, and, as he has informed me his collections are suspended for the pre- sent on account of the revolution which has taken place in Tehuan- tepec, I have concluded to describe it, and have conferred his name upon it.

TYRANNIDiE.

2. Myiozetetes grandis.

Crown dusk3' olive-gray, with a concealed crest of bright ver- milion ; front and sides of the crown pale yellowish-white, the stripe becoming broader as it extends backwards ; lores and sides of the head dark grayish fuliginous ; upper plumage greenish- olive ; tail feathers dark brown, narrowlj^ margined with the color of the back; quills dark brown, narrowly edged with greenish- yellow ; the smaller wing coverts are the color of the back, the middle and larger coverts dark brown, tipped with dull pale yellow ; throat grayish-white, just tinged with yellow ; entire under parts besides, and under wing coverts gamboge 3'ellow ; bill and feet black.

Length, 1| inches ; wing, 3| ; tail, 3f ; tarsi, |.

Habitat. "Province of Turabes, Peru."

The type is in the Museum of Yassar College, and was received by Prof. Orton from J. F. Reeve, Esq.

Remarks. — This species somewhat exceeds all others of the genus in size, and is also of a deeper 3'ellow below ; in its colora- tion and markings it most resembles 31. columbianiis, but besides its much greater dimensions, it differs in having a wider supercil- liary stripe, which, with the throat, is more tinged with yellow, also in the deeper coloring of the under plumage ; it, likewise, is somewhat like 31. texensis, but is rather larger; in that species, however, the wing coverts are without j'ellowish margins.

3. Empidonax atrirostris.

The feathers of the crown are light brown, slightlv rufescent and with dusk}' centres ; the front is grayish-white, and a line of the same color extends from the bill to over the eye ; plumage above of a light brownish-olive ; tail feathers blackish-brown, the outer web of the lateral feather and the ends of all edged with dull gray; the wing coverts and quills are blackish-brown, all ex-

[December 5,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 235

cept the primaries, conspicuously margined with dull white; throat grayish-white ; lower part of neck in front and upper part of breast light cinereous; breast, abdomen, under tail coverts, and under wing coverts pale yellow ; inner margins of quills grayish-white; entire bill black; tarsi and toes brownish-black.

Length (skin), 5^ inches ; wing, 2§; tail, 2|; bill, ^\ ; tarsi, \}r.

Habitat. Venezuela? Collected by Mr. C. Wood.

Type in my collection.

Remarks. — The nearest ally of this species seems to be E. tra- illii^ but the plumage above is l)rowner, with scarcely a tinge of olive-green ; the margins of the wing coverts and quills are whitei-, besides, the gray front and supercilliary stripe do not exist in E. traillii; in the new species the yellow of the abdomen is much brighter, but the smaller jet black bill is the most striking cha- racteristic difference.

4. Myiarclius yucatanensis.

Myiarclius mexicanus. Lawr. Ann. Lj'c. X. Y., vol. IX., p. 203.

Soon after suggesting that this bird might be Tgrannula mexi- cnna, Kaup, on account of its short wings, and contending for the integrity of my 31. ciner'ascens (generally referred to mexi- canus) on account of its longer wings, I found from an examina- tion of many examples of cinerascens tliat the measurement of the wings was not a reliable character in this genus. This caused me to question the probability of the Yucatan bird being Kaup's mexicanus, and I concluded the true status of that species could only be determined by an inspection of the tj'pe. Consequently I solicited the aid of Mr. Sclater, sending him my specimen of the Yucatan bird, and about the same time Prof. Baird sent the Smithsonian specimen, with the request that he would endeavor to get a view of Dr. Kaup's type. He recently wrote Prof Baird that on application to Dr. Kaup, he sent the t^'pe of his T. mexi- cana for examination, which, to his surprise, proved to be 31. cooperi., Baird.

The species now described, therefore, required to be named.

Its length is 1j inches ; wing, 3f ; tail, 3|; tarsi, |.

It is allied to 31. cinerascens, mexicanus, and lawrencii, but is smaller than the first two, and rather larger than the last ; the bill is not so depressed as in laiorencii, the culmen being more rounded. It differs from all the above-named species iu being 18T1.J

236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

brown above, and in the color of the abdomen and under tail coverts being of a pale dull ochreous, whereas in the others these parts are clear yellow ; the red color on the inner tail feathers occupies the outer portion of the inner webs for half their width, this color blends with the dark color next the shaft, the separa- tion of the colors is not so clearly marked as in mexicanus. The extent of the red color on the tail feathers is a good character on which to separate the allied species, in M. cinerascens this color occupies the entire web up to the shaft ; in mexicanus it takes up about four-fifths, leaving a well-defined dark line next the shaft ; in yucatanensis it extends over half of the inner web ; but in laiv- rencii it exists only as a mere bordering, and in many specimens it is very faint.

[December 5,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PniLADELPIIIA. 237

September 5.

The President, Dr. Rusciienberger, in the chair. Ten members present.

September 12.

The President, Dr. Rusciienberger, in the chair.

Eighteen members present.

The following paper was presented for pnblication : " Catalogue of Crustacea from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by J. A. McNeil." By T. Hale Streets.

September 10. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Nineteen members present.

September 2G.

The President, Dr. Rusciienberger, in the chair.

p]leven members present.

The death of Dr. .John Edward Holbrook was announced. On favorable report of the committee the following paper was ordered to be published : — •

IG^

.871.]

238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

CATALOGUE OF CRUSTACEA FROM THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. COLLECTED BY J. A. McNEIL.

BY T. HALE STREETS.

BRACHYURA.

MAIOIDEA. Family MAIIDEA. Subfamily Pisinae. Omalacantlia, nov. gen.

Carapax pyriform as in Pisa. Orbit complete above and below, oval, superior border armed with a triangular tooth. Eye verj' small; peduncle short. Rostrum well developed, bifurcated nearly to base, horns divergent, apices convergent ; praeorbital tooth flat- tened, obtuse; external anteunai not hidden by rostrum, but com- pletely exposed, on same level as rostrum ; first and second arti- cles broad, flattened, clubbed at distal extremit}'.

This genus is very closely allied to that little known genus, Micropli7-y^^^ M. Edw. It is readily distinguished from Microphryii hy its greater triangular form (not being broader than long); by the broad, club-shaped articles of external antenuii? (in llicrophrya they are cylindrical), and by the antero-lateral border of carapax beiiig less inflated.

Omalacantha Mrsuta, nov. 5p.

Carapax triangular, convex, tuberculated, pilose ; hairs hooked at extremity; prominent spine projecting from junction of antero- lateral with postero-lateral border; another smaller spine below, and in front of this on branchial region ; spine on hepatic region below and behind external angle of orbit; one on side of branchial region, near the groove separating it from hepatic; row of five small tubercles on inferior border of hepatic region ; on gastric region tubercles arranged in the form of the letter T; an arcuate row of four tubercles on intestinal region ; another single one below these at posterior extremity of same region. Longitudinal row of hairs on horn of rostrum, and continuing on lateral portion

' For description, see ''Zoologie Expedition dans rAinerique du Sud, p;ir Castlenau."

[December 5,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 239

of branchial region. Tooth on superior margin of orbit obtuse ; orbit obtuse at external angle. External antennas ciliated ; ros» trum slightly reflexed, more so in female than in male. The chcli- peds larger in male than in female, smooth, with exception of arm, ■which presents a row of tubercles on upper surface; covered with rounded spots of a violet-red color. Fingers closely approximated and finely denticulated at extremity ; in female approximated along their whole length. Two or three rudimentary tubercles on third article of second pair of feet. A deep red spot at tlie projecting lateral angle of carapax. Color reddish shade. Length, 1.37 inch; breadth, .9-1 inch.

Subfamily Mitiiracin^. Mithraculus coronatus, Stimpson. An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. VII., p. 186.

CANCROIDEA. Family CANCRID^.

Subfamily Xanthine.

Carpilius corallinus, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. d«s Crust., torn. I., p. 381.

Actaea labyrinthica, Stimpfon, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. VII., p. 204.

Menippe mercenaria, Stimpson. Cancer mercenaria, Say. Journ. Acad. Nat,

Sei. Phila., vol. I., p. 448.

Panopaeus chilensis, EJw. et Lucas. D'tDrbigny's Voy. en Am. Merid., Crust., p. 16; pL VIII., fig. 1.

Family ERIPHIDJE.

Subfamily Eriphin/E.

Eriphia gonagra, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., tvm. I., p. 426, pi. XVI., figs. 16 and 17. Dana. U. S. Expl. Esped., Crust., vol. I., p. 25'0.

Family PORTUNID^E.

Subfamily Lupin,.e. Xupa dicantlia, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. I., p. 451. Dana, U.S. E.xpl.

Exped., Crust., vol. I., p. 272, pi. XVI., fig. 7. Lupa rubra, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., tool. I., p. 454.

ISTI.]

240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

OCYPODOIDEA.

Family MACROPIITHALMID.E,

Subfamily Ocypodin^.

Ocypoda Gaudichaudii, Edw. et Lucas. DOrbignj-'s Voy. en Am. M^iid., Crujt., p*

2(5, pi. XI., fig. 4. Ocypoda rhombea, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. II., p. 46.

Family GRAPSID^.

Subfitmily Grapsin^. Grapsus pictus, Latr. ; M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. II., p. 86.

Family GACARCINID^.

Subfamily Ucain^. Uca lavis, M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. II., p. 22.

ANOMOURA.

Family HIPPID^.

Hippa emerita, Pabr. : M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. 11., p. 205.

Family PORCELLANID^.

Petrolisthes armatus, Stimpson. An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. II-, p. 73. Por^ eellana arniata, Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc, ISoO, p. 176.

Petrolistlies ocoidentalis, Stimpson. An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. VII., p. 73.

Family PAGURID^.

Subfamily Paguki?s.<k. Aniculus longitarsis, nov. sp.

This species is very closely allied to A. fypicus, Dana, but dif- ftii's from it in the greater length of the tarsus of the ambulatory feet. In Paguri.is aniculus (Aniculus h/picus^ Dana), Milne Ed- Avards describes the tarsus as being " extremely short." Xo state- ment is made as to its length in comparison with the preceding article; but in Dana's figure, and in that figured in Quoy and (iaymard, Y03-. de I'Urania, it is shorter than the preceding arti- cle. In A. longifarsis it is always longer. The median areolet is distinct, trapezium-shaped, and is not produced to the posterior edge of the gastric region.

[December 5,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 241

Family CENOBITID^E.

Cenobita diogenes, Latr. M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. II., p. 240, pL XXII., figs. II and 1.3.

Cenobita intermedia, nov. sp.

Anterior portion of carapax convex, narrowed in front, -granu- lated. Differs from C. purpurea, Stm., in not being more granu- lated posteriorly than anteriorly, nor are the granules acute and setous. Lateral portion pilous ; margin of branchial region pro- jecting, prominent. E^^^es compressed, triangular, acute ; pedun- cles nearlj' as high as long, finely granulated on superior surface.

Til)ia of the third pair of legs, left side, produced at inferior border; ultimate and penultimate articles convex externally', smooth and punctate as in C. purpurea; tarsus irregularly quadri- lateral, longer than right ; inferior surface concave; fine, close-set row of black-tipped spinules on inferior surface of tarsi of second and third legs, left side. Legs spinulose (with exception men- tioned), hairj'^; tarsi triangular, concave on inferior surface. Ex- ternal surface of larger hand sparsely granulated; granules of a pearly appearance. Coxa? of fifth pair produced in male. Length of carapax .94 inch.

Cenobita panamensis, nov. sp.

Carapax as in C. intermedia. Eyes also similar. Tibia of third leg, left side, slightly produced at inferior angle; penultimate article convex externally and granulated, in this respect differing from C. purpurea and C. intermedia; tarsus irregularly quadrilate- ral, shorter than right, thereby differing from C. perlata and C. in- termedia; row of spinules on supero-lateral margin; row on supe- rior surface; spinules sparsely on external surface; denticulated ridge on inferior surface of tarsi of second and third pairs ; spinules black-tipped ; inferior surface not so much evacuated as in C. intermedia, triangular. Larger hand granulated ; granules acute, except on external surface, black-tipped. Coxae of fifth pair produced in male.

Length of carapax 1.62 inch.

1871.]

242 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

MACROURA.

Family GEBID.E. Gebia longipollex, nov. sp.

Front tridentate ; mirldle tooth largest, and presents at its ex- tremity two small obtuse teeth, which give to it a l)ifid appearance when looked at from above; furrowed in the median line; small spine on antero-lateral margin of carapax just over the external antennas; anterior portion of carapax rough and hirsute; scabrous surface reaching about halfway to the dorsal suture. Hands equal, smooth, without spines or teeth, marked with longitudinal rows of hair; row on inferior margin ver^^ long; thumb long, reaching almost to extrerait}^ of finger, slightl}' incurved ; movable finger very pilose, with two teeth on inferior margin — one near base, and one near apex ; latter receives point of thumb ; two very small teeth situated together near base of thumb ; spine on upper and lower apex of carpus, and two small ones on antero-lateral margin ; spine on distal extremity of arm. Second pair of legs ciliate above and below at extremity ; tarsus smooth ; third arti- cle ciliate below, and armed with spine above at distal exti'emlty ; remaining pairs unarmed. Caudal segment rectangular.

Length, 1.12 inch.

Family PALINURID.E.

Panulirus guttatus, Gray. Palinurus guttatus, Latr. Ann. du Mus., torn. III., p. 393; M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., torn. II., p. 297, pi. XXII., fig. 1.

Panulirus americanus. Palinurus americanus. Lamarck. M. Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust., tuiu. II., p. 298.

Family PAL^EMONIDoE.

Subfamily Alphein^. Alpheus bispinosus, nov. sp.

Carapax compressed ; rostrum short, acute; surface between the e^-es carinated; anterior border of e3'e-shields rounded, and with- out spines. Lamelliform appendages of external antennse not quite as long as base, little longer than base of internal antennre. Second article of internal antennae twice as long as first and third ; basal tooth of inner antennas not longer than first article; basal spine of outer antennas short, and hooked inward. Hands of first pair of feet unequal ; margins of larger hand indented near the

[December 5,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 243

fingers; lower indentation deep; snrfaces sulcated, uneven; margins of the fingers beset with long hairs; movable finger considerably hooked at extremity ; smaller hand cylindrical and regular ; fingers longer than palmar portion of the hand ; inner edges of approxi- mated borders pubescent ; no spines on arm. Feet of second pair but little longer than third ; first joint of carpus as long as second and third, and little longer than third, fourth, and fifth ; fifth not as long as third and fourth, and shorter than hand ; third article of following pairs of legs devoid of spine at inferior apex.

Length, 1.5 inch.

Family PEN^ID.^. Panaeus occidentalis, nov. sp.

Rostrum longer than the lamelliform appendages of the outer antennas, recurved, pointed at extremitj'. In the examination of a number of specimens the majority presented ten teeth on the superior margin of the rostrum, and four on the inferior; may vary from eight to eleven on the upper, and from four to five on the lower border. Carapax carinated almost to posterior edge ; sulcus on each side of rostrum terminating about midwa}'^ the carapax ; spine situated on lateral portion near anterior border, opposite the insertion of superior antennae ; ridge running from this spine obliquely downward and backward; second spine be- hind, and on a lower level than the first, and separated fi'om it by a sulcus ; two smaller sulci forming tvvo sides of a triangle around base of second spine. Eye large and rounded ; sulcus on external border of peduncle. Flagella of superior antennae usually shorter than antennary peduncle (in one large specimen the}' were longer). Bases of two first pairs of legs armed with three spines — two on first pair, and one on second ; terminal segment of abdomen sul- cated, pointed, devoid of lateral spines; penultimate and ante- penultimate segments carinated — the ridge commencing on the segment before the antepenultimate, and terminating at the end of penultimate in an acute spine. Length of large specimen five inches.

The greatest aflfinities of this species are with r.indicus, Edvv.

18T1.]

natural sciences of philadelphia. 245

October 3, 1871. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Eighteen members present.

Mr. Thomas Meehan referred to some observations made by him last spring before the Academy in regard to the office of bud scales and involucral bracts. The general impression was that they were formed for the purpose of protecting the tender parts beneath. At that time he exhibited branches oi Fraxinus excel- sior on which some of the buds were entirely naked, and others clothed with scales in the usual manner. They could scarcely be for protection in this instance, as both were equally hardy.

He now had to exhibit an ear of corn which had been produced without the usual involucral bracts or husks, and yet was as per- fect as if clothed in the usual way, showing that the husk was of not much importance as a protecting agent. An interesting point was that this ear had been formed on the end of a male panicle or tassel. It was not uncommon to find scattered grains of corn amongst male flowers, but a perfect ear like this he had never before seen. The ear was eight-rowed, and contained two hun- dred perfect grains. It was the variety known as " popcorn."

Dr. Howell announced the death of Mr. Chas. Wilson Peale.

October 10.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Eighteen members present.

Remarks on the Minerals of Mount Mica. — Prof. Leidy re- marked that the specimens of minerals presented this evening by Ml". Bement and himself were part of a collection which ihey had obtained at Mt. Mica, near Paris, Oxford Co., Maine. At the invitation of, and in company with. Dr. A. C. Hamlin, of Bangor, they had recently made a visit to that locality, celebrated for its beautiful tourmalines and other interesting minerals.

The position in which these occur is a ledge of coarse albitic granite upon the brow of a hill known as Mt. Mica. The granite has been quarried in the search of mineral specimens to the extent of about forty square yards, and, thus exposed, appears mainly composed of a tough, white, amorphous feldspar, without distinct cleavage, and with quartz sparingly disseminated. The white feld- spar is mottled with black tourmalines, varying in size from an inch to a foot in length. These are brittle, and so firmly fixed in position as rarely to be isolated in an entire condition. In many positions the quartz and feldspar occur more intimately inter- mingled in the condition of graphic granite. 18T2.] part iil— it

246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Most parts of the rock are devoid of mica, but in some posi- tions an abundance of large crystals of muscovite are mingled with the other constituents. The muscovite, of a smoky color, often contains compressed crystals of tourmaline, mostly olive- green and translucent, simple or compound, and more or less ra- diant.

Apparently occupying recesses in the common rock, there occur minerals of a difi'erent character. Masses of pink lepidolite, associated with laminar albite, smoky quartz, cleavable masses of ambh'gonite, cookeite, and variouslj^ colored tourmalines; silvery white mica containing apple-green, friable tourmalines; and usu- ally oi^aque greenish or nearly white beryls.

Contiguous with these curious associations of minerals, pockets are met with filled with decomposed albite, crystals of smoky quartz, detached botryoidal masses of cookeite and tourmalines. The finest specimens of the latter are raked together with the other loose contents from the pockets. They are also found im- bedded in some of the more solid associated rocks, the lepidolite, the cookeite, and the smoky quartz.

The tourmalines are remarkable, being usually partly colored of various shades of green passing into red, and partially opaque to transparent. Small cr3'stals from half an inch to an inch and a half in length, and from half a line to the fourth of an inch in thickness, occur abundantly imbedded in the cookeite. In spongy masses of the latter, they appear closel}^ invested with thick sheaths of the same substance. These smaller tourmalines are visually bright grass-green, and transparent, but others are nearly colorless, and green or pink at one end. Frequently they are fissured, partially decomposed, and sometimes the decomposition extends along the axis, so as to render the crj^stals tubular.

The tourmalines of the pink lepidolite usually occur in compa- ratively large crj^stals, firmly imbedded or even incorporated with the lepidolite and albite. These are opaque and brittle, and rarely obtained except in fractured specimens imbedded in the inclosing mineral. They are dark indigo-blue, constituting the variety in- dicolite, but oftener are dark olive-green with a rose-pink exterior, which at times appears gradually to pass into the condition of the surrounding lepidolite.

The largest and finest tourmalines, obtained from the loose material of the pockets previously mentioned, almost invariably occur in a fractured condition. Two pockets exposed in our pre- sence, communicated with fissures of the surrounding rock, and the contents, as raked forth, were observed to be quite moist. During the winter their contents are probably frozen, and the freezing of water in fine fissures of the tourmalines probably ac- counts for their being usuall3' found in a fractured state.

The tourmalines of the cavities occur from those of a small size up to such as measure three or four inches or more in length, and from half an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, doubl)^ termi-

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 24T

nated, with one extremity flat, and the other three-sided, with the angles or borders truncated.

Sometimes the cr3'stals occur opaque, dark green at one end, becoming bright grass-green and transparent at the middle, and passing into cherrj^ or rose-red and transparent at the other end. Occasionall}' the green color is nearlj- absent, and we have an achroite with a greenish hue, passing successively into a deeper shade of green and dark green, or into pink and deep cherr^'-red, usuallj^ sheathed with a thin laj-er of greenish hue at the oppo- site end.

In a cr3'stal exhibited, measuring four inches in length by three- fourths of an inch in diameter, flat at one end, and three-sided at the opposite end, the first inch is dark opaque green, the second inch is bright grass-green and transparent, the third inch is pale pink within and pale green without, and the fourth inch is cherry- red within and pale green without.

A segment exhibited of a transparent prism of achroite, an inch long and an inch and a half in diameter, has upon one end a patch of cookeite. This mineral often occurs investing the ends, frac- tured surfaces, and sides of the tourmalines.

Another specimen exhibited consists of a crystal an inch and a half long and ten lines thick, with a three-sided termination, deeph^ striated, and of a dark green color. Broken across near the base, the interior exhibits a spherical nodule of transparent achroite the third of an inch in diameter.

Some magnificent crystals of the kind indicated have been for many years in possession of Dr. Hamlin and his father, who first discovered the locality from whence they were obtained. Dr. Hamlin has more recently thoroughly explored the locality and investigated the character of its tourmalines, an account of which he proposes to give us in a future essay on the subject.

October IT. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Nineteen members present.

Remarks on Fossils from Oregon. — Prof. Leidy directed atten- tion to some fossils, part of a collection from Oregon, submitted to his examination by Rev. Thomas Condon, and indicated in the Proceedings of October 18th, 1870.

One of the fossils, a brain cast, or rather a cast of the interior of the cranium of a large mammal, has about the same form and size as that of the horse. The cerebral hemispheres are nearlj' as much convoluted as in the latter, and measure about four and a half inches in length and breadth. It may pertain to a large tapiroid animal, though I suspect it belonged to an oreodont. 1872.]

248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

A large atlas, perhaps belonging to the same animal as the former siDecimeu, measures five inches in breadth between the outer prominent borders of the articuhir concavities for the occi- pital condj'les, and it is about four and a half inches from the neural tubercle to the hypapoph3'sis. It differs in several impor- tant points from the atlas of the rhinoceros, horse, ox, etc., and the want of sufficient means of comparison prevents a determination of its near relationship.

Another fossil, labelled "Alkali Flats," consists of the greater part of the crown apparently of a last upper premolar or perhaps of a transverse pair of lobes of a true molar, of an animal as large as that to which the preceding specimens belonged. The tooth approaches in character the corresponding portion in the oreodonts, but differs in the proportion atel}'^ less degree of devel- opment of the inner lobe of the crown as compared with the outer one, and in the greater degree of development of the inner basal ridge. The crown measures an inch and a third in trans- verse diameter. These fossils appear to indicate an unknown pachyderm, which may be designated by the name of Hadrohyus

SUPREMUS.

Among the Oregon fossils there are a number of imperfect re- mains, of which it was formerly remarked, they indicated at least two species of rhinoceros. One of these was thought to be the same as the R. occidenfalis ; the other was suspected to be the same as the Californian species, B. hesperius. Some additional specimens indicate the second species to have been intermediate in size to that last named, and the R. crassus of the Niobrara River. One of the specimens from Bridge Creek, consisting of a mutilated upper jaw fragment with portions of the fangs of the true molars, shows these to have occupied a space of about five inches. An isolated tooth, from Alkali Flat, apparently a last upper premolar, probably belongs to the same animal. From the outer part of its crown three folds project into the bottom of the median valley. The tooth measures 1 inch and 10 lines wide. The species may be named Rhinoceros pagificus.

Another fossil specimen, labelled " Crooked River," consists of an isolated vertebral plate of a large turtle, apparently the eighth bone of the series. It has the same shape as in Sti/lemys niohrarensi's^ but is proportionately much shorter in relation with its breadth. It measures 2 inches wide, 1 inch 1 lines long, and 7 lines thick. The specimen probably indicates an unde- scribed species, which may be named Stylemys oregonensis.

Two additional fossils are brain casts, probably of Oreodon superbus. The cerebral hemispheres are 10 inches 8 lines long, and together about 2^ inches broad.

[January 16,

natural sciences of philadelphia. 249

October 24. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Eighteen members present.

October 31. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twelve members present.

On report of the committee, the following- pai)er was ordered to be printed : —

18t2.]

250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ON THE FISHES OF THE AMBYIACU EIVER. BY EDWARD D. COPE.

The collection on which the present examination is based was made by our correspondent at Pebas, John Hauxwell. It em- braces fishes of the small streams tributary to the Ambyiacu, as well as those of the river itself. The Ambyiacu is an inconsid- erable river, which empties into the Amazon near to Pebas, in Eastern Equador, some distance east of the Napo.

The results of the examination will be mentioned at the close of the list. As was to have been supposed, it consists almost exclusively of representatives of the three great families which abound in the neotropical region; the Ghromididae, representing Physoclystous fishes, and the Gharacinidse and Siluridae, repre- senting the Physostomi. The number of new species, forty-five in a total of seventy-four, constitutes a considerable addition to ichthyology, especially as the number of new generic forms is also rather large.

I add a list of the species obtained by my friend Robert Per- kins, of Wilmington, Delaware, on a trip between the mouth of the Rio Negro and the Peruvian Amazon or Ucayale River. There are several interesting novelties in this collection, but their spe- cial localities are, unfortunately, not preserved. The specimens generally were large, and in fine condition.

CHROMIDIDiE.

PTEROPHYLLITM SCALARE, C. V.

Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mms., 1840, 334. Giiuther, Catal. B. M. v. 316.

Abundant in the Ambj'iacu.

GEOPHAGTJS AMOENTJS, Cope, sp. nov.

Allied to G. tseniatus {Mesops, Giinth.). Scales in three series on the cheek; on the body, 2-25-8. Fin radii D. xv. 7, A. iii. 6. Twelfth dorsal spine less than half the length of the head ; spines subequal, slightly shortening anteriorly. Prolonged soft raj^s of dorsal and anal extending beyond the caudal. Pectoral to, ven- tral beyond, base of anal. Length of head less than depth of

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 251

body, nearly four inches in length (with caudal); depth, 3.5 times in the same. Orbit, twice i^reorbital bone, equal muzzle, one- fourth wider than interorbital space, one-third head.

Total length .0G3 m.; to basis anal .0335; do. ventral .019; do. dorsal (axial) .015 m. Color brown; a black band from orbit to basis caudal. A black spot at base, and one at tip of caudal. Basis of dorsal and anal brown, rest 3'ellow. A black band from orbit to angle of interoperculura. Cheeks and opercu- lum with blue spots separated by yellow lines. River Ambyiacu.

GEOPHAGTJS BADIIPINNIS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form short oval ; body deep; front steeply descending, concave between the orbits ; the muzzle projecting. Depth one-half length without caudal fin; head 2.4 times in the same. Orbit 3.5 times in length of head; 1.3 times into interorbital space, which equals length of muzzle with under jaw. Preorbital bone .^15 the dia- meter of the orbit. End of maxillary bone falling opposite the pupil. Fin rays D. xiii-12, A. iii-11. Scales 3-21-8-10; six series on the cheek; operculum scaled. Twelfth dorsal ray equal length of muzzle plus half of orbit ; the rays gradually diminish- ing in length to the second. Caudal fin broadl}^ scaly at base ; no scales at base of second dorsal. Pectoral fin long, extending to opposite last soft dorsal ray ; ventrals to third soft anal.

Color golden, blue bands on the jjrefrontal bone, and longitu- dinal shades on the scales. Dorsal fin dusky spotted, anal with numerous bay-yellow spots in vertical rows. Total length .15 m.; to origin dorsal (vertical line) .043 ; do. to ventral .051; do. anal .084.

This species, having the coloration of G. ju7'upari, has the orbit nearly as median as in G. tseniatus. I do not see the necessity of subdividing Heckel's genus Geophagus into three {Geophagus^ Sataiioperca, and 3Iesops),SiS has been proposed by GUnther (Catal. Brit. Mas.).

GEOPHAGUS JURUPARI, Heckel. Satanoperca jurupari, Giinth. Cat. B. M. v. 313.

D. XV. 10, A. iii. 7. Scales 3-31-9; suborbitals 6 (7) rows. Pre- orbital bone 1.G6 times orbit.

1872.]

252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

CRENICICHLA ANTHURUS, Cope, sp. nov.

A slender species, with briglitly colored fins. Depth six times in total length, or 5.3 times in length without caudal fin. Length of head 3.66 in total length, five and two-third times more than the diameter of the orbit. Orbit 1.7 times in muzzle, 1.6 times in interorbital width, which is flat. Scales 4^-36-7-13, but, as those of the lateral line are placed at intervals, the true number of transverse series of scales is 62.3; scales of cheek in nine series. Fin radii, D. xix-13; A. iii-9. Caudal cuneate rounded; pectoral and ventral coequal, not extending half-way to anal. Twelfth dorsal spine equalling from end of chin to orbit. Some rays of soft dorsal and anal prolonged, the former to near end of caudal, the latter to base.

Color leaden-brown above, fading into yellowish below. Dorsal and anal fins deep rose, with a few round small spots of pale rose on the soft portions, which become white in spirits. Caudal fin deep crimson, fading to purple at base, with a longitudinal dark shade in the centre, and series of small oval pink spots, one between each pair of raj'^s. A black spot edged with white at the . base above the lateral line, and a larger black spot, white-edged, crossing the lateral line opposite the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines.

Total length .215 m.; to basis dorsal (axial) .055 m.; to basis of anal .121.

This perch appears to be similar to the C. laciistris of Castel- nau in proportions, but the coloration is very different. I have three specimens from the Ambyiacu. It is less slender than the C. lucius, Cope,' and has a considerably wider skull.

CRENICICHLA PROTEUS, Cope, sp. nov.

This species is represented by numerous specimens, which vary in many respects from an average standard, constituting several varieties, one of which may turn out to be a species. The typi- cal or most numerous form may be thus described : —

Radii D. xix-13; A. iii. 8 or 9. Depth of body from four to four and a half times in length without caudal fin. Head 3 times in same, orbit 5 times in head, 1.25 times in muzzle, and

1 Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc, 1870, 570.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 253

1.33 times to 1.6 times in interorbital breadth. Scales 4 — 56-3' 12

13, seven rows on cheek. Color olivaceous, blackish above; fins dusln-, without markings, except a black ocellus at upper base of caudal fin, with pale margin. A dusky band from end of muzzle to middle of side, and dusky spot below eye. Eye red. Total length .17 m.

Var. a. — Shorter and stouter, colors paler. 'Eye 1.5 times in interorbital width. Depth of body 3f to 4 times in length less caudal. Scales 4 — 45-8 — 13. Pattern of color similar to the last. Several specimens.

Var. i3. — More slender; depth 4.66 times in length without caudal fin. Radii xviii-14 ; A. iii-9. Scales 4-55-13. Diameter of orbit equal interorbital space. Coloration as in the t3'pes, ex- cept a large black spot marking the posterior fourth of the spinous dorsal fin. This variety has one less dorsal spine than usual in the tj^pe, but the latter occasionally exhibits but 18.

Var. y (argijnnis). — Short and stout as in var. a, but the orbit is as wide as the narrowed interorbital space; scales 4-43- 13. Radii D. xix. 13; A. iii. 9. The coloration is like that of the type, olive, darker above, with caudal ocellus and dusky band from muzzle to opercular margin. The dorsal fin has, however, a ^broad orange-red band extending along its distal posterior half, the anterior part wider and with three large black spots in the centre ; in a second specimen it contains four black spots.

The preceding varieties are so connected together as to be in- separable in our S3^stem. The var. /3 accords to some extent with Castelnau's description of his C. lacustris, but our most slender forms are less elongate than this species, where the depth is one- sixth the length. There are neither black dots nor vittfe in the C. proteus. From C. saxatilis, to which it is next allied, it dif- fers in the constantly smaller number of longitudinal scales, which are given by Giinther as j^.

TJARUS INSIGNIS, Heckel.

Mesonauta insignis, Giinther, 1. c. iv. 300.

ITAEUS CENTKARCHOIDES, Cope, sp. nov.

Form a compressed broad oval. Scales ctenoid T— 29-20 — 14, five series on the cheek ; operculum scaled. Radii D. xv-1 4 ; anal

* Not counted on lateral line. 1872.]

254 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

viii-12. Caudal fin subtruncate. The middle dorsal spines appear to be longer than the posterior, but the latter with the two ante- rior pointed ra3S have been bitten nearly off, causing a deep and regular emargination of the two fins, so that the normal form is not certain. Pectoral and ventral fins extending to near the eighth anal spine. Teeth in several series in both jaws, those of the ex- ternal C3-lindric considerably^ larger. End of maxillary extending but little behind the line of the posterior nareal opening. Profile steep, concave and flat between the orbits, where its width a little exceeds the diameter of the orbit. Latter one-third of head equal length of muzzle. Depth of body 1.5 times the length without caudal fin.

Color dusky, with seven vertical blackish bars extending below the basis of the dorsal fin, which break into spots on the bell}^; a cross-bar through eye, and one across base of tail. Soft dorsal with whitish cross-bars, other fins blackish.

Total length .074 m. ; to line of D. I. .02 m.; to line of A. I. .03; to basis of caudal .055.

This species is intermediate in characters in some respects be- tween the species referred by Glinther to Uarus, Heckel (" Uaim"), and those referred to llesonauta, Giinther. I fail to perceive any characters on which to establish the latter, and accordingly regard its species as referable to the present genus.

HEROS BIMACTJLATUS, Linn.

Acnra Mmactilata, Giintlier, 1. c. 376; A. gro7iotn, punctata et mar-ganta, Heckel fide Giinther.

This appears to be the only species of the Acaras of Giinther which possesses four anal spines, the remaining species possessing three. Heros, Heckel, is distinguished, according to the same, by the possession of five spines in the anal fin. Out of eighteen speci- mens of the present fish from the Ambyiacu, four possess five spines? the remainder four ; I am therefore disposed to define Acara as having three, and Heros as having four or five anal spines, though it is possible that it will be found necessary to unite the two genera.

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 255

ACARA TETRAMEEUS, Heckel. Giintlier, Catal. iv. 277.

ACARA SYSPILUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Scales in three series on the cheek, on the body 2-26-1. Radii D. xiv-xv. 9 ; A. iii. 8 ; caudal rounded. Form elongate oval ; depth of body 2.6 times in length without caudal fin, and equal depth of head. Preorbital bone half orbit (in specimen two inches long) ; orbit 2.5 times, head nearlj^ twice interorbital space (doubtless much smaller in larger specimens). Profile convex; muzzle oblique; upper lip longer than mandible.

Light brown, yellow below. A straight wide black band from the upper posterior margin of the orbit to below the end of the spinous dorsal, composed of three confluent spots; a black bar from eye to angle of preoperculum, and another across the base of the caudal fin. Seven vertical brown cross shades behind the head, on sides.

ACARA FIAVILABRIS, Cope.

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 1870.

Scales in two series on cheek; on body 2-24-8. Radii P. xvi. 9-10; A. iii. T. Depth 2.25 times, head 2.8 times in length less caudal fin. Eye three times length of preorbital bone, and 2.6 times in head in specimen 2.5 inches long, jaws equal. Seventh dorsal spine as long as diameter of orbit or interorbital width. Profile gently convex, inferior outline rising to meet it.

Olive, with jointed unpaired fins yellow. A large black spot before middle of side on lateral line, a vertical shade at base of caudal.

As compared with A. dimerus, its closest ally, this fish differs in the fewer anal radii, the lack of cross-bars, etc. It was origi- nally described by me as having three rows of cheek scales ; but those of the interoperculum were included.

ACARA FRENIFERUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Scales of cheek in two series; of body 2 — 29-8 — 9. Radii D. xvi. 10-11; A. iii. 8. Form elongate oval, the depth entering the length (less caudal) 2.33 times. Front convex, descending, length of head one-third length. Orbit equal muzzle 3.33 times in head, 1.5 times in the flat front. Dorsal spines short, twelfth equalling

1872.]

256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

diameter of orbit. Pectoral not reacliing anal; soft annl and dorsal not quite reaching end of caudal ; latter rounded.

Color rich brown, with a black spot under the middle of the dorsal fin, which is connected with the orbit bj'^ a broad black band. The body is further crossed by five darker shades. Fins dusk3\ Below brown, under lip yellow.

Total length .117 m. to line of D. i. .021; do. of anal .058.

Several specimens from the Ambyiacu. This species is, with A. dimerus^ Heckel, and A. fiamlahris^ Cope, the onl}^ one with two series of cheek scales. It difiers from the first named in the much fewer fin radii, etc.

ACARA COMPEESSTIS, Cope.

Scales 35, transverse series, seven rows on the cheek. Radii D. xiii-19; A. iii-15. Longest dorsal spine as long as muzzle and half the orbit. Form oval, depth half length less caudal, body compressed. Profile oblique, nearly straight from in front of dorsal fin. Head 2.5 times in length less caudal ; orbit 3.2 times in head, larger than muzzle 1.2 times in interorbital space. Left dorsal and anal prolonged. Outer series of teeth larger. Total length .0*79 m.; to dorsal (axial) .024; to anal (do.) .0395; to caudal fin .0595.

Color, injured by the alcohol, at present uniform brown, with a black line from the angle of the mouth to that of the preoperculum, and two black shades, one at base and the other at end of caudal fin. Soft dorsal and anal black behind.

Two specimens from the Ambyiacu.

HYGROGONUS OCELLATUS, Agass. Spix, Pise. Brasil., tab. 68.

CLUPEIDiE.

PELLONA ALTAMAZONICA, Cope, sp. nov.

I^o teeth on the vomer, a distinct series on the palatine bones ; the whole of the hyoid axis and tongue covered with dentigerous plates. Bi-maxillary and maxillary teeth, the former considerablj'' longer. Scales 23-77. Fin rays D. 18, A. 38-39. Dorsal fin behind the ventral, its origin nearer the basis of the caudal fin than the end of the muzzle, its last ray above the first anal ray. Length of ventral fin equal diameter of orbit. Superior caudal

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 257

lobe shortei" than inferior. Orbit entering liead (with chin) four times, in muzzle once, nearly double interorbital space. Pectorals reaching beyond basis of veutrals. Cranial ridges forming a closed Y in front. Length of head equal greatest depth of bod}', entering length 3.75 times (excl. caudal fin).

Total length .186 m ; to basis of anal .093 (axial); do. ventral .061.

Silver "with golden and green reflections, yellow on side of head, a black epiclavicular spot.

From the Ambyiacu. The second South American species, which is found at a great distance from salt water.

OSTEOGLOSSIDJE.

OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM, Vand. Three specimens ; in one the anal and caudal fins are united.

STERNOPYGIDiE,

This family differs materially from the Gymnotidse^ with which its species have been heretofore arranged. One character is to be seen in the construction of the scapular arch. The coracoid bone is well developed, and connected by the transverse column with the clavicle, as in many other physostomous families. In the Gymnotidse this column is wanting, and the coracoid is rudi- mental.

STERNOPYGUS MACRURUS, Cuv.

STERNOPYGUS VIRESCENS, Yalenc. CARAPUS FASCIATTJS, Pallas.

ERYTHRINIDiE.

MACRODON TRAHIRA, Bl. Schn. Giinther, Catal. v. 281.

HOLOTAXIS L.5:TUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form elongate, scales very large, 1. 1. 26, 1. tr. 5. Length head four times depth body, also four times in length without caudal fin. Orbit 3.3 times in length of head. Chin very prominent ; maxillary teeth as large as the premaxillaries. Dorsal fin distant from muzzle 1.5 times distance from caudal. Radii D. I. 9 ; A. 1872.]

258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

10 ; Y. 8. Pectoral reaching ventrals, ventrals iilamentous, reach- ing anal, commencing in front of dorsal. Dorsal with median rays, and caudal with longest rays filamentous.

Color, scales orange at base, with broad blackish margins form- ing rows of spots ; dorsal fin with a black spot at middle and a large black saddle below and in front of it on the back ; mandi- ble black-edged ; fins orange-red. Total length .0755 m. ; to dorsal fin .0335 ; to ventrals .027 ; to anal .0416.

This is the second species of this genus, which was character- ized by the writer. Proceedings Am. Phil. Soc, 1870, p. 563. It differs from the type H. melanostomus, in the larger scales, there being 5 in tliis, 7 in that, in a cross series.

CHARACINIDiE.

C1JRIMAT1JS CYPRINOIDES, Linn. Syst. Naturae ; Gunther, Cat. B. M. v. 290.

CURIMATUS EUTILOIDES, Kner. Denkschr. Wien. Acad., 1859,141. Giinth. v. 290. Both these species quite abundant.

PROCHILODUS INSIGNIS, Kner.

Denkschr. Wien. Acad., 1859, 147. Giinth. v. 296.

D. 11, A. 10. L. 1. 44, 1. tr. 22. Depth 2.5 times in length ; head three times. Silver-leaden above ; caudal with two black cross-bands forming chevrons with the angle directed distally. Dorsal with three, anal with two dark bauds. A single small spe- cimen.

ANOSTOMUS FASCIATUS, Spix.

Pise. Braz. t. 36. Giinth., Cat. B. M. v. 304.

L.a:MOLYTA, Cope, gen. nov.

Allied to Schizodon (Anostomus) in all respects, i. e. with mova- ble flat incisor teeth in the jaws, but differing in having the branchiostegal membranes entirely free from the isthmus. They are united to each other onl}^, and the connecting membrane bridges the isthmus throughout its length. In the onlj' species known to me the inferior teeth are truncate with entire margin, or incisor-like ; the superior are crenate.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 259

L^MOLYTA T^NIATA, Kner.

Schizoclon tfeniatns, Kner. Denkschr. Ac. Wien, 1859, 159. Gthr., v. 304.

LEPORINTIS MEGALEPIS, Giinth., var. Catal. B. M. v. 307.

Three adult specimens, two with deeper, one with shallower body. First, scales 4|-35-4 ; head 3.5 times, depth three times in length. Second, scales 5-37-5; head 3.75, depth three times in length. Third, scales 5-38-5; head 3.75, depth 3.6 times in length. All with anal rays 10, and a minute anterior spine. Ten dark dorsal cross-bands besides the three lateral spots ; the ap- propriate bands descending between the spots. The young are very strongly and handsomely cross-banded.

CHARACIDITJM ETHEOSTOMA, Cope, sp. nov.

The discovery of this little fish is interesting as extending the range of this genus over the whole of Brazil, it having been known heretofore from the neighborhood of Lagoa Santa, from a tribu- tary of the coast river, the Bio das Yelhas. Prof. Beinhardt, who discovered it, called the species from that locality Ch. fas- ciatum} The nares are separated, the anal fin short, the teeth are sim^Tle, acute, and fixed in a single series in each jaw ; none on the maxillary. Lateral line complete.

The species here described has much the coloration of the Poecilichthys or Etheostoma of our North American sti*eams.

Depth into length 5.25 times ; head 5.75 times in same. Bran- chiostegal membranes fissured far forwards. Dorsal fin commencinsr in front of ventrals B. 11 ; A. 8 ; Y. 9 ; P. 11, reaching A^entrals, ventrals reaching anal, caudal deeplj' forked. Scales 1. 1. 33, 1. tr 8 ; striate. Orbit equal muzzle 3.6 times in head, equal inter- orbital width, and length of muzzle ; profile nearly straight, lips about equal ; maxillary bone to orbit.

In spirits yellowish, probably Iw aline in life, with a black lateral band from end of muzzle, and nine quadrate brown dorsal spots from nape to tail. There is more or less connection between the spots and band, and shades across the under side opposite to these. Fins uuicolor, light. Sides of head silver, end of chin,

' See K. Dansk. V. Selsk. Forli., 1866, 55, Tab. II. f. 1. 1872.]

260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and a vertical bar at base of caudal fin black. Total lensfth •048 m.; to dorsal .0115; to anal .03; to basis caudal .039. The opercle of one of the specimens is white and smooth, of another punctate-rugose and yellow.

IGUANODECTES, Cope, gen. nov.

Dorsal fin oria:inatino; in advance of ventrals, anal elonsrate. Branchiostegal membranes united across, but not with, isthmus. Teeth in two series in the premaxillary, none in the maxillary, and one row in the mandible. They are fixed, but have contracted fangs, and broad, flat, subequally denticulate crowns, and those of the mandible stand out from the dentary bones all round. Teeth of the outer row very few, minute. Caudal fin furcate.

This genus is allied to Tetragonox)terus^ but the dentition is much weaker, approaching that of the Schizodon ; the union of the branchiostegal membranes is seen in Lsemohjta m. In the only species there are but two minute teeth of the outer premaxillary row. The other teeth are fan-shaped and smooth, and in contact, so as to form an uninterrupted series. In" Tetragonopterus the fangs are strong, not contracted, and the crowns are ridged.

IGUANODECTES TENUIS, Cope, sp. nov.

Slender, the depth entering the length (without caudal) 5.5 times, length of head 4.33 times in the same. Radii D. 12 ; A. 36; V. 9, P. 13. Pectoral reaching ventral and ventral anal. Orbit 3.2 times in head, equal interorbital width, less than length of muzzle. L. tr. al. A. i. 11-12. Caudal furcate. Distance from base dorsal to base caudal equal from former to pupil of e^-e. Color pale, a silver band along side ; base of caudal blackish. Total length .059 m. ; to basis dorsal .021 ; to basis anal .0275.

APHYOCHAKAX PUSILLUS, Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 245. Fins bright red in life.

TETRAGONOPTERUS CHALCEUS, Artedi. Agass. Cuv. Val., Gthr. Catal. v. 320.

TETRAGONOPTERUS BARTLETTII, Gthr. Am. Magaz. Nat. Hist., 1866, 30.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 261

TETRAGONOPTERUS PHCENICOPTERTJS, Cope.

D. 10 ; A. 26-T ; ventrals originating in front of dorsal, not reaching anal ; pectoral reaching ventral. Scales 5^-35-4. Depth of body 3.3 times in length without caudal ; length of head 4.2 times. Orbit 2.5 times in head, equal the plane interorbital space.

Silvery, with lateral silver band and indistinct scapular and basal caudal blackish spots. Anal and dorsal fins vermilion; caudal with a triangular vermilion spot which surrounds the basal black spot, and whose apex reaches the caudal emargina- tion.

Length .053 m.; to dorsal .021; to anal .0245.

Apparentl}^ very abundant. It is allied to the T. carolinse of Dr. Gill (Proc. Ac. Xat. ScL, Phila.), 1870, p. 92, but is a more slender fish with smaller head.

STETHAPRION CHRYSETJM, Cope, sp. nov.

Form elevated, disciform ; scales small, 19-67-16. Eadii D. 12 ; A. 37 ; V. 8, very small, not reaching anal, and commencing below dorsal. Pectoral falcate reaching nearly to line of end of ventrals. Base of anal fin covered with scales, especially ante- riorly ; dorsal with a long decurved spine in front of it. Caudal peduncle contracted. Depth into length less caudal fin, 1.66 times, length of head 3.4 times. Orbit 2.4 times in head, much larger than muzzle's length, 1.1 times in interorbital width. Pro- file of head very concave. Dorsal fin elevated, caudal deeply bi- furcate. Lateral line a little decurved medially.

Color silvery, a leaden shade from postscapular region to caudal fin, darkest in front at a postscapular spot. Below this band, yellow. Fins unspotted. Total length .071 m. ; to dorsal fin (ob- lique) .03 ; to caudal (straight) .053 ; to ventrals (oblique) .032 m.

This species is near the type S. erythrops, Cope (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1870, p. 562, fig. 5), but has larger scales and a different coloration. The genus Stethaprion has the physiognomy of 3Iij- letes, but is essentially near to Tetragonopterus. It differs from the latter chiefly in the decurved spine in front of the dorsal fin, a character it shares with Serrasalmo.

BRYCON CAPITO, Cope, sp. nov. Scales small, L. 1. 56, 1. tr. 25. Depth of body one-fourth, length of head one-third of total without caudal. Radii D. 10 ; 1872.] PART HI.— 18

262 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

0

A. 25 ; V. T (8?). Dorsal originating a little behind line of ven- tral, pectoral reaching ventral. Orbit 2.66 times in head, equal interorbital -width. Middle series of premaxillary teeth continued outwards as far as the exterior. Posterior pair of mandibular teeth very small. Color leaden, head silvery, a scapular and large basal caudal black spot.

Total length .06 m., to dorsal fin .0275, to anal .034.

CHALCETJS MACROLEPIDOTTJS, Cuvier. Cuv. Val. xxii. 240. Gunther, Cat. B. M. v. 333. Two teeth only in posterior mandibular series.

CHALCETJS EEYTHETJETJS, Cope. Pletliodectes erythrurus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1870, p. 563, fig. 6.

This species belongs to Chalceus, but differs from the type in having scales of equal size. Gunther says of this genus in his analytical key, " anal fin more or less elongate," as distinguished from " anal short" of Piahucina^ yet C. maci^olepiclotus has as many anal radii as P. erythrino'ides. Creagrutiis, with a fin of about the same length, is placed in the " elongate" anal division.

MEGALOBRYCON MELANOPTERTJM, Cope, sp. nov.

Rather stout; dorsal outline arched. Length of head three and three-fifths times in total lacking caudal fin, depth three times in same. Orbit large, equal muzzle, 3.5 times in head. Radii D. 11 ; A. 25; Y. 8, commencing opposite the third or fourth dorsal ray. Pectoral just reaching ventral. Scales 1.1. 67, exposed surface striate. Interorbital width 1.6 times diameter of orbit, gently convex, less than postorbital length of head. Premaxillary teeth in three series, the outer small, not in contact, equal to the maxil- laries, and simple or with a minute cusp on each side; ten in number on each bone. The posterior series is uninterrupted from side to side, iucludiug six teeth on each side ; the median row forms an open ^, the angles forwards. Caudal fin deeply forked.

Total length seven inches, = m. .176; length to dorsal fin .071 m. (straight) ; to anal .10 m. Color silvery, with a black band which commences between the ventral fins, on each side of the base of the anal, across the caudal peduncle, and along the middle of the upper lobe of the caudal fin to its end; anal black at base, other

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 263

fins white. A black scapular spot, and a crimson spot at the apex of each operculum. Opercular bones with purple reflections. The Ambyiacu.

This genus was proposed by Giinther, in 1869 (Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 424), on the type species, 31. cephalus. This fish is evidently nearly allied to the species here described, but is different from them in the larger size of the external series of premaxillary teeth, since they are, according to Giinther, double the size of the maxillaries, nearly in contact, and apparently more denticu- late. It is about as stout as the present fish, but the arrange- ment of the posterior series of teeth is similar to the 31. erythrop- terus. I have two specimens of the 31. melanopterus, and they agree in every detail.

MEGALOBKYCON ERYTHROPTERUM, Cope, sp. nov.

More elongate; length of head equal depth, and one-fourth the length without caudal. Orbit large, 3.5 times in head, 1.8 times in interorbital width. Radii D. 11; A. 23; Y. 8, commencing op- posite a point equal to five radii in front of the dorsal fin. Pec- torals 12, not reaching ventrals. Squamation injured, lateral line estimated 70. Teeth similar to the last, except that there are twelve pi'emaxillaries on each side, and that those of the posterior row at each end, instead of being continuous with the larger me- dian teeth of that row, are continuous with the lateral limbs of the median M -shaped row, as in 31. cephalus.

Total length If inches, = .19 m., to dorsal fin .086 m., to anal .115. Color pale and uniform, witli a black scapular and large basal caudal spot, which is prolonged as a band to the margin of the fin. Rest of caudal and all the other fins, except base of dorsal, crimson. Sides of head with pearly purple reflections.

Though the characters separating these species are few, they are important. They are found in the form of body, position of dorsal fin, anal radii, color, and dentition.

From the Ambyiacu.

TRIPORTHEUS, Cope, gen. nov. '

Dorsal short, anal elongate. Teeth in three series on the pre- maxillary bone, denticulate, in two rows on the mandible, the posterior of the latter consisting of two convex median teeth. Pectoral region compressed and keel-shaped on account of the 18t2.j

264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

development of the coracoid bones ; abdomen compressed. Dorsal fin behind the line of the ventrals.

This genns has a considerable resemblance to Chalcinus, and is intermediate between it and Ghalcinopsis, Kner. The former has two series of premaxillary teeth, the latter four; the present possesses three. The Ghalcinopais alhurnus^ Gthr., probably be- longs to Triportheus.

TRIPOETHEUS ALBUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Teeth of the premaxillary closely packed, many denticulate ; chin projecting beyond muzzle when the mouth is closed. Radii D. 11; A. 21 ; ventrals longer, extending to beyond the last ray of the dorsal. Pectorals falcate, not quite reaching end of ven- trals. Caudal deeply emarginate. Scales large 1. 1. 28, five series above the lateral line. Head 3.5 times in lenjjth without caudal: orbit large, exceeding interorbital width a little, and three times in length of head (including chin).

Color dark ashen above, sides and below silver-white; a dark spot at basis of caudal fin. Total length m. .061; length to basis of dorsal fin .0292; from D. I. to basis caudal .02. The dorsal outline of this species is regularly arched.

From the Ambyiacu.

TRIPORTHEUS FLAVUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Premaxillary teeth spaced, the anterior series in contact only exteriorly. When the mouth is closed the chin projects but little, and the profile of the head descends obliquely from that of the back. Latter gently arched. Radii D. 11; C. 20; A. 30; Y.^-, P. 11. Yentrals short, scarcely reaching the line of the last dorsal ray, pectorals sometimes attaining that point. Caudal sub- truncate. Head one-fourth length without caudal, eye 3.25 times in head, equal interorbital space .75 times in muzzle. Depth at ventral fin three times in length. Scales at ventral 6-34-5-3.

Total length 6.25 inches, = .15*7 m. Length to D. I. .08, to anal .093; to caudal .132; depth at pectoral .044. Color brownish- yellow, with golden reflections; four shaded lines above on the middles of the scale series ; above with steel-blue reflections ; a black band through the middle of the caudal.

Numerous specimens. In a young one of three inches the caudal fin is deeply furcate, as in C. alhus ; perhaps in larger speci- mens of the latter the tail is also subequal.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 265

CHALCINTIS CTJITEK, Cope, sp. nov.

An elongate species, Avitli very posterior dorsal fin. Height at pectoral fin 4.33 times, at ventral five times, in length without caudal fin. Head 3.75 times in the same; orbit 3.8 in head and 1.2 in interorbital space. Head above flat in one plane from end of muzzle to dorsal fin. Teeth small tricuspid, those of exterior row not in contact with each other. Dorsal fin short, its last ray opposite first anal; distance from base of caudal a little more than half distance from end of muzzle. Pectorals falcate, reach- ing nearly to line of dorsal. Radii D. 11 ; C. 19; A. 33 ; Y. 8 ; P. 11. The inferior caudal raj-s are shorter than the median and superior; ventrals reach to line of dorsal. The operculum is nearly as long as high. Scales 7-40-3.

Color pale golden ; head silver, the upper part of the operculum with steel-blue reflections, bounded by a groove. A round black spot on base of median caudal rays.

Total length .158 m.; length to dorsal fin .087, to anal .098.

This species is nearest the C. nematurus, Kner, but difiers from it in many important respects.

GASTEROPELECUS STELLATTJS, Kner.

Denksclir. Ac. Wiss. Wien., 1860, 17 Tab. I. f. 3; Giinther, Catal. B. M. V. 343.

EffiBOIDES MYERSII, Gill.

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 93.

D. 11, A. 52; scales 22-83-22. Head 3.4 times in length. Prof. Grill does not give the number of scales in his description, and our fishes difler from his in the less depth, which enters the length 2.7 times instead of 2.5, and the larger eye, which enters the head three times instead of 3.5 times.

RCEBOIDES RUBRIVERTEX, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii D. ii., its anterior rays 1.2 times as long as the head; A. 51. Depth 2.66 times in length, length of head four times in same. Scales 27-88-19. Ventral fin reaching anal, pectoral not reaching end of ventral. Length from dorsal to near end of adi- pose equal from same to end of muzzle (much less in R. myersii). Profile gently concave above, dorsal line very convex ; top and sides of head rugose. Exterior teeth 3 above, 4 below ; mandi- 1872.]

2G6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

bulars in one row, with fonr canines. Two rows of premaxillaries, tlie posterior wanting medially. In R. myey^sii the middle row of teeth is so curved as to be continuous with the posterior series.

Scapular and caudal spots indistinct ; general color pink. Top of head, maxillary bone, and opercula crimson ; fins immaculate. Total length .135 m. ; length to anal .059 ; to adipose dorsal .098; to first dorsal .057. This is a larger fish with a smaller head than the R. myersii. It may possibly prove to be the R. affinis, Giinth., Pr. Z. S., Lond., 1868, 246, but he describes " anal rays 55, scales 1. 1. 80," and the dorsal fin appears to be more jDOsterior.

ANACYRTUS SANGUINEUS, Cope, sp. nov.

A stout species with large scales. Sc. 12-54-12 ; radii, D. 9 ; A. 43; Y. 8, reaching anal ; P. 16, to middle of ventrals. Back much elevated, dorsal commencing in front of anal (A. i. op- posite D. 4), and nearer end of muzzle than basis of caudal by a little. Caudal deeply forked. Depth 2.6 times in length (caudal), and length of head 3.4 times in the same. Ej^e four times in length of head in adults, equal interorbital width. Operculum and orbital bones rugose.

Premaxillary teeth in two very distinct series, a canine at the inner, and one at the outer extremity of the bone. Maxillary toothed to the end, which is behind the line of the posterior margin of the orbit. Mandibular teeth with two (or three on one side of one) canines on each side.

Color pale, with a large black spot on the line from the front of the dorsal fin ; a large black spot at base of caudal fin, from which a faint line extends towards the former spot. Sides of head with purple reflections. Dorsal, adipose, candal, and anal fins vermilion, the anal with a black border. Total length .133 m. ; to basis dorsal .0626 ; to basis ventral .045 ; to adipose .10 ; to basis caudal fin .115.

This brilliantly colored fish is nearest the A. tectifer, Cope (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1870, 565), and A. ];)auci7^adiatus^ Gthr. (Catal. B. M. v. 346). It is less elongate than the former, and has a more concave profile; the anal rays are more numerous. From the latter species it is well distinguished by its well-defined exterior premaxillary series of eight teeth, and the more anterior position of the dorsal fin.

Numerous specimens from the Ambyiacu.

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 267

XIPHOSTOMA TMBO, Cope, sp. nov.

D. 10, A. 10 ; sca,Jes of lateral line 15. Last dorsal ra}^ above the fifth anal. Head (without membranous flap) three times in length to basis of caudal ; eye 7.6 times in length of head, of which four times enter muzzle (without flap) ; flap equal one diameter of eye; interorbital space flat, 1.75 times diameter of orbit. Muzzle flat above, decurved, receiving the mandibular teeth within it, striate rugose. Teeth minute, equal. A rudi- mental dermal flap on mandible. Pectoral fins reaching less than .3 distance to ventrals ; rays 15 ; Y. 8 ; extending half-way to anal. Caudal emarginate. Depth of body at ventrals 7.75 times in length without caudal.

Color light brown above, below white ; two series of small brown spots on each side, above. Top of head rosy; dermal flap of muzzle vermilion, black-edged. Opercula golden, suborbital bone with purple reflections. Dorsal fin yellowish, with two brown cross-bands ; anal with a median black spot. Caudal fin with middle and tips black, margin and space between, with raj's, white.

Total length .203; to orbit .036; to ventral .112; to dorsal .1382 ; to anal .1432 ; to caudal fin .178.

Two specimens from the Ambyiacu.

MYLETES ALBISCOPTIS, Cope, sp. nov.

DiscoidaljWith small head ; anal rays long, the fin half covered with scales. Radii D. 17 ; A. 36 ; Y. 7. Caudal fin subtruncate. Scales small, 41-100-45. Forty-seven spines in front of the anal fin. Profile scarcely concave, orbit 3.5 times in head, a little less than half the superficial width of the very convex interorbital space. Length of head 3.75 times in total, lacking caudal ; deptk 1.4 times in same. Anterior teeth separated from posterior. Pectoral fin to ventral, ventral commencing under dorsal. First ra}"- small, not reaching vent. Length .16 m. ; to line of dorsal (axial) .065 ; to line of anal (axial) .09 ; to caudal .125.

Color silvery, with blue reflections above, and golden below. A black spot on posterior edge of operculum; otherwise immaculate.

Numerous specimens from the Amb^'iacu. Two from the Per- kins collection lack the opercular spot.

1872.J

268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

MYLETES OCULUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Premaxillary series of teeth in contact. Radii D. 15 ; A. 24 ; Y. T, reaching the vent, and commencing below the first dorsal ray. Pectorals reaching base of ventrals. Preanal spines 43. Form stout ovate, dorsal and ventral curvatures equal. Depth 1.Y5 times in length without caudal ; length of head 2.5 times in same; caudal fin bifurcate. Orbit 3.3 times in length of head (of an individual .065 m. long), 1.15 times in the rather flat inter- orbital space. Profile concave, operculum rugose. Depth of above individual .0215 m. ; length to dorsal fin .03 ; to anal .031.

Color dark plumbeous, with a black spot with a wide white bordering ring just above the lateral line below the anterior part of the dorsal fin. Many specimens with vertical dark shades or fasciae. Anal fin blood-red, black at base.

This species is well distinguished by its stout head and jaws, and especially the ocellus on the side. The details do not agree with those of any described species.

MYLETES HERNIARIUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form subquadrangular or broad diamond-shaped from the angular elevation of the back, and the abrupt prominence of the abdomen. The thoracic outline is concave below the pectoral fins. Radii D. 18; A. 32; ventrals reaching vent, not attained by the small pectorals. Abdominal spines of unusual length, spine-shaped, 46 in number. Depth 1.4 times in length without caudal fin ; length of head three times in same. Orbit (in indi- vidual of .05 m. in length) 2.6 times in head, less than the slightly convex interorbital space. Profile concave ; chin and muzzle pro- jecting. Plumbeous above, silver below ; a very few small dusky dots ; anal fin blackish.

Length to dorsal fin (of above individual) .022 ; to anal .027 ; depth head at preopercular angle .01 m.

The very prominent abdominal saw, and spine-like form of its teeth, distinguish this species. Two specimens.

SERRASALMO IRIDOPSIS, Cope, sp. nov.

D. 15-6; A. 34; abdominal spines prominent, forty-one. Depth of body one-half length without caudal fin; length head a little greater than one-third the same. Orbit 3.8 in head, a little less

[January 16

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 269

than interorbital space. Yeutral fin originating opposite front of dorsal ; not reacliing vent ; pectoral reaching ventral. Bones of head striate. Caudal fin openly emarginate. Color pale fawn- color above, below silvery; four longitudinal series of round black spots above lateral line ; several scattered spots below it. Opercular apparatus brilliantly colored ; upper part of preoper- culum and orbital bones green ; middle golden, lower part purple and violet. Operculum purple above, vermilion below; interoper- culum vermilion; anal fin the same; caudal brown, edged with pale yellow centre.

Total length .104 m.; to dorsal .0535 ; to ventral .0475; to anal .0615; to caudal .084.

This brilliant species is especially peculiar in the number of its abdomino-thoracic dentations.

From the Ambyiacu.

SERKASALMO ^SOPTJS, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii D. 16; A. 32; Y. 7; pectoral falcate reaching basis of ventral. Form short, deep, dorsal curve greater than abdominal. Depth 1.66 times in length without caudal, length of head three times in the same. Scales 47-83-36; ventral spines 31.. Muzzle very short, onl}' half as long as diameter of bony orbit, which is contained four times in the length of the head, and twice in the in- terorbital space. Latter convex transversely. Lateral line slightly decurved in the middle. Dorsal fin nearer the base of the caudal (first fulcrum) than the end of the muzzle, by the length of the latter and half the diameter of the orbit.

Color bright yellow, unspotted, except a shade behind the epi- clavicle. Caudal fin with a yellow margin and black band within it ; anal fin with a dark margin.

Total length .147 m. ; to dorsal fin .075; to ventral .065; to anal .088; depth at orbit .028; at first anal ray .073.

From the Marailon between the mouth of the Rio N'egro, Brazil, and the Huallaga, Peru. Robert Perkins.

SILURID^.

PSEUDORHAMDIA PISCTARIX, Cope.

Proceed. Am. Philos. Soc, 1870, 5G9.

This species presents slight difierences in the size of the orbits and relative slenderness of the body, not dependent on age. 1872.]

^

2T0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

PIMELODTJS LATERISTRIGA, Miill. Troscli.

Gunth., Catal. v. 118.

Differs somewhat from Giinther's description, i.e.^ in the longer beards and one soft ra}'' less in dorsal and anal fin. Radii D. I. 6, A. 11, Y. 6. Maxillary barbels reaching to three-fourths the length of the adipose fin ; exterior mentals to end of pectorals.

DOKAS GRYPUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Lateral shields twenty-eight, short vertically, and furnished with a single strong reverted spine. Tail shielded above and be- low from opposite the twenty-first. Head broad, flat above, with a short concavity in the position of the fontanelle. Casque broad, obtusely roof-shaped, sending a process back on each side the dorsal fin. Body slender. Pectoral spines very powerful, reach- ing to beyond dorsal fin (in two specimens), with strong serra- tions. Dorsal spine strong, longitudinally striate, not serrate. Postclavicular process long and strong, reaching as far as the process of the casque, with an external row of teeth, which are proximally in a groove. Humeral process of coracoid swollen laterally, striate grooved. Top of head rugose. Diameter of 63^6 five times in head (to edge bony operculum), twice in interor- bital space, once in muzzle. Preorbital bone with an obtuse vei-- tical rido;e. Length of head 3.66 times in length to basis caudal fin, greatest depth 4.2 in same. Radii D. I. 6; C. forked, 15; A. 12; Y. reaching to anal 8; P. I. 6. Postcoracoid processes short, smooth, maxillary barbels to middle of pectoral spine.

Color above black, belovv light brown black-dusted, gular region yellowish. A yellow band on side, margined below by three broad longitudinal black bars. Caudal fin black, yellow medially, anal and dorsal fins black in front, yellow posteriorly ; ventrals yellow, with two black cross spots.

Total length 5 inches, = 0.1264 m.; width at humeral swellings .036 m.

This species exceeds many others in the relative size of the spines and casque.

DORAS BRACHIATUS, Cope, sp. nov.

A rather large species, of slender form, with smooth front, and very large pectoral spines. Lateral scuta forty, low, flat, and wide, with a flat reverted spine on the middle, the posterior edge

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 2Y1

with three or four serrations near the extremity; three opposite the dorsal fin much elevated, two in front of them small, spine- less. Radii D. I. 6; C. + It + ; A. 11 ; Y. t ; P. I. 8. Dorsal spine very strong compressed, with teeth pointing downwards behind and upwards before ; its length one-half length of fish an- terior to it. Pectoral spine flat, striate, with strong teeth on both faces, the posterior the longer. Eye looking partly upwards, covered with rather thick cornea 8.5 times in length to bony oper- cular margin, a little less than half interorbital width. Muzzle flattened and narrowed, the maxillary beards leading to the mid- dle of the humeral process, the mental beards half as long. Rugosity of the casque striate, bifurcating at the fontanelle, and sending an angle to the front of each orbit, and then ceasing. A weak serration of the small preorbital bone visible. Head flat between the orbits, the casque steeply roof-shaped, contracting and then expanding downwards opposite the dorsal spine, but not exceeding it. Humeral spine extending to opposite dorsal ; flat, striate ; postcoracoid short, covered with smooth skin. Ven- tral fin commencing some distance behind last dorsal ray, obtuse, not reaching vent, but reached by the pectoral spine. Caudal peduncle short; caudal fin deeply furcate. Adipose fin well de- veloped, but low. Teeth numerous, brush-like.

Total length .382 m. Length to eye .031; to dorsal spine .12 ; to ventral fin .165; to anal fin .222; to basis of caudal fin .31. Width at humeral swellings .OtT ; height at basis D. I. .095.

Colors bright ; above brownish, sides pink, below white. Fins red, except pectoral and dorsal, which are paler.

This marked species is very different in general physiognomy and details from such short, rough, black species as D.pectinifrons and D. grypus, being elongate in form, and smooth, though well armed. Discovered by Robert Perkins between the mouth of the Rio Negro and the Huallaga, in the Maraiiou.

ZATHORAX, Cope, gen. nov. Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 113.

Branchial fissure much contracted. Lateral shields not meet- ing on the middle line of the back. No adipose fin? dorsal and anal fins short. Spines and postclavicular process strong. Yen- trals behind dorsal. Scapular arch dilated below and covered with a dermo-ossification. 1872.]

272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

This genus is Doras with tlie expanded dermo-ossified sternal shield of the following genus Physopyxis. It forms a group con- necting the two, and differing from the latter in not having the lateral scuta meeting on the dorsal line. In one specimen there is no adipose fin, in a larger there is a rudiment. As in Doras, the postclavicular process is more extensively developed than the postcoracoid, while in Physopyxis the latter is developed at the expense of the former. The Zathorax monitor constitutes speci- fically a linlv between such Dorades as D. grypus and the Physo- pyxis lyra, in being of stouter form than the former, but less squat and toad-like than the latter. It has the comb-like preorbitals of the latter.

Only one species is known.

ZATHORAX MONITOR, Cope, sp. nov.

Twenty-five short lateral scuta, each with one strong recurved median spine. Casque broad, furcate to receive the dorsal fin, obtusely roof-shaped to between the orbits, where it is a little concave, weakly rugulose and striate. Preorbital bones with 12 processes above, not dentate on the lower margin. Muzzle broad, short, lips even, mouth reaching to opposite front of preorbital. Beards on the chin normal. Maxillary barbel reaching to poste- rior margin of orbit, but possibly further in a harder specimen. Orbit 3.15 times in head, 1.66 in interorbital width; head 3.75 times in length without caudal, twice to third lateral scutum. Greatest depth (at dorsal spine) 3.5 in length. Postclavicular spine extending to line of posterior process of casque, furnished with a row of distant strong teeth on the outer edge. Humeral swelling enlarged laterally, giving unusual width to this region. Postclavicular spine short, acute, sternal shield transversely striate, twice as wide as the gular region in front of it.

Radii D. I. 6, the spine trigonal, straight, not serrate before or behind, but striate; C. ?14; A. 12. P. I. 6, the spines large, reaching beyond end of ventrals, with numerous close-set teeth or spines on both edges, and a terminal one; surface striate.

Total length .038 m., width at shoulders .013 m., at canthus oris .0053. Length dorsal spine .008, of head and casque .016. The larger specimen is .052 in length.

Color destroyed by the action of the spirits; pale brown, the pectoral spines dark-spotted.

[January'' 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 273

PHYSOPYXIS, Cope. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 113. Genus novum doradi affine.

Dorsal fin with strong pungent spine, in advance of the ventrals. Gill openings much reduced, opercular apparatus attached to clavicular arch below. No adipose dorsal; anal fin short; vent median ; nares close together, the posterior minute. Barbels well developed, one maxillary and two mental on each side. Mouth terminal, teeth minute in several series.

Sides and dorsal part of the body entirely inclosed by vertical osseous shields. Head and thoracic region inclosed in a trihedral osseous box, composed of the expanded cephalic casque above, clavicular arch laterally, and the immense development of the clavicles and coracoids inferiorly. These form a shield, which extends to beneath the eyes anteriorly, and sends two postcora- coidea posteriorly, all entirely involving the derm. Pectoral spines and swim-bladder greatly developed.

This strange genus carries to its highest extreme the peculiar features of Doi^as. Thus the branchial fissures are still more re- duced, the operculum being attached all along its inferior margin; the lateral osseous dermal scuta are prolonged upwards to the median dorsal line; the pectoral spines are immensely developed. It differs further from Doras in the greater development of the inferior elements of the scapular arch and the entire occupation of the skin by the ossification. The swim-bladder is large, and extends to the skin on each side of the casque and above the humeral processes, and between the long postcoracoid processes on the inferior surface. The osseous box inclosing the anterior half of the body protects this swim-bladder, but the teleologist will suggest that perhaps, on the other hand, the large swim- bladder is necessary to float the heavy shields and defensive spines.

The small body and immense casque give this form a very pe- culiar appearance, and suggest a miniature iron-clad with mast and outriggers.

PHYSOPYXIS LYEA, Cope, sp. nov.

Muzzle short and broadly truncate, about as long as the dia- meter of the eye, lips even. Interorbital region concave, thrice as wide as the diameter of the orbit, with an oval median fonta-

1872.]

274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

uelle. Orbit 4.2 times in length to opercular margin. The casque rises from the orbits to the dorsal spine. It is keeled obtusel}*, or roof-shaped, extends on the sides nearly to the lateral line, and is prolonged into a point on each side of and behind the last ray of the dorsal fin. The humeral portion of the clavicle is much enlarged and dilated horizontally, and is produced into a post- humeral (postclavicular) spine which extends to below the dor- sal spine, is sharp-edged, striate, and not serrate.

The inferior aspect of the scapular arch is a transverse shield, convex in front, concave behind, and gently concave inferiorly, two-thirds of its width being composed of the coracoids ; the sur- face punctate. The postcoracoid processes are very long, ex- tending to bej'ond the bases of the ventral fins ; they are curved, and the extremities dilated outwards, so as to present with the thoracic portion exactly the form of the Grecian Ij're. The huge prickly pectoral spines curving round on each side, and meeting behind the ventral fins, suggest the wreath which often accompa- nies the lyre. The surface of the postcoracoid processes is longi- tudinally striate. A section of the fish in front of the pectoral fins is triangular.

The preorbital bones are well developed; they form an erect transverse crest of eleven long, sharp teeth, and are toothed late- rally and below. Casque rugulose.

Radial formula D. I. 4, C. 12, A. 12; Y. 6 ; P. I. 2. The dorsal spine is quite straight, trigonal in section, and longitudinally grooved. The inferior half in front is furnished with stout spines directed upwards ; behind smooth. The pectoral spines are very large, curved, and extend to the second or third ray of the anal fin. They are spinous, and longitudinally grooved.

The lateral shields are twentj^-three in number, and each is fur- nished below its middle with a recurved spine as in Do7'as. The surface of the plates is granular. Caudal fin truncate.

Color in front of the dorsal fin dark brown, minutely A^aried with lighter ; a light cross-band from one humeral base to the other, and another between the orbits. Posterior part of the body yellowish, with a dark spot at the base of the dorsal fin ; a band on the middle of the side, and one at the base of the tail. Pins brown-dusted ; dorsal and pectoral spines brown, yellow cross-banded. Inferior surfaces deep brown, except the osseous portions, which are pale brown.

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

21b

Total length . Length to orbit

" " opercular slit " ventral fin " anal fin " caudal fin of dorsal spine " pectoral spine " postcoracoid Width of muzzle . " at humeral knobs " "1st lateral shield Expanse of both pectoral spines

4(

a it ((

M.

0.035 .0015 .007 .015 .0189 .028 .0075 .0123 .0082 .005 .013 .003 .081

Ambyiacu River, Equador. John Hauxwell.

The preorbital comb is like that of Doras pectinifrons, Cope,

from the same region.

CALLICHTHYS ASPEE, Q. Gaim.

Giinther, v. 225.

CALLICHTHYS MELAMPTERUS, Cope, sp. nor.

The head depressed, muzzle broadly rounded. Bodj' strongly compressed ; the dorsal line rising steeply and continuously with the profile, to the dorsal fin. Caudal region much compressed ; tail openly emarginate. Inferior lip little reverted, bearing no barbels; tip of the muzzle projecting but little bej^ond the mouth. Inferior barbel extending to near the end of the ventral fin, supe- rior to near the end of the pectoral. Lateral shields 25-24, from supraclavicle. Azj^gous plates 5. Radii D. 8, A. 1, 6, V. 7, P. I. 8. Dorsal spine like other rays, pectoral toothed within, and with short tooth-like bristles without. Spine of adipose reaching to basis of caudal.

Orbit 3.5 times in length of head, twice in interorbital width. Depth of head more than two-thirds length. Length of head one- third length without caudal, equal de^Dth. Length over all, three inches.

Color dark plumbeous ; the preorbital region, and caudal and inferior fins, black.

This species is much more compressed than the C asper. Be- sides other points, there is one more pectoral ray and a diflferent

1872.]

276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

coloration from the G. knerii, Gill, from Trinidad, W. I. Nu- merous specimens.

DIANEMA, Cope, gen. nov.

Allied to Calliclithys. A single barbel at the extremity of each maxillary bone ; two barbels at the symphysis of the mandible ; teeth minute, brush-like. Body shields in two series, as in Gallichthys ; postcoracoids dilated into two shields which meet on the median line and involve the derm, as in Hoplosternum. Sides of the face not shielded ; parietal not reaching base of dorsal fin, but separated by two transverse shields of the sides. Dorsal and pectoral fins with powerful spines, caudal subtruncate. Adipose fin present, pungent.

This new genus, it will be seen, combines in an interesting manner the characters of Hoplosteryium, Gill, Brochis, Cope, and Gorydoras, Lac. The shielding is of the first, and the fin radii of the last two, while in the peculiar barbels it resembles no other. The relation of these to the double maxillary barbels of Gorydoras appears to be explained by the structure in the genus Brochis, and will be mentioned under that head.

DIANEMA LONGIBAKBIS, Cope.

Form rounded compressed; head depressed, wide, but abruptly narrowed in front of the nares. Maxillary barbels not reaching the opei'cular margin, mental to the middle of the pectoral fins. Shields 25-24, azygos four, all nearly smooth. Radii D. I. 7 I.; C. 12 ; A. 7 ; V. 7 ; P. I. 6. The pectoral spine is long and straight, terminating in a point, and is finely and strongly serrate on the inner, and finely bristled on the outer faces. Dorsal spine acute, not serrate. Length of head 3.66 in length without caudal fin, equal depth at dorsal fin. Postorbital width equal .70 length of head, width at nares equal length from muzzle to orbit ; orbit 3.75 times in head, 2.5 times in interorbital width. Total length 3^ inches, or .09 m. Color light j^ello wish-brown, fins unspotted. The specimen has, however, lost all coloration it might have had, in the spirits.

The dorsal spine is less developed than in the species of Gory- dorus. The posttemporal region is perforated by a few pores.

[January 16,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Sit

BEOCHIS, Cope, gen. nov.

Allied to the last genus. Two barbels at the extremity of the maxillary bone, united by a beard-like looped cord to the sym- physis mandibuli, the cord being thus attached at both end?. Teeth rudimental or wanting. Body with two longitudinal series of shields, the postcoracoids expanded and meeting on the median line. Head compressed, the parietal shield only separated from the dorsal spine by the basal azygos shield of the latter. Sides of head shielded to the mandibles. Dorsal and pectoral fins with strong spines ; adipose present, purgeut. Caudal fin emarginate.

This genus is allied to Corydoras, but differs from it as Hoplo- sternum does from Callichtlnjs with the addition of the peculiar pendent dermal loops of the mandible. These loops are confluent at the symphysis mandibuli, and from that point to their union with the maxillary barbels resemble exactly the mental barbels of Dianema. It is diflficult to avoid believing that these loops are homologically the recurved inferior lips of Corydoras, separated from the greater part of the ramus, but joining again at the can- thus of the mouth and giving rise to the inferior barbel. It then follows with much probabilit}^ that this connection also is severed in Dianema^ and the inferior maxillary barbel remaining as before continuous with the mandibular loop, becomes the mental barbel. In the shielding of the head, Bi^ochis is like Corydoras^ while Dianema is like Hoplosfernum, so that the affinities are compli- cated and not readily expressed by a linear arrangement.

BEOCHIS COERULEUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form short, stout, elevated, and compressed. Head steep, gently convex above the orbits and concave above and below them, and tapering to a very narrow muzzle, which overhangs the mouth a little. Scuta, 23-21, smooth, with one oval supratempo- ral shield only. Nares small, close to the orbits. One large com- bined pre- and suborbital shield ; a large subtriangular loreal plate. " Maxillary barbels extending to opposite the middle of the orbit. Shields of the head, with the postcoracoids, slightly rugose.

Length of head one-third length without caudal fin, 1.33 times in greatest depth at basis of dorsal. Orbit four times in head, more than twice in muzzle, which equals the wddth of the convex interorbital space. The dorsal outline is strongly arched, de- 1872.] PART III.— 19

2t8 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

scending behind from the middle of the dorsal fin. Radii D. I. 11, I., without adipose portion ; C. 14 ; A. 8 ; V. short, 6 ; P. I. 9. Dorsal spine moderate, serrate behind and smooth before, pectoral stronger, finely but strongly serrate behind, smooth in front ; it extends to or a little beyond the middle of the ventral in all our specimens. Length, three inches ; depth, one inch.

Color of bod}^ and sides above, with sides of head, metallic blue ; below, yellowish. Fins unspotted.

This elegant species appears to be very common in the tributa- ries of the Ambyiacu.

BROCHIS DIPTERUS, Cope, sp. nov.

This species is represented by a single specimen, which differs in several points from the type of the genus. These are: 1st, the existence of a well-developed adipose membrane to the adipose fin ; 2d, the existence of only ten rays in the first dorsal fin ; 3d, the thick attached inferior lii? with two median beards. The lateral shield of the muzzle is more completely united with the surface of the ethmoid than in similar specimens of the B. coeruleus, but not more so than in larger specimens. Scuta 24 above. Pectoral and dorsal spines serrate within. Color and proportions as in B. coeruleus, the added adipose fin having a black border behind.

The characters of seven specimens of the type species are con- stantly different from this one.

CORYDORAS, Lacep., Differs from Callichthys in the prolongation of the supraoccipital shield upwards between the lateral shields to near the base of the dorsal ra3^, and in the possession of strong dorsal and pectoral spines.

The species of this genus are referred to a section of Callich- thys by Dr. Giinther, which he characterizes by the compressed form of the head. I think they constitute a natural genus char- acterized as above, and would admit species having the above peculiarities into it, no matter what the form of the head. The new species here described, however, agree with those already known in this compression of the head and body. The genus differs from Brochis in the non-shielding of the intercoracoid re-

o

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 279

gion, and of the sides of the muzzle, these regions being inclosed by membrane only.

One species, C. semiscutatus., Cope, has the postcoracoid pro- cesses much widened and with a superficial rugose ossification of the derm, thus approaching Brochis. The median portion of the thorax is, however, not inclosed. The sides of the head are also more fully ossified than in other species.

The typical species present interesting modifications of the in- ferior lips. Thus, that of G. ambiacus is broadly reflexed, of equal thickness, and furnished on its posterior border with two short barbels. In C. trilineatus the lip is recurved, and without barbels, but the margin is thickened into a cord, which is con- nected with the edge of the mandible by a membrane so attenu- ated as to be easily ruptured, when the arrangement resembles closely that seen in Brochis. In the third group the inferior lip appears to be entirely wanting. I add to the characters of the four new species here described those of the three recorded by Giinther, as far as I can learn them.

Group I. Head longer than high ; barbels to middle of orbit ; "A. 6."

C. PALEATUS.

Head higher than long ; barbels to operculum ; A. I. 6. Muzzle long ; dorsal spine moderate serrate; irregularly spotted. C. ambiacus.

Group II.

Muzzle short, convex ; barbel to posterior edge of orbit ; dorsal and anal spines shorter, former smooth ; a light lateral band, divided and margined by a black line. C. trilineatus.

Group III.

Muzzle produced, acute, concave ; barbel to middle of orbit ; dorsal and anal spines short, former serrate ; no azygus shields ; uniform, with a pale lateral band. C. acutus.

Muzzle short, acute, concave ; barbels to middle of orbit ; dorsal and anal spines very long, former smooth ; four azygus shields ; olive, black- dotted. C. AMPHIBELUS.

Group ? ?

"Head high as long; barbels to gill opening ; A. 8." C. punctatus.

" Similar to C. paleatns, but fins immaculate ; A. I. 6." C. aeneus.

"Head higher than long, muzzle short convex; barbels to below eye; dorsal spine long, serrate ; anal short, four or five azygus plates ; anterior scutes with vertical rows of black spots." C. armatus.

1872.]

280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

COEYDORAS SEMISCUTATTIS, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii D. I. 11, I., ho adipose portion; A. I. 6 ; V. 6; P. I. 10.

Scuta 23 above, including postccphalic, no azygus shields. Pre- orbital bone and shield single, large, extending half way from orbit to maxillary, and downwards, .4 way to line of maudible. Postcoracoid processes wide, with convex; inner margins which are separated by a wide fissure, the surface striate rugose, no lateral shield separates them from the base of the ventral fins.

Profile steep, arched in front of nares; muzzle contracted, pointed. Orbit 3.5 times in head, 1.66 times in muzzle and inter- orbital space. Head 2.8 in length without caudal fin ; depth 2.4 times in same. Inferior lip beaded on margin, which easily separates, forming a loop ; no median barbels visible.

General color above pearly or nacreous-blue, with metallic re- flections on postclavicle and operculum.

This species shows a mai'ked tendency to the genus Brochis in the increased extent of the osseous shields of the thorax and sides of the head. The enlarged number of dorsal fin raj's is an- other indication of such affinity. It represents very closel}', I have no doubt, a young stage of Br^ochis coerideus in the incom- pleteness of the shield development, and might, by some, be re- garded as that animal itself. Specimens of the latter of nearly the same size betray no approach to it in characters, and experi- ence elsewhere warrants the opinion that the parallelism will be seen at a far younger age than any of our specimens represent.

CORYDORAS PALEATUS, Jen. Callichthys paleatus, Jenyns Voyage Beagle Fishes, p. 113. Giinther, Catal. B. M. v. 230.

CORYDORAS AMBIACUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Form ,stout, compressed, dorsal line arched, front convex at orbit, slightly concave on the elongate muzzle. End of muzzle a little projecting beyond mouth, its outline gradualh^ expanding to orbit. Interorbital region transversely convex. Lower li[) widely reverted, its marginal barbels each shorter than the dia- meter of the e3'e. Latter 3.33 times in length of head, 1,15 times into muzzle and interorbital width. Length of head 3,2 times in length without caudal fin, and 1.25 in depth of body.

Lateral shields 22-21 ; azygus shields one basal and one flat,

[Februarj' 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 281

Eadii D. 1. 1. A. I. 6; Y. 6; P. I. 9, the spine acute, serrate on inner side, reaching half-way along ventral. Anal spine short, weaker than adipose dorsal spine. Latter with adipose appendage.

Straw color, with numerous indefinite brown spots on the sides. Dorsal fin with a large black spot covering anterior half, which also expands on the dorsal region round the base of the fin. Four vertical brown bands on caudal fin; anal spotted. Cheeks with blue reflections. Length .058 m.; depth at D. I. .018 m.

CORYDORAS TRILINEATUS, Cope, sp. nov.

This species is easily distinguished from the other species here noticed, by the short, abruptly decurved muzzle, and three longi- tudinal lateral lines.

The head is much deeper than long, and enters the length with- out caudal fin 3.5 times, and the greatest depth 1.5 times. Orbit 2.15 in head, 1.5 in convex interorbital space. Lateral shields 21- 20 ; two highly keeled azygus. Radii D. 1. 1 ; A. I. 6 ; V. 6 ; P. I. 6, the spine acute, without serrations; the dorsal spine serrate throughout behind, not extending to the base of the adipose spine. Latter much larger than anal spine, attached to an adipose portion.

Light straw-colored, brownish above, a j^ellowish lateral band with rather faint brown margin above and below, and blackish median line. A very black spot on tJie ends of the soft dorsal rays ; tail deeply forked, with five vertical bands ; anal spotted. Some longitudinal lines on the side of the face. Length .049 m., depth .015 m.

The mouth in this species is quite inferior. The peculiar struc- ture of the lower lip, which is a festoon supported by a thin mem- brane, I have verified on two individuals. The thick margin on each side bears a very short barbel.

CORYDOEAS ACUTUS, Cope, sp. nov.

A stout species, differing from the others, especially in the at- tenuation of the muzzle, which viewed from above is narrow, and contracted abruptly from the general outline. Mouth inferior, lower lip wanting or not reverted. Head 3.1 times in length without caudal, 1.33 times in depth. Orbit three times in head, 1.33 times in the nearly flat interorbital space. Lateral scuta 22- 21 ; no azygus plates. Radii D. I. 7 ; A. I. 6 ; V. 6 ; P. I. 5, the

I8i:2.]

282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

spines serrate on the inner side. Dorsal spine serrate poste- riorly on the distal half. Adipose spine without fin, stouter than anal spine. Caudal fin furcate.

Color olive (faded), a faint pale baud on each side; a large black spot on distal part of dorsal rays. Caudal with four verti- cal bars ; clavicle and operculum with blue reflections. Length .051 m., depth .0155 m.

CORYDORAS AMPHIBELUS, Cope, sp. nov.

A species much like the last, but differing in its longer spines, short muzzle, and numerous azygus shields, etc. Form the stoutest in the genus, profile descending steeply from the dorsal fin to be- low the nares, then concave, and descending to the narrow muz- zle. Head three times in length lacking caudal, 1.4 times in depth. Orbit 3 times in head, 1.6 times in interorbital width. Lateral shields 21-19, four flat azygus. Radii D. I. T ; A. L 6 ; V. 6 ; P. I. 6, the spine serrate within. Dorsal spine serrate posteriori}^, elon- gate, reaching the adipose spine when depressed. Adipose long without fin, but shorter than the slender spine of the anal. Total length .037 m.; depth .0124 m.

Color light olive, face with blue reflections. Numerous small black dots on the side shields, which are only wanting on the middle line of the side. Dorsal with a black spot on the ends of its radii, and another at the base of its spine. Caudal with four vertical cross-bars.

CORYDORAS PUNCTATTJS, Bloch.

G. geoffroyi, Lacep. CallicMTiys punctatus, D'Orb. Cuv. Val. Giiuth. v. 229.

Surinam, Monte "Video.

CORYDORAS .ENEUS, Gill.

Hoplosoma aneum, Gill., Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1851, p. 403. Callichthys, do. Giintlier, 1. c.

Trinidad, W. L

I cannot learn the structure of the lips in this and the follow- ing species : —

CORYDORAS ARMATUS, Giinth.

CallicMhys armatus, Gthr., Pro. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1868, p. 230. Fig. 1.

Xeberos on the Huallaga, Peru.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 283

CORYDOEAS SPLENDENS, Cast.

CallicMhys splendens, Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. Rar. Am. Sud. 39, Tab. 18, f. 3.

Rio Tocautins.

OTOCINCLUS, Cope.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1871, p. 112.

Subfamily' Hypostomatina of Giinther'-s system. "Ventral fins immediately below the front of the short dorsal ; branchial fis- sures extending a little below pectoral fins. Vent a little behind the middle of the body. Body shielded with several series of I^lates, the anterior less numerous. Thoracic and abdominal re- gions with nnmerous shields. No adipose fin ; dorsal with weak, pectoral with strong spine. Inter-operculum horizontal, beneath the orbit, unarmed. No barbels. The teeth as in allied genera. Post-temporal region pierced with numerous foramina, forming a sieve, which only separates the water from a large cavit}^ on each side of the modified anterior vertebrae, by the thin skin which covers it.

This genus is allied to Hypoptopoma, and apparently to Rhine- lepis. The arrangement of the opercular bones is like that seen in the former (see figure of H. bilobatum in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 1870, p. 561), while the absence of adipose fin and general rugo- sity are seen in the latter. Neither exhibits the remarkable per- foration of the post-temporal plate. This is, in the only known species, so extensive as to cover the whole plate to the orbit, whicli becomes thus a siceleton sieve of some beauty, through which the cavity within may be plainly seen. Its use is unknown, but may be connected with the function of hearing, as the genus has no swim-bladder.

OTOCINCLTIS VESTITTJS, Cope, sp. nov.

Body compressed, head elongate oval, neither elevated. Muz- zle rounded-acuminate, projecting much beyond mouth, nareal opening near orbit. Loreal region vertical, a canthus rostralis ; muzzle a little convex between nares and orbits ; profile gently arched from dorsal fin to end of muzzle. Scales obtusely angu- late behind, the exposed surface covered with distant elongate prickles. Four rows on the caudal peduncle, the third from above bearing some tubes of the lateral line, and becoming more elon- gate and oblique anteriorly, until from the point of the pectoral 1872.]

284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

they occupy the entire inferior half of the side. The second does not enlarge till near the postcephalic plates, where two or three occupy the upper half of the side. Longitudinal line con- taining twenty-one. Those of the superior and inferior series are angulate near the margin of the peduncle, and meet on the supe- rior and inferior median lines by a straight suture. Thus these faces form distinct but slightl}^ convex, narrow planes. Parietal shield broader than long, postparietal large, its apex separated from D. I. by two cross-shields, the first wider. A large shield on each side the postparietal. The whole of this region swollen, greatest width of head at the sieve.

Orbit three times in head, twice in interorbital width; head 3.5 times in length, without caudal fin ; depth 4.5 times in same. Caudal fin well developed, deeply forked. Dorsal elevated in front ; radii I. 6 ; C. 17 ; A. I. 5 ; Y. I. 5 ; P. I. 5 ; the spine flat, reaching the basal fourth of the ventrals, with short spines out- side which become teeth at the end; within smooth. Scapular arch rather narrow below, followed by thi'ee series of shields, of which the lateral are long and narrow. These gradually diverge and admit three series of small scales, which again diminish and terminate in an obtuse point between the ventral fins. This leaves with the ends of the lateral shields a Y-shaped naked space, at the end of which is situated the vent. These are covered with numerous short bristles, like the scales of the dorsal region. The head, esj^ecially the muzzle, and more particularly the sides of the latter, are covered with many short, closely set, spiny bristles, which give the whole fish a hoary appearance when dry. Spines of fins also hirsute. Teeth bristle-like, those of the mandibular rami opposed to each other.

Yellowish-brown above, browner on the head, darkest on the lores. Sides and below bright yellow, a weak dark shade on lateral line, and large black spot at base of caudal. Fins un- spotted. Total length .04 m. ; length to anal fin .02 ; width of head behind .001.

Tributaries of the Ambyiacu.

LIPOSARCUS VARITJS, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii D. II. 13, I. ; C. I. 14, I ; A. 5 ; Y. I. 5 ; P. I. 6. Dorsal longer than high, basis nearly equal length in front of it. Pec- toral spine to middle of ventral ; superior caudal ray shorter

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 285

than inferior. Scuta 1. 1. 28, 1. tr. 4. Inferior resjions granular : clermo-ossification of head extending to inferior plane all around, Orbit small, three times in interorbital width, five times in head, width a little greater than length. A marked canthus rostralis to beyond nares; loreal region steep, concave. An occipital keel, nuchal shields two-keeled. Elevation at latter, equal length muzzle and orbit.

Scales rugose, with a serrate median keel ending in a point.

Above, brown ; below, 3^ellowish-brown, closel}^ spotted with dark brown, most coarsely on the bell}'-, and finely on the head, leaving vermicular interspaces ; eight rows of black spots on the dorsal fin. Other fins, except the caudal, closely black-spotted.

Length .18 m. ; to anal fin .085 ; to mandible .01.

Numerous young specimens of this species, the largest .085 m. in length, disjjlay the following characters of immaturity. The inferior surfaces are smooth, and in the smaller the dermo-ossifi- cation of the loreal region exists only in spots, and in still smaller is wanting.

Two large specimens from Perkin's expedition have the hume' ral width and the total length, the base of the dorsal fin enters the same 3. 75 times, and is equal the length of the pectoral spine, and the greatest depth of the body enters six times. The speci- mens agree with Castelnau's L. pardalis in having dorsal radii 1.12, but differ in having no keel on each side of the back poste- rior to the dorsal fin, and in having large spots on the belly, not " punctse." The former character I derive from Castelnau's figure only.

The young of a second species of this genus occurs in the col- lection.

PLECOSTOMTJS BISERIATUS, Cope, sp. nov.

Radii D. I. 7 ; A. 5 ; Y. I. 5 ; P. I. 6. Lateral series of scuta 28, three rows between ventral and dorsal fins. Elevation of first dorsal ray equal length of head ; length of basis equal to dis- tance from spine of adipose, and 1.66 times length of head and nape. Scuta between dorsals 8, between anal and caudal 16. Pectoral spine to basis of ventral. Scuta not carinate, coarsely striate, the striifi terminating in a few small spines.

Head short, entering length without caudal fin 4.5 times, and

a little less than width. A postoi'bital and orbito-nareal angle,

rim of orbit elevated above front. An obtuse median occipital lh72.J

286 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

elevation, nuchal scuta not keeled. Orbits four times in head, 2.5 times in interorbital space. Muzzle regularly acuminate, a triangular spot on extremity, smooth. Margins of muzzle not spinous. Inferior surfaces rugose, except a smooth band sur- rounding posterior lip, and a quadrate area within ventral fins. Lip entire ; barbels short.

Inferior caudal ray one-quarter longer than superior, no long bristles on it or the ventral- Total length 1.55 m. ; do. to dorsal fin .045 ; to anal ; hume- ral width .07. Color yellow; below white, immaculate. Above with three rows of ill-defined blackish spots at the unions of scales, the inferior wanting behind the line of the dorsal fin. Head above with many close brown dots. Dorsal fin with two rows of blackish spots between each pair of rays ; one series be- tween the caudals. Twenty-eight teeth on each ramus maudibuli. From the Amazon, from Robert C. Perkins. This species is especially distinguished by its short head, and by the characters of squamation of lower surface, color, etc.

PLECOSTOMUS SCOPULARIUS, Cope, sp. nov. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1871, p. 55.

Is represented by a number of similar young individuals. They differ in having a more slender muzzle, and dorsal radii II. 12, 1. Ventrals also I. 5.

CHJETOSTOMUS, Tsch. Heckel.

There appear to be five nearly related species in the collection from the Arabyiacu, and I cannot find that any of them have been noticed by authors. Their characters may be summarized as fol- lows : —

I. Muzzle naked, D. I. 7.

Muzzle with tentacles ; eye 3.33 times in interorbital space ; head 3^^ times in length (without caudal). Head wide. Black below, white-dotted.

C. ALGA.

II. Muzzle with a broad naked marginal band ; no tentacles ; D. I. 7. Eye three times in interorbital width; head broad, short, 3.75 times in length ; 1. 1. 23. Brown, with indistinct pale spots ; uniform below.

C. MALACOPS.

Eye three times in front, head wedge-shaped, roofed in front, 3.5 times in length ; naked band narrower ; blackish, white-dotted below.

C. TECTIROSTRIS.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 287

Eye 2.33 times in front ; head short, contracted at the front, four times in length ; canthus rostralis vertical concave ; brown, with many large oval pale spots above only. C. varioltjs.

III. Unossified margin of muzzle exceedingly narrow, no tentacles, D. I. 7.

Head short, broad, 4.25 times in length ; eye 2.66 in front. Black, below brown ; small. C. sericeus.

The smallest of these species, it will be observed, has the most complete dermo-ossification, and the largest the least. The next largest species, G. tectirostris, is next most fully ossified, while the G. malacops^ with but little ossification, is after G. sericeus, and G. variolus the smallest. So there is no relation between the ossification and the size.

It may be observed that these species all agree in many points not above mentioned, viz. : Anal radii V. ; V. I. 5 ; P. I. 6 ; and in having the inferior lobe of the caudal longer than the superior. Thorax and belly naked ; lateral lines 23-4.

CH^ETOSTOMUS ALGA, Cope, sp. nov.

Width of head 3.33 times in length without caudal. Preoper- cular spines thirteen, of which two posterior are longer, and ex- tend a little beyond the line of the orbit. Muzzle with numerous tentacles on the margin and sides, and a Y-shaped series above of larger size, the largest in front at the apex of the Y. Dorsal spine a little longer than base of fin, one-half length ; pectoral spine extending to basal third or two-fifths of ventral spine. Scuta with ten serrate subequal ridges, each terminating in a spine. The ossification of the derm forms only a narrow baud in front of nares and orbit.

Total length .165 m. I associate with this species a second specimen, which agrees in every respeet except in wanting tenta- cles. This is probably, as Giinther states of G. cin^hosus, the female.

This species is apparently near the latter species, but has a shorter body.

CH^TOSTOMUS MALACOPS, Cope, sp. nov.

The lores are naked to near the nares, but the ossification ex- tends in an angle to the middle of the muzzle. Width of head

o'

1872.]

288 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OP

3.4 in total without caudal. Ten principal bristles, the longest not extending to hinder margin of orbit. Dorsal spine longer, 1.5 times in length anterior to it ; pectoral reaching beyond base of ventrals. Ten plates from anal to caudal, five between dorsals. Color brown, with many closely placed yellow spots. Length .097 m. With the last; two specimens.

CH^TOSTOMTJS VARIOLUS, Cope, sp. nov.

This species has a much narrower unossified labial margin than the last, the muzzle being entirely covered above to near the lip. Thirteen principal opercular spines which do not extend beyond the line of the orbit ; three of them longer and subeqnal. Loreal region vertical. Scuta between dorsals 6, between anal and caudal 10. Dorsal spine 1.5 times length from its base to muzzle. Pec- toral spine a little beyond base of ventral. Ridges of scuta re- presented by rows of bristles, which give them a hoary appearance. No keels.

Length .068 ra. Color bright brown, with numerous large round yellow spots ; belly unspotted. With the last.

CH^TOSTOMUS TECTIROSTRIS, Cope, sp. nov.

Naked labial band as wide as space between nares and orbit. Only eleven preopercular spines, of which two posterior are sub- equal, longer, and reaching a little beyond line of orbit. Loreal region oblique, nearly plane. Dorsal spine L66 times in length in advance of it. Pectoral spines to a little bej'ond ventral. Scuta between dorsals 5, behind anal 10. The scuta are serrate ridged as in C. alga. The muzzle is ridged on the median line, and the sides slope gradually on each side ; no other ridges on the head.

Black, with minute yellow dots above and below. Length .13 m., greatest width of head .031. Two specimens.

CH^TOSTOMTJS SERICETIS, Cope, sp. nov.

This species has a more elongate body than the others here de- scribed, the length containing that of the head 4.25 times, and the width 3.5 times. The head is thus wide and flat, and the naked portion is reduced to a very narrow band along the margin of the muzzle. Latter convex in section, loreal region concave. Eleven spines, the posterior not quite reaching line of posterior

[February 13,

I

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 289

rim of orbit. Dorsal spine 1.5 times in length in front of its base ; pectoral scarcelj^ beyond base of ventral. The ridges of other species are represented by rows of bristles. No ridges on the head. Color black, unspotted, or in a smaller specimen with faint pale spots above. Length .067 m. Two specimens with the preceding.

This species and the C. malacops might have been regarded as the young of C. tectirostris and C. alga, respectively, were it not that the larger individuals possess the characters of immaturity exhibited b}^ other animals, viz., larger head, and less ossification of the derm of the muzzle.

LORICAEIA ACUTA, Cuv. VaL

XV. 472 ; Gthr., Calal. B. M. v. 258. From the Ambyiacu.

PARIOLITJS, Cope, gen. nov.

Allied to Tricliomycterus. Ventral fins present, anterior to the short dorsal. Anal fin short; vent situated beneatli the dorsal fin ; no adipose fin. No nasal barbel, one maxillary and two lateral mentals. No armature on any of the opercular bones. Teeth in brush-like series.

This genus is allied to Trichomycterus in the extensive bran- chial fissures and other characters, but differs in the absence of armature of the head, and number and position of tentacles.

PAKIOLIIJS ARMILLATUS, Cope, .«p. nov.

Head flat rounded, ej^es small, superior, covered by the skin. Head 4.5 times in length to basis of caudal fin. Depth at D. I. one-half length to basis pectoral fin ; width of head two-thirds the same distance. Interorbital width 3.66 times in lensfth of head. Maxillarj'- and external mental barbels extending beyond basis of pectoral ; inner mental barbel on half the same. Radii D. 7; P. 8 ; V. 6 ; A. 11 ; caudal acuminate. Skin entirely smooth.

Color dark-brown, nearly black on the top of the head; under surfaces from anus brownish-j'cllow, brown punctulate. A broad 3'^ellow collar extends from the under surface on each side across the bases of the pectoral fins and the vertex. A vertical dark spot on base of caudal ; fins brown-spotted.

1872.]

290 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

M. Total length . . . . , . . . .0.041

Length to opercular edge 0078

" pectoral fin 008

" dorsal 0158

" anal 0245

" caudal 033

From the Ambyiacu, Jno, Hauxwell,

PAKIODON MICROPS, Kner.

Sitzungsb. Wien. Acad., 1855, p. IGl. Giinther, Catal. B. Mus. v. 375.

A fine specimen of this fish was obtained by Robert Perkins. It is nearly allied to Stegophiliis Rhdt., and belongs to the Stego- 2')hilina of Giinther. The latter author, however, places it in his Trichomycterina, a step calculated to mislead the student, as it contradicts its natural characters. Giinther does not appear to have seen the fish, and perhaps Kner omits mention of the cha- racters necessary to decide the question. It possesses the very posterior vent, and the gill covers united with the throat found by Giinther to define the Stegophilina.

SYMBRANCHIDiE

SYMBRANCHUS MAEMORATUS, Bl.

The fishes of the Ambyiacu, so far as made known by the pre- ceding investigation, are referable to eight families, fifty genera, and seventy-four species. These are distributed as follows : —

Gen. Species.

Chromidid^, t 15

Clupeid^, 1 1

osteoglossid^, 1 1

Sternopygid^, 2 3

Erythrinid^e, 2 2

Characinid^, 21 29

SlLURID^, 15 24

Symbranchid^, 1 1

Fort3'-seven of the above species and nine of the genera are new to science, and are referable to the following families : —

[February 13,

Gen.	Species.
0	9
0	1
3	16
6	20

natural sciences of philadelphia. 291

Chromidid^, Erythinid^, Characinid^,

SiLURIDuE,

The general character of this list is that of any other part of the Amazon basin, presenting peculiarities in peculiar species and in genera not found in the lower Amazon. Such genera amonor Characindae are TrijMrtheus^ Megalobrycon, Aphyocharax, Iguano- dectes^ and Stethaprion ; among Siluridse, Diariema, Brochis, Za- tliorax, Pliysopyxis^ Otocinclus, and Pariolius. A genus (Cha- racidium) previously only known by one small species from a Brazilian coast stream, has its range greatl}"^ extended by the discovery of a species in the Ambyiacu.

The species contained in the Perkins collection are as follows : —

CHROMIDIDJE.

Pterophyllum scalare, C. y.

Symphysodon DISCUS, Heck.

CiCHLA ocellaris, B1. Schn.

Geophagus proximus, Cast. Radii D. XYII-XTIII-11 ; A. III-

8. Scales 6-34-12, upper and lower halves caudal fin scaly to

near end. Hygrogonus ocellatus, Agass.

SCIAENID.!:.

One species.

PLEUKONECTIDa;.

One species.

OSTEOGLOSSID.E.

OSTEOGLOSSUM BICIRRHOSUM, Vand.

CHARACINID.S:. CURIMATUS CYPRINOIDES, L.

Hemiodus microlepis, Kner. Tetragonopterus chalceus, Artedi. Myletes albiscopijs. Cope. Myletes bidens, Spix. Myletes, sp. nov. 1872.]

292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Serrasalmo ^sopus, Cope. Serrasalmo humeralis, Kner. Serrasalmo nattereri, Kner. Hydrolycus scomberoides, Spix.

RCEBOIDES RUBRIVERTEX, Cope.

SILURIDffi.

Cetopsis ccecutiens, Licht. Pabiodon microps, Kner. Piramutana, sp. nov. Callophysus lateralis, Gill. Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, B1. Schn, Rhinodoras NIGER, Yalenc. Doras brachiatus, Cope. Plecostomus scopularius. Cope. Plecostomus biseriatus, Cope. LiPOSARCUs VARius, Cope.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 293

EXPLAITATIO^ OF THE PLATES.

Plate III.

Fig. 1. Doras pectinifrons Cope.

Plate IY.

Fig. 1. ZatTiorax monitor Cope ; b from below ; c from front. " 2. Otocinclus vestitus Cope; 6 from above; c head, side view.

Plate Y.

Fig. 1. Physopyxis lyra Cope; h from below ; c from front. " 3. Chcetostomus 7nakccops Coi^e; 5 from below.

Plate YI.

Fig. 1. Corydoras semiscutatus Cope; b from below. " 3. Corydoras trilineatus Cope ; b from above ; c from below.

Plate YII.

Fig. 1. Dinnema longibarbis Cope ; a from above ; b from below. " 3. BrocMs coeruUus Cope ; a from above ; b from below.

Plate YIII.

Fig. 1. Iguanodectes temiis Cope (adipose fin omitted by artist) ; la denti- tion. " 2. GJiaracidium etheostoma Cope; (\.eni\iio\x. " 3. Triportlieus albus Cope; ^QMiiiiorx.

Plate IX.

Fig. 1. Anacyrtus sanguineus Cope. " 3. Serrasalmo iridopsis Cope. " 3. BrocMs coeruleus Cope.

Plate X.

Fig. 1. CrenieicJda anthurus Cope. " 2. Megalobrycon erytliroptertim Cope.

Plate XI.

Fig. 1. GeopJiagus badiipinnis Cope.

" 2. Varus centrarchoides Cope.

" 3. Acara syspilus Cope.

" 4. Acara flavilabr is Cope. 1872.] part III.— 20

294 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Plate XII.

Fig. 1. 3[yletes alhiscopus Cope. " 2. Myletes oculus Cope. " 3. Myletes herniarius Cope.

Plate XIII.

Fig. 1. Megalohrycon melanopterum Cope. " 2. Xiplwstoma tcedo Cope. " 3. (Jharacidium etheostoma Cope.

Plate XIY.

Fig. 1. TriportJieus flavus Cope. " 2. Triportheus albus Cope. " 3. Clialcinus ctiUer Cope. " 4. CaUichihys melampterus Cope. " 5. The same ; head from above.

Plate XY.

Fig. 1. Boras grypus Cope. " la. I)o. from below.

" 2. Cliatostomus tectirostris Cope. " 3. Chcetostonius alga Cope, from above.

Plate XYI.

Fig. 1. Plecostomus scopularius Cope; one-fourth natural size. " 2. Same from below.

Plate XYII.

Fig. 1. Notliopsis rugosus Cope.

2. Do. head from side.

3. Bo. n u above.

4. Bo. u u below. .5. Dentition of upper jaw and palate. 6. TrigonocepliaHs atrox Cope, var. from Central America.

u u u

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 295

November T.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-four members present.

The death of Wilhelm Ritter von Ilaidinger, a correspondent of the Academy, was announced.

Prof. Cope exhibited a specimen of a Galeodes, probably G. pallipes of Say, taken in the town of Denver, Colorado, by Dr. Gehrung. xVccording- to that gentleman, it was common in that place in houses, and was an euem}^ and destroyer of the Cimex lectulariws (bedbug). In captivity, it showed a preference for them as food, and crushed them in its short cheles, preliminar3^ to suck- ing their juices.

Mr. Thomas Meehan said that while travelling throu2;h a wood recently he was struck in the face bj^ some seeds of Ilamamehs virginica, the common Witch Hazel, with as much force as if they were spent shot from a gun. Not aware before that these capsules possessed any pi'ojecting power, he gathered a quantity in order to ascertain the cause of the projecting force, and the measure of its power. La3'ing tiie capsules on the floor, he found the seeds were thrown generally four or six feet, and in one in- stance as much as twelve feet awa}'. The cause of this immense projecting power he found to be simply in the contraction of the horny albumen which surrounded the seed. The seeds were oval, and in a smooth bony envelope, and when the albumen had burst and expanded enough to get just bej'ond the middle where the seed narrowed again, the contraction of the albumen caused the seed to slip out with force, just as we would squeeze out a smooth tapering stone between the finger and thumb.

November 21. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-six members present.

The following paper was presented for publication : —

"Notes on Feldspars and some other Minerals of Philadelphia and vicinity." By Theo. D. Rand.

Mr. Thomas Meehan said that of all the problems that faced the botanist, few seemed more impenetrable than the law which governed the angular divergence in the branches of plants. Sorde

1872.]

296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

grew quite prostrate, and others, though closely allied species, might be strictl}^ erect. At the present season of the year we ma}^ note plants witli prostrate leaves or branches, which in spring will have them of a sharp, uj^right angle. Tlie verbascums at the present time, especially V. blattaria^ had their root leaves so firml}'' pressed against the ground, that on lifting they would fall back with a spring ; as soon as the central axis grew, the leaves from that would be almost upright. In some respects, erection or prostration became almost specific characters. The Bubus viUosits usnall}'' grew erect even from infancy, and the Hubus canadensis generally trailed ; yet the last-named would sometimes throw up strong erect stems, which could scarcely be distinguished in that stage from B. villosus. Again, the same species of tree would often produce individuals quite erect, and at other times ver}' pendent, and hence we had in Horticulture the class of weep- ing trees. All trees seemed to have this power of producing pen- dent individuals. The oaks, ashes, poiDlars, elms, all furnished familiar examples.

It was usual with botanists to pass these things over as " weak- nesses." But the term weakness explained nothing. To say that these plants had lost the power of erection, was simply re- stating the primar}^ fact. Moreover, some of these prostrate forms had apparently more vigor than the erect ones. Biibus canaden- sis was weaker than B. villosus, truly ; but, on the other hand, some of the Russian trailing junipers were far more vigorous than an3' of the upright forms. The weeping beech also was in appearance more vigorous than the ordinary forms. All beeches had their young growth pendent. As the growth matured, the branches became erect ; but in the weeping form erection did not come with maturit}', and hence it remained pendent. In the ashes, however, there was no pendency in the young growth ; but the " weeping ash" was one of the most decided of all drooping trees. In such cases as these, the law which governed the angles of divergence must either be different in each case, or operate at different stages of the development of the branches.

In his late travels in the Rocky Mountains, he came on a tract covered profusely with one of the small creeping Euphorbias, probably E. cordata, in which a large quantity grew perfectly erect. Sometimes only a portion of the plant exhibited this character, at other times all the plant was upright. The speci- mens he exhibited were of the erect class. In all these cases the plant was attacked by a small fungus, jEcidium eiqjhorbise., hy- pericsefolia of Schweinitz. He thought that the fact that this little fungus should be able to make a usually creeping plant, rooting from every joint, entirely lose this character and become erect, was worthy of some notice by students in this branch of botan3^

[Februarj^ 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 297

Flies as a 3Ieans of Communicating Contagious Diseases.

Prof. Leidy remarked tliat at this time, during tlie prevalence of smallpox, he was reminded of an opinion he had entertained that flies were probably a means of communicating contagious disease to a greater degree than was generall^^ suspected. From what he had observed in one of the large military hospitals, in which hospital gangrene had existed, during the late rebellion, he thought flies should be carefully excluded from wounds. Recently he noticed some flies greedily sipping the diffluent matter of some fungi of the Phallus impudicus. He caught several, and fonnd that on holding them by the wings they would exude two or three drops of liquid from the proboscis, which, examined b}^ the microscope, were found to swarm with the spores of the fungus. The stomach was likewise filled with the same liquid, swarming with spores.

November 28. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Twenty-three membei's present.

The deaths of Rev. E. E. Adams and Gen. F. F. Cavada, cor- respondents of the Academy, were announced.

Prof. Cope made some remarks on the fauna of the Wyan- dotte Cave in Southern Indiana. He stated that the blind fish of the Mammoth Cave (Amblyopsis spelseus) was not rare in waters flowing from it, and that an Astacus^ probably A. pellu- cidus also occurred. He had detected two species of Anophthal- mus, both of which were new, according to Dr. Horn ; and three Staphylinidse^ two of which were to be described by Dr. Horn. A cricket of the genns Raphidophora^ and two species of flies, were also common. There were two species of spiders, one a true Aranean^i the other allied to Opilio. A centipede allied to Pseudotremia was very abundant. A curious aquatic crustacean with external egg-pouches was fonnd in an old trough. The most remarkable animal is a crustacean of the Lernaean division, found parasitic on the npper lip of the Amblyopsis. It had an elongate cephalothorax, oval abdomen separated by a constriction, not distinctly segmented, and with short egg-pouches. The an- terior limbs modified into a single strong peduncle. The form appeared to be allied to Achtheres, but the single nndivided peduncle distinguished it generically. He called it Cauloxenus stygius.

Prof. Cope exhibited a number of specimens of fossil reptiles recently procured bj^ him in Western Kansas, in the Cretaceous Chalk. They consisted of two specimens of Liodon proriger^ Cope, and portions of jaws with teeth of four new Pythonomorph 1872.]

298

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

reptiles, viz.: Edestosauinis torior, Cope; Holcodus corypJiseus., Cope ; H. ictericus, Cope ; and Liodon curtirostris, Cope. Tlie first was regarded as a very slender form, with a cranium two and one-half feet in length, and with compressed teeth. The others were much stouter species, the H. coryphseuH having a high occipital crest and long acute teeth. Length thirty feet. The two remaining species were about the same size.

The following gentlemen were elected members: Richard Day, Thos. E. Parke, M.D., Commodore John P. Gillis, U.S.N., Samuel W. Pennypacker, Richard A. Lewis, W. Grier Hibler, Louis Stille, M.D., Jas. A. Ogden, Roland G. Curtin, M.D., Allen Shryock.

The following were elected correspondents : Geo. Stewardson Brady, M.D., of Sunderland, Eng'd., Prof. W. C. Kerr, of Raleigh, N. C, Dr. Jos. K. Corson, U.S.A., J. Van A. Carter, M.D,, of Fort Bridger, Wyoming.

On favorable report of the committee, the following paper was ordered to be published : —

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 299

NOTES ON FELDSPARS AND SOME OTHER MINERALS OF PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY.

BY THEODGEE D. RAND.

Orfhoclase, from the ravine three-quarters of a mile west of Media, the locality mentioned in Dana's Mineralogy as Mineral Hill. Color pale-greenish, two cleavages highly perfect, giving a prism four inches, by one and a half, by one and a half, 90°. Four other specimens from the same locality, one quite green, the others grayish and greenish, all with two perfect cleavages, 90°.

Oligoclase, from same locality, and intermixed with the former and with quartz, but showing opalescence, and sometimes chato- yant reflections, and, rarely, both on the same surface, the brachy- diagonal cleavage oo P oc. These cleavages were by no means so perfect as in the former, and but few specimens woiild admit of accurate measurements. The basal plane generally showed dis- tinct but very fine strise. The measurements are given below.

OHgoclase, from two miles west of Media, and southwest of the Black Horse Hotel. This is the whitish, translucent moonstone, occurring in A^ery brilliant specimens. In this, as in the former, the cleavage surface parallel to oo P oo is frequently irregular and sometimes curved. There was also observed, in both this and the former, a third cleavage, still more imperfect. The measurements (with the common goniometer) were as follows : —

Oligoclase, 12 3

^^ -D^ ( 93.50 93

OP on CO Poo I ggjO g^ gg _

„-D „, , ( (If 00 P' 114.40)

OP on 3d cleavage j ^ 65.20 ... 07 67

^. oT , ( (If odP' 120.24) 119 120 ...

coPccon3dcleav.|^ 59.56 ... 63 ...

1, 2, 3, and 4 are from the ravine near Media; 5, G, 7, and 8 from near the Black Horse Hotel.

It seems probable that this third cleavage, which has not, I be- lieve, been noticed before, is parallel to the plane co P' (I' of Dana), similar to that of orthoclase and albite.

Sunstone, from a ravine immediately north of that first de- scribed, 90°. Near this the Delawarite is found. My specimens 18t2.]

4	5	6	7 8
94	95	• ••	94 ...
87		86	87 ...
112	111	118	115 114
69	70	68	... 65
119	118	120	120 ...
64	60	63	62 60

300

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

do not admit of accurate measurements, but in one specimen it graduates into oligoclase, and it is perliaps but an alteration of that species. It lias distinct triclinic striations.

Cassinite, from Blue Hill, Providence Township, Delaware County, measures 00°.

Lennilite, Lenni, Delaware County, a very perfect cleavage gave 8G-87, but the absence of triclinic striae would indicate that this is an orthoclase.

Bluish transparent veined Feldspar, from Yan Arsdale's quarrj'-, near Feisterville, Bucks County, Pa., two cleavages, highly per- fect, and giving finely polished surfaces, 90°. The opalescent feldspar from the same quarry, called labradorite, is probably the same.

Orthoclase, from Frankford, Philadelphia, nearly pure white in color, and translucent. Besides the ordinary cleavages, OP and 00 P oc, the more unusual, oo P co and co P, are occasionally well developed, giving rise to two rhombohedra, one with the faces parallel to the axes, the other derived from this by the develop- ment of the plane oo P, as shown in the annexed section on a plane parallel to OP (Fig. 1). Rhombohedra of the first form have been found also at the quarries on the Pennsylvania Rail- road, near the west end of the Fairmount dam.

Pigj	oc P oo
, '
ccP CO
	,--'

(X>Pab

Po

P^

00 J.-" oo

oo J? oc

In three specimens of the Frankford orthoclase, a fifth cleavage appears, quite imperfect, truncating the angle between co P, OP and GO P ex, or the edge between OP and oo P oo forming with OP an angle of about 135, and with oo P (» nearly 90°, Fig. 2. If this is not a mere accident, it is not easy to explain.

Rhombs from the quarries mentioned on the Pennsylvania Rail- road have been found, with the following angles for the face of nnusual cleavage on OP and oo P c^: —

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 301

	OP	coP CO
1	72	103
2	( 112 GO ) • (114 GG)	_fl01 80^ \ 100 81 )
3 .... .	] 112 68 ) • (llGGOf	( 100 80 1 \ 107 70 f
4	( 112 G9 ) • X 107 72 ]"	f 100 83 ) 1 103 f
5	111 70	98 81
The an^le of oo P co is	116 64	90 90

It is, liowever, most probable that this is a distortion of cc P oo.

In the cutting of the Pennsylvania Railroad, northwest of the wire bridge, an orthoclase was found, somewhat decomposed and chalky in aspect, cleaving into rhombohedra of the second kind, and also into six-sided prisms, ter- minated by the OP plane, and from a slight distortion in angle the ^^ff- ^ prism angles each measuring ex- <xPx

actly 120° (Fig. .3).

In Frankford, the orthoclase oc- curs in a granitic vein on the south- ern portionof thebedof hard horn- blendic gneiss, the IST. E. outcrop of '^^ ^

which is at this point, and which is exposed also near Wajnie St. on

the Germantown Railroad, and on Rittenhouse Lane near the Wissahicon, and which crosses the Schuylkill at the hill through which the Flat Rock Tunnel on the Reading Railroad is pierced. This gneiss throughout is very hard, and in its fissures occur several species of zeolites, with calcite, and at Frankford crys- tallized epidote in fine specimens, and also fluor spar in a vein of calcite, and well-crystallized molybdenite in a vein of ortho- clase. The calcite contains also j-ellow crystals so minute as to be detected only by examination with the microscope, of the por- tion insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Their nature has not been determined, the quantity being verj^ small. There also occurs a yellow hyaline coating, in veins of the gneiss, which is probably a hyalite, colored by uranium.

This gneiss, except near Wayne Station, is bedded with great regularity, and affords a most excellent curb and building stone ; its fracture in one direction, owing to cleavage, is smooth and

1872.]

302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

plane, but in tlie others, when notjointed, irregular and sometimes conchoidal.

At a quarry on the northern edge of this gneiss, north of Frank- ford, Apophyllite was found; its only place of occurrence in the neighborhood.

At the line between Philadelphia and Montgomery counties, the well-known steatite bed, beginning on the west side of Chest- nut Hill, about three miles distant, crosses the Schuylkill and coiitinues in a nearly southwest by south direction (exactly S. 54 W.), bej^ond that river about two miles and a half, where it crosses the valley of Mill Creek, and ends, or sinks beneath the surface. Perhaps the most conspicuous and remarkable rock of this belt is a steatite, containing a l)lack serpentine. This rock in man}' places projects above the surface of the ground in im- mense masses, particularly at Mill Creek, seeming to have re- sisted erosion and decomposition to a remarkable degree. It lies on the northwest side of the steatite proper. The whole aspect of this curious formation suggests a rock originally containing crystals of some mineral, but metamorphosed almost beyond recognition. To this mineral I believe no clue has heretofore been obtained. Isearly all these black masses, which vary in size from a half inch or less to several inches, are irregular in form, and adhere so closely to the matrix that sections onl}^ can be ob- tained, which, however, rarely show any angles or other than a nodular form, so that the rock has by some been considered a conglomerate. Even in weathering, the two, except in one place hereafter mentioned, seem to weather so much alike that no clue to the form can thus be had.

About two years ago, however, I found near the soapstone quarry, on the northeast bank of the Schuylkill, one of these ser- pentine masses presenting a stellated form of six ra3^s, or of one large cr3'stal crossed b}^ two smaller at angles of about GO and 120 on the section plane, suggesting staurolite. A few days ago, while with Prof. E. J. Houston examining this rock on the south- west side of Mill Creek, a piece was found containing a broken crystal 4i inches x 1^ X 1^, presenting two well-defined sides, and upon a cross-fracture, these sides were found to continue to another formino- with one of the sides an angle of about "75° on the section, which approximated a plane at right angles to the

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 303

faces. The steatite in which it was imbedded, and the serpentine Itself, contained ferruginous dolomite or breunnerite.

On the northeast side of Mill Creek, a portion of the rock in place was found very much Aveathered on the surface, the steatite being cavernous and decomposed, and very soft and brittle, owing, probably, to a large admixture of ferruginous dolomite, but the serpentine gone entirely, save a little pulverulent oxide of iron ; the cavities were nearly all lenticular in shape, but too regular to be other than matrices of cr^'stals, while in two cases distinct cruciform cavities with anoles of about 60° were ob- served. The portions of rock containing these were cut out, and in one of them lead was poured, and a cast obtained, which, while irregular and rough, was a fac-simile in metal of the common cruciform twins of staurolite. Portions of the same rock which had not altered were found containing the serpentine in distinct crystals, irregular in outline, but twinned at angles of about 60°-

Serjjenfine. — About a half mile above the soapstone quarries on the Schuylkill, occurs a ridge of serpentine which I believe has never been described. Its first appearance is at a slight cut- ting of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, opposite and a little above Lafayette station on the Norristown Railroad, and just below the vein of granite which crosses the Schuylkill below Spring Mill, and crops out at several points on the elevated hill of gneiss, which crosses the Schuylkill at Spring Mills. About a hundred yards S.W. from the river, it has been cut through by a small stream, and here it has been quarried as a building-stone, and is well exposed. The serpentine is very compact, at times slaty, of a very dark green, almost black, color, unlike that of any other ridge of the neighborhood, and resembling that of the Hartz. Intermixed, and also at the bottom of the quarry on the north- west, is a foliated mineral resembling Schiller spar, or serpen- tine, pseudomorphous after Pyroxene or Hornblende. The ser- pentine dips steeply toward the southeast, and at this point rises probably one hundred and fifty feet above the valley, abruptly and precipitously on the N.W., sloping on the S.E., where talcose and micaceous schists rest against it. About a half mile from the river, the ridge widens, the slopes are more gentle, and, for a short distance, the serpentine is hidden; but it again crops out about one mile from the river, where a road, parallel to the river, crosses the stream which has been mentioned, and which skirts 1872.]

304 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OP

the ridge on the west. From tliis point it is narrower and well defined for a quarter of a mile to the next road parallel with the Schuylkill. Here the stream seems to have denuded it for about fiffc}'^ yards, and a stream from the east joins that on the west. Beyond this it rises abruptly in a grove of cedars, and then con- tinues, as a narrow, well-defined ridge, to its termination, which is abrupt, about one and three-quarter miles from the Schuylkill. In this part, as also in that between the two roads, it has almost the regularity and appearance of an old railroad embankment.

Hisingerite, from the Gap Mine, Lancaster County, Pa. Black amorphous; lustre between resinous and vitreous; sti'eak, brown. Fracture conchoidal, brittle H 2^-3 S. G. 2.11.

Analysis omitting 1.13 per cent, gangue : —

Water at 212 14.30

" at redness 9.89 24.19

Silica 35.40

FeO 12.53

Fe^Oj 27.46

99.58

In a cutting through decomposed mica shists, on the new line of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, about a half mile southwest of Gray's Ferry, there is a white eflflores- cence, alkaline to the taste. It consists chiefly of sulphate of soda, an nnlooked-for mineral in such location.

PHiLADELrniA, November 31, 1871. THEO. D. RAND.

[February 13,

natural sciences of philadelphia. 305

December 6. Mr. Tryox in the chair.

Twenty-three members present.

The death of Mr. Jas. H. Orne was announced. The death of Sir Koderick J. Murchisou, a correspondent of the Academy, was also announced.

The following paper was presented for publication : —

" Descriptions of new Western Palteozoic Fossils, mainly from the Cincinnati Groups of the Lower Silurian Series of Ohio." By F. B. Meek.

Prof. Cope made some remarks on a peculiar habit recently observed by Alfred R.Wallace, in the Phi'i/nosomas, in the Zoolo- gical Gardens in London. These animals eject from their eyes, in self-defence, a red fluid like blood. On inquiry of Dr. Edw. Palmer, of the Smithsonian Institution, who had spent some years in Arizona, whether he had observed such a habit in any of the species, he handed me the following extract from the "Arizona Miner" of August 20th, 1869:—

"Dr. Palmer and party got back liere Wednesday evening last, from Bill Williams' Mountain, E. J. Cook, one of the Prescott party that accompanied the expedition, informs us that a [horned] toad was found on the top of the mountain, which, when made mad, spurted blood from its eyes. It was secured by the doctor. The Prescott party did not find game as plenty as the}^ had expected, yet they succeeded in killing one bear, eight or ten turkeys, and a deer. Thej^ say the country is the most beautiful ever seen by them. The valleys are many and large; pine, oak, and other timber covers the entire region, and the grass was waist-high. The region of country- visited by them lies about 60 miles north of this place, on the line of the 35th parallel railroad route."

This specimen is in the doctor's collection, now in my hands, and belongs to the species Phrynosoma ornatissima, Gird.

December 12. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair. Thirty-five members present.

Notice of some Worms. — Prof Leidy remarked that Prof. Hay- den reports the brook trout, Sabno fontinalis, of the headwaters

1872.]

306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

of the Yellowstone River, to be mucli infested with a species of tapeworm. A number of specimens of the worm, collected by C. Carrington, have been submitted to his examination, but, un- fortunately, most of them are so far decomposed as nearly to be reduced to the condition of pulp. The worms are stated to have been taken from the abdominal cavity, but not from the intestinal canal, and often were found beneath the skin, extended among the muscles or inclosed in OA^al sacs. Several cysts preserved entire contained worms in a better condition for examination than the others, and from these the characters of the parasite have been ascertained. It belongs to the old genus Bothrioccphalus^ and to that section now named Dibothrium. Two species of this genus have long been known as infecting the salmon and other members of the same genus of fishes in Europe, but the parasite of the Yellowstone trout appears to be a different one.

Two of the best preserved specimens measured five inches long by a line wide at the broadest part. The head, about a fourth of a line in diameter, is obcordate. The two suckers or bothria are thick and discoidal, placed back to back, obcordate in outline, and directed with their broad and slightly depressed surface towards the margins of the body. The body is flat, thick, with rounded margins, and is narrowly annulated or segmented. The annula- tions due to muscular bands measure about ten to the line. Seg- ments, independent of the annulations if existing, could not be distinguished, perhaps on account of the badly-preserved condi- tion of the specimens. No genital apertures are visible at the sides nor at the margins. No internal organs are visible, but the soft solid interior tissue is filled with round corpuscles resembling starch granules. These are, however, composed of carbonate of lime, as they are dissolved by acetic acid with an abundant evo- lution of carbonic acid.

From the form of the head, the worm was named Dibothrium

CORDICEPS.

Numerous leeches collected b}^ Prof. Ilayden's assistants, Messrs. Carrington and Dawes, in a lake in Wyoming Territory, appear to belong to the species Aulastomum lacustris, first dis- covered several years ago in Twin Lake, Minnesota.* Mr. Car- rington informs us that the head of a horse, which was thrown into the lake, in a few hours appeared black from the quantity of these leeches which adhered to it. It is barel}^ probable that this leech is the one described b}^ Thomas Say, in Long's Ex- peditions, under the name of Hirudo marmo7-ata, though the characters do not accord with his description of the latter. It is not improbable that the two are quite distinct. H. marmorata, togetlier with another species, H. lateralis, was obtained from small lakes on the high land between Lake Superior and Rainy

» Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 229.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 307

Lake. Neither of these appears to have been obtamed since their first discovery.

Several large hair worms from Fish Creek, Montana, pertain to the species Gordius lacutris^ previously described' from speci- mens obtained in Kansas. It is the largest known Gordius. The females of the Kansas specimens ranged from 10 inches to 2^ feet in length ; the males, from 8 inches to upwards of 2 feet. The females of the Montana specimens measure from 1:^ to 2^ feet in length ; a male, 8^ inches in length. The females are pale brown ; the males dark brown, and with a strongly-forked tail.

December 19. The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-one members present.

December 26.

The President, Dr. Ruschenberger, in the chair.

Twenty-five members present.

The following gentlemen were elected members : — Andrew H. Miller, Dr. A. L. Gihon, U.S.N.

On favorable report of the committee, the following paper was ordered to be printed : —

' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1851, p. 375; 1857, p. 204. Amer. EutomoL, vol. 11., p. 194.

1872.]

308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW WESTERN PALEOZOIC FOSSILS, MAINLY FROM THE CINCINNATI GROUP OF THE LOWER SILURIAN SERIES OF OHIO.

BY F. B. MEEK.

Full illustrations and descriptions of the fossils described in this paper are in course of preparation for the report of the Ohio Geological Survey, now being prosecuted under the direction of Prof. J. S. Newberry, the State geologist.

RADIATA. ECHINODERMATA.

HETEROCRINUS EXIGUUS, Meek.

Body small, obconoidal, or tapering from above to the column, near which it becomes pentagonal in consequence of the flattened surface of each of the basal pieces. Sub-basal pieces obsolete, or very minute. Basal pieces (subradials of some) of moderate size, about as wide as long, pentagonal, and almost perfectl}' flat. Left posterior ray bifurcating first on the fifth piece, the first piece being comparatively large and irregularlj^ hexagonal, in consequence of having a short sloping side on its upper right edge for the reception of one side of the first anal piece ; the four suc- ceeding pieces much narrower, about as long as Avide, and rounded, and more or less constricted in the middle, with expanded upper and lower ends. Right posterior ray bifurcating first on the eighth piece, the first piece being decidedly smaller than that of the left posterior ra}-, pentagonal in form, and slightly longer than wide ; while the second is of the same breadth but shorter, rounded on the dorsal side, and irregularly pentagonal in form, the fifth angle being formed by a short side on the left above, for the reception of the first anal piece ; succeeding pieces about as long as wide or slightly longer, rounded and constricted in the middle, and expanded at the ends. Right anterior lateral ray bi- furcating first on the sixth piece, the first piece being distinctly larger than the others, apparently a little longer than wide, and subpentagonal in form ; while those above are smaller, and of the

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 309

same form as the corresponding pieces of the other raj's described. (Other rays unknown.) Arms very long, slender, and bifurcating at least four times at irregular distances above the first divisions of the raj^s ; pieces of the lower divisions generally longer than wide, rounded and constricted in the middle, and expanded at the ends ; while those of the smaller terminal divisions are usually from three to four or five times as long as wide, and scarcely ex- panded at the ends. Surface smooth. Finnulse not seen.

First anal piece small, about as long as wide, and, as usual, resting between the superior sloping sides of the first radial on the left, and the second on the right, and bearing three or more others, in direct succession above, that doubtless form a part of the walls of the ventral extension.

Column small, distinctly pentagonal near the base, where it is composed of alternately thin and slightly thicker pieces.

Length of body, to top of the larger radial pieces forming a part of its walls, 0.14 inch; breadth, about 0.12 inch; length of rays and arms above the bod}', 1 inch ; thickness of column near base, about O.OT inch.

At the same time that I propose to name and describe this deli- cate little Crinoid as a new species, I suspect that it may not be distinct from H. exilis of Hall, which has not yet been illustrated, and has, unfortunately^, been only briefly described. If Prof. Hall's description is strictly accurate, however, in several impor- tant characters, the form under consideration must be clearly distinct, as he states that the posterior lateral rays of H. exilis bifurcate on the second pieces, and the anterior lateral on the fourth; while, in the form here described, one of the posterior lateral ra^-s bifurcates first on the Jifth piece, and the other on the eighth; and, in the only one of its anterior lateral rays seen, the first division takes place on the sixth or seventh piece. He also says that the arms of H. exilis bifurcate once or twice, while in our t^'pe they bifurcate at least four times above the primary division of each ray. Again, he describes the bod}'' plates of if. exilis as having the general curve of the body; but in our tj'pe the subradial plates are so flattened as to impart a pentagonal form to the lower part of the bod}'.

This species will be at once distinguished from H. simplex, by its frequently bifurcating arms and other well-marked characters. From H. heterodactylus, which also has its arms several times

18T2.] PART TIL— 21

310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

divided, it will be readily distinguished by its very differently formed body, its more slender and more frequently divided as well as longer arms, and its more slender column.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group, 100 feet below tops of hills, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Dyer's collection.

HETEEOCRINUS SUBCRASSUS, M. k W.

Heterocrinns saber assus, Meek & Wortheu, 1865. Proceed. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Pliilad., p. 145; Illinois Report, vol. III., p. 325, pi. 4, fig. 5, a,

b, c, d.

Heterocrinus (locrinus) polyxo, Hall, 1866?. Descriptions of some new

species of Crinoidea and other fossils, from the Silurian Strata, etc.,

p. 5 ; dated, Nov. 1866.

A careful comparison shows the proposed species H. pohjxo^ Hall, 1866?, to be in all respects identical with H. subcrassus, M. & W., 1865. Prof. Hall places it under a subgenus locrinus, and, if there be sufficient grounds for so doing, the name of the spe- cies, when written in full, would be Heterocrinus {locrinus) subcrassus.

POTERIOCRINITES (DENDEOCRINUS) DYERI, Meek.

Body small, obconic, or tapering regularly to the column from above. Basal pieces longer than wide, the greatest breadth being across between the superior lateral angles ; all pentagonal. Sub- radial pieces a little longer than the basals, longer than wide, andr excepting the one on the anal side (which is largest and hepta- gonal), all hexagonal. First radials of about the size of the sub- radials, but proportionally broader, being a little widei- than long, with a general pentagonal outline, though all, excepting the one on the right of the anal series, have the superior lateral angles a little truncated ; while the second piece in that ray, which, as is usual in the group, corresponds to the first in the other rays, also has these angles truncated. Succeeding radials in all the ra_ys much narrower, about as long as wide, or slightly longer, and numbering from five to six or seven pieces below the first bifurca- tion. Arms remarkably long and slender, laterally compressed, more or less angular on the dorsal side, and giving ofl[', alternately on opposite sides, at distant intervals above the first bifurcation of each ra}^, from three to four or more scarcely diverging divi- sions that are slightly more slender than the arms, from which

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHrA. 311

they spring, and sometimes tliemselves bifurcate once or twice; divisions composed of pieces about as long as wide.

First anal piece nearly as large as one of the smaller subradials, resting on the superior truncated edge of the largest heptagonal subradial, between the first radial on the left and the first and second on the right, while it supports others above that form the base of the ventral extension. Interradial pieces with the lowest piece of the ventral part resting between the truncated superior- lateral angles of the first primarj^- radials so as to appear as minute interradials. Surface without costceor sculpturing of any kind.

Yentral extension ver}' long, or nearly or quite equalling the length of the arms, and as wide as the bod}^ below ; composed of the usual small hexagonal plates apparently without costse, and separated by punctured sutures. Column slender, slightly tapering downward just below the base, near which it is more or less pen- tagonal, and composed of short alternatel}^ thicker and exceed- ingly thin segments. Farther down, it becomes nearly or quite cylindrical, and composed of more uniform very short pieces, with a very small nearly or quite round perforation.

Length of body, from the lower end of base to the top of first primary radials, 0.24 inch; breadth of do., at top, 0.16 inch; length of rays, from top of body to first bifurcation, 0.20 inch ; length of arms, above this bifurcation, 2.30 inches ; diameter of column, 0.04 to 0.05 inch.

This delicate little species seems to agree exactly, in structure as well as in physiognoni}^, with Dendroa-inus^ excepting that it appears to have the small pieces forming the lower part of its ventral extension above the first anal piece, and those seen in the interradial spaces above the large first radials that form a part of the walls of the body, connecting laterally with the succeeding smaller radials, nearly or quite up to the first bifurcation. This arrangement, if it really exists, would make these smaller primary radials, above the body proper, as it were, a part of the walls of the body or ventral extension; so that the rays would only become free at the first bifurcation. The specimens seen are not in such condition as to remove all doubts on this point; but, in some con- ditions, these little pieces between the rays give that part of the fossil somewhat the appearance of a Glyptocrinus. The presence of well-developed subradials and a long ventral extension of the 1872.]

312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

body (to say nothing of other differences), remove it, however, at once from that genus, as well as from Mariacrinus, from which latter it also differs materially in the structure of its arms and in other important characters. I suspect that it may be found to present sufficiently marked differences in this apparent fusing of the rays, as it were, into the walls of the body, up to the first bifurcation, to entitle it to rank as the t3q:)e of a new group ; but, without better specimens for study and examination, I prefer to refer it provisionally to Dendrocrinus, which can scarcely be re- garded as more than subgenerically distinct from Poteriocrinites.

In general appearance, it seems to resemble most nearly Dendro- crinus acutidactylus and D. gregarius of Billings. It differs from the first, however, in having a more slender body, with propor- tionally longer arms, much less diverging at the bifurcations, as well as in having the two branches at each division unequal. From the latter species it also differs in the nature of its arms, as well as in having its column composed of very short pieces not presenting a bead-like appearance.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian, in the lowest beds seen at Cincinnati, Ohio. The survey is under obligations to Mr. C. B. D^^er, of Cincinnati, for the use of the only known specimens of this species.

POTERIOCEINITES (DENDROCRINUS) CINCINNATIENSIS, Meek.

Body of about median size, obconic, or tapering to the column from above, nearly or quite as wide at the top of the first radials as the height to the same. Base forming a rather rapidly ex- panding cup, nearly twice as wide as high. Basal pieces of mo- derate size, wider than high, pentagonal in form, and each provided with a minute notch at the middle of the under side, correspond- ing to a furrow extending up each side of the column. Subradial pieces about twice as large as the basals, as wide as long or slightly wider, all hexagonal excepting the one on the anal side, which is heptagonal and a little larger than the others. First radial piece in the ray on the right of the anal series a little smaller than the subradials, and pentagonal in form, supporting on its upper truncated edge a rather shorter piece, corresponding to the slightly larger first radials in the other rays, and, like the latter, rounded on the outer side, with a pentagonal outline, and a some- what narrowed facet above for the reception of the first free

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OE PHILADELPHIA. 313

raclials. Succeediug or free radials distinctly narrower than those forming a part of the walls of the body, rounded on the dorsal side, and, in the two posterior latei'al rays, all shorter than wide, while the fifth one in eacli of these rays (other rays un- known) is an axillary piece supporting two arms.

First anal piece nearly as large as the subradial upon the upper side of which it rests ; connecting on the left with the first radial piece, and on the right with the first and second radials ; while it supports others above, forming the base of the ventral extension, which is composed of small pieces strengthened by radiating ribs.

Arms of the two posterior rays rounded, composed of pieces slightly wider than long, and each bifurcating at least twice (and perhaps oftener) at unequal distances above their origin on the last primary radial.

Column of only moderate size for an inch or so below the base, where it is very distinctly pentagonal, the angles being a little rounded, with a rather deep furrow between on each side, com- posed of short pieces, which near the base seem to alternate with much thinner ones.

Length of body, 0.28 inch ; breadth of same, 0.26 inch ; thickness of column at its junction with the body, 0.09 inch; breadth of free rays below the first bifurcation, O.OT inch.

So far as the specimens afibrd the means of making a compa- rison, this species would seem to be nearly related to Poteriocrinus gr-acilis of Hall, described in the first vol. of Palaeontology of N". Y., p. 84. His diagram and figure, however, do not show whether that species has two of the primary radials of the right posterior ray included as a part of the walls of the body, as in Denclro- crinus, or whether it has more properly the structure of Homo- crinus. He represents the first anal piece, however, proportionally much smaller than it is in our crinoid, while, to the right, and partly beneath the anal piece, he shows in his diagram a small piece that seems to occupy the position and relations to other parts of the subanal in true typical Poteriocr^nites} His speci-

1 Prof. Hall also ranges it under Poteriocrinus in his corrected list of the New York Fossils, published in 1859, after he had proposed the genera Ho- mocrimis and Dendrocrinus, and included this form in the former group in 1852 ; from which we may infer that his type has more recently been found to possess the structure of Poteriocrinites. In that case, it would of course

1872.]

314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

men had only a segment or two of the column attached ; but an end view of it, in his diagram, represents it as being rounds while in the form under consideration it is very distinctly pentagonal. As he does not nay that it differs in the form of the column from his P. alteyniatus (which has a decidedl}^ round column), in point- ing out the distinctions between the two, I also infer that it is round in both. In addition to this, Poteriocrinites gracilis of Hall is stated by him to be found only at the base of the Tren- ton limestone, while our crinoid is only known to occur in the middle part of the Cincinnati group. From these facts, and from the usual very restricted vertical range of the species of Crinoidea, I infer that our Cincinnati form is specificall}'^ distinct from the I^ew York species.

Locality and position. — One hundred feet below tops of hills at Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian. Mr. C. B. Dyer's collection.

POTERIOCRINUS (DENDROCRINUS) POLYDACTYLUS, Shumard (sp.).

nomocrinus polydactylus, Shumard, 18G7. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, vol. I. p. 78, pi. I. fig. 6.

An examination of good specimens of this species shows that it has the structure of the bod}' seen in Dendrocrinus^ and that it is related to D. Jeivettii of Billings more nearl^^ than to any other of the species known to the writer.

This is a ratlier common species in the upper part of the Cin- cinnati group at Richmond, Indiana.

GLYPTOCRINUS DYERI, Meek.

Body globular-subturbinate, being wider than high, with sides rounding under to the base. Sub-basal pieces obsolete, or, if pre- sent, not exposed externally. Basal pieces (subradials of some) very small, and projecting as a thin rim below, much wider than

differ specifically from our crinoid ; but if either a Poteriocrinites proper, or a Dendrocrinus (if we view the latter as only a subgenus oi Poteriocrinites, as Prof. Hall has since done in describing other species), then the name P. gracilis could not stand for the New York fossil, because Prof. McCoy had used that specific name for a species of this genus from the Carbo- niferous rocks in 1844. For this reason, D'Orbigny proposed the name P. subgracilis for the New York species, which will have to be retained if it belongs to any mere section of that genus.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 315

high, and presenting a trigonal general outline, though the lateral angles are doubtless minutely truncated. First radial pieces of moderate size, heptagonal in form, and wider than long; second and third a little smaller, the second being hexagonal, and the third pentagonal, and supporting on its superior sloping sides the first divisions of the rays. Secpndai-y radial or supraradial series each composed of from eight to eleven pieces, rapidly diminishing in length upward to the second bifurcation or commencement of the arms, just below which a few of the smaller pieces seem to be free and bear pinnulfe on their inner sides; farther down, the second and fourth secondary radials of each ray give off, alter- nately on each side,; small divisions that do not become free, but are soldered into the interradial walls, though they can be traced to the summit of the body, where they merely give origin to pinnules.

Anal area a little wider than the interradial areas. First anal plate of about the same size as the first radials, hexagonal in form, and supporting in the next range three pieces, arranged with the middle one higher than the others; while, above these, three smaller pieces can be seen arranged in the same way in the third range, and three to four or five in the fourth, which is as far up as they can be traced. The middle plates of this series form a direct vertical row, that have a rather prominent mesial, rounded ridge extending all the way up from the middle of the lowest piece, of about the same size as those passing up the primary and secondary radial series, while the other plates on each side and other parts of the lowest pieces are ornamented with radiating costse of smaller size, like those on the interradial pieces.

Interradial areas not excavated below, but becoming moderately concave above ; first interradial pieces of about the size of the second primary radials, hexagonal in form, and supporting two other somewhat smaller pieces in tlie next range, that bear between their superior sloping sides a fourth smaller piece, while above these there are two pieces in the next range that connect with the pieces of the little lateral divisions of the secondary radials, and perhaps some other small intercalated pieces filling the upper part of the interradial areas.

Axillary areas flat, and each occupied below by a hexagonal or heptagonal piece of about the size of the second piece of each

1872.]

316 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

secondary radial, while the space above is occupied by several much smaller pieces.

Arms four to each ray, rounded on the dorsal sides, slender, of moderate length, very gradually tapering, simple, and composed of ver3'' short, slightly wedge-formed pieces, each of which bears a pinnule at its larger inner lateral end; pinnules slender, rather closely arranged, deeply furrowed on the inner side, and appa- rently composed of rather long joints.

Surface of body plates all ornamented with distinct radiating costae, starting from the centre of each piece, and passing one to each of its sides so as to connect with others on each contiguous piece : of these costoe, those passing up the middle of each of the radial series are a little larger and more prominent than those of the interradial plates, while they bifurcate with the rays so as to send a division up each of the secondary radial series, toward the upper part of which they become more prominent and rounded, beins; there of about the size of the free arms. Column unknown.

Height of body, 0.60 inch; breadth, about 0.68 inch; length of arms, 1.05 inch; thickness of same, 0.05 inch; number of joints, in a space of 0.10 inch near the base, eight.

This very beautiful species reminds one, by its sculpturing, of the common typical species G. decadacti/Jus, from which, however, it may be at once distinguished by its proportionally broader and shorter body, with sides rounding regularly under to the column instead of being obconical. It also has proportionally more slender arms, and differs materially in having, in each secondary radial series, from nine to eleven pieces between the first bifurcation of each ray and the arm bases, instead of only two. In the form of its body, it agrees more nearly with G. ornatus of Billings; but it differs materially from tliat species in having twenty arms in- stead of only ten, as well as in less important details.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. C. B. Dyer, of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, to whom I am indebted for the use of the very fine specimens from which the description was made out.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian, 100 feet below tops of hills at Cincinnati, Ohio.

GLYPTOCRINUS DYERI, var. SUBGLOBOSTJS, Meek.

There is, in Mr. Dyer's collection, a specimen showing the whole of the anal side of the body, all the way up, and more or less of

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31*7

six of the arms, that seems to agree exactly, in structure, orna- mentation, and form, with the last, excepting that its body is not quite so rounded below; and it has a more robust appearance, in consequence of having the ridges up the radial and secondary radial series (particularly the latter), as well as that up the middle row of the anal plates, rather decidedly stouter and more promi- nent. Its arms are also proportionally stouter, and composed of shorter pieces.

This may be specificall}^ distinct from the last ; but, with the present means of comparison, I prefer to range it provisionally as a variety of the same, under the name Glyptocrinus Dyeri, var. subglobosus.

Locality and position. — Same as last.

MOLLUSCA.

POLYZOA.

^ PTILODICTYA (STICTOPORA) SHAFFERI, Meek.

Polyzoum small and delicate, consisting of slender, compressed divisions, that give off on each side rather closely arranged, regu- larly alternating, lateral branches of the same breadth as the main stems, from which they diverge at an angle of about forty degrees ; lateral branches in the same way giving off on each side very short lobe-like, alternating projections ; lateral margins of all parts very narrow, sharp, and minutely striated longitudinally, in well-preserved specimens ; pores apparently without raised margins, more or less oval longitudinally, alternately disposed in longitudinal and oblique rows, so as to present a quincuncial arrangement; the number of longitudinal rows vaiying from five to about seven in the breadth of a stem or branch ; spaces between the pores, measuring transversely to the stems and their divisions, about equal to the breadth of the pores, but greater, measuring in the direction of the oblique and longitudinal rows; all the in- terspaces ornamented, in perfectly preserved specimens, by very minute, more or less waved or flexuous strife.

Size of entire polyzoum unknown ; breadth of stems and branches, 0.05 inch ; number of pores in 0.05 inch, measuring in the direction of the oblique rows, about 4 to 6, and, in the same space, measuring longitudinally, from 3 to 4. 1872.]

318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

This very delicate little form will be readily distinguished from the other known Silurian species b}' its small size and peculiar plumose mode of growth, and particularl}' by its very minute strijB between the pores. Sfictopora raripora^ Hall, from the Clinton group of New York, is as delicate a form, but differs ma- terially in its mode of growth, and particularly in its very much less numerous pores.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. D. H. Shaffer, of Cincinnati, Ohio, to whom I am indebted for the use of a very fine specimen of it ; I also have good specimens from Mr. Dyer's collection.

Locality and ]position. — Toward the lower part of the Cincin- nati group of the Lower Silurian at Cincinnati, Ohio.

BRACHIOPODA.

RETZIA (TREMATOSPIRA) GRANTJLIFERA, Meek. Shell transversely oval, the length being about four-fifths the breadth, moderately convex, the convexity of the two valves being very nearly equal ; lateral margins rather narrowly rounded in outline ; front and anterior lateral margins broadly rounded, or perhaps the former sometimes straight or slightly sinuous in outline in the middle ; cardinal margin nearly straight on each side, and sloping at an angle of about 140'^ from the beaks to- ward the lateral extremities. Dorsal valve nearly evenly convex, its greatest prominence being perhaps slightly behind the mid- dle ; provided with about tliirteen simple, angular, radiating plica- tions or costse, five of which on the middle are smaller than the others (the middle one being smallest and not continued to the beak), and form together a very low, flattened mesial elevation, scarcely rising above the general convexity ; beak rather strongly incurved. Ventral valve of much the same form as the other, excepting that its beak is somewhat more prominent, perforated,^ and incurved upon that of the other valve ; while two of the middle costse are much smaller than the others, and the first one on each side of these is intermediate in size between the smallest central ones and the largest on the lateral slopes ; these four

' The immediate point of the beak of the ventral valve seems to be slightly broken in the specimen, though it has the appearance of having been natu- rally perforated before receiving the slightest injury.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 319

smaller ones being a little depressed so as to form a sliallow mesial sinus that is not continued to the beak. Crossing all of these plications of both valves, are numerous fine lines of growth ; while the entire surface, as seen under a magnifier, is occupied by minute projecting points, like grains of sand; and, between these, a higher magnifying power shows the whole surface to be very minutel}' and regularly punctate.

Length, 0.37 inch ; breadth, 0.50 inch ; convexity, 0.21 inch.

Until the distinctions between the genus Befzia, and the pro- posed genus Trematospira (if any exist) are better defined, and the interior of the species here described can be determined, it is not possible to say to which of these groups it most properly belongs.

Specifically, however, it seems to be closely allied to Trema- tospira gibbosa of Hall, from tlie Hamilton group. Yet it differs, not only in having two to three more plications on each side, but also in having^ five instead of three a little raised to form the mesial fold of the dorsal valve (the middle one being also much smaller), and four depressed to form the mesial sinus (the middle two being much smaller than the others). It so nearly resembles the New York form, however, that I should almost be inclined to suspect that it might be only a variety of the same species, if it were not found at a so much lower horizon. It must be very rare, as I have only heard of the single typical specimen being found.

Locality and jJositio72. — Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian; from the basal beds at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Dyer's collection.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

AMBONYCHIA (MEGAPTERA) ALATA, Meek.

Megapteraa Casei?^ James, 1871. Cat. Fossils of Cincmnati Group (not Meek and Worthen).

Shell attaining a moderately large size, subtrigonal in general outline, compressed postero-dorsall}^, and more convex in the um-

' In first proposing the name Megaptera, for tliese great winged species, in 1866, Mr. Worthen and the writer were not aw'are that this name had been previously used by Dr. Gray for a genus of Whales. Naturalists do not agree in regard to the propriety of retaining the same name for different genera or subgenera in such cases. Where the groups belong to the same 1812.]

320 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

bonal and antero-central regions ; umbonal slopes ranging at an an- gle of about fifty degrees below the hinge line, and broadly rounded; hinge line straight, very nearly or quite equalling the greatest an- tero-posterior diameter of the valves, and ranging nearly at right angles to the anterior side of the same ; posterior alation very large, not separated from the swell of the umbonal and central regions by any defined sulcus, sliglitly rounded at its immediate extremity above; posterior margin faintly sinuous for a little below its intersection with the hinge margin above, thence sloping forward and downward, and finally rounding into the regularly rounded base ; anterior side more or less concave, and nearly vertical above, but rounding regularly into the base below ; beaks terminal, rather pointed, rising little above the hinge line, and directed a little obliquel3'^ upward and forward, with more or less inward curvature.

Surface ornamented by about twenty-four to twenty-eight sim- ple, strong, radiating costie to each valve, that are nearly equal in breadth to the furrows between ; those on the central portions of the valves passing nearly straight from the beaks obliquely to the posterior basal margins, those on the anterior side curving more or less forward below, and those near the cardinal margin curving a little upward behind. Crossing all of these cost8e,and the furrows between, are numerous fine crowded lines, and, at regular distant intervals, a few strongly defined imbricating marks of growth that curve parallel to the basal and posterior margins.

Height, 2.30 inches ; breadth, 2.20 inches; convexity, about 0.80 inch.

This species was referred b}^ Mr. James, with a mark of doubt, to Megaptera Casei of Meek and Worthen ; but, after a compa- rison of these shells, I can find no reason for doubting that they

class, nearly all agreo that only the name first given can stand ; but, where they belong to different classes or subkingdoms, some would retniu both names, while others would change the later name, even where one of the genera belongs to a diiferent class, subkingdom, or kingdom of nature. If it should be thought desirable to substitute another name for this group, as typified by 31. Casei and the species here described, I Avould propose to call it Opisthoptera. As yet very little is known in regard to the hinge of these shells ; and consequently we have not the means of determining whether they should be ranged as a subgenus under AmhonyrJiia^ or as a distinct genus, though I at present incline to the former opinion.

[February 13,

1

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 321

are really distinct specificallj^, the 31. Casei being marked by very numerous alternating larger and smaller radiating strife, ■while M. alata is ornamented with large, strong radiating ribs. M. Casei also differs in having its unibonal slopes distinctl}^ an- gular, instead of broadly and evenly rounded, as in the species under consideration ; while its ventral margin is angular in out- line, at the termination of the umbonal ridge, instead of being rounded. Its marks of growth also show that the extremity of its wing was ratlier acutely pointed, instead of being a little rounded. Locality and position. — Clinton County, Ohio, in upper part of the Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian. Mr. James's collec- tion.

MEGAMBONIA JAMESI, Meek.

Megambonia? Spinneri? James, 1871. Cat. Fossils Cincinnati Group, p. 12. (Not if. Spinneri, Hall.)

Shell attaining a rather large size, a little obliquely subovate in general form, rather convex, the most gibbous part being some- what above and in front of the middle, more or less abruptly cuneate posteriorly and below ; basal outline regularly rounded ; posterior margin rounding into the base, and ascending with a convex curve and forward inclination to the posterior extremity of the hinge, which is not in the slightest degree alate ; anterior margin rounding into the base below, and slightly sinuous under the lobe-like protuberance, or rudimentary wing above, which is convex, slightly more prominent than the margin below, and de- fined from the swell of the umbonal regions on each side, by an oblique sulcus extending to the hinge margin in front of each beak ; hinge equalling about two-thirds the antero-posterior dia- meter of the valves ; beaks rather prominent, or rising distinctly above the hinge line, but slightly oblique, and distinctly incurved; umbonal slopes broadly rounded; longer axis of the valves mode- rately oblique to the hinge line. Surface ornamented by very regular, rounded, simple, and depressed radiating costje, a little wider than the furrows between, and numbering about five in a space of 0.30 inch, near the middle of the lower margin.

Height, about 2.05 inches ; antero-posterior diameter, 2.1 6 inches; convexity, 1.50 inch.

The only specimen of this species I have seen is a cast of the exterior, with portions of the ventral and anterior ventral mar- 18t2.]

322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

gins broken awa3^ The beak of its right valve projects rather decidedly above that of the left; but I think this is due to acci- dental displacement of the valves, rather than to any inequality in their size. It shows distinct indications of a well-defined, mo- derately wide cardinal area, widest under the beaks, and narrow- ing to the extremities of the hinge.

Mr. James referred this species, in his list of the Cincinnati fossils, with a mark of doubt, to the Lower Helderberg species, 31. Sinnneri of Hall. But, in addition to the rather widely dif- ferent o-eoloofical horizons from which these two shells were ob- taiued, they seem to me to ditfer so materially in form as to be clearly distinct species, even if similarly marked, while the typi- cal specimen of M. Spinneri shows no traces of the regular radiating costre seen on the species here described. It is true that the specimen of that species figured is an internal cast, and ours a cast of the exterior, which might account for the difference of surface characters, but this would not produce the degree of difterence in form, obliquity, and general physiognomy. To me, it appears to be much more nearly like the typical species M. carclii- formis, from the New York Upper Helderberg limestone, though clearly distinct in having much larger costse as well as a wider and more defined cardinal area.

The group Ifegambonia of Hall, 1859, seems, so far as 3^et known, scared}' more than subgenerically distinct from the typi- cal forms of Gyp7'icardifes ; and Mr. Billings thinks it exacth'" agrees with the group for which he proposed the name Va7ii(xe- mia, in 1855, and placed as a subgenus under his genus Cyrtodonta, 1858, a species of which is the type of Conrad's Gypricai'dites, ISil. If the name Vanuxeniia should be retained for the type under consideration, and that group placed as a subgenus, then the name of our fossil, when written in full, would be Gypricar- dites (Vanuxemia) Jamesi ; but, if Megamhonia is distinct from Vanuxemia, and a subgenus under Gypricardites^ then its full name would be Gypriccu^dites {Megamhonia) Jamesi.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian, at Cincinnati, Ohio, about 350 feet above low-water mark of the Ohio. Collection of Mr. U. P. James's, in honor of whom the species is named.

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 323

SEDGWICKIA? FRAGILIS, Meek. Shell rather small, apparentl}' very thin, loiigitiulinally oblong or siiboval, rather distinctly convex along the umbonal slopes from the beaks toward the posterior basal margin, and down near the anterior side, while just under the beaks a rather strongly marked impression descends, widening and deepening as it ap- proaches the base; basal margin subparallel in its general outline to the dorsal, but diverging more or less posteriorly, where it is most prominent and distinctly sinuons toward the front; poste. rior margin wider than the anterior, and more or less truncated ; anterior extremit}'' ver}' short, and rounded or somewhat trun- cated ; hinge line straight, and shorter tlian the entire length of the valves, apparently very slightly inflected behind the beaks, which are raised a little above the cardinal margin, incurved, contiguous, flattened on the outer sides, and placed near the an- terior end, with a slight forward inclination. Surface ornamented with moderately distinct lines and irregular minute wrinkles of growth.

The only specimens of this species yet known to me are too imperfect to afford exact measurement, though they seem to have been, when entire and undistorted, about 0.90 inch in length, 0.t3 inch in height, and 0.40 inch in convexity. They present some ap- pearance of having been gaping behind and in the anterior ventral region. One specimen looks as if it had been truncated, with a backward obliquity from below upward behind, but this may be due to distortion.

I am far from being satisfied that this shell is congeneric with the forms for which Prof. McCoy proposed the name Sedgivickia, as nothing can be determined from the specimens yet known, in regard to its hinge and muscular and pallial impressions. Pos- sibl}^ it would be nearer right to call it ModiolopaiH fragilis; but there is something in its physiognomy that suggests affinities to Carboniferous types referred to Sedgwickia and Allorisma.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian, at about 350 feet above low-water mark of the Ohio River, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. U. P. James's collection.

1872.]

324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

SEDGWICKIA? COMPRESSA, Meek.

Anatina simiata, James, 1871. Catalogue Fossils Cincinnati Group, p. 12. (Not Anatina? simiata, Hall.)

Shell longitudinally oval, compressed, about one-fourth longer than high, cuneate posteriori)^, and more convex in the central and anterior regions, with a slight concavity descending from the beak to the base of each valve ; posterior margin regularly rounded ; base straight, and parallel to the cardinal margin in the middle, and rounding up to the anterior and posterior margins; anterior side short, rounded or somewhat truncated, but apparently most prominent below ; hinge line shorter than the valves, straight behind the beaks, but rounding into the posterior margin at the extremit}^, erect behind, with some appearance of a narrow space for an external ligament farther forward ; beaks about one-fourth the length of the valves from the anterior margin, raised a little above the cardinal margin, nearly contiguous, but not much in- curved. Surface of a cast, that seems to be a little weathered or smoothed by attrition, showing obscure marks of growth.

Length, 0.77 inch; height, 0.59 inch; convexity, 0.29 inch. .

I have only seen a single specimen of this species ; and, as it is a mere cast, not showing clearly even the surface markings, little can be said in regard to its affinities. I am even left in some doubts whether its shorter side may not be the posterior instead of the anterior, as there is some appearance about the points of the beaks of their being rather directed toward the longer than toward the shorter side. The appearance, however, of a narrow space along the cardinal margin on the longer side, as if for an external ligament, seems to indicate that this is the posterior. The margins of the valves on the anterior? (shorter) side are a little defective above in the specimen, so as to leave room for some doubts whether it was regularly rounded in outline or not.

Although the specimens of the last-described species are much distorted, it is evident, I think, that they are quite distinct from this, as it would seem impossible to make this shell assume the shape and convexit}'- of the last by any conceivable degree of distortion.

Mr. James referred this species, in his list, to the Upper Silu- rian form Anatinaf simiata, Hall, which it resembles in form- Still, it seems to me to differ too much in its more elevated beaks,

[February 13,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. * 325

shorter anterior, and straighter basal outline, to be referred to that species, even if found in rocks of the same age, while the rather wide interval between the horizons at which the two forms occur, renders it still more improbable that the}^ belong to the same species.

It is extremely difficult to arrive at correct conclusions in re. gard to the generic affinities of such shells, from the stud}^ of mere casts, and it is, therefore, only provisional!}^ that I have referred this and the last-described species to the genus Sedg- ivickia. We may rest quite well assured, however, that paloeozoic forms of the kind cannot be properly referred to the existing genus Anatina.

Locality and position Same as last. Mr. James's collection.

SEDGWICKIA (GRAMMYSIA?) NEGLECTA, Meek.

Shell transversely ovate, about one-third longer than high, rather distinctly compressed, most convex and most elevated in the central and umbonal regions, and compressed-cuneate behind ; anterior margin rounding from the lower end of the lunule into the base, which forms a nearly semi-oval curve, its most promi- nent part being near the middle ; cardinal margin apparently straight, and declining posteriorly from the beaks ; posterior margin rather narrowly rounded ; beaks moderately prominent, and scarcely one-third the length of the valves from the anterior margin. Surface ornamented with regular, distinct, but not very prominent concentric costffi, tliat become suddenh' obsolete on the posterior third of the valves. Lunule narrow, but sharply defined.

Length, about 1.04 inch; height, 0.67 inch; convexity, about 0.35 inch.

The only specimen of this species I have seen is an external cast of the right valve, which has evidently been, to some extent, accidentally compressed in the region of the beak, but the shell was certainly never ver}'^ convex. It has almost exactly the general aspect and kind of ornamentation seen in the t3'pical forms of Sedgivickia, a group which, since it was first proposed bj' Prof. McCoy, has been included bj^ him in his genus Leptodomus, which seems to me to have been originally founded on a very distinct type.

Our shell also resembles. rather closely some forms apparently

1872.] PART TIL— 22

326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

falling into the genus Grammysia. That is, some of the species presenting the aspect of that genus, excepting that the^^ want the characteristic oblique ridge of the typical species. Until other specimens can be examined, and more is known in regard to the hinges of Grammysia and Sedgwickia, as well as that of the shell under consideration, its generic relations cannot be satisfactorily determined.

Locality and position. — Upper part of the Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian, in Clinton County, Ohio. Mr. James's col- lection.

DOLABEA? CARINATA, Meek.

Shell small, rhombic-cordate, very convex along the oblique umbonal slopes, posterior margin apparently obliquely truncated; posterior basal extremity more or less angular in outline ; basal margin rounding and ascending obliquely forward from the pos- terior basal angle ; anterior side extremely short, or with its mar- gin descending and curving backward into the base from immedi- ately in front of the beaks ; hinge line short, and a little inflected so as to form a kind of small area or escutcheon behind the beaks; beaks prominent, rather oblique, nearly terminal, strongly incurved or subspiral, and distinctly compressed antero-posteriorly so as to be sharply keeled on top, the keel being continued as a less angular umbonal ridge backward and downward to the posterior basal extremity; flanks in front of the umbonal ridge evenly convex, while the space above and behind it, near the beaks, is somewhat concave. Surface only showing obscure traces of lines of growth. (Hinge and interior unknown.)

Length, measuring obliquely from the posterior basal angle to the most prominent part of the umbonal keels, 0.65 inch ; antero- posterior diameter, measui'ing parallel to the hinge line (the speci- men being defective behind), 0.40 inch ; convexity of the united valves, 0.50 inch; length of hinge, about 0.30 inch.

The only specimen of this species I have seen has lost, by ero- sion, some portions of the posterior margin, so as to leave doubts in regard to its exact outline, though it has the api^earance of having been, when entire, more or less truncated behind. The most remarkable features of the species are its prominent sub- spiral, and very strongly carinated beaks, short hinge, and nearly obsolete anterior side. Its front margins seem to have been a

[March 19,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 327

little gaping; and the posterior side maj'- have been more or less so, though the specimen is not in a condition to show whether this was the case or not.

Although I refer this shell, for the present, provisionally, to Dolahra of McCoy, I really have very little idea that it properly belongs to that genus (as typified by Cucullaea angustata of Phillips), to which I have in some other cases referred similar shells, the generic relations of which could not be determined. On the contrary, I strongly suspect that it will hereafter be found necessary to establish a new genus for such forms, when specimens showing the hinge can be examined. If so, I would propose for the group the name Bhxjnchoirojns, in allusion to the sharply carinated character of the beaks in the typical form now under consideration. The group, whatever name may be retained for it, evidently includes Dolahra"? Sterling ensia of Meek and Worthen.

Specifically, the form under consideration will be distinguished from Z).? Sterlingensis by its much smaller size, and more spiral and much more sharply keeled beaks, as well as by its shorter anterior margin. It must be ver}^ rare, as I have only seen among all the collections the single tj'pical specimen.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group, about 175 feet below tops of hills at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Dyer's collection.

CARDIOMORPHA" OBLIQU ATA, Meek.

Shell small, rhombic-cordate, very convex, higher than long ; posterior margin sloping rather abruptly, and subtruncate, or a little convex in outline from the posterior extremity'' of the hinge to the posterior basal extremity, which is more or less angular, or narrowly rounded ; basal margin short, nearly straight or a little convex from the posterior basal extremity to the front ; an- terior margin short or truncated from immediately in front of the beaks obliquely downward and backward to the base, which it joins at an obtuse, slightly rounded angle ; binge line very short, ranging at an angle of about fifty degrees to the umbonal axis, and apparently having its margins a little inflected behind the beaks; beaks very prominent, oblique, nearly or quite terminal, and strongly incurved ; posterior umbonal slopes subangular near the points of the beaks, but becoming rounded below, while the dorsal region between this and the hinge is a little concave; an- terior umbonal slopes, forming a kind of ridge that extends, at 1872.]

328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

something less than a right angle to the hinge, to the anterior basal margin, the anterior side, thus circumscribed, being some- what flattened, and, as seen from the front, presenting a cordate outline. Surface ornamented with small, very regular, simple concentric costa?, that seem to be obsolete on the anterior and posterior portions of the valves. (Hinge and interior unknown.)

Length, parallel to the cardinal margin, about 0.45 inch; height, at right angles to hinge, to the tops of the beaks, about 0.45 inch; length, measuring from the points of the beaks obliquely to the posterior basal extremity, 0.57 inch ; convexitj^, 0.39 inch,

I have referred this shell provisionally to Cardio'mor2oha, rather because it seems to present at least as many external points of resemblance to some species of that genus as to any known palaeo- zoic group, than from any strong impression that it reall}^ belongs to the same. In some respects, its general physiognomy suggests affinities to the group of secondary shells for which Prof. Agassiz proposed the name Ceromya, though I do not think it would fall into that genus. When all of its characters can be determined, it will probabl}' be found to belong to an undescribed genus. If so, I would propose for the group the name Ceromyopsis^ from its resemblance to some species of Ceromya.

Although presenting some points of resemblance to the last- described species, this shell maj- be distinguished at a glance, not only by its small distinct concentric costje, but by its much less sharply carinated beaks, and more rounded posterior umbonal slopes, as well as by its flattened anterior side; this flattening imparts a subangular character to its anterior umbonal slopes, not seen in the last.

Locality and 2Wsition. — Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian in same bed as the last at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Dj'er's collec- tion.

GASTEROPODA.

MACROCHEILUS KLIPPARTI, Meek. Shell a,ttaining a large size, elongate-fusiform, the length being sometimes from two and a half to three times the breadth ; spire pointed at the apex, forming about half the entire length, with its lateral slopes concave above and convex below ; volutions six to eight or nine, the upper five or six being very compactl3' coiled, and forming comparatively but a small part of the entire shell,

[March 19,

I

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 329

while those below suddenly increase in size much more rapidly than the others, particularly in the direction of the longer axis of the shell, and form most of its bulk: these laro-er turns, in laro-e adult examples, sometimes assuming together a subcylindrical outline ; the last or body whorl comparativel3^ long"? subcylindrical or more or less oval, and somewhat produced below; suture moderately distinct, almost transverse between the smaller upper turns, but becoming decidedly' more oblique below; aperture com- paratively small and narrow, apparently' snbrhombic ; inner lip much thickened all the way up ; columella twisted so as to form a single prominent fold below the middle of the aperture. Surface nearly smooth, or onl^- showing verj- obscure lines of growth. (Outer lip unknown.)

Length of one of the largest, most elongated specimens, 2.23 inches ; breadth, O.St inch ; length of aperture, about 1 inch.

This fine species most nearlj- resembles M. Nevoherryioi Stevens, but may be readily distinguished b}' its form, the slopes of the upper part of its spire being distinctly concave, and the lower part convex in outline, instead of being evenly' and moderately convex all the way down. This peculiarity is caused by the sudden enlargement of the middle and lower volutions, and the greater obliquity of their spiral curve ; while, in M. Neiuherryi^ the volu- tions increase in size regularly, and have the same uniform spiral curve from the apex throughout the whole length of the spire. Young examples of the form under consideration are proportion- atel}^ shorter, the elongation being to a considerable extent pro- duced by the obliquity and prolongation of the last two volutions. These less elongated younger shells, however, will be distinguished from M. Newherryi by the concave slopes of their spires, and the greater proportional breadth of their body volutions. This is also a larger and more robust species than M. Newherryi.

As none of the specimens yet seen have the outer lip and lower part of the aperture entire, the form of the aperture cannot be made out; and there may even be room for some little doubt whether or not it is, in perfect examples, narrowed and produced into a canal below. If this is the case, the name of the species should be Solenii^cus Klipparti, as it appears to present very nearly the other characters of the type of that group.

The specific name is given in honor of John H. Klippart, Esq., .of Columbus, Ohio, Secretary' of the State Agricultural Society, 18t2.]

330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

and one of the assistant geologists of the Ohio Survey, who dis- covered the specimens from which the foregoing description was made out.

Locality and position. — Base of Coal-measures, near Somerset, Perry County, Ohio.

CEPHALOPODA.

ORTHOCEEAS ORTONI, Meek.

Shell rather rapidly expanding from the posterior toward the aperture ; section oval or more or less nearly circular ; septa rather closely arranged ; siphuncle lateral, being at one of the narrow ends of the compressed section, but not quite marginal, of comparatively moderate size, and apparently beaded ; surface of cast showing traces of regular, obscure, longitudinal ridges, that would probably not have been defined on the exterior of the shell, which is unknown.

I have seen but two specimens of this species, and they are accidentally compressed, and incomplete at both extremities. The more nearly complete one of these specimens is about 2.30 inches in length, and septate throughout. At the larger end, it measures about 1.3T inches in breadth, and only 0.44 inch in its smallest diameter; while, at the smaller end, its greater diameter is 0.38 inch, and its smaller 0.24 inch. It has manifestly, however, been accidentally compressed, more strongly at the larger end, which gives the appearance of more rapid expansion toward the aper- ture than the natural form. The septa near the larger end are separated by spaces measuring 0.15 inch, and at the smaller end measuring 0.0*7 inch. At the larger end, the very obscure longi- tudinal ridges measure each about 0.05 inch in breadth, with fur- rows of the same breadth between, and both diminish propor- tionally in size, and become nearly obsolete toward the smaller end.

Tills species evidently belongs to the section of the genus con- sisting of rather rapidly expanding shells, with a nearly marginal siphuncle, sometimes showing faint longitudinal ridges on the in- ternal cast, that are not defined on the external surface ; such, for instance, as 0. comjnilsiim, O. robustum, 0. indocile, &c. &c., of Bai'rande. It resembles several of Dr. Barrande's Bohemian species of this type ; but, after repeated comparisons, I have been unable to identify it with any of the numerous species described

[March 19,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 331

by him ; and it seems to be equally distinct from all of those de- scribed in this country and Canada.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. Edward Orton, of the Ohio Geological Survey.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Dyer's collection.

ARTICULATA. CRUSTACEA,

CYTHERE CINCINNATIENSIS, Meek.

Carapace-valves varying from transversely suboval to subcir- cular ; moderately and rather evenly convex, the gx'eatest convex- ity being in the central and anterior regions ; without any visible tubercle or nodes ; ventral margins rounded or semioval, and but slightly unequal or thickened ; anterior and posterior margins more or less rounded, the former being more broadly rounded generally than the latter ; hinge margin very short, very slightly sinuous just behind the umbones, and rounding into the posterior margin so as scarcely to produce any visible angularity ; umbones, near the anterior, a little tumid, rising very slightly above the hinge, and rounding off regularly into the anterior margin. Sur- face nearly smooth.

Length of one of the larger nearly circular specimens, 0.21 inch; height, 0.17 inch; convexity, 0.11 inch. Length of a smaller more oval specimen, 0.14 inch; height, 0.08 inch; convexity, 0.07 inch.

This species seems to vary a good deal in form, some specimens being, as the above measurements indicate, proportionally higher, and thus presenting a more rounded outline. It is possible that these forms may belong to two distinct species ; but, with the spe- cimens yet accessible for study, I have not felt warranted in sepa- rating them.

Locality and position. — Cincinnati group, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Dyer's collection.

The following interesting Crustacea were discovered by Prof. Frank H. Bradley, of Knoxville, Tennessee, at the base of the Waverley group, at Danville, Kentucky. As the same species will doubtless yet be found at this horizon in Ohio, they are here

1872.]

332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

described along with Oliio fossils, and will be described and illus- trated in the report of the geological survey of that State.

CEEATIOCAEIS (COLPOCARIS) BRADLEYI, Meek.

Carapace-valves rhombic-subclliptic, more than twice as long as high, moderately convex; dorsal margins forming a very broad depressed arch from end to end, ventral margin more deeply arched, the most prominent part being near the middle, along which it is abruptly inflected, while its entire length, owing to the obliquity of the posterior end, is shorter than the dorsal margin ; posterior deeply and obliquely sinuous, so as to cause the posterior extremity of the dorsal margin to terminate in an acute, downward curved projection, that extends decidedly farther back tlian the more obtuse termination of the lower margin; an- terior end narrowed, with its margin rounded up from below, so as to connect with the dorsal nearly at right angles above. Sur- face smooth, but showing, under amaguifier, very minute reticulated markings. Ocular spots wanting.

Length, about 2.75 inches; height, about 1.25 inch.

This species agrees most nearly in size and form with Ceratio- caris ? sinuatun, Meek and Worthen, from the lower coal-measures of Grundy County, Illinois; and was found b}^ Prof Bradley, enveloped in exactly the same way, in concretions. It differs, however, in being proportionally narrower in its vertical diameter, with the most prominent part of its basal margin more nearly central. The posterior extremity of its dorsal naargiu also differs in being more produced and more pointed, as well as more curved downward ; while that of its lower margin is proportionally shorter, owing to the obliquity of the deep sinus of the posterior end of the valves. The C? si7iuatus, however, belongs evidently to the same group.

On first examining this and the following species, I was at once impressed with the general resemblance of the specimens to the genus Ceratiocaris of McCoy. On carefully comparing them, however, with the original typical species of that genus, such as G. solenoides, G. ellipticus, and the more recently described G.ornatus of McCoy, from the Silurian, I observed certain diilerences that led me to doubt the propriety of referring our species to the same group. Consequently, I sent some of the specimens to Prof. Dana, of New Haven, for examination, and he writes that both

[xAIarch 19,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 333

Dr. S. I. Smith, of that city, and himself, concur in the opinion that they do not properlj- belong to the same genus as the typical forms of Ceratiocaris.

The differences to which I have alluded consist, first, in the form of the carapace-valves, which, instead of being truncated, with a uearl}^ straight outline from below forward and upward, are truncated from above forward and downward, with a j)rofoundly sinuous outline, the sinus being directed forward and upAvard, while the posterior extremity of the dorsal margin is produced, pointed, and curved downward. Again, they show a peculiar flexure of the ventral margin, so as to form a kind of linear carina. In the species Bt^adleyi, this margin is always inflected along this line, at an acute angle inward and upward ; while in the species elytroides, it is less strongly deflected, though the linear carina is equally well defined, and sometimes minutely crenated. This species also shows another minutely crenated, obscurely defined carina below the dorsal margin, and would therefore bear some resemblance to Dithyrocaris, in this respects but otherwise, particularl}' in form, its carapace-valves are quite different from those of that type.

It is also worthy of note, that none of the several specimens of these species show any traces of the ocular spot or tubercle, constantly seen in the typical species of Ceratiocaris; and that the}^ show a clean, smooth outline to the dorsal mai'gins of the carapace-valves, indicating that they were only united hy a mem- brane ; while those of Ceratiocaris were supposed by Prof. McCoy to be anchylosed, and rigidly united at a fixed angle along the dorsal margin.

I have no doubt in regard to the importance of some, if not all, of these points of difterence, but, knowing how slow many geolo- gists (who are generally far behind zoologists in the discrimination of genera) are to accept such divisions, I have merely distinguished these species for the present, as belonging to a subgenus of Cera- tiocaris, under the name ColpocaiHs, in allusion to the sinus of the posterior margin.

Locality and position. — Base of the Waverley group, at Dan- ville, Kentucky. Prof. Bradley's collection.

18T2.]

334 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

CERATIOCARIS (COLPOCARIS) ELYTROIDES, Meek. Carapace-valves narrow-subelliptic, about two and a half to three times as long as high, anterior end narrower than the other, and subangular above ; dorsal margin gently arcuate from end to end, and terminating behind in a pointed projection that extends a little farther backward than the lower margin, and curves distinctly downward ; posterior margin truncated obliquely from above for- ward and downward, and very deeply sinuous, the sinus being directed a little upward and forward ; basal margin most promi- nent near the middle, and behind this straight, or sometimes very faintly sinuous and ascending to the rather obtusely pointed pos- terior basal extremity, while from near the middle forward it ascends gradually, at first with slight convexity of outline, and farther forward with a stronger upward curve, until it intersects the dorsal margin above, at a more or less obtuse angle. Surface writh an obscure linear, sometimes minutely crenate carina, or raised line along near the lower margin, but not exactly parallel to it (being most remote from it along near the middle), and an- other similar but more distinctly crenate carina, running along parallel to, and about one-fifth the height of tlie valves below, the dorsal margin ; otherwise appearing to the unassisted eye as if perfectly smooth, but, when examined in a favorable light, by the aid of the highest power that can be conveniently used as a hand magnifier, seen to be very beautifully and minutely striated, the strise being very regular, closely arranged, and more or less divaricating from the caringe.

Length of carapace-valves, 1.25 inches; height, 0.46 inch; con- vexity of each valve, 0.09 inch.

This species may be readily distinguished from the last, not only by its smaller size, but by its narrower form, and its two minutely crenate longitudinal carinse, and particularly by the dif- ferent nature of its microscopical sculpturing, that of the last- described species presenting a delicate reticulated appearance, instead of minute hair-lines. The basal margins of its valves, below the carina, are also only a little deflected inward and down- ward, while in all the specimens of the latter, yet seen, they are abruptly deflected at an acute angle inward and upward. Locality and position. — Same as last.

[March 19,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 335

CEEATIOCARIS (SOLENOCARIS) STRIGATA, Meek.

Carapace-valves narrow, and elongated, rather convex, with length about four times the height ; dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight and parallel, anterior extremity very narrowly rounded, being most prominent at the middle; posterior end very obliquely truncated from below backward and upward so as to impart a more or less angular or pointed character to the poste- rior dorsal extremity, which, however, is not curved. Surface of internal cast showing rather well-defined mai'ks of growth parallel to the margins ; while moulds of the exterior show impressions of coarse, more or less anastomosing, longitudinal strise, that do not curve exactly parallel to the free margins, particularly of the ends. jSTo ocular spot or tubercle visible.

Length, 1.24 inch; height, about 0.30 inch; convexity, about 0.25 inch.

I did not submit this form to Professor Dana, but as it differs quite as materially (though in other respects) from Ceratiocaris as those I sent to him do, and as widely, or even more widely, from those I sent than the latter do from Ceratiocaris proper, I have ventured to suggest for it at least a subgeneric name, Soleno- caris. It shows no traces of ocular spots, and merely has the posterior end subtruncated obliquely backward from below, with- out any traces of a sinus. At a first glance, it looks like the valves of a narrow bivalve mollusk ; but its sculpturing is de- cidedly of crustacean type, being like that of some species of Cera- tiocaris.

Locality and position Same as preceding.

ARCH.ffiOCARIS VERMIFORMIS, Meek.

The specimens of this fossil j^et known are too imperfect to be systematically characterized, but they may be described, in a gene^-al way, as follows; the description being intended to apply to a side view of individuals as seen more or less compressed laterally in concretions.

Cephalothorax or head, about equalling the length of the first three and a half of the bod}^ segments behind it ; subtrigonal in form, being somewhat pointed in front, with the posterior margin wider and obliquely truncated from above backward and down- ward, so as to give more or less angularity to the posterior basal extremity ; basal margin apparently with a kind of ridge or fold 1872.]

336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

along most of its length, and ascending with a slightly convex outline forward so as to meet the dorsal margin, which is more nearly horizontal, at a rather acute angle in front ; ej'es, if there are any, unknown. Abdomen or body, with the six segments of nearly equal size, and strongly imbricating. Telson apparentl}^ as long as three of the abdominal segments, flattened, of mode- rate breadth anterior!}', and tapering beliind. Stylets not clearly seen, but apparentlj^ one on each side of the telson; other abdo- minal appendages unknown. Surface of all parts smooth.

Length of head or cephalothorax, from the anterior to the posterior basal extremities, 0.34 inch; height, 0.18 inch; length of the six body or abdominal segments, 0.51 inch; height, 0.16 inch; leng-th of telson unknown.

In one of the specimens, there is a leg-like appendage, seen in the matrix extending close along under and parallel to the basal margin of the head or cephalothorax. This appendage, or rather what can be seen of it, consists of three joints, two long and one short. The posterior joint, although apparently broken at the posterior end, is 0.13 inch long, and rather stouter than the next in front of it, which is of the same length. The third joint only shows a little of one end, which connects with the anterior end of the forward one of the two longer joints, and is flexed at right angles to the latter, so as to pass under the anterior margin of the cephalothorax. This may possibly be one of the abdominal ap- pendages, bent forward, but it has more the appearance of a stout antenna bent backward. Prof. Dana thinks it most probably the latter.

In regard to the affinities of this type, not much can be said without better specimens for comparison. Prof. Dana suggests, however, that it may possibly have some relations to the recent genus Cuma. Being unable to find any defined genus to which it can be properly referred, I propose for its reception a new genus, under the name A7'ch8eocaris, in allusion to the ancient period of its existence.

Locality and positmi. — Same as preceding.

[March 19,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 337

The following reports were read, and referred to tlie Publica- tion Committee : —

THE LIBRARIAN'S REPORT.

The Librarian respectfully^ reports that the number of addi- tions to the library from January to December, 1871, inclusive, amounts to 1236.

Of these 165 were volumes, 1060 pamphlets and parts of peri- odicals, and 11 maps and charts. They were derived from the following sources: —

Societies 462, Editors 206, Wilson Fund 94, Authors 92, Pub- lishers 00, Dr. H. C. Wood 31, Isaac Lea 28, K^orwegian Govern- ment 18, Secretary of Treasury 15, Geological Survej' of Sweden 12, Government of Chile 8, Geological Survey of Italj- 7, Geolo- gical Survej^ of India 5, Thos. Meelian 5, J. B. Lawes 5, Minister of Public Works in France 5, J. S, Newberry 3, T. Guilford Smith 2, Smithsonian Institution 2, Chief of Engineers U.S.A. 2, Dep. of Interior 2, Dr. Jos. Leidy 1, Dr. H. C. Chapman 1, Col. Jas. Greer 1, Jos. Jeanes 1, P. P. Carpenter 1, Commis- sioner of Fisheries 1, D. F. Boyd 1. 85 were purchased and 80 presented through the Conchological Section.

These additions were distributed to the different departments of the library as follows: Journals 761, Geology 80, Bibliography 92, Entomolog}' 47, History and Statistics 45, Conchology 39, General Natural History 25, Ornithology 11, Ichthyology 9, Phy- sical Science 8, Botany 7, Anatomj' and Physiology' 7, Helmin- thology 7, Agriculture 6, Mineralog}^ 6, Voyages and Travels 2, Medicine 2, Chemistry 1, Mammalogy 1. 251 volumes have been bound.

During the year the revised and numbered catalogue of the Conchological Department has been completed, and is now in the hands of the binder.

Thirtj'-two applications for books wanting in the library were made by means of the blanks provided for the use of memliers. Fourteen of the required works have been received, and the others have been ordered.

Estimating the number of volumes formed by the pamphlets 1872.]

338 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

and periotlicals received during the last two years, the whole number of volumes now in the library is 22,693. All of which is respectfully submitted,

Edward J. Nolan, Librarian.

REPORT OF THE CURATORS.

The donations to the Museum of the Academy during the j'ear are as follows : —

Vertebrates. — A fine specimen of a Manatee, Manatus laiiros- tris, from St. Domingo, was presented by Mr. William M. Gabb. It has been mounted, and now occupies a place in the museum. We may also state that the Sea lion, Eumetopias Stelleri, from Cali- fornia, presented last year by George Davidson, has also been pre- pared and placed in the museum.

Mr. B. A. Hoopes presented a hybrid between the domestic Brahma cock and the Guinea fowl, raised by himself. A peculiar variety of the Bernicla canadensis, from Indiana, was presented by Gen. L. E. Yorke,of Cincinnati, Ohio. A parrot and a toucan were presented by Miss LeClair, and a Snow Bunting from Alaska, by S. R. Roberts.

A collection of fishes, in eighteen jars, from St. Domingo, was presented by William Gabb ; a collection, in eight jars, from the Delaware river, by Dr. C. Arrott, and a Hipx)Ocampus, by W. A. H. Allen, U.S.N.

3Iiscellaneous Collections. — A collection of reptiles, marine fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, and echinoderms, from the vicinity of Fort Macon, N. C, was presented by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U.S.A. A second collection, consisting of four bottles of fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, and insects, together with some marine shells, and two skulls of Loggerhead turtles, was presented by the same gen- tleman.

A collection of five jars of reptiles and fishes, a skeleton of u fish, four species of shells, several corals and echinoderms, eggs of the Alligator, and a case of lepidoptera, from the Isthmus of Darien, were presented by Dr. H. C. Eckstein, U.S.A.

Invertebrates. — A Scorpion with j'oung, and several spiders from Mexico, were donated by Prof. A. Du Bois ; a large crab, from Alaska, bj^ Dr. John M. Kollick; a small collection of lepidop-

[March 1 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 339

tei'a, from Texas, by Dr. G. Lincecum ; and a small collection of coleoptera, by J. R. Willis, of Halifax, N. S.

The spawn of a mollusk from the Pacific was presented by Dr. Geo. Davidson, and a specimen of Pheronema Grayi, by W. Savillc Kent.

Osteological, Ethnological, and Miscellaneous Specimens. — A well-preserved mummy from near Ancon, Peru, was presented by Mr. Edm. W. Sartori. Two skulls of Caciques, of the Peguenche tribe, of Chili, were presented by Dr. S. Wier Mitchell. The skull of a Flat-head, from Washington Territory, was presented by Dr. J. M. Kollick. The skull of a Walrus, from Sable Island, N. S., was presented by J. R Willis, of Halifax, N. S.

The following specimens were also received : A shark's jaws, from Capt. Westcott, U.S.N. ; the dermal covering of a large Alli- gator Gar, from Mr. Swaim ; three ancient stone hammers from the copper region of Keweenaw Pt., L. S.,from Francis R.Abbott; a section of a birch tree, fifteen inches in diameter, cut by beavers, from Keweenaw Pt., L. S., from B. A. Hoopes ; and the fangs of a large Rattlesnake from California, from Prof. A. Du Bois.

Dr. H. C. Yarrow presented a small collection of shells, bones, and fragments of pottery from ancient shell heaps on Hawkins's Island, N. C.

Fossils. — Dr. J. Yan A. Carter and Dr. Joseph K. Corson, U.S.A., of Fort Bridger, Wyoming, presented a collection of re- mains of extinct mammals, crocodilians, and chelonians, and some shells, from an early tertiary deposit of Wyoming. These remains pertain to species described during the year in the Proceedings of the Academy. Dr. Showalter presented a large portion of the skeleton, including the skull of Clidastes iguanavus, from the cretaceous formation of Alabama. Dr. Isaac Lea presented a portion of the lower jaw of Rhinoceros tichorhinus, and a molar of Elephas pinmigenius from near Florence, Italy. Mr. S. R. Roberts presented a small collection of mosasauroid remains from Kansas. There were also presented the following : Six fossils, by J. W. Queen ; five by Mrs. R. Hoffman ; two by T. Guilford Smith; three by Thomas Meehan ; two by Dr. H. C. Chapman ; two by Lotta Town ; one by Guy Bryan ; one by C. S. Westcott ; one by C. S. Bement ; one by Mr. Castor ; and one by an unknown donor.

Plants. — Sixtj^-seven species of Mexican plants were presented by C. Mohr, of Mobile. A collection of plants from the vicinity 1872"'

340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

of Fort Tejon, Cal., was presented b}' the Smithsonian Institu- tion. Twenty-three species of African plants were presented by Win. M. Canby. One species was presented by D. P. Rosenmiller and two by C. F. Parker.

Minerals. — Dr. F. A. Genth presented a huge mass of dog-tooth spar, from Morgan mine, Ken. Alfred Deshong presented four groups of large feldspar crystals from Leiperville, and Jacob Swayne two large crystals of muscovite, from Pennsbury, Pa.

Of other minerals there were presented, three by W. S. Vaux, two by C. S. Beraent, two by B. S. Lyman, two by I. Lea, two by E. Goldsmith, and one by each of the following: Dr. F. A. Genth, G. A. Nicolls, H. Veeder, T. D. Rand, and W. L. Mactier. Respectfully submitted by

Joseph Leidy, Chairman of Curators.

REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL COMMITTEE.

To the President and Members of the Academy : —

During the past year the Committee have devoted themselves to distributing the valuable specimens contained in the various col- lections through the general and the North American Herbariums. In our last report it was stated that owing to the cases being full, and not permitting from their structure any additions, these specimens were temporarily arranged in a supplemental herba- rium. By the consent of the curators these old cases will be abandoned, and simple portfolio cases employed in their stead. This has enabled the Committee to distribute the plants in their proper places in the general herbarium.

At the beginning of last year the index of the general herba- rium contained the names of 3239 genera. By the labors of the Committee 170 new ones have been added. The work during the next month will be entirely finished.

Thomas Meehan, /or the Committee.

The Treasurer's Report was read and referred to the Committee on Finance.

[March 19,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 341

RECORDING SECRETARY'S REPORT.

The Recording Secretaiy would respeclfull}^ report that, during the year ending November 30th, 1811, there have been elected thirty-five members and eight correspondents.

The announcement has been made of the death of the following members and correspodents: —

Four members, namely: Dr. Charles M. Wetherill, Benjamin Marshall, William P. Turnbull, Stephen Morris, Esq.

Six correspondents, namely: Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger, Prof. E. E. Adams, D.D., F. F.' Cavada, Mr. J. J. Cohen, Prof. Constant Dumeril, Dr. John Edward Holbrook.

The number of papers contributed and ordered to be printed in the Proceedings of the Academy during the year, has been nineteen, as follows: —

Prof. F. B. Meek 3

T. Meehan 1

Edward D. Cope 2

Prof. C. Thomas 1

J. A. Offden 1

'o^

Prof. L. B. Buckley 1

Robert Ridgway 1

Elliott Coues, M.D 2

Prof. A. Newton 1

Isaac Lea, LL.D 2

T. Hale Streets 2 ! G. N. Lawrence 1

Theodore D. Raud .... 1.

All of which is respectfull}^ submitted,

Samuel B. Howell,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF RECORDER OF MICROSCOPICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SECTION.

Extract from the Minutes of the Biological and Microscopical Section at the meeting held December 4th, 1871.

" The Report of the Recorder being in order, it was called for, and after jcing read was, on motion of Dr. Tyson, adopted and directed to be transmitted to the Academy at its approaching annual meeting, as the Report of the Section," to wit: —

In accordance with that regulation of the Section which requires the Recorder to lay before you a written report of the transac- tions during the year in our department, I have the honor to sub- mit the following summary of scientific labor accomplished within the past twelve months ; and whilst it is incontestably true that 1872.] PART III. — 23

342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

this exhibit cannot compare favorably with those of other like periods, it must, I think, be admitted that evidence is thereby afforded of an earnest determination to keep alive some interest in the study of microscopy.

Valuable donations have been from time to time received from Dr. J. J.Woodward, of the Surgeon-General's Office, at Washing- ton, consisting of specimens of his admirable micro-photographs of histological preparations, test objects from the Diatomaceae, &c. &c.

Among the more important contributions laid before the de- partment may be mentioned one from Dr. James Tj'son, on a method of demonstrating the reversal of light and shade oc- curring in the red blood-corpuscles under microscopical examina- tion, wiiich was subsequently printed in the Philadelphia Medical Times. One from Dr. J. H. McQuillen, upon a remarkable ex- ample of h3'pertrophy of the root of a tooth, the specimen being first exhibited to the members in its natural state, and its con. struction being afterwards demonstrated b\^ carefully prepared and mounted sections. Another from the same gentleman on im- perfections in the enamel of teeth, producing microscopical fis- sures which constituted predisposing causes of caries, his remarks lieing published in the Medical Times and Dental Cosmos, and subsequently reprinted in the London Microscopical Journal. An interesting contribution (also illustrated by specimens) upon in- termittent hfematuria, from Dr. James Tyson, which likewise ap- peared in the Medical Times, and was republished by various medical periodicals. One from Dr. Tyson, on the existence of true Haversian canals in hypertrophied cementum. Communica- tions from Dr. Tj'son and Dr. Richardson in regard to the use of acetate of potash solution as a preservative fluid for microscopical specimens, and one from the latter observer, on the Detection of Pulmonary Elastic Tissue in the Sputum of Phthisis.

In conclusion, I would, unless we determine to abandon our efforts, respectfully' urge upon my fellow-members the adoption of the proposed change in our existing arrangement for holding the meetings of the Department, in the hope that by reducing the frequency of our meetings the diminished number of earnest stu- dents of microscopy who remain will be able to present in rota, tion, according to a systematic plan, on each stated meeting, some written or oral communication, illustrated by specimens, which

[April 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 343

ma}^ serve as a subject for discussion, and render the proceedings of sufficient value and interest to secure the general attendance of our own members as well as of other scientific men.

Jos. G. Richardson, Recorder.

REPORTS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION.

RECORDER'S REPORT.

The Recorder would respectfully report, that during the past 3'ear there have been elected three correspondents.

The deaths of the following members and correspondents have been announced : Charles W. Peale, member, October 5th ; M. de la Saussaye, Bordeaux, correspondent, October 5th ; F. F. Cavada, Cuba.

Twenty papers have been accepted for publication, by the fol- lowing authors : W. Harper Pease, 6 ; Wm. H. Dall, 4 ; Bland and Binney, 4 ; Geo. W. Tryon, Jr., 3 ; R. E. C. Stearns, 2 ; F. B. Meek, 1.

Appended is a list of the correspondents elected during 1871. Respectfully submitted by

S. R. Roberts, Recorder.

Correspondents elected in 1871 : —

February 2d. H. E. Van Rijgersma, St. Martins, West Indies.

" " G. Nevill, Calcutta, India.

April 6th. Hugh Nevill, Point de Galle, Ceylon.

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY'S REPORT.

To the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelpliia : —

The Corresponding Secretary would respectfully report that letters have been written as follows, viz. : —

Feb. 3.— To Hugh Nevill, Galle, Ceylon.

To Dr. H. E. Van Rijgersma, St. Martins, W. I.

And letters have been received as follows, viz.: —

March 14. — From Albany Hancock.

March 20 From H. E. Van Rijgersma.

July 15. — From Dr. Fred'k Stolizka.

Nov. 3 — From New York Lyceum of Natural History.

Smithsonian Institution, four letters. 1872.]

344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Boston Natural History Society.

Dec. 6. — American Museum Natural History, of New York,

(Nov. 1.)

Dec. 6. — H, Cross, Paris, Sept. 20. (Publications sent.)

All of which is respectfully submitted,

E. R. Beadle, Cor. Secry. Philadelphia, Dec. 7th, 1871.

LIBEARIAN'S REPORT FOR 1871.

The Librarian respectfully reports that there have been pre- sented, during the past year, to the library of the Conchological Section, 73 pamphlets and 7 volumes. Of these, 23 were received from Societies, 20 from Editors, 22 from Authors, 5 from the Publication Committee, 2 from Isaac Lea, 2 from George W. Tryon, Jr., 2 from H. Neville, 1 from J. Gwynu Jeffreys, and 8 were purchased.

In addition, 3 volumes and 36 pamphlets have been presented during the same time to the Academy.

There are now in the Conchological Library 668 volumes. There are 807 titles on the catalogue.

During the year the transcription of the revised and numbered catalogue of this department has been completed, and is here- with presented.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Edward J. Nolan, Librarian.

CONSERVATOR'S REPORT. The Conservator of the Conchological Section respectfully re- ports that the donations to the Cabinet, during the past year, have

been as follows: —

From Rev. E. R. Beadle. Twenty-five species of shells, princi- pally from Ce^'lon.

P. P. Carpenter. A large lot of duplicate species in exchange for some of the publications of the Section.

T. A. Conrad. Numerous specimens of Unio viridis, from Trenton, N. J.

Geo. Davidson. Egg-cases of Chrysodomus liratus, Mar.

Dr. H. C. EcsTEiN. Three species of Strombus, from Central America.

[April 9,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 345

Andrew J, Garrett, of Papeiti, Tahiti. One hundred and fifty- four land, fresh-water, and marine shells of Polynesia, includino-

types of many new species. S. S. Haldeman. Nauiilus umibilicahis, List. J. GwYNN Jeffreys. Fusus Bernicensis, King ; Lima excavata,

Chem., and eighteen other species of rare rharine raolluscafrom

Norway and Great Britain. Dr. Samuel Lewis, through W. L. Mactier. Eggs of Bulimus

hsemastoma. W. Harper Pease. Thirty-six species of land and marine shells

from the Pacific Islands. Samuel Powel. Egg-cases of Fusus Islandicus, from Newport,

R. L J. H. Redfield. Eleven species of Marginella, mostly new to

the collection ; also twenty species of bivalve mollusca, new to

the collection. S. R. Roberts. Four species of Clausilia and one species of

Bulimus, from Greece. T. Hale Streets. Bulimus Powisianus, from Isthmus of Te-

hauntepec. Geo. W. Tryon, Jr. Twenty species of bivalve mollusca new to

the collection. Dr. H. C. Yarrow. Numerous specimens of Lingula pyramidata,

Stimp.. in alcohol. One hundred and fourteen species of shells

from Beaufort, N. C. Wm. S. Yaux. Twent3'-seven species of Cyprsea, Ovulum, and

Solen new to the collection.

One hundred species, numerous specimens of shells from Panama, including a number of species in alcohol, and fift3^-six species from the coast of Nicaragua were presented bj'^ the sub- scribers to the McNeill Expedition to Central America.

Eighty-five species of Polynesian mollusca, principall}' new, collected bj- the Godeffroy Natural History Expedition, were pur- chased, together with thirty species of bivalve mollusca, new to the collection, and selected by the Rev. Dr. Beadle during his recent visit to London.

During the year the Committee on the Arrangement of the Cabinet, consisting of Messrs. Parker, Hassler, Roberts, Tryon, and Nolan, has cleaned, mounted, and labelled 6881 specimens in

18T2.]

346

PROCEEDINGS OF ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

1898 trays. This includes the Cardiidse, Lucinidae. Ghamidse^ Peti'icolidee, Melanidse, Tridacnidse^ Tet'ebratulidee, North Ameri- can Helices, and Corbiculadse in part. The current additions to the families already arranged have also been mounted and placed in the cases as soon as received.

The sale of duplicate specimens has furnished sufficient funds for the purchase of about sixty additional drawers, which have been procured and placed in the museum.

The total number of species mounted and ai'ranged to date is 4031 ; number of trays and labels prepared, 7169; total number of specimens prepared and mounted, 20,941.

All of which is respectfully submitted,

Edward J. Nolan, Conservator.

The election of Officers for the ensuing year was held, in ac- cordance with the By-laws, with the following result: —

President Vice-Presidents

Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary Librarian Curators

Council

Publication Committee

Committee on Finance

W. S. W. Ruschenberger, M.D.

Wm. S. Yaux. Jos. Carson, M.D.

Samuel B. Howell, M.D.'

Edward D. Cope.

Edward J. Nolan, M.D.

Joseph Leidy, M.D. Wm. S. Vaux. Geo. W. Try on, Jr. Edw. D. Cope.

Isaac Lea.

Robert Bridges, M.D. Edw. S. Whelen. Isaac Hays, M.D.

Jos. Leid}^, M.D. Robert Bridges, M.D. Wm. S. Vaux. Geo. W. Try on, Jr. Edw. J. Nolan, M.D.

Wm. S. Vaux. Aubrey H, Smith. Robert Bridges, M.D.

[April 9,

i

ELECTIONS. 347

ELECTIONS FOR 18tl.

The following Members and Correspondents of the Academy of Natural Sciences have been elected during the year 1871 : —

MEMBERS.

February 28. — Henry T. Peck, Archibald Mclntyre, John McLaughlin, Lewis Thompson, George Thompson, Rachel L. Bodley, Lt. Clarence Edward Dutton, U.S.A., S. J. W. Mintzer, M.D., Elizabeth Shreve, J. B. White, M.D., Charles C. Phillips, Richard Morris Smith, T.Warren O'Neil, Charles T. Yerkes, Jr., Caleb Cresson, Wm. P. Jenks.

March 28 Gustavus A. Nicholls, J. Price Wetherill.

April 25. — B. F. Quimby, A. Crawford Coates.

May 30. — Wm. Campbell Gatzraer, Samuel P. Wetherill.

June 21. — Frederick W. Eiidlich, Edward K. Williams, Fred- erick Gutekunst.

November 28. — Richard Day, Thomas E. Parke, M.D., Commo- dore J. P. Gillis, U.S.N., Samuel W. Pennypacker, Richard A. Lewis, W. Grier Hibler, Louis Stille, M.D., James A. Ogden, Ro- land G. Curtin, M.D., Allen Shryock.

December 26.— A. L. Gihon, M.D., U.S.N., Andrew H. Miller.

CORRESPONDENTS. t

February 28. — S. B. Buckley, of Austin, Texas.

March 28.— Hon. H. Nevill, of Gallee, Ceylon; John Hauxwell, of Pebas, Equador.

June 21. — Gen. L. E. Yorke, of Cincinnati, Ohio.

November 28.— Dr. J. Van A. Carter, of Fort Bridger, Wyom- ing; Dr. Joseph K. Corson, U.S.A.; Prof. W. C. Kerr, of Ral- eigh, N. C; George Stewardson Brady, of Sunderland, England.

1872.]

348 CORRESrONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ACADEMY

For 1871.

January. — W. H. WaM, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as member.

Geological Society of London, acknowledging receipt of American Jour- nal of Concbolog3^

Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Ncucliatel ;

Neues Jalirbucli fiir Mineralogie ; cacli acknowledging receipt of Journal.

Verein fiir vaterliiudiscbe Naturkunde in AViirttemberg, acknowledging receipt of publications.

February. — Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia ;

Bureau de la Rechercbe Geologiquc de la Suede ;

Seuckenbcrgiscbe Naturforscbeude Gesellscbaft in Frankfurt-am-Main ; severally sending publications.

Bureau de la Recberche Geologique de la Suede ;

Tbe Naturforscbende Gesellscbaft of Basel ;

Tbe Verein der Freunde der Naturgescbiclite in Mecklenburg ;

Seuckenbergiscbe Naturforscbende Gesellscbaft in Frankfurt-am-Main ; severally acknowledging receipt of publications.

J. M. KoUock, witb specimens. ,

March. — American Geograpbical and Statistical Society ;

Die Koniglicb Sacbsiscbe Gesellscbaft der Wissenscbaften ;

Asiatic Society of Bengal ; severally acknowledging receipt of publica- tions.

American Legation, Tbe Hague ;

Museu de Lisboa Secqao Zoologica ; witb publications.

H. A. Dreer, resigning membersbip.

D. F. Boyd, regarding catalogues of museum.

Prof. Igino Coccbi, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as corres- pondent.

April. — Essex Institute ;

Das Bibliotbekariat der Koniglicb Bayeriscben Akademie der Wissen- scbaften ; eacb acknowledging receipt of publications. J. B. Blair, regarding "Birds of tbe World." Die Gesellscbaft Naturforscbende Freunde zu Berlin ; witb publications.

May. — Lyceum of Natural History, New York ;

Academy of Sciences of Cbicago ; eacb acknowledging receipt of publi- cations. W. M. Gabb, witb specimens.

[April 9,

CORRESPONDENCE. 349

June. — Die Kouigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, acknowledging receipt of publications.

Naturforscbende Gesellscbaft zu Halle a. d. S. ; witb publications, and acknoAvledging receipt of publications.

Die Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien ; "with publications.

July. — A. S. H'erschel, announcing the death of Sir John Herschel. Smithsonian Institution ; Essex Institute ;

American Geographical and Statistical Society ; each acknowledging receipt of publications.

August. — Die Konigl. bohmische Gesellschaft der "Wissenschaften, Prag ;

Secretar des Nassauischen Vereius flir Naturkunde, Wiesbaden ; acknow- ledging receipt of publications.

Universidad de Chile ;

Era Museets Direction, Bergen ;

Der Naturforscher Verein zu Riga ; with publications.

G. Burmcister, forwarding Anales del Museo Publico de Buenos Aires.

Madame Claparede, announcing death of Edward Claparede.

The Society of Natural and Physical Science, Leavenworth, asking for copy of Constitution and By-Laws of the Academy.

Consulat de Grece, New York, regarding package sent.

Archivio per I'Antropologia E La Etnologia, proposing exchanges.

September. — Era Museets Direction, Bergen ;

Naturhistorischer Verein der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens, Bonn ;

Geological Survey of India, Calcutta ;

Die Naturforscbende Gesellschaft, Freiburg; acknowledging receipt of publications.

Real Observatorio de Madrid ;

Geological Survey of India, Calcutta ;

Die Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz ;

Italian Society of Natural Sciences, Milan ;

Societe des Sciences de Finlande ; with publications.

Der Naturforscbende Verein in Briiuu, acknowledging receipt of publi- cations, and forwarding others in return.

Hugh Nevill, acknowledging receipt of notice of election as correspon- dent.

October. — Naturforscbende Gesellschaft in Emden ;

Per Naturwissenschaftliche Verein fiir das Eiirstenthum Llineburg ; each acknowledging receipt of publications.

William Garley, regarding fossils.

Prof. Gegenbauer, Jena;

Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux ; with publications, and acknowledging receipt of others.

Die Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wein, Avith publications.

1872.]

350 CORRESPONDENCE.

November. — Lyceum of Natural History, New York ; ■

British Museum, London ; acknowledi^ing receipt of publications.

Det Kongelige Danske Vidcnskabernes Selskab, with publications.

Announcement of death of Sir R. I. Murchison.

George Davidson, with photographs. ,

George Davidson, with specimens for museum. • \

J. C. Jay, regarding collection of shells.

American Museum of Natural Historj'-, New York, specifying days it is open for special study.

F. B. Meek, with paper for publication.

December. — Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland ;

Die Koniglich Siichsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Leipzig ;

Lyceum of Natural History, New York ;

Pliysicalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft in Wiirzburg ; acknowledging re- ceipt of publications.

L. E. Yorke ;

W. C. Kerr ;

J. A. Van Carter ;

J. K. Corson ; each acknowledging receipt of notice of election as cor- respondent.

Number of letters received, 1871 110

" of correspondents elected 8

EDW. D. COPE, Corresponding Secretary.

[April 9,

DONATIONS TO LIBRARY. 851

DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY, ISIl. JOUKNALS AND PERIODICALS.

NORWAY.

Bergen. Sondre Bergenhns Amtsformandskabs Forhandlingar i Aaret

1867-70. From the Bergen Museum. Christiania. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs Selskabet. Aar 1869-70. From the Society. Det K. Norske Frederiks Universitets Aarsberetning for Aaret 1869-

70. From the University. Nyt ]\Iagazin for Naturvidenskabernes. 7de Binds, 2et Hefte ; 8de

Binds, 3e Hefte. From the editors. Den Norske Turistforenings Arbog for 1870. From the Society. Norsk Meteorologisk Aarbog for 1869, 3die Aargang, 1870. From the

Meteorologiske Instituut. Det Norske^Meteorologiske Instituuts Storm-Atlas, 1870. From the Institute.

DENMARK.

Copenhagen. Videnskabemes Meddelelser fra Naturhistorisk Forening

for Aaret, 1870, No. 12-28. From the Society. Oversifft over det K. D. Videnska])erncs Selskabs Forhandlinger og

dets Mcdlemers Arbeider i Aaret, 1870, Nos. 2-3 ; 1871, No. 1. From

the Society. Videnskabemes Selskab Skrifter, 5 Raekke, Naturvid, og Mathem.

Afd. 9 Bd. II. III. and IV. From the Society.

HOLLAND.

Leeuvrarden. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Vijde Deel, Vierde Stuk, 1870. From the editors.

RUSSIA.

Dorpat. Archiv fiir die Naturkunde Liv-Ehst und Kurlands. Iste Series,

6er Band, Iste Lief. 2e serie; 7er Band, 2e Lief 1870. From the

Publisliing- Society. Sitzungsberichte der Dorpater Naturforscher Gesellschaft, 3er Band,

Iste Heft. From the Society. Helsingfors, Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae. Tomus IX. 1871.

From the Society. Moscow. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou.

Annee, 1870, No. 2. From the Society. St. Petersburg. Horse Societatis Entomologicfe Rossica?. Tome VI., No.

3 and supplement ; Tome VII., Nos. 1-3 ; Tome VIIL, No 1. From

the Society. ^

Memoires de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. 7e Serie. Tome

XVI., Nos. 1-8. From the Academy. Bulletin de TAcademie Imperiale des Sciences. Tome XV., Nos. 3-5 ;

Tome XVI., No. 1, 1871. From the Society.

18t2.J

352 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

Repertorium fiir Mineralogie. Band I., Heft 2. From the same. Annales de TObscrvatoire Physique Central de Russie. Anuee, 1866.

From the Observatory. Ofversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Forhandlingar XIII., 1870

-71. From the Society. Bidrag till kJinncdon af Finlauds Natur och Folk, iitgifna af F. Ve-

tcnskaps-Societen. Sjuttonde Hiiftct. From the Society. Riga. Arbeiten des Naturforschcr-Vereins, Neue Folge. 3es and 4es

Heft. From the Society. Corrcspondenzblatt des Naturforscher Vereins. 18er Jalirg., 1870.

From the Society. Denkscbrift of the same. Marz, 1870. From the Society.

GERMANY.

Berhn. Entomologische Zeilscrift. 14er Jahrg. ; 3es and 4es Vierteljah- resheft ; 15er Jahrg. ; Ics— 4es Viert. From the Society. Zcitscrift fiir die Gesammtcu Naturwissenschaften. Juli, August, Sep- tember, October, November, and December, 1870. From the editor. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. XXII. Band, 4

Heft ; XXIII. Band, 1-2 Heft. From the Society. Archiv fiir Naturgcschichte. 34cr Jahrg., 6es Heft, to 37 Jahrg., les

Heft. From the editor. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde in Berlin

im Jahre, 1870. From the Society. Monatsbericht der K. P. Akademie 'der Wissenschaften. April, 1870-

August, 1871. From the Society. Physikalische Abhaudlungeu of the same ans dem Jahre, 1809-70.

From the Society. Mathematische Abhandlungen of the same, 1869. From the Society. Verzeichniss der Abhandlungen der K. P. Akad. der Wissen. von 1710-1870, in alphabetischer Folge der Verfasser. From the Aca- demy. Wochenschrift des Vereiues zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues. XIII. Jabrg. From the Society. Bonn, Verhandhmgeu des Naturhistorischen Vereines der Preussischen Rheinlande mid Westphaleus. 27 Jahrg., 1870. From the Society. Braunschweig. Archiv fiir Anthropologie. 4er Band, 3es und 4es Vier-

teljahrsheft. Purchased. Bremen. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Ver-

eine. 2 Bd., III. Heft. From the Society. Briinn. Verhandlungcn des Naturforscheuden Vereines. Band VIII., 1

und 2 Heft. From the Society. Cassel. Malakozoologische Blatter. Banden 16, 17, und 18 ; Bg. 1-10,

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From the Society. Danzig; Schriften der Naturforschcnden Gesellschaft, Neue Folge. 2en

Bandes, 3es und 4es Heft. From the Society. Darmstadt. Notizblatt des Vereins fiir Erdkunde und verwandte Wissen- schaften. Ill Folge, 9 Heft. From the Society. Dresden. Sitzungsberichte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis.

1870, July to 1871, Marz. From the Society. Emden. 56er Jahresbericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 1870. From the Societj'. Kleine Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, XV. From the Society. Erfurt. Jahrbiicher der K. Akademie gemeinnutziger Wissenschaften. Neue Folge, Heft VI., 1870. From the Society.

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scendcn Gesellscliaft. 7en Baudcs, oes und 4es Heft. From the So- ciety. Der Zoologische Garten. XI. Jahrg., Nos. 7-12; XII. Jahrg., ISTos.

2-G. From the editor. Freiburg, J. B. Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden

Gesellschaft. Heft III. and IV., 1870. From the Society. Gottingen. jSTachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und

der Georg-Augusts Uuiversitiit aus dem Jahre, 1870. From the So- ciety. Halle. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. lieu Bandes,

2es Heft ; 12en Bandes, les und 2cs Heft. From the Societj'. Hannover. Zwanzigster Jahresbericht der Naturhistorichen Gesellschaft,

1871. From the Society. Heidelberg. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-Medicinischen Vereins.

SerBand. From the Society. Karteu. Jahrbuch des ISTaturhistorischen Landesmuseum. 8 and 9 Heft.

From the Society. Leipzig. Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Vols. 13, 13, 14, 15,

and 21er Band, les-3es Heft. 5*"i'chased. Jahrbuch fiir Wissenschaftliche Botanik. 17er Band, 4es Heft ; 18

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1870, Nos. I. and II. From the Society.

Abhandlungen of the same. IX. Band, Nos. IV. and V., 1870. From

the Society.

Munich. Sitzungsberichte der Math. — Phys., Classe der K. B. Akademie

der Wissenschaften. 1870, II. Heft, 1-4 ; 1871, Heft I. and II. From

the Society.

Neubrandenburg. Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte

in Meklenburg. 24 Jahr. From the Society. Pesth. Magyar Tudom. Akademiai Almanach, 1869-70. From the So- ciety. A. M. T. Akademia Erkonyvei Tijenharmadik Kotet. I. and IV.

Darab. From the Society. ]\Iatliematikai cs Termeszettudomanyi Kozlemenyek vonatkozolag a liazai viskonyokra. Kiadja A. M. T. Akademia. V. Kotet 1867. From the Societv. A. M. T. Akad. Ertesetoje. Masodik Evfolyam 12 Szam 1868— Neg-

yedik Evfolyam, 11 Szam 1870. From the Society. Ertezesek a Termeszettudomanyi Osztaly Korebol kiadja a M. T. Akad., 1868-70. From the Society. Prag. Sitzungsberichte der K. B. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Jahrg. 1870, Jan. — Dec. From the Society. Abhandlungen of the same. 1870, 6ste Folge, 4er Band. From the Society. Regensburg. Flora, herausgegeben von der K. botanischen Gesellschaft. Neue Reihe, 28 Jahrg. From the Society. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch-Mineralogischen Vereins. 34cr Jahrg. From the Society. 1812.]

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Stettiu. Entomologische Zeitnng. Hcrausgcgeben von dem Entomologis-

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1871, 5 Heft. From the editor. Wiirttembergische Naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte. 26er Jahrg.,

les, 2es, imd 3es Heft, 1870. From the editor. AUgemeines Repertorium der Miueralogie, Geologic, und Palilontologie

fiir das Decennium, 1860-69. Index zu den in Leonhard nnd

Geinitz's Jahrbucli. 1870. From the editor. Vienna. Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft.

Jahrg., 1870. XX. Band. From the Society. Sitzungsberichte der K. Akadcmie der Wissenscliaften. Mathem. —

Naturwiss. Classe. 60 Band, Iste Abth, III.— V. Heft; 2e Abth,

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nisse in Wien. IX. and X. Band. From the Society. Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalt. Nos. 1-18,

1870. From the Society. Jahrbuch of the same. Jahrg. 1870, XX. Band, Nos. 3 and 4 ; XXI.

Band, No. 1. From the Society. Abhandlungen of the same. Band V., Nos. 1 and 2. From the So- ciety. Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft. I. Band, Nos. 4-11.

From the Society. Wiesbaden. Jahrblicher des Nassauischen Vereins fi'ir Naturkunde.

Jahrg. XXIII. uud XXIV. From the Society. Wurzburg. Verhandlungen der Physikal-Medicin. Gesellschaft. Neue

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turelles. Nouvelle Periode. Tome 29me, Nos. 153-156. From the

Editor. Lausanne. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Vol.

X., Nos. 63 and 64. Neuchatel. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Tome VIII.,

3me Cahier, 1870. From the Society. St. Gallen. Bericht iiber die Thatigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissen-

schaftlichen Gesellschaft wiihrend des Vereinjahres 1868-69-70.

From the Society.

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

Lisbon. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturals Publicado sob OS auspicios da Academia Real das Sciencias. Nos. 7, 8 and 10, 1869. From the Society.

Madrid. Anuario del Observatorio de Madrid. Auo IX. and X. From the Observatory.

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Bordeaux. Menioires de la Sociote des Sciences Plij-siques et Naturolles.

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Caen. Memoires de TAcademie Imperialc des Sciences, Arts et Belles-

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Tome VIL, No. 8, to Vol. VIIL, iSTo. 10. From the Society. Bulletin de la Societe Botauique de France. Tome 17me. Comptcs Rendus des Sciences, 3 and 3. 1870. From the Society.

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Bologna. Rendiconto delle Sessioni deir Accademia delle Scienze dell'

Istituto di Bologna. Anno Accademico, 1870-71. From the Society. Cagnola. Atti della Fondazione Scientifica Cagnola. Vol. V., Pts. I. and

II. From the Society. Lucca. Atti della R. Academia Lucchese di Scienza, Lettere ed Arti.

Tomos 17 and 18. From the Academy. Milan. Reale Instituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. Rendiconti. Series

II., Vol. II., Fasc. 17 et seg. Vol. III. and IV., Fasc. 1-6, 8-13.

From the Academy. Memoirs of the same. Classe di Scienze Mathematiche e Xaturale.

Vol. XII. From the Society. Xapoli. Societa Reale di Xapoli. Atti del Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche

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From the Society. Palermo. Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche pubblicato per

cura del Consiglio di Perfezionamento annesso al R. Instituto Tech-

nico di Palermo. Anno 1869. Vol. V., Fasc. III. and IV. Anno

1870. Vol. VI., Fasc. I. and II. From the Society. Turin. Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Vol. V., Disp.

le-7e, 1870. From the Society. Notizia Storico del Lavori fatti della Classe di Scienze fisiche e Mathe- matiche dell R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino negli Anni 1864 e

1865. From the Academy. Appendice al Vol. IV. dcgli Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di

Torino. From the Society. BuUetino Meteorolo2;ico ed Astronomico del Regio Osservatorio dell

Univcrsita di Torino. Anno IV., 1869. From the University. Venice. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Tome

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the Society.

1872.1

356 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

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From the Society. The Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. Vol. IX., Nos. 97-107.

Purchased. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of

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From the Society. The Journal of the Societj' of Arts and of the Institutions in Union.

Vol. XVIII. 1870. From the Society. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

New Series, Vol. V., Part 1. 1870. From the Society. Report of the Meetings of the British Association for the Advancement

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Zoology at Harvard Colletre, for 1870. From the Trustees Bulletin of the same. Vol. III., No. 1.

Fourth and Fifth Annual Reports of tlie Trustees of the Peabody Mu- seum of American ArchtTjology and Ethnology. 1871. From the

Trustees. The Literary World. Vol. I., No 89 to Vol. II., No. 1. From tlie

Editor. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XIII ,

Page 303 et seq.; Vol. XIV. Pages 1-112. From the Society. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. II., Part I.,

No. 2. From the Society. Annual of Scientific Discovery for 18G8 to 1871. Purchased. Cambridge. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Vol. II.

Nos. 2 and 3. From tlie Director. Chicago. American Journal of Microscopy. Vol. I., No. 1. April, 1871.

From the Editor. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Fruit Grower's Society. Annual Meeting.

January 6, 1867. From the Society. Leavenworth Medical Herald. Vol. IV., No. XII. to Vol. V., No. XL

From the Editor. New Haven. The American Journal of Science and Arts. 1871. Vol. I.,

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Vol. II., No. 11. From Thos. Meeliau. The American Gas Light Journal. Vol. XIIL, No. 1 to Vol. XIV.,

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From the Editor. The American Chemist. New Series. Vol. L, No. 7 to Vol. 11. , No.

5. From the Editor. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. Vol. IX., No. 13 to Vol.

X. , No. 3. From the Society. Philadelphia. American Journal of Conchology. Vol. IV., Part 3 to

Vol. VIL, Part 2. From the Publication Committee. The Dental Cosmos. Vol. XIIL, Nos. 1-12. From the Editor. The Gardener's Monthly. Vol. XIIL, Nos. 1-12. From the Editor. The Penn Monthly. Vol. 11. , Nos. 1-12. From the Editor. American Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. XLIIL, Nos. 1-12. Fourth

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Annual Meeting. September, 1870. From the Association. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Nos. 121-124. From

the Editor. Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. XCIL, Nos. 546-550. From

the Institute. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. XL, No. 85

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858 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

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Part 2. From the Society. Memoirs of the Peabody Academy of Sciences. Vol. I., No. 2. From

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From the Smithsonian Institution. Worcester. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. No. 56, and October 21, 1870. From the Society.

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and Vol. VI., No. 1. From the Editor. The Year Book and Almanac of Canada, for 1871. From P. P.

Carpenter. London, Canada. Canadian Entomologist. Vol. II., Nos. 10-12. Vol.

III., Nos. 1-8. From the Editor. Quebec. Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society. New Series.

Part 8. From the Society. Toronto. The Canadian Journal of Science, Literature, and History.

Vol. XIII., Nos. 1 and 2. From the Editor.

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5. From tlie Museum. Santiago de Chile. Anales de la Universidad de Chile. Jan. -Dec. 1869.

From the University.

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1870-71. From the Society. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1862 to Part II., No. 4, 1870. From Isaac Lea. Proceedings of the same. From January, 1865, to No. 5, 1871. From Isaac Lea. Colombo. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1865-66, 1867-70, Parts 1 and 2. From the Society.

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Accessions to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from June, 1869, to June, 1870.

From Dr. Joseph Leidy. Aeby, Dr. Chr. Der Bau des Menscliliclien Korpers. Leipzig, 1871.

Purcliased. Agassiz, L., and Ch. F. Hart. Scientific Results of a Journey in Brazil.

Boston, 1870. Purchased. Allman, Geo. James. Publications of the Ray Society. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Part I. From the Wilson Fund. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the year 1871. From

the Author. Annual Report of the Directors of City Trusts for the year 1870. First.

From the Board of Trusts. Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New- York. Twentieth. Revised edition, 1868. From James Hall. Annual Report of the N. Y. State Library. Fifty -third. From the Trus- tees. Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New

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for the year 1870. From the Secretary. Baars, Herman. Les Peches de la Norwege. From the Author. Baird, S. F., and J. G. Cooper. Geological Survey of California. Orni- thology. Vol. I., Land Birds. Purchased. Bericht iiber die Wisseuschaftliclien Leistuu2;en im Gebiete der Entomo- ^ logic Aviilirend der Jahre 1867, 1868. I'ste und 2e Halfte, und 1869. Purchased. Bischoff, G. Lehrbuch der Chemischen und Physikalischen Geologic.

3 Vols. Bonn, 1863, 1866. Purchased. Bland, Thos. and W. G. Binney. Notes on the genus Pineria and on the

lingual dentition of Pineria Viequensis Pfr. From the Authors. Bleeker, P. Atlas Icthyologique des Indies Orientales Neerlandaises.

Livrs 22-2-1. From the Wilson Fund. Socage, J. V. Barboza du. Oiscaux nouveau de I'Afrique occidentale.

From the Author. Bolton, J. C. Index to the Literature of Uranium. From the Author. Brady, George Stewardson. A Review of the Cyprinidse of the European Seas. Notes on Fossil Ostracoda.

The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers. Address to the Members of the Tyneside Naturalist's Field Club. On undescribed fossil Entomostraca from the brick-earth of the Nar. Deep-Sea Dredging on the Coasts of Northumberland and Durham in

1864. Contributions to the Study of the Entomostraca. Notes of week's dredging in the west of Ireland. On the Crustacean Fauna of the salt marshes of Northumberland and

Durham. Description of an Entomostracan inhabiting a Coal Mine. Notes on Entomostraca. From the Author. Brady, Henry B. On Saccammina Carteri. On Ellipsoidina. From the Author.

1872.]

360 DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.

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Ewald, J., J. Roth, und H. Eck. Leopold von Buch's gesammelte Schriften. 2er Band. Berlin, 1870. Purchased.

Finsch, Dr. O. Monographie der Gattuug Certhiola. From the Author.

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Fritsch. Phanologische Beobachtungen aus dem Pflanzen- und Tliierreiche. VIII. , Heft. Jahrg. 1857. From the Vienna Academy.

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Pala!ontologia Indica. Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India. Vol. III., Nos. 1-8.

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Gmelin, J. G. Joannis Georgii Gmelini, Reliquias quiie supersunt Com- mercii Epistolici cum Carolo Linnwo, Alberto Hallero, Guilielmo Stellcro, et al. From the Editor, Dr. G. H. T. Plieninger.

Gray, Geo. R. Hand. List of Genera and Species of Birds. Part II. From the Author.

Grote, A. R. On Thecla inornata, G. and R., and Thecla falacer, Godt. From the Author.

Gunther, A. C. L. G. The Record of Zoological Literature. 1869. Vol. VI. London, 1870. Purchased.

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Henry, Joseph. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection. 237. Directions for Constructing Lightning Rods. From the Smithsonian Institu- tion.

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From the Department.

[April 9,

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Paetel, Fr. Molluscorum Sj'Stema et Catalogus System und Aufziihlung sammtlicher Couchylieu der Sammlung. Dresden, 1869. From Dr. L. W. Schaufuss.

Peters, Dr. W. Lista de Mammiferos das possess5es portuguezas da Africa occidental e diagnoses de algumas especias novas. From the Author.

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Putnam, F. W. Note on the Young of Orthagoriscus mola. From the Author.

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Winchell, Alex. Report on the Progress of the State Geological Survey of Michigan. Nov. 23, 1870. Lansing, 1871. From the Author.

Wood, Rev.'j. G. The Natural History of Man. Vol. II. London, 1870. Purchased.

Worthen, A. H. Geological Survey of Illinois. Vol. IV. Chicago, 1870. From the Author.

Wymann, Jeffries. Experiments with Vibrating Cilia. From the Author.

Zeiifuss, Dr. G. The Pneumatic Sewage System. Cologne, 1869. From the Author.

[April 9,

INDEX TO GENERA.

365

i:^rDEX TO GENERA.

Abies 107

Abra 138

Acara 255

Accipiter 27

Acer 101

Achelons 120

Achillea 116

Achrochordus 202

Actsea 239

Actodromas 30

Aciis 144

^cidiiim 296

^gialitis 28

Agalychnis 205

AgelfBus 24

Agrostis 116

Aix 36

Alligator 48

Allorisma 70, 167

Alpheus 242

Alj'ssum Ill

Amblyopsis 297

Ambouychia 319

Ambrosia 110

Amia 105

Amiva 216, 218, 220, 221, 222

Ammodromus 22

Amphidesma '. 128, 138

Anacyrtus • 266

Analis 205

Anapbthalmus 297

Anas 36

Aucistrodon 48, 205, 206, 209

Anchitherium 118, 199

Anicuhis 240

Anodonta 188

Anolis 200, 213, 218, 220

Anomia 131

Anosteira 103, 114

Anostomus 258

Anser 98

Anthus 19

Apbyocharax 260, 291

Aplysia 140

Aralia 106

1872.]

Area 129, 133

Archgescaris 335

Arcnseus 121

Arctomys 230

Ardea 33

Asphidium 53

Astarte 134

Astcrias 148

Atelopus 205, 222

Aulastomum 306

Avicula 133

Aviciilopecten 60, 101, 178

Aythya 37

Baena 228

Balaena 13

Balauus 125

Bascanion 49

Bellerophou 77

Bernicla 36

Bittium 143

Botanriis 34

Bothriechis 204, 206, 207

Botliriocephalus 306

Bothriopsis 206, 208

Bothrops 204

Bonvardia 53

Bracliyotus 27

Brancbiostoma 129

Brocbis 112, 277, 291

Brycon 261

Bucepbala 37

Bufo 205, 216, 219

Bulla 140

Busycon 129, 144

Butorides 33

Cacabocrinns 59

Calidris 31

Callicbtbys 275, 277

Callinectes... 120

Callopbysus 293

Caloptenus 149

Camilia 200

Campeloma 181

366

INDEX TO GENERA.

Cancellaria 146

Cancer 120

Capritblium 107

Carapus 2r)7

Cardinalis 24

Cardiomorpha 72, 327

Cardita 134

Cardium 134

Cariacus 13

Carpilius 239

Cassia 117

Cassis 143

Cathartes 27

Catherpes 233

Catostoma 212

Caudisona 48, 204

Cauloxenus 297

Ceiiobita 241

Ceratiocaris 332

Cercis 106

Cercomya 71

Cerithiopsis 144

Cerithium 141

Ceromya 328

Ceromyopsis 328

Cevyle 26

Cetopsis 292

Clia>tostoma 286

Chalceus 262

Clialcinus 265

Cliama 134

Cliaracidium 259, 291

Charadrius 28

Chaiilelasmus 36

Chelouia 49

Cbersydrus 202

Chettusia 194

Chioiie 136

Chiton 140

Chordeiles 26

Chrcecocephalus 40

Clirysomitris 21

Cichla 291

Cimex 295

Circus 27

Cissus 118

Cistothorus 20

Clidastes 104

Clinopistlia 67

Cnemidopboi-us 47, 216

Coccygus 27

Cochlodcsma 139

Colaptes 27

Colobognathus 205, 211

Colophrys 212

Columbella 143

Colymbus 47

Coniopbanes 204, 216

Couocardium 65

Conopbis 204

Contia 223

Conularia 84

Convolvulus 117

Corbula 139

Gorydoras 112, 277, 278

Corylbopbanes 200

Corvus 26

Cotyle 21

Crataegus 107

Crenicicbla 252

Crcpidula 140

Crocodilus 104

Cumingia 138

Curimatus 258, 291

Cyclonema 79

Cyclura 205, 216

Cyprrea 143

Cypricardina 162

Cyrtoceras 86

Cytbere 331

Cytberea 136

Dafila 36

Dahnanites 91

Delpbinus 13

Deudroeca 21

Deutzia 52

Diancma 112, 276, 291

Dibotbrium 306

Didelpbys 15

Dion?ea 118

Dipbicus 157

Diplodonta 134

Dipsas 204

Dolabra 326

Dolatocriuus 57

Dolicbonyx 24

Dobum 143

Donax 137

Doras 55, 270, 293

Dosinia . : 137

Dromicus 201, 218, 222

Dryiopbis 204

Edestosaurus 298

Edmondia 72

Elaps 203, 204, 209, 216

Elotberium 10

Empidonax 234

Emys 103, 154, 155, 228

Entabs 140

Epicrates 205

Epigrea 52

Equus 50, 113

Ereunetes 31

Eripbia 239

Erytbrolamprus 203, 204

Etiieostoma 259

[April 9,

INDEX TO GENERA.

set

Eulima 143

Eupaii-urus 124

Euphorbia 296

Falco 27, 94

Fasciolavia 147

Fenestella 159

Fiber 14

Fissurella 141

Fraxinus 110, 245

Fulix 37

Fundulus 217

Galeodes 295

Gallinag-o 30

Gambetta 32

Gasteropelecus 265

Gastrochteua 139

Garzetta 33

Gebia 242

Gelasimus 121

Gemma 136

Geopliagus 250, 291

Geotlilj^iis 20

Gleditschia 106, 107

Glyptocrinus 314

Glvptosaurus 105

Goniodactylus 200, 222

Gordius 306

Graculus 38

Grammysia 72

Grapsus 240

Gymuocladus 106

Gyroceras 87

Hadrohyus 248

Halesia 107

Heligettis 27

Haliplaua 46

Hamamelis . . . .' 295

Helicops 222

Helix 147

Hemidactylus 218, 220

Hemiodus 291

Hepatus 124

Herodias 33

Heros 254

Herpetodryas 204

Heterocrinus 308

Himantodes 201

Hippa 124, 240

Hipparion 112

Hirundo 21, 306

Holcodus 298

Holopea 172

Holotaxis 257

Homalochilus 218

Homarus 124

Hoplosternum 277

1872.]

Hybemys 103

Hydrochelidon 4G

Hydrolycus 292

Hydrops 216, 217

Hygrogouus 256. 291

Hyla -49, 219, 223

Hyperanodou 223

Hyposaurus 104

Hypsirhynclius 318

HyracUyus 229

Hyracodon 229

Icterus 24

Iguanodectes 260, 291

Ih'onassa 143

Isocardia 183

Isonema 79

Ilea 107

Lcemolyta 358

Lagopus 96

Laris 108

Larus 39

Lasiurus 14

Leda 133

Lepidosteus 105

Leporinus 259

Lepotophis 49

Leptodira 204

Leptognathus 204

Lepus 14, 96

Libinia 120

Lilium 117

Lima 131

Limax 147

Limosa 32

Limulus 125, 139

Lindemia 157

Lingula 125

Lingulella 185

Liocardium 134

Liocephalus 218

Liodou 397

Liopliis 204, 233

Liposarcus 384, 292

Liriodendron 106

Lithodytcs 216, 319

Littorina 141

Loligo 126

Louicera 107

Lophiodon 9, 239

Loricaria 389

Loxouema 174

Lucina 63, 134

Lucinopsis 137

Lupa 339

Lutra 13

Lj'nx 13

Lyonsia 139

3G8

INDEX TO GENERA.

Mabuia

Macroclicilus

Macrodon

Macrorhampus

Mactra

Magnolia...: 106,

Malacoclemys

Mareca

Marginclla

MasFicophis 204,

Mastodon 50, 113,

Megalobiycon 2G2,

Megambonia

Melampus

Melospiza

Menippc 120,

Mercenaria

Mergus

Mesonauta

Mesops

Mimulus

Mimns

Mitchella

Mithraculns

Modiola

Modiolopsis

Murcliisonia 81,

Murex

Mus

Mya

Myalina 127,

Mviozetetes

Myletes 55, 267,

Mysops

Mytilus

328 257

30 137 109

49

36 143 216 198 291 321 147

22 239 134

37 254 527 115

19

52 239 134 323 175 147

14 139 139 234 291 232 134

Nassa 144

Natica 142

Naticopsis 76

Nautilus 88

Nerodia 48

Nettiou 36

Neverita 143

Ninia 200, 205

Nothopsis 201

Nucula 133

Numenius 32

Nyctea 96

Obeliscus 142

Octopus 126

Ocypode 122, 240

Odostomia 142

Oedemia 37

Oestoceplialus 53

Oliva 142

Olivella 143

Omalacantha 238

Ophlbolus 48, 200

Ophiopliragmum 148

Ophisaurus 48

Opomola 151

Oreodon 248

Orthoceras 172, 330

Orthonema 81

Ortyx 28

Osteoglossum 257, 391

Ostrca 131

Otocinclus 112, 283, 291

Oxybelis 216

Oxyn-hopus 201, 216

Pachychelcs 225

Palfemou 124, 225

Pala3otlierium 114, 118

Palceosyops 114, 118, 197, 229

Panfcus 243

Pandion 27

Pandora 139

Panopsea 139

Panopoeus 120, 239

Panulirus 225,242

Paramys 231

Pariodon 55, 290, 292

Pariolius 289, 291

Parula 20

Passerculus 21

Pecten 131

Pectunculus 132

Pelamis 204

Pelccanus 37

Pelidua 30

Pcllona 256

Peneus 124

Persephona 123

Petricola 137

Petrolisthes 240

Phallus 297

Philypnus 217

Plioladomya 71

Pliolas 139

Phvactoceplialus 292

Phrynosoma 305

Pilumnus 120

Pinielodus 270

Pinna 133

Pinnotheres 123

Pinus 101, 107

Pipilo 24

Piramutana 292

Platyceras 73, 170

Platyonychus 120

Platyostoma 169

Plecostomus 55, 285, 292

Pleurotomaria 81, 143, 176

Plicatula 131

Plioccrcus 200-

Plistodon 216

[April 9,

INDEX TO GENERA.

3G9

Podiceps 47

Podilymbus 47

Podocncmis 232

Poeciliclithys 259

Polyccra 140

Porthidium 206, 207

Porzaiia 35

Poterocrinites 310

Procyon 12

Pbylodactylus 205

Physopyxis 112, 273, 291

Prochilodus 258

Productus 74

Proetus 89

Progne 21

Protoliippus 50

Pseudorhamdia 2G9

Pseudotremia 297

Pterinca 162

Pterophyllum 250, 291

Ptilodictya 63, 160, 317

Puffinus 38

Purpura 143

Putorius 12

Pyranga 21

Pyrula 145

Quercus 155

Querquedula 36

Quiscalus 25

Rfeta 137

Rallus 34

Pana 49

Ranclla 147

Ranula 222

Rapana 144

Raphidophora 297

Reduvius 51

Recurvirostra 33

Renilla . . .' 129

Retzia 318

Rhadina^a 204, 212

Rliyacopliilus 32

Rhinoceros 10, 248

Rliinodoras 292

Rliyncliops 46

Roeboides 55, 265, 292

Rubus 296

Salix 109

Salmo 305

Sanguinolites 68

Sauropleura 53

Scalaria 141

Scalops 14

Sceloporus 205, 216

Schizodus 72, 165

Sciuravus 230

1872.]

Sciurus 14

Scytopis 223

Sedgwickia 71, 323

Scmele 138

Semicassis '. 143

Serrasalmo 268, 293

Sesaima 121

Sigaretus 142

Siliquaria 138

Sinopa 116

Smilisca 205

Solarium 141

Solemya 139

Soleu 138

Soleniscus 329

Soleuomya 66

Spbaerodactylus 216, 218

Spilotes 204

Spirifer 179

Squatarola 29

Stegophilus 55, 290

Stenorhina 205

Sterna 43

Sternopygus 257

Stetbapriou 261, 291

Stictopora 63

Strepsilas 39

Streptacis 173

Strigilla 138

Strix 27

Strombus 147

Sturnella 25

Stylcmys 248

Sula 38

Symbranchus 290

Synipbemia 32

Symphj'sodon 291

Systoma 216

Tantilla 204

Tienia 53

Teleuraspis 206

Tellina 138

Telmatodytes 19

Testudo 154

Tetragonopterus 217, 260, 291

Titanotherium 114

Thalasseus 42

Tbrasops 200, 304, 318

Thryothorus 19

Torenia 118, 157

Trachycepbalus 219

Trichomycterus 289

Triforis 143

Trigonocephalus 203

Tringoides 33

Triouyx 154,338

Tripoi-theus 263, 291

Trochita 83

3T0

INDEX TO GENERA.

Trochoceras 88

Troclionema 82

Trogosus 115, 229

Tryplieropsis 205

Turbo 141

Turbonilla 142

Turdiis 19

Tyranuus 26

Uarus 253

Uca 240

Ungualia 218

Unio 188

Utriculus 140

Vandellia 55

Verbascum 296

Vermetus 141

Virco 21

Viviparus 182

Vulpes 12

Xenodermus 202

Xipliopliorus 217

Xiphostoma 267

Yoldia 133

Zathorax 112, 271, 291

Zeiiffidura 28

Zizyphinus 141

Zonotrichia 22

J

[April 9,

GENERAL INDEX.

371

GEN^EEAL IN^DEX.

Adams, Rev. E. E., Announcement

of deiitli of, 297. Amendment of By-laws, 103.

Cavada, Gen. F. F., Announcement of death of, 297.

Cohen, J. J., M.D., Announcement of death of, 56.

Cope, E. D., Observations on Sauro- pleura remex, 53 ; On Fishes from the Amazon River, 55 ; On some of the Siluroids of the Amazon,' 113 ; On the Fishes of the Ambyiacu River, 117, 250; On Plectognathi and Lophobranchii, 157 ; Contri- butions to the Herpetoloiiy of Tro- pical America, No. 9, 198, 200 ; On a species of Galeodes, 295 ; On the Fauna of the Wyandotte Cave, 297 ; On fossil reptiles from the Cretaceous of Western Kansas, 297 ; On a peculiar habit in Phry- nosoma, 305.

Correspondence during 1871, 348.

Coues, E., Notes on the Natural His- tory of Fort Macon, N. C, and vicinity. No. 1 ; 9, 12. Same, No. 2 ; 112, 120.

Donations to the Library, 351.

Dumeril, Prof C, Announcement of death of, 102.

Button, Lieut., On Silurian and De- vonian Brachiopoda, 112.

Election of officers, 346. Electious during 1871, 347.

Gentry, Mr., On Alyssum calycinum, Linn., 111.

Holbrook, J. E., M.D., Announce- ment of death of, 237. 18T2.]

Lea, I., Descriptions of twenty new species of Unionida^ of the United States, 157, 189 ; Description of three new species of Exotic Unio- nidns, 188.

Lawrence, Geo. N., Descriptions of new species of Birds of the families Troglodytida3 and Tyrannida?, 233.

Leidy, Jos., On a small collection of fossils from California, 50; Remarlis on Tfenia mediocauellata, 53 ; On some extinct Turtles from Wyo- ming Territory, 102 ; On Poly- da ctylism in a Horse, 112 ; On re- mains of Mastodon and Horse in North Carolina, 113; Remains of extinct mammals from Wyoming, 113; Remarks, on a fossil Tcstudo from Wyoming, 154 ; Remarks on supposed fossil Turtle Eggs, 154, Remarks on the Garnets of Green's Creek, Delaware Co., 155; Remarks on donation of fossils from Wyo- ming, 197 ; Remarks on Mastodon, etc.," of California, 198; Note on Ancliitherium, 199 ; Remarks on fossil Vertebrates from Wyoming, 228 ; Notice of some extinct Ro- dents, 230 ; Remarks on the Mine- rals of Mount Mica, 245 ; Remarks on fossils of Oregon, 247 ; Flics as means of communicating Conta- gious Diseases, 297 ; Notice of some Worms, 305.

Marsh, O. C, On a tooth of Lophio don, 9 ; On new reptiles and lishcs from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Formations, 103.

Marshall, Benj., Announcement of death of, 103.

Meehan, Thos., On a pear presenting the external appearance of an ap-

312

GENERAL INDEX.

pie, 10 ; Remarks on Reduvius no- venarius, 51 ; Remarks on Bonvar- dia leiantha and Deutzia gracilis,

. 52 ; On the Fascicles of Pinus mitis and on Acer rubrum, 101 ; Morphology of the Carpellary Scales in Larix, 106 ; On the Flow- ers of Magnolia purpurea, 109 ; On Ambrosia artemisia?folia, 110 ; On the Growing Force of Plants and on the shape of Cotyledons, 116 ; On the Stigma of Toreuia Asiatica and the Tendril of Cissus Amazo- nica, 118 ; On the Cotyledons of Quercus, 155 ; On bud scales and involucral bracts, 245 ; on the seeds of Hamamelis Virginica, 295 ; On the angular divergence in the brandies of plants, 295.

Meek, F. B., Descriptions of new species of Invertebrate fossils from the Carboniferous and Devonian Rocks of Ohio, 51, 57 ; Descriptions of new species of fossils from Ohio and other Western States and Ter- ritories, 117, 159 ; Notice of a new Brachiopod from the Lead-bearing rocks at Mine La Motte, Mo., 157, 185 ; Descriptions of new Western Palasozoic fossils, mainly from the Cincinnati Groups of the Lower Silurian Series of Ohio, 305, 308.

Morris, Stephen, Announcement of death of, 119.

Murchison, Sir Roderick I., An- nouncement of death of, 305.

Newton, Prof. A., On certain species of FalconidfE, Tetraonidse, and Anatidse, 51, 94.

Ogden, J. A., Synopsis of the genus Chettusia (Lobivanellus) with a de- scription of anew species, 158, 194.

Orne, James H., Announcement of death of, 305.

Peale, C. W., Announcement of death of, 245.

Rand,

and

and

Repor

Repor

Repor

340.

Repor

Repor

and

Repor

343.

Theo. D., Notes on Feldspars

other Minerals of Philadelphia

vicinity, 295, 299.

t of Librarian, 337.

t of Curators, 338.

t of the Botanical Committee,

t of Recording Secretary, 341 . t of Recorder of Microscopical Biological Section, 341. ts of the Conchological Section,

Streets, T. Hale, Descriptions of five new species of Crustacea from Mexico, 198, 225 ; Catalogue of Crustacea from the Isthmus of Pa- nama, collected by J. A. McNeil, 237, 238.

Thomas, Prof. C, Contributions to

Orthopterology, 117, 149. Turnbull, W. P., Announcement of

death of, 198.

Wetherill, Chas. M., M. D., An- nouncement of death of, 103.

Wharton, Jos., On Silver Islet, Lake Superior, 56.

[April 9, 1872.]

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT

OF THE

ACADEMY OF :N'ATURAL SCIEl!^CES.

January 16.

conversational meeting.

Prof. J. H. McQuiLLEN in the chair.

Twelve members present.

The attention of the Section was asked by Prof. James Tyson, to a simple diagram which he had been in the habit of using in his lectures, for several years past, to impress upon students the circumstances under which the reversal of lisihts and shadows takes place in red blood-corpuscles while under microscopic examina- tion. The familiar " cracker shape" of the corpuscle being ac- knowledged, and supposing the entire corpuscle in focus when there is the least shadow, it is plain that the central portion is a double concave lens, while the periphery will act as a double con- vex lens. The centre of the corpuscle will therefore cause the parallel rays r r r to disperse and pass beyond the corpuscle,

2 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

diverging as though coming from the negative focus N, which is the point to be focussed by the object-glass to make the centre bright. But to do this, the object-glass must approximate the corpuscle, hence it becomes within the focus for the entire cor- puscle. But when this is the case the periphery of the corpuscle is dark, because acting as a double convex lens it causes the parallel rays r' r' r' coming from the mirror to converge and to come to a focus at the point P, above the corpuscle. Now, to make the periphery appear bright, the point P must be focussed. But to focus this, the object-glass must be removed from the corpuscle, since the rays must again diverge before they can again be made to form an image, and in so doing the object- glass is placed "beyond the focus." When this is the case, however, the centre is no longer in focus, and, therefore, ap- pears dark while the periphery is bright. In the opposite posi- tion, or when the objective is within the focus, the centre is bright and the periphery dark. The diagram can easil3^ be carried in the mind's eye, and at once the facts can be thought out with- out troubling with their recollection the memory, which is here particularly apt to be treacherous. Indeed, the speaker said that he could never recollect the circumstances under which the centre was bright and the periphery dark, and vice versa, until he had called to his aid this diagram. And that the exact circum- stances are liable, at least, to escape attention, is seen in the fact that in a work of no less acknowledged value than the seventh edition of "Carpenter's Human Physiology" (1869) is contained a misstatement of the facts. We find, on page 200, the object- glass described as being rather beyond the focus of the micro- scope when the peripher}^ is dark and the centre bright, and within the focus in the opposite appearance — that is, when the centre is dark and the periphery bright. They should be re- versed. In the last edition (1868) of Carpenter on the Micro- scope, however (pages 166, 167), we find the principle applied and the fact correctly stated, though a few lines further we fiud it stated that the hexagonal areola in diatoms appear dark when the surface is slightly beyond the focus, when they are described as hexagonal elevations ; if the latter be the case, then they should ajopear dark ivhen within the focus, as is the case with the periphery of the corpuscle. So, too, on page 110 of the latter volume there is reproduced the same drawing referred to

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 3

in the text-book on physiology, but with the description reversed? and therefore correct. The corpuscle is, however, described as in focus when the periphery' is in focus. Of the other text-books now within our reach, Dalton has it correcth' on page 214 of his third edition ; Flint, Kirke, Ranke in his " Grundziige der Physio- losfie," and Strieker in his "Handbuch der Lehre von den Gewe- ben," refer to the reversal of light and shadow, but do not state the circumstances under which it takes place. Marshall makes no allusion to it.

Dr. McQ,uillen exhibited five microscopical specimens pre- pared by Dr. George D. Harrlman, of Boston, consisting of dentine, cementum, and bone, which had been acted upon by dilute muriatic acid removing the earthy salts and leaving the cartilaginous ba^s of which those structures are composed, the latter of which had then been stained with carmine. These speci- mens had been prepared with a view of demonstrating that dentine does not consist of tubular and intertubular structures; also that in cementum and bone the lacunae and canaliculi are not empty spaces, but occupied by a soft solid body or substance.

Fiff. 1.

February 6. Director S. W. Mitchell in the chair.

Sixteen members present.

Mr. William H. Walmslej^ exhibited slides showing the differ- ence between the torn edge of our ordinar3^ paper and that of the thick, strong paper used by the Chinese for the manufacture of clothing. Both appeared to be composed of cotton, but the foreign article bore the aspect of being made directl}^ from the cotton fibres, instead of from com- minuted woven fabrics.

Dr. McQuillen directed attention to a re- markable specimen of hypertrophy of the roots of a left superior molar measuring 2^ inches in length by 2f inches in circumference, and weighing 12^ dwts. (Fig. 1), which he had ex- hibited at a previous meeting and of which he had promised to make a microscopical ex- amination. This he had done, and now sub-

4 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

mittod the results under the microscope in three sections taken from the same locality, one being under the other.

As he had anticipated, the growth proved to be hypertrophy of the cementum, one of the three hard structures entering into the formation of the human tooth, viz., enamel, cementum, and dentine. The term exostosis, frequently applied to this growth, was open to exception on account of the fact that there are certain charac- teristic differences between cementum and bone, which any one at all familiar with the microscopical anatomy of these two struc- tures will readily recognize.

With a view of making these differences apparent to those unacquainted with the subject, he had placed under one of the microscopes a section of bone. This specimen shows a trans- verse section of the Haversian canals with the lacunje and can- aliculi arranged around them in concentric laminae. In the cementum, on the contrary, canals for the passage of blood- vessels are rarel}'^ seen, while the lacunse and canaliculi are quite numerous.

The three sections from the hypertrophied structure differ from each other in a somewhat remarkable manner, when taking into consideration the fact that they had been in such close contiguity.

In the first or outer section the lacunae and canaliculi are pre- sented in the usual arrangement of cementum. In the second section, taken immediately under it, there are, in addition to the lacunae and canaliculi, a number of irregular spaces; while in the

Fiff. 2.

third section (Fig. 2) the lacunae are largely increased, and the canaliculi are more numerous and increased in length, running

BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT. 5

in a spiral direction analogous to dentinal tubuli in secondary dentine.

Dr. F. W. Lewis inquired what diflference there was between these exostoses and epulis.

Dr. James Tyson remarked that, microscopically, true epulis is a fibrous tissue, and springs from the mucous membrane, although the giant-celled myeloid tumor (giant-celled sarcoma of Yirchow) generally springs from bone, and is sometimes incor- rectly called epulis. With regard to the nature of cementum, Dr. T. suggested that it seemed more philosophical to place it in the same category with bone, since it only differed from true osseous tissue in the absence of Haversian canals for minute bloodvessels, which were unnecessary on account of the close contiguity of the structure (cementum) to its vascular supply.

Dr. Tyson also showed an ingenious gastric canula, improved b}' himself by the addition of a cover and catch for preventing the loss of gastric juice, an accident which is constantly occurring with the ordinary cauula in consequence of the animal's scratch- ing out the cork after the instrument is adjusted in the fistula from the stomach.

•

February 20. conversational meeting. Seven members present.

March 6. Director S. W. Mitchell, M.D., in the chair. Eight members present.

The Corresponding Secretary presented photographs of the test Diatoms Surirella gemma and Amphi2)leura pellucida (the latter exhibiting 91,000 strias to the inch) from Col. J. J. Woodward, of the Army Medical Museum at Washington, and moved a vote of thanks for the same, which was carried unanimously.

Dr. J. H. McQuillen exhibited half a dozen microscopical slides, handed to him by Dr. R. W. Yarney, of New York, viz. : Trans- verse section of the maxilla of a cat, with the incisors, canines, and molar teeth in position ; nodules of secondary dentine ; sec-

b ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE

tion of hypertrophied root of a molar tooth ; heraipterous insect (Tirtgis arcuata); longitudinal section of a deciduous incisor and of a molar tooth. Dr. McJ^^uillen directed particular attention to the last-named specimen as having a practical significance bearing upon the diseases and treatment of the teeth. Under the microscope a fissure (Fig. 3) inappreciable to the naked eye could

Fig. 3.

be seen passing through the enamel and enlarging into an oval cavity near the junction with tlie dentine, also a number of inter- globular spaces in the dentine in close proximity to the fissure in the enamel. This fissure and the interglobular spaces, being due to defective formation, are therefore predisposing causes of decay. While such a fissure would be inappreciable to the naked eye, a delicate probe would readily pass into it, and a tooth found in such a condition should be filled immediatel}', so as to prevent the development of caries ; for so long as acids, decomposed food, and other exciting causes are prevented from coming into contact with the defective dentine, the predisposing cause remains dormant. This specimen closely demonstrates the importance of promptly filling the small cavities formed in the depressions on the grinding, buccal, and lingual surfaces of the bicuspids and molars, and on the palatine surface of the incisors and canines.

biological and microscopical department 7

April 3. Director S. "W. Mitchell, M.D., in the chair.

Eight members present.

A donation from the Surgeon-General's office of Dr. J. J. Wood- ward's interesting report, entitled "A Memorandum of the Test Podura, with Five Photo-micrographs," was received.

Dr. James Tj'son exhibited slides of the deposit from two speci- mens of urine from a so-called intermittent haematuria, which were interesting, if not important, from the fact that the first specimen, though containing granular casts, did not contain blood-corpuscles, and that the second, between which and the first the urine had become quite clear, contained, in addition to granular casts, blood- corpuscles and blood-casts. The importance of this observation lies in the circumstance that in the cases of intermittent hema- turia reported by Harlej^ {Medico- Cliirurgical Transactions^ vol. 48, 1865), blood-corpuscles were exceedingly rare, being found in but a single case, and not more than one or two in the field of the microscope. So rarely, indeed, have corpuscles been present, that Dr. Beale, in the first volume of the Practitioner^ August, 1868, says that "it is therefore improbable that in these cases there is any hemorrhage as in acute inflammation of the kidneys, and they ought not to be spoken of as cases of haeiuaturia."

In the present case all the other phenomena of intermittent haematuria attend, and in the second specimen of urine there are many free blood-corpuscles and blood-casts, while in the first the most careful searching detected none.

The treatment found most useful in intermittent hasmaturia, that b}' antiperiodic doses of quinia, preceded by a purgative dose of calomel, has been the most satisfactory, there being no recurrence since its adoption, although three weeks have elapsed, while other modes of treatment adopted since October, 1870, when the affection first appeared, have signally failed.*

Dr. Joseph G. Richardson exhibited a slide charged with pul- monary elastic tissue from the boiled sputa of a phthisical patient in the Episcopal Hospital, and called the attention of the

' July 1st, 1871. The patient has since quite recovered under this treat- ment.

8 BIOLOGICAL AND MICROSCOPICAL DEPARTMENT.

Section to some characteristics of the elastic fibres, to wit, first, the Delta (a) rather than simple Y shape frequent among the fragments, which he attributed to the greater resistance at the meeting-point of the walls of three air-vesicles to any disinte- grating process ; and second, the transverse fracture of its com- ponent elastic filaments, resembling that of an India-rubber thread, instead of displaying a frayed-out appearance similar to that pre- sented at the extremity of a broken cotton or linen string.

By these peculiarities pulmonary elastic tissue can generally be distinguished from folds in the walls of boiled-stai'ch corpuscles ; from mycelial threads of fungi (which, when dichotomous, often have stem and branches of nearly the same size) ; and from vege- table fibres, which seldom break transversely, and which, when split, generally assume the Y and not the Delta shape. ( Vide paper on the Detection of Lung Tissue in Sputum, in the Neto York State Medical Society'' s Transactions for 1871.)

PtocAN.S 1871,

Plate 1 .

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HANNAH T.SMALLWOOD

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Proc.ANS 1871

Plate 2

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PL. YIIT.

1. Iguanodectes tenuis. \a. Dentition. 2. Characidium etheostotna, denii- tion. 3. Triportheus albus, dentition.

^roc.ANS. 1871.

Plate 9

1

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