preg ane d ots soy et) hha he) TANTRA ay $ 4 * Wien! spr Vary i . les a ’ * ~*~ ‘i a Be A Ma, : Whit ’ : , SE EA Shines Aah SAE ANAS VE se en Rea raat SNE Wate art i nest CONS \ pdcary. tt ’ Maser i OH aay a : iyshea\} Ae Vine Ney AA ok | - sf + Val Uadeyy aa 3 ‘ a HARA ‘ A 7 33 ¥ Pyhits, Ae bc ray! * se8 ay Gat tate aoe aye pee rhe a rere os ee h teint > RNs ba lteds ty ain Rare taten .t ehh! a + ar : i mere - RES ras heathe) tb ests} fia nx iF i ' pea a pia ae hrted $f wis3t ehrant AAS ht sarah eh ontee bp ipay PAY Bot bie hye wes bats ey Wirssaentay odiaoeet Son to45 Bahai tees ay * Pe Late wes Wekige ogo Acaberes baie ey i Pee fags 44 radu tl Beer a nace —_ Lan} aD A rae 1. PBK Y, i | Hi Mt eh ar y PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD AT PHILADELPHIA PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. VOL. XL. 4 4 P ae aioe JANUARY TO DECEMBER, as g 4901. PHILADELPHIA: THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 1901. EIS OF, MEMBERS OF THE American Philosophical Society HELD AT PHILADELPHIA FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE (Founded 1743) February, 1902. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 1687. 2170. 1463. 2311. 1809. 2128. 2457. 2451. 1779. 1612. 1860. 2380. 1869. 1927. 2064. 2164. 2220. 2012. 1219, FEBRUARY, 1902. Name. ABBE, CLEVELAND, Prof... ...« ABBOT, CHARLES CONRAD, M.D.. ABBOT, HENRY L., Gen. US.A.. ABBOTT, ALEXANDER C., M.D... fe} ACKERMAN, RICHARD, Prof... . PATRIA TITCOEN fs) vss “ole. ce Ye) ene ADAMS, CHARLES FrAncts, LL.D. ADLER, CyRus, Ph.D...... AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER, Prof... . AGASSIZ, Mrs. ELIZABETH. .. . ALISON, ROBERT Henry, M.D. . PAVE ARBRE D os 5.5.5 «se 1 ALLEN, JOEL ASAPH, Prof. ... AMES, REV. CHARLES G. .. ANDERSON, GEO L., Capt. U.S.A. ANGELL, JAMES B., Pres’t.. . .. APPLETON, WILLIAM ILYDE, Prof. ASHHoRsT, RICHARD L.. ... . AvesBuURY, The Right Hon. Lord. A Date of Election. July 27, 1371, Dec. 20, 1889, April 18, 1862, Feb’y 19, 1897, July 21, 1876, Dec. 17, 1886, Feb. 15, 1901, May 18, 1900, April 16, 1875, Oct. 15, 1869, May 3, 1878, May 20, 1898, Sept. 20, 1878, Jan'y 21, 1881, Feb’y 19, 1886, Oct. 18, 1889, May 19, 1893, April 18, 1894, July 18, 1884, Present Address. U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash- ington, D. C Trenton, N. J. 23 BerkeleySt.,Cambridge, Mass. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Stockholm, Sweden. 41 Bard Sevigné, France. 23 Court St., Boston. Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. Cambridge, Mass. Quiney St., Cambridge, Mass. Ardmore, Montgomery Co., Pa. 67 Surrey St., Sheffield, Eng. Am. Museum of Natural His- tory, New York. 12 Chestnut St., Boston, Mass. Fort Banks, Mass. Ann Arbor, Mich. Swarthmore, Pa. 2204 Walnut St., Philadelphia. High Elms, Down, Kent, Eny. Rennes, iv B Name. Date of Election. Present Address. 1995. BACHE, R. MEADE. ....... Jan’y 18, 1884, 4400 Sansom St., Philadelphia. 1832. BACHE, THOMAS HEWSON, M.D. Feb’y 2, 1877, 233 S. 13th St., Philadelphia. 2389. BAER, GEORGE F......... Dec. 16, 1898, 518 Washington St.,Reading, Pa. 2285. BAILEY, L. H., Prof... ..... May 15, 1896, Cornell University, Ithaca,N.Y. 1630. BAIRD, HENRY CAREY ..... Jan’y 15, 1869, 810 Walnut Sr., Philadelphia. 1991. BAIRD, HENRY M., Prof. .... Jan’y 18, 1884, 219 Palisade Ave., Yonkers,N. Y. 2419. BALCH, EDWIN SWIFT. .... - Dee. 15, 1899, 1412 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 2467. BALCH, THOMAS WILLING .... May 17,1901, 1412 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 9345. BALDWIN, JAMES MaRK, Prof.. .- Oct. 15, 1897, Princeton, N. J. 2191. BALL, SIR ROBERT STAWELL .. May 15, 1891, Observatory, Cambridge, Eng. 1965. DEBAR, Hon. EpouarD Sfve.. July 21, 1882, Ramsgate, England. 1741. BARKER, GEORGE F., Prof... .. April 18, 1873, 3909 Locust St., Philadelphia. 9011. BARKER, WHARTON ....... April 18, 1884, 119S. 4th St., Philadelphia. 1902. BARTHOLOW, ROBERTS, M.D. .. April 16, 1880, 1525 Locust St., Philadelphia. 2119. BASTIAN, ADOLPH, Prof...... Dec. 17, 1886, Koniggratzerstrasse 120, Ber- lin, Germany. 9491. BAUGH, DANIEL. . .... » -- Dee. 15, 1899, 1601 Locust St., Philadelphia. 1968. BELL, ALEXANDER GRAHAM, Prof. July 21, 1882, 1331 Connecticut Ave., Wash- ington, D. C. 1802. BELL, Stk LOWTHIAN, Bart. ... April 21, 1876, Northallerton, England. 9255. BEMENT, CLARENCE S. ..... May 17, 1895, 3907 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 2396. DEBENNEVILLE, JAMESS .... Oct. 15, 1897, University Club, Philadelphia. 2964. BERTHELOT, MARCELIN P. EE... May 17, 1895, Paiais de l'Institut de France, Rue Mazarin, No. 3, VIe., Paris, France. 2953. BERTIN, GEORGES. ....... May 17, 1895, 11 bis Rue Ballu, Paris. 1920. BIDDLE, CADWALADER ..... Oct. 15, 1880, 1420 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 1831. BIDDLE, Hon. CRAIG ...... Feb’y 2, 1877, 2033 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 2134. BILLINGS, JoHNS., M.D... ... Feb’y 18, 1887, 40 Lafayette Place, New York. 2256. BISPHAM, GEORGE TUCKER... May 17, 1895, 1805 DeLancey Place, Phila. D157 BUATR, PANDEEW) Av his 6 ole os May 17, 1889, 406 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 1554.) BLADE CEH OMAS)O.te ys yikes ele.) Jan’y 19, 1866, 718 Bidwell St., Pittsburg, Pa.” 1669. BLAKE, WM. PHIpps, Prof. .. Oct. 21, 1870, Tucson, Arizona. 1444. VON BOHTLINGK, M. OTTO, ... Jan’y 17, 1862, Seeburgstrasse 35, II, Leipzig, Germany. 9935. BONAPARTE, PRINCE ROLAND. . Feb’y 15, 1895, 10 Ave.d’ Jena 22, Paris,France. 1126. Boyk, MARTIN H., Prof. .... Jan’y 17, 1840, Coopersburg, Lehigh Co., Pa. 1826. BRACKETT, Cyrus Foae, Prof... Feb’y 2, 1877, Princeton, N. J. 2083. BRANNER, JOHN C., Prof. .. . May 21, 1886, Stanford University, Cal. 2095. BREZINA, ARISTIDES. ...... May 21, 1886, VII Siebensterngasse, 46, Vi- enna, Austria. 2069. BRINTON, JOHNH.,M.D..... Feb'y 19, 1886, 1423 Spruce St., Philadelphia. DABS BROCK, ROBERT Coie ois. soe 5 Dee. 15, 1899, 1612 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 2445. BROEGGER, W. C., Prof...... Dee. 15. 1899, Christiania, Norway. 2080. Brooks, WILLIAM KEITH, Prof... May 21, 1886, Johns Hopkins Uniy., Balti- more, Maryland. 2466. BROWN, AMOS P., Prof. ..... May 7, 1901, 20 E. Penn St., Germantown. 1881. BRowN, ARTHUR ERWIN.... April 18, 1879, 1208 Locust St., Philadelphia. 2394. BROWN, ERNEST WILLIAM, Prof. Dec. 16, 1898, Haverford College, Pa. 2275. BRUBAKER, ALBERT P., M.D... Oct. 18, 1895, 105 N. 34th St., Philadelphia. 1547. BRUSH, GEORGE J., Prof. .... Jan’y 20, 1865, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. 2376. BRYANT, HENRY GRIER. .... May 20,1898, Room 805 Land Tite Building, Philadelphia. 2287. Bryce, RigHT Hon. JAMES... Feb’y 16, 1895, 54 Portland Place, London, W., England. i, Name. Date of Election. 2236. BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS, Litt.D.. Feb'y 15, 1895, 2007. BURK, REV. JESSE Y...... Jan’y 18, 1884, 1938. BUTLER, HON. WILLIAM... April 15, 1881, C 2416. CADWALADER, JOHN... .... May = 19, 1899, 1788. CAMPBELL, JOHN LYLE, Ph.D., ESTA) Deen Bene fe rgatcurei cies atie July 16, 1875, 1606. CANBY, WILLIAM MARRIOTT... Oct. 16, 1868, 2051. CANNIZZARO, ToMSO....... Oct. 16, 1885, 1731. CAPELLINI, GIOVANNI, Prof. . . April 18, 1873, 1796. CARLL, JOHN F., Prof... .. . - Qet. 15, 1875, 1911. CARSON, HAMPTON L., LL.D. April 16, 1880, 2260. CARTER, HON. JAMESC..... May 17, 1895, 1707. CasSaTT, ALEXANDER J..... Oct. 18, 1872, 2147, CASTNER, SAMUEL, JR. Soe Dec a6, <1887, 2152. CATTELL, J. MCKEEN, Prof... . May 18, 1888, 1908. CHANCE, HENRY MARTYN, M.D. April 16, 1880, 1783. CHANDLER, C. F., Prof. .... April 16, 1875, 1778. CHAPMAN, HENRY C., M.D. ... April 16, 1875, 2132. DECHARENCEY, COMTE HYACINTH Dec. 17, 1886, 2158. CLARK, CLARENCE H..... - - May 17, 1889, 1983. CLAYPOLE, E. W., Prof...... Jan’y 19, 1883, 2247. CLEEMANN, RICHARD A., M.D. . Feb’y 15, 1895, 2336. CLEVELAND, HON. GROVER . . Oct. 15, 1897, 1999. COHEN, J.Souis, M.D....... Jan’y 18, 1884, ZA2Z9 COLES, EDWARD. . 0 5 > . 3 = > Dec. 15, 1899, 2305. CONKLIN, EDWIN GRANT, Prof.. Feb’y 19, 1897, 2386. CONVERSE, JOHNH........ May 20, 1898, PLAT OOOK JOEL 2 is (0)fou= jen oicie May 17, 1895, PIQINCORS: ‘GUIDO, Prof. «<6 10 2 + Dec. 17, 1886, 2205. CRAMP, CHARLES H....... Dec. 16, 1892, 1836. CRANE, THOMAS FREDERICK, Prof. Feb’y 2, 1877, 2100. CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM ..... May 21, 1886, 2391. CROWELL, EDWARD P., Prof. . . Dec. 16, 1898, 2172. Cruz, HON. FERNANDO... .. Dec. 20, 1889, Da RMOURIN SDE WART: <<. o 0a « «) 0 « 6 May 21, 1897, AB) 2361. DALL, WILLIAM H., Prof. .... Dee. 17, 1897, 2402; DANA ‘CHARLES H: .'. . ... < May 19, 1899, 2282. DANA, EDWARD S., Prof. .... May 15, 1896, 1806. DANNEFELD,C.JUHLIN. .... April 21, 1876, 2369. DARWIN, GEORGE HowarpD, Prof. Feb’y 18, 1898, 1811. DAVENPORT, SIRSAMUEL .... Oct. 20, 1876, Present Address. British Museum, London, Eng. 400 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. West Chester, Pa. 1519 Locust St., Philadelphia. Crawfordsville, Ind. 1101 Delaware Avenue, Wil- mington, Del. Santa Maria fuori cinta, Casa Roffa, Messina, Sicily. Portovenere prés Spezia, Italy. Pleasantville, Venango Co., Pa. 1033 Spruce St., Phila. 54 Wall Street, New York City, Haverford, Del. Co., Pa. 3729 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y. 4128 Parkside Ave., Phila. Columbia Uniy., N. Y. City. 2047 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 25 Rue Barbet de Jouy, Paris. France. 42d and Locust Sts., Phila. Pasadena, Cal. 2135 Spruce St., Philadelphia. Westland, Princeton, N. J. 1824 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 1734 Chestnut St., Philadeiphia. University of Penna., Phila. 500 N. Broad St., Philadelphia. 819 N. Broad St., Philadelphia. 2 Via Goito, Rome, Italy. 507 S. Broad St., Philadelphia. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 7 Kensington Park Gardens, London, W., England. 21 Amity St., Amherst. Mass. 57 Ave Kléber Paris, France. University of Penna., Phila- delphia. U. S. National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. 2013 DeLancey Place, Philadel- phia. Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn, Stockholm, Sweden. Newham Grange, Cambridge, England. Beaumont, Adelaide, S. Aus- tralia. vl Name, Date of Election. Present Address. 1557. DAVIDSON, GEORGE, Prof... .. Jan’y 19, 1866, 2221 Washington St., San Fran- ; cisco, Cal. 2417. DAVIs, WILLIAM Morris, Prof. . Oct. 20, 1899, Cambridge, Mass. 1928. DAWKINS, WILLIAM BoyD, Prof. Oct. 15, 1880, Woodhurst, Fallowfield, Man- chester, England. 2418. DAY, FRANK MILES....... Oct. 20, 1899, 801 Penn Mutual Building, Philadelphia. 2406. Day, WILLIAM C., Prof.. .... May 19, 1899, Swarthmore, Pa. 2360. DE GARMO, CHARLES, Prof... . Dec. 17, 1897, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 2208. DeERCUM, FRANCIS X.,M.D.... Dec. 16, 1892, 1719 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 9434. DEWAR, JAMES, LL.D., Prof.. .. Dec. 15, 1899, The Royal Institution, Lon- don, England. 2013. DICKSON, SAMUEL ........ April 18, 1884, 901 Clinton St., Philadelphia. 2206. DIXON, SAMUELG., M.D..... Dec. 16, 1892, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia. 2108. DOLLEY, CHARLESS.,M.D.... Dec. 17, 1886, 8707 Woodland Ave., Phila. 2089. DONNER, OTTO, Prof. ...... May 21, 1886, Helsingfors, Finland. 1946; DooLmnrnE, C.1L., Prof. . =... Oct. 21, 1881, Upper Darby, Delaware Co., Pa. 2425. DOUGHERTY, THOMAS HARVEY. Dec. 15, 1899, School House Lane, German- town, Philadelphia. 1889. DoUGLAS, JAMES, LL.D... ... April 20, 1877, Spuytenduyvil, NewYork, N.Y. 1924. DRAPER, DANIEL, Ph.D..... Oct. 15, 1880, Meteorological Observatory, Central Park, New York. 2303. DREER, FERDINAND J. ..... Feb’y 19, 1897, 1520 Spruce St., Philadelphia, 1787. DROWN, THOMAS M., Pres’t. . . July 16, 1875, Lehigh Univ.,S. Bethlehem, Pa, 1918. Du Bois, PATTERSON .....-. Oct. 15, 1880, 401 S. 40th St., Philadelphia. 1878. DUDLEY, CHARLES BENJ., Ph.D.. Jan’y 17, 1879, Drawer 334, Altoona, Blair Co., Pa. 2063. DUNCAN, Louis, Ph.D... .... Feb’y 19, 1886, 71 Broadway, New York. 1573. DUNNING, GEORGE F. ...... Jan’y 18, 1867, Farmington, Conn. 1727. DUPONT, EDOUARD........ April 18, 1873, Royal Museum, Bruxelles, Bel- gium. 2227. DUPONT, HENRY A., Col. .... Feb’y 16,1894, Winterthur, Del. 1679. DUTTON,CLARENCE E., Maj. U.S.A. Jan’y 20,1871, Morgan Park, Cook Co., Il. aH 2105. EASTON, MORTON W., Prof. ... Dec. 17, 1886, 2248S. 43d St., Philadelphia. 1917; ECKEELDI;, JACOB Bi < ciclo. °s Oct. 15, 1880, U.S. Mint, Philadelphia. 1825. Eppy, H. TURNER, Prof. .... Feb’y 2, 1877, University of Minnesota, Min- neapolis, Minn. 2294. EDISON, THoMAS A., Ph.D. ... May 15, 1896, Orange, N. J. 2262. EDMUNDS, HON. GEORGE F. ... May 17,1895, 1724 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 1686. ELIOT, CHARLES W., Pres’t. . .. April 21, 1871, 17 Quincy St.,Cambridge, Mass. 2272. ELLIOTT, A. MARSHALL, Prof... May 17, 1895, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 9313. ELY, THEODOREN. ..... -- May = 21, 1897, 115 Broad St. Station, Phila. 2355. EMERSON, BENJ. KENDALL, Prof. Dec. 17, 1897, Amherst, Mass. POOe MMT RNP Mls EN s) “suis enel ie (os ye Feb’y 18, 1898, Schenectady, N. Y. 1981. Haorons, 8.3, Prof... ...... Jan’y 19, 1883, 1721 H St., Washington, D. C. 1943. EVANS, Sir JOHN, K.C.B...... Oct. 21, 1881, Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, England. 2254. EWELL, MARSHALL D.,M.D.,LL.D. May 17, 1895, 59 Clark St., Chicago, Ill. . a= 22314, PENNELL, C. A. M., Litt.D.... Feb’y 15, 1895, 139 Chesterton Road, Cam- bridge, England. 2180. FIELD, ROBERT PATTERSON ... May 16, 1890, 2188S, 42d St., Philadelphia. 2364. 2353. 2462. 1901. 2197. 2393. 1912, 1695. 2301. 2171. 2179. 1739, 1914, 2306. 2304, 2459. 19838.. 2079. 1025, 1897. 1803. 2067. 2274, 1355. 2485. 1587. 1800. 2240. 2233. 2212. 2292. 2203. 2232. 2453. 2222, 1880. 2412. 2155. 2188. 1815. 2090. Name. FINE, HENRY B., Prof. ..... FISHER, SYDNEY GEORGE. ... FLEXNER, SIMON, Dr....... FLINT, AUSTIN, JR., M.D. .... FORBES, GEORGE, Prof. ..... ForpD, PAUL LEICESTER...... FRALEY, JOSEPH ©. ....... FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Dr. és-Se. Nat. FRAZIER, BENT. W., Prof... .. FRIEBIS, GEORGE, M.D. .... A FULLERTON, GEORGES., Rev.. . FULTON, JOHN FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD, JR.. FURNESS, WILLIAM H.,3d, M.D. . GARNETT, RICHARD C. B., LL.D.. GARRETT, PHILIP Co. . 2 se: GATES, MERRILLE.,LLD.... GATSCHET, ALBERTS., Ph.D. . . GEIKIE, SiR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, JAMES, Prof. ..... GERAIS BEC UAL, P=, 6s. fay Bho wears GIBBS, J. WILLARD, Prof. . ... GIBBS, OLIVER WOLCOTT, Prof. . GIGLIOLI, HENRY H., Prof. ... GILL, THEODORE N., Ph:D.... GILMAN, DANIEL C., LL.D... . GLAISHER, JAMES W. L., Sc.D... . GLAZEBROOK, RICHARD T., F.R.S. GOODALE, GEORGE LINCOLN, Prof. GOODSPEED, ARTHUR W., Prof. GOODWIN, HAROLD... ....«% . GOODWIN; W. W., Prof. : ..... GRAY, GEORGE, Hon. ...... GREEN, SAMUEL A., M.D..... GREENE, WILLIAM H., M.D... . GREENMAN, MILTON J.,M.D... DI GREGORIO, MARCHESE ANTONIO GREGORY, CASPAR RENE, Prof. . GROTE, AUGUSTUS RADCLIFFE. . DE GUBERNATIS, ANGELO, Prof. . FURNESS, HORACE Howard, LL.D. Vil Date of Election. Dec. Dec. Feb’y April Oct. Dec. April Jan’y Dec. Dec. May April April Feb’y Feb’y 17, 1897, 17, 1897, 15, 1901, 16, 1880, 16, 1891, 16, 1898, 16, 1880, 19, 1872, 18, 1896, 20, 1889, 16, 1890, 18, 1878, 16, 1880, 19, 1897, 19, 1897, 15, 1901, 20, 1883, 21, 1886, 17, 1884, 16, 1880, 21, 1876, 19, 1886, 17, 1895, 21, 1854, 15, 1901, 19, 1867, 21, 1876, 19, 1895, 15, 1895, 17, 1893, 15, 1896, 20, 1892, 15, 1895, 18, 1900, 20, 1893, 18, 1879, 19, 1899, 21, 1888, 15, 1891, 20, 1876, 21, 1886, Present Address. Princeton, N. J. 328 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 14 W. 33d St., New York, N.Y. 34 GreatGeorge St.,S.W.London. 247 Fifth Ave., New York City. 1833 Pine St., Philadelphia. 928 Spruce St., Philadelphia. Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa. 1906 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 89, The Gladstone, Philadel- phia. 136 Park Pl., Johnstown, Pa. Wallingford, Del. Co., Pa. 2034 DeLancey Place, Phila. Wallingford, Del. Co., Pa. 27 Tanza Road, Hampstead, London, England. Logan P. O., Philadelphia. Amherst, Mass. 2020 Fifteenth St., Washington, D. C. 28 Jermyn St., London, S. W., England. 31 Merchiston Ave., Edinburgh, Scotland. 103 N. Front St., Philadelphia. 121 High St.,New Haven, Conn. 158 Gibbs Ave., Newport, R. I. 19 Via Romana, Florence, Italy: Smithsonian Inst., Washing- ton, D.C. 614 Park Ave., Baltimore, Md. The Shola, Heathfield Road, South Croydon, England. 23 Queen’s Road, Richmond Surrey, England. 10 Craigie St., Cambridge, Mass. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Phila. delphia. 133 S. 12th St., Philadelphia. Cambridge, Mass. Wilmington, Delaware. Historical Soec., Boston, Mass. 27 S. 5th St., Philadelphia. Wistar Institute, 86th and Darby Road, Philadelphia. Al Molo, Palermo, Sicily. Nauuhofstrasse 25, Marien- hoéhe, Leipzig-Stotteritz, Ger- many. Buffalo, N. Y. Florence, Ital 1773. 2217. . HAY, JOHN, Hon. . . . Name. HAECKEL, Ernst, Prof. ... . 5 HALE, REy. Epw. EVERETT. . . FEA ASAPH ErOlo. ta ace = \« ‘ HALL, CHARLES EDWARD... . . HATI,,|\CHARDESM...2.. s <<, 3s EVAGE, GYMAN B;, Profic . 2 «1-1 LEVIN UDA DRS Gg BIS) Gane o HARDING, GEORGE ....... HARKNESS, WILLIAM, Prof... . TFTARRISs JOSEPHS.) a6 iajis «4 6 . HARRISON, CHARLES C., Provost. HART, JAMES MORGAN, Prof. . HATCHER, JOHN DB. sErOt.. . «= Haupt, HERMANN, Gen. .... AUP TEE WASeM., Erol...) je. «) « HAYES, RICHARD SOMERS, Capt . FLAY ST MINIS OND syaramets « s. « HEILPRIN, ANGELO, Prof. .... . HENDERSON, C. HANFORD, Ph.D. . HEWETT, WATERMAN T., Prof. . A EYSE, PAUL, ens. . 3 6 « 5 Jabonmorw ISG WM GlON 6 aes HILPRECHT, HERMANN V., Prof. HIMES, CHARLES FRANCIS, Prof. . . Hirst, BARTON COOKE, M.D. . . HiTcHcock, CHAs. HENRY, Prof. . HOLDEN, EDWARDS , Prof... . . HOLLAND, JAMES W., M.D... . HOLMES, WILLIAM H., Prof... . HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH D., LL.D. . SPELOPPING les ELOte sia s/s, 2) 2! HORNER, INMAN. PSS Dae HOUGH, GEORGE W., Prof. ... . HOUSTON, EDWIN J., Prof. ... LOWE, ELENRW M.,Profices.o + « . Huaeerns, Str WILLIAM, K.C.B, . LUMP EUR EL. Ory) sine he). net HIUNTER, RICHARD S....... HUTCHINSON, EMLEN...... INGHAM, WM. ARMSTRONG..... D’INVILLIERS, EDWARD VINCENT. Vili TE Date of Election. — Oct. Jan’y Jan’y Oct. Dec. Jan’y May Jan’y May May Feb’y Feb’y Dec. April May Dec. May Feb’y April May May May Feb’y Dec. Oct. Dec. April Dec. Feb’y Dec. Jan’y Oct. Feb’y Jan’y Jan’y Oct. Feb’y July Feb’y May 16, 1885, 21, 1870, 18, 1878, 15, 1875, 16, 1898, 16, 1885, 15, 1891, 20, 1854, 20, 1898, 20, 1887, 15, 1895, 2, 1877, 17, 1897, 21, 1871, 3, 1878, 16, 1898, 21, 1886, 19, 1886, 20, 1883, 15, 1896, 19, 1893, 17, 1895, 19, 1897, 17, 1886, 16, 1874, 15, 1899, 15, 1870, 17, 1897, 19, 1886, 15, 1899, 15, 1869, 20, 1893, 19, 1886, 19, 1872, 19, 1872, 15, 1897, 15, 1895, 20, 1877, 15, 1895, 20, 1898, 16, 1875, 19, 1893, Present Address. University, Jena, Germany. 39 Highland St., Roxbury, Mass. South Norfolk, Conn. Plaza Tarasquillo, Mexico, Mexico. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Haverford Coll., Haverford, Pa. 40 Rue Lubeck, Ave. du Troca- dero, Paris, France. 2036 Chestnut St., Phila. 90 Mercer St., Jersey City, N. J. 144 School Lane, Germantown. 1618 Locust St., Philadelphia. 1 Reservoir Ave., Ithaca, N. Y.. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. The Concord, Washington, D.C. 107 N. 35th St., Philadelphia. State Dep’t, Washington, D.C. 32 Nassau St., New York. N.Y. 266 S. 21st St., Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Pratt High School, Brooklyn, INGeYe .Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. Munich, Bavaria. 1510 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 403 S. 41st St., Philadelphia. Dickinson Coll., Carlisle, Pa. 1821 Spruce 8t., Philadelphia. Dartmouth Coll., Hanover,N.H. Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D. C. 2006 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. U.S. National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. The Camp, Sunningdale, Eng- New Haven, Conn. 1811 Walnut St., Philadelphia. N.W. University, Evanston, Il. 1809 Spring Garden St., Phila. 27 W. 73d St., New York. 90 Upper Tulse Hill, S.W., Lon- don, England. 2 1413 Locust St., Philadelphia. Aldine Hotel, Philadelphia. 320 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 711 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Name. . JAMES, EDMUND J., Prof...... . JASTROW, MORRIS, JR., Prof... . . JAYNE, HENRY LABARRE.. . JAYNE, HORACE, M.D JEFFERIS, WILLIAMW...... IORDAN HIRANGIS JiR. ile) «6 « KANE, BLIsHaA KENT... 2s. . . KARPINSKY, ALEX. PETROVITCH, PS Ofsp ea, ot fey ettet eu ep ode noon KEANE, JOHN J., Right Rev. . . 2422. KEASBEY, LINDLEY M., Prof. . . D300 ICREN) GREGORY i. « <) se « « 2021. KEEN, WILLIAM W., M.D... .. 2392. KEISER, EDWARD H., Prof... . PA DUReR NLR ENR els) 6 een) ele,‘ 1723. KELVIN, RIGHT HON. LoRD.. . DO SMICENNELTY, A. E., DSC: o 5 sm \< 2392. KNIGHT, WILLIAM A., Prof... . 1767. KONIG, GEORGE A., Prof. .... 2424. KRAEMER, HENRY, Prof. 1382. 2085. 1415. 2300. 2338. . KRAUSS, FRIEDRICH S., Ph.D... . LAMBERT, GUILLAUME, Prof. . . . LAMBERTON, WILLIAM A., Prof . . DE LANCEY, EDWARD F . LANCIANI, RUDOLFO, Prof. . . LANDRETH, BURNET. LANGLEY, SAMUEL P., LL.D... BA RocuHeE, C: PERcy, M.D... . LEA, HENRY CHARLES. ..... . LEARNED, MARION D., Prof. . . LEHMAN, AMBROSEE....... LELAND, CHARLESG. ...... LE MOINE, SIR JAMES M..... . LEROY-BEAULIEU, M, Pauvt, Prof. GRSLEY. J. PETER: EfOfee cas = LEVASSEUR, EMILE, Prof. .... LEwIs, FRANCIS W.,M.D..... LEwIs, G. ALBERT EIBBEYS WILLIAM, Prof... 5c ix JT Date of Election. April Feb. May Oct. Jan’y 18, 1884, 19, 1897, 20, 1898, 16, 1885, 20, 1882, 18, 1884, 20, 1883, 21, 1897, 20, 1889, 15, 1899, 15, 1897, 18, 1884, 16, 1898, 18, 18, 1900, 1873, 28, 1896, 16, 1898, 16, 1874, 15, 1899, 20, 1889, 19, 1872, 19, 1899, 20, 1898, 15, 1897, 18, 1878, 16, 1875, 17, 1873, 18, 1867, 19, 1899, 20, 1883, 16, 1890, 20, 1889, 15, 1881, 13, 1856, 21, 1886, 20, 1860, 18, 1896, 15, 1897, Present Address. Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 248 S. 23d St, Philadelphia. 1826 Chestnut St., Phila. 318 S. 19th St., Philadelphia. 442 Central Park West, New York City. 111 N. Front St., Philadelphia. Kushequa, Pa. Geological Survey, St. Peters- burg, Russia. Washington, D. C. Bryn Mawr, Pa. 2320 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 1729 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Central High School, Phila. The Library, The University, Glasgow, Scotland. Crozer Building, 1420 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. St. Andrew’s, Scotland. School of Mines, Houghton, Mich. 145 N. 10th St., Philadelphia. VII Neustiftgasse 12, Vienna, Austria. Univ. of Louvain, Belgium. University of Penna., Phila. 20 E. 28th St., New York, N. Y. 2 Via Goito, Rome, Italy. Bristol, Pa. Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D. C. 1518 Pine Street, Philadelphia- 2000 Walnut St., Philadelphia: University of Penna., Phila. 711 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Baring Bros. & Co., London. Spencer Grange, Quebec, Can- ada. 27 Ave. duBois de Boulogne, Paris, France. Milton, Mass. 26, Rue Mons le Prince, Paris, France. 2016 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 1834 DeLancey Place, Phila. 20 Bayard Ave., Princeton, N.J. 2432. 2312. 1756. 2160. 2435. 1872. 2202. 2350. 1629. 2319. 2107. 2207. 2404. 2363. 2366. 2280. 1888. 1821, 2299. 2339. 2042, 1847. 1857. 2461. 2463. 1861, 2078. 2184, 1572. 2431. 2279. 2196. 2427. 2399. 2456. 2115. 2330. 2430. 2387. 2251. 1903. Name. LIPPINCOTT, J. DUNDAS ..... LisTER, THE RIGHT Hon. LorpD . LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN, K.C.B. LODGE, OLIVER JOSEPH, LL.D. . LOB JACQUES ODIs ce) o'e e ss LONGSTRETH, Morris, M.D... . Low, Hon.SETH.... OWED ER COVAT estan ose) vs) ae LYMAN, BENJAMIN SMITH . . MABERY, CHARLES F., Prof... . MACALISTER, JAMES, Pres’t. ... MACFARLANE, JOHN M., Prof. . . MACKENZIE, ARTHUR S., Prof. . . MCCAY, ERO W. Prof... 2... McCLURE, CHARLEs F. W., Prof. McCook, HENRY C., Rey., D.D.. MCCREATH, ANDREWS. ..... MCKEAN, WILLIAM V....... MaGIE, WM. FRANCIS, Prof. . . . MAHAN, ALFRED T., Capt. U.S.N. MALLET, JOHN Wm., M.D... . MANSFIELD, IRA FRANKLIN... MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW, Prof. MARCONI, GUGLIELMO...... MARCOVNIKOFF, VLADIMIR, Prof.. MARKS, WILLIAM D., Prof... .. MARSHALL, JOHN, M.D..... REKSCAR OBE et tata onc s: veiree MASON, ANDREW.....+.2e-. NASON OUIS) ie. LOT 2+, 0! lx toa. MASON, WM. Pitts, M.D., Prof. . MASPERO, GASTON-CAMILLE, Prof. MATTHEWS, ALBERT. ..... MEIGS, ARTHUR V.,M.D..... MEIGS, WILLIAM Mo... 6... VON MELTZEL, HuGo, Prof. Dr. MELVILLE, GEO.W , Rear Admiral. MENDENHALL, THOMAS C , Prof. MENGARINI, GUGLIELMO, Prof. . MERCER, HENEY GG. 5.5... . MERRICK, JOHN VAUGHAN... .. Date of Election. Dec. 15, 1899, May 21, 1897, April 17, 1874, Feb'y 15, 1901, Dec. 15, 1899, Sept. 20, 1878, Feb. - 19, 1892, Oct. 15, 1897, Jan'y 15, 1869, IV May 21, 1897, Dec. 17, 1886, Dec. 16, 1892, May 19, 1899, Dee. 17, 1897, Dec. 17, 1897, Feb. 2%, 1896, July 18, 1879, Feb’y 2, 1877, Dec. 18, 1896, Oct. 15, 1897, Jan’y 16, 1885, Jan’y 18, 1878, Jan’y 18, 1878, Feb’y 15, 1901, Feb’y 15, 1901. May ‘3, : 1878, May 21, 1886, Dec. 19, 1890, Jan’y 18, 1867, Dec. 15, 1899, Feb. 28, 1896, May 15, 1891, Dec. 15, 1899, May 19, 1899, Feb’y 15, 1901, Dec. 17, 1886, Oct. 15, 1897, Dec. 15, 1899, May 20, 1898, Feb. 15, 1895, April 16, 1880, Present Address. 1333 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 12 Park Crescent, Portland Place, London, England. Royal College of Science, S. Kensington, London, 8S. W., England. The University, Birmingham, England. University of Chicago, Chi- eago, Il. 1116 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 30 E. 46th St., New York City. 53 State St., Boston. 70% Locust St., Philadelphia. 57 Adelbert St., Cleveland, O. 119 N. 18th St., Philadelphia. Lansdowne, Delaware Co., Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Princeton, N. J. Princeton, N. J. 3700 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 223 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa. 20) N. 19th St., Philadelphia. Princeton, N. J. 160 W. 86th St., New York. University of ‘Virginia, Char- lottesyille, Va. Cannelton, Beaver Co., Pa. Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. The Haven Hotel, Sand Barths, Poole, Dorset, England. Imp. Moskovsky, Universitet, Moscow, Russia. Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. 1718 Pine St., Philadelphia. 176 Rue de l'Université, Paris, France. 30 and 32 Wall St., New York. U.S. National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti- tute, Troy, N. Y. Ave. de l’Observatoire, No. 24, Paris, France. 145 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. 1322 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 1208 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Koloszvar, Hungary. Navy Dept., Washington, D.C. Worcester, Mass. Rome, Italy. Doylestown, Pa, Roxborough, Philadelphia. 1947. . NUTTALL, Mrs. ZELIA Name. MERRIMAN, MANSFIELD, Prof. . . MESSCHERT, MATTHEW HUIZINGA. PER WICH AW Iss, PEOfere «0. 1c. MICHAEL, Mrs. HELEN ABBOTT . MILLER, LESLIE W., Prof..... . Minot, CHAS. SEDGWICK, M.D.. . MITCHELL, HON. JAMES T.... MITCHELL, S. WEIR, M.D... . MONTEGAZA, PAOLO. ...... MoNTGOMERY, THOs. H., Jr., Prof. MOORE, CLARENCE B...... « MOoRE, JAMES W., M.D. .... MOREHOUSE, GEORGE R., M.D. . MORLEY, RANK sProt...-) « s (« MORRIS, HARRISON S....... MORRIS ISRAEL Wh: cyisi's, 0) «6 Morris, J. CHESTON, M.D... . . MORRIS OHNE. |. -. 5. (sbi ta visece Morse, Epwakp §., Prof..... MORTON, HENRY, Pres’'t. ... . . Morton, THOMAS GEORGE, M.D.. . MucH, MatHzus, Ph.D., Prof. . 2 MOGNEO, DANA-C., Prof...'...12 « MUNROE, CHARLES E., Prof. Murpock, J.B.,Lieut.-Com.U.S.N. . MuRRAY, JAMES A. H., LL.D. . . DE NADAILLAC, MARQUIS... .. . NANSEN, FRIDTJOF, Prof. .... . NEWCOMB, SIMON, Prof... ... . NICHOLS, STARR Hoyt, Rev... . NIKITIN, SERGEJ, Prof. ..... SP NORRIS, ISAAC. MUD. ce s)oos ss . NorTH, Epwarb, LL.D., Prof. Cae) aha, ‘s . OLIVER, CHARLES A., M.D. ... . OLNEY, RICHARD, Hon . OPPERT, JULES, Prof . ORTMANN, ARNOLD E., Prof... . xi Date of Election. Oct. 21, 1881, Oct. 17, 1873, Dee. 15, 1899, May 20, 1887, Dec. 15, 1899, May 15, 1896, Feb’yv 21, 1890, Jan’y 17, 1862, May 17, 1895, Feb’y 18, 1898, Oct. 15, 1897, Jan’y 16, 1885, April 20, 1877, Oct. 165, 1897, May 19, 1899, May 19, 1899, Jan’y 19, 1888, Feb’y 15, 1901, May 17, 1895, Jan’y 18, 1867, Feb’y 16, 1900, Dec. 17, 1886, May 17, 1901, May 15, 1891, Feb’y 19, 1886, April 15, 1881, INT May 21, 1886, May 21, 1897, Jan’y 18, 1878, July 19, 1872, Feb’y 19, 1866, Oct. 18, 1872, Oct. 16, 1885, May 17, 1895, O Feb’y 19, 1886, Dec. 17, 1897, May 15, 1891, Dee. 17, 1897, Present Address. Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa, Douglassville, Berks Co., Pa. K. Zodlogischesu. Anthropslo gisch-Ethnographisches Mu- seum, Dresden, Germany, 35 West Cedar St., Boston, Mass. N. W. cor. Broad and Pine Sts., Philadelphia, Harvard Uniy., Cambridge, Mass. 1722 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 1524 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Florence, Italy. Biological Hall, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia. 1321 -Locust Street, Phila. Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. 2033 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Academy of Fine Arts, Phila- delphia. 225 So. 8th St., Philadelphia. 1514 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 826 Drexel Building, Phila. Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. Hoboken, N. J. 1617 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. XII[I Penzingerstrasse, 84, Vi- enna, Austria. 3733 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Columbian Uniy., Washington, D.C. Navy Dept., Washington, D.C. Sunnyside, Banbury Road, Ox- ford, England. 18 Rue Duphot, Paris, France. Godthaab, Lysaker, Norway. 16.0 P St., Washington, D. C. 64 Exchange Place, New York, iNGeY Geological Survey, St. Peters- burg, Russia. Fair Hill, Bryn Mawr, Pa. Hamilton College, Clinton,N.Y. Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass 1507 Locust St., Philadelphia. 23 Court Street, Boston. 2 Rue de Sfax, Paris, France. 8 Maple St., Princeton, N. J. Xi Name. Date of Election. Present Address. 2135. OSBORN, HENRY F., Prof... . . Feb’y 18, 1887, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. 2039. OSLER, WILLIAM, M.D. ... . . Jan’y 16, 1885, 1 West Franklin St., Baltimore, Mad. a= 1868. PACKARD, ALPHEUS S., Prof... Sept. 20, 1878, Providence, R. I. 1578. PACKARD, JOHN H., M.D... . Jan’y 18, 1867, Hotel Stenton, Philadelphia. 2395. PANCOAST, HENRYS....... Dec. 16, 1898, 267 E. Johnson St., Germaan- town, Phila. 2035. PATTERSON, C. STUART...... Jan’y 16, 1885, 1000 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 2452. PATTERSON, EDWARD, Hon.... May 18, 1900, Supreme Court, Appellate Div., Ist Dept., New York City. 2385. PATTERSON, LAMARGRAY ... May 20, 1898, P. O. Box 213, Lynchburg, Va. 1282. PATTERSON, ROBERT... ... April 18, 1851, 329 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 1320. PATTERSON, THOMAS LEIPER .. April 15, 1853, 176 Washington St., Cumber- land, Md. 22138. PATTISON, ROBERT E., Hon .. Feb. 17, 1893, 5930 Drexel Rd., Overbrook, Pa. 2357. PATTON, FRANCIS L., D.D., Pres’t Dec. 17, 1897, Princeton, N. J. 2A28 PAU, (J. RODMAN: 2 2c <2 +s Dec. 15, 1899, 903 Pine St., Philadelphia. Wiz .eEARSE, "JOHN B.2). 6: - - Jan’y 15, 1875, 317 Walnut Ay., Roxbury, Mass. SSIS SPECKHAM 19. He erof. . = . > May 21, 1897, 51 Quincy St., Brooklyn. 1859. PEIRCE, C. NEWLIN, D.D.S..... May 3, 1878, 3316 Powelton Ave., Philadel- phia. 1722. PEMBERTON, HENRY....... Jan’y 17, 1873, 1947 Locust St., Philadelphia. 2104. PENAFIEL, ANTONIO, Dr. .... May 21, 1886, Ciudad Mexico, Mexico. 2455. PENNIMAN, JOSIAH H., Prof... Feb’y 15, 1901, 4326 Sansom St., Philadelphia. 2078. PENNYPACKER, SAMUEL W., Hon. May 21, 1886, 1540 N. 15th St., Philadelphia. 1518. PENROSE, R. A. F., M.D. .... July 17, 1863, 1331 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 2059. PEPPER, EDWARD, M.D. .... Feb’y 19, 1886, El Afia, El Biar, Alger, Algerie 2333. PEPPER, GEORGE WHARTON .. Oct. 15, 1897, 701 Drexel Building, Phila. 2383. PETTEE, WILLIAM HENRY, Prof. May 20, 1898, 554 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, Mich. SPS ME EETUD EEN ERs asec) iel lcs Feb. 28, 1895, 5951 Overbrook Ave., Phila- delphia. 2403. PHILLIPS, FRANCIS C., Prof... May 19, 1899, P.O. Box 126, Allegheny, Pa. 2295. PICKERING, EDw.C., Prof. ... May 15, 1896, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 2342. PIERSOL, GEORGE A., M.D... .. Oct. 15, 1897, Chester Ave. and 49th St., Philadelphia. 77. PILSBRY, HENRY A., Prof... .. Dec. 20, 1895, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 2374. PLATT, CHARLES......... May 20, 1898, 2378. 18th St., Philadelphia. 2127. PLATZMANN, JULIUS, Ph.D. . . . Dec. 17, 1886, Reichsstrasse 2, Leipzig, Ger- many. 2415. POINCARE, JULES-HENRI, Prof. . May 19, 1899, 63 Rue Claude Bernard, Paris, France. 2053. POMIALOWSKY, JOHN, Prof. ..-. Oct. 16, 1885, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2097. PoSTGATE, JOHN P., Prof... ... May 21, 1886, Cambridge, England. 2161. POWEUby ds) Ws, kD 2 ee Oct. 18, 1889, 910 M. St., N. W., Washington, D.C. 2437. PREECE, Str WILLIAM HENRY. . Dec, 15, 1899, 12, Queen Anne’s Gate, Lon- don, S. W., England. 2382. PRESCOTT, ALBERTB., Prof... . May 20, i898, 734 S. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, Mich, 1780. PRIME, FREDERICK ....... April 16, 1875, 1008 Spruce St., Philadelphia. WAl4. 1758. 2293. 2268. 2131. 2401. 1736, 1849. 2165. 2388. 2398. 2099. 1784. 2381. 2405. 1889. 1948, 1890. 2443. 1816. 2230. 1766. 2148. 2258. 1563. 2327. Name. PRITCHETT, HENRY S, President. PUMPELLY, RAPHAEL, Prof. , . . PUPIN, MICHAELI., Prof. .... SP NCA GES AV icer eT Olpt a.) cfiles =e: |e RaDA, JUAN DE Dios-Y DELGADO, RAMSAY, WILLIAM, Prof... .. . RAND, THEODORED....... EGAN DATS pM Ate NCCI) ia oh Yalife: iter ve RAVENEL, MAzyck P., Dr... . . VAN WRANGISScuieiieiis|icl sl RAWLE, WILLIAM BROOKE... . RAYLEIGH, The Right Hon. Lord. RAYMOND, ROSSITER W.....-. REDWOOD, BOVERTON...... REMINGTON, JOSEPH P., Prof... . ESOMSEIN, SHIGA CETOT. c) lay te te amie © IRIN AR DecACiH es LOLs! o/s) elie) 6 RENEVIER, E., Prof...... RENNERT, HuGo A., Prof. ... . URI LOAN Hi TOL: 1 cnet sre, EVInE RADE ERT: TOL. ahsiie cre RHOADS, SAMUEL NICHOLSON. . . ROBERTS, ISAAG, SesD. 3. 2. = ROBINS, JAMES W., Rev . ROGERS, ROBERT W., Prof... . Rounie, F. L. Orro, Prof. .... ROLLETT, HERMANN, Ph.D. ROOD] OGDEN N., Prof. <=. = ROSENGARTEN, JOSEPHG. .... DE Rosny, LEON, Prof. ..... . RoTHROCK, JOSEPH T., Prof. . . RUTIMEYER, CARL L., Prof... . SACHSE, JULMUS Uc ictlaMfcie sie a) la SADTLER, SAMUEL P., Prof. . . . Sajous, CHARLES E.,M.D.... SAMPSON, ALDEN.....,- -.« SANDBERGER, FREDOLIN, Prof. . SANDERS, RICHARD H....... xii Date of Election. 19, 1899, May April 17, 1874, May May aEG Dec. May April Jan’y May Dec. May May April May May July Oct. July Dec. Feb’y Dec. May Oct. April Feb’y April Oct. April Oct. 15, 15, 17, 19, 18, 18, 1896, 1895, 1886, 1899, 1873, 1878, 17, 1901, 16, 19, 21, 16, 20, 1), 18, 21, 18, 15, 1898, 1899, 1886, 1875, 1898, 1899, 1879, 1881, 1879, 1899, 2, 1877, 17, 1886, 21, 1997, 20, 1893, 21, 21, 1882, 1890, 18, 1862, 16, 1885, 16, 1880, 16, 1891, 21, 1882, 20, 1877, 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 20, 15, 1869, 1894, 1874, 1888, 1897, 1866, 1897, Present Address. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. Newport, R. I. 7 Highland Pl., Yonkers, N. Y. Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. Calle de la Corredera baja de 8. Pablo No. 12, Madrid, Spain. University College, Gower St., W. C., London, Eng. Radnor, Del.Co., Pennsylvania, Warren, Pa. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. ““The Lincoln,’’ Philadelphia. 230 So. 22d St., Philadelphia. Terling Pl., Witham, Essex, Eng. 99 John St., New York, N. Y. 4, Bishopsgate St. Within, E. C. London, England, 1832 Pine St., Philadelphia. Johns Hopkins Univ., Balti- more, Md. Acad. of Sciences, Belgium. Uniy. Lausanne, Switzerland. 4232 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. W. Ahornstrasse 2, Berlin, Ger- many. 21 Rue Guénégaud, Paris, France. Audubon, N. J. Starfield, Crowborough, Sus- sex, England. Merion, Penna. Drew ‘Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J. Pasadena, Cal. Baden bei Wien, Austria. Columbia University, New York. 1704 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 28 Rue Mazarine, Paris, France West Chester, Pa. Basle, Switzerland. Brussels, 4428 Pine St., Phila. N.E. cor. 10th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia. 2043 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Haverford, Fa. Uniy. of Wiirzburg, Bavaria. 1225 Locust St., Philadelphia. 2328. 2243. . SCHURZ, CARL, Hon. SCOT. GC. is. i MOCOLL MW Ir ELOL) ies, «1 es . SCUDDER, SAMUEL HUBBARD. . . 5 [shes tS UGA Ie De AA Goce 5 . SHERWOOD, ANDREW . SHIELDS, CHas. W., Rev., LL.D.. . SIGSBEE, CHARLES D., Capt.U.S.N. . SNOWDEN, A. LOUDON . SNYDER, MONROE B., Prof. ... |. SPOFFORD, A. R., LL:D..... Name. . SARGENT, CHARLES SPRAGUE, Prof. . DE SAUSSURE, HENRI... . SCHAFFER, CHARLES, M.D. .. . . SCHIAPARELLI, GIOVANNI... . . SCHLEGEL, GUSTAVE, Prof... . ee) fe: 40 © ‘eo SCLATER, PHILIP LUTLEY, Ph.D. wet Joints ie 0) *e dee . SELLERS, COLEMAN, Sc.D. ... . . SELLERS, COLEMAN, JR...... | SELLERS, WIGLLTAM. 2... « A SELWYN, ALFRED R. C., LL.D. . SERGI, GIUSEPPE, Prof. . SHARP, BENJAMIN, M.D...... . SHARPLES, STEPHEN PAaSCHALL, Prof. ss We mel its. fe SINKLER, WHARTON, M.D..... . SMITH, A. DONALDSON, M.D... . SMITH, EpGar F., Prof, . SMITH, STEPHEN, M.D PSMOCK, JOHN C:, Prof. <5 . = . SMYTH, ALBERT H., 6 16, te) ve Prof. SNELLEN, HERMAN, JR., Ph.D. . . STEPHENS, H. Morsk, Prof. . . . STEVENS, WALTER LECONTE, Prof. . STEVENSON, JOHN JAMES, Prof. . A MTEVENGSON, GABA WN. '. 3 «te. se PADS TLUDWELG, (lr Us; 6 ele fs 6 steve . STOKES, SIR GEORGE G., Bart. . . SUESS, EDUARD, Prof....... SULZBERGER, MAYER, Hon... . . SZOMBATHY, JOSEF, Prof.. . ' TATHAM, WILLIAM TAYLOR, Isaac, Rev., LL.D... X1V Date of Election. April April Feb’y Feb’y Dec. Sept. April Feb’y Dec. Sept. Dec. July Dec. April Oct. Oct. May April Oct. Feb’y Dec. May Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. May Feb’y Oct. Jan’y Jan’y Oct. Jan’y April Oct. Feb’y Dec. May May May By Oct. Feb’y 21, 1882, 18, 1873, 17, 1893, 15, 1901, 15, 1899, 20, 18, 1878, 1873, 18, 1898, 17, 1886, 20, 1878, 17, 1897, 19, 1872, 15, 1899, 15, 1864, 16, 1874, 16, 1885, 21, 1886, 21, 1882, 15, 1875, 2, 1877, 15, 1899, 18, 1900, 15, 1897, 21, 1887, 15, 1875, 15, 1897, 20, 1887, 16, 17, 18, Uh 1894, 1878, 1884, 1878, 1897, 1884, 1877, 1895, 1898, 1889, 15, 1897, 15, 1895, Present Address. Jamaica Plain, Mass. Geneva, Switzerland. 1309 Arch St., Philadelphia. Royal Observatory, Milan, Italy. University of Leyden, Leyden, Holland. 54 William St., New York, N.Y. 3 Hanover Square, London, W. England. Pittsburgh, Pa. Princeton, N. J. Cambridge, Mass. U.S. Naval Observatory, Wash- ington, D. C. 3301 Baring St., Philadelphia. 410 N. 33d St., Philadelphia. 1819 Vine St., Philadelphia. 28 Nepean St., Ottawa, Canada. Universita Romuna, Rome, Italy Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 13 Broad St., Boston, Mass. Mansfield, Tioga Co., Penna. Princeton, N. J. Navy Dept., Washington, D.C. 1606 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 1820 Chestnut St., Phila. 3421 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 57 W. 42d St., New York, N.Y. Trenton, N. J. 5219 Archer St., Germantown, Philadel phia. Utrecht, Netherlands. 1812 Spruce St., Philadelphia. 2402 N. Broad St., Philadelphia Library of Congress, Washing- ton, D.C. Cornell Uniy., Ithaca, N. Y. Lexington, Va. University Heights, New York, INGEN 237 S. 21st St., Philadelphia. BuffaloAve., Niagara Falls,N.Y. Lensfield Cottage, Cambridge, England. K. K. Geologische Reichsan- stalt, Vienna, Austria. 1303 Girard Ave., Philadelphia. Burgring 7, Vienna, Austria. 1811 Walnut St., Philadelphia York, England. Name. . 2098. TEMPLE, RICHARDCARNAC, Lt.-Col. 2289) “TESLA, .NIKODA:. ss lee. 5 3s 2006. THomMAS, ALLEN C., Prof... .. 1993. THOMPSON, HEBER S....... 1726. THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, Bart.. . 1807. THOMSON, ELIHU, Prof... . . . 1909. THOMSON, WILLIAM, M.D... .. 2052. IM THURN, EVERARDF...... 1530. THuRY, A., Prof. .. 2176. TIMMINS, SAMUEL. . . 2123. TOPINARD, PAUL, Prof. ..... 2249. TOWER, CHARLEMAGNE, JR., Hon. 2413. TREVELYAN, GEORGE OTTO, Rt. S006 (Si SG 6 oto 6 ne 6 2288. TROWBRIDGE, JOHN, Prof... .. 2441, TRUE, FREDERICK WILLIAM, Dr. 2024. TRUMBULL, HENRY C., Rey., D.D. 1973. TSCHERMAK, GUSTAV... .... 2321. TSCHERNYSCHEW, THEODORE, LEE 5 5h Gaiden Sua 6 Ge0 1529. v. TUNNER, PETER R., Prof... . 1983. TURRETTINI, THEODORE, Prof. . 2166.) i0rriE, DAVID K., PhiD...: < 2163. 2138. Ty Ler, LYON G., Hon., Pres’t. . SEVRON: DAMES Ma) So <6) ole ete) ie 2185. UNWIN, WILLIAM C., Prof... .. 2400. VAUCLAIN, SAMUEL M....... 232), VAUX, GEORGE, JR... 2 - +: 2045. DE VERE, M. SCHELE, Prof... . 1475. VircHOW, RUDOLPH, Prof. . . . 1670. VOsE, GEORGE L., Prof. .... = ZAG.) WIOSSION: HiOUIS): <_- Jan’y 21, 1881, Phila.BookCo.,15S.9thSt. Phila. 2359. WARFIELD, ETHELBERT D., Pres’t Dec. 17, 1897, Easton, Pennsylvania. 2033. WEIL, EDWARD HENRY ..... Jan’y 16, 1885, 1720 Pine St., Philadelphia. 2286. WELCH, WILLIAM H.,M.D.... May 15, 1896, 935St. Paul St., Baltimore, Md. 1639. WHARTON, JOSEPH. ...... . April 16, 1869, P.O. Box 1332, Philadelphia. 1637. WHITE, ANDREW D., Hon... .. April 16, 1869, U. S. Embassy, Berlin, Ger- many. ; 1848. WHITE, ISRAELC., Prof... ... Jan’y 18, 1878, 119 Wiley St., Morgantown, Wieiva: 2384 WHITEFIELD, R.P., Prof. ... May 20, 1898, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. 2439. WHITMAN, CHARLES OTIS, Prof.. Dec. 15, 1899, University of Chicago, Chi- cago, Ill. 1863. WILDER, BURT G., Prof. ... . May 3, 1878, 60 Cascadilla Pl., Ithaca, N. Y. 2250 SWELLCOK, SOSEPH= <0 5.55 21 as Feb. 15, 1895, ‘‘The Clinton,’’ 10th and Clin- t ton Sts., Philadelphia. 2347. WILLIAMS, EDWARD H., Jr., Prof. Oct. 15, 1897, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa. 2151. WILLIAMS, TALCOTT ....... May 18, 1888, 916 Pine Street, Philadelphia. DATS WITMIS SELENE Y, Prot. 215, alee ss Feb’y 21, 1890, 4036 Baring St., Philadelphia. 2041. WILSON, JAMES CORNELIUS, M.D. Jan’y 16, 1885, 1437 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 1747. WILSON, JOSEPH M. ...... Jan’y 16, 1874, 1036 Drexel Building, Phila. 2137. WILSON, WILLIAM iene M. D.. May 20, 1887, 2338S. 4th St., Philadelphia. 2341. WILSON, WoopRow, Prof... .. Oct. 15, 1897, 50 Library PIl., Princeton, N. J. 2216. WISTAR, GEN: ISAAC J. ..... May 19, 1893, 269 Broad Street Station, Phila. DSTATAWISTER FOWEN = koje «os. & May 21, 1897, 328 Chestnut Street, Phila. 2343. WITMER, LIGHTNER, Prof. ... Oct. 15, 1897, University of Penna., Phila. LS8f WOOD; RICHARD: 55). 25 = + = April 18, 1879, 1620 Locust St , Philadelphia. 2408. Woop, STUART..... .. May 19, 1899, 1620 Locust St., Philadelphia. 1762. WOODWARD, HENRY, LL. D. . . July 17, 1874, British Museum, London, Eng- lana, 290. WRIGHT, ARTHUR W., Prof... . May 15, 1896, 73 York Sq., New Haven, Conn. 2448. WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS, LL.D. Feb’y 16, 1900, Trinity College, Cambridge, England. 2244. WUNDT, WILLIAM, Prof...... Feb. 15, 1895, Leipzig, Germany. 2426. WURTS, ALEXANDER JAY .... Dec. 15, 1899, Westinghouse Elec. and Mfg. Co., Allegheny, Pa. 1932. WURTS, CHARLES STEWART, M.D. Jan’y 21, 1881, 1701 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 2061. WyckoFF, A. B., Lieut. U.S.N.. Feb’y 19, 1886, Navy Department, Washing- ton, D.C. 1904 NWARNAGI, IOUGIS! jis + we + . April 16, 1880, 420 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 1759. YOUNG, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, Prof. April 17, 1874, 16 Prospect Ay., Princeton, N.J OBITUARY NOTICES OF MEMBERS DECEASED. FREDERICK FRALEY, LL.D., PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY. (Read December 20, 1901.) Frederick Fraley, the fifteenth President of the American Philo- sophical Society, died on the 23d day of September, rgor, in the ninety-eighth year of his age. He had been an active member of the Society for more than fifty-nine years. After long service asa Secretary and as a Vice-President, he, on 2d January, 1880, re- ceived the merited honor of an election to the Presidency, and for more than twenty-one years he administered that office of great distinction, as he performed every duty, with fidelity and ability. He brought to the discharge of his many duties a wide acquaint- ance with books, with men, and with affairs. He was always, and to the very end, a student and an omnivorous reader. To paraphrase a famous saying, nothing was too great for his care and nothing too trivial for his attention. He mastered the political, the economic, and the industrial history of his country. He made himself profoundly learned in everything that could possibly have relation to the national finances, and he became a reservoir of accurate and thorough information as to the loans and the currency of the United States. He kept himself in touch with the scientific progress of the nineteenth century. He read not only many of the best books of his time, but he also from time to time found, as many other men have found, mental rest and recreation in works of fiction, old and new. And with it all, he never failed to hear the news of the day and to feel and express a lively interest in everything of real importance that went on in the world. Mr. Fraley was a member of the Committee of Arrangements for the Society’s Centennial Celebration of 1843. On 19th October, 1877, he read before the Society a brief but comprehensive and sympathetic biographical notice of his brother-in-law, John C, Cresson. On 15th March, 1880, he presided upon the occasion of the Centennial Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Society, and he then delivered an address, in which he fittingly described il OBITUARY NOTICES. the services to the Society which had been severally performed by each of his fourteen predecessors in the Presidency, with all of whom, excepting the first three, he had been personally acquainted, and with the last six of whom he had been upon terms of intimate friendship. On 3d November, 1882, he contributed to the Society’s PROCEEDINGS a minute upon the Bi-Centennial Celebration of that year. On 21st November, 1889, he presided over the Society’s commemoration of the Centennial Anniversary of the occupation of its present hall, and he delivered an instructive address, in which he briefly commented upon the most important points in the history of the Society. On 17th April, 1890, on the occasion of the Cen- tennial Anniversary of the death of Benjamin Franklin, he eulo- gized the illustrious founder of the Society. On 23d May, 1893, the one hundred and fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Society, Mr. Fraley presided and delivered graceful speeches wel- coming the guests of the Society. Mr. Fraley attended the meetings of the Society with, as he said, ‘‘reasonable regularity ’’ until, in his later years, physical infirmi- ties deprived him of that pleasure. He had, from the time of his admittance to the Society, a pride in its history and achievements, a full appreciation of its lofty purposes, and a confident hope that it will, as he expressed it in his speech of 188g, ‘‘ Rouse itself up with energy to the work that is demanded of it at the present time and use the means and the influence that it has, and the power that it ought to exercise, in the community for the promoting of every- thing connected with usefulness to man—everything that will tend to improve his moral and intellectual character, and everything that will enable him to rise with higher appreciation to what is good.”’ Mr. Fraley said, in his address of 1889, ‘‘If I have had any useful career in life, I owe much to what IJ have learned in the Franklin Institute and in the American Philosophical Society.’’ In his earlier years his participation in the proceedings of the Franklin Institute gave him a love of study and an interest in the scientific and industrial progress of the world. In the years of his maturity his mind w__ broadened by his association with the men who then constituted the membership of this Society, and with them he learned to ‘‘ love truth for truth’s sake.”’ Mr. Fraley was for eighty years an active man of business. After a preliminary training in a store, he was for fourteen years a OBITUARY NOTICES. ili partner in a mercantile firm. He was for seven years the Secretary of the American Fire Insurance Company. He was for twenty- three years the President of the Schuylkill Navigation Company, which during that period operated its canals as successfully as could be in the face of active and increasing railroad competition. He was, during the years of preparation, the brief six months of exhi- bition, and the subsequent years of liquidation, the Treasurer of the Centennial Board of Finance, and as such he was the custodian and disburser of the many millions of dollars which were received and expended in the successful conduct of the great Exhibition of 1876. For the last twenty-three years of his life he was the Presi- dent of the Western Saving Fund Society, and during the years of his wise administration the deposits of that Society grew from less than three millions of dollars to almost sixteen millions of dollars and its assets increased in a larger proportion. Mr. Fraley possessed in a high degree the qualifications that are desirable in the official head of a corporation that has charged itself with the duty of keeping safely the moneys of its depositors, and which does not have shareholders for whom dividends are to be made. He had an ever-present conscientious sense of duty to those to whom the corporation stands in a fiduciary relation. He had that conservative temperament which indisposed him to risk anything in a doubtful investment, however tenipting its promises of profits. While during his later years he may sometimes have seemed to be too cautious, it was, if an error, certainly an error upon the right side. He knew thoroughly the history and the principles of the science of finance. He could weigh with dis- criminating judgment the reasons for or against any particular course of action. He could say ‘‘ No,’’ pleasantly but firmly. Down to the last day of his active business life, and that was as recently as the tenth day of the May preceding his death, he could not only, as is usual with very old people, remember the events of long ago, but he could report accurately and in detail discussions and con- clusions of recent days. He was especially remarkable in a diffi- cult exercise of memory, in that he was accustomed to calculate by mental arithmetic the annual yield of an investment bought at a premium and with a postponed maturity. For the accomplishment of that result men of a less mathematical turn of mind, and witha weaker memory, habitually use printed tables prepared for that pur- pose. Mr. Fraley had early in life formed the habit of precise and lv OBITUARY NOTICES. accurate statement, and he never, to the knowledge of those who were closely associated with him, made a mistake in mentioning a name or a figure. This too must be said: Mr. Fraley was to his subordi- nates the most delightful of chiefs. He was uniformly courteous and considerate under circumstances pleasant or trying, and he was always anxious to give to any one who served under his command more than full credit for whatever was done. But neither the daily work of business, nor the delights of liter- ature, nor active participation in the duties and the pleasures of this Society could sufficiently absorb Mr. Fraley’s energies. In 1824 Mr. Fraley was one of the founders of the Franklin Institute, and for seventy-seven years he was an active member of that Society of world-wide reputation and distinguished achievements, whose doors have been always open to receive students of science and the useful arts. In 1853 Mr. Fraley took his seat as a Trustee of the University ot Pennsylvania, and during his forty-eight years of service that great institution of learning has, by reason of the earnest efforts of its successive Provosts, Trustees, and instructors, the loyal support of its Alumni, and the generous gifts of money by the broad-minded men and women who have written their names upon the roll of the benefactors of the University, become the centre of the intellectual life of Philadelphia and one of the foremost colleges of the country. Dr. William Pepper, to whom this Society and the University owe debts which never can be paid, said of Mr. Fraley, that during more than forty years ‘‘he had been prominently engaged in all the efforts which had brought the University to the prosperous and powerful position she now commands. He enjoyed in a rare degree the love and confidence of Trustees and Faculties, and no language could convey an adequate sense of the value of his benignant influ- ence, of his universal charity, of his wise counsels, and of his con- stant loyal co-operation. I am confident the University never had a truer friend, nor a more faithful and unselfish servant.”’ Mr. Fraley was in 1833 a founder, and for sixty-eight years a member, for sixty-seven years a Director, and for fourteen years the President of the Philadelphia Board of Trade, which, under his leadership, has devoted itself to the improvement of facilities for transportation by land and water, to the increase of commerce, to the growth of manufactures, to the maintenance of a solid financial OBITUARY NOTICES. A system, and, in Mr. Fraley’s words, to ‘‘the development of those impersonal interests that make the prosperity of a great city,’’ Upon the formation, in 1868, of the National Board of Trade as a federation of all the commercial organizations of the country, Mr. Fraley was chosen as its President, and for thirty-three years he was successively re-elected to that high office by the unanimous action of delegates coming from every part of the country, and bound to him by no tie other than a just appreciation of his char- acter, ability, and impartiality. In all of the many bodies, corporate or voluntary, public, busi- ness, or social, over which Mr. Fraley presided, or in whose delib- erations he actively participated, for so many years and to the end, he was a forceful leader, for he always had clear and decided views upon all questions which came to be considered, he had the courage and the ability to give to those views adequate expression, and he had the tact and equability of temper which enabled him not only to persuade but also to convince. He was an exceptionally well-qualified presiding officer. He had a thorough knowledge of parliamentary law and practice and an unusual readiness in the application of his knowledge. He was instinctively fair-minded, and, therefore, he was always impartial. He had an unrivaled facility of felicitous expression, and, to those who could appreciate him, it was an intellectual pleasure to listen to the graceful speeches which he was, from time to time, accus- tomed to address to the Societies and Boards over which he pre- sided. He had a strong sense of public, as well as of private, duty, and he had no sympathy with that spirit of destructive criticism which contents itself with deploring the existence of evils which it does not try to mend. He held public office, and he achieved results in State and muni- cipal politics, without sacrifice of independence or loss of self- respect. In 1839 he was a member of the National Convention of the Whig Party, which nominated William Henry Harrison for election as President of the United States. From 1834 to 1837 he sat in the Common Council of the old City of Philadelphia. From 1837 to 1840 he served with credit in the Senate at Harris- burg. In 1834 he successfully accomplished, against the opposition of the most respectable conservatism of the leading citizens of that day, the introduction of street and house lighting by gas, and his vl OBITUARY NOTICES. was the financial plan which made possible at that time the con- struction and operation of the municipal gas works. In 1853, 1854 and 1855 he actively participated in the popular efforts to secure the consolidation of the city, and his is the plan of municipal financing and accounting which is now in force, unchanged by later legislation, and largely effective to-day in the high credit of . the city loans. His was the plan under which Girard College was successfully administered as a school for orphans before the organization of the Board of City Trusts. When in 1861 the existence of the Government of the United States and the permanency of free institutions were threatened by an armed insurrection, Mr. Fraley saw clearly the duty of the citizen, and he voiced the sentiments of that loyalty which put country above party in words which are worthy of lasting record. On 30th November, 1861, he published a letter, in which he said: ‘‘T have both publicly and privately expressed the following opinions hitherto, and have so far seen no cause for changing them. ‘* First—That it is the duty of every one, with head, heart, hand and purse, to aid the general Government in putting down the rebellion, and in reducing to obedience to the Constitution and laws of the United States those who are in arms against the sov- ereign authority of the Union. That aid is to be cordially given, with a proper confidence that those who have been entrusted by the American people with the responsibilities of power will honestly and faithfully execute the high trusts committed to them. “* Second—That we are not engaged in a war for the prevalence of any peculiar set of political opinions, but one which is to deter- mine by its results whether we have a National Government, bind- ing in absolute, supreme and complete sovereignty over individuals and States for every object defined in the Constitution of the United States, or whether the nation is to be broken up by every accidental majority that may place State Legislatures in the power of traitors or fanatics. “‘Third—That, having by the Constitution and various com- promise laws given to the institution of slavery every protection hitherto which it could legitimately claim, and having failed thereby to avoid an appeal to a power outside of the Constitution (the appeal to arms made by the traitors of the South), it is now our duty so to deal with the slave question that it shall no longer OBITUARY NOTICES. vil jeopard the peace, happiness and prosperity of the people of the United States, and that the thoughts of every patriot should be turned to measures for the gradual abolition of slavery, by compo- sitions with loyal citizens of the South for the freedom of all persons born after a certain day, and by the speedier method of immediate freedom, with properly guarded and limited political and social rights, for the slaves of all who may continue in treason and rebellion.”’ Those of us who were living at that time and who remember the conflict of opinion in Philadelphia between the supporters and the opponents of the Government, and the strong personal and social influences which were arrayed in this city against a vigorous prose- cution of the war, will fully appreciate the force of Mr. Fraley’s frank declaration and will regard it as both patriotic and states- manlike. It is but right to add in this connection that no one more fully than Mr. Fraley rejoiced in later years that the wounds of war had been healed and that North and South were united under one flag in the full enjoyment of a common prosperity. Animated by the sentiments to which’ he had given such clear expression, Mr. Fraley as a private citizen loyally supported the Government in all its efforts to raise men and secure money for the suppression of the insurrection, and his only regret was that his years forbade him to serve as a soldier in the field. In furtherance of his patriotic purposes he became one of the founders of the Union League, and he labored earnestly for the success of the Sani- tary Commission Fair of 1864. So long as the relative rates and costs of production of gold and silver preserved an approximate stability in the market prices of the metals Mr. Fraley, as a scientific bimetallist, advocated the double or alternating standard of value; but when the conditions changed, no one more clearly than he saw that to admit silver to free coin- age would result in silver monometallism, and would inevitably be followed by national repudiation and individual bankruptcies. He, therefore, vigorously opposed the silver legislation of 1878 and 1890, and in 1891 he appeared as a representative of the Philadel- phia Board of Trade before the Coinage Committee of the House of Representatives and, as the report of the Board of Trade for that year states, ‘‘ going over the history of the coinage laws of the United States, from the beginning of the nation down to that Vili OBITUARY NOTICES. time, and giving a clear exposition of the laws of trade in relation to the action and influences of the coinage of the precious metals. under the different ratios of silver to gold, he argued that inevi- table danger and disaster would ensue should the bill pass author- izing the free and unlimited coinage of the silver of the whole world at the artificial standard contemplated.’’ The result was that ‘‘the Coinage Committee, on February zoth, reported the Free Coinage bill to the House with an adverse recommendation.”’ One of Mr. Fraley’s audience upon that occasion, Mr. William V. McKean, for so many years the honored Editor-in-Chief of the Philadelphia Pudiic Ledger, and by reason of his knowledge of the financial history of the country and his trained intelligence a most competent critic of such a performance, has recently said of Mr. Fraley’s speech that it covered the whole history of the silver coin- age from the beginning of the Government to the date of its de- livery, that it omitted nothing historically or inferentially which could elucidate the subject, and that spoken as it was by a man then eighty-seven years of age, without reference to a paper ora note, and compressed and clear, it was, in its character and in its. effect upon its hearers, nothing less than marvelous. In the memorable national campaign of 1896 Mr. Fraley assisted by his wise counsel in the educational and other efforts of the Sound Money League of Pennsylvania. Mr. Fraley had throughout his life an exceptional facility in attracting and attaching friends to himself. To mention all of those with whom during his life he was on terms of intimate friend- ship would be to give the names of not only the best citizens of Philadelphia, but also the names of many distinguished men from every part-of our country for the last seventy years. He drew all these men to himself by his kindness of heart, his unfailing cour- tesy, his sincerity, his wide and varied information and his keen sense of humor. It is deeply to be regretted that he never committed to writing the reminiscences of men and of affairs with which he was accus- tomed to interest those who were fortunate enough to be admitted into intimate intercourse with him. Mr. Fraley never undervalued the uses or the advantages of wealth, yet he did not care for wealth for its own sake, and he thought that there were other things in life better worth having, such as the truth, the steadfastness, the unselfishness, the charity and the peace of conscience that go to the making of and accompany OBITUARY NOTICES. 1x a fine character, and, having these better things, he had no cause to envy people who have wealth and nothing more. In the later years of his life Mr. Fraley had to endure the physi- cal infirmities of old age in diminished powers of locomotion and in defective eyesight, amounting almost to blindness. He bore his trials patiently and bravely, and he was spared the more distressing infirmities of old age, for he retained his clearness of mind to the last hour of his conscious existence. It is not surprising that Mr. Fraley should have lived to years far beyond the period of the life of most men, for he inherited from his sturdy ancestry a vigorous constitution, he led a regular and a temperate life, without excesses and without undue restraint upon enjoyment, he never gave way to anger or to vain repinings, and he was uniformly cheerful and hopeful. Mr. Fraley was born in the last year of President Jefferson’s first administration and he died after President Roosevelt had succeeded to office. During his lifetime the railway, the steamship, the tele- graph, and the telephone have revolutionized civilized existence ; villages have grown to be great cities; our country has survived the shock of foreign and of civil war; its States, whigh had been separated by distance and by time, and which had been united only in name, have been welded into a nation which is to-day one of the great empires of the world. In other countries ruler after ruler has ascended the throne and has in his turn passed away ; frontiers of kingdoms have been obliterated and new frontiers created ; and the map of Europe, of Asia, and of Africa has been changed again and again. To have lived through the period when these momentous events were happening, and after ninety-seven years to have died in the unimpaired enjoyment of his mental faculties, would have made any man remarkable ; but Frederick Fraley, as he was known to the men who were closest to him, was remarkable not only because of his long life and not only because of the century, through almost the whole of which he had lived, but also and chiefly because of his varied knowledge, his power of expression, his steadfastness of purpose, and his many attractive qualities. It can be said of Frederick Fraley, as of few men, that he never shrank from the performance of any duty, that he was faithful to every trust, that his continued living was a pleasure and his death a personal loss to all who knew him. C. SruarT PATTERSON. x OBITUARY NOTICES. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS GENTH. (Read December 6, 1901.) One of the sciences in which this country has made itself dis- tinguished, especially upon the chemical side, is the science of mineralogy. In proof of this it is necessary only to mention the names of Dana, of Lawrence Smith, of Sterry Hunt, of Brush, of Shepard, of Cooke and of Genth. Among these eminent men, perhaps none of them devoted himself with more assiduity to this science than did our late colleague, Prof. Dr. Genth. Friedrich August Ludwig Karl Wilhelm Genth was born in the village of Waechtersbach, in Hesse, on May 17, 1820. On his father’s side, his family was an old Hesse-Nassau family, most of whom resided in the vicinity of Wiesbaden. His father was Georg Friedrich Genth, High Forester to Prince Issenbourg, and his mother was Karoline Amalie Genth, her maiden name having been Freyin von Schwarzenau. Her family lived in Darmstadt. From his earliest days young Genth was taught by his father to take an interest in the phenomena of nature ; whereby his powers of observation became developed and his enthusiasm awakened in the natural sciences, especially in botany, mineralogy and geology. He entered the Hanau Gymnasium at the age of sixteen, this insti- tution being then under the direction of Dr. Schuppius. There he remained for three years, graduating on the 26th of September, 1839, fully prepared for his university course. On the 1th of November following, he matriculated at the University of Heidel- berg, and came under the instruction of Gmelin in chemistry, Bischoff in botany, and Blum and Leonhard in geography, geology and mineralogy, these being the sciences to which he had already paid some attention. Owing to the pressure of family matters he left Heidelberg in August, 1841, and in the following November became a student in the University of Giessen, devoting himself mainly to chemistry and studying under Fresenius and Kopp, and particularly of Liebig. Ill health, however, compelled him to leave Giessen in April, 1843. Subsequently, in May, 1844, he entered FREDERICK AUGUSTUS GENTH. OBITUARY NOTICES. x) the University of Marburg, studying chemistry under Bunsen and physics under Gerling. In January, 1845, he presented his disser- tation to the Faculty and was graduated with the degree of Philo- sophie Doctor. The subject of this thesis was: ‘‘ Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Kupferschieferhiitten-processen, erlautert durch die Untersuchung der auf der Friedrichshiitte bei Riechelsdorf gewon- nenen Producte.’’ Shortly afterward he became Chemical Assistant to Prof. Bunsen, and was subsequently appointed a Privat-Docent in the University. He held this position for about three years, resign- ing it in the spring of 1848. In tiie summer of that year he sailed for Baltimore, and soon after his arrival there he went to Philadelphia, where he established one of the earliest analytical laboratories in America. In the fall of 1849 he received an offer of the position of Superintendent of the Washington (now Silver Hill) mine, in Davidson county, North Carolina. This offer he accepted, giving up his laboratory in Philadelphia and removing in October to Davidson county. Here he remained until August, 1850, when he resigned this position and returned again to Philadelphia, where he reopened his analytical laboratory and devoted himself to research, to commercial analysis and to the instruction of special students in chemistry. It was in this laboratory that the chief part of his admirable work on the ammonia-cobalt bases, as well as the earlier portions of his mineralogical investigations, was done. This work of research attracted general attention, and in 1872, upon the death of Prof. Wetherill, he was tendered the Professorship of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, then just entering upon the new era of prosperity consequent upon its removal to West Philadelphia. This position he at first declined because of the pecuniary sacrifice which it involved ; but subsequently he accepted it with the understanding that his private work might still be car- ried on. He continued to hold his chair, with credit to himself and satisfaction to his colleagues, until the fall of 1888, when he severed his connection with the University and for the third time returned to his private research laboratory and to his professional work. The earliest scientific paper published by Dr. Genth appeared in Leonhard and Bronn’s Jahrbuch for 1842. It was entitled ‘‘ Bin- nenconchylien lebender Arten im Kalktuff von Ahlersbach,’’ and shows the influence not only of his father’s early training in the natural sciences, but also of that of Leonhard, with whom he xi OBITUARY NOTICES. studied geology in Heidelberg. A second geological paper appeared during the same year with the title ‘* Alter verschiedener Zechsteine ;’’ and in 1848 he published two similar papers in the Jahrbuch, eroded respectively ‘‘ Eocene Schichten mit Beschrei- bung der Petrifacten’’ and ‘*‘ Miocene Geognosie des Mainzer Beckens.” It was in Giessen, however, under the influence of Liebig, and particularly in Marburg, where he studied with Bunsen, that Dr. Genth’s mind received its strong bias in the direction of chem- istry. Even in 1845, before taking his Doctor’s. degree, he pub- lished papers on ‘‘ Prehnite, a Pseudomorph after Analcime ;’’ on “‘ Chemical Examination of Masopin, a new Gum-resin,’’ and on “‘The Analysis of Various Refined Coppers.’? Two manuals by him—one a ‘‘ Tabular Review of the More Important Reactions of Bases,’’ and the other a similar work cn the Acids—appeared soon after his graduation. The purely chemical papers of Dr. Genth number in all thirty- one. Ina letter to Liebig in 1845, and published in the Annalen, he called attention to an allotropic modification of nickelous oxide, occurring in the form of small, almost microscopic crystals, grayish- black in color, and having the form of regular octahedrons, on certain disks of refined copper from Riechelsdorf. In 1853 he discovered the corresponding compound of cobalt, which closely resembled it. In Liebig’s Annalen for 1848, Dr. Genth published a paper giving analyses of lavas from Hecla, which had been collected by Bunsen during his visit to Iceland. Four of these lavas were examined, those from Thjorsa, Hals and Efrahvolshraun and that of the erup- tion of 1845. In the first of these he found his first new mineral, which he named Thjorsaite.* The author concludes: (1) That these lavas differ from those of Vesuvius and Etna in that they are insoluble in hydrochloric acid, containing no material gelatinizing with this acid ; (2) that the essential constituent in them has the same composition as wichtisite; and (3) that any differences in composition between them are due to the admixture of a chrysolite, orthoclase (?) and magnetite. In Erdmann’ s Journal fiir praktische Chemie for 1846 apptied an elaborate paper by Dr. Genth on a ‘Chemical Exam- ination of the Products obtained in the Metallurgy of Copper Schists.’”’ The Friedrichs plant at Riechelsdorf was especially * Subsequently shown to be Anorthite. a Pees * OBITUARY NOTICES. xill studied and its products were analyzed. This paper covers forty- eight pages and is substantially his inaugural dissertation at Mar- burg. The immediate occasion of this investigation was the send- ing to Prof. Bunsen for analysis of various samples of refined copper from Sweden and Norway, together with two samples from the Riechelsdorf works ; the whole coming from the Kurfiirstliche Ober-berg und Salzwerke-Direction of Cassel. The examination of these coppers was turned over to Dr. Genth, and his paper is divided into six sections. ‘The first describes the processes in use at Riechelsdorf, the second gives the analytical methods used, the third considers the products examined with their physical proper- ties and chemical composition, the fourth gives the analysis of other coppers for comparison, the fifth the same in tabular form and the sixth states some chemico-technological conclusions. The value of this research was recognized by a letter of thanks from the Direc- tion. It resulted in some material changes in the processes employed at the Friedrichs works. In December, 1852, Dr. Genth read before the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences a paper on a supposed new element which he had de- tected in certain small white grains associated with iridosmine and platinum from California. On treatment with hydrochloric acid, two of the metallic particles were observed to evolve hydrogen. On removing them from the liquid, they were seen under a magnifier to be mixed with gold. In color they were between tin white and steel, were malleable, but harder than tin and were soluble in nitric acid, yielding a crystalline salt. With hydrogen sulphide the solution gave a brown precipitate. Before the blowpipé on charcoal the metal fused readily, but soon became covered with a black oxide. It gave no incrustation. With borax in the outer flame it dissolved, giving a colorless bead which became opalescent on cooling. Though resembling tin, the new metal is distinguished from it by its complete solubility in nitric acid, by the brown precipitate with hydrogen sulphide and by the absence of a white incrustation before the blowpipe. The chemical investigation, however, by which Dr. Genth is most widely known is undoubtedly that made on the ammonia- cobalt bases. His original memoir on this subject was published in Philadelphia in 1851 in Keller and Tiedemann’s ‘‘ Nordamerikan- tscher Monatsbericht fiir Natur und Hetlkunde,’’ under the title ‘* Vorlaufige Notiz iiber Gepaarte Kobalt-Verbindungen.’’ This X1v OBITUARY NOTICES. memoir ‘‘ contained the first distinct recognition of the existence of perfectly well-defined and crystallized salts of ammonia-cobalt bases.’? Indeed, it would appear that no trace exists ‘‘in any earlier paper of even an idea of the existence of such a class of compounds.”’ The results given in this paper were first obtained in 1847 in Marburg, while the author was chemical assistant to. Prof. Bunsen and during the latter’s absence in Iceland. They were freely communicated verbally to others and a suite of the salts obtained were deposited at the time in the laboratory at Giessen. In this early memoir Dr. Genth describes two series of salts in which cobalt oxide, conjugated with ammonia, acts asa base. To prepare these bases, ammonium chloride is added to a solution , either of cobaltous chloride or sulphate, and the solution is satur-— ated with ammonia. After standing four or five weeks in the air and the excess of ammonia has evaporated, hydrochloric acid is added to acid reaction and the solution is boiled. After some time a crystalline heavy carmine red powder is deposited, consisting of small octahedrons having the empirical formula, Co,O;(NH,),Cl. Hence they must be considered as the chloride of a paired or con- jugated compound, Co,0,(NH,);, which plays the part of a metal. On further evaporating the mother-liquor from which the carmine red salt was obtained, an orange-yellow cobalt salt separated in crystals. ‘‘ Though the analyses were from necessity not sufficiently complete and extended to fix the constitution of the bases in ques- tion, yet the fact is indisputable that this memoir contained not merely the first announcement of the existence of ammonia-cobalt bases, but also a scarcely less accurate and complete description of two of these bases than any which has since appeared.”’ = The foregoing memoir was called by Dr. Genth a preliminary notice. But inasmuch as circumstances prevented a prompt resump- tion and continuation of the investigation, the field was entered by © others. In 1851 Claudet described purpureocobalt ; and later in the same year Frémy communicated to the French Academy ‘‘ the discovery of a class of compounds containing cobalt and ammonia, and produced by the oxidation of ammoniacal solutions of cobalt- ous salts,’’ claiming the discovery as his own. He ‘‘ appears not to have been aware that these two bases had been described in a manner little less complete than his own two years before the appearance of his memoir.’’ This publication by Dr. Genth interested chemists greatly, and OBITUARY NOTICES. XV on July 21, 185 2, Dr. Wolcott Gibbs, then of New York, who had followed Dr. Genth’s directions and had prepared these bases in his laboratory, wrote him as follows: ‘‘ I enclose you herewith a small “quantity of my orange-cobalt compound. . . . Please let me have your opinion of it. I think it identical with yours. Let me urge you to go on with your investigation, as it must lead to very inter- esting results independently of the beauty of the compounds in question.’’ Dr. Genth’s response must have been prompt, for in a second letter, written on the 26th of July, Dr. Gibbs says: ‘In reply to your proposition I can only say that I will willingly join you in your investigation, provided that on your return to Philadel- phia you find that your engagements will prevent you from accom- plishing your work alone. You ought, if possible, to have the entire credit which is justly due to you. If, however, you cannot under- take the matter alone, then I will add my labors to yours and we will publish in our joint names.’’ Thus began the association of these two eminent men in the investigation which has since become famous. In the following November Dr. Gibbs himself discovered a new ammonia-cobalt base, obtained by passing nitrogen oxides into solutions of the compounds described by Dr. Genth. Its salts have a dark sherry-wine or brown-yellow color, and the new base differs from the others in the fact that it contains nitrogen dioxide as a coupler in addition to ammonia. In the joint monograph of Gibbs and Genth, which was published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1856, and afterward printed in the American Journal of Science, the nomenclature of Frémy is sub- stantially adopted though somewhat modified. Instead of ‘* Roseo- cobaltiaque’’ and ‘‘ Luteocobaltiaque,’’ as Frémy proposed, the names ‘‘ Roseocobalt’’ and ‘‘ Luteocobalt ’’ are employed for the two bases originally discovered by Dr. Genth; that of ‘‘ Purpureo- cobalt ’’ being given to the base discovered by Claudet, ‘* Xantho- cobalt’’ to that discovered by Gibbs, and ‘‘ Fuscocobalt’’ to the one described by Frémy. The authors also followed Frémy’s example in referring the colors of these substances to the chromatic scale of Chevreul. The crystallographic determinations given in the memoir were made by J. D. Dana. After describing the methods of analysis used, the monograph goes on to state at length the mode of preparation and the properties of the salts of roseo- cobalt, purpureocobalt, luteocobalt and xanthocobalt, together with the results of their analysis. It concludes with a theoretical discus- X¥vVi1 OBITUARY NOTICES. sion of the rational structure of these bases, considering them ‘‘ as conjugated compounds of sesquioxide, sesquichloride, etc., of cobalt, the five or six equivalents of ammonia, or of ammonia and deutoxide of nitrogen, forming the conjunct, and serving to give to the sesqui-compound of cobalt the degree of stability which it possesses in this class of bodies.’’ This extended and elaborate research has always ranked among the highest chemical investiga- tions ever made in this country. Several years were required to complete it, the analytical portion of the work being as difficult as it was protracted. In 1858, in conjunction with Dr. Gibbs, Dr. Genth published a preliminary notice of a new base containing osmium and the ele- ments of ammonia; having been led by their previous work to the study of the production of analogous compounds with other metals. On studying the action of the mixed nitrogen oxiaes upon ammo- niacal solutions of the platinum metals, they discovered a well characterized base formed by osmium when thus treated, the salts of which crystallize well. Though noticed by Frémy in 1844, he was mistaken in its constitution, calling it osmiamide. The salts of this new base have a beautiful orange-yellow color, are quite insoluble in cold water, more soluble in hot. Their solutions decompose easily, evolving osmic acid. Besides the admirable investigations made in pure chemistry, Dr. Genth will ever be remembered for tle valuable researches which he made in chemical mineralogy. As early as 1842, while yet a student, he published in Leonhard and Bronn’s Jahrbuch a paper on ‘‘ A Pseudomorph of Prehnite after Analcime.’’ And in 1848, there appears in Lzediy’s Annalen a paper by him containing analysis of baulite from Krabla, of phillipsite from Stempel, of chabasite from Annerode, of iron-ochre from the Alta-Birke mine, of speiss-cobalt from Reichelsdorf and of uranite from the Siebenge- berge. In 1851, he announced in Keller and Tiedemann’s Monats- bericht the discovery of tetradymite in North Carolina, of traces of platinum in Lancaster county, Pa., and of a magnetic pyrite in the same locality which contained 2.9 per cent. of nickel and which has since been made the basis of an important nickel industry. The same year he described a mineral from Texas, Pa., which he considered to be a gymnite, in which a portion of the magnesia is replaced by nickelous oxide, isomorphous with it. To this mineral OBITUARY NOTICES. Xvll he gave the name nickel.-gymnite, but Dana subsequently called it genthite. A series of highly valuable papers, entitled ‘‘ Contributions to Mineralogy,’’ were published by Dr. Genth from time to time for several years. These papers were fifty-four in number and con- tained descriptions of 215 mineral species, in most cases being accompanied by analyses. Most of these contributions appeared in the American Journal of Science, although several were published in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society and in other serials. In a number of his later papers he was aided by S. L. Pen- field, who furnished the notes on crystallography. Besides these comprehensive communications, Dr. Genth was the author of twenty-three minor contributions to chemical mineralogy, many of which contained descriptions of new species. He was the discov- erer of twenty-four new minerals, all of which were so thoroughly individualized, both by chemical and by physical methods, that they took at once a position in the science which they have ever since maintained. Dr. Genth was especially distinguished for his extensive knowl- edge of the chemistry of the rarer elements; and this rendered his analyses of the minerals containing these elements of great value to the science of mineralogy. His papers ‘‘On Some American Vanadium Minerals,’’ ‘‘ On the Vanadates and Iodyrites from Lake Valley, N. M.,’’ ‘‘ Examination of North Carolina Uranium Min- erals,’’ and especially the one ‘‘ On Some Tellurium and Vanadium Minerals,’’ are noteworthy. In No. VII of his ‘‘ Contributions to Mineralogy,’’ published in 1868, he gives a list of seven American tellurium minerals, of which two are new species ; and in a paper published in 1874 ‘‘On American Tellurium and Bismuth Min- erals,’’ he describes native tellurium, tetradymite, altaite, hessite, petzite, sylvanite, calaverite, tellurate of copper and lead, bis- muthinite and schirmerite, the latter a new mineral. Indeed, he regarded his work on tellurium minerals as among his best efforts. Nearly one-half of the new species made by him were compounds of the rarer elements. Perhaps the most important, as it certainly was the most ex- tended, of Dr. Genth’s mineralogical investigations was that upon ‘¢Corundum: Its Alterations and Associated Minerals,’’ the results of which were communicated to the American Philosophical So- ciety in 1873. The paper occupies forty-six pages of the Proceed- xvili OBITUARY NOTICES. ings. In the spring of 1871, he had exhibited to the Society several peculiar crystals of corundum, altered either wholly or partly into other mineral species. ‘‘ Further chemical investiga- tion of these crystals, and of others similar to them, gave results leading to conclusions which seemed to possess interest not only for the chemist and mineralogist, but in connection with their paragenesis, to the geologist also.’’ ‘The largest deposits of corun- dum in the world are in a chromiferous serpentine or chrysolite formation and in the rocks adjoining thereto. Localities of this mineral have been developed all the way from Massachusetts to Alabama, and it will always be an interesting question by what agencies such enormous quantities of alumina could have been precipitated to form it. Especially so, since by its subsequent alteration it has given rise to many of the most widely distributed minerals and rocks. The most important deposit of corundum in the East is that at Chester, Mass., discovered by C. T. Jackson, and described mineralogically by C. U. Shepard and J. L. Smith. It consists of crystalline corundum contained in a fine scaly chlorite, and of a peculiar mixture of granular and crystallized corundum and magnetite. By far the largest deposits of corundum, however, occur in North Carolina, the corundum belt stretching south- westerly from Madison county, N. C., through Georgia into Talla- poosa county, Ala., a distance of at least two hundred and fifty miles. The first large mass of corundum was found in 1847 on the French Broad river, near Marshall. It was dark-blue in color and was associated with chlorite and margarite. The outcrop of the Culsagee mine, near Franklin, extends over thirty acres; that of the Cullakenee mine, about twenty miles southwest of this, ex- tends over an area of three hundred acres. The corundum here is generally of a grayish-white or pale ash-gray color, with specks of sapphire occasionally. Sometimes, however, it is of a beautiful pink color, associated with andesite, zoisite, margarite, hornblende, and rarely with chlorite, spinel and tourmaline. Near Gainesville, Ga., corundum exists as a nucleus in irregular kidney-shaped masses of margarite or with a peculiar earthy mineral between isabel and flesh-red in color, intersected at intervals by veins of a fine scaly or massive margarite. After this general survey of the geological conditions attending the occurrence of corundum, Dr. Genth proceeds to discuss the minerals which are associated with it. Corundum altered into : ; OBITUARY NOTICES. SEX spinel occurs in many localities, the most interesting coming from Hindostan. The corundum crystals are from half an inch to two inches across. Many of them are completely altered, and most of them show that the alteration began at the surface and penetrated irregularly the crystals toward the centre, leaving frequently a nucleus of brownish-gray cleavable corundum. Beauxite, an aluminum hydrate mixed with ferric hydrate and a_ hydrous aluminum silicate, and enclosing grains of corundum, occurs abundantly in the south of France. T. S. Hunt regarded the corundum as having been produced from the beauxite by loss of its water ; but Dr. Genth held the opposite view and maintained that the beauxite has resulted from the hydration of the corundum. Zoisite had been observed in the Urals by Gustav Rose as an asso- ciate of corundum. The best locality for it in this country, how- ever, is at the Cullakenee mine, where it occurs sometimes in crystals, but generally in compact and columnar easily cleavable masses, from grayish to greenish and brownish-white in color, many of the specimens showing distinctly that it is the result of the alteration of corundum, the pink corundum being often sur- rounded by a thin coating of a white zoisite. Tourmaline is asso- ciated with corundum at most of the localities above given. At Unionville, Pa., black tourmaline occurs in irregular masses of different sizes, in the corundum itself as well as in the masses resulting from its alteration. Dr. Isaac ea mentions the occur- rence of a crystal of transparent green tourmaline passing through the middle of a prism of diaspore, the whole enveloped by lamel- lar crystals of pearly emeryllite. At the Culsagee mine there are masses of black tourmaline containing crystals of white and yellow- ish-white corundum disseminated through them, the particles of tourmaline crystals being intermixed with the corundum crystals and vice versa. Fibrolite has been long known to accompany corundum both in Europe and Asia. The variety used by the Celts in the stone age was obtained in the neighborhood of Chavag- nac and Ourouze, in France, where it is associated with mica, cyanite and red and blue corundum. At Norwich, Conn., the small crystals of sapphire are completely surrounded by fibrolite. Cyanite is a very common associate of corundum, rolled masses of it occurring in Litchfield and Washington, Conn., containing corundum and diaspore. An interesting specimen from Newton, Conn., received from G. J. Brush, consists of irregularly arranged xx OBITUARY NOTICES. bladed masses of a gray, bluish-white and blue cyanite ; a yellowish- white micaceous mineral occurring where the blades meet, em- bedded in which is diaspore containing in immediate contact with the cyanite a rounded fragment of a slightly pink corundum. The list of these associated minerals includes staurolite, pyro- phylite, damourite, ephesite, jefferisite, chlorite, margarite and lazu- lite, among others; and in the paper are described four new min- erals: kerrite, maconite, willcoxite and dudleyite. The conclusions reached by Dr. Genth as the result of this elabo- rate investigation are as follows: (1) At the period when the chromiferous and chrysolite beds were deposited a large quantity of alumina was separated and formed beds of corundum; (2) this corundum has subsequently been acted on, and in this way changed into various mineral species—spinel, fibrolite, cyanite, tourmaline, damourite, chlorite and margarite, and, perhaps, also into some varieties of feldspar; (3) a part of the products of the alteration of corundum still exist in the form of large beds of mica and chlorite slates or schists ; (4) another part has been still farther altered and converted into other minerals and rocks, such as pyro- phyllite, paragonite, beauxite, lazulite, etc. Dr. Genth gave some attention also to the chemistry of meteor- ites. In 1854, he described a meteorite from New Mexico, given to him by Prof. Henry, and labeled ‘‘ native iron.’’ It afforded on analysis: iron, 96.17; nickel, 3.07; cobalt, 0.42, and insoluble matter, 0.57, this latter consisting of iron, nickel and titanium. The following year he published the analysis of a fragment of one of the meteoric irons of Tucson, Mexico, presented to the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences by Dr. Herrmann. This analysis showed the meteorite to consist of iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, alumina, magnesia, lime, soda, potash, phosphorus and silica, together with a feldspathic mineral, supposed to be labradorite. It agrees substantially with analysis by J. L. Smith of a fragment cut from one of the huge masses in that region by Lieut. John G. Parke, U. S. Engineers. A third meteoric iron was described by Dr. Genth, in 1886, from East Tennessee. In 1874, Prof. Lesley, Director of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, appointed Dr. Genth Chemist and Mineralogist of the Survey. His acquaintance with the subject committed to him is well shown by the fact that before the close of that year he presented a ‘‘ Preliminary Report on the Mineralogy of Pennsylva- OBITUARY NOTICES. XxX1 nia,’’ which, together with an ‘‘ Appendix on Hydrocarbon Com- pounds,’’ by S. P. Sadtler, covered two hundred and sixty printed pages. The following year he prepared a second ‘‘ Preliminary Re- port,’’ covering thirty-one pages. Dr. Genth was also Chemist to the Board of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, and did much by his chemical investigations, and especially by his analysis of fertilizers and other materials, to develop the agricultural industry of the State and to maintain a high standard of excellence in all farm products. Asa man of science Dr. Genth stood among the first in this country. Asa chemist, especially in analytical work, he was well-nigh without a peer, being completely familiar not only with the reactions and analytical methods of separation and determination of the ordinary elemental and compound ions, but, what is more remark- able, of the rarer and less frequently occurring ones as well. But this is not all. His scientific work was characterized by a con- scientiousness and fidelity to fact which was exceptional. No labor seemed to him too great, if by it an added accuracy could be secured. His knowledge of minerals was complete. Not only did his acute vision aid his early training in recognizing their nature at a glance, but his skill in observing their physical and chemical properties gave him remarkable power in detecting new species. Moreover, his devotion to scientific accuracy was so great that most, if not all, of the differences he had with others involved questions of fact rather than of opinion. Again, his mind had acquired, by long practice, great facility in grasping the relations of structural grouping, both in salts and in minerals, and the rational formula of an ammonia-cobalt base or of a complex min- eral species was at once clearly recognized from the empirical results of his analysis. As a teacher, Dr. Genth was most successful. Apart from his complete command of the subject, he took a great interest in his good students and devoted himself assiduously to their advance- ment. But for those who were studiously indifferent and careless, to his credit be it said, he had but little regard. He was merciless upon fraudulent work, particularly in analysis. The reputation which he gave to his department in the University was deservedly high. The large amount of research work which he did was never allowed to interfere with his instruction, and those who were his students remained ever afterward among his best friends. His Xxll OBITUARY NOTICES. retirement was a great loss to the University, the more so since there is reason to believe that possibly it might have been avoided. Prof. Dr. Genth was everywhere recognized by his scientific associates as a man of rare talent. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in January, 1854; he was one of the corporate members of the American Chemical Society ; was elected a vice-president of this Society in 1876 and president in 1880 ; in 1872 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1875 a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston. ‘The American Association for the Advancement of Science paid him, in 1888, the high compliment of election as one of the three Honorary Fellows of the Associa- tion. Dr. Genth’s personality was most agreeable. He was cordial to his friends and associates, valued highly their society and was ever ready to give them any assistance he could render out of the store- house of his knowledge. He was twice married, first in Europe, in 1847, to Karolina Jaeger, the daughter of the Librarian of the University of Marburg, by whom he had three children—two sons and a daughter—all of whom are yet living. In 1852, he married Minna Paulina Fischer, whom he met in Cumberland, Md.; four daughters and five sons being the issue of this second marriage. Of these four daughters and one son are still living. Dr. Genth was rather corpulent in his habit, and in his later years went about with some difficulty, being troubled considerably with asthma. He died at his home in Philadelphia on the 2d of February, 1893, from an attack of pneumonia, being in his seventy-third year. December 6, 1901. GerorRGE F. BARKER. INDEX TO. .VOLUME XL. Page Aboriginal Rock Picturesin Queensland ................... bee oH Academie R. des Sciences de Turin, Prize Offered ........ rr, Say De Accipitres, Osteology of the ........... A EL EN ees ChB RCE A 85 LAOGIRESS, UTA a AB Rete CP le, ER GIL ae ae mee Cc a, en 52 AiTNOspuere, MOHALOMIG Gases OF thes)... 3s ee ee es 165 Barker, George F., Delegate to 200th Anniversary of Yale University ........ 160 Preriunee hater MOTO Olee eed oh c cueias. te) lo. Stes) dues ty Gareu st. cle ode) fbb oo ya -cam ve 165, x MONRLORLC GASesiOn UNGrALMOSsphere:- — 2 2. es ele ee he aed ee) ee 165 LELE OVER NEY SMG eerie Us cask alee enn ee ee 59 iBorings an theSulphur Spring Valley, Arizona... 2. 6 2 fe ew ce we se 160, 161 Chromosomes of the Germ Cells of Vortozoa, AStudy of the ...........2.. 51 CODUES SINGS ChAT OL ESY Sug ISS 2” Sn GeO ae eas 6 ec me ee 53 SOMIMUITGOS SIAN GIN Ps OT LOOME ce ure sie vs cy a Sm 2,2 2 a) eB ees ene ty 51 Guckoos(Coccyges) Osteologyor the.) << = OE Se ees ap ne te 3, 4 Culin, Some Results of a Recent Collecting Trip Among the American Indians . . . 54 DeriAraio nl Oil nG epengdencepmeereticard coer i, isis) versa 2 lax fo /ap hoy Samis pan Sale ce oe es 159 Douglas, James, Borings in the Sulphur Spring Valley, Arizona ......... 160, 161 Douglass, Earl, Fossil Mammalia of the White River Bedsof Montana ....... 61 PAE CLONIO te OM Cers Analy mwenrce ee ee ves eh fovveel oi Sete, eres cota Mech subelsarnauin anne 3 MAMAS NIOCeENe. Of PataeOuian mei Gola) i 2 i.e bo. cs) wha ne let nohebsslusm sccble chee oy be 59 Flagstaff Phenomena of December, 1901, which Created me Popular Notion of SST SECOM NATSU) vc nem om iMate. ete fina sever 3) sss ae ee SALA os bel top (aay salou 166 Fossil Mammalia of the White River Bedsof Montana................ 61 hralevetontredenick, Ll: Di Memoimot.c...- 2.62 5. -.+ seas 45 sane 166, i HEAR SODA PALEILESS., -) 075) eee OIE ka chawtSs Sic athe Melia uplsike. sels 85, 87 Guseviombunesatmosphere |Monatonucrues e056 2 2 fe =: Oh tut encase es seme 165 NSH ETPUBNLCCUULS Aaenr tn 5, Red RO a tn EE oe 52 Hildeburn, Charles Swift Lev vie oi? Sic Gab Se teh oe Ree CRD Cee nr 85. One CHAM Paw bALONIGC SCLYG stipes,» tee oui fuer e sifecsh © . alte tsbreasdialyus 51 Mes hatt tT DOMIRS ptt otra cara stots ahve iene nd oe e207 \ «bes 8) vo), aay os Carols 165 Mahle perpi Acs seh emerey rs ielwe tootet = Aeleo hal Sri petie aio, ys ia -si iel wate oo ae ek 59 INFO Vy GUI bre ie ae ae A ee SEC eee ee ey eee ee eer ee 165 XXIV INDEX. : Members Deceased : Page Porter, sPhomas Conrads) 922 Sig Saas mies Woy A aie a es cnc &5 Rowland lenryAc cc. -) =a an si iecai dee =. a 2 = (59. Stubbs iRteReva williams Cn. ica ee eee ee ae) ce ce A ee 61 LoppanwRobertINOXON Ks see eee 8 See a eee 0 ee ee 2 85 Members Elected : AdamsyCharlesshrancis's =Mesce.) © tne he v5 Sere ey tee ee 54 Balch, Thomas Willing... . ot = ARES Cee ae ee 85 BLOWIN VAMOS IE Sy fries fo By oe, ah SY Van ss. es. eo tp Pe Re acre ee 85 BUIMPUS ME Clee eats ie eee ote awe . Lb” Sd Vee Wak eee 54 MisherviGeorge Harrison... 46>) Gs seers. st “cist! AG... eee 54 MNEXNED SIMON se. ocr: Salts ph eee ee eS OE OP BEAR ee ee 54 Garnett, Richard ...... pisos ae Se See OS, Sa eee as: Giglioli; Henny He. 3). Pint gras cheek rhe aca ee aia 54 Lodge, Oliver Joseph ..... Sem ot Ps wos 2 Se, ee 54 McPherson, JohnB. . i ee ae ee fee ee See . 85 Marconis GUpLIelMmO; .) ts eee eee eo PN A aes 54 Markownikof. Wladimir 5 { 9 (9-2 3.) 24 2 SAE Sy ty SAOe Meigs WitliamM: . 9.95. 2°. . 1: By amet we ele: BS are Le oe Sg AAR! MerristJonnTs-5 <= PSS Tee PR I Dae SE eee 54 MunroeDanaiGs, 3 .) oe) = oekh Se ee cee eee 56, 57 Queensland, Aboriginal Rock Picturesin. . . IE aA: oe 57 Reports: cAnNUAlen eee green Pe st ces fic yhh 68. 0 dele StS EAE Se 166 Rock Pictures, Aboriginal ........ ate wie PRO a. FN Pe OL ee ee 56, 57 Rosengarten, Franklin’s Bagatelles .. . : AP et Ra 85, 87 Seott, Miocene Faunas of Patagonia . ot ASS hs 2 ee 59 Sellers, Annual Address. ........ aera: > Se eee eee TY Shuteldt, Osteology.of the Accipitres'- 2. ..- i. ~ “aaa: : 85 Osteology of the.Cuckoos|(Coceyges)) = 5 = sos 26 as see ree) ee 3,4 Osteology ofthe/Steganopodes’ 5.20.05 a3 3 3 i | eineulet os See 53 Smyth, Albert H., Delegate to 450th Anniversary of University of Glasgow. . . . 55, 160 Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathematique de Cherbourg, 50th Anni- VieeS ACh ds Gee CEO tC.) EO Ca NOLONCL 6 MORRONOL Hey COecOG Oo fo >< - 160 Sreranlopoden, CsteoloryOlugNe ceria) sfolins oes «) s) « Sheed te) |. ooh ee 5d Suess, Edward, Delegate to 50th Anniversary of K. K. Zo6l. Botan. Gesell. in Wien . 55, 56 Solphurispring Valley, Boringsinm. 272 <7. Ses) = ss ow a, = ol ee Oe 161 Pechnicnl WANCHMOMs sacs si ek se eos es el el «wis ee, OR 2 eee 52 Phoorgs anudiOthermMangenaces! 2.2 see gw 8 es, eo Wo 6) el ee 61 Tower, Charlemagne, Delegate to 450th Anniversary of Founding of University of COVE CO}s Pst op paca On OORT Mo: EIOMO. 30. So 55, 56 Turtles, meteorological deception practiced upon box, near Philadelphia. ...... Al University of Glasgow (450th Anniversary)... ........-+..c.0.2.06. 52, 55, 160 Vortozoa, Chromosomes of theGerm Cellsof. . ........5 55% sea ue 51 Willcox, meteorological deceptions practiced uponbox turtles near Philadelphia... 51 Yale University; 200thCAMMIVersaly soc, ee ts es ore sh Ce 160 ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD AT PHILADELPHES FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. IWioTise x 1. JANUARY, 1901. No. 165. Stated Meeting, January 4, 1901. Vice-President WIsTAR in the Chair. Present, 10 members. The Librarian laid upon the table the list of donations to the Library, and thanks were ordered therefor. The decease was announced of the Rt. Hon. Lord Arm- strong, at Cragside, Rothbury, England, on December 27, 1900, at the age of 90 years. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt presented a paper on ‘‘ The Osteology of the Cuckoos (Coccyges).”’ The Judges of the Annual Election for Officers and Coun- cillors, held this day between the hours of two and five in the afternoon, reported that the following-named persons were elected, according to the Laws, Regulations and Ordinances of the Society, to be the officers for the ensuing year: President. Frederick Fraley. Vice-Presidents. ° Coleman Sellers, Isaac J. Wistar, George F. Barker. Secretaries. I. Minis Hays, Samuel P. Sadtler, Edwin G. Conklin, Arthur W. Goodspeed. PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. XL. 165. A. PRINTED MAY 381, 1901. + SHUFELDT— OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. (Jan. 4, Treasurer. Horace Jayne. Curators. J. Cheston Morris, Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry Pettit. Councillors to serve for three years. Richard Wood, Henry Carey Baird, Samuel G. Dixon, Joseph G. Rosengarten. The Society was adjourned by the presiding officer. THE OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOGOS: [ CoccyGESs. ] (Plates I and II.) BY DR. R. W. SHUFELDT. (Read January 4, 1901.) INTRODUCTION. My first paper evidencing any special interest in the structure of the Cuckoos was published in Zhe /dzs, of London, July 1, 1885 (pp. 286-288), and was entitled ‘‘On the Coloration in Life of the Naked Skin-tracts on the Head of Geococcyx californianus,’’ being illustrated with a fine colored figure of the head of the Californian Road-runner, natural size. In this paper the osteology of Geococ- cyx was not touched upon, it merely calling attention for the first time in science to the brilliant scarlet coloration of the naked areas on the back of the head of the bird in question. This paper was, however, soon followed by another in January, 1886, in which a complete account of the skeleton of Geococcyx californianus was given, illustrated by three plates, devoted to figuring the skull from three or four points of view, and also all the other bones in the osseous system of this species. It was published in Zhe Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (London and Edinburgh, Vol. xx, Part II, pp. 244-266, Pls. VII-IX). As in the case of a few others, this memoir is referred to again below, and is indeed, without its figures, substantially reproduced in the present work, after having been thoroughly revised (and augmented slightly) by myself. Al- = 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 3) though the figures to this memoir were not, as I say, here repro- duced, I have, nevertheless, devoted one of my present plates to the bones of Geococcyx, giving four of the skull, one of which has never been published before ; a ventral view of the pelvis published for the first time; and pelvic limb-bones of a subadult individual to illustrate remarks in the*text. These bones are given for the purposes of comparison and reference. Again in the same journal last quoted I printed in October, 1886, a brief ‘‘ Osteological Note upon the Young of Geococcyx califor- nianus (Lond. Vol. i, Pt. i, pp. ror—1o2), in which certain points of interest referable to the tibio-tarsus were dwelt upon. A very general account of the entire structure of this species I published still later on in the Proceedings of the Zoélogical Society of London (Apr. 1, 1887. Pt. iv, pp. 466-491, Pls. XLII-XLV, 2 wec. in text)—that is, apart from a treatment of the skeleton, as that had already been published, as stated above. The figures to this memoir had been submitted the size of life, but were subse- quently reduced, a fact that was noted, or rather record made of in The Auk \ater on (Geococcyx californianus—A correction, Vol. iv, No. 3, July, 1887, pp. 254, 255). After this date I referred to the anatomy of the Coccyges in various places and in different publica- tions, but gave no extensive work devoted exclusively to a study of their osteology as a whole. In the present memoir I have brought together all the material illustrating the osteology of the Cuckoos at my command, and have described and compared it. Iam indebted to Mr. Lucas for the loan of some of this material from the collections of the United States National Museum, where, unfortunately, they are very poor in Cuckoo skeletons. The balance of what I have, has been either col- lected by myself or for me by others. Representatives of the Suborder CoccycEs are found in many parts of the world, and Cuckoos present us, in the forms already known to science, witha list of some one hundred and sixty or more species, exhibiting great variation in structure, size, coloration and, indeed, general morphology. Their peculiar habits of nidification and other eccentricities that characterize them are known to ornithol- ogists and ornithotomists alike, and need not be reviewed here in a work upon their osteology. Some Cuckoos, the ‘‘ Tree Cuckoos” so-called, are arboreal types, rarely alighting upon the ground, 6 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan 4, while others, such as our Californian ‘‘ Road Runner,”’ are naturally terrestrial habitues, and only occasionally alight in the larger trees. Both Africa and Madagascar contain wonderfully interesting Cuckoos, and other birds so closely related, that by some system- atists they have been associated with them. Our own United States avifauna offers a number of some very interesting species of the Cucu/ide@, and these will be osteologically treated in this memoir, and it is hoped that such characters as their skeletons present may be eventually useful when our material in the museums admits of a more extended morphological and taxo- nomial study of the entire family. In lower California and Texas we have Crotaphaga sulcirostris, and its ally C. azz in southern Florida. I have, thanks to Mr. Lucas, of the U. S. National Museum, some material illustrating the skeletons of both of these types. Through the southern parts of southwestern United States we also find Geococcyx californianus, —a large and interesting species of Ground Cuckoo. This species, as stated above in my INTRODUCTION, I chose several years ago, to present a paper upon its osteology, and it was published with three Plates in the Journal of Anatomy of London. Finally, we have several species of those typically American Cuckoos of the sub- family Coccygine. They include the true Tree-cuckoos of the genus Coccygus, and I have a number of skeletons of them, illus- trating both adult and nestling forms. For one good skeleton of an adult, I am indebted to Dr. W. S. Strode, of Bernadotte, and to my son for an alcoholic nestling of Coccygus americanus. As a group, Huxley considered that the Coccygomorphe occupied the central position of his Desmognathous division, and in a sub- division of them (2) he included the M/usothagide, Cuculide, Buc- conide, Rhamphastide, Capitonide, and Galbulide, adding upon another page that ‘‘Among the Cuculide, Cuculus canorus is devoid of basipterygoids; the palatines are rounded off posterio- externally; the internasal septum is well ossified and unites with the maxillo-palatines.’’ “‘In Geococcyx the principle of construction is quite the same ; but the postero-external angles of the palatines are distinctly indi- cated, and the beak is produced into an elongated triangular form. A slight oblique ridge marks off the flat surface of the maxillary process of the palatine from the excavated body of the bone.’”’ (P. Z. S., 1867, pp. 444 and 466.) nim ¥ 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 7 Professor Max Fiirbringer makes a suborder Coccygiformes, a division of his Order CoRACORNITHEs, and in it divides the genus Coccyges into the two families JZusophagide and Cuculide, the latter containing all the Cuckoos.: As our knowledge of the morphology of the group now under consideration becomes more intimate, the general tendency is to withdraw from its many species, indeed sometimes an entire family or more, of birds that in former times were considered to be quite typically coccygine in character. It was Sclater who finally re- moved the Zyogones from the group, and in due time, I am confi- dent the Coccyges will be fully as well circumscribed as either the Pict or the Pstttact. Several years ago, Coues still adhered to the old ‘‘ polymorphic group,’’ the Order Picari&, and divided it into three groups, viz. : the Cypseliformes, the Cuculiformes, and the Piciformes.’ Of the 1 « FURBRINGER, MAX, Untersuchungen 2u Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel (1888), and on page 1553 of this work he says, «* Mit den ektamphibolen Musophagide und den zygodactylen Cuculide beginnt die Reihe der Baum- vigel (Coracornithes s. Dendronithes). Beide sind mit einander ziemlich nahe verwandt und bilden die G. CoccyGres und So. CoccyGIFrorMEs, welche trotz einzelner specieller und ziemlich hoher Differenzirungen der Cuculidz im Gros- sen und Ganzen doch nur eine mittlere Entwickelungshéhe unter den Coracor- nithes erreicht und von allen Unterordnungen derselben von den Galliformes am wenigsten absteht. Die kleine, enggeschlossene und jetzt auf die aethiopische Region beschrankte Familie der MZ/usophagide repraesentirt den primitiveren und in der Abnahme begriffenen Typus; in tertiarer Zeit war sie vielleicht auch iiber Europa und noch weiter ausgedehnt (Necrornis?) Die nahezu kosmopoli- tischen Czca/ide sind weit umfangreicher und mannigfaltiger ausgebildet und in der Hauptsache héher differenzirt; von ihren Unterfamilien diirften wohl im Grossen und Ganzen die Phoenicophaine den tiefsten, die Crotophagine den héchsten Platz einnehmen. Ihre paleontologische Kenntniss ist allzu mangel- haft, um systematische Aufklérungen zu gelben. «In einer nur massigen Entfurnung von den Cxculide scheint die kleine Familie der neotropischen Bucconide zu stehen; der Mangel eigener Beobach- tungen und die bisherige Unvollstandigkeit in der morphologischen Untersuch- ung irgend eines Vertreters derselben machen mir eine sichere Entscheidung hinsichlich ihrer systematischen Stellung vor der vermuthlich niher verwandt dieselben kehren zugleich ihr Gesicht den Pici zu, ohne aber intimere Relationen zu ihnen zu besitzen. Vorausgesetzt, dass die bisherigen Angaben iiber die Bucconide richtig sind, bin ich geneigt, beide Familien zu der G. GALBUL& zu verbinden und diese als eine intermediire Abtheilung zwischen die Coccygi- formes (Cuculide) und Pico-Passeriformes (cz) zu stellen,” 2 Cours, E, Key to North American Birds, rev. ed., 1884, p. 446. 8 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, second-named he said that they comprehended the great bulk of the Order; ‘‘in all, about fifteen families, rather more than less. They are only readily limited by exclusion of the characters of the preceding and following groups. The sternum is usually notched behind ; the syringeal muscles are two pairs at most. ‘The feet are generally short; the disposition of the toes varies remarkably. In the Colitd@, or colies, of Africa, all the toes are turned forward. In the Zrvogonidez, the second toe is turned backward, so the birds re zygodactyle, but in a different way from all others. Families with the feet permanently zygodactyle in the ordinary way by re- version of the fourth, or partially so, the outer toe being versatile, are—the Cuculide, or Cuckoos, with their near relatives the /zat- catortde or Guide-birds of Africa; the Rhamphastide, or ‘Toucans, confined to tropical America and distinguished by their enormous vaulted bill; the J/usophagide, Plaintain-Eaters or Touracos, of Africa; the Bucconide and Capztonide, or fissirostral and scansorial Barbets of the New and chiefly of the Old World respectively ; and the Galbulide, or Jacamars, of America. (The Cuculide and Musophagide are by Garrod placed together with Gallinaceous birds.) In the remaining groups, the toes have the ordinary posi- tion, but sometimes offer unusual characters in other respects. Thus in the A/cedinide (Kingfishers), and Momotide (Motmots or Sawbills), the middle and outer toes are perfectly coherent for a great distance, constituting the syagenestous, syndactyle or antso- dactyle foot. The Bucerotide, or Hornbills, of the Old World, characterized by an immense corneous process on the bill, are rela- tives of the Kingfishers; so are the Zodide, a group of small, brightly-colored birds of Mexico and the West Indies. Other forms, all Old World, are the A/eropide@ or bee-eaters, the Upupide or Hoopoes, and the Coracizde or Rollers, with their allies the Leptosomatide, of Madagascar.”’ Garrod examined a good many Cuculine birds, and he divided the Cuculide into the Centropodine to contain the Ground Cuckoos, and the Cuculine, or True Cuckoos,? Several years later I exam- ined the structure of Geococcyx californianus, and in the opinion I 1GARROD, A. H, Collected Scientific Papers, 1881, p. 220. This author found the Cuculide to possess the ambiens muscle, two carotids, a nude oil- gland and ceca, The Centropodine havea formula AB. XY and the Cuculinea, A. XY. 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 9 then arrived at it appeared clear to me that Garrod’s classification of the Cuculide was well supported.’”? Nitzsch did something with the classification of the Cuckoos, using their various patterns in pterylography, but the work was only partial and in the main not quite satisfactory.’ In 1873 (P. Z. S., p. 578) Mr. Sharpe, of the British Museum, - again attacked them, selecting for his labors the cuculine birds of the Ethiopian Region. He made two subfamilies of the forms there represented and examined, viz: (1) Cucudine, containing Cuculus and Coccystes, and (2) Phenicophaine, in which he placed Phenicophaés, Centropus, Coua and others. About twelve years later another important paper on the Cuculide appeared, being a contribution by Mr. F. E. Beddard,* and in it he agrees in the main with Sharpe, but makes some few but apparently justifiable changes, His opinions are deduced from a study of the muscles of the thigh, the syrinx and the pterylosis of the Cuculide. He was fortunate in being enabled to study a very large series of species representing some thirteen genera, and upon this material he divides the Family CucuLib# into three Subfamilies, the Cucu- fine, in which our Coccyzsus is found in group (4); the Pheni- cophaine, containing only Old World forms; and the Centropodine, 1SHUFELDT,R. W. Contributions to the Anatomy of Geococcyx californt- anus, Proc. Zobl. Soc. of London, 1886, pp. 466-491, Pls. XLII-XLV. It was shown here that our United States Cucaudide properly belonged to three sub- families, the Crotophagine, or Anis, the Centropodine, or Ground Cuckoos, and the Cueu/ine, or True Cuckoos. Besides the paper on the Osteology of Geococcyx, published in the Yournal of Anatomy of London, and referred to above, the writer has also produced two other minor contributions to the morphology of this bird—viz., one in the /ézs with a colored plate, showing the colored skin- tracts around the eye and back of the head (Lond., 1885, pp. 286-288, Pl. VII): and the other in the ¥ournal of Anatomy of London entitled, « Osteological note upon the young of Geococcyx californianus” (Vol. xxi, pp. 101, 102, Figs. 1and 2). The last-named will to some extent be incorporated in the present memoir, and both have already been cited in the Introduction above. * Pterylography, English edition, p. 91. 5 BEDDARD, F. E. Ox the Structural Characters and Classification of the Cuckoos. P. Z.S., Lond., 1885, pp. 168-187, wec. in text. In this paper the writer points out an error formerly made by Owen (OWEN, R., Comp. Anat. of Verts., Vol. ii, p. 177), and says: «The gad/-dladder is stated by Owen to be wanting in almost all the Czculide. This statement is by no means correct; indeed the gall-bladder appears to be very generally present, and those cases where it is absent are the exceptions.” 10 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, where we find Geococcyx, Crotophaga and Guira all associated in another group 3. To this last arrangement I very much demur, and doubt that the retention of Geococcyx and Crotaphaga in the same subfamily at all expresses the natural affinities of these forms within the family. It will be seen later that they are very distinct types of Cuckoos, in so far as they are osteologically organized. As I have already stated elsewhere, I believe the Cvroftophagine constitutes a distinct sub- family, and the summation of the entire morphology and a knowl- edge of their especial habits will go far towards supporting this arrangement. OsTEOLOGY OF GEOCOCCYX. Of the Skull.—In Geococcyx we find the osseous superior mandi- ble with a gently curved and rounded culmen, the curve increasing very modestly as it approaches the apex. This part of the skull has a broad base, being both deep and wide in the rhinal region, while on all aspects it tapers gradually to the slightly decurved tip. Its buccal surface is flat, with cultrate edges somewhat raised above the general plane behind. Posteriorly, this face is encroached upon by the palatines and maxillo-palatines. ‘Turning to the lateral surfaces of this mandible (Pl. I, Fig. 1), we find them for the most part to be slightly convex throughout their extent ; the only exception to this being seen in the depressions which are found, one over each of the scale-like projections that close the hinder two-thirds of either nostril. These last-mentioned openings are of a subelliptical outline, placed longitudinally nearer to the edge of the beak than its culmen and just posterior to its middle. They do not directly communi- cate with each other, but are external apertures, in this bird, of osseous tubes, one on either side, which are produced backwards nearly to the rhinal chamber, being encased in the loose, osseous, spongy mass that almost fills the otherwise hollow superior mandible of Geococcyx. In the skull freshly prepared, and before it dries, the cranio-facial hinge enjoys considerable mobility, and its position is clearly indi- cated by a transverse track. Mesially, this region is depressed, and may show the last sutural traces of the nasal processes of the pre- maxillary therein. Each nasal bone has been so completely met by the various surrounding elements that, save its hinder margin, 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. Me its boundaries are hard to define in the adult bird (Pl. I, Fig. 1). This is not the case, however, in the skull of a nestling - Geococcyx at my hand, where the bone is easily studied. Its premaxillary process is rather long and very slender, while its two remaining projections are broad. Near its middle it is perforated by a small foramen, which we find persists throughout life and seems to corre- spond to a similar minute aperture found in the same locality in the skulls of certain Kingfishers (Cevy/e). All three sides of this osse- ous superior mandible are more or less marked by anastomosing venations, and a few perforating foramina are always seen near its apex. A lacrymal in Geococcyx is an unusually large bone, though a light one, due to its very open cancellous structure within, and its being, perhaps, pneumatic besides. Superiorly, it articulates with the frontal and nasal, principally with the last on the lateral aspect, though it departs from it some time before reaching its lowest point, where a slit-like interval is seen between the two bones. Below, its broad, rounded margin is placed obliquely, its outer and at the same time posterior end resting upon the upper side of the maxillary, while its inner and anterior end being elevated just above the superior surface of the corresponding palatine. The posterior aspect of the lacrymal is concave from above downward, in conformity with the somewhat globular concavity of the orbit, while anteriorly it is correspondingly convex in the same direction. It lies in front of the broad, quadrilateral ethmoidal wing which overlaps it, the two forming a very complete partition between the orbit and rhinal chamber, the bone under consideration closing the outer third of the space. The ethmoidal wing, the form of which I have just given, is pierced above, immediately beneath the frontal bone, by two elliptical foramina, the inner one being the larger, and both being vertical. They probably transmit the olfactory nerve and vessels to the rhinal space. This ‘‘ pars plana’’ has, like the lacrymal, also a somewhat can- cellous internal structure, the plate being moderately thick. Its lower and outer margins are concave and smoothly rounded off. The expanded anterior extremity of a maxillary is immovably wedged in between the nasal above and the posterior dentary process of the premaxillary beneath. Its rod-like extension behind forms about the anterior third of the very straight quadrato-jugal 12 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, bar. The horizontally expanded end alluded to is quite ample and may be perforated by numerous foramina. Its maxillo-palatine development will be described when speaking of the under side of the skull. The remainder of the quadrato-jugal bar becomes gradually larger and club-shaped as it nears the quadrate bone, to rather abruptly turn inward as it reaches it, and is inserted in a vertical notch in the usual apophysis of that element, which projects directly outward to meet it (Pl. I, Fig. 2). With respect to the quadrate, we find that its orbital process is very broad and flat, being at the same time very short. The body of the bone is also broad, while its mastoidal apophysis is twisted in a way common to many other birds, and supports at its summit two articular heads with a distinct valley between them. At the inferior aspect of the mandibular foot there are two condyles for articulation with the lower jaw. The inner and smaller of these is hemi-ellipsoida] in form, with its major axis in the same straight line that constitutes the longitudinal axis of the corresponding pterygoid. If this axis be produced the other way, it is found to be at right angles to the long axis of the other and larger facet of the mandibular foot of the quadrate. Rather a broad notch separates these two condyles from each other. The quadrate is a thoroughly pneumatic bone, and a large fora- men is always found upon its posterior aspect half way between the mastoidal head and the mandibular foot. Both the sphenotic and mastoid processes are well developed in this bird; they are of about an equal size, the first being directed downward, and the last downward and forward. Between them, and carried well to the rear, is a sharply defined and rather deep crotaphyte fossa. It is separated from a like depression of the opposite side by an interval of one and a half centimetres. These crotaphyte fossze are fully as well marked in Geococcyx as they are in many of the Zarzde, and better than they are in some members of that group of birds, better, for instance, than they are in Larus philadelphia. Owing to the great breadth of the frontals, the orbit is completely sheltered above by an arching roof, the outer periphery of which is concave inward and bounded bya sharp edge. This orbital vault usually shows posteriorly a few perforating foramina. The rostrum of the sphenoid is pneumatic and rounded for its entire length 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 13 beneath. It barely extends beyond the broad ethmoidal wings in front and ascends but little as it proceeds in that direction. In the | nestling it is seen to be sharp-pointed anteriorly and grooved its entire length superiorly. The inter-orbital septum isa thin partition of bone, which always possesses a considerable quadrilateral vacuity near its centre. This usually merges with the foramen for the exit of the optic nerves (Pl. I, Fig. 1), while the small foramen for the exit of the oculi- motor remains distinct. As might be expected from what has already been said about the orbit, we find its hinder wall also very broad and generally concave forward. At its usual site a distinct, irregular foramen of some size is found for the exit of the olfactory nerve, and this branch passes forward in the living bird in a shallow channel on the inter- orbital septum beneath the frontal for its entire length, where these two elements are united. It leads to the inner and larger of the two foramina that were described above as occurring over pars plana. Before leaving this side view of the skull it will be as well to notice the large, luniform sesamoid that occurs in the ligament that passes from the quadrato-jugal to the hinder border of the articular cup of the mandible. This sesamoid is present on both sides and in all the skulls of Geococcyx that I have ever had the opportunity of examining. On the superior view of the skull we are to note the form of the bony laminz that partially close in the external narial openings from behind ; the position of the two small circular foramina beyond the cranio-facial hinge; and this fronto-lacrymal region generally. From this aspect we also see the small foramina that pierce on either side the orbital roofs behind. Mesially, and between these latter, a shallow, longitudinal groove marks the cranial vault. Pos- terior to this again we find a smooth, globular and ample parietal region. The crotaphyte fossee may likewise be discerned from this upper aspect and a glimpse obtained of the supra-occipital promi- nence. Here, too, may also be seen the manner in which the quad- rato-jugals articulate with the quadrates. Viewing the skull of Geococcyx from beneath, we find, anteriorly, the broad, flat surface, already spoken of, which forms the lower face of the superior mandible (Pl. I, Fig. 2). Following this back we come to an elongated median vacuity, 14 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, that separates the anterior terminations of the maxillo-palatines. This aperture has irregular, jagged edges, and through it we may see some of the open, spongy bone tissue that partially fills the hinder portion of the core of the superior mandible. At the sides, the posterior processes of the dentary parts of the premaxillary overlap the maxillaries. ‘They are long and triangular, with their apices to the rear. Returning to the maxillo-palatines, we find them to be, upon this aspect of the skull, two very sizable, elongated, subcylindrical masses, composed of an internal spongy tissue, but encased in an outer covering of an extremely thin layer of compact tissue. They lie parallel to each other and to the median plane, nearly filling the interpalatine space. Anteriorly, they are separated by the vacuity already described, while behind, their free and rounded extremities slightly diverge from each other, they being in contact in the median line for the middle thirds of their lengths (PI. I, Fig. 2). From their upper sides is developed a mass of open spongy tissue; this is continuous with a similar structure that is found within the superior mandible; it reaches out, on either side, to abut against the inner surfaces of the nasals; it joins the horizontal plates of the maxillaries, and finally supports a median vertical plate of bone that stands just beyond the rhinal chamber proper, this latter space being free from its encroachment, as it is from any development of the ethmoid behind, beyond its lateral wings. The anterior half of either palatine is quite a broad, flat, hori- zontal plate, the distal end of which indistinguishably fuses, and is directly continuous with the horizontal portion of the premaxillary. To its inner side also, in this locality, it completely anchyloses with the corresponding maxillo-palatine (Pl. I, Fig. 2). For the most part, however, its inner and outer edges are free, not coming in contact by the inner one with the maxillo-palatine, though it is parallel to it and separated by an extremely narrow interval, while its outer one neither touches the lacrymal nor the maxillary, but occupies a plane inferior to both. The posterior half of a palatine also lies mainly in the horizontal plane, but its under surface is a concave one, and its upper corre- spondingly convex. Its outer free edge, directly continuous with the outer edge of the anterior half of the bone, sweeps by a gentle curve round the ‘‘ postero-external angle’’ of the palatine to its head. Huxley was in error when he stated (P. Z. S., 1867, p. 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 15 444) that these angles in Geococcyx ‘‘are distinctly indicated.” They are rounded, as he so well figures them for Cuculus canorus.? The inner free edge of the bone extends from the head to the apex of a small pointed process in front. For nearly its entire length it is parallel to the corresponding edge of the palatine ot the opposite side, from which it is separated by an interval of some- thing like a millimetre or rather more. From this edge the surface curves outward and backward, forming the ‘‘ascending process” of the palatine. This terminates in another longitudinal straight margin, which is applied to the corresponding one of the opposite palatine, and both unite to form the usual groove at their upper aspects for the rostrum of the sphenoid. These latter opposed edges also ex- tend from the palatine heads, likewise in contact mesially, to a common anterior process. ‘This latter is nearly opposite the ante- rior end of the rostrum, and from its extremity in front projects a free, needle-like and rudimentary vomer, of some four millimetres in length. It does not come in contact with the maxillo-palatines, but lies above the interval formed by their slightly diverging pos- terior extremities, and is freely articulated with the palatines at the points from which it springs, and in the manner described. This diminutive vomer is equally well developed in both my specimens - of Geococcyx. Careful search was made in all of my specimens for an ossiculum lacrymo-palatinum (os uncinatum), but failed to reveal the presence of any such ossicle. This diminutive bone was first described by Brandt, and, as is well known, occupies at least two positions in the skull. In certain Albatrosses (Diomedea brachyura) it exists as a delicate styliform bar connecting the descending limb of the lacrymal bone with the upper surface of the corresponding palatine. Other birds have it attached to the infero-external angle of the lacrymal, where it may project freely backward, or lie along the upper surface of the maxillary bar beneath it. Its position in the Parrots is described in my memoir on the osteology of Conurus. According to Forbes, ‘‘ it also occurs in forms so different from these [Albatrosses] as the Musophagidez, many Cuculide, Chunga 1 In this connection compare what I have quoted, in an early paragraph of this memoir, from Professor Huxley with a footnote which appeared in my « Osteology of Geococcyx” (Fourn. of Anatz., London, p. 247), cited above. It must be that the skull of Geococcyx which Professor Huxley examined was either an imperfect or broken one. 16 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, and Cariama, as well as in some Laride and Alcidz, so that its presence is obviously of no particular taxonomic value.’’ (Co/Z. Scientif. Mem., p. 415.) A pterygoid is a nearly straight and slender bone, and shows not the slightest evidence of the development on its shaft of an apophy- sis, and indeed there is no necessity for such, as the basipterygoidal processes are entirely absent in this bird ; and the pterygoids when in situ occupy a lower plane than the basitemporal region, as well as being at some distance in front of it. These bones articulate with each other anteriorly and with the opposed palatines; from this point they diverge at an angle of about 85°, each to meet the usual facet upon the corresponding quadrate at the base of the inner and smaller condyle on that bone. The basi-temporal region is elevated above the prominent and raised boundaries of the auricular apertures ; it is narrow and smooth and lies for the most part in the horizontal plane. In front, it presents for our examination a thin tip of bone, arching over the common aperture of the Eustachian tubes. Beyond this it contracts to form the sphenoidal rostrum, a con- siderable portion of which is unoccupied before we reach the ptery- goidal heads. This allows these bones not a little backward play in the recent specimen, an action which is quite possible from the more than ordinary mobility enjoyed on the part of the cranio- facial hinge. Either external auricular couch is a capacious fossa, well defined by a raised and bounding thin wall of bone, with its free edge curled in all round. At the base of either of these fossee we see strong osseous trabecule, converging to a point near the centre to support the double concave facet for the mastoidal head of the quadrate. These stand between the Eustachian entrance and the passage to the middle ear. If the plane of the basis cranii be produced posteriorly, and the plane of the occiput and foramen magnum extended to meet it, we find the latter makes an angle with the first-mentioned plane of about 48°, while the long axis of the fairly well-developed supra- occipital prominence would be perpendicular to it. In form the foramen magnum is broadly cordate with its apex above; the occi- pital condyle at its lower margin is small, sessile and hemispherical in outline, being so placed as to encroach upon the foraminal peri- phery for about one-third of the condylar arc. 1901.] SHUFELDT-—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 17 Points of interest within the brain-case are seen in the presence of a strongly marked longitudinal sinus and the unusual. thickness of the walls of the sella turcica; its fossa, though deep, being quite small, while at its base we find a double entrance for the carotids. As a whole the skull of Geococcyx is a delicate and a very light structure for its size, air gaining thorough access to most of its - parts. The mandible (Pl. I, Figs. 1 and 3), seen from superior aspect, has the typical V-shaped form, with an extensive symphysis, which is scooped out longitudinally above. Either ramus is not deep in the vertical direction, while its upper and lower margins are promi- nent and rounded, the former, however, becoming sharp as it approaches the symphysis, which condition is sustained to the mandibular apex. The ramal vacuity is large and occupies its most usual site; in outline it is an elongated ellipse, but its anterior third is encroached upon by a thin plate developed on the part of the dentary element. An articular end is considerably concave above and presents two facets for the condyles of the quadrate; its inturned process is much tipped up, while the usual pneumatic foramen is seen near its apex. Below, its convexity conforms with the convexity of the articular excavation at its upper side, and its angle behind is obliquely truncate from above downward in the forward direction. Beyond an articular end on the superior ramal border, we find, on either side, the coronoid process but feebly developed and single. When the osseous mandible is articulated zz situ with the remainder of the skull its tip does not extend quite so far forward as does the apex of the superior osseous beak, a condition present in the skulls of most Coracomorphe and other groups. In the hyoidean apparatus we find fully the anterior two-thirds of the glosso-hyal represented by a thin strip of cartilage, while behind, where it ossifies in front, the usual median foramen is seen, having an elliptical outline. Posterior to this, on either side, the strongly marked cerato-hyals project outward and backward. First and second basi-branchials do not anchylose with each other, the former being short and thick, the latter about half as long again and tipped off behind with cartilage. The elements of the thyro-hyals are long and slender ; they like- PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. xL. 165. B. PRINTED MAY 31, 1901. 18 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. |Jan. 4, wise terminate in cartilaginous tips and curve up behind the skull in the manner most usual among birds. There are about twelve osseous sclerotal "areas in the circlet found in either eyeball. They present us with nothing worthy of especial remark, seeming to possess their most usual ornithic char- acters. It may be as well to add here a few words describing the ossifica- tions of the trachea, and we find for the entire length of this sub- cylindrical tube the osseous rings which compose it fail to meet in the longitudinal median line posteriorly. The interval thus formed, which is not very great, is occupied by a thin membrane which is continuous with the internal tympaniform membrane of the lower larynx. As to shape, the trachea diminishes in calibre gradually from above downward, and nowhere in its con- tinuity does it present any enlargements or dilatations. This does not apply exactly to the bronchial bifurcations, for each one of them shows a disposition to swell just before arriving at the contracted parts of these tubes, where they impinge upon the lung tissue. We may reckon either of these bifurcations as being partially surrounded by thirteen semirings. Of course in this bird, as I say, the entire trachea may be regarded as having only semirings, but had the usual number of these united behind there would still have remained the thirteen semirings to each bronchial tube. An osseous pessulus is not present in Geococcyx, and the internal tympaniform membrane is quite extensive. There does not even seem to be any thickening of this membrane in our subject where this bony little bridge is located in those birds where it exists. (For figures of the trachea of Geococcyx see my memoir in the P. Z, S. cited above.) Of the Remainder of the Axial Skeleton—The Vertebral Column.— This column presents us with eighteen movable vertebrze before we arrive at the consolidated pelvic sacrum. This latter contains eleven more segments, thoroughly united together and firmly joined to the iliac bones. Finally, we find five vertebre and a large pygostyle in the skeleton of the tail of Geococcyx. In the cervical region we pass twelve vertebrze before we come to the first one of the series that bears a pair of free ribs, the thirteenth and fourteenth both possessing these appendages, and in both they are well developed, though not reaching the sternum, through the intervention of costal ribs. The pair on the fourteenth vertebra 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 19 has the epipleural processes fully as large as they are in the dorsal series; they are absent entirely, however, on the first pair of free ribs. Returning to the atlas we find thissegment rather delicately con- structed, though in form it is quite like what we find in other groups of birds, the Passeres for instance. Its neural arch is narrow antero-posteriorly, though the canal is capacious. A perfo- ration is seen at the base of the articular cup for the occipital con- dyle, which cuts through the superior margin of this little concavity. The centrum is small and does not develop anything that might be called an hypapophysis. On the axis vertebra we note the presence of a low, tuberous, neural spine, occupying the entire central por- tion of the arch, while posteriorly on the under side of the centrum a feebly pronounced hypapophysis is seen. ‘The odontoid apophy- sis is small and short as compared with other features of this verte- bra, a fact no doubt due to the lack of depth in the atlas. At either side of the centrum we observe a delicate and vertical spicula of bone which completely arches over the vertebral vessels, constitut- ing the last remnants of the lateral canal at this extremity of the column. This condition is often met with among the Anatide in the axis vertebra of those birds. The postzygapophyses are directed backward and outward, and are very powerfully developed, more so than in any of the first nine or ten vertebrz of this portion of the column. The facets they bear for articulation with the extremities of the prezygapophyses of the third segment are at their under side about the middle. On the third and fourth vertebrze we also find a low neural spine placed at the centre of either bone, while the hypapophysis is becoming reduced in these segments, to disappear entirely in the fifth verte- bra. These vertebrze, as in so many of the class, have their zygapo- physial processes joined by a spanning lamina of bone, which in either case and on either side is pierced near its middle by a small elliptical foramen of the greater size in the fourth vertebra. The lateral canals occupy rather more than the anterior halves of the sides of the centra, and the processes that project from ‘the under aspects of their free margins behind are short, and each is separated by a considerable interval from its fellow of the opposite side. This great inferior width of the cervical vertebra is a char- acteristic feature of these segments in Geococcyx, and is well sus- tained throughout the series until we come to the free rib-bearing 20 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, ones, when a gradual contraction takes place as we pass into the dorsal region. But even here the segments are comparatively broader in their transverse diameters than we often find them. In the fifth vertebra the neural spine is placed further forward on the bone, but is very small; it is absent in the sixth, or only faintly indicated, and it does not appear in the series again until we find it as a pronounced crest on the fifteenth segment. Some- times, however, a low, tuberous elevation marks its site in the few ultimate cervicals. Prezygapophyses in the fifth vertebra stand almost directly out: ward, while the postzygapophyses very prominently point to the rear. Little modification takes place in the former of these pro- cesses as we examine the succeeding vertebre, their general direc- tion remaining about the same, but the articular facets they bear face more and more toward the median plane as we proceed back- ward. With the postzygapophyses, however, the case is otherwise, for as we descend the cervical series we find these become gradually shorter and stouter with a wider divergence, while their facets, from facing downward and outward, come to look almost directly down- ward. We find strongly marked metapophyses surmounting the bases of the postzygapophyses in the sixth to the ninth cervical vertebre in- clusive ; after that they disappear, and are but feebly reproduced in the dorsals, where they occur on the superior aspects of the ends of the transverse processes. On the fifth cervical vertebra the lateral canal is at its forward part, appropriating about the anterior moiety of the entire centrum. Its outer wall may show a slight perforation, while the parapophyses which project from it behind are on either side a short and needle- like spine. As we pass down the series this perforation becomes larger and larger, until in the tenth vertebra it has broken through the hinder free margin of the lateral canal and disappeared, leaving in the segment only a shorter passage and a deep concave notch indicating its site. Par? passu with this change, the parapophyses and pleurapophyses pass through the usual evolution in that direc- tion, to result in the perfect and free pair of ribs found in the thirteenth vertebra. Faint beginnings of a carotid canal are also seen in the fifth vertebra, in the presence of a shallow excavation at the anterior end of the under side of the segment. This be- comes better and better marked to include the tenth vertebra, 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. De where this canal is moderately well protected by lateral walls, but in none of the series does it become a closed passage as in some other birds. Inthe eleventh vertebra its place is taken by a strong, single and median hypapophysis. This last becomes faintly tricornate in the twelfth vertebra, markedly so in the next segment ; the three prongs springing from a common pedicle in.the fourteenth, which pedicle is lengthened in the fifteenth ; still larger but without terminal prongs in the six- teenth vertebra, to be entirely absent in the succeeding. segment and the rest of the column. In the atlas the neural canal is capacious and transversely elliptical. From this vertebra it gradually changes its form and contracts in calibre, until in the fifth vertebra we find it nearly cylindrical in shape and much reduced in capacity. Passing down the series it gradually changes for a second time, so that in the eleventh vertebra it is again found to be large and transversely elliptical. This form it retains through the dorsal series, though once more reduced in calibre. In the tail vertebrze it is at first triangular with apex above, to become a vertical slit as it enters the pygostyle. The fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth vertebrz of the column in Geococcyx support ribs that meet to articulate with costal ribs below. These ribs are broad above, but become more and more rod-like as they near their hemapophysial articulations. The first three pair of the series bear large epipleural processes, which are always anchylosed to the rib upon which they appear. ‘These three also have costal ribs connecting them with the sternum ; this I believe to be as small a number of the latter present in any living bird— z.e., only three heemapophyses articulating with either costal border of the sternum. The last pair of ribs, or those coming from the eighteenth vertebre, never have epipleural processes, and their costal ribs do not reach the sternum. With respect to the four vertebre that bear the ribs, we find that they present all the characters of the dorsals as found among Aves generally. The neural spines are lofty and quadrilateral in outline, each having its superior rim capped off with a vertically flattened tablet of bone. The diapophyses are rather broad, and project directly outward from the sides of the vertebrae, having the ribs articulating with them and the centra in the usual way. Very 22 SHUFELDTI—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. (Jan. 4, close interlocking is evidenced among these four dorsal segments, and the post- and prezygapophyses are no longer than is necessary to afford the proper amount of surface for their respective articular facets. Anteriorly, these face upward and inward, precisely the reverse being the case with those found on the postzygapophyses. So far as we have examined the vertebral column, the articulation which obtains among the centra is upon the heterocelous plan—z.e, the anterior facet is concave from side to side, convex from above downward, precisely the reverse condition being present in the posterior facet. All these vertebree, as well as both kinds of ribs, are eminently pneumatic, groups of foramina occurring at the usual sites in these bones. The Pelvis (P\. 1, Fig. 4).—From its singularly unique form the pelvis of Geococcyx has attracted the attention of a number of anatomists. Owen speaks of the ilium as forming behind ‘‘a prominent ridge in most birds, which generally overhangs the outer surface; in Geococcyx to a remarkable extent, like a wide pent- house, producing a deep concavity in the outer and back part of the ilium, where it coalesces with the ischium.”’ ' Marsh, in his classical work upon the Odontornithes, again calls attention to the same thing, and points out other particulars in con- nection with it, making admirable comparisons with the pelves of Reptilia, Tinamus and other forms.” Strange to relate, the only other living American bird, so far as I have examined, that possesses a pelvis anything like the one we find in Geococcyx is the common Sora Rail (Porzana carolina). This bird not only has either ilium forming the peculiar outward- curling crest behind, but has also the propubis well marked and identically the same style assumed by the anterior portions of the ilium, z.¢., a deeply concave inner margin, with the sacral crista mounting above it and not coming in contact with the same. Viewing the pelvis of Geococcyx from above, we are to notice the condition just alluded to as well as the raised anterior emargina- 1 Anat. of Verts., Vol. ii. p. 34, London, 1866. 2 Marsh, O. C., Odontornithes, pp. 70-73, Figs. 16-20, Washington Govern- ment Printing Office, 1880. There certainly can be nothing that advances our knowledge of the exact origin of birds more certainly than the constant compari- son of recent forms with the material palzeontology has thus far been enabled to supply us—not a great deal as yet. Prof. Marsh never seemed to allow such an opportunity to escape him. aie Sas a, ey See a 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 25 tions of these ilia, with the processes that project from their middle points. As already hinted, the ilio-neural canals are here open grooves, and the neural crest of the sacrum stands between them as a lofty dividing wall, with much thickened superior border. This latter is distinctly marked for the entire length of the sacrum, otherwise the individualization of the vertebrae composing this part of the bone is not very distinct, as few foramina are to be found between their diapophyses until we reach the last one, where regu- larly occurs a large pair, throwing the ultimate urosacral into bold relief. Upon the lateral aspect of this pelvis, we not only gain a better view of the largely developed propubis and the strangely formed hinder portion of the ilium, but we are also enabled to get a glimpse of the rather small subcircular ischiac foramen, with the reniform antitrochanter in front of it. This latter faces almost directly for- ward and only slightly downward, and less so outward. Beyond this again is the acetabulum, with the circular perforation at its base, the postero-superior arc of which merges with the periphery of the outer cotyloid ring at the base of the antitrochanter, while directly opposite this point the arces of these two circles are far apart, and an excavation occupies the intervening space. This grows less, of course, as we proceed either way toward the base of the antitrochanter, where, as I have said, the inner and outer rings are tangent to each other. The elliptical obturator foramen occupies its usual position, and so close together are the postpubis and ischium that an exceedingly narrow strait leads from this vacuity into the obturator space, a long narrow interval between the last two mentioned bones. At the centre of the triangular area among these three apertures at the side of this pelvis, is found a group of small pnuematic foramina which assist in admitting the air into the substance of this light and thoroughly aerated bone. The Caudal Vertebre and Pygostyle.i—As already stated above, the caudal vertebrz are five in number (Plate I, Fig. 4). Theyare chiefly noted for their high and prominent neural spines, the two loftiest being seen in the third and fourth vertebrae. ‘The diapo- physes grow longer and more spreading as we proceed in the direction of the pygostle, the last segment possessing them longer than any of the others. We find in the third caudal vertebra a small anchy- losed chevron bone, which slightly overlaps the bone in front of it. 24 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, This apophysis is very strongly developed in the last two vertebre, where it is also anchylosed to the centra, is bifid, and hooks well forward to overlap the preceding centrum in either case. Eachone of these bones is pierced by pnuematic foramina in a number of places, as is also the terminal coccygeal vomer. This latter bone has an oblong irregular figure, with its posterior margin considerably thickened, the others being cultrate. The neural canal is continued into it for some little distance, its pas- sage being denoted on the sides of the bone by a longitudinal smooth elevation, which gradually tapers away to the postero-superior angle. Of the Sternum and Pectoral Arch.—The sternum of Geococcyx is a thoroughly pnuematic bone, but air does not gain access to any of the shoulder-girdle elements. In the case of the former, foramina are chiefly found in the con- cavities among the hemapophysial facets on the costal borders. A few scattered ones may be seen in the median line upon the dorsal surface. The number of these latter vary in different specimens. The ‘‘ Road Runner” has a two-notched sternum, which gives rise to a pair of flaring xiphoidal processes on either side. Its carina is fairly well developed and moderately deep only. It ex- tends the entire length of the bone, and is marked upon the upper side of its projecting carinal angle by a roughened facet for articu- lation with the hypocleidium of the furculum. Osseous welts are raised upon its sides to facilitate muscular attachment, and these, in some specimens, extend on to the ventral aspect of the body. ‘The inferior border of the keel is somewhat thickened. In front of the sternum a peg-like manubrium projects out, the lower margin of which is longitudinally marked by a sharpened crest, Below this, the perpendicular anterior border of the keel is vertically concave, and this inferior manubrial crest is carried into the excavation as a median raised line. Either costal border is very short, having but three facets upon it, and these are usually close together. In front of them, on either side, a prominent costal process is reared, constituting one of the most striking features in this part of the skeleton of Geococcyx. The thoracic aspect of the sternum is very much concaved, the ventral side being correspondingly convex. Here on this latter we notice well-marked muscular lines, one on either side, commencing 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 25 at the outer termination of a coracoidal groove, and running back- ward to a point about opposite the middle of the keel. The coracoidal grooves do not meet at the manubrial base in the median line, and each one is characterized as being a deep trans- verse notch, with upper and lower lips of projecting bone and ex- tending laterally only so far as the inner or anterior limit of the base of the corresponding costal process. My former memoir in the Journal of Anatomy gives figures of the sternum of Geococcyx. With respect to the pectoral arch, I find a coracoid to be, compara- tively speaking, an unusually long bone; its sternal or lower border extends beyond the facet proper, in order to fit into the coracoidal groove of the sternum. This end of the coracoid is not as much expanded as we find it in some birds, but, on the other hand, like many of the Class, its outer angle is produced and bent upward as a projecting process. The shaft is long and cylindrical, being est down its posterior and lateral aspects by muscular lines. At the superior, or really anterior extremity of this bone we find several noteworthy and interesting characters. Its scapular process is very long, and compressed from side to side. This apophysis reaches forward, and by its slightly dilated extremity articulates with a vertically concave notch in the lower part of the head of the corresponding clavicle. Another meeting between these two bones takes place above, and this is effected by the summit of the coracoid curving inward toward the median plane, to articulate with a considerable facet found at the highest point of the clavicular head. These two articulations between the furculum and the coracoid completely close the tendinal canal, even without the assistance of the scapular behind, though this latter bone materially aids in in- creasing the actual length of this tendinal passage, by closing up the posterior gap. The os furcula has a form about intermediate between the usual U- and V-shapes of the bone. Regarding it from a lateral aspect, the actual form of one of its transversely compressed heads can be better appreciated, as well as its method of articulation with the other bones of the girdle. This part of the skeleton of Geococcyx has all been figured in my former memoir on its osteology in the Journal af Anatomy. Below it is flattened in the antero-posterior direction, and termin- 26 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, ates in an elongated hypocleidium. This latter articulates when the arch is zz situ with the carinal angle of the sternum, in the manner described in a foregoing paragraph. A scapula assists to form the glenoid cavity in the usual way, contributing about half the surface to that humeral socket. Its clavicular process reaches far forward, to. make an extensive articu- lation with the head of the furculum, when the bones are in the position they assume in life. It also rests further forward upon the scapula process of the coracoid than is usually seen among birds. Sometimes we find the posterior third of the long, narrow blade of this bone bent down more abruptly than in the specimen I have figured in my former memoir, and its end is always rounded off, rather than being truncated, as is commonly the condition in Aves. At the outer and back part of the shoulder-joint in the adult Geococcyx occurs usually a very minute sesamoid, known as the os humero scapulare, and I am led to believe that small sesamoids may yet be found in other of the tendons of the pectoral extremity in this region. Of the Appendicular Skeleton. The Pectoral Limb.—Pneuma- ticity is extended only to the bone of the brachium in this limb, the hollow shafts of the other long bones being charged with medullary substance. The humeral shaft is much bowed, and in such a manner as to be convex along its radial border and concave upon the opposite side, which concavity is more apparent owing to the prominence of the ulnar crest and the peculiar projection of the distal extremity in the continuity of this curve. In form the shaft is nearly cylindrical and almost entirely devoid of muscular lines. At the proximal end, a well-marked valley occurs between the ulnar crest and the spindleform humeral head. The former has barely any pneumatic fossa at its base, the circular foramen there found being nearly flush with the general surface of the bone. On the opposite aspect we find a short though prominent radial crest, which makes no pretence to extend its lamelliform plate down the shaft, as we often find to be the case in birds. The distal extremity of this bone presents for examination the usual oblique and ulnar tubercle, while, as already alluded to, the ulnar condyle of this end is much produced and very prominent. The anconal aspect immediately above the trochlea is flat and 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 2 smooth, the opposite side showing a broad, shallow groove for the guidance of the tendons to the antibrachium. A fairly well devel- oped ‘‘ectocondyloid tubercle’ is seen at its usual site, on the radial border of the shaft just above the oblique trochlea. Following the example of the humerus, we find the comparatively short radius and ulna very much bowed along the continuity of their shafts. This gives rise to a broad spindle-shaped interosseous space, the two bones only coming in contact at their distal and proximal extremities when articulated. The radius is not nearly so much bent as the other bone of the antibrachium, and presents nothing peculiar about it. On the other hand, the ulna, with its greatly curved shaft, its prominent row of secondary papillae and its well-developed olecranon, is quite a striking bone beside it. Composing the elements of the carpus, the two usual free seg- ments areseen ; of these, the radiale has pretty much the same form as it assumes among birds generally, while the ulnare takes on an entirely different shape. It does not develop the two limbs or processes that straddle the proximal extremity of the carpo-meta- carpus when the bones are z# sz¢u, as in the vast majority of the Class, but is simply a bar of bone, with one end enlarged and bear- ing at its summit an articular facet for the ulna. The carpo-metacarpus is chiefly interesting for its peculiarly formed mid-metacarpal. This is uncommonly broad at its proxi- mal end and curiously twisted as it descends to anchylose with the lower end of the index metacarpal, or main shaft of this compound bone. So far as I have been enabled to discover, the phalanx of pollex-digit does not bear a terminal claw, and the bone has the usual form asseenin most birds. Nothing of note distinguishes the two phalanges of the index digit, while the small phalanx of the last finger develops, at the middle point of its hinder margin, a curious little upturned spur. Of the Pelvic Limb.—As in the pectoral extremity, the proximal long bone of this limb, the femur, is the only one in it that enjoys a pneumatic condition. The site of the foramen that admits the air to its hollow shaft is, however, quite unique, being upon the poste- rior aspect of the bone, between the trochanter and head, instead of on the anterior side, as usual, below the trochanter. This latter feature is not elevated above the articular surface at the summit, and the semi-globular head is, comparatively speaking, 28 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, rather small. A shallow excavation upon its upper side marks the usual point for the insertion of the round ligament. The subcylindrical shaft faintly showing the muscular lines is considerably bent to the front, and at its distal extremity in that situation the rotular channel is weil marked, the condylar ridges bounding it being about parallel to each other. The outer and larger condyle of the two is at the same time the lower, and the fibular cleft. that marks its posterior aspect is very wide and deeply sculpt, being rather more to the outer side than is usual. Above these condyles, behind, the popliteal fossa is but mod- erately excavated, and a straight transverse line bounding it below divides it from the general trochlear surface. We find in the next segment of this limb, the tibio-tarsus with a subcylindrical shaft below its fibular ridge that is slightly bent so as to be in the vertical line, somewhat convex anteriorly. The bending here though is not nearly so great as we find it to be in the humerus and femur or, to make the comparison more exact, in the ulna. The cnemial crest of this leg-bone is but little raised above the undulating articular surface of its summit, while the pro- and ecto- cnemial ridges that develop below it are not peculiar. Their planes are not at right angles to each other, that of the latter having its surface facing directly to the front. Neither is produced for any distance down the shaft of the bone, but they terminate rather abruptly upon it; the procnemial ridge terminates at a point about opposite the superior end of the fibular ridge on the other side of the shaft. At the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus the planes of the con- dyles are nearly parallel to each other, and these trochlear eminences are strikingly close together in Geococcyx. The intercondyloid fossa is deeply excavated in front, to become suddenly much shallower behind as well as somewhat narrower. Upon lateral view it will be seen that the general outline of either of the condyles is more circular than we usually find it in others of the Class, where a reniform pattern prevails. Just above the condyles, on the anterior aspect, the vertical tendinal channel is spanned by the usual little oblique bridge of bone, and this is supplemented in life by a longer ligamentous one placed in front of it. 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 29 The fibula has a large head, which is produced backward beyond its shaft. This latter makes a close ligamentous articulation with the fibular ridge of the tibio-tarsus, and at some little distance below it merges into its shaft to become almost indistinguishably fused with it. A well-developed subcordate patella, with its apex directed below, is found in the usual tendon in Geococcyx. The tarso-metatarsus of the Road Runner is a longer bone than we would be led to expect, had we in our possession but the other long bones of this limb to judge from. Its summit presents for examination the two concavities for the condyles of the tibio-tarsus, separated by the mid-tubercle. Behind this we find a short hypotarsus, showing two vertical grooves at its back and two vertical perforations through it. The sides and front of this bone are flat, the latter for its proxi- mal half being longitudinally grooved, deepest above, gradually becoming shallower as it descends. Posteriorly it is likewise grooved in a somewhat similar way; but here the outer wall of the groove is raised as a sharp longitudinal crest, best marked at the middle third of the shaft and gradually subsiding toward the extremities. At the distal end we note the three usual trochlez for the basal joints of the toes, as shown in fig. 27 of my former memoir; how- ever, in this zygodactyle bird the outer one of these is extended to the rear in such a manner as to allow the fourth toe to articulate in that direction. Of these trochleze the middle one is much the largest and is placed the lowest down ; it is the only one of the three that shows the distinct median groove. The trochlea for the fourth toe is much elevated, while the inner one holds about a mid-position in this respect. A well-developed accessory metatarsal, slung by a ligament in the usual way, is found between the shaft and the basal joint of the hallux. The perforating foramen for the passage of the anterior tibial artery is small and inconspicuous, being at the same time quite low down on the shaft. The joints of these podal digits are harmoniously proportioned, both as regards size and comparative length. Beyond being typi- cally zygodactyle, they offer nothing of particular note. Before reducing my specimens to skeletons I failed to make any 380 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. (Jan. 4, special examinations as to the condition of the ossifications of the columella auris in the adult Geococcyx. 1 find, however, among other normal ossifications in this type some twelve or thirteen. sclerotal plates in either eye, overlapping each other in a somewhat irregular manner. As in certain other birds, some of the tendons of the pelvic limb in old individuals of this Cuckoo are converted into bone, and small sesamoids may be found about the proximal extremities of the basal joints in the soles of the feet. The entire skeleton of the pelvic limb for Geococcyx is figured in my former memoir in the Journal of Anatomy. OstrEoLocicaL NoTE Upon THE YOUNG OF GEOCOCCYX CALIFOR- NIANUS. My collection contains the skeleton of the nestling of the Cuckoo now under consideration, secured at the time immediately before - the bird quits the nest. This skeleton is disarticulated, and, like all the skeletons of immature birds, offers a very instructive object for study. Several years ago, as I have said in the Introduction above, I published in the London Journal of Anatomy (Vol. xxi, p. 101) an observation upon the tibio-tarsus of the pelvic limb to this skeleton, and the substance of these remarks with addenda are herewith incorporated. It is a well-known fact that the proximal extremity of the tibio- tarsal shaft is much larger and more bulky in the young of certain birds than it is in the adults of the same species. This is very appreciably the case in many Gallinaceous fowls, and I have already remarked upon it as a striking feature in the skeleton of the young of Centrocercus urophastanus ; while in our present subject, this immature Geococcyx, this condition obtains to an extent unequaled, so far as my observations go, by any of the Galline. Further, that portion of the tibio-tarsus, which in the old bird eventually becomes the antero-superior part of the shaft, and sup- ports the pro- and ectocnemial processes, is in the young individual developed as a separate epiphysis. Formerly, from careful exami- nation of material, it appeared to me that this epiphysis was super- added te the true epiphysis of the summit of the shaft of this bone of the leg, and thus corresponded to the olecranon of the ulna. (See 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOsS. on Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. vii, 1884, p. 324.) Upon carefully re-examining this material at the present writing it certainly seems that this is the case, but I would prefer to microscopically investi- gate a series of these bones of all ages and properly stained before restating the opinion. In Geococcyx the proximal end of the tibio-tarsus appears to pos- sess a terminal epiphysis, something similar to what we see in the Frog, and to this is super-added the additional piece, as already stated above; and as age advances in the individual the proximal third of the shaft, so much larger than it actually is in the adult, becomes gradually absorbed so in time to be equal to it in size. (See Pl. I, Fig. 6.) This is very curious. The lower two-thirds of the bone in the young has a calibre proportionately less than the corresponding part in the adult and is in harmony with the size of the bird. I regret to say that ossification had proceeded so far in this specimen that I was unable to determine anything beyond the single segment at the distal extremity of the bone, and additional material is required for me to decide whether or no the intermedium, as described by Morse, develops in Geococcyx as a separate ossicle, In this young bird the pelvis already exhibits all of those peculiar features, which makes it so interesting a subject for study in the adult, while points of somewhat minor importance are to be noted in other parts of the skeleton. The anterior half of the sternum is quite complete, and all in one piece, while its posterior portion is entirely in cartilage, and as yet gives no hint as to the form it will eventually assume—-even the xiphoidal prolongations not being indicated. ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF CROTOPHAGA. Through the courtesy of the U. S. National Museum I have the following osteological material before me to illustrate the skeleton in this extraordinary genus of Cuckoos, representing as they do the subfamily Crofophaging. First, nearly a complete skeleton of C. sulctrostris (No. 6467); the sternum, shoulder-girdle and ribs of a specimen of C. rugtrostris (No. 7048) ; finally, the same bones from a skeleton of C. ani (No. 432, Bryarth coll.).. (See Pl. II, Figs. 8, g and 11.) In some few particulars there is a curious resemblance between the lateral view of the skull of Cro/ophaga and the same view of the 32 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. (Jan. 4, skull of the Common Puffin (Fratercu/a), but upon careful scrutiny we at once see that Cvofophaga possesses a true cuculine skull, and one that, for at least the posterior moiety of the basal aspect of its cranium, reminds us not a little of Huxley’s figure of Cuculus canorus (P. Z.S., 1867, p. 444, Fig. 26). Among our Cuckoos, however, Coccyzus is the bird that appears to have a skull most like Cuculus, and Crotophaga upon the lateral view of its skull reminds us of neither of those species. Regarding the skull of this Ani upon its upper aspect, we are enabled to see how the subcompressed, lofty superior osseous man- dible mounds up mesially just in front of the very distinct cranio- facial line. The culmen is sharp and arches over handsomely to the tip of the decurved apex of the beak. The small subcircular nostrils can also be partially seen upon this view and the minute foramen that perforates either nasal bone. ‘The large lacrymals have much the form they have in Geococcyx and articulate with the surrounding bones in precisely the same manner. Longitudinally, in the middle line, between the orbits, the frontal region exhibits a moderately-raised, rounded eminence, extending backward upon this aspect as far as the vault of the brain-case; and this inter- orbital space is quite broad in Cyo/ophaga—proportionately much more so than it is in Geococcyx. This breadth is likewise enjoyed by the smooth, rounded super- ficies of the cranial vault. Laterally this skull presents a well-marked temporal (crotaphyte) fossa; a small post-frontral process directed downward, and a much larger arched squamosal one directed forward and only slightly downward. The quadrato-jugal bar is straight and slender between quadrate and lacrymal, while the small sesamoid at its posterior end seems to be in a ligament passing from it to the os quadratum. The capacious orbits are only separated from each other by a thin, incomplete septum, and the foramina in the anterior wall of the brain-case are large and may merge to some extent. Os quadratum is large, with a good-sized orbital process. Its various projections are thin and compressed, while a deep notch separates its two mandibular facets. Pars plana is also of good size, fusing with the frontal above, where it is pierced internally by a single foramen (two in Geococcyx) ; its infero-external angle being somewhat drawn out into a stumpy apophysis. This osseous 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 33 partition aided by the large, descending part of the lacrymal forms a very efficient bulwark between the orbit and the rhinal chamber ; while, laterally, in front of the last mentioned bone quite a sizable vacuity exists ere arriving at the posterior edge of the nasal. The base of this vacuity is spanned by the slender maxillary. Either aural entrance is capacious, and underspanned by a fairly well-developed tympanic bulla. A side of the osseous superior mandible is flat and nearly smooth, being only slightly scarred by delicate vascular venations. Passing next to the base of this skull we find the basitemporal region smooth and rather contracted, the tympanic bulla dipping down considerably below it upon either hand. A pointed bony shield underlaps the anterior entrance to the Eustachian tubes, and the foraminal apertures for the hypo- glossal and vagus nerves, and the carotids are very small and incon- spicuous. The lower border of the sphenoidal rostrum is narrow and rounded, while either pterygoid is somewhat short, straight and characterized by a raised and sharpened superior border for its an- terior two-thirds. These bones articulate far forward from the cranial base, and no sign whatever is seen of basipterygoidal pro- cesses. For their major part the palatines lie in the horizontal plane, they being for their lengths nearly of uniform width, and their postero-external angles are very much and completely rounded off. They are in contact along the middle line next the rostrum but do not seem to fuse together there, and their supero-mesial margins are produced forward into a single and diminutive spicula of bone, which possibly represent the vomer. Cvotophaga is desmognathous by the fusion of its delicate and spongy maxillo-palatines across the middle line. Indistinguishably fused with these seems to be an osseous septum narium, and the spongy osseous tissue that fills in the hinder moiety of the cavity of the upper mandible. ‘The prepalatine portions of the palatines are in intimate contact with the maxillo-palatines, while anteriorly these horizontal plates be- come continuous with the flat bony roof of the nether surface of the osseous beak ; quite as we fine them in all of our Cuculide. With respect to the mandible, we find it of the V-shaped pattern, with a moderately deep symphysis, the latter being concaved above _and roundly sharpened along the median line below. The ramal sides are of nearly uniform depth throughout and are by no means narrow ; the interangular vacuity behind being small (Pl. II, Fig. 8). PROC, AMER. PHILOS. 80C. XL. 165. Cc, PRINTED JUNE 1, 1901. 34 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. (Jan. 4, Either articular cup is well concaved, with its inturned process much produced and spine-like. Behind, the process is short and stumpy. Comparatively speaking it is a stronger lower jaw than has either Geococcyx or Coccyzus. Typically cuculine, the delicate hyoidean arches of Crotophaga present us with little worthy of especial remark. They agree in the main with what was shown to obtain in those parts in the ‘‘ Road Runner.’’ We must note, however, that in the Ani the cerato- hyals are but mere granules of bone that neither fuse with nor meet each other, but simply rest against the anterior tip, on either hand, of the first basibranchial. I have not examined the sclerotal plates of the eye, nor the intrinsic bones of the ear. They were lost from my specimens. Beddard has said that “Crotophaga anz is well known to possess a bronchial syrinx, which may be considered as more specialized than that of Ceococcyx and Pyrrho- centor, in that the membrana tympaniformis is limited to the posterior bronchial rings, commencing with about the seventh, and does not ex- tend up to the point of bifurcation of the bronchi; in this respect the syrinx of Crofophaga resembles that of Stea/ornis, which has been care- fully described by Prof. Garrod.” ! As in that bird, the bronchi arise from the trachea much as they do in the Mammalia; the first nine rings of each bronchus are entire ; the tenth and eleventh rings are considerably wider from side to side, and their extremities are connected by membrane which forms the inner neck of the bronchus; the succeeding rings become gradually narrower and are similarly completed internally by membrane. In Sfeafornis the membrana tympaniformis is only of limited extent, the posterior rings of the bronchi being, like the anterior rings, complete; in Crofophaga this is not the case—all the bronchial rings, commencing with the seventh, are semirings ; there is a single pair of slender intrinsic muscles attached, one on each side of the tenth bronchial semiring.’ As in the case of Geococcyx, Crotophaga has eighteen free vertebrze between the skull and the pelvis, and although these have the same general characters as the corresponding seginents in the spinal column of the Ground Cuckoo, they have special features of their own. For instance, the fifth to the eighth cervicals develop a 1 Coll. Scientif. Papers, p. 188. 2 P. Le Sig 18855 Po 173 = Pas i 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 85 slender osseous bar, on either side, joining the pre- and postzyga- pophyses, a character that gradually disappears in the next few suc- ceeding vertebree. Again, we see strong, median hypapophyses in the last cervicals and some of the- leading dorsals, and the neural spines to the latter are much as we find them in Geococcyx only being one or two more in number. Cyofophaga seems in the main to agree also in the nature and arrangement of its ribs; they differ, however, in the specimens before me by having a very rudimentary pair on the /we/fth cervical. There is also a peculiar pair of short, stumpy ribs, detected considerably dackward, articulating with the first vertebra of the pelvis. The skeleton of the tail agrees practically with the same part of the bird as we find it in Geococcyx, and this remark essentially applies to the pelves of these species of Cuckoos—though in Crofo- phaga the ilia behind do not curl outward quite so much in pro- portion, and the prepubic spine or process is relatively not so large. As to their shoulder-girdles, Crotophaga sulcirostris and Geococcyx agree pretty well, though in the former bird we find very notably narrow scapulz,—long and pointed, while the hypocleidium to the os furcula is relatively as large as we find it in most passerine birds, being curved backward and upward, when the bones are 7” sctu, and occupies the lower part of the recess formed by the anterior concaved border of the sternal keel. Os furcula itself is more broadly rounded below than it is in Geococcyx. In other species of Crotophaga these characters are not quite so strongly marked, ap- proaching, perhaps, more nearly what we see in the Ground Cuckoo. One would now naturally suppose from the number of pcints of agreement in the trunk-skeletons of these two species thus far enumerated, that we would surely find their sterna modeled upon the same plan. This, however, is by no means the case, for although Crotophaga sulcirostris has essentially a cuculine sternum, with a relatively deeper carina than has Geococcyx,' it differs radi- cally in the xiphoidal portion of the bone, for it has but one rather shallow notch upon either side; whereas, as we have seen, Geococcyx agrees with Coccyzus in possessing two. In Crofophaga -amt this shallow notching of the xiphoidal margin of the sternum 1 This deeper sternal keel we might naturally expect to find, being a character often seen when we come to compare birds that are by nature flyers, with those that habitually spend the most of their time upon the ground, 36 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, is carried to its mininum, and almost entirely disappears, the border of the bone in question well-nigh becoming exzire. Being constructed upon exactly the same principle, I find noth- ing especial requiring description in the pectoral limb of Crotophaga, further than what has already been given above for Geococcyx. (See Pl. II, Fig. 9.) Practically the characters are the same in all the bones composing the skeleton of this extremity in these two Cuckoos, and [I also find that a smali os humero-scapulare is present in the Anis. With respect to the pelvic limb, this statement applies with almost equal truth, though in Cvotophaga the procnemial process of the tibio-tarsus is not as well developed ; it has but a semg/e tendinal perforation through the hypotarsus of the tarso-metatarsus, and that process is peculiarly capped off by a plate of bone; and, finally, in Crotophaga the longitudinal excavation adown the anterior aspect of the tarso-metatarsus is, comparatively speaking, much deeper than it is in Geococcyx. Aside from these apparently minor differences the skeletons of the pelvic limbs of these two cuculine types are fundamentally the same. THE Genus Coccyzus OSTEOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. Forms of this group, as C. americanus; have a skull, with its asso- ciated skeletal parts, very much like Geococcyx, and quite different from what we have just described above for Crotophaga. (See Pl. II, Fig, 7.) So much is this the case that I will not enter upon a detailed description of the skull of Coccyzus but rather give some of the chief departures it makes from the corresponding characters as they occur in that part of the skeleton of the Ground Cuckoo. In Coccyzus, and essentially too in Centropus and Diplopterus, the structure of all the osseus parts of the superior mandible practically agree, both in form and relations, with what we find in Geococeyz. The former species, however, has a relatively shorter and broader bill, but its maxillary processes, at the same time, are not only rela- tively, but (usually) actually longer than they are in Geococcyx. A lacrymal bone in Coccyzus has its descending portion only represented by an outwardly-curved, delicate spicula of bone; the structure as a whole reminding us very much of the lacrymal as we find it in many of our Zetraonide. This is by no means the case, however, in Centropus and in Diplopterus nevius, where in both these genera the lacrymal bones 1901. ] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 37 are, comparatively speaking, large and conspicuous, especially in the last-named species (see Pl. II, Fig. 15). Posteriorly, the crotophyte fossee of Coccyzus more nearly ap- proach each other than they do in Geococcyx, and a pterygoid in the former species develops a raised, thin crest on the superior aspect of its anterior moiety, a character I do not find at all in the Road Runner. These fossz are very deep in Centropus superctliosus and nearly meet behind, while in Dzplopterus nevius they are shallow and widely separated posteriorly. Coccyzus may or may not possess a minute spiculiform vomer. I have examined adult fresh specimens to decide this very point, and have found old individuals where this element was undoubtedly missing, while I have found it very feebly developed in others." Turning next to the remainder of the skeleton we find eighteen free vertebree between skull and pelvis in the spinal column, as in Centropus and Diplopterus nevius, and their characters are essen- tially the same as I have described them for Geococcyx. This state- ment also applies to the caudal vertebrz, but the number and arrangement of the ribs do not either agree with the Ground Cuckoo nor with the Ani. There are three pairs of free cervical ribs; four pairs of dorsal ribs that connect with the sternum by hemapophyses ; and finally, a pair of pelvic ribs that lack epipleural appendages and whose costal ribs do not quite succeed in reaching the costal border of the sternum. This last pair appear to be absent in Diplopterus nevius (Pl. I, Fig. 14). The pelvis is cuculine in its general character, but differs consid- erably from the pelvis of Geococcyx. Its ilia curl but little over the ilio-ischiac foramen upon either side, and the coalescence between the internal margins of the ilia and the sacral crista is more thorough. The prepubisis verysmall. In none of the N. American Cuckoos are the parapophyses of the sacral vertebree opposite the acetabulz upon the ventral aspects of the pelvis, especially length- 1 Especial attention is invited to the morphology of the external narial aper- tures of the superior osseous mandible of Geococcyx, Coccygus, and Crotophaga. In the latter they are clean cut, subcircular, and comparatively small: while in Geococcyx and Coccygus they are large and Subelliptical, but more or less masked by the bony lamina that extends over them, leaving in the case of the first-men- tioned species a rather small anterior narial aperture, with usually two apertures in Coccyzus,an anterior anda posterior one. They are small and fairly clean cut in Diplopterus nevius, but large and triangular in Centropus. 38 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, ened and strengthened to act as tie- - ue to brace the line of pressure between the femora. In Centropus superciliosus the prepubic spines of the pelvis are conspicuously produced, while the postpubic element upon either side extends but very little beyond the bone above it posteriorly. Then in the curious pelvis of this Cuckoo the ilio-neural grooves are very short and are arched over simply by the much antero-pos- teriorly compressed arches of one of the included vertebree (PI. II, Fig. 13). In Déplopterus nevius these grooves are open and shallow, while the slender postpubic elements sweep far out behind, and the prepubic spine is barely noticeable. In other words the pelves of these two Cuckoos are essentially very different. Centro- pus has all the main cuculine characters well pronounced, while the pelvis in Diplopterus closely resembles that part of the skeleton in some of the passerine birds, Several interesting points are presented on the part of the bones composing the shoulder-girdle in Coccyzus. A scapula is compara- tively not quite as long nor as narrow as we find it in Crotophaga, and its posterior fourth, in some specimens, is inclined to be broad- ened, and bent slightlyoutward. At the sternal end of a coracoid, at its outer side, we meet with a conspicuous, upturned and sharpened process. The hypocleidium of the os furcula of some specimens of Coccyzus americanus is of a peculiar form, having a crescentic shape with the concave aspect of the line looking toward the manubrium of the sternum. Comparatively shorter and broader than we find it in Geococcyx, this latter bone nevertheless practically agrees with the sternum of the Ground Cuckoo and with Dzplopterus. Its deeper keel has still the true cuculine pattern, and there are two notches upon either side of it, behind, and these are deep in the last named genus. Of the xiphoidal processes thus formed the strong outer pair possess dilated hinder ends, while the weaker inner pair are, upon either side, inclined by their posterior tips toward the postero-external angles of the mid-portion of the xiphoidal prolongation. In some of the Bornean A/eropide@ these tips fuse at the angular points just mentioned. As in all N. Ameri- can Cuculide, the sternum is a very thoroughly pneumatic bone.? 1A number of the skeletal characters in the case of Coccyzws are liable to vary and depart to some extent from the descriptions I am here giving; among which are the depth of the xiphoidal notches; the form of the hypocleidium of 420) 4 Tae 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 39 Some points of interest are to be seen in the trachea of Coccyzus, for in this Cuckoo, the tracheal rings differ very markedly from what we found to be the case in Geococcyx, in that some of them are as fully and completely ossified as are any of the tracheal rings among the Passeres. This is likewise the case in Centropus. The pessulus also ossifies, as do the arytenoid bones and the thyroid plate. As for the hyoidean apparatus it seems to agree with the skeleton of it in all ordinary Cuckoos, and practically agrees with the corre- sponding parts in Crofophaga.* No especial nor detailed description is required for the pectoral and pelvic limbs of Coccyzus. The skeleton of these parts is cucu- line in all particulars, differing but little from what has already been described above for other United States Cuckoos. In the case of the pelvic limb, this genus of birds agrees with C7ofo- fhaga in that pro- and ecto-cnemial processes of the tibio-tarsus are quite feebly produced ; while, on the other hand, the hypotarsus of the tarso-metatarsus agrees with the corresponding apophysis as we found it in Geococcyx in that it exhibits two vertical perforations for the passage of tendons, instead of one, as we found to be the case among the Anis. Coccyzus also has the fibula short and weak, and the patella in this Cuckoo is comparatively very small.’ the os furcula; the amount of fusion engaged in between the sacral crista and the internal margins of the ilia, and other points; and this remark applies to a number of other species and genera of the Tree Cuckoos. 1 This statement must be taken only tentatively, for personally I rely upon Beddard’s description of the ossifications of the trachea in Crofophaga, and a fuller examination of the trachea in Coccyzus may go to show that the parts are more alike in Coccyzus and Geococcyx than in Coccyzus and Crotophaga. It is a point that requires more extended examination. In fact all these structures need a much fuller research than they have as yet had bestowed upon them. 2 Since the above account was written I came across some special notes that I had made and set aside five or six years ago upon the skeleton of Diplopterus ne@vius in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, and although these notes duplicate one or two of the statements already made above, they are sufficiently full in other particulars to warrant their being inserted here as a footnote to render the account of the osteology of that species more complete. They run as follows : In Diplopterus navius the superior osseous mandible is considerably shorter than the remainder of the skull, measuring from the very distinct cranio-facial line. Its culmen is rounded and the whole bill decurved, while the external narial 40 SHUFELDT— OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, NoTES ON THE SKELETON OF A NESILING OF CoCCYZUS AMERI- CANUS. Allusion has already been made in a former paragraph of this memoir to the material here to be considered. The skeleton I have aperture is much as we find it in Geococcyx. The frontal region is narrow, concaved, and the cranial vault agrees in form with that region in Coccyzus. The temporal or crotaphyte fossze, though well marked, are confined to the lateral aspect of the skull. Postfrontal and squamosal processes agree better with what we found in Crotophaga sudcirostris, while the quadrate agrees in form with that bone in the average cuculine types. The central portion of the interorbital septum is very deficient in bone, as in the Ground Cuckoos. A pars plana is ample, quadrilateral in outline and exhibits a single nervous foramen above it. The lacrymal practically agrees with that bone as it is seenin CGeo- coccyx, as does the quadrato-jugal rod. Turning to the base of the cranium, we find a pterygoid to agree with the corresponding element in Coccyzus, with its superior crest still better marked. The palatines, although cuculine in their general features, are peculiar, for their prepalatine portions are markedly narrow, their widest parts being at the middle of the postpalatines, and finally a distinct, spiculiform process of no great length juts out from either postero- external angle. A rudimentary spine-like vomer may be present. Posteriorly, the backward- extending bulbous ends of the maxillo-palatines are well separated in the median line, and it is only anteriorly that desmognathism is shown by the fusion of these processes with the mass of spongy bone tissue occupying the forepart of the rhinal chambers. This last seems to be deposited about atrue osseous septum narium. Either nasal is perforated by a minute foramen, to which I have invited attention in other Cuckoos and the Kingfishers: internally one of the elements develops an osseous spine that is sent downward and inward toward the maxillo-palatine of the same side. The maxillaries are typically cuculine. The mandible is V-shaped, decurved, with short symphysis and small ramal vacuity. Diplopterus nevius has eighteen free vertebre between skull and pelvis, with the ribs arranged just as we find them in Geococcyx; it differs, however, in having six free vertebrz in the skeleton of the tail, with a pygostyle that differs somewhat in form with that bone in both Coccyzws and the Centropodine, in that its postero-superior angle is not drawn upward so as to be rather more prominent than its antero-superior angle—which feature is best seen in Coccyzus. The bones of the shoulder-girdle are characteristically cuculine, with the scapulee long and very narrow, as in Crotophaga sulcirostris, In the form of its sternum it agrees with Coccyzus americanus, but shows a few distinctive features in its pelvis, for in Dip/opterus the ilia anteriorly are more decidedly separated from the sacral crista, and the postpubic elements are well drawn out behind as inturned slender spines, as we see them in many /as- serves. Otherwise the pelvis of this interesting Cuckoo does not differ so very much from that bone of the skeleton as it occurs in our genus Coccyzzs. 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS, 41 prepared from the alcoholic specimen exhibits some few points of interest. In the skull I find a nasal bone to have the same form as the nasal of an immature Geecoccyx, and indeed the entire building up of the skeleton of the head in these two types of Cuckoos seems to be quite similar. With respect to the trachea, my examination of it inclines me to believe that the majority of the rings are entire, especially in the superior half of it. Still more interest attaches to the development of the sternum of this chick of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, for it, too, ossifies in precisely the same way that that bone does in Geococcyx. Its anterior moiety is already in bone, and in one piece only: the posterior part is in cartilage and distinctly shows the xiphoidal notches, two upon either side of the low semi- developed carina. This is very different from what we find in the Galline, a group of birds wherein it was shown that the sternum ossifies from several centres, the pieces not fusing together until the bird is nearly a year old. There are eleven vertebrz in the pelvic sacrum of this young Coccyzus, but no special attempt was made to determine how many entered into the formation of the pygostyle. Nor was the micro- scope brought to bear upon its carpus and tarsus with the view of working out the morphology of the embryological elements that enter into the formation of those two interesting joints in this species. SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE THREE SUBFAMILIES OF THE UNITED STATES CUCULIDZ. SUBFAMILY CROTOPHAGIN. Crotophaga ant. Crotophaga sulcirostris. 1. Superior osseous mandible deep in vertical direction, some- what compressed transversely; culmen sharp, decidedly curved, mounded in front of transverse line of cranio-facial hinge. 2, External narial apertures small, sharply defined and subcircu- lar in outline. 3. Frontal region broad, convex. 4. Temporal fossze deeply sculpt; approach moderately behind. 5. Postfrontal process short ; squamosal process long. Quadrate large with its processes much compressed. Quadrato-jugal bar 42 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, slender. Pars plana large. Interorbital septum thin, large central perforation. ; 6. Lacrymal large, its descending part lamelliform, broad. 7. Basipterygoid processes completely aborted. Pterygoids straight, moderately long, sharp on superior border. 8. Vomer rudimentary: Palatines plate-like, comparatively broad and placed horizontally, with their postero-external angles — completely. rounded off. Maxillo-palatines large, spongy, in con- tact in median line, and with several of the surrounding bones, but not with the vomer. g. Mandible V-shaped, sides rather deep, ramal vacuity small ; angular processes stumpy, with the inturned ones long. Mandibu- lar symphysis less than a third the length of the jaw. 1o. Elements of hyoidean arches slender ; basibranchials short, separate bones; cerato-hyals very small, not in contact. 11. Eighteen free vertebrae between skull and pelvis; cervical ribs on the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth. Four pairs of dorsal ribs, of which the three anterior pairs connect with the sternum. One pair of very short pelvic ribs, directed backward. Pelvis peculiar ; anterior ends of ilia dilated, and their inner tips meet the ‘<¢sacral crista:’’ posterior to this they are contracted and are not in contact with it. Small prepubic process present, and the ilia, on either side, curl outwardly over the ischiac foramen. Postpubic bones project but very slightly behind. Five caudal vertebre and a pygostyle; the three last ones of the former having large hypapo- physes. 12. Os furcula U-shaped, slender, with large hypocleidium, and articulates with both scapula and coracoid above. Blade of scapula long and narrow. Coracoid long with rather slender shaft. 13. Sternum short, moderately wide, with one pair of rather shallow xiphoidal notches. (These latter are barely noticeable in C. ani.) Costal processes conspicuous. Manubrium small. Carina subample, with its border concaved in front, forming a prominent carinal angle. Pneumatic. 14. Humerus longer than either radius or ulna; radial crest short ; shaft having the sigmoidal curve. This bone is pneumatic, - and the pneumatic fossa is very shallow and the foramen usually single. Radius is straight and slender; the ulna is bowed and stout, and has down its shaft the row of papillee for the insertion of the quill-butts of the secondary row of feathers. Carpal bones two. eg REIL 1901.] SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 43 Medius metacarpal well bowed-out from the metacarpal of index digit. Osseous digits long: blade-portion of the proximal phalanx of index digit entire. A notable process at the medio-posterior margin of the medius digit. 15. Bones of pelvic limb long and slender, and apparently non-pneumatic. Femur slightly bowed forward. A small patella present. Fibula feebly developed. Pro- and ecto-cnemial crests of tibio-tarsus somewhat reduced, and the hypo-tarsus of tarso- metatarsus once perforated for tendons, with lateral grooves for the passage of the same. ‘These grooves are formed by the process being capped with a lamina of bone. Anterior aspect of tarso- metatarsus longitudinally grooved for its proximal moiety. Podal digits run 2, 3, 4, 5, for the 1~4 toes respectively, and the fourth toe is permanently reversed. SUBFAMILY CENTROPODIN2. Geococcyx californianus. 1. Superior osseous mandible not especially deep in vertical direction ; comparatively broad at base ; culmen broadly rounded, very gently curved ; being below the level of the frontal region at the line of the cranio-facial hinge. 2. External narial apertures situated rather far forward, and small only from the fact that the true nostril is permanently and largely sealed over by an osseous lamina continuous with the side of the mandible. Osseous nostril large in nestling. 3. Frontal region only moderately broad, and is concaved. 4. Temporal fossee well-marked, and well separated behind. 5. Postfrontal and squamosal processes of nearly equal length. Quadrate, quadrato-jugal bar, pars plana and interorbital septum much as in Crofophaga. Two foramina for nerves over pars plana, only one in Crotophaga. 6. Form of lacrymal a good deal as we find it in the Anis. 7. Basipterygoid processes completely absorbed. Pterygoids as in Crotophaga but superior margins not especially sharpened, and with a rudimentary ‘‘ epipterygoid hook”’ present. 8. Vomer always present in adult; small, spiculiform, rod-like and free. Palatines agree mainly with Crotophaga, but their postero- external angles more abruptly rounded off. . Maxillo-palatines as in the Anis. ot SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, g. Mandible U-shaped, sides rather shallow ; ramal vacuity large ; angular processes nearly aborted, with the inturned ones moderately long only. Mandibular symphysis about one-fourth the length of the jaw. 1o. Elements of hyoidean arches slender, and practically agree with the corresponding parts in the Anis, but Geococcyx has the cerato-hyals more extensively ossified, and fused together anteriorly. 11. Eighteen free vertebre between skull and pelvis; cervical ribs on the thirteenth and fourteenth. Four pairs of dorsal ribs, of which the three anterior pairs connect with the sternum. Pelvic ribs absent. Pelvis of extraordinary form ; very strong and agrees practically with the bone in Cvotophaga, but the ilia very conspicu- ously curled outwards behind, and the prepubic process very large. Skeleton of the tail as in the Crotophagine. 12. Os furcula moderately U-shaped, somewhat slender; with rather iong but narrow hypocleidium. Other bones of this girdle agree in the main with the corresponding ones in our other Cuckoos, but the scapulz are comparatively not as narrow, and their apices are more rounded posteriorly. 13. Sternum of the same general pattern as in all North Ameri- can Cuculide, but differs from the Crotophagine in being twice notched upon either side of the keel, which notches are compara- tively much deeper, while the carina is relatively shallower. The bone is thoroughly pneumatic. 14. Skeleton of the pectoral limb essentially agrees with what has been recorded above for the Crotophagine. Osseous papille on the shaft of the ulna very prominent. The bowed shaft of the medius metacarpal wide and ribbon-like, slightly twisted upon itself. 15. Bones of pelvic limb long and stout, with the femur pneu- matic. Patella, comparatively speaking, rather large. Fibula very feebly developed below the articular ridge on tibio-tarsus. Pro- cnemial crest short and prominent, and the hypotarsus of the tarso- metarsus twice perforated for the passage of tendons. Anterior aspect of tarso-metatarsus, nearly flat for its proximal moiety. Skeleton of pes essentially agrees with our other Cuculide. ; ’ : 7 1901.) SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. 45 SUBFAMILY CUCULINA. Coccyzus minor. Coccyzus minor maynard. Coccyzus americanus. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. Coccyzus erythropthalmus. t. Superior osseous mandible but slightly longer than the remainder of the skull. Broad at base, and somewhat com- pressed vertically ; decurved more than in Geecoccyx and with the culmen similarly rounded. 2. External narial apertures as in Centropodine, but the over- lying lamina not so extensive, and usually leaves ¢wo openings upon either side of this mandible, one anterior to the other. 3. Frontral region somewhat narrow and concaved. 4. Temporal fossze broad vertically, somewhat shallow and sepa- rated posteriorly only by the rather low supraoccipital prominence. 5. Postfrontal and squamosal processes much reduced. Quadrate asin Geococcyx. Quadrato-jugal barslender. Pars plana essentially agrees with the corresponding part in Geococcyx, while the inter- orbital septum is more nearly entire than it is either in the Croto- phasing or Centropodine. 6. Lacrymal not large, its descending process rather short, spicu- liform, and turned outward. (Reminds us of the lacrymal bone in some of our Galina). 7. Basipterygoid processes completely aborted. Pterygoids straight, relatively short, superior border in each raised and sharp. 8. Vomer rudimentary, or may be altogether absent. Palatines as in the Centropodine, while the maxillo-palatines agree with both the Ground Cuckoos and the Anis. g. Mandible practically as in Geococcyx ; sides shallow and the ramal vacuity large. to. Structurally, the hyoidean apparatus essentially agrees with what we find in Crofophaga (but the tracheal ossifications do not seem to correspond in this subfamily with what we find in the Cen- tropodine). 11. Eighteen free vertebree between skull and pelvis; cervical ribs on the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth. Four pairs of dorsal ribs, all of which connect with the sternum by their hemapophyses. 46 SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. [Jan. 4, One pair of pelvic ribs that do not quite reach the sternum by their costal ribs. Pelvis not strikingly peculiar, though cuculine in general pattern. Posteriorly, the ilia curl outward only very moderately, and the prepubic processes are quite vestigial in character. (Eleven verte- bre in sacrum of young Coccyzus). Caudal vertebre and pygostyle agree in the main with N. Ameri- can Cuculide generally. 12. Os furcula U-shaped, slender, with luniform hypocleidium of good size. Blade of scapula not strikingly narrow, broadish distally, where it is sharp-pcinted and slightly curved outward. A coracoid agrees closely with that bone as it is seen in Crotophaga, and in both it develops a conspicuous, upturned process at its sternal end at the outer angle of the dilated portion. 13. General pattern of sternum agrees with Crofophaga but the bone has two notches upon either side of the carina, as in the Cen- tropoding. It differs also from both Crotophaging and Centropodine in possessing four facets for costal ribs upon either costal border. 14. Skeleton of pectoral limb cuculine, but possesses an individ- uality of its own. The humerus is a trifle shorter than either the ulna or radius; the bones of the antibrachium are straighter, especially the ulna, than they are in the other subfamiles. Os humero-scapulare, though small, is usually present in ail of our Cuculide. 15. Bones of pelvic limb long and slender, and apparently non- pnuematic. They have some characters in common with the Anis, and some in common with the Ground Cuckoos. A small patella is present. Fibula feebly developed. Pro- and ecto-cnemial processes of tibio-tarsus reduced, and the hypotarsus of the tarso- metatarsus twice perforated for tendons, with lateral grooves for the passage of the same. These grooves are formed by the process being capped with a lamina of bone. Anterior aspect of tarso-metatarsus quite flat. Skeleton of pes upon the same plan as in other Cucudid@ charac- terized above. Brier Discussion oF CucuLINE KINSHIPS. When we come to consider the affinities of the Cuckoos we are confronted with a more or less natural group of birds that have representatives in nearly all parts of the world. They are very different from any of the Suborders thus far treated of by me in rhe See 1901.) SHUFELDT—OSTEOLOGY OF THE CUCKOOS. AT my previous memoirs, and they are to a greater or less extent struc- turally linked to a variety of other families of birds that have long puzzled both the ornithologist and the avian anatomist. By their zygodactyle feet they may at once be distinguished from any of the enormous group of the Passeres, to be considered later on. (The MSS. at this writing are complete. ) Their affinities, if there be any, with the Caprimu/g7, the Cypseli, the Zrogones, the Zrochiti and the Picz must also be quite remote. But this will not apply to the Kingfishers, and much less to certain other groups in various parts of the Old and New World, as the Musophagide, Bucconide, Galbulide, Meropide, Momotide, Bucero- tide, Upupide, Todide, Coracida, Rhamphastide, Capitonide and perhaps some few others. These several families seem to have a Cuckoo vein running all through them, strongly impressed in some cases, barely discernible in others. Indeed, these groups of birds seem to have arisen from some very ancient and once common stock, but by the extinction of numerous related types and groups of types that once filled the now many and various gaps among them, it has left in recent times the most puzzling collection of polymorphic forms that the syste- matist has to deal with throughout the entire range of ornithology. They have become diversified through all the factors that organic evolution brings to bear upon such plastic organizations as they represent. In the opinion of a number of authoritative ornithotomists the nearest affines of the Cuculid@ are to be seen in the Musophagide. while the Meropide are also said to exhibit especially a number of cuculine affinities. Personally, I have never examined the skeleton in any of the ALusophagide; but of certain Jeropide we shall speak a little further along in another memoir now in preparation. One thing must be constantly borne in mind, and that is Cuckoos differ not a little in their osteology among themselves—take Crofo- phagaand Geococcyx californianus for instance—so that we meet with certain species of them that in their skeletons offer a greater number of characters that agree with the corresponding characters in forms of other groups than do others of this suborder. 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