Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa. Copyright Date: 1911 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.6 THE Fruit Growers Association \ of Adams County Pennsylvania ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18, 1903 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION HELD IN Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday Dec. 13, 14, 15, 1911 -^^ Spray with Bowker's "Pyrox and secure fruit that is free from insedt damage and fungus disfigure- ment. "PYROX" fms the barrel with the kind they used to put on top. Bowker's Lime Sulphur for all scale insets is made heavy and rich, and for that reason is more effeaive than lighter mixtures ; and as a rule it co^s no more. When you clean up your trees with Lime Sulphur, be sure to use Bowker's for it is the kind vou can rely on to do effective work. WE SHIP FROM BALTIMORE WRITE FOR AGENCIES TO T^rWXTirX^Tl INSECTICIUH tS yJ W IV £j JV 43 Chatham Street, Bost< E. C. TYSON, State Agent, Flora Dale, Pa. U. -^a) Officers President Robert M. Ei.don, Aspers 1st Vice President, C. J. Tyson, Flora Dale 2nd Vice President, Q A. Griest, Guernsey Zrd Vice President, Q E. Raffensperger, Arendtsville Ath Vice President, E. P. Garrettson, Biglerville Sth Vice President, J. G. Stover, M.D., Bendersville Recording Secretary, Josiah W. Prickett, Biglerville Corresponding Secretary, .... Edwin C. Tyson, Flora Dale Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams, Aspers ,V Executive Committee Robert M. Eldon, Aspers ^- J; ^;^^^^' Flora Dale ^' ^ ^«^^^^^^ Guernsey C. E. Raffensperger, Arendtsville E. P. Garrettson, Biglerville J. G. Stover, M.D., Bendersville Josiah W. Prickett, Biglerville Edwin C. Tyson, pj^,^ ^^i, Wm. S. Adams, Aspers r: q^ e)0 ■BB-WWWW %■ J. G. HARRISON & SONS Box 425, BERLIN, MD. C You will become a regular customer if you try our stock, hence this^ special offer of first-class trees at bargain prices. We want a trial order from you, and will make it worth your while to send it. y Membership Roll Adams, Wm. S., Aspers, Pa. Adams, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa. Asper, D. C, Aspers, Pa. Asper, Chas. F., Aspers, Pa. Anderson, H. W., Stewartstown, Pa. Anderson, Joseph W., Stewartstown, Pa. Anderson, H. M., New Park, Pa. Arnold, J. Raymond, York, Pa. Armold, Wm. H., (Gettysburg, R. F. D., Pa. Bream, Samuel, Biglerville, Pa. Bream, Dill, Bendersvil'le, Pa. Bream, Wm. E., Biglerville, Pa. Bream, H. J., Aspers, Pa. Bream, M. F., y^^k Springs, Pa. Boyer, W. W., Arendtsville, Pa. Black, Wm. H., piora Dale, Pa. Baugher, H. O., Aspers, Pa. Baugher, Ira, Aspers, Pa. Baugher, Martin Aspers, Pa. Bucher, John, Pendersville, Pa. ^^^t, J. E., Wellsville, Pa. Butt, J. L., Gettysburg, Pa. l^.osler, Frank C Carlisle, Pa. Brough, Edward liiglerville. Pa. Busey, Rev. B. P. S., Bendersville, Pa. Bassett, Charles E., Fennville, Mich. Batterman. D. F., Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Boyer, George E., Arendtsville, Pa. Butler, Allen, irikj^s Park, Pa. Bushman, S. F., Gettysburg, R. F. D., Pa. Bushey, J. Blain, Biglerville, Pa. Brandt, John Ira, Mt. Joy, Pa. Behrhorst, C. E., Pittsburg, Pa. Baltzley, S. E., Orrtanna, Pa. Brame, Edw., Aspers, Pa. Blessing, David H., Flarrisburg, Pa. Black, Moses, Aspers, Pa. Blair, C. I., Aspers, Pa. Bream, W. A., Gettysburg, Pa. Cocklin, Miss Alice, Bowmansdale, Pa. Cocklin, J. A., Siddonsburg, Pa. Cocklin, B. F., Mechanicsburg, R. F. D.. Pa. Cook, Arthur E., Aspers, Pa. Cook, J. W., Flora Dale, Pa. Cushman, G. R., Baltimore, Md. .'-;^^C V SCALIME (A Concentrated Solution of Lime and Sulphur) ^^ Equal to the Best, and Better than the Rest'* SCALIME has been on the market for several years, and has given per- fect satisfaction wherever used. It is made of the best material, by skilled workmen, and is always uniform. PROF. JOHN P. STEWART, who is the author of Pennsylvania State College Bulletin No. 92, on concentrated Lime-Sulphur, says : **A concentrated Lime-Sulphur should be a clear solution, of known definite strength, and contain nothing but Lime, Sulphur and Water. ' ' If the liquid is not clear it may have been doctored to increase the density. If the strength or density is not known it will be impossible to dilute it properly to obtain sprays of different densities, and if it contains anything except Lime, Sulphur and Water, the added substances are of no advantage and may be a detriment. Horticultural Chemical Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Gentlemen : — During the past season 1911, I used eight (8) barrels o^ Scalime on my Peach and Apple Orchards with entirely satisfactory results, and shall continue to use the same. I can heartily recommend your goods to anyone using spraying materials, as I know they will give satisfaction. Very truly yours, ^ ' J. C. Saylor. GUARANTEE SCALIME We guarantee that SCALIME contains nothing but Lime Sulphur and Water, and that the strength or density is 1.30 s. g. (33 degrees Baume) and if diluted in the proportion of 1 gallon SCALIME to 9 gallons water wil kill all the SAN JOSE SCALE with which it comes in contact. PRICES OF SCALIME 50 gals., 1 barrel 10 ** Jacketed Can 5 1 ii it t» «« it •• $10.00 2.75 1.75 .75 For Prices on Car Load Lots, Address Horticultural Chemical Co. 662 Bullitt Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 7 Cluck, J. C, Biglerville, Pa. Carey, Calvin, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Carson, E. E., Bendersville, Pa. Cole, A. W., Orrtanna, R. F. D., Pa. Crouse, E. A., Gettysburg, Pa. Deardorff, Anthony, Mummasburg, Pa. Deardorff, Henry, Arendtsville, Pa. Deardorff, H. W., Tillie, Pa. Deardorff, W. B., Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Deardorff, J. A., Cashtown, Pa. Dull, Thomas, Aspers, Pa. Dunlap, James M., Walnut Bottom, Pa. Dunlap, F. S., Newville, Pa. Day, T. F., Aspers, Pa. Dougherty, Dorsey, Gettysburg, Pa. Dickey, Samuel, Oxford, Pa. Deatrick, H. G., Hunterstown, Pa. Eldon, Robert M., , Aspers, Pa. Eldon, Mrs. R. M., Aspers, Pa. Eppleman, J. W., Aspers, Pa. Everhart, G. W., York, Pa. Elliott, Chas. H., Philadelphia, Pa. Eiholtz, S. Mc, Biglerville, Pa. Eppleman, E. E., Aspers, Pa. Eppleman, H. C, Aspers, Pa. Finnef rock, Thomas Bendersville, Pa. Fohl, George E., Biglerville, Pa. Fiddler, F. B., Aspers, Pa. Forney, D. J., Gettysburg, Pa. Funt, J. W., Biglerville, Pa. Felty, G. B. O., Millersville, Pa. Griest, C. Arthur, Guernsey, Pa. Griest, Mrs. C. A Guernsey, Pa. Griest, C. S., Guernsey, Pa. Griest, A. W., Baltimore, Md. Griest, Frederic E., Philadelphia, Pa. Griest, G. G., 30 Church St., N. Y. City. Griest, Maurice, 105 W. 163d St., N. Y. City. Griest, Chas. J., York Springs, Pa. Garrettson, J. V., Aspers, Pa. Garrettson, Frank, Aspers, Pa. Garrettson, Eli P., Biglerville, Pa. Garrettson, Harriet, Biglerville, Pa. Garrettson, J. B., Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Robert, Flora Dale, Pa. Garrettson, John, Aspers, Pa. Garrettson, Eli, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 6, Pa. Grove, W. E., York Springs, Pa. 11 il 4 I ISONM No. 191 Vertical BARREL SPRA YER This is but one of 9 New Combinations for the man with a small orchard, a small farm, for his garden, and odd jobs around the home, for the poultryman. The nine include: Horizontal Barrel Sprayer Vertical Barrel Sprayer Pumps (2) Horizontal Barrel Wagon Sprayer Vertical Barrel Wagon Sprayer Vertical Barrel Sprayer & Truck Double Acting Hand Spray Pump Bucket Sprayers (2) No. 191 has out- side pump — easy to 8:et at the brass ball valves and hemp packing:. Used with any kind of solu- tion, hot or cold. Furnished with barrel if or- dered. Fits any barrel. Furnished as in cut, or with one or two leads of hose. If interested, ask to-day for special circulars and have your name put on our list for **Jron Ag:e p^arm and Garden News" and the new printed matter, cov- erin^r our full line of Potato Machinery, Garden Tools, IVaction and Barrel Sprayers, Orchard Cultivators, Rakes, etc. Ask us about our new Power Sprayer. TEMAN M Box 54 V GRENLOCH, N. J. r 'f i I *''! 9 Gardner, L. M., Jr., York Springs, Pa. Gochnaucr, J. I)., York Springs, R. F. D., Pa. Gochnaucr, Jacob S., Aspers, Pa. Gracey,' Rol)crt Newville, Pa. Gove, Mary K., Hendersville, Pa. Guise, J). H., ICmmittsburg, Md. Gardner, C. W., York Springs, Pa. Haskell, H. F., Uriah, Pa. Hiester, Gal)riel, Harrisburg, Pa. Heyser, Wm., Jack's Mountain, Pa. House, O. P., Aspers, Pa. Harris, Edwin, Aspers, Pa. Harris, Meriam Bendersville, Pa. Hoffman, W. C, Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, Iv N Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, Daniel Aspers, Pa. Hoffman, (George Arendtsville, Pa. Hoffman, Willis Biglerville, Pa. Harsbman, U. W., Waynesboro, Pa. Hoke, David, Hanover, Pa. Huber, Charles H (Gettysburg, Pa. Hartman, Geo. I., Biglerville, Pa. Hull, 1). W., Waymart, Pa. Heckenluber, G. T., Biglerville, Pa. Hummel, P. T Harrisburg, Pa. Huber, Henry S., Gettysburg, Pa. Hazard, Willis Hatfield, West Chester, Pa. Hershey, C. A., McKnightstown, Pa. Heilman, J. R., Palmyra, R. F. D. 2, Pa. Hertig, John Arendtsville, Pa. Hart, H. V., Martinsburg, W. Va. Houck, P. 1,., (Gettysburg, Pa. Jacobs, Samuel Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Jacobs, Daniel C, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Keller, H. M Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Klinefelter, U. S., Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. A Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. Lewis Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. G, Pa. Knouse, J. A Arendtsville, Pa. Knouse, David Arendtsville, Pa. Koser, Rev. D. T Arendtsville, Pa. Koser, G. W Biglerville, Pa. Klepper, C. \\ Arendtsville, Pa. Kunkle, John R., Gettysburg, Pa. Longsdorf, C. L Biglerville, Pa. Lawver, Rufus W., Biglerville, Pa. Lawver, J. Edw Biglerville, Pa. Longsdorf, Dr. H. H., Dickinson, Pa. lO C It is not only the growing of the fruit that demands your atten- tion, but the manner in which it is packed as well. Corrugated Caps White Paper Caps Cushions G.P.READ 199DUANESt.,NEWY0RK BRANCH ALBION. N.y. MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN SUPPLIES a I USED BY THE FRUIT GROWER AND SHIPPER FOR THE PICKING, PACKING AND PROTECTING OF HIS FRUIT. Lace Circles CThe use of my goods at the time of packing increases the value of your fruit 10%. Send for booklet on Fruit Packing Supplies. IT IS FREE. II Lady, Hiram C, Arendtsville, Pa. Lupp, Reuben, Biglerville, Pa. Lau, L. B., E;ast Berlin, R. F. D. No. 3, Pa. Large, Mrs. E. S., Orrtanna, Pa. Large, Miss Katherine, Orrtanna, Pa. Lewis, W. J., Pittston, Pa. Lott, J. Kerr, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 2, Pa, Lott, David, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 6, Pa. Michener, Mrs. Chas Bendersville, Pa. Myers, George P., Biglerville, Pa. Mcllhenny, Wm. B., Gettysburg, Pa. McKay, Geo. H., Philadelphia, Pa. Mayer, Dr. L H., Willow Street, Pa. • Morrison, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa. Miller, John H., Aspers, Pa. Minnich, D. N,, Chambersburg, Pa. Miller, N. G., Marion, Pa. Miller, C. C, Marion, Pa. Minter, Thomas L., Biglerville, Pa. Musselrnan, C. H., Biglerville, Pa. Musselman, J. Elmer, Gettysburg, Pa. Minter, Mrs. D. G., Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Myers, Levi M., Siddonsburg, Pa. Miller, Robt. C, Gettysburg, Pa. Miller, E. M., Hanover, Pa. Moyer, Mrs. H. B, Cape May, N. J. Moyer, Dr. H. B., Cape May, N. ^. Mickley, J. W., Fairfield, R. F. D., Pa. Mickley, L D., Cashtown, Pa. Morgan, Miss F. K., Orrtanna, Pa. Musser, Will M., Lampeter, Pa. Myers, Emory J., York Springs, Pa. Middleton, T. Elliott, Boiling Springs, Pa. Maloney, W. J., Dansville. N. Y. Newcomer, Aaron, Smithburg, Md. Naylor, H. A., Aspers, Pa. Osborne, C L, Biglerville, Pa. Osborne, Allen, Biglerville, Pa. Oyler, Geo., Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. Oyler, George C, Gettysburg, R. F. O. No. 5, Pa. Ogden, David, Aspers, Pa. Orner, P. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Prickett, Josiah W., Biglerville, Pa. Peters, Z. J., Guernsey, Pa. Peters, H. W., Aspers, Pa. Peters, W. R., Aspers, Pa. Peters, Geo. M Aspers, Pa. Peters, Curtis, Biglerville, Pa. - *• ■ . ■..71 . T2 Up-to-Date Fruit Growers ANY good apple growers are using Lime-Sul- phur, but the most up-to-date growers in the United States, Australia and Africa, use "SCALECIDE," — not because somebody else is using it, but their own judgment and experience tells them that the greatest per- fection in fruit and foliage is produced by the continued use of "SCALECIDE" with less labor and less expense. "SCALE- CIDE" has no substitute. It is the only oil containing distinct fungicidal properties. Poor Orchards Made Good C Six years ago one-half the trees in the orchard of the Fair- view Orchard Company, Kearneysville, W. Va. , were tagged by the inspector, who reported it the woist scale-infected or- chard he ever saw. After four years' use of "SCALECIDE' exclusively as a Winter wash, the same orchard is pronounced one of the cleanest in the State, and produced in 1910 over 10,000 barrels of apples, which sold for over $29,000. If the continued use of "SCALECIDE" brings an orchard that is half dead to life, is it reasonable to expect injury to a good orchard ^ "SCALECIDE" shows greater fungicidal properties than any other Winter wash. B. G. PRATT COMPANY M'f'g Chemists 50 Church St. New York City E. C. TYSON, Flora Dale, Pa. State Agent for Pennsylvania 13 Peters, John N., Eendersville, Pa. Pitzer, Harry C, Aspers, Pa. Patterson, Jas. A., Stewartstown, Pa. Pratt, B. G., New York City. Pittentorff, C. S., York Springs, Pa. Raffensperger, Chas. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Roy, Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, E. E., \spers, Pa. Rice, C. E., Biglerville, Pa. Rice, Way])right, Biglerville, Pa. Rice, C. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, Luther vS., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, Oscar C, Arendtsville, Pa. Routzahn, George R., Bendersville, Pa. Rinehart, E. S., Mercerslnirg, Pa. Rinehart, J. J., Smithhurg, Md. Roberts, Arthur, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5, Pa. I-^ittenhouso, Dr. J. S., Lorane, Pa. Repp, Albert T., Glasslmro, N. J. Riddlemoser, H. E., McKnightstown, Pa. Roth, John, Biglerville, Pa. Rice, Edwin A., Arendtsville, Pa. Rex, Raymond, Idaville, Pa. Stover, Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Stover, Mrs. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Slaybaugb, E. B., Aspers, Pa. Slaybaugh, Elmer, Aspers, Pa. Smith, G. Frank, Aspers, Pa. Smith, J. H., Biglerville, Pa. Shank, George H., Biglerville, Pa. vShank, C. B Biglerville, Pa. Shcely, Daniel M Tillie, Pa. Sheely, Alien Bendersville, Pa. Sheely, Geo. D., New Oxford, Pa. Shull, Jno. A., Tillie, Pa. Shull, Robt. H., Tillie, Pa. Stoncr, C. A., Gettysburg, Pa. Schuchman, G. W., Carlisle, Pa. Stable, Charles E., Gettysburg, Pa. Spanglcr, George E., Gettysburg, Pa. Snyder, E. B Jack's Mountain, Pa. Snyder, Jacob S., Idaville, R. F. D., Pa. Snyder, W. L., Bendersville, Pa. Snyder, L. S ^'ork Springs, Pa. Starner, C. S., . . , Aspers, Pa. Stitzel, J. A., Aspers, Fa. Stauffer, Chas. B) Gettysburg, Pa. Spangler, A. R., Aspers, Pa. Sachs, Edw , Biglerville, Pa. Shoemaker, J. M., Mechanicsburg, Pa. 14 Feed the Tree ! ^ Dempwolf 's Spring Special Brand has proven highly effective as a Fertilizer for orchards. Analysis : Ammonia, \ Formula : 2% Ingredients Used for Ammonia, Nitrate of Soda. Ground Fish. Dried Ground Blood. High Grade Animal Tankage. Dempwolf*s Special Ammonia and Phosphoric Acid Compound: 7 % Ingredients Used for Phosphoric Acid: Dissolved Phosphate. Ground Fish. High Grade Animal Tankage. Dempwolf's Special Ammonia and Phosphoric Acid Compound. Potash (Soluble in water), 1 0 % Ingredients Used for Potash : Muriate of Potash. Available Phosphoric Acid, Ask Your Local Agent for his Brand, or write direct to York Chemical Works YORK, PENNA. ma^^ifm^^ -r i I IS Sharrah, Jacob, McKnightstown, Pa Strasbaugh, E. F., Orrtanna, Pa. Sheaffer, Henry C, Dillsburg, No. 1, Pa. Sheely, A. D., Arendtsville, Pa. Tyson, Edwin C, Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. W., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Chester J., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. B. H., Aspers, Pa. Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. E., Guernsey, Pa. Tyson, A. R., Norristown, Pa. Taylor, Hanson W., Biglerville, Pa. Taylor, Daniel R., Biglerville, Pa. Taylor, Henry, Biglerville! Pa! Taylor, Jerry,' Aspers, Pa. Trostle, Francis, York Springs, R. F. D., Pa. Thomas, Mrs. Dr., Gettysburg, Pa. Taughinbaugh, J. L., Hunterstown, Pa. Weidner, A. I., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolfe, C. A., Aspers, Pa. Wolfe, Harry, Aspers, Pa. Wolf, Dr. W. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolf, Charles M„ York Springs, Pa. Weaver, Mrs. C. M., New Oxford, Pa. Weaver, David, Biglerville, Pa. Wilson, B. F., Biglerville, Pa. Weaner, Chas. C, Bendersville, Pa. Weaner, W. C, Aspers, Pa. Wertz, D. M., Quincy, Pa. Wible, R. E., Gettysburg, Pa. Wickersham, Ruth A., Bendersville, Pa. Wickersham, Robt. A., Bendersville, Pa. ' Wagner, Harry, Carlisle, Pa. Wright, Ryland, Aspers, Pa. Williams, J. L., Harrisburg, Pa. Weigle, H. M., Gettysburg, Pa. Walter, J. C, Biglerville, Pa. Warren, Blain, Bendersville, Pa. i6 bULDS RELIABLE FARM UMPS Plenty of Water Anywhere at small expense if you have a good pump about the house and barn. Goulds Pumps are unequalled for ease of operation and capacity. They outwear and outwork other pumps because made of better materials and by workmen who have made pump-making a life study. We make hundreds of different styles — a pump for every kind of service and the name "Goulds" is cast on every one Don't waste time and money on a chi'ap pump. Our Free Book, beautifully illustrated " Water Supply for the Home " tel/s about pumps and pumpifiii. Send for it and see hoiv it hits your case The GOULDS MFG. CO. 000 West Fall St.. Seneca FalU, N. Y. I*^iiji. k.X' •^-»/ RELIABLE T V/ w V / %- iimm \' ^\ Only thorough work with the bc^t machinery \\[\\ accomplish t!ie best paying results from spraying. You must spray if you would have perfect fruit, and it doesn't pay to bother with a cheap outfit. It means no end of trouble and it's too risky — you have too much at stake. Goulds Sprayers have proved their su- periority by years of service. We make the sprayer best suited to your condi- tions. It will last for years because all working parts are made of bronze to resist the action of chemicals. **Y<)u can depend on a Goulds" to work when ever and as long as you require. Send for Our Booklet: How to Spray— When to Spray— What Sprayers to Use" It discuss s tlic mattrr thorouyhlv. It givrs valuable sprayini,' formulas and tells liow and when to use tiiem. THE GOULDS MFG. CO. 000 W. F.ll St , Seneca Falls. M.Y Wf Make both H.irid and Power Pumns f r Tvery Fcrvicr I ^ ■.y\ * ,4 •i.^* ■i '\ «i t» '7 CONSTITUTION PrivAmbi^e:. Being interested in fruit growing and believing that, by organization, we may materially advance our common interests, we hereby adopt the following Constitution and By-L,aws : ARTiaE I.— Name. This Association shall be known as The Fruit Growers' Association of Adams County. Articu U.— Object. The object of this Association shall be to encourage the co-operation of the fruit growers of Adams County for the protection and advancement of their common interests. 1st. By securing and disseminating such scientific and practical informa- tion as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests m this county, and shall tend to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our products. 2d. By securing such legislation as may be advantageous, and prevent- ing that which may be detrimental. 3d. By securing such improved facilities in transportation as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical distribution. 4th. By endeavoring to secure a better and more uniform system of packing and package. 5th. By devising some system of marketing our products which will open up and develop the markets and give to the grower a fair and remunera- tive return. 6th. And by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of crop re- porting as shall furnish, through co-operation with other similar Associa- tions, accurate information concerning production; thereby enabling the fruit grower to know the exact situation. Articuv lU.— Membership. 1st. Candidates for membership may be elected by a majority vote of the members present, and upon the payment of $i.oo into the treasury shall be entitled to membership until the next Annual Meeting. 2d. Any member may renew his membership by the payment of annual dues, but upon failure to pay dues within three months after Annual Meet- ing, shall require re-election. 3d. No member shall receive the benefit of coinmissions or of co-oper- ative buying by the Association, to an amount greater than $i.oo for the term of one year after election to membership. Articlk IV.—Diies. The annual dues of this Association shall be One Dollar ($i.oo) pay- able to the treasurer at the ineeting imtnediately preceding the annual meet- ing, for which the treasurer shall issue a receipt, this receipt to constitute a certificate of membership for the succeeding year. Articlk Y.— Officers. Its officers shall consist of a President, a First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Vice President, a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secre- tary, and a Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each An- nual Meeting, to serve for the term of one year or until their successors shall be chosen. These nine (9) elective officers shall constitute an Execu- tive Committee. f.'jjj'- ::^V'^ i8 il We Ihank our man}) kind friends for their patronage through the season of 1911 And wish all Apple Growers A Happy New Year an da Large Crop of Apples for 1912 MUSSELMAN CANNING COMPANY Biglerville, Pennsylvania 1 m A V V f k i ^ i i ♦ t ^ r M ■ ^ i > « r 4 % 4 # I J ^ <► business. 19 ARTICI.K YI.— Quorum. Five (5) members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of ARTICI.E Vll.— Amendments. The Constitution and By-Laws of this Association may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present, a notice of the proposed amendment having been presented in writing at a previous regular meeting. b i' o ARTICI.E yill.—Pruit Districts. For the purpose of distributing the work of the Association and ex- tending Its scope the County of Adams shall be divided into the follow- ing seven (7) districts: District One, or North District, to consist of Menallen Township ; District Two, or West District, to consist of Franklin lownship; District Three, or Southwestern District, to consist of Highland Liberty and Hamihonban Townships ; District Four, or South District to consist of Cumberland Freedom and Mt. Joy Townships, and that portion of btraban Township lying south of the Western Maryland Railroad* Dis- I7f * ^^^^' '''' S^'r*^^? District, to consist of Germany, Union, Conowaga, Mt. Pleasant, Oxford, Reading, Berwick and Hamilton Townships- Dis- trict bix or Northeastern District, to consist of Latimore, Huntingdon and lyrone Townships; District Seven, or Central District, to consist of Butler lownship and that portion of Straban Township lying north of the West- ern Maryland Railroad. Article IX.— Committees. The following five (5) committees shall be appointed annually by the newly-elected Executive Committee and announced at the January meeting, as follows: A committee on programs, a committee on membership, a committee on statistics, a committee on exhibits and a committee on crop reports; each committee shall be composed of one or two members from each of the seven (7) districts of Adams County, as designated in Art 8 and one or two from each of the Counties of York, Cumberland and Frank- lin. BY-LAWS Article I.— Duties of President. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association and have a general supervision of its affairs. Article ll.~Duties of Vice Presidents. The highest designated Vice President present at any meeting shall preside in the absence of the President; all of the five vice presidents shall serve on the Executive Committee in conjunction with the other elective officers; and, in addition, each vice president shall have special duties as follows : The First Vice President shall be chairman of the program commfttee, and be responsible for the preparation of a program for each regular meet- ing, same to be announced at the preceding meeting. The Second Vice President shall be chairman of the membership com- mittee, and shall use every effort, personally and through members of his committee, to extend the membership and secure renewals. The Third Vice President shall be chairman of the committee on sta- tistics, and shall be responsible for the preparation of statistics showing number of orchards in Adams County, and, as far as possible, in York, Cumberland and Franklin Counties, with quantity, age, kind and variety of trees planted therein, for the use of the Association, adding thereto as new orchards are planted or old ones extended. 20 Cut Down the Number of Sprays YET GET BETTER PROTECTION ELECTRO ARSENATE OF LEAD (The Powdered Form) •• • 1. T. =t;rW« loiwest because of its amorphous (non-gianular) as your insecticide. I* ^t''^'''' '""^''f "f.^ , „ _,,. stronger than other brands form and its exceptiona fineness^, ^J^^^",",!^^, /'^V r^/;^, ,„„i,i„ed with K:d:%Tttrfest\1-t"ere^TsSVanTof 1 perVnt. water-soluble ar- senic present. ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ,„ 30^ ,b. bbls. ELECTRO LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION a sure death M San Jose Scale and all scale and svicking insects. We guarantee ft .r. fP,t 53 detrrees Baume and to contain the maximum percentage of soluble fulphur-the aSte il^ecticide. It is a cherry colored liquid free from sedi- ment. This is the coming summer fungicide. Packed In SO eal. bbls., 30 and 25 gal. 'A bbls., 5 and 1 eal. cans ELECTRO BORDO-LEAD MIXTURE (In Paste Form) This is a mixture of our 20 per cent. Arsenate of Lead P^^/^ ^"^ |}f »/;. Bordo Pulp properly proportioned-a combined insecticide and fungicide es pecially adapted for spraying grapes, ground crops, etc. TROUTMAN ORCHARD HEATERS We are the e'astern and foreign distributors f<.r this positive means of in- suring orchards and ground crops against frost. They give the -me heat hV and burn 50 per cent, longer, with equal amount of fuel, than any other device. SPRAY HOSE which stands wear and high pressure, yet cost no .■""'•'= ''''XfltranvlengA cotton-covered rubber hose of exceptional durability furnished m any lengtn with or without couplings. ELECTRO BRANDS Keroaene Emul.ion; Insecticide Soap, contact '"»^«'^i^T«!!"Leim"for spraying. Pine Tar Creosote for treating wounds in trees. Tree Le.nn for banding trees. Bordo-Pulp, a concentrated Bordeaux. Every grower ought to have a copy of our new booklet, "SPRAYING SIMPLIFIED" the most concise and comprehensive booklet on spraying ever issued. V ^ < k 4 % ^, i i A U ■> .Jk mJ M 4 ♦ > ^1* 21 u-u'?^^^ ^"^u""^^ ^'""^ President shall be chairman of the committee on ex- hibits, and have entire charge of securing fruit for exhibits and displaying same as directed by the Association. f ^ s The Fifth Vice President shall be chairman of the committee on crop reports and have entire charge of collecting and compiling same for use of the Association. Article: 111.— Duties of Recording Secretary. The Recording Secretary shall write the minutes of the meetings of the Association and have charge of its Records and Reports. ArTicliC IV.— Duties of Corresponding Secretary. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the Association and shall receive for so doing his necessary expenses for sta- tionery postage, etc. He shall also act as Recording Secretary in the ab- sence of that officer. ^ Article V.— Duties of Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive and keep an accurate account of all moneys belonging to the Association, paying out same on an order of the Association, signed by the President. He shall make a report of all receipts and disburse- ments at the annual meeting or at any time at the request of the Associa- tion. He shall mail a notice of dues to all members one week prior to the November meeting, at which time all dues are payable, and shall issue cer- tihcates of membership in exchange for all dues received. He shall also keep a roll of members who have complied with Article IV of the Constitution and embody same in his annual report. Article YL— Duties of the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall have general supervision of the affairs ot the Association, auditing all bills and accounts and carrying out the pur- poses of the Association. ^ Article VIL-Meetings. There shall be a regular meeting of the Association on the second Satur- day of each month at 7:30 p. m., unless otherwise ordered. The meeting held in December to be regarded as the Annual Meeting. Special meetings may be convened by the Executive Committee at such time 'as they may ap- Article VUL— Initiation of Officers. All new officers shall assume the duties of office at the opening of the meeting immediately following the one at which they were elected excect that the newly-elected Executive Committee shall prepare and announce at the January meeting the membership roll of the five (5) committees speci- nea in Art. 9, and the chairman of program committee shall prepare a pro- gram for the February meeting and announce same at the January meeting. Article IX,— Order of Business. 1st. Reading of minutes of previous meeting. 2d. Nominations and elections. 3d. Reports of committees. 4th. Deferred business. 5th. Communications. 6th. New business. 7th. Discussion of questions. 22 l!ll 11 it SEED POTATOES My Seed Potatoes are grown specially for me, under contract, in Arostook County, Maine. (Every potato grower knows that Arostook County, Maine, produces the finest seed Potatoes in the world.) Those who have grown New York State,^ or Michigan or home grown seed and then this fancy Maine Grown Seed, have nothing further for any except Maine Seed, There are many potatoes sold as Maine Seed that never saw Maine — beware of them. YOU GET .GENUINE MAINE SEED FROM ME Place Your Order Now for March or April Delivery FIVE CARLOADS COMING MOST OF THEM ALREADY SOLD Irish Cobbler, Early Ohio. Bovee. Beauly of Hebron, Early Rose, Green Mountain, Gold Coin. Sir Walter Raleigh, Rural New Yorker, Carman No. 3, Qyick Crop, Early Harvest, Rose of Enn, Early Per- fection, American Giant, Early Eureka, Noraton Beauty ,Qyick Lunch. Any of the above $4.50 per sack (2K BushcU) WALTER S. SCHELL Quality Seeds 1307-1309 Market St. ::: HARRISBURG, PA. Bliss Triumph (Early Round Red), (a $5.00. F. O. B. H'b'g 4|> A i i ^^^ fii^ 4 ^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, PA. The Seventh Annual Convention was called to order by the President, Robert M. Eldon, at 2 : oo p. m., Wednesday, December 13, 191 1, in Fruit Growers' Hall, Bendersville, Pa. The convention was opened with prayer by the Rev. D. T. Koser. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Rout. M. Eldon. We are glad to welcome members of the Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation, visitors, lecturers and patrons to the seventh convention We are in practically new quarters. By the offer of increased rentals, the fruit growers organization so encouraged the owners of the old hall that they were moved to add much thereto, which I am sure you will appreciate during the days of this week. The growth of the organization from less than forty at the first meeting in 1903 to more than two hundred sixty in 191 1 is most gratifying. Some- times there is a failure to renew for a year, ])ut mostly the man or woman once a mem]:)er, comes promptly forward with a renewal. Not all of our membership own orchards or fruit trees but join because since the coming of the fruit growers' association they find that they can get better and cheaper fruit, or because as business men, professional men or laborers, they know that the fruit-grow- ing industry has greatly increased the amount of money returned to the county, a part, and a very large part of the gross returns is certain to come to them in the usual course. A number have joined, if for no other reason, because they say that to sit and see and hear at convention time is worth the price. 1 can see several of these now, and there are others also filled with the good American desire to help a good thing along. Join the Fruit Growers' Association and become part owner of a large 23 f 24 amount of good-fellowship. You will later get a copy of the Pro- ceedings which will be of value to you. A text book on Horticul- ture. Not theory, but the boiled down experience of practical men. A real text book on the subject of Horticulture, well worth the money. More than the usual care has been exercised during the past year in spraying for the scale insects and for the codling moth and its co-laborer the curculio. It is impossible to expect that any of the trio named or of many other pests attacking tree, foliage or fruit will ever ])ecome exterminated, but we believe that all may be held in check by careful and timely work. Several of our members have noticed the same fault in spray- ing operation, namely, that the nozzle man kept too close to the tree so that some of the branch tips at about the level of the oper- ator's face were entirely missed. 1 have called the attention of my helpers to this at least a score of times during the past season, and we found at picking time that the few scale present were on the fruit from these branches. l]y the use of bends for the rods or angle nozzles, the old fault of poorly sprayed lower branches has been cured. To do a good spraying job, high pressure and large air-chamber space are of the first importance. A good pump and a willing pump-man are good but the compressed-air sprayer is the coming sprayer. Either a central plant where an engine and compressor can charge the power tank of the sprayer while the spray liquid tank is being filled, or the portable engine and compressor outfit fills the bill as no direct pumping outfit can possible fill it. The first of these two types is the lighter while the second is perhaps the safer and more efficient. This second type can reach full spraying pressure while the operator is straightening out the hose and rod, and it has a constantly increasing air-chamber space at maximum pressure. The occurrence of Cedar Rust has been much less prevalent during 191 1 than during 1910, but there is apparentlv no way of determining whether this is due to climatic conditions or to^ the general cutting away of the cedar trees. If the scientists are cor- rect in their statement that the cedar trees and the apple trees are alternate hosts for the fungus, it would be sound argument to say that the cutting of the cedar trees is the chief factor in the lessened amount of the fungus injury. Many trees in the neighborhood suffered severely from fire blight, which is certainly the most distressing of the apple orchard- ist's troubles, requiring a cure that is no cure, but a partial or entire destruction of the tree. The^ ai^ples seem to have had a poor blooming season yet set a heavy tfop as did also cherries. Peaches bloomed freely'but fell off, probably due to overbearing in 1910 and lack of other care. Small fruits were generally disappointing. The apple crop was the largest in the history of the county, but at the present time figures are not available. Its quality was good. Perhaps a part larger than usual went to the cannery and evapor- ator, on account of the general large crop throughout the country. < ^* i •i 4m 25 t ^ 7^:^ a^,tTt .rs"S "^A r . -inc^r •iiS We have but on^Ln^t^^^^l^^^^ ^ rone nJ^Te ment withm a raduis of several mil^c "vu^ i 7 1 i ^j^^^S^' T^::^'-'''^ ^~^J'^ thl'jhtto^:: SyTe' Sers'of 'tlfi '"'• evaporating plant owned and operated ti^fp^^s dfo/^jrssro ,0 i.^-N-: ^^ i^oivt-s ..hit^h^r T£ :.rpSsl,fAn'Sn1'; ^S-t^a3tS; in"off J '^^ '°""'-' ^/'^■'''^- '^^^'^y ''-<^-"^e w; wa ,t to ke p the cup offered as a pnze for best exhibits, l,ut principally 1 ecaSse he habit of wninmg ,s a good habit to cultivate, when the accomnlish The" a!- %nr.t ^^•""'"^ /°^' l'""'' "°^ >"J"- ^^" oSe^fSwIn the race. Our sister counties have good individual growers who are certain to have good fruit on exhibition, but not ha^n^ been organized so long as have the Adams county growers they do not pull together as perhaps we do. It takes not oX careTn erow ng fine fruit but continued effort in following it through a" the' Si'onlSnTr ^'r "^'"'"^ *° J"^'^'"^- E-r since our orgln^ ization began to compete as a county exhibitor it has alwavs hnd a number of its members on hand to' take advantage of the dioi^e The nrn -t? '''/'^'* I'-' ^""^ '' ^'""^'^y ''^'^'^^ -^ clisp ay d the be t 1 nd 17. ""'""^ ^" "'''"'''^ ""' o'"- o^^'" convention is the best k nd of training m preparation for the second and more elaborate display at the State meeting. Join the State Society and attend ^its sessions. Help to make it he best in the country. Tt should have two thousand members 'nd Silrco' mty^^ """ °' '"'" •^'^^"'^^ ^^"- ^-- ^'- firsttuTpfo' the sS lhina'''"rf.^T"'-' ■^•'^'^."^■•^^'■o" '-'"^ persuade others to do =, th'rc-eX^r -' '''' •^^°" '-' "-^ j^'-" -^'^^ ^^" ?3(0 ^^'■■' ■^ii" 26 I 'ii Twig Blight of Appi,e. APPLE DISEASES. PRor. IT. R. FuLTox, Pennsylvania State College. I have been asked to speak on the subject of apple diseases Fully twenty of these, affecting all i)arts of the apple tree have come to my notice in l^ennsylvania. Fortunately the majority are only slightly injurious; several that are very serious in other se-'- tions of the country occur very infrec|uently with us. We can con • sider only the most important apple diseases to-day. These diseases, for our purpose, may be classified as funrau^ and bacterial diseases, and physiological diseases, remembering^that bacteria are, after all, merely a special kind of fungi Those of the first class are caused by living i)lant organisms of very small size, tnat may spread from plant to plant ; and these diseases are in- fectious or contagious in character. However, climatic and local weather conditions, as well as other conditions of environment mav footh'old lyX^lti^^V: :S^^j^^^ after gaining oe'^iirnlet'reTwnr ""^ *^'^ 'h' ^'^'"^^'^ "^to account and le iUes witrrXence '^o S^^^^^^ '",^?^^ '''Z^'^^^ *« its peculiar! of well knowXatmeit 7or a^nt'^'^^^^^^ . ^°n illustration think cations of a VropTiunlZ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ree appli- tl.e petals fall, and a tlS two' wee later N^^^^ 'T.^^''' ^tcr of t^- ^ti- «{^=v-? the so-called winter-snores th^t fort-.-, oi^ i ^ \'^^^i^}i lor :5car) is apple leaves infectedX p ttlrye'r wi'th "^""f ^'"'^' °^^'"'" turity, are scattered, and' retZ the.r vitaHtv'S; 7u "'^'^ ."'"' fr^r^ fi-.^ 4-- • 1- / Jcinen leaves, by plowing them under bp- Tr nor'.'; I?"" i";P'c""'' ^''" °^^'^ ^"^ J°"^than are affected Me Northern t ''■"'' ^*'^'"^'" ^^'"^^^''' -^fc^"tosh. Spitzenl urg and men nf ^^.^'^ """'^-^ susceptible. Discrimination in the treat n ent of varieties varying in susceptibility will promote efficienrv and economy not only for scab, but for other troublS A wet roo^ spring favors Scab. Our climatic conditions, fortunate^ are W can ?o?Th'° ^"''' ^'evelopment than those farth r "rth • and w" can for this reason safely omit, in the average season and on f h^ average variety, the early application, just '.efo^r^he'blos.Jom: md fnnv'nf'" ?^-^"'^' ''!' ^'^"^^ ^''''' ""protected young leaves Sfe n a rbl in h:,"/'"''''-'^ 'V'' -■"'='".?-'--l partJ; thf infec- -m '^ 28 /^. Gymnosporangium Macropus. 1. Cedar-apple with gelatinous horns. 2. A spore from a gelatinous horn germinating and producting four infection spores, one of which is de- tached. (Very highly magnified). 3 and 4. Apple leaf and fruit with the cluster-cup stage of the fungus. We were speaking of the spray applications, for us usually two in number, made when the petals fall and two weeks later, that are timed particularly for Scab control. These, let us remember, will also be more or less effective for Cedar or Orange Rust on leaves and fruit, for Blotch on leaves and fruit, for Sooty Mold on fruit, and for Black Rot Spot (Sphaeropsis and Frog Eye Spot flllos- porium) on leaves. The diluted lime-sulphur material seems to be satisfactorily effective against these troubles, and is preferred to Bordeaux mixture. Where Blotch and Black Rot prevail, care should be taken to cover twigs and limbs at one of the sprayings; and as thorough as possible pruning out of affected woody parts should be practiced. Sometimes, when cool, moist weather prevails, there may be a midsummer outbreak of Scab; and usually the leaf spotting fungi and Sooty Mold and Blotch of the fruit continue to cause infec- I 29 tion until late in the season. Furthermore, Bitter Rot and Fruit Spot usually begin their attacks after the fruit is half erown In fn th;ratter'naTt ol'th ^°^' ""'^T ^°*' ^^ VohUelh R'oTr.e'o ZlinstTjfC°/^^'- ■ M°'^ ^^"^""^ protection is afforded against all of these if a fungicidal application is made in Tulv at the uT ^1]^" r^y-'ig, ?« ^lone for the second codling nidi brood W. here Bio ch and Bitter Rot prevail, Bordeaux mixture msrbe hiTervalsTf tlT" T' '''' ^P"">-^^'°" "^^^^ *-° - ^^"2 SS a diseases '' °" '■^"''''' susceptible to these destructive place"^ Toth or/ir "r' ^'^^'^'^ '"^' ^^'"^^ ^^^ "^^y "«t be out of apples in1he So, h T^'^" are among the most serious affecting apples in the South. They occur m Pennsylvania to a- small decree " 'Bilter^r^* ^^ °" '''.' ''''' '''' ^'->' ^^'" - grea'te "foothoir . Litter Rot spots are brown and circular, and the rot extends nward in a cone-shaped area quite rapidlv, so that it may reach the core by the time the surface area is the size of a hTdoHar The surface is dotted with spore pustules which emit mm e flesh: htroi' "ThJ fn'"" r^ ^^""'^ '''■'''' ''^'y '" ^'- developmen of the ro . The fungus lues over winter in mummied apples on the aSr " when ' tl/''"' '^'/ '■°* .°" '""^ ^''>''''''' and 'iSthe limb Wj^n Is Sel^Tsuff: itr '• ^^ '^"^ ~-^-'^^ --^- in. rnl°*'Tlf *^'i*' '•'*' r"''^?"" ?^ *'^^ ^"""'t, without directly caus- ing rot. The skin is discolored, and sometimes thickened so that sma 1 raised areas are apparent. These are covered with mii u?e black dots in which the spores are formed. When attacked earlv he fruit IS dwarfed and deformed. The fungus attacks eaves ana wigs, surviving the winter in the latter, lien Davis is the most susceptible of our commercial apples. *3fei •y'«r. M^'m d- -J- K"'^ '-^''^:^^ A '^¥-4^,/t**K, 'l!*i^.-3f * >n '^^X^*^^^ Unsprayed York Impkriai. Trkic Almost Defouated by Uaf- Spot. M 30 The Fruit Spot that can be controlled by Tulv soravine- is iLr^rTLT i'^ T""™"-^ ^'"''^" ^^P^^^ ^'^^"^ '-6 °f - - 'hTr^s ,nH . f ^fP^^ ^'■^'^" "'^ '■«' *'ia" the surrounding color' ?^ted deenir r, ^''^' '"^' '"°"" "'^ '^'^^'^'- ^^^e flesh is^lot a^ ittted deeply. They are more numerous towards the apex of the f.ut, and frequently occur at lenticels. The cause of this frui? spot ,s the fungus Cylindrosporium pomi, which infects the ru during July as a rule, and can be readily prevented by one or two a phcations of almost any fungicide during the first ha^Fof TuTv We must not confuse this disease with that known as Fmit Rt ttlTed by ^;;;t:° '^ ^"^ ^° ^""^- --^■' -^ can not bf co^^'! as fn^;tn"' '■"'"^•"•^^'- t^t t'le requirement for summer spraying as for any spraymg, and the returns to be obtained from it depend on the presence o certain fungi that develop then, the growing of varieties susceptible to their attack, and the occurrence of weafher conditions that would favor their development ; and that the r^osJ satisfactory results will be oI,tained when judicious s ravine iT an sS. L 'aLrall°' ^°"' T'''''' °^ -'^"- an73 ?io'n" spraying is, after all, an expedient to catch, as it were the thief to muLTv'h V-Tf- ^'' "^ ^^^ '° 't that' we do not allow way to multiply by which he may enter. ^ There are certain transmissible diseases that can not be sptis factonly controlled by spraying, such as Tw^g iTl ighf and he" cankers produced by the Black Rot and Bitter Rot fund and he ^chelr'^f T '"^ T' ■■^t"- O"-- °"'y -eans of Siifg thlse in check IS o discover the trouble at an early period in its dfvelon ment and tlioroughly remove all affected tis^sie ^^' shoots 'IheS' oT'nn""'?- ^"°''" T ^■'■^ ^^^^Sht, attacks young voune fruit As 1 ^'^'e'' .''"^hs, and sometimes the blossoms o? young truit. As soon as blighted twigs are noticed thev sbnr.M be cut off well'below the affected part and the cut surf^L ever small touched with a swab wl? litl a dllct^lt :;,'":; lull a^^oiS T'54,;r2;vr ^ ^:^^^' ^p^^ shouW e painted over as well as disinfected ^ b-ise of 11''.^°' f T *""[' '* causing the death of the bark at the But when all these hZ/J ^, ^'■""''' ''as caused trouble. ri ti;^6S^ Srr r " -s »- -^ riif o .1 1 t ^"^ ^^ ^^^^ trouble, and the affected area nit out as thorouHi y as mav he le^vino- fi.L i; t , '^V , " ^^^^ ^"^ edee for heiHni Tul^ , leaving the hve bark with a smooth cage lor nealing. The cut surface should be washed with l.i cxposea surface is large, and above ground, a coating- of P-raftino- wax will prevent drying out, and promote healing DiseasfJtS t on's o^irS'lS' toT ""'^'"^^ ' '"" ^™'^ offr.S TiKlVt 1 - ing would doubtless be he^fn! '^' ''^ '"'"'"'•■ l^-"""' We come next to those constitutional disorders that we call f „;,;.;■ r : , '" ^'^rangements of the normal Dhysioloeical functions of the plant parts, usually due to unfavora k invfron mental conditions. Our knowledge of them at p?e.°en is n eaere " applicawli ""'Su T''^ 'rr' ""'-^^^"--^^ '-"-^ unfor'tunatdv of ISed applicability. Such troubles are Fru t I^it rnerhat^s mnr^ ncinii known as Baldwin Spot, although this tirm al o ometin.er^n' fusingly applied to Fruit Spot mentioned above" l^Sery cZ' WatcM-y Apex, Sun Scald. Sticky Skin, and probably Jonathan Spot' i'ruit Pit .shows rather large, vaguely outlined slitrhtlv de pressed spots that suggest finger print^ i,ruises. Under f he e he" flesh IS dead for some distance, and later the surface becomes dead orheTsh !;^:^-"t'-^^'^ccte"mcienti> Watery Core and ^Vatery Apex .seem to be different forms of dl :rto'™"'' " ?r'",""' ^'^^■^■■^"^■>' "f -^tcr may cause the eel sap to reach .such higli concentration as to kill the living sub- spaces in the apple tissue, giving tlie waterv, instead of the whitish opaque appearance ; or a sudden access of water after the cell san has become highly concentrated, may result similarly ^ vSuii Scald is injury to the cells from intense heat It is ar compamed by abnormal ripening of tissues in the vicinity It may l>e aggravated by liquid on the surface of the exposed ruit and is I>d^"Thad^."^ °" '■■"^ ""'"^'■^' ^'^''"'•^^^ *^' t'- -"'« rays'a?te? ■'^'■f/vi'TT; ^vJ ill! 32 I do not know of any explanation for the condition known as Sticky Skin or Dead Skin. Microscopically the tissues in such cases seem fairly normal. The Jonathan Spot is also hard to explain in the light of our present knowledge. It seems not to be due to any organism. Whether or not it is related to the physiological Fruit Pit is an open question. Perhaps we will find eventually that it is a trouble distinct from others enumerated. It has been suspected to be a form of arsenic injury, but tests made in 191 1 by the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture indicate that heavy applications of arsenic do not increase the amount of spotting. It develops much more on apples in ordinary storage than on those in cold storage and atten- tion to this point is advised when apples give indication of develop- ing this trouble. 33 FivK-YEAR-OtD Peach Tree Showinc Great Spread of Roots. Root bHowN 17 Feet Long. ,*^ ^■m • » Zi""- ^ . '^^ £^* LM^ ^^ ^- ' ••^Wssi;***^ v..^t Apples From Ux sprayed Trees. Large Pile. Culls. Small Pile ox the Right. Saleable Fruit. (Photo, by Peairs.) I i PEACH CULTURE. JoiixN F. Borm, Middkburg, Snyder County, Pa. Peach culture is very different to-dav from what it was 2? years ago and m many localities the cultivation of this delicious fruit has l^en entirely abandoned. It is, however, a fruit so well known m Pennsylvania that a description is not necessary. Years ago a peach tree would live to i,ear almost like an apple tree, espec- a y the seedlmg which to-day is harder in bud than budded trees, but the tree Itself seems to have lost the vitality it once had and is no more a longer lived tree than trees from the nursery. What brought about these changes ? ^ w uai I believe that Providence had a great deal to do with produc- tion. It seems to me that a man is limited in all lines of production in my opinion, surely, the man who bites off more than he can chew will make a flat failure in peach culture. It is not extensive but intensive peach culture that pays The man who caii do the proper thing at the proper time is always the man who offers the choicest fruits on our markets and that is th- only fruit that pays the producer. Common and poor fruit was never very renumerative with me Ihe subject of peach culture .seemed to me like a funnel, lookine mto It at the small end. the farther vou see into it, the wider the subject gets. I always feel my inability to do justice to this subject 1 he novice then would ask what are the requirements to be a suc- cessful peach grower. My anwer would be, the Man, the Loca- m .J... .MB. ' JH 34 Hon, and the Soil, would be the chief requirements; and the most important of the three is the Man himself because he may cause failure where the most favorable conditions exist. He must take a liking to the business. Having such a man, next in importance is the soil. I do not expect to find it disputed when I say God made the soil complete — by which I mean that vir- gin soil contains all the required elements to produce both the tree and the fruit. Where shall this soil be located? By all means on the hills, where there is an air drainage, get above the frost line, do not make the mistake of putting your orchard in a ravine where it is thought by many the cold winds cannot strike them. We have all learned and often heard the remark on a cool evening — If the wind's calm, we will have a frost. What does this mean? It means as long as the wind blows, moisture will not settle, and as long as moisture does not settle, frost cannot form ; but just as soon as the motion of the air ceases then moisture will gather and freeze. In many so-called sheltered places where not sufficient air can get in, moisture will settle and cause the loss of a crop of fruit. Having the location, next in order would be the trees, I never expected the nurseryman to grow these for me. All I want from the nurseryman is the starter. I never wanted the heavy first class trees, neither would I recommend a very small tree. For, should a dry season follow, heavy loss would be the result, as the tree which should be planted in early spring has no way of taking nour- ishment until fibers form, and in a dry season, would die or dry up, if too light before fibers form. If too heavy not enough rootlets come with the tree from the nursery, and this goes to the other ex- treme. Having trees to caliber one-half inch planted a little deeper than they stood in the nursery, in ground plowed deep, and pre- pared as for a crop of corn is about right. After the trees are set fifteen feet apart^each way, then comes the work of the pruning knife, here again the medium sized tree has the preference. Any one familiar with the peach tree from the nursery knows full well that a tree has a set of branches, then buds, then another set of branches, then buds again. In heavy trees the tree has to be cut either right above the collar which is too low ; or at the second set of buds which is too high ; giving the tree too much leverage when planted in the full sway of the wind. Potatoes or any cultivated crop may be grown for two years, after which time the entire ground should be given to the tree, and thoroughly cultivated. The leaders should be cut back for three years, that is the time required to grow peach trees of bearing size. The peach tree is unlike the apple. The apple has fruit spurs while the peach bears its fruit on the previous year's growth of wood. Consequently we must have a succession of new growth of wood. By thorough cultivation and proper pruning and not allow- ing the trees to overbear, the desired new-growth can be controlled, and fair crops can be produced ; unless the winter season becomes too severe. Properly ripened peach buds will stand a temperature of 15 degrees below. A man has far more control than is generally believed by not allowing the tree to overbear. This is the whole secret of getting the buds in proper shape. Otherwise the tree has I ul . *7 pointed iron. The peach borer hL J '."^''^ Pocket-knife or some but feeds on the Cambium layer and iT i"' T?^ ^'^' '^^ ^PP'^' m the roots, can be easily destroyed ^^°'' ^^ ^''' ^°^" thorouS?lne"in"eti;fp,S"^^^^^^^^ -st be carefully and and sulphur is the most satisS'orv ^.. , ^'^''^"'^ °P^"- Lime- time, for both the scale and SngT^ '"^^'"^'' '^"°^" ^^ the present learn' wS frolT'JTr:^'' ' "^^^"^ ^''^'^ ' ^^-^ yet to grown at the expensf o^the neth""^ ^'%^ ''''^^''^ ^^at I not what crop can be grown in a nS ''r' a ^'•^^"^"tly I am asked answer is always t plach Cron Th.-^ ' '^^" ^^'"'S' ^"^ "V among peach trees is first notkedTn th ''"'" '^"°^" ^' "Yellows," fruit. "^"'^^^ "" the premature ripening of the dicate that a tree with yellow leaves T taken 7' .'^"'^ ™* '"" b;?errw^.icTcat^.feTiLgr;;i^^ respond very.readi,;'|fpX\'^re.^"™4^^^^^^^ and such trees wil^ may p^emS it Sttd Zwt 7^°^ '^o.^iage, dark green. way I know to hold ths disease in ?'.°'-^ *''" ^'■'"^^^- The only burn on the spot '" "^'^''^ '' ^o remove the tree and wou/d^:ri\';rrnL^Sli^.£]:rr,r ^",f i'^^ p-*^'^ '--^ss but I have changed my mi/^ "s Se The s'ffo ^'""^^^ It appearance in sufficient number. tn.ilf ^^" J°^^ ^cale has made by the negligent fellow thev are "-.t'"''^- '''°'" ''"'^''"^' P'anted pat fellows are in the peach bus^-n.« . ^""""''l ^"'^ ^^^ ^^and- stay. The Syndica e or incornor^t.T u^^^ ^"^ '^^^ ^'^ ^ere to that they arecarrying on "hd?Si°''''-t:;'^.'°^ ""'''' '«arn to have thousandsVfY es S orSSs w^^^^^ d.smterested help, and ing labor over too lart^ 7,, . orchards wi 1 necessitate them spread- going on all the dme ^ '"■''^^ '"^ *'^^ '^'^^^ ^^ slighted work forenTan' ^^'sS'::^;]^^:^ ^^T '^ •■{ -^"^'-wHere one cessfully. The big^st n Se T . 'I' ''"'' '^°"*''o' ^^em suc- n^y peach businesS 1 Tti time rh^H^f .^'^ ^'^'^ ^ '"'''^^'^ sand trees in cultivation an? l • ^ ''.^tween 43 and 44 thou- 3< orchards had finer fruit than mine. You see, I wanted to be one of those speciaHsts, but 1 soon discovered that the old saying that the big fish eat the little was not true. In fact, I believe the time will soon be here that the little fish will eat the big. At least, I do not fear the competition of large orchard companies, but I do fear the competition of the fellow who has only as many acres in culti- vation as he can look after himself. To summarize—would say, the right man— the right location— the right soil — with all requirements strictly carried out, from the planting of the tree to the marketing of the fruit, will find peach culture as profitable as the culture of any other fruit. R. M. Eldon. Do you have any trouble in getting the right men to do your work? n^u ^^' ^^y^^' ^^^^^ ^^ i"^t my trouble, to get that kind of help. 1 he labor problem is the biggest trouble I have in my business. I do not have much trouble to dispose of my fruit. It requires in- telligent help and I cannot always get enough of the right kind. C. S. Griest. Jn picking vour fruit, how often do vou go over the same trees ? Mr. Beyer. About twice. That is the time they should be sorted, too. Member. Do you use any commercial fertilizer? Mr. Beyer. I had a commercial fertilizer made for the peach crop, lo per cent, available I>hos.-acid and 8 per cent. Potash and I could not see any difference. I could see a difference on the clover and other crops afterward. Member. How much to the acre? Mr. Beyer. One-half ton. Member. Any diffe e-ce in the color of the fruit? Mr. Beyer. None whatever. Member. Did it seem to increase the quantitv ^ Mr. Beyer. Xo. ^ ' Member. Did you use barnvard manure ? Mr. Beyer. Xo indeed. Member. Do you take off premature fruit ? Mr. Beyer. The first symptom is the premature rii)ening of the fruit, and about the third summer if you do not take the tree out It would die Itself. Member. How often do you cultivate in a season^ Mr. Beyer. That depends a little on the rain-fall. If I have my man in the orchard to-day, and we should have a hard rain to- morrow, that same portion would have to be cultivated just as soon as the ground gets into proper condition. It is moisture the peach grower is after more than anything else. About 8o per cent, of the peach IS moisture. In fact, taking all crops, moisture is the chief e ement. We know a layer of loose ground acts just the same as straw manure. We can take a harrow and loosen the ground, and that acts as a mulch. ' Member. Do you use a spring-tooth harrow for cultivation? Mr. Beyer. I do. Member. Do you head them back each vear; K i» A" V- 37 Mr. Beyer. The first season I cut the leaderc; hn^i. Ti.« so as ,0 kefp i. from gjo™ VoZo, ^^p^""* '" "" '""« ^■•-"- Member. Do you grow the Champion ? Mr. Beyer. I do. ^ Member. Do you grow the Carman ? Mr. Beyer. We do not grow very many. Belief SeoTgia?^'' " ^'^ ''^^""'^^ '^^'--" ^^e Carmen and semi^cirngs"'' "^^°"- '''' '^^^ «"- ^° ^- but^ot'^li^ras'S grow^gt the pTesl time^ '"'''''^ '-^^'^^ ^^^' ^^ ^ave recomt;.fdra sLfrde^rfc^^ri^eta^re^^^Tai^ nol good on low ground, but where you have the altkude thl ^.^ Mixon. We have some new varieties but they are not tested out Member. Have you the Iron Mountain ' Mr. Beyer. I have. Late wST ^' """"' "'"''' '''^"'■^"'^^ •'^^^^^'^ that and Ford's Mr. Beyer. Not much. Member. Does the Iron Mountain have more color? much about° the' frnit? '^^'''^' ^'■'^^'"^ ^"^ '^^•^ "«t tell you mucn about the fruit. I prefer to grow the varieties that I have Member. Do you get any fruit the third year' Mr Beyer. Sometimes a few, but I always aim to ^rnw th,. S:: '^elrbut'ItTs It^h"'- ^°" fl'''^- ^ P-*" ^^'--P in Memher n t'.'^e-^Pense of the tree. It does not pay. sumnfeJto'nihs?" '"" '"'^^^ '" '^^"'"^ '' ^'^ *"- ^urilg'the of tr^rthaTurimL^dtsrAuS^ ' ^""'' '''''' ^^" ^'^^ >^ Member. Do you prefer that to winter pruning' ready to sp^Jv.'' ^ '^°' ^""''"'^ '^'''" ^^^ '^^'°" ^°™^^ ^^^ ^re after'fhe'^tar? ^" ''°"'" '"''"'■' "'^ ''''' "^^'^'^ "^"^'^ y"""? g-'o^'"' I An^^l ^°^^A ^^^^ f°- ^ ^^" ^"'y SP^^I^' of my own locality il° T ?"'"•'''■ ^ P^^^'' ^'■^"'^^'■d profitable after ten years It [<; better to start a new one and take the old trees out. I MSdsooner spend my tmie on a voung orchard. >?-.■.- 38 Member. How many years have you been practicing sum- mer pruning? Mr. Beyer. About seven. . , , , . 4.:, Member. How do you find time to prune m July and August ? Mr. Beyer. I am talking about young orchards now. Member. How many baskets do you pick off a four-year-old peach tree? Mr. Beyer. About two. . Member. Do vou aim just to grow especially nice large peaches and put them in carriers or do you put them m baskets .-' Mr. Beyer. Baskets. I use carriers sometimes, too. Member. Do you find it more profitable m baskets ? Mr Beyer, that depends upon the crops in New Jersey, Maryland and the southern states. You have to watch the market. Some seasons it pavs to use carriers and sometimes not. 39 ii; Adams County York lMPERiAi,s-"None' Better Grown." THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION AND OTHER IN APpfE^'"'' ^'^'^''' ''''''°^' ^'^^ AnS GROWTH Dr. J. P. Stewart, Experimental Pomologist, State College, Pa. The Pennsylvania Experiment Station has been conducting experiments bearing upon the above subject, during the past five years. Altogether, it has now in operation 18 such experiments involving 1 1 soil types and 3660 trees. In many respects, this series' of experiments is by far the most comprehensive of any similar series thus far reported in America. In number of soil types • in the number of treatments and checks ; in number, variety and ranee ot age of the trees ; in duplications of the experiments of a given type ; in the amounts of fruit involved ; and in the fact that the ex- periments are distributed over the state and located as a rule in regions generally recognized as being well adapted to apple produc- tion—in all these respects we believe that the Pennsylvania orchard experiments enjoy distinct advantages over most previous effort^ to answer the questions involved. ■■■■ ;\;i'tr 40 - The results considered in the present paper are chiefly from lo experiments, containing 2219 bearing trees and involving 10 dif- ferent son types. Some of the general features of these experi- ments are given in Table I. Table I. Location, Soil Typks, Variktiks and Treks in Ex- PKRiMKNTs Away From thk Coijj:gk. ^^P^- Age No. of No. County. Soil. Varieties. 1911 trees. 2151 Adams Porters loam York & Stayman, .... 12 yr. 160 216 Franklin Montalto fine sandy loam York & Jonathan, .... 12 160 220 Bedford DeKalb stony ^ , ,. loam York & Baldwin, 13 & 23 160 217 Franklm Montalto loam York and Gano, 18 358 218 Franklin Hagerstown «.^ -n ^r 1 clay loam York & Albemarle, ... 12 & 16 400 219 Bedford Frankstown York, Jonathan, Ben ,„, -,, . ^,^^o"y lo^"^ Davis & Gano, 9 320 221 Wyommg Chenango fine ^. sandy loam Spy & Baldwin 39 115 336 Chester Chester loam Grimes, Smokehouse & o^^o TVT Ar 1 . .1 Stayman, 9toll 120&105-' 337-^ Mercer Volusia silt ^^„ T .r^?^"? ^^y* Baldwin & Rome 4 180 & 180 338 Lawrence \ olusia silt loam Baldwin, 23 80 & 105 339 Bradford Lackawanna silt loam Baldwin & Fallawater, 17 120 & 16 It will he noted thf t the soil tvpes range from heavy clav loams in expernnent 218, through silt and plain loams to light sandy and stony loams, in experiments 216 and 219. The first- three experiments deal with the influence of fertil- izers, and involve 10 treatments and 6 checks in each case. The next four experiments deal with cultural methods and involve 12 treatments in each case, except the last, which has six. The last four experiments are a combination of portions of the first two types and deal with both fertilizers and cultural methods^ As shown in the table, the trees are of 10 varieties, though with one 41 1 The names and addresses of the owners of the orchards in which these experiments are located are as follows: 215, Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale! Fa 216 D M. Wertz, Quincy; 220, Mrs. S. li. Brown, Manns Choice- *>17 kw. p/; ^^^"'t?^'' Ed. Nicodemus, Waynesboro; 210, J. H. Sleek,'New' S;r • -J? A M 1?' -^ ' Meshoppen; 336 A Darlington Strode. West ton 330 'f T A^-n /m' Oreenville; 338, J. B. Johnston, New Wilming- ton, .i.w, J:-. 1. Mynard, New Albany. 2 In the two sets of figures in this and the following experiments the first gives^lhe number of trees under fertihzer experimenf. the second those onl/'a nS"plot "'■ '"'"^°^'- '" P"'^''^^''"^"' •'•"'' '^e latter includes 3 Trees set out in connection with these experiments and not yet in bearing, hence excluded from consideration at this time. » ▼ -4] i A Thrifty Orchard on Hac.erstown Clay Loam. exception there are two or more varieties in each experiment In age at the present time, the bearing trees range from o to ^o years • and smce the work started they have produced over i,3i5.oci) pound.s In this one item of fruit, we may call attention to the facts that so far as American experiments are concerned, this amount is more than treble that reported in any other single experiment, and very distnictly more than the total fruit reported from all other similar expermients combined. This does not mean that the importance of the experiments elsewhere is to be minimized in the least but It should help to emphasize the fact that, in those cases where 'con- clusions or attitudes are in conflict, very careful attention should be given to the actual and relative amounts of evidence upon which the differing attitudes are based. In fact, within our own experi- ments we can find the counterparts of practically all those reported eLsewhere. If we had fewer experiment.s— for example, only one on fer ihzation and another on cultural methods,— our conclusions could be much more easily formulated, and we might readily be- come ardent partisans on either side of the questions, the side de- pending merely upon which of the present locations our experi- ments chanced to have. In other words, if we attempted to base our conclusions upon any one or two of our present experiments those conclusions would be very diflferent from any we would now' form- ulate, on the basis of all the results. There can be no doubt that when the whole triith is known, we shall be able to account for all ot the facts, and this is what we are undertaking to do. 1910-n."'^ ^"''"'*^'' ^'^'*''^' **^ °"'' ^""'^t''* ^"^ an'l our Annual Report for 42 The Influence of Fertilization. The first factor to which we shall give attention is that of fer- tilization. Can the yield, color, size and wood-growth ^ of apples be influenced by fertilization, and, if so, how and under what conditions? This has always been an important question, and five years ago, when we were starting our experiments, we could find no data upon which to base a definite, well-founded answer. We do not say that we can fully answer it yet, but such progress as we have made may be partially seen in Tables II and III. Table II. Influivnck or Fkrtiijzkrs on^ Yikld. (Johnston Or- chard, B-vpcrimcnt 338). (Total yields of fruit on each plot and annual yield per acre.) Plot I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Check N.P. N.K. Check P.K. N.P.K Check Manure Lime Check yr. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. 1908, .. 90 528 2 37 446 57 759 211 278 558 106 ?909, .. 675 6,018 5,257 1,932 3,089 6,621 2,008 3,531 1,216 1,266 1910, .. 2,575 3,265 1,822 3,168 3,552 2,108 1,629 6,149 3,185 3.505 1911, .. 283 7,563 7,816 017 1,227 8,209 1,362 4,874 388 106 3-year totals, 3»533 16,846 14,895 5,717 7,868 16,938 4,999 14.554 4.789 4,877 Bushels per A., 141. 3 673-8 595.8 228.6 314-7 677.5 200 582.1 191. 5 195 Table III. Ei^^KCT oF Fertiuzkrs on Yie:i.d. {Johnston Orchard), (Average returns from certain treatments during past three years.) Treatment ^ Checks (Av. 1,4, 7, 10) Manure (Plots) N-Fertilizer P.K. (Av. 2, 3, 6) -Fertilizer (Plots) Totals 3 yr., .... 4,781 lb. Ratios 100 14,554 lb. 304.4 100 16,226 lb. 339.4 111.5 7,868 lb. 164.5 • • • • • • • • Average An. Yield per A., 191.2 bu. Av .Gain per A., 582 bu. 390 bu. 649 bu. 457 bu. 314.7 bu. 123 bu. These tables are from one of our ''combination" experiments, in- volving both fertilization and cultural methods, and started in 1908. The fertilizers have therefore had a chance to affect the crop only during the past three years, and it is for that period that the totals and annual yields per acre are computed. '^Quality is omitted from consideration at the present time, not because we do not consider it important, but because as yet we have no measure of quality sufficiently accurate and impersonal to enable us to make satisfactory comparisons of the fruit under different treatments. ( f ' ^ 43 Even a glance at these tables can leave no doubt as to the oosi- Tt win h^'''^?:3^f '^^^ ^''^^^^ fertilization on the y'dd of a^^^^^^ It will be noted that the checks run fairly uniform, averaS a httle over 190 bushels per acre annually. Lime applickti^S fSe annual rate of 1,000 pound per acre) have giv^S ab ost exLtlv the same returns as the averaee check TVi^ tfi^Ic^K ! ^ Y cornbination has affected yiel^Ltt-casI'ltSe tcidedTy' C?^ raised it by 123 bushels per acre. This may be partly due to f shght superiority mocation, as indicated by the fact that Tts ad jacent check is the highest in yield and is within 86 bushels of ?he phosphate-potash treatment. While this increase in yield is fairlv trtfof pTot f tL" "°M -^^ T '""^ ^^^^^^ ora^pe^ran'rofS dsTlalC ilSritni -/LS thafVe^eTsTotethLl ^rdintl'f^c^nSded fTr"orcha??s' ^'^^ *''^ '^ '""^ ^^■^^"-^'- plot ?''ln'?is'nloTThf.'''^"^'-^ "'^S '?y '^' '"^""••^ treatment of plot t<. in this p ot, the trees are making a luxuriant growth both n wood and foliage, and the yields have been increfsed W So bushels per acre annually.-a very satisfactory exchange for^?. tons of stable manure Even this increase in yield, Sever \s considerably less than those obtained on the plots receivinJankro gen-carrying fertilizer Under the latter treatment oTK Xs" the average annual y^eld has been increased from 191 bushels on the ?f ^.J h„sf 1 '"'^'^ r *^ ^'''^'''^ P'°*-^' ^' ai? annual ,Wa'' of 457 bushe s of apples per acre. This resulted from fertilizer applications that actually cost less than $17, and the eTsentills of which can be bought at retail for about $10 per acre Dur n^ the fr'thr •• M*'" 'rf' -^^^^ °^ ^'^^ experiJient^ as shownTn laW II, the yield on plots 2 and 3, compared with that of their adjacent tTrHffu\'-'^ ""^ '7 '° '' '^' y'^ld «" the checks be ng a the rate of 54 bushels per acre, while that on the intervenine nitro- gen p^o s was 922 bushels. Surely it is not necessary "^further t^t^roTapptr^''^^^ '^""'^^^'°" "^^^ ^-y p-^-"^'^ ^^- There is no reasonable possibility of these results bein? due to any other agent than the fertilizers. The trees are all of the same vane y and same age. They receive the same spraying, pruning soH torm 1 he treatments are abundantly checked. In fruit f^lia^e growth and general health of trees, the benefits stop abrSy where the fertilizers stop, and similar resuus are being obtained by the wTr'.i^" other parts of the orchard, on the same and other varieties with the combinations of fertilizers found effective in the experi- m^Jj" ■1^^%\V° t'^^'^^lSt^e values of the different fertilizer ele- iTmite; T. ^",f ^" '" ^able II that nitrogen is evidently the first iimiter. 1 hus, the phosphate and potash combination in plot ■; has uiiZen Zlt-'^ of 123 bushels per acre, while by the addition of cS of .«?K <^o";b.nation, in the adjacent plot 6, we get an in- crease of 486 bushels. In other words, the addition of nitrogen to c ;■■";" ^3:^ .:.^ i , .• ■■■ f -J f 44 the treatment ordinarily advised for orchards, resulted here in nearly quadrupling the benefit. In plot 3, where the phosphates are omitted, it will also be noted that there is an annual deficit which amounts to nearly 80 bushels per acre. This doubtless indicates that phosphorus is the second limiter and that the yield in plot 3 is ])eing reduced by lack of this element. Potash applications, on the other hand, have been practically of no avail in this experiment. This may be seen by comparing plots 2 and 6. The annual addi- tion of 150 pounds of actual K2O in the latter treatment has resulted in a gain of only 3.7 bushels of apples. The above results were obtained without any aid from tillage or cover-crops, the fertilizers being merely sowed over the surface of untilled soil, on which there was a light sod composed chiefly of mixed grasses. Here the question may be raised as to whether equal or superior benefits may not have been obtainable with some form of cultural methods. This question is answered in Table IV. Table IV. Culturxl Methods ano Fkrtilizkrs on Yields. (Johnston Orchard). Plot Treatment XIII Sod lb. 1908 1,170 1900, 17,982 1910, 2,940 1911, 3,550 Totals last 3 yrs., 24,472 Ratios, 100 Ratios, Ratios, Average Annual Yield per Acre, 3 yr., 223.7 bu. Average gain per A., XII XI Tillage and (Av.2&6) Sod-Mulch Cover Crop N-P-Fertilizer lb. lb. lb. 2,265 2,843 2,813 7,455 10,702 27,649 16,789 17,254 11,752 2,629 7,500 34,502 26,873 35,456 73,903 109.8 100 144.8 302 131.9 275 100 208.4 • 245 . 7 bu. 22 bu. 324.1 bu. 100 bu. 675.7 bu. 452 bu. In this portion of the experiment, which is devoted to cultural methods, the plots are larger and contain 35 trees in each. The yields of plots 2 and 6, from the fertilizer portion, therefore, are raised to their corresponding values for plots of equivalent size. No fertilizers were used on the cultural methods plots, until the season just past. They were used then uniformly on all treatments, primarily because the sod plot had gone two years with very little fruit, though all the trees of these plots were plainly in need of something additional. In Table IV the sod plot shows a little higher annual yield than the average of the checks in the fertilizer portion, this being due « ti ^Ba fW i to an exceptional crop that occurred on this plot in 1909, and from which the plot has not yet recovered. In the next plot, we see the effect of adding a mulch to the sod treatment. In this case, al- though all the herbage that grows is left in the orchard, and a turther application of 3 tons of straw per acre is added to the plot the average annual gain is only 22 bushels per acre. In the next plot, we find that tillage and leguminous cover crops have given a tair increase, amounting to 100 bushels per acre on the average Ihis, however, is hardly to be compared with the 4^2 bushel in- crease shown m the next case, which is obtained without tillaee of any kind, merely by the addition of a fertilizer that carries the elements that are evidently lacking. In some quarters one 'would gather the imi)ression that apples can scarcely be grown without tillage. While we have nothing against proper tillage as an orchard treatment, yet this and other results from our experiments show that it is by no means indispen- sible HI the production of first grade apples and that it can be readily over-emphasized like anything else. There are many situa- tions that are otherwise very well suited for apples, where tillage IS decidedly inadvisable, and where, with proper management, the trees would get along very much better without it. In such situa- tions It IS undoubtedly preferable to sow the orchard down to some leguminous crop as a permanent cover and follow the mulch system properly supplementing it with fertilization. For this purpose' hairy vetch i.s doubtless preferable, on account of its relatively low moisture draft, and its usually excellent .staying powers when once well .seeded down. Whenever it is crowded out by the grasses the orchard may be re-plowed and again sowed to vetch, if the trees seem to require it. Data on Fertilizers from Other Experiments. Thus far we have confined our attention to a single experiment primarily because the contrasts in it are so great that both the exist- eiice and nature of the eflfects could scarcely fail to be recognized lo go through each experiment in this way would be impossible in our present space, hence we have conden.sed into the next two tables a statement derived from the results of six experiments in- cluding the one just discussed. These tables show the average ef- fects of the diflferent fertilizer elements, obtained in six experi- ments, during periods covering from three to five years as indicated 1 he eflfects are calculated as closely as possible and are expressed in terms of per cents, of benefit based on the normal performance of the treated plots. The methods followed in making the calcu- lations are described briefly in our Bulletin 100 from the Pennsyl- vania Station, and described in full in our Annual Report for 1910- 46 Table V. Ei^i^e:ct oi^ Fertilizer Elements on Yield, Color, Size and Growth. (Calculated Percents of Benefit.) Expts. 336, 338 & 339 Nitrates in combination, . . Phosphates in combination. Potash in combination, . . . Complete fertihzer, Manure, Lime alone, Yield Color Size Growth 1908-11 : 1911 1909-11 : 1909-11 1908-11 Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. 94.05 163.1 13.3 4.81 24.11 36.65 35.8 —.95 4.04 3.97 4.65 6.42 —.1 13.2 4.17 122.5 166.4 —16.0 5.93 27.50 144.1 169.8 14.3 30.8 37.49 19.5 3.07 —2.9 19.4 8.04 Table VI. Fertilizer Elements on Yield, Color, Size and Growth. (Calculated Percents of Benefit.) Expts. 215, 216 & 220 Yield 1908-11 1911 Color Size Growth 1908-11 1908-11 1907-11 PcrCt. PerCt. Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. Nitrates in combination, 41.7 18.05 — 12.35 Nitrates alone, 30.0 39.10 —16.00 Phosphates in combination, . 15.4 9.35 — 1.55 Phosphates alone, —7.4 —7.37 2.80 "Floats" alone, —18.8 6.4 7.70 Potash in combination, 15.2 12.80 6.55 Complete fertilizer, 68.8 65.7 —16.00 Manure, 101.— 221.90 —9.90 Lime alone, — 1 2.0 15.1 — .8 -1.67 -6.23 -1.21 -1.92 5.67 4.30 4.73 -1.05 14.83 18.33 .62 —6.00 2.71 19.10 24.70 3.1 In general, these tables corroborate and extend the deductions obtained from those already considered. The addition of the results from the other experiments have reduced the apparent benefits somewhat and the relative values of certain materials are also slight- ly changed. We have included the results of the first year in the yields of Table V, which also reduces the apparent benefits, since the fertilizers had not yet had time to operate. Even at that, how- ever, we see that the yields during the 4-year ])eriod have been nearly doubled by the addition of nitrates, in experiments 336, 338 and 339 and with the same material they have been increased by 41 per cent, in the younger experiments of Table VI. Phosphates, when used in combination with nitrogen or in a complete fertilizer, maintain their position as the next limiter after nitrogen, though they are closely pressed by potash in Table VT. On the other hand, neither acid phosphates nor ''floats" nor lime, when used alone, have shown any consistent benefits on yield thus far. Their apparently negative influences on yield may be smoothed out / i f= \') h' i* 47 in time, as indicated by some of the results of the na^t v^or Tv, IS some evidence, however that cert;,in !^f\^ past year. There of an off year for the similar Lf ^ ^ ' ^*^*^^ ^^^ ^^^her ceptions, thus far in our experinirnts as . tt.\ \ ^ ^^"^ '''" has given important incren.i. X! • ^ ''^'?'^' wherever manure or ^r^.ss.AX;^'^::;^^^^::^:-^ --„ approached Correlation Between Yield and Growth. Data and Deductions on Color. In regard to color, it will be observed in Tables V anrl mt ,u . 1 his refers only to the red colors in annW ThJ 11 can probablv not be ^ffe^nSL ' ^" apples. Ihe yellow colors conslituen ■ of thi «r,a„ i^ k "m'' °,\"!' ""'" ''»"''• '^ " numtor of aincL and "^K „ 1 ■,' ! 'i"' ■*!'« i""''™« . u 48 as late picking, light soils, open pruning, and sod culture will in- crease color. Opposite conditions decrease it. From this viewpoint, the reduction in color caused by the ni- trates and the manure is easily explained. It is evidently due to delayed maturity. That such is the case was shown the past sea- son, especially in the Johnston orchard, where the fruit of the nitro- gen plots was left on the trees until it reached approximately the same stage of maturity as that on the checks when they had been picked. The difference in the dates of picking, which cor- respond closely with the delay in maturity, was exactly three weeks, —-from September 28th to October 19th. And when the final pick- ing was done, the amount and brightness of the color on the nitrate plots was actually greater than it had been on the checks. The average increase in color on the treated plots, 2, 3 and 6, over the checks, I, 4 and 7, was actually as great as 10.3 per cent. The great importance of maturity on the trees in increasing color is thus clearly shown. The importance of sunlight, we had already determined in an earlier experiment. In it, we found that after the apples were picked, exposure to sunlight increased their redness by 35 per cent., while the checks in the dark and those exposed to electric light showed no definite increase. We may also mention the facts that color may be materiallv affected by certain kinds of spraying and by internal variations such as appear in the solid-colored variants from the Gravenstein and 20-Ounce. These points also are discussed in our Annual Report for 1910-11, but space is too limited for further consideration here. Relation of Fertilization to Size. Again referring to Tables A' and \7, we see that nitrates have apparently reduced the average size of the fruit. Phosphates have given only a slight benefit, if any ; while potash and manure have given quite important increases. This ai)parent benefit from potash is interesting, and it may indicate an actual fact, since size depends so much upon moisture and potash has been credited physiologically with the ability of increasing the osmotic power of plant cells. All these apparent influences on fruit-size, however, must be considered in their relation to the size of the crop on the trees. A year ago, we j)lotted a number of curves from data given in connec- tion with a fertilizer experiment at the New Jersev Station, in order to determine definitely, if possible, whether any relation exist- ed between these two factors— fruit-size and size of the crop on the tree. We found that no correlation exists below what we may call a certain critical ])oint, and that, under the New Jersey conditions, the number of fruits on even moderate-sized trees' had to exceed about 1400 per tree before any percei)tible correlation appeared. Above this critical point, however, it is probable that crop-size is the dor- mant influence on the size of the fruit, though the exact position of the critical point may doubtless be raised or lowered somewhat by loral conditions of moisture, plant food, etc. 49 In our judgment, this has a bearing upon the fact that nitrogen has apparently ^f ailed to increase the size of the fruit in our experi- ments. The crop-size was raised so much that full size of the fruit was not obtainable. It also has an important bearing upon thinning. It means, in general, that if one thins an apple tree of even moderate size be- fore the number of fruits has reached a critical point, which may be 1400 or more, he can hardlv exi)ect to modify the size of the re- maining fruit, and the most 'effect of the thinning will be an actual reduction in total weight of apples at least for that year. Excep- tions to this may appear in varieties of extra large sizes, or in sea- sons or locations that are exceptionally dry. It also means that, below the critical or the thinning point, there is opportunitv for the other factors to exert their influence. It is here that such factors as fertilizers, cultural methods, moisture-sup- ply, and hereditv show their eff'ects, and they may co-operate in such a way as to materiallv raise the critical point. This assumes that the varietv is properlv located in respect to temperature and length of growing season, both of which are factors that may have an influence on fruit-size. We also may mention here the factors of pollination and number of seeds per fruit, which have been found to affect fruit-size by Frost and Muller-Thurgau in Germany. A Suggested Fertilizer Formula, with Conditions and Time for Application. Having thus seen something of the possibilities of fertilizers in orcharvis, it remains to point out some of the practical applica- tions. In general, we mav sav that where there is probability that plant food is needed, a good fertilizer is one carrying about 30 pound actual nitrogen, 50 pound actual P2O5, and 25 to 50 pound K2O rfl'y '■^smuk f ■^..r.^^^ I I 4 50 per acre. In many cases, the smaller amounts of K2O will doubt- less give better net returns than the larger, though there are some soils where this is apparently not the case. In certain of our cul- tural methods experiments, a fertilizer similar to this has very good results, especially in connection with tillage. In some cases in connection with sod or mulch treatments, however, it has seemed probable that the nitrogen was hardly sufficient in the above form- ula, though this is a point that will have to be determined more or less by local trial. The nitrogen can, of course, be furnished by manure or leguminous plants to a greater or less extent, if this is found desirable. In a few of our orchards, moreover, no form of fertilization has as yet produced a material response. This we consider due to the presence of other limiters, of which improper moisture supply is frequently important : though there are many other possible limiters. The existence of such orchards emphasizes the need of local tests before making large and regular expenditures for fertilizers. These tests can be readily made by treating one part of the orchard and leaving the remainder unfertilized. In the case of most young orchards, or in any orchard that is doing well in growth and fruiting and retains a thrifty foilage well through late August and Septem- ber, it is doubtless safest to fertilize only a small portion of the or- chard for two or three years and leave the larger part unfertilized. The fact that the trees are well loaded in a given year, however, is no sufficient reason for omitting the fertilizer that year. In fact, that is one of the best reasons and times for applying a proper fer- tilizer rather liberally, in order to prevent the total absence of a crop the following year, and in the long run to tend to steady the annual production. In case of the reverse conditions, — old orchards or those not retaining a Ihrifty look throughout the season or not growing and bearing satisfactorily, — it is best to reverse the procedure, and fer- tilize the larger portion, leaving only a small block to test the value of the treatment. In all cases, however, we strongly advise the use of a check until the real value of the treatment is well established. It is neither desirable to throw away money by too much liberality in the treatment of a crop, nor to fail to realize its possibilities by too niggardly a treatment. Hither course is an economic blunder, and the latter is especially deplorable because its effects is to de- crease the productivity of the whole nation. The time of application also we consider important, especially in the case of the nitrates. While our evidence is by no means com- plete on this point, yet we believe that it is quite posible to make the applications either too early or too late for satisfactory results. In fact, we have some evidence, from the work of certain orchardists, that leads us to believe that very distinct harm may be done by ap- plying nitrogen too near to the fruit-setting time, especially in the case of peaches. Other evidence indicates that nitrates applied too early in the season may be wholly lost to the trees. So that all things considered, we feel that nitrates should be applied not earlier than petal-fall in apples and probably not later than the ist of July, though some of our best results have come 51 from applications as late as July 8th. Most any time during the period indicated will probably get the most out of the nitrate appli- With the other less soluble and slower acting materials, the time of application is much less important. We know some careful observers, who even advocate the application of phosphate and pot- ash in the fall on peaches, and claim that they get the best results m that way Our own feeling on this is that the tmie of application for the mineral fertilizers is of relatively little importance. In any event, they are rather quickly fixed in the soil and they do not leach readily. Hence, we apply them along with the nitrogen, letting the time of application for the latter, which we do consider important, govern for all. Fertilization and Cultural Methods for Apple Orchards. R. A. Wickersham. What would have been the result if you came into this section where they have good soil? Dr. Stewart. We got some very good increases in our experi- ment in the Tyson orchard this past year, which was the first full crop on this experiment. Member. Do you prefer Nitrate of Soda? Dr. Stewart. We use it as a carrier of about half of the nitro- gen. Dried blood or other carriers should be satisfactory for the remainder. Dr. Mayer. Is the nitrate plowed in or harrowed in or put on the surface? , , r 1 ^1 Dr. Stewart. It is put on the surface and left there to be washed down in some cases, while in others it is harrowed in. I should not plow it in. Member. What variety in the Johnston experiment? Dr. Stewart. Baldwin. Member. Did vou try lime on sod ? Dr. Stewart. Yes, we tried it every way. Member. Did vou trv Basic Slag? Dr. Stewart. Not yet. We expect to begin something with it next season. Member. Are you going to give us the formula . Dr. Stewart. Yes, we will come to that afterwhile. Mr. Newcomer. How about the color of the fruit, is it a high, brilliant color? 1 ^t 1 . r Dr. Stewart. When we picked the fruit on the N -plots ot the Johnston experiment this year, there was more color and bright- er color on them than had l^een on the checks. Mr. Allis. Have you figures on the average cost of fertilizer f Dr. Stewart. $14.00 per year. $14.00 per year has given us an annual increase of 450 bushels of fruit. Member. How about the treatment where the grass grows rink ' Dr. Stewart. If the grass grows rank, I would try to get rid of it. I would plow it up and plant vetch. Member. Have you had very good cover crops in that or- chard ? iiifi I] '■:,i.!C:^ ■ >"-Tf^iWTvr'*v"'« i 52 Dr. Stewart. Yes, very good cover crops. Many of them as fine as could be. Member. Won't the roots get so near the surface in a few years that the mulch and manure will not have much effect ? Dr. Stewart. This has not occurred in five years. I would not attempt to say what is going to happen in the next five. Member. What is the relative cost of the two? Dr. Stewart. The cost of manure is usually much greater. The commercial fertilizer that we are suggesting costs about $10.00. E. C. Tyson. When you speak of $10.00, do you mean $10.00 per acre? Dr. Stewart. Yes, $10.00 per acre. Member. The comparison in results between manure and fer- tilizer is hardly fair. The manure would cost us about $30.00 in place of $10.00. Dr. Stewart. Well, it is certainly not against the manure. There is much more plant food in it. It is much in favor of the manure, so far as that is concerned. Dr. Stover. Which one pays best according to your chart, so far as your expenses are concerned and the results obtained? Dr. Stewart. So far, I should say that in general we have a good deal more net gain out of a properly compounded fertilizer. The net results thus far have been greater. Relative Values of Fertilizers in Tyson Orchard. The relative values of the different fertilizer elements as indi- cated by the results in the Tyson experiment, No. 215 are of con siderable local interest, hence the yields in this experiment are given separately. ^They are shown in Table VTI for the last four years, the fertilizers having been applied first in 1907. Table VII. Yiklds in Fkrtilizkr Expkrimknt 215. (In Tyson Orchard). (Yields in pound i)er plot, 1908-11.) Plot Treatment 1 Check, 2 Nitr. & Phos., . 3 Nitr. & Potash, 4 Check, 5, Phos. & KCl, . 0 Phos. & K2S04, ' v^necK, 8 Comp. Ftlzr., . . 9 NitrojT^en, 10 Check 11. Acid Phos., .... 12 Raw Phos., .... 13 Check, 14 Manure, 15 Lime 16 Check, Per Cent. 1908 1900 1910 1911 Totals Benefit 14 95 346 2,053 2,508 26 73 301 2,277 2,677 16.3 43 115 418 3,043 3,619 72.6 21 54 260 1,555 1,890 26 146 476 2,828 3,476 78.0 61 179 483 2,352 3,075 52.8 18 45 235 1,777 2,075 21 74 :u)o 2,885 3,280 64.4 17 83 239 1,746 2,085 8.9 17 89 150 1,579 1,835 3 43 153 1 ,359 1 ,558 —18.5 4 62 164 2,010 2,240 12.6 31 46 103 1,886 2,066 1.5 52 190 2,333 2,590 24.2 27 86 186 1,765 2,064 —1.9 10 76 115 1,922 2,123 Total fruit involved, last 4 years 39,161 lb. S3 /\s shown in the table, the first important crop on these trees appeared in 1911. Although some rather conspicuous differences were brought out by this crop, and also in some of the totals we are reserving judgment in regard to the significance of the results here until we get 'further returns. The figures are given, however, so that those interested mav see just what the results to date are, and draw their own conclusions. There are some slight irregular- ities in this experiment in age of trees and of Stayman grafts, but we have made corrections so far as possible to eliminate their in- fluences. , . . , ,1 A. careful study of this table brings out the rather surprising fact that thus far the ruling, element on yield here has not been nitrogen, but potash. The relatively low influence of nitrogen is consistently shown in the results of plots 2 and 9 and also in the manure plot. The strong influence of potash is shown just as con- sistently in the results of plots 3, 5, 6 and 8. It is evident, there- fore, that so far as can be judged from present indications in this experiment, a fertilizer relatively rich in potash should be used. These indications mav be connected with certain things in the previous treatment of the 'soil here and with the fact that the usual orchard tillage has been maintained over the tree roots. Thus the necessity for nitrates has doubtless been reduced. The appearance and o-rowth of the trees on the nitrogen plots, however, is such that we pl-efer to await further returns, before coming to any final de- cisions. Showing expanse of roots (15 feet on one side and 18 feet the other side) of tree set deep in 1897. Tree 13 years old when dug. Ml ^li «r..« «<...- •n»l>i.- r.i.ti-»TMr;<^~?'J-<'>«*.g \ I n't fl- » ri 54 Packing Fine Adams County AppUS. (Mammoth Black Twig.) SIZE, COLOR AND QUALITY IN FRUITS. DR. U. P. HEDRTCK, Horticuli^Ncw York Agricultural Ex- perimental Station, Geneva, N. Y. Mr. President, Ladies and'c^men: It is a genuine pleasure for me to meet the Adams County Fruit Growers' to-day My ac nua ntances and colleagues in New York, who have been here, have meetings vou have in this Association, and have had here f or years^ rjalf the more pleasure because I feel that the two states, the one ioun ing the otheV ought to be in closer contact m -Je- perta m \L to fruit growing than they are. My subject to-day is bize, Color and QuaS in Fruits." 1 want to discuss the relative values of these thVee principal characters in fruit in particular, in regard '' "^IZ rrrth^trf :ra cl^crimination agaii.t some sound oths l)ut it is well to face postive facts no matter how dis- r^rLab^^^ discrimination is unjust for when the same market Srdes of mos eastern and western fruits are compared, connms- feurs findX eastern the better. Unfortunately, public opmion 55 does not always march with the opinion of the connoisseurs. The difference between professional and popular judgment in this mat- ter comes about because of the general misconception of the relative value of size, color and quality in fruit. It is to a consideration of the values of these attributes that I ask your attention for a short time with the hope of suggesting something to stem the present com- parative unpopularity of the products of eastern orchards. Appreciation of' fruits comes through three of the five senses- taste, sight and smell, though the last is of little importance, bang so intimately connected with taste as to almost be a part of it. The senses of taste and sight remain. We grow fruit to eat and it would, therefore, seem that taste should set the seal and symbol on a good fruit But somehow a great number of people imagine that size and color are of more importance than quality and judge fruit by the eye rather than by the mouth. A misunderstanding, it might be said a quarrel, has thus arisen between the advocate of taste and si"^ht Extremeness of view, misapprehension of purpose, and not a little intolerance, is shown on both sides. Let us discuss fairly and without prejudice the properties of fruits which give them When the nurservman sets his net, in shape of an illustrated catalogue for the fruit grower, he baits it with gorgeous illustra- tions showing fruits of heroic proportions. The most frequent descriptive phrase accompanying this alluring bait is, "of largest size '' In his turn the fruit-grower usually makes an exhibit, or a sale or a present of his wares, with the apologetic yarn that he kept the 'largest for his own use, or he had larger last year ; or, if you catch him in his orchard he lets vou know that he could grow larger fruits if he were onlv so disposed. All this shows a craving after size— a craving that has been bred and is now stimulated by com- petitive exhibitions in which size is usually given first place. This has ^one on for so long that now in the eyes of the "average per- son/' personification of what we call the pu])lic, size is esteemed about the highest qualitv a fruit may possess. This feeling finds ex- pression manv times at every fruit exhibit when onlookers remark in a deprecatory tone, "I've seen lots of apples larger than those What are the true merits of size in fruits? The question needs careful consideration. We cannot make advance in horticulture until we know what we want. . • i- .• ',i^ ■ •■ . ■ ".-■<»■■ ^- ; - - M'. ■'Mism^ ri.. i0^>--H Hi '■"^''^*^-^ ; .-. ii-yii-c? I"'".' 56 miRht be increased in size to advantage and the value of many grapes and small fruits would be enhanced by greater size j ^ Not aUvavs but often, undue size in any variety is accompanieci bv in^eHo qS ity Tl is s especially true if size has been brought S^^h^^S^^ rich land in which case the fruit may ac ua ly be said to be ^'bloated/' The water and food are not properly as- sSed^n^^ L highly flavored solids of tl.e -^a^^^^^^^^^^^ are diluted or adulterated with water. This is the condition ot niich S the western fruit which because of -^?-f^^^^^^^^ in^ the less showy and less bulky eastern product to the rear, bo Z ext a arge specimens of tree or small fruits in this region in whicrsize is fttailied by high feeding or by such abnorma prac es Is ringing, usually lack in quality. From a 1 this we must conclude that nferf size is about the least needed quality for a good f rmt The dispute as to whether color is more desirable than qualitv is iu St L warni as the one over size and quality. Each has stout adiofates Td while both are necessary in a first-class market fruit, X there should be any question about the supremacy of quality oZ color, is unanswerable. We grow fruit to eat. What a para- dox to grow that which is unfit to eat provided only that it have high color Here again western fruit has a decided advantage over Sat from the East, for the question of color is argely one of cl - mate The fruit from the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast is certainly more highly colored than that grown east of the Missis- siDoi The sunlit West must ever produce fruits of brilliant hues ff like the complexion of Shakespeare's dusky Moor, the color o fruits ''is but the Inirnished rays of the Inirmshed sun. \et we ot the East make a fetish of color and often tmies laud 1 as being quite equal or even more desirable than quality in a first-class ^-a- riety, not only a mistake in judgment, Init an advertisement for the fruit' of our^western competitors. ,11 Tust now the fashion is for red apples and pears though red is not necessarily handsomer than any other color and certainly does not make the fVuit taste better. lUit fashions in colors of fruits change in markets and countries just as fashions in colors of dresses or coats or hats or ties change. At one time russet apples or pears were in great demand. In some markets \e ow Newtowns, or P>ellflowers, or Rhode Island Greenings are still preferred. Soiiie markets like white fleshed peaches ; others, the yellow fleshed ihe value of a l)lack or a red or a vellow skin on a sweet cheery depends upon the market to which it is sent. Color is for most part quite aside from the intrinsic value of any of these fruits else we shou d not have differences and changes in fashion. A hungry man should be as trulv thankful and should say grace with just as much unction over a Yellow Newtown as over a Jonathan or a Spitzenburg. Is high qualitv associated with intensity of color? A popular fallacy associates qualitv with color. Some say high quality is cor- related with low color, hence the oft repeated phrase, ' handsome l^ut poor"; others sav high quality goes with high color. Baldwin apples ■'. .■•>i- ■ ■ I- ^f. r^<.. • '" .--->'■, -': ^ •*•» '"a *■ :;R How THE York Imperial Grows in Adams County. (Every Apple Perfect.) turnipy fruits should go only to those who cannot f" ^f^ iljf ^'•;"^^! between a Jonathan and a Ben Davis, a l-.artlett and ^ fieffer. Peo pk need only to be educated as to what fruits are of h,gh quality and a profitable demand will be created. , , • . t^may be asked why the fruits of the Atlantic are of higher quality than those of the Pacific ^ea-board ! It i l^Jgf J^^. tlr ^i T have said before, of food and water. I.ut what comouw ;s;, t^^: eL;.,a.. pu.c« ;. is ^^r^^^t z £.:: tT^t'SI WS- S" .K A,,,.o,f, water, S„. rnrf ^'veTaualitv In His distrilnition of favors He has seen fit to charactering of this region by their quahty and those of western r^^^^^^ by their size and color. We who have Quahty have S talkinT-^^ about color and size which we have not Sobe second thought should show us that we should make most of that which we have— quality. 59 There is of course a great difference of opinion as to which the high quality varieties are of the several fruits. This is as it should be for if all mankind liked the same varieties we should have but one sort each of the several fruits. Fruit-growing would thereby be greatly lessened and what in Heaven's name would all the nur- serymen do ! It is well that there are many varieties, the number is a measure of the merit, and to pick out those of high quality each man must choose for himself, wading through the dismal swamp of varieties until he finds what pleases him. The difficulty is to bring the good varieties before the public. In what has been said I have sought to establish two facts; namely, that high quality is the chief of all the attributes of fruit ; and that the fruits of the East have it in greater degree than do some of their competitors. I have presumed to say, too, that East- ern fruit-growers take small account of quality which should be their chief asset ; rather do they magnify the importance of size and color, that which they have not, nor cannot have as some of their competitors do have.' lUit there is little use in this discussion if one cannot be somewhat precise in telling how the condition that prevails can be bettered. To this end 1 have a few suggestions to offer specific suggestions for individuals and general ones for the Society for this is a case where concerted action between individuals and societies is necessary. Speaking to individuals: — First. The individual fruit-grower of this region must come to realize in growing fruits for color or size they are beaten by the West and that their long suit is to grow for quality. This is true now but it will grow more and more so as the years go by. A man should grow sorts for the market that he is willing to eat hmiself. If individuals will make a reputation for the high quality of their fruits, a reputation will soon be established for the region. Second. Let every man deprecate above all things the oft made assertion that the public wants trashy stuft'— cares only for ap- pearance and not for qualitv. It is the fashion of the times to decry the public. Certain papers say the public wants only yellow journalism; some writers hold that the people will read only light or vulgar fiction; rag-time music is supposed to suit the public; theatres will present only sensational plays ; following the fashion some fruit-growers hold that the public has the tooth of a gorilla, the taste of a buzzard, the stomach of an ostrich, and by choice fills its maw on Ben Davis apples and Kieffer pears. It is not true that the public likes poor fruit, the better the fruit the more of it will be eaten. The public is slow moving but once it learns true worth in fruit its appetitie will be for the good varieties. It will not be content with poor or mediocre sorts. If it must wipe the tongue around the mouth and titillate the palate in order to find the flavor of apples and pears, it will take to oranges, bananas, grape-fruits and pineapples. Third. It is a good policy in this world not to break rudely with the old but to run smoothly into the new. It would hardly be wise for any man to cut down or graft over certain apples, or pears or plums, or pull out certain grapes beause they are of poor ^vi'^H^ ■■vl iin^i c Jew years \ man may be pardoned if he clings to some of the medi- ocre Varieties we now have for these are the elder-born to whom we have become attached in tenderly carrying them through a he p- less infancv, but as the physicians and midwives of horticu Iture bring in the new born let us l)e chary of a blessing until their char- aclef for high quality is established. Let them be '•born o blush unseen" and if christened let them remain in the limbo of the nur- seryman-s catalogue, if high quality be not among their accomplish- ments Let us raise the standard of excellence and accept only new fruits which are superior in quality to their predecessors. Fifth The nurserymen can do much to encourage the growing of good fruit and to secure the appropriate recognition of high qual- ity The country is filled with men and women from city, town and country who want to grow fruit for pleasure and profit When these embryonic fruit-growers pick the shell and get ready to plan they go to' a nurseryman for trees. Now if the nurseryman will sell all unfleged fruit-growers (the old hands should be able to take care of themselves) varieties of quality rather than what they can spare, fruit-growing and in the long run the nursery trade, will have been he%ed. Some nurserymen hold it to be their inalienable rieht to substitute when varieties run short. If all such will only 4n in a choicely good variety instead of an odd or an end, there will be less poor fruit. Nurserymen say they grow the varieties that fruit-growers want. In reality, however, they very largely force planters to take sorts that grow readily and make good look- ing trees in the nursery. Thus Canada Red, Winter Nelis, cherries on Mazzard, plums on St. Julian, cannot be had in the average nur- =;erv Trees for the orchard must be grown m the nursery ; trees grown in the nursery must be sold to the fruit-grower ; the weal or the woe of the fruit-grower is the weal or the woe of the niirsery- man If tree-growers would push the sale of varieties and trees that are truly most useful to the tree-planter, nurserymen, fruit- growers and 'the public all will be gainers thereby. I eaving now the individual there are some things that horti- cultural organizations can do to forward the interests of high qual- ity fruit and hence the interests of all eastern fruit-growers. It should be the business of eastern horticultural societies, one and all to make the public familiar with the names and the qualities of fruits With this knowledge fruit-buyers would pay the dif- 1 V (n •'i i 61 ference between good and poor quality varieties just as they pay the difference between a porterhouse and a pot stew. Why should they not? There are several ways of reaching the public in this matter Fruit-growers and their customers may both gain knowl- edge o'f what are the best fruits, and which of them may be grown, by a full and frank discussion of the whole matter at horticultural nieetings County and state fruit organizations ought to do more in the way of making instructive exhibits both at their meetings and at the fairs In these exhibits much more attention ought to Iv paid to fancy fruit— high quality fruit. Indeed it seems to mc tliat hia-her premiums ought always to be offered for choicely gooO fruits in plates or in boxes or barrels than for the varieties of poorer quality. Sometime, and it ought not be long delayed, the fruit growers of the East ought to get together, through their horticul- tural organizations, and hold a monster fruit show in one of our great cities as the fruit growers of the Middle West and the North- west are now doing yearly. These great fairs are likely to be held yearly in the West. Is the East to be behind in this matter? if . such a fair is ever held we must advertise in no uncertain way the high quality of eastern fruit. This is a matter in which the East has been altogether too modest. The world thinks the western fruit is best ; teach them otherwise. A rhyme of the trade once be- fore quoted in this connection is worth repeating :— "He who whispers down the well, .\l)out the goods he has to sell. Does not reap shining, golden dollars.^^ Like he who climbs a tree and hollers. In conclusion: Why do I discuss this matter? Is it to en- courage fruit-growing only for a select few who have the cultivated taste ^ Not by anv means. The common taste which falls to with a vigorous appetit'ite upon any fruit presented is now, and must ever be, the chief customer of the fruit-grower. But taste of the multitude should be educated by all possible means for better and better fruits. Why? Because in the long run it means the con- sumption of a great deal more fruit the country over ; and for the selfish reason that the Eastern States can grow fruit of exceptionally high quality but cannot compete with other regions in size and color of fruit bo I hold that it is reprehensible to grow fruits of poor quality? Possibly not, but it would seem in the course of time the wiping out, root and branch, of the apple and pear industry of the East if all fruit-growers grew poor varieties ; besides it woiild present the vile and sordid sj^ectacle of people deliberately de- voting themselves to growing poor fruit when they might as well grow good fruit. Do I say that high quality is the only requisite of a good variety? No, indeed. There are a score of requisites of fruit and tree that go to make a good variety but among these qual- ity is not now receiving appropriate recognition and it is for such recognition that I am pleading. Is this a matter of sentiment or of business? Both. I am not averse to putting some sentiment in fruit-growing but I hope I have not been arguing before a packed jury in trying to convince this society that it is business as well as 62 sentiment to grow good fruit. Is this not an affair to be dealt \vilh by fruit-growers? Yes, but in most well regulated enterprises someone must have the thankless task of blowing a whistle to wake people up or to tell them that it is time to get to work. I have been tooting the whistle and if I have tooted a little long and a trifle loud it is because of some anxiety lest the fruit growers of the East should fall behind or possibly get locked out. -o- Trinitv of Success in orcharding — CULTIVATE— FERTILIZE— SPRAY — Bailey. .ISl.. * Si' ^ ^ - ^■•■» ■■ ■ A 3 "^'. ?L^*.V f :-.»?-*: .« - », J(.,-* • '.*».■ ■ ; *■ .-■ '■ ■.<^.- }^0^ ♦ f,-. » t-j. '. » T^ ^.• 4 ' ! ' ** « i » ' * \ •^'* V ->. :*^ * ' , '.^•*^ •^. »• V ■ ,%»*, i! Eight- Year-Old Unprunki) York Imperial ApplK Tree. <^ <. i \ ^O^f^^vUUawk^^ .' 66 I I Picking Adams County York Imperial. (Nothing but Fancy Fruit in Sight.) EDUCATING AN ORCHARD. Clark Allis, President Nezv York State Fruit Groivers' Associa- tion, Medina, N. F. t Mr. President, Fruits Growers of Adams County: I had sup- posed that the Garden of Eden was in Orleans County but it seems that this must be the site because this is Adam's County. In our county the chief commercial apple is the Baldwin. Baldwins and Greenings are in the lead, and wmII continue to lead for a long time. Like a child, the education of an orchard should begin before it is born. When possible, buy trees of a firm who gets its buds or scions from bearing trees that bear good apples, for there is a great difference in apples. We have in one orchard what is known as ''Gray Baldwins" and under no conditions are they as good as our red Baldwins. Two years ago, in cutting over $500.00 worth of scions for one of your southern nursery firms, we did not cut any from the Gray Baldwins. I want a tree to be thrifty, large and 67 fairly straight with three or ipore good branches low down. I do not cut back the roots or top unless broken. ^^ ^ One of the first things I remember was "ut we usu^^^^ Iv sow a mixture of mammoth clover, vetch and cow horn turnips. Mr. Udell, the Baldwin grower, attri])Uted his success to ^P^owing 1^^ orchard using buckwheat for a cover crop. He said. My father was the first one to use buckwheat in orchards in our section He bein ts use about fifty vears ago. His orchard has not failed to produce a crop in over'40 years." To derive the most good from a coVer crop it should be allowed to grow until May or June ; bu on ?evel ground some of our l)est orchardists plow late in the f a 1 o lave tfme in the spring. Fall plowing should never be done in hilly ground for ^Erosion'' is a bad man to have on the farm or in the ''''^' Spraying is the most disagreeable and costly job ever invented and 4atan" never comes around the farm at that time for there ore no ''idle hands," everybody works, even father, he has to keep tiie steam pump running water into the large supply tank. We use - gasoline rigs with tanks of 300 gallons capacity. One man on the tank to drive and spray the tops, one man on tlie ground with a ^o'foot lead of hose to spray the lower limbs. The orchards are spraved twice before blossoming and once after. The first spraying I to^Q or 10 lime-sulphur for scale and blister mites The second ^Dravine i to 20 with arsenate of lead, 4 pound to 6 pound to 50 illons As soon as the blossoming is nearly done the spravmg begins on the Greenings as they are about the first to drop their netals usin^ i to ^S or 40 commercial lime-sulphur and arsenate ot lead. ^ We have no? tried spraying in August, yet will this coming '"''' "Ss past season has been so hot and dry fungous diseases have not bothered after apples were set. Unsprayed orchards this year were free as well as' the sprayed ones, but unsprayed orchards did not set much fruit. Already some are saying, 'Svell spraying hardly paid last year so I won't do much at it this coming year. Ihe lack of spraving on buds never showed better than for the past two sea- sons Last spring a young orchard adjoining my farm blossomed full I would have given $1,500 for his crop and sprayed it. l offered $;oo per acre for this orchard. The man did not spray or work his orchard, he had a failure. A friend bought a power spray- er but he spraved his neighbors orchard at the right time,- leaving his own orchard for a later job. It rained so he could not do his 69 own orchard when it should have been sprayed. But he won't do so again, for his neighbor had a fine crop, while he did not have any. Fruit growing is one perpetual picnic. It is ''up guards and at them'' fifteen months out of twelve, although we do not have to fight borers in apple, but it is worth it for it pays in dollars as well as in the satisfaction there is in handling a crop of nice fruit. Apple packing is the most serious question we have in the fruit business to-day and dealers are the worst sinners and are more to blame for the poor apples packed than the farmer. We are pack- ing No. I ''Fancy" 2 1-3 in. up and No. 2—2^ to 2>4, both grades faced with good apples of grade in the barrels with the rest of the apples, the same from face to the headed end, corrugated caps are used in both ends, a padded head is used to press the apples down first, then the head is put in. The best press we have seen is the Davis platform press with a large heavy iron ring nearly the size of the head to bring the pressure on the head where needed, instead of the center. This ring is an idea we have worked out ourselves and proves very satisfactory. Up to the present time we have put our apples in storage as soon as they can be packed with the packers sorting as fast as picked. All the drops and culls are drawn to the evaporator, keeping the orchard cleaned up as we go. At the evaporator apple prices are very satisfactory, 65 cents per 100 pounds for all that are on the ground" and the culls. We ex- pect to have a cold storage on our own farm and draw the apples to the storage, and if we are in a hurry the apples will not be sorted until they are all picked. The apples then will be cooled off and will stop ripening. Will not ripen a bit from the time they are picked until they get into storage. Prof. Hedrick. Three years ago last spring we set out 24 Baldwins, 24 Bartlett pears, 24 Elberta peaches, 24 Lombard plums and 24 cherries. Twelve we pruned as we had been doing in the past, thinning out the branches to form the frame work of the trees, cutting the remainder back to stubs. Is that the way you do it here, Mr. President? Mr. Eldon. Many of them do, probably not quite so short. Prof. Hedrick. Perhaps that is a little shorter than the aver- age. We cut out all the branches that we did not want. Member. What age trees? Prof. Hedrick. Two year old trees. The other dozen we cut out the branches we did not want but did not cut them back. These trees were set out a little late in the season. To my great surprise, the trees that were not cut back, in every instance, grew. We did not lose a tree. Of thev trees cut back we lost one-half. In the three years that have elapsed since then, the trees that were not cut back to the stubs have made the best growth. Over the old method of cutting back when the trees were set out and then pruning very severely, I am sure that we have made that great gain of strengthen- ing the tree by not cutting back but simply thinning out the branches. All of you who have wqrked about fruit trees know that the largest and best formed buds are on the ends of the branches. We are Nl I I V ♦ 70 tryins: the experiment of doing no pruning whatever, except to cut out branches that cross and branches that spring from the body that are not wanted. We are not cutting back any from the branches that we want saved, hoping to get a somewhat better formed tree. So much depends upon the conditions and so much upon your idea of a tree, that I am not writing down any arbitrary rule. Member. Do you not think if you stimulated the growth of the slow growing trees with fertilizer you would get a quicker lot of fruit? Prof. Hedrick. Well, it is possible. ^ . Member. The untrimmed tree is higher up in the air in two or three years than the one cut back severely, but not so stocky Prof. Hedrick. When you begin pruning young trees you have to keep at it. . , , , 1 i^- i.- Member. Did you ever try cutting them back and cultivating a eood growth the first year and never pruning any more? Prof. Hedrick. I have not seen that done. I think we would have too many branches without cutting back. Member. Did vou cut the peach trees back ? Prof. Hedrick. ^ We cut those back to whips, and curiously enough it happened to be one of those seasons in which the trees refused to throw out buds from whips. Some of our peach men are going to set their peach trees the same as we do the apples, without any pruning whatever. . Dr. Stewart. I wonder if we are justified in saying that win- ter pruning stimulates growth when even in winter we are cutting off those most vigorous buds that you refer to, and I have noticed that growers in England find that all pruning, regardless of season, tends to reduce growth and fruiting, so that my question here is whether or not we are really certain that winter pruning stimulates prj*owth. Prof. Hedrick. I do not cut off any summer or winter unless the limbs cross then they have to come off. Dr. Stewart. Personally, I do not believe that winter pruning stimulates growth. , , . „ , Prof. Hedrick. Well, you do not and I do, that is all there is of it. 71 A Cluster of Adams County Grown "Winter Banana," (every specimen perfect.) TILLAGE VS. SOD-MULCH. Dr. U. p. Hkdrick, Horticulturist, Geneva, New York. I Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : Commercial fruit growing is a comparatively new development in America. The first settlers of the new world brought seeds of fruits from the old world, for it was impossible, with their slow sailing vessels, to bring grafts or the trees themselves. All of the old orchards came from seeds. The first great impetus to American fruit growing came just after the Revolutionary War, when a great number of men in different parts of America became interested in introducing new fruits in America. They shipped to the old world the trees, flowers and plants that were found growing wild in this country, and .4» ilii^ ^2 I ^m m ^^^f^^'' '^ IL. ^^K.';' ■1 'u>'.,'' i' . . - - i ^:.a brought back varieties of the different European fruits. Horticul- ture had its beginning at that time. Steam navigation gave another impetus. Before that time trees and fruits could be carried over the ocean onlv with the greatest difficulty. With the advent of steam navigation these difficulties were removed and many varieties were introduced into America. At the same time the codlmg moth apple scab, wooly aphis and other pests which before that time could not be carried across the ocean, were introduced The third and chief impetus came after the Civil War. -It came with the better transportation facilities whereby fruits could be transported from place to place. Until that time fruit had been carried from the producer to the consumer only by horses, but now railroads and steamboats came into use. Later developments have been the use of refrigerator cars, cold storage plants and means ot evaporating and canning fruits. In the old days the fruits were wholly an adjunct to the farm. The tree<^ were planted near the house and along lanes and fences and in sod, and the orchards were pastured. The trees received comparatively little care. There was but little money to be made from fruit growing, but with the development of commercial fruit interest it was found necessary to change, and men began to culti- vate their orchards. It was found that the trees responded to good care Fifteen or twenty years ago practically all the Experiment Stations were united in the belief that orchards were improved by cultivation and tillage. There were some exceptions where or- chards were planted on hillsides or wet land. Some of these excep- tions were so remarkable that much attention was called to them. One or two of our agricultural papers in particular, began to cite the^e exceptional cases as best for all. This led to a controversy as to the merits of sod and tillage. Our Experiment Station, at Geneva. N. Y., felt that it was necessary to try the two methods side by side. I want now to give you an account in some detail of one of these experiments. Aly subject implies a controversy. The disputed question is, Will an apple orchard thrive and fruit l^etter under tillage or in sod with the grass used as a mulch? The Geneva Experiment Sta- tion is conducting two experiments to settle this question. This paper is largely a report on one of these trials of the two methods of orchard management, the other not having been carried far enough to warrant a report. In a controversy of any kind terms must be defined, and to properly understand an experiment the con- ditions under which it is undertaken must l)e considered and I hasten to these tasks. ... , Is it necessary to define tillage? The definition is short and clear. To till is to plow, cultivate or to hoe the soil. Tillage is an humble word with its flavor of soil and its suggestiveness of sweat- ing toil but it is an old word and should be an honored one. It has rendered rnankind untold and untellable service; it is practiced wherever there is agriculture in the world and nearly all of the 73 plants which minister to the needs of human kind have been im- proved by tillage. To plow, cultivate, or hoe, to turn and stir the soil, and so improve the crop, or so improve the soil, these simple operations were the beginnings of agriculture and the beginnings of civilization and they have been the chief tasks of all civilized peo- ples. Tillage is so universal, and is so essential a part of agricul- ture that those who oppose it for any domesticated plant should look well to its origin, to its history and to its present place in agri- culture before charging it with evil. There are two words to define in the compound word sod- mulch. Sod is soil made compact and held together by the matted roots of living grass. A mulch is an organic material placed about trees to prevent evaporation and to furnish humus. The sod-mulch advocates divide into several sects in their manner of making use of sod and mulch. One sect keeps sheep on the sod, another pigs, and still another says the grass is not sufficient and must be supple- mented with straw or manure. We can understand the experiment to be discussed better if we take a brief glance at the philosophy of tillage and that of sod-mulch. The objects of tillage are so well set forth by one of the leading living authorities on the subject. Professor F. H. King, that I give them without a change of a single word. '^ (i) To secure a thorough surface uniformity of the field, so that an equally vigorous growth may take place over the entire area. " (2) To develop and maintain a large effective depth of soil, so that there shall be ample living room, an extensive feeding surface and large storage capacity for moisture and available plant-food materials. " (3) To increase the humus of the soil through a deep and extensive incorporation of organic matter so that there may be a strong growth of soil micro-organisms and the maintenance of a high content of water-soluble plant-food materials. " (4) To improve the tilth and maintain the best structural con- dition in the soil, so that the roots of the crop and the soil organism may spread readily and widely to place themselves in the closest contact with the largest amount of food materials. " (5) To control the amount, to regulate the movement, and to determine the availabilitv of soil-moisture, so that there shall never be an excess or deficiency of this indispensible carrier of food ma- terials and through the plant. " (6) To determine the amount, movement and availability of the water-soluble plant- food materials present in the soil, so that growth may be both rapid, normal and continuous to the end of the season. (7) To convert the entire root zone of the soil into a com- modious, sanitary living and feeding place, perfectly adapted to the needs of the roots of the crop and to the soil organisms, — adequate- ily drained, perfectly ventilated and sufficiently warm. fl'lVM:; s •■\ J fi 74 " <9<\ To reduce the waste of plant-food materials through the destruction of weeS and the prevUon of their growth, through pSention of surface washing and dnfting by winds ^ U is impossible by any other means than *'! age to obum for £:ii:s S^' ]:::^^s;^r^rr:^^^^ with '"' ?amTo«,\oo, in being able to give the philosophy of the sod-mukh andTn the words of'' Mr Grant Hitchmgs^ who^^ as al know has been one of the chief advocates of it. Mr. Hitchmgs '^^'"This svstem gives one practically the whole Spring and Sum- ..,awber™s,g,«n pea. earlv P°'f ~^l^«,'„„'jf i„\rad'of paym^ r^Ho ™e,S£s aL c„W^^ Other ad.an.agas are .ha. you .hf mulh me.hod you Lum..late humus in your so,l; w,.h clean cultivation you burn it out or exhaust it. ,1-1 vf>Qr« old five acres tilled, five acres m sod. The soil is a meaium leavy cky loam rl^h. and containing enough gravel to -ake 't p-- ous'' It was sekcted as typical of the average f ^^Jard so, lo^^^ W^^^^^ nrn TvT^w York The exper ment being earned on is a broader one San a simple trial of t llage and sod-mulch. The experimenters hone ?o add something to what is now known about the food an Sk of trees-how trees take them in, make use of them, and w_U what effects • what influence soil temperature and soil ventilation Lve on the 'development and function of tree roots; and among stmoSer problems! what the relationships between grass and the '^^''ltTho,!j^l be said too, that the experiment is t« ™n t^" ^^^^^^^ least and that the results now given cover but If !• ^^ ' a '"'r. period and are therefore in some respects inconclusive and super- 75 icial. For instance, the discussion now centers around the yield if fruit. While of course the crop is the ultimate criterion of or- ;hard treatment yet the effect upon the trees as indicated by the leaf, ood and root development is quite as important an index of the fvalue of tree treatment as the crop of fruit. The care of the two plots in the Auchter orchard has been as 'follows : The tilled plot is plowed in the spring and cultivated from four to six times ending the cultivation about August first, at which time a cover crop of barley, oats or clover is sown. On the sod- mulch plots, the grass is cut once or twice during the season and allowed to lie where cut and decay into a mulch. The grass crop has usually been large, but last year it was enormous, thick and tall, standing to the top of the fore wheels of a buggy and no one could say that it was ever insufficient for a good mulch. In all other details of care the treatment has been the same in the two plots. The ultimate criterion of the relative merits of the management to which an orchard is subjected is the crops of fruit obtained. It is important, however, that trees should grow well and for the meas- ure of vigor there are several characters of the trees available ; as the leaf area on the tree, the length of new wood formed ; the number of new shoots and the color of leaf and wood. The properties of the fruit, as size, color, time of maturity, keeping qualities and flavor must be noted. We come now to a discussion of these criteria. The effects of the two methods of management on yield of fruit are shown by the following figures : Bbls. sod Bbls. tillage 1004 615.1 591.9 1905, 233. 278.9 1906, 210.3 531.1 1907, 275.3 424.3 1908, 325.3 722.5 Average yield per acre on the plots for the five years : sod, 72.9 barrels: tillage, 109.2 barrels; difference in favor of tillage per acre» 36.3 barrels. These results scarcely need comment. For an aver- age of five years the tilled plot shows an increase of a little over one- fourth above the sod-mulch plot. The figures first read show that each succeeding year the difference becomes greater, indicating a continuous loss of vigor in the sod-mulch trees. One of the chief advantages of the sod-mulch method, as put forth by its promulgators is, that it is a much less expensive method of caring for an orchard. The average expense per acre of the two methods of management for five years was $17.92 for sod; and $24.47 ^or tillage, a difference of $6.55 in favor of the sod. It is true that the outgo has been greater for the tilled plot but the in- come has been greater. The cost of production has been materially less for the tilled trees and that is the main point in the whole dis- 'cussion. A cheap and easy way of growing apples is not neces- |sarily the most renumerative way. Leaving the yield of fruit for a brief consideration of the [effects of the two treatments on tree characters we can mention first ^mt^-r : «Hn Hr- i inii m-' 1 r<^' - ^■•>.'.-fc-«;.,'.^ »•>■';.• Tr • ■ c'Ta-' ,-.^..- * ;^ i'^\ .'■'■■J ■J ^:-•■• mi w ' '.'>H ^::. '■■i-^M aT^^v •*'^^'; \- \[ if » 76 the leaf area. Measurements of leaf area were not made but the merest glance through the orchard would show that there were more and larger leaves on the tilled plot than on the sod-mulch plot. The experienced orchardist knows that sparsity of foliage and smallness of leaf can indicate but one thing, ill-health. So, too, there was something amiss with the color of the leaves. It did not need a trained eye to detect the difference in color of fol- iage in the two plots. The dark and rich green of the tilled trees could be noted a half mile from the orchard indicating an abundance of food and moisture and the heyday of health, while from the same distance it could be seen that the foliage of the sod-mulch trees was pale and sickly. Of all the signs of superiority of the tilled trees the color of the foliage spoke most eloquently and more than one man of the hundreds who visited the orchard was heard to say as his eyes lighted on the contrasting colors of the sick and of the well trees ''that satisfies me." The absence in color in the leaves of the sod-mulch trees was due to a lack of chlorophvl or leaf-green Chlorophyl is essential to the assimilation of plant-food and when It IS lacking the trees become starved and stunted. The leaves on the sod-mulch trees assumed their autumnal tints a week or ten days earlier than those on the tilled trees and the foliage dropped that nnich earlier, thus seriously cutting short the growing season of the grassed trees and thereby impairing their future vitality. The new wood produced by the grassed trees tells a similar tale of injury. It was not half that produced on the tilled trees- the twigs were not plump and well filled out ; there were fewer \iew shoots ; and the wood of the mulched trees lacked the clear, bright rich brownish tint of health so that in mid-winter one could pick om mulched trees and tilled trees by the color of the wood. As to color there is no question but that the fruit from the sod- "]. ^]^'^ 'f.i""^^ ^^^^ highly colored than that from the tilled plot. 1 his difiference varies with the season. JMulched fruit ripens trom a week to two weeks earlier than tilled fruit. If the varietv and the season are such that the tilled fruit can remain on the trees some days after the mulched fruit must be picked the difference in color IS much less. The lighter color of the tilled fruit is readily and clearly explamed. The coloring matter in the skin of the apple like that in the leaves, consists of chlorophyl or leaf-green The coloring of ripening fruit is due to the changing of the chlorophyl ot the skin into the colored substances of autumnal tints. There- fore since the sod fruit ripens earlier it colors earlier and in most seasons better. The abnormally high color of the sod fruit in this orchard is one of the most marked signs of the deleterious effect of the sod on the trees. Every man of experience has observed that when a tree is starved, stunted, girdled, or injured, its foliage and its fruit take on high color. Radiant color in fruit or leaf is often the hectic flush of a diseased patient. The bright color of the fruit of the sod- r^'ui V'u^' "'""^ ^^ purchased at the expense of the vigor and the nealth of the tree. 77 I' A WelIv T11.1.KD Orchard. The latter ripening period of the fruit on the tilled plot would be a defect with some varieties and in some localities but in general in New York late ripening is an advantage. Fruit from both plots for the five years has been kept in cold storage to test the relative keei)ing qualities. This work has been in charge of Mr. G. H. Powell the cold storage expert of the United States Department of Agriculture, who writes me in brief : ''There appears to have been little practical difference in keeping quality between fruit from sod land and fruit picked a few days later from the tilled land." There is but little difference in the quality of the fruit when specimens can be had at the same degree of maturity. But the tis- sues of the sod-mulch fruit begin to break down so quickly after harvesting that at any time after this period the tilled fruit is better in quality. This has been true in all of the five seasons, a fact af- firmed by repeated testing by those in charge of the experiment and attested by many who have seen the fruit at the Geneva Station, at horticultural meetings and at institutes. The more pleasing color of the sod-mulch fruit leads many to think it is of higher quality but it requires only a taste to convince to the contrary. ■^■wm M L>V. . ■■■-^ ►,^'.. ^iVv. ■ -.-■' [T-. " ; 'ft'p'; I 78 In considering the causes of the differences noted between the two systems of management we can do little more than state the hypotheses which seem to account for the results. The experiment is by no means concluded and definite reasons cannot be advanced until all the proof is in. Yet it seems to me I am warranted in offer- ing the following hypotheses : First. Plant food is more available in the tilled plot than in the sod plot. That there is an abundance of the plant food necessary for the welfare of the trees and the production of crops in both plots is certain. For the trees in the tilled plots showed in all respects, good feeding, and such trees in the sod-mulch plots as could get anv considerable portion of their roots in soil where there were no grass roots, likewise seemed to be well fed. Moreover, two of the chief elements of plant food, potash and phosphoric acid, were added to a part of the trees in each plot for three successive sea- sons and without appreciable results in either case. It is evident that there is plenty of food in the sod land but for some reason it is not available to the apple trees. The trees are starving in a land of plenty. Second. The sod-mulch does not conserve moisture as well as tillage. The chief study in the Auchter orchard for the summer of 1907 was that of the water content of the soil in the two plots. One hundred twenty-eight samples of soil were taken at different times during the summer and under conditions safe-guarded in every way possible to determine accurately the amount of moisture in the soil. The analyses showed, approximately, that the water content in the tilled soil during the past summer, was twice as great as in ^he sod plot, thereby substantiating what has long been claimed that tillagewis a better means of conserving moisture than mulching. Trees must have water. If an apple tree bears ten barrels of fruit, there are about eight and one-half barrels of water in the tree's output. In a full grown apple tree it is estimated that the total leaf area is about 1,000,000 square inches. Mr. F. C. Stewart of the Geneva Station has counted the stomata or pores on a square inch of the apple leaf and finds that a fair average is about 150,000 per square inch. Or for the leaf area of the whole tree, 150,000,000,000 pores.. Now to supply the demands of its ten barrels of apple chil- dren while these mo,ooo,ooo,ooo pores are constantly giving mois- ture is enough to drive a tree to drink and the apple tree becomes a hard drinker. When in the heat and drought of summer, the apple tree is compelled to share its scant supply of water with the thirsty horde of hangers-on found in an orchard sod the trees rnust suffer. Still further, a diminished water supply entails a cut- ting off of the food supplv. Plant food enters the tree as a solu- tion and an apple tree suffering from lack of water as a necessary consequence suffers from a lack of food. A thirsty plant is a hungry plant. Third. The sod-mulch soil is less well aerated. In the ex- periments we are carrving on I have not attempted to secure evi- dence on this point. It is obvious that sod interferes with the air supply in the ground beneath it and it is not hard to believe that such M r:'-< 79 interference would hinder the proper development and prevent the proper work of roots. The muffler of mulch which forms a part of this system of orchard management would of course intensify the deleterious effects of the sod in the above respect. Fourth. The soil temperature is lower in the sod-mulch plots than in the tilled plots. It is possible that the harmful action of grass on trees may be accounted for in part by the influence of the sod on the temperature of the soil. During the summer of 1907 the soil temperatures were taken in the tilled and mulched plots twice a day for 41 days at the depth of six and twelve inches and under as nearly comparable conditions as circumstances would per- mit. At both depths the difference was in favor of the tilled plot. At six inches the difference was slight, being only one-third of a degree but for the greater depth, twelve inches, the average in favor of the tilled plot was 1% degrees. It is not an assumption to say that the higher temperature is most favorable to the growth of the apple tree, for plant physiologists, soil physicists and bacter- iologists agree that an increase in soil temperature is favorable to plant growth. As one of them puts it, "The soil is a great factory that has its production vastly increased as the temperature rises." Fifth. There are probably differences in the biological or ''germ life" activities taking place in the soil. This is a matter upon which I am not qualified to speak with certainty. But I know that the men who are studying soils find that there are various kinds of micro-organisms inhabiting the soil which have much to do with the proper functioning of the roots that grow therein. The soil is teeming with countless millions of living organisms which bring about necessary changes of one kind and another in that soil ; with- out them higher vegetation would not grow. Now the activities of these beneficient organisms are dependent on soil conditions and King tells us, in the quotation given above, that tillage induces a strong growth of soil micro-organisms ; that it improves tilth so that soil organisms may spread readily and widely ; and that it converts the root zone into a commodious and sanitary living-place for the soil organisms." Sixth. The gfrass may have a toxic or poisonous effect on apple trees. At the Fifthieth Annual Meeting of the Western New York Horticultural Society the speaker gave an account of a series of pot experiments which seemed to show that grass roots in some wav poisoned peach trees erowing. The United States Department of Agriculture has published a number of observations and experi- ments to show that different plants growing in the same soil may poison each other. I am able to give also the results of a most excellent series of experiments planned and carried out on the Woburn Experimental Farm in England. These experiments were planned to show the effects of growing trees in grass, the latter to be used as a mulch. The following gives the gist of the results of the experiments in question : "As to the general effect produced by grass on young apple trees, the results of the last few years have brought forward nothing ^^^H li'^.-'. ^ ^■1^^^^ 1*,,. . •^ ■^^^^^^■^1^ n f^:- 4^^B %'K. - ^ ••« i-'': m i7-^' :-iS. <«■■ if f) 80 which can in anv way modifv our previous conclusions as to the intensely deleterious nature of this effect, and we can only repeat that no ordinary form of ill treatment— including eyen the combma- tion of bad olanting, growth of weds and total neglect— is so harm- ful to the trees as growing grass round them. - '^ ''^ The eyidence which we shall bring forward will, we belieye, be sufficient to dis- pose of the yiews that the grass effect is due to the interference with either the food supply, the water supply or the air supply of the tree, and that it must in all probability be attributed to the action of some product, direct or indirect, of grass growth which exercises an actively poisonous effect on the roots of the tree." I do not put forth the 'statement that grass poisons the apple as one having been proved but I say that it may be so. In conclusion you are warned that particular cases do not warrant general conclusions. The Auchter experiment is in many respects a particular case and the apple grower must bear in mind that under other conditions, his own perhaps, the trees might have behaved very differently. The Auchter orchard was selected as being typical' of Western New York conditions and the results ob- tained may therefore be regarded as especially applicable to this region. But there are peculiarities of soil and location which might change them even in Western New York, and no doubt they would be more or less changed in Pennsylvania. It is a simple matter for an orchardist to plow up a part of a sodded orchard and cultivate it for a few years: or as easy for one who has a tilled orchard to lav a part of it down to grass, cutting the grass as a mulch, and in'a few years he can see what happens. We want more experimenters among fruit growers and these are good experiments to try when a man becomes dissatisfied with the crops of apples he is getting. The opportunity of giving another warning can not be lost. The sod-mulch method is heralded as the cheap-and-easy method. But some men can not stand cheajvand-easy methods. If they be- gin by applying it to tillage they are likely to look for a cheap-and- easy way o'f planting, the Stringfellow way for instance, a cheap- and-easv way of pruning and a cheap-and-easy way of spraying Some will di'sembarass themselves. with the necessity of taking care of their trees at all and in the end will wind up as ornery, no-account apple growers. I do not mean to sav that all will but some of them will. You remember no doul)t in Pilgrim's T^rogress how Bunyan's characters had their natural associates. Thus the young lady whose name was Dull chose as her com])anions. Simple, Sloth, Linger- after-Uist, Slow-pace, No-heart and Sleepy-head. Cheap-and-easy has his natural associates and they are a bad lot. Take care how you cultivate their acquaintance. Better keep them under a sod- mulch. In chemistry, physics, astronomy and all of the exact sciences the workers cons'titute a jury of keen, trained men before which new doctrines can be tried. ' The jury is always sitting and false doctrine is quickly weeded out. Agriculture has no such jury. Its workers are scattered; many are apathetic; they differ in training and in degree of intelligence ; and they speak many languages. There can, y- I />» 't 81 therefore, be no suitable jury to try new doctrine, and there are no recognized authorities to approve or disapprove of them. It comes about, therefore, that false and erroneous doctrines often grow un- heeded and choke out the true and the useful. Agriculture needs now and ever to be defended against false doctrine. I am ventur- ing to play the part of a defender to day and if I have gone far in defense of tillage and in condemnation of sod-mulch it is because there is need. C. J. Tyson. Has there been any possibility of advantage of cover crops? Mr. Hedrick. The tilled plot of the orchard has always been well supplied with nitrogen through cover crops plowed under. The sodded trees have always responded to applications of Nitrate of Soda. Mr. Allis. Have you any figures showing the increased income from that orchard after it got on its feet from cultivation? Mr. Hedrick. T have the figures that were published in our bulletin. For every $100 we have taken from the sod plot, we have taken $150 from the tilled plot. T think I may say that during the time this experiment has been running in western New York there has been a tremendous increase in number of tilled orchards. There are, of course, a good many neglected orchards now in sod, but more and more the growers of this fruit, as with other fruits, are coming to till their trees as they till their corn or any other crop. I believe that Mr. Allis will agree with me that tillage is almost the invariable rule in western New York. C. J. Tyson. I think that this su1)ject was suggested here for the reason that we are not by any means of one mind on the ques- tion of sod and tillage, and simply for the sake of bringing out the other side, I would like to ask your opinion of this proposition: Whether the expenditure of the difference in the cost of handling the sod and the tillage in manure, mulch, fertilizer or sod, might not bring as good results as the tilled method ? Prof. Hedrick. It won't bring it in New York. We have tried that very thing. We have used Nitrate of Soda in excess and yet we can't bring the trees up any way near the capacity of those that are tilled. T have seen the two methods carried on so long, both in eastern and western New York, and have worked so much with these kinds of tillage with trees, that it seems to me almost cer- tain that where tillage can be given it is the better of the two methods. Member. Do oats and l)arley supply nitrogen ? Prof. Hedrick. Oats and barley do not supply Nitrogen. R. M. Eldon. If land is moderately steep or rolling, how would you alternate tilling it and leaving it in sod? Prof Hedrick. That can be done well, especially if you use clover as sod. Bluegrass would not do so well, but to alternate clover with tillage is a very good plan on land that is too steep to till every year. The addition of organic matter in the shape of straw or hay is absolutely impossible in New York. You must grow * h"^ 1 p f ' "m i P-' ...M \> l t\ 82 on the land the mulch you are going to place under the trees. If you can buy straw at a reasonable rate, to cover the ground, it will far better take the place of tillage than the sod-mulch. Member. Have the eight year old trees in the Hitchings or- chard borne any fruit? Prof. Hedrick. No. In the last two years we have had blos- soms and ought to have had crops of fruit, but both years the blos- soms have been killed with frost, which accounts for our not having had a crop. 83 One Section op Adams County Fruit Which Won Blue Ribbons at Recent Fruit Show in Pittsburg — York, Stayman and Grimes. m^OM'S -'V. "'''''. S' 1 \> A" b'A '•*^ An Ohio Cold Storage House. COLD STORAGE A NECESSITY, Mr. Clark Allis, Medina, N'. Y., Commercial Orchardist (500 acres in apple), and President Neiv York Fruit Groivers Asso- ciation, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : The reason I have been studying lately on the storage problem is because the buyer seems to have a corner on the storage question, with us, and wants a large share of the profit. What I say may not be right or to the point, but it is as I have found it. T saw a clipping in a paper this week in which the opportunity is so great that I am not sure but some of our fruit growers had not better go into this instead of fruit growing. Millions in It. A brilliant plan for getting rich is being worked out by an enthusiastic promoter. Only the chance to buy stock in it ("tele- graph your order!") remains. The company is to operate a laree cat ranch near Oakland, California. To start with, the promoter will collect about 1,000,000 cats. Each cat will average twelve kittens a year. The skins will run from 10 cents each for the white ones to 75 cents for the pure black. This will give 12,000,000 skins a year to sell at an average of 30 cents apiece, making a revenue of about $10,000 a day gross. A man can skin fifty cats per day for $2. It will take one hundred men to operate the ranch, and there- fore the net profit will thus be $9,800 per day. The cats will feed on rats and a rat ranch will be started next door. The rats multi- ply four times as fast as cats. One million rats will give four rats I 82 on the land the mulch you are going to place under the trees. If you can Iniy straw at a reasonable rate, to cover the ground, it will far better take the place of tillage than the sod-mulch. Member. Have the eight year old trees in the Hitchings or- chard borne any fruit? Prof. Hedrick. No. In the last two years we have had blos- soms and ought to have had crops of fruit, but both years the blos- soms have been killed with frost, which accounts for our not having had a crop. 83 A N Hr< v^^ OxK vSkctiox of Adams County Fruit Which Won Blui-: Ribrons at Rkcknt Fkuit Show in Pittsburg— York, Stayman and Grimks. An Ohio Cold Storage House. COLD STORAGE A NECESSITY, Mr. Clark Alus, Medina, N'. Y., Commercial Orchdrdist (500 acres in apple), and President New York Fruit Groupers Asso- ciation. Afr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : The reason I have been studying lately on the storage problem is because the buyer seems to have a corner on the storage question, with us, and wants a large share of the ])rofit. What T say may not be right or to the point, but it is as I have found it. I saw a cli])])ing in a pa])er this week in which the opportunity is so great that T am not sure but some of our fruit growers had not better go into this instead of fruit growing. Millions in It. A brilliant plan for getting rich is being worked out bv an enthusiastic promoter. Only the chance to buy stock in it (''tele- graph your order!") remains. The company is to operate a laree cat ranch near Oakland, California. To start with, the ])romoter will collect about 1,000,000 cats. Each cat will average twelve kittens a year. The skins will run from to cents each for the white ones to 75 cents for the ])ure black. This will give 12,000,000 skins a year to sell at an average of 30 cents apiece, making a revenue of al)out $10,000 a day gross. A man can skin fifty cats per dav for $2. It will take one hundred men to operate the ranch, and there- fore the net profit will thus be $9,800 per day. The cats will feed on rats and a rat ranch will be started next door. The rats multi- ply four times as fast as cats. One million rats will give four rats INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE ill Kturt 84 per day for each cat. The rats will feed on the carcasss of the cats from which the skins have been taken, giving each rat a fourth of a cat The business will be self-supporting and automatic, ihe cats will eat the rats and the rats will eat the cats, and the company will get the skins. Telegraph vour order. My county ^Xittle Orleans," is less than twenty by twenty-hve miles in size, yet it produces more apples than any place the same size in the world, and has thousands of acres of young orchards not pro- ducing vet, '"but soon." Five shipping points in western New York ship m6re apples than the entire states of Washington and Oregon. Our county has seven cold or chemical storage houses with a capacity of 313,000 barrels, which did not begin to take the apples produced this year when a light crop. What will the fruit growers do with their apples when a full croj). This year many of the apples were sent out of the county to be stored, as long as storage could be obtained. When no more storage could be secured, apples were sold at a low price. Some storages that had promised to take growers apples suddenly gave out the notice, '' Storage all taken, no more room." One storage that gave out this report had an agreement with a western buver not to raise the price of apples and they would both get apples cheap and the western buyer would store 20,000 barrels with this storage. This buyer takes annually from our town for a couple months work enough clear money to buy one of the best farms in the countv. It is reported now that the storage was not filled. M^ny growers could get no storage, so sold out and when they finished drawing could have secured from ^o cents to 75 cents per barrel, more for their apples than they sold for earlier. This was a clear loss and could have been saved if there had l)een storage room. . , , 4. r My storage bill this year is over $2,000 besides the extra cost ot drawing apples to the stoVage and the loss. of time waiting to unload when at the storage. During the busy time, an hour or more of waiting to unload is quite a frequent occurrence. Then again the loss on a crop stored in the ordinary storages from the practice of the storage men in alwavs expecting to handle all the apples stored with them. Besides the legitimate 40 cents storage charge, they alwavs want to make a profit as big as possilile and some years doubling their monev. One time the storage men by accident froze the top'three tiers of barrels over my entire block of apples. The damage was not discovered until I took an out-of-town dealer to look at the apples. The storage man said, "Well, I knew your apples were very badly covered with fungus, so I put the tempera- ture down to keep the fungus from si^reading." He stop])ed it. He bought the apples and when he took them out, said they were the best apples in the storage. For some time, I have had an idea of a farmers' storage, but at the present time all the farmers, who were interested and ready to go in, have been bought off with promises or scared out by a mis- representation of conditions. When I began to look up the storage proposition, I thought I knew a lot about storage, but it is like mak- ing books, "There is no end." In our section there are two kinds of chemical storages used and each advocate is sure his kind of chem- f v«< <-1 w I*-. I ^f^ 85 ical is the only one to use. The ammonia system most generally used has to be pumped at a pressure of 200 to 300 pounds to the square inch, and in case of a leak or break in the pipe has been dis- astrous to the workmen, and in some instances large damages have been obtained against the owners. The next chemical in popularity is Carbonic acid gas CO2, but it has the disadvantage of requiring a pressure of from 900 to 1300 pounds per square inch. The users of each chemical tell of the dangers of the other kind and the benefits of their particular plants. With each one it requires a double set of machinery complete in every way to guard against a breakdown and heavy losses; for the storage company is liable for the loss by over cooling or loss from lack of cooling, if you can make out a case, Init they will always put up the cry of, "poor stuff" and try to prove that the reason why the fruit did not keep was entirely owing to poor quality. The ammonia storage men claim for their system, that if any escapes by a leak or break, the odor is detected instantly and the defect attended to at once. They also claim a cheaper method than gas to start in with and should a gas system break or leak, there is no way to discover it as the gas is nearly or quite odorless. Carbonic Acid gas users claim there is less danger -to workmen from the gas than from ammonia, and the gas, what little does es- cape acts as a preservative and keeps fruit much better than the ammonia system. One of the large storages of 80,000 barrels capacity uses Car- bonic acid gas. This storage is a stock company and the company does nothing but straight storage business, never buying fruit. Their stock has averaged net 20 per cent, profits, besides a surplus since it was built, for a period of twelve years. One of the houses using ammonia have paid big dividends since they started, seven or eight years ago, and a retiring partner this year received 200 per cent, for his stock. The third system of chemical storage for fruit that it adapted to the north, is what is known as the "Gravity Brine System." Mr. G. Harold Powell, formerly with the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture but now with the Citrus Union of California at a salary for the first year of $10,000, says where natural ice can be secured cheaply, the "Gravity Brine System" is the best and by far the cheapest. Mr. Powell has spent much time studying and investi- gating cold storage problems for the U. S. Department and is one of the best informed men on that line in the country. Madison Cooper, of Calcium, N. Y., has erected nearly 150 storages of this kind in the United States and Canada. Canada is more kind to her fruit growers than Uncle Sam, and where storage buildings are needed pays 30 per cent, of the cost of new storages. The "Gravity Brine System" is a chemical cold storage the same as the other two, but uses ice and salt with calcium carbide. Usually at the side of a brine storage house, is erected a room for ice well insulated, where ice is kept for use in the storage. No saw- dust or other covering is used to keep the ice, depending entirely on the insullation. When operating the storage, ice is run through the ice breaker to an elevator which carries the broken ice to the tanks 86 87 ,1 fTWiV OBvwr I-OMaiTUDlNAl. SeoTIOM LONGITUDINAI. SECTION OK A "GrAVITY BriNH) SySTEm" CoLD STORAGE HoUSE. (Courtesy, Madison Cooper Co.) in the top of the building where it is mixed with salt. This mix- ture goes into the tanks which have pipes filled with calcium carbide and water. These pipes go through all the storage rooms thus cooling them to the required temperature. There is a complete system of ventilation for all the rooms drawing out the bad air, which contains carbonic acid gas that is thrown off by the fruit and re- placing with fresh air. Pears going into storage hot in the sum- mer weather throw off more carbonic acid gas than do the apples, which are put in in cooler weather, and replacing with fresh air. These fans are run on frosty nights in the fall and when cold weather comes can be used at any time, thus saving the cost of ice in operating and giving fresh air to the fruit. Mr. Hartwell, who ran three cold storages at one time but who is now managing the 8o,ooo barrel ammonia plant at Brighton, N. Y., came to the conclusion that the old way of storing fruit with no ventilation was bad on the fruit, so at a big expense has put in a complete line of fans, piping, etc., that will change all the air in the rooms in a short time. Carbonic acid gas in any quantity through the lungs is a narcotic poison, while taken through the stomach does not act as a poison, but is refreshing. Mr. Cooper and Mr. Hartwell both claim and seem to be able to prove that carbonic acid gas is detrimental to fruit and should be removed. This idea has not been absolutely settled, but in visiting the different houses, one cannot help but notice better air and freedom from fruit and other odors in rooms where fan circulation is used than in rooms where the same air is kept through the entire season and from year to year. The air is damp and heavy with no life in it. vl-' ^>' y^A^ f THE COOPEIL QRAVmr DKINE 5Y3TEM AND CHLORJDE OF CALCIUM PROCESS Brine Tank and Coils of a "Gravity Brine System" Cold Storage. One feels depressed in the room not ventilated besides the unpleas- ant odor from the damp barrels. Some kinds of wood give off a disagreeable odor and when barrels are made from these kinds of wood, the odor from them for the entire season is almost sickening. The ammonia and carbonic acid gas systems of storage call for houses of 40,000 or more barrels capacity to keep the cost of operat- ing down to a paying basis. Two complete duplicate systems of machinery must be always ready in case one should break down and two competent skilled engineers must always be on hand, one for day and one for the night shift, and in the Brighton, N. Y., stor- age three engineers working on an eight-hour shift at $25.00 each per week, and these must be kept the year round for they cannot be picked up when wanted. They also employ two firemen. This makes the operating of storage plants very expensive where ma- chinery is used. The cost, at the present time, of an up-to-date storage house is about $2.00 per barrel for the plants requiring dup- licate machinery and about $1.50 per barrel for the ''Gravity Brine'' houses, thus giving the brine operated houses the advantage in building as well as in operating. Electric power, where a cheap rate can be secured, is the cheapest power, but the new internal combustion engine like the Deisel & Busch using crude petroleum is worth investigating as petroleum is a very cheap material to pro- duce power. The ice and brine plant requires no high priced or expensive machinery in duplicate, but with its systems of fan cir- culation the outside cold air can be utilized, thus insuring good air and saving ice. The size of the plant does not enter into the prob- lem as with the two first propositions, but natural ice at a low cost ■ '.;■ f . X<-;,tJ-':M 88 seems to be the one necessary item. With the brine system, if one owns it himself, he can sell his fruit at any time and stop storage and insurance charges. If your apples were in some commercial storage, the fixed charges for the season must be paid, no matter when the fruit is disposed of. I have been working on the storage deal this fall and have de- cided on a 10,000 barrel gravity brine plant for our own use. Will put the apples in barrels, heading them without pressing, putting them into storage as soon as picked without sorting. If help is scarce, sorting the fruit on rainy days or between kinds, or after the crop is entirely picked. If help is plenty will keep a sorting gang at the storage drawing all the apples there to sort. Should we leave our apples to sort until picking is done, it would l)enefit the evaporator man by allowing him to evaporate the drops before they decayed and holding the picked cuils to the last. We will have our storage house on our farm between the steam and trolley tracks, with siding from both. Will also have a large evaporator on same siding, thus insuring short hauls for picked and dropped apples. Storage is absolutely necessary and notwithstanding so much rot published for the last few years in city papers about storages making living more expensive, it tends to equalize the cost of liv- ing. Without storage it would either be a feast or a famine, a glut in the market and produce of all kinds selling below cost of pro- duction and then a market bare of the same things that had been wasted for the lack of storage facilities. Cold storage is an infant, but a few years old, but he is growing. Mr. Case, of Sodus, one of the best growers in the state said that he lost a lot of apples this year at the last end, the apples just got ripe and dropped off. If he had had a storage to liave drawn his unsorted apples, he could have saved his entire crop, sorting them after the apples were all picked. Mr. Lewis. What is your plan in regard to temperature? Mr. Allis. I never ran a storage, but think a temperature of from 30 to 32 would be right, or prol^ably to 35. R. M. Eldon. ^^'e would have no difficulty in getting natural ice. C. J. Tyson. Do you know the quantity of ice needed? Mr. Allis. Mr Cooper came to see me last week. He said that for a house holding 10,000 barrels, it would require 1,000 tons of ice in a year. C. J. Tyson. How late would you figure on holding the apples with that quantity of ice? Mr. Allis. I think that their idea until the following spring, until June. My idea has been for some time that many apples have been nearly ruined in storage. They come out from in the center, while apples kept in a cool cellar, about 40 degrees, are kept in bet- ter condition than in the cold storage. I think apples will go to the consumer in better shape from the excessive cold of the cold storage. Member. Would apples freeze at 32? Mr. Allis. No, not in a barrel. I k . 89 * R. M. Eldon. During January and February would you con- template using the natural temperature? Mr. Allis. With such weather as this I think apples would keep without ice at all. E. C. Tyson. It would be necessary for you to think of the maxium amount, would it not, as some years you would not use any scarcely? . Mr. Allis. As I understood Mr. Cooper, 1,000 tons was the maximum that would ever be required. E. C. Tyson. What does he allow for waste between the times of storing the ice and using it next fall ? Mr. Allis. If the house is properly constructed and insulated there will be very little waste. I think Mr. Hedrick has had quite a little experience and can answer some questions that I do not know anything about. Mr. Hedrick. While I was teaching in the Agricultural Col- lege, Michigan, I worked for several years in connection with the college storage house, holding over 6,000 barrels of apples. I can give you any information about running it but cannot give you the figures. The system worked satisfactorily. It cost 50 cents per ton to put up our ice. We had no trouble in keeping it, there was very little waste. Sometimes the ice would be in the house three, four or five years. This small storage plan worked very well in- deed. There are, I believe, one or two in the Hudson River dis- trict. Member. Was the storage room insulated with cork? Mr. Hedrick. It was. There were two thicknesses of cork and two cavities, or air spaces. The cork was only thin, there was no 3-inch cork. Member. Must ice be taken from the storage room and put somewhere else? Mr. Hedrick. Yes it must be taken from the storage room, mixed with salt and put in the top. You must understand that you have, in the top of your storage, a system by which you make brine and crushed ice, and a pipe system running through your room which carries brine. Member. Is this circulation carried on ])y gravity? Mr. Hedrick. It is carried on by gravity entirely. Member. What would be the life of the tanks in regard to salt? --■ ' ' ' ' Mr. Hedrick. We have used this house for several years. It is still in use. So far as I know the pipes have never been changed. It is calcium chloride in the pipes, I do not know what the life of the pipes would be. You might have to renew them. Member. As the pipes run through the tank, I should think that salt would corrode them and very likely would be sharp. Mr. Allis. I asked Mr. Cooper that same question, and he said that the life of the pipes was several years. Member^* Do you remember the size of those pipes ? Mr. Hedrick. About ij/^ inch. They ar^ not expensive pipes. E. C. Tyson. Is the question of ice a daily process while in operation in hot weather? 'J:^m^'' m: 90 Mr. Hedrick. In hot weather it is a daily job to have a man crush the ice and take care of it. At this time of year it is probably a weekly job, taking an hour or two to put the ice in. Mr. Allis. A 7I understand it. the elevator runs from the ice house to the upp^' story where the ice is mixed. There is also another point I hity:thought of in this system, that the ice storage room would be nearly empty at the time you picked your apples in the fall. You can store your apples in that room until you have to fill it with ice the next winter. I asked Mr. Cooper about that and he said it would work all right. That would give you that extra room. E. C. Tyson. Do I understand that the temperature is auto- matic ? Mr. Hedrick. The temperature is pretty nearly automatic. If you are looking after it closely you can make it automatic. It varies little more than chemical storage. E. C. Tyson. What attention would be required? Mr. Hedrick. Putting in more ice and more brine, keeping that more regularly supplied in order to have a lower temperature, and m openmg the ventilators and running the fans. It is always an easy matter. And there are also automatic thermometers to help vou out. Member. What runs the fans? Mr. Hedrick. Electricity. In a plant the size of Mr. Allis' it would almost be necessary to have a small engine or electric power. 91 Starting Melons in Hotbed. A Fine York Imperial Apple Tree. BUSINESS METHODS IN MARKETING APPLES. W. J. Lkwis, Pittston, Lucerne County, Pa., Commercial Orchard- ist and President of the Fruit Growers' Association of Luzerne County, Mr." President, Ladies and Gentlemen: We up in Luzerne have for sometime recognized the fact that in the Adams County association you had one of the strongest societies in the east. One that was doing more for itself and its members, and one that had been and still is, an important factor in the development of the fruit industry in this section. For that reason I have looked forward with pleasure to the time when I could meet with you. That anticipation of pleasure is now more than fulfilled. I have assur- ance also that my being here at this time will be a pleasure to you. Lest you might take that feeling for one of conceit I will explain why I have it. A few weeks ago at our Luzerne County meeting your Mr. C. "^J. Tyson was with us and gave us two very interesting and instruc- tive addresses. While there he asked me to come to this meeting and address you on the subject which has been assigned to me. I tried to be excused with the plea that I had been so busy the last 15 years trying to learn how to grow and market fruit that I had'nt had time to learn how to tell about it in public, but he said ''Oh, they . are a good natured bunch down in Adams county and will put up '^' with most anything.'' So I have risked your everlasting displeasure and will do the best I can. I When I get up to talk in public I am reminded of a story I read a few weeks ago. A young man was to address his first audi- ence. After he had been duly introduced he forgot everything he I ■'WM v^ PvA'-■-l'■'.»'^■■v?'.J3•)J ':^.>\:i^:f^-f^ [: 92 had intended to say. His mind was entirely a blank. The only hTng he coufd think of at all was a little story he had read ni a paper a few days before, so he had to give them that^ He saul • Friends greaTora'iory is almost a thing of the past. The kmdo oratory that sways men's minds and influences their whole life is almost gone, clsar is dead, Abraham Lincoln is dead and I am not feel- ine^ verv well myself.'' . , . . ^. I am just a little reluctant to bring up this subject in the pres- ence of you people who have had considerable experience in the growing and marketing of fruit, many of you being much older and having had more experience than I have had, but we have all had dffferfnt experiences and these things appeal to us m d.fterent ways For this reison I shall hope to call your attention to a few thing in marketing as I have seen them, with the hope that it may be of some little value to you. While my subject is the marketing of fruit, what 1 shall say along this line will apply equally as well to any or all other farm crops. The advances that have been made along horticultural lines the past few years are simply wonderful. We naturally expect any new industry just starting up to make marked progress, but in horticulture 'we have one of the oldest industries known, as we presume that ever since the apple was in the garden of hden more or less fruit has been produced. And now after these thousands of years to start up and make such progress is nothing less than mar- velous The sources from which we may learn how to grow crops are many. We have our United States Department of Agriculture, our several state departments, our agricultural schools. Farmers Institutes, books, papers and last but not least these associations but unfortunately, while these tell us how to grow crops, they don t give us much instruction on the marketing of them. \ow, that seems to me one of the most important things we have to consider : it is the end of the business from which we get the price to buy the necessities, comforts or luxuries of life as the case may be. Notwithstanding the wonderful progress that we have made along the line of crop production, we must admit that other indus- tries have better systems of marketing their product than we have. And yet I do not recall the first practice followed in marketing other products that would not apply equally as well to ours. 1 do not know of any better way that 1 can call your attention 10 a few things I wish to at this time than by a short study of the methods of those engaged in other lines and comparing their ways with ours. Just for the purpose of comparison 1 am going to try and call your attention to some of the ways and workings of the International Harvester Company. As you all know they are a large corporation with many factories turning out many different implements, and yet they make Intt one thing in each factory^ This might suggest to us the advisability of being a specialist. I think the day of the specialist if not already here is coming very fast. Many arguments might be brought in support of this, but the one having to do with my subject is this : H we are growing but one crop we can produce that in sufficient quantity so that our influence is felt in any market that we care to enter, and to the extent we can 1-^ ') 93 make our influence felt, just to that extent can we control prices. This fact might dictate to us as to what market we should go. A market in proportion to the size of our supply. ^ Another point to which I wish to call your attention is the matter of cost. We, in order to market intelligently must know the exact cost of any product we put upon the market. From what I have seen since I have been in your county I believe you have a better development along horticultural lines than we have in Lu- zerne yet if I should ask you how many of you knew the exact cost of any product vou ever put upon the market I doubt if one of you could tell me.' I hope for your sake that I am wrong about this It is a principle as old as the hills that in order to trade (and that is what marketing is) intelligently you must know the value of what vou are trading in. This matter of cost may look like a bio- job to you and I will admit that it does require some study and thought to work out a system to properly work out the cost of our different crops, but when vou have such system once started it onlv requires a few minutes each dav to keep it in shape. Bear in mind that the International Harvester Company have their own ore-mines and forests from which they take their raw material and their busi- ness requires a much more complicated svstem to know the cost of their product and vet they have it because it is absolutely necessarv that they should. 'l believe it is very possible for us to make a nice little profit on four or five acres of some crop and loose it on a pair of pigs or a dozen chickens or visa versa just because w^e don 1 know the cost. ^ - ^' r .u^ Another thing this companv does : At some certain time ot the year they take a complete inventory, so that they can tell to the cent Whether' their operations for the year have been at a profit or loss. What would it be worth to us now as fruit growers if we had done this every year and should do this again on the first day of next Tanuary and then set down and figure out just what we had made or lost during the year that is past and then take our cost account and tell just what crops we grew at a profit and which ones at a loss. What a guide to us in our future work. ^ . . t^ Another thing they do very extensively is advertising. It was said a year or two ago,' in the sale of automobiles for instance, on a $2,000 machine, that absolutely $1,000 of that was spent for adver- tising and placing the machine on the market. Now I am not say- ing that it would pay fruit growers to spend so large an amount proportionately as this,' but there are many little and cheap ways that we can use to call the attention of the pul)lic to the value of the apple as a food. lust last week in conversation with a western apple man he told me that it didn't make anv difference where you went or for what purpose in Spokane you heard the apple talked about Those western fellows are just filled up with it and we can see the result of that kind of advertising in our eastern markets. I heard another good authority say that if fruit growers would ad- vertise and educate as extensively as the breakfast-food people did that there wasn't enough apples grown in the United States to sup- ply the population of Pennsvlvania. Bear in mind that their pro- duct has no value as a food in comparison with ours. m \^ 94 Another thing it does'nt make any difference whether a mow- ing machine is sold at home, in South America, Africa or Austraha, the identity of the manufacturer and the place of manufacture is never lost sight of. The only place that this doesn't count in is the junk heap where the price has fallen from about $45.00 to $2.00 Friends, there is entirely too much of our product sold as junk, it you are turning out a product that you are ashamed of, let it go as junk, but if what you have for sale is as good as the average stamp your reputation on to it, show the consumer that you are not ashamed of it and you will be surprised what a lot of confidence you can inspire in him and what a price he will pay for it. As illustrating that and another thought in advertising, we sell a good manv of our apples in our local market, and two years ago we thought of putting a shipping tag on each of our baskets It was not addressed, simplv put on the basket. The merchant asked what we put those on for, and we said we wanted the basket back. He said he would keep the baskets for us, but some other fellow might find out where he was getting the apples and compete with him I told him if I found our baskets sitting out without our tag on them we would quit him. That is advertising and identity. Another thing that the International Harvester Company does when they have a machine ready to go out they never go out to a fence corner and pick up some old piece of wood to make a case for it. If you wanted to buy that machine and it had an old case on it you would think it was an old machine. They use a nice, new, bright case. It pays them to do it. r - ^ I do not know how you people here market your fruit alto- gether, but in our countv I have seen apples as good as the average of these exhibited going to market in boxes that hens had roosted in, in old weather-beaten boxes, and I have seen them in a dog-coop. I do not believe you do anv of these things or I would not dare say so much. But to get back to the marketing end of it, we must put up our fruit in a package that is going to add to, rather than detract from its appearance. Another thing that thev do, they rake this country over with a fine-tooth comb, as it were, to get the very best man they can for a salesman. What constitutes a good salesman? In the first place, he should be good-looking ; any of us can fill that bill. He ought to be reasonably well dressed ; any of us can fill that. He must be a man of fairly even temperament. It does not make any difference what appears, he must not get angry. In other words, he must always be able to turn the bright side of the deal out for the in- spection of the public. For illustration I want to tell you of an incident. A farmer went into a grocery store to sell potatoes. He wanted 80 cents a bushel for them. The groceryman came out and shook hands with him and asked him how things were going out on the farm, and whether he had pretty good crops, and by that time they had reached the office. . , The farmer sat down and poured a tale of woe into that man s ear that would have made even Job turn green with envy. The groceryman had troubles enough of his own. The groceryman dis- t I t T 4 i^ \ i 'i^^r 95 pised him because he saw that that man dispised his business. He did not care to do business with him. He said ''I will give you 70 cents for your potatoes." The man would not take it. The next day another man zamt in and shook hands with the groceryman, and by that time the groceryman had somewhat re- covered from the host of the day before, and he asked him the same questions and treated him the same way. They had not been in the office fifteen minutes before the groceryman was ready to turn his business over to that farmer. This farmer had been prosperous the whole year. The fact was that the first man had been the most prosperous of the two but he did not know how to advertise. He sold all the potatoes for 85 cents. Never let the other fellow see how dark your side is ; keep good natured and you can sell. A salesman must have confidence in himself and faith in his product. That implies a whole lot. In the first place, to have con- fidence in himself he can make his way anywhere and go anywhere. If he thinks he is going to make a sale and get a good price, he is going to do it. . . , . Now in conclusion, there are quite a good many little tricks in marketing that I might call your attention to. I mean there are little ways of keeping your customers good natured. I do not mean dishonestly. To sum up what I have said, we ought to get more actual business into our marketing. We have got the best business on earth. It is worth a good deal more consideration and atten- tion than we give it. In proof of the fact that we have the best business on earth, I would challenge any one of you to name any other business that you are acquainted with that would stand the lack of attention that we give ours, and see if you can think of any business that would stand the methods we use. It may be that you people down here are very much more advanced along these lines than we are. There has been quite a considerable controversy the last year or two in regard to the per cent, of the consumer's dollar that the fruit grower gets, and the "Rural New Yorker" has it figured down that we get only 35 cents, or less, of the consumer's dollar. I won- der how it would work if we would say that the consumer is paying $3.00 for one dollar's worth of goods. If the consumer was not responsible, it would be up to the growers to make the change. We have got a whole lot the best end of the string, it seems to me. I do feel sorry for the large bulk of consumers. If the conditions are as we see them, the next move is up to them, and any move that is made to remedy that condition must come from the con- sumer. That is about all I have to say on this subject, and I thank you. R. M. Eldon. Are you interested in storage? Mr. Lewis. We are only interested in storage, at the present time, in the natural storage. We have a little storage building of our own, and I am not just prepared to say that that storage would work out on an extensive scale, but by choosing varieties, we keep apples in that storage that we sell all through the fall and winter season, and keep them up to the middle of May and June, with very little loss. Moreover, we have customers who say they will i \ 96 rbsolutelv not buv cold storage apples. Whether the flavor goes out of coW storage apples, I do not know, but they thmk the apples ^'^ r T'^1"'dI ^;;°'lron^the cars, or how do you get ''^Vr.Tetfs: Practically all the apples we grow we grade and the better erade we box, just as you have these boxed here and those we shin all o^er the world, and what we call seconds, are fairlv good applt which we sell in local markets, hauling them .n bushel baskets, by wagon. . 1 n :> SrSis^ YefsirTwe'^t ^e in bulk. There are just a few Httle^^inJ; X I might c'all your attention to.. We have our regu- lar customers that we supply. We have six m ^ 'l><^«^-^'^[^ j/°'^ in the city of Pittston, and four m Scranton. Anyone outside ot those few we would not sell a bushel at any price. People get anxious for anvthing they can t get. .^ f ter we ha^ . markS to%hem a little while, a fellow once in a while will get a Ht?le independent and when that fellow tells us his rec,uest for that dav or the next dav, it mav be lo bushels. When we go there the next day we onlv give him' six bushels. Tf we just try to give him one eSa one he would fade away, but if we cut hun short he gets '""MrHoucr\ou speak of having your own storage Can vou keep vour apples without using ice? 1 think tnat would take he flavor.- How do vou preserve your apples to keep them? Mr Lewis. We'have a storage built of concrete i6 feet wide and 80 eet long and 10 feet high. We went into a bank our feet so when the thing was completed we had taken out just enough d^rt to cover the top. It can be arched over with concrete or stone orXZ:ir is th'e cheaper^ We ventilate it from the tojx n nicking, we take our apples just as they are picked, ^ot over 13 S 20 minutes from the' time they are taken from the trees we hav^ them in the storage. The important point in storage is to get them romptlv in storage. At picking time we have occasionally a co Id ay and a cold night, and any day it is colder outside than inside we open yentilatoPs and then close them again. We have it well enough insulated that we can hold it at whatever point we have ^ ' Mr Houck. Would it be an advantage to have a mode of forc- ing cold air underneath and letting the other pair pass out at the *^^ ' Mr. Lewis. Tf you hold a match up to the chimney you can tell which wav the current is. i • i ij:j Member. TTow many apples will a cave that size hold. Mr Lewis. We have this in bins. We grow quite a number of varieties. We pile them 8 feet in bulk. We put in the side bins, Sie kinds we know we are going to keep the longest. By being very economical in space it will hold 7, 500 bushels C T Tyson What do vou think of the attitude of the con- sumer'to help himself out by 'taking fruit direct from the grower. Are they inclined to do it? f.'l > i^*^ ^V 97 Mr. Lewis. The class of people that are doing that are the wealthy class, but the people that I fear are almost at the starving point do not seem to consider that at all. They do not seem to care about it. W. S. Adams. What are your leading varieties? Mr. Lewis. That is a hard question to answer. We have yy varieties in bearing and there are only a few of those that are not profitable. Tf I were to set another orchard I would not set more than nine. E. C. Tyson. Tf you were growing apples with a view of mar- keting in carloads you would not want so many varieties. Not over nine. Mr. Lewis. Some people advise two or three. Member. Have you selected a list of nine that you consider best for your locality? Mr. Lewis. Yes, nine or ten. T could give you that list for our location, but you know something about our latitude and our soil is a silty loam. Tt is a little different soil from anything they have ever found in this state. Our altitude is 750 feet. If you will bear those conditions in mind I will give you the list. If we want to start in early we take the Yellow Transparent, then the Red Astrachan for the first general purpose apple. Now, I do not know what your conditions are here as to local markets. I do not know if it is advisable to grow summer apples in carload lots. You come nearer getting a supply of good eating apples in the winter than in the summer. Tt seems to me that the summer apple is the ])rofitable apple if it is taken right off the tree and sold without any liandling and without storage. Gravenstein, Mcintosh, Baldwin, Wealthy, Smokehouse, Stark, Duchess, Wagner. They are all good bearers, have good color and all the quality that we can ask of an apple in our section. W. W. Boyer. The best grade you talk of shipping all over the world, in what package do you ship them, and how do you find the market? Mr. Lewis. We ship them in barrels and boxes, wrapped. We find the markets partly through fruit shows, advertising in that way. If you were able to go into the remotest corner of the United States and do something just a little bit better than anybody else has ever done it, you could not hide it, the people would get there to find out about it. Tf you will ])ox apples that are just a little better than the average in the city markets, it is just a question of finding here and there a customer. One customer will tell another, that one will tell another, and in that way you will get your market. Member. Do you ship direct to the customer? We ship di- rect to the consumer. Member. Do you know what your storage cost you? t 98 Mr. Lewis. $1200. We built the storage at picking time, and every two or three weeks an out-of-town commission man came to buy our crop. One came in one day when we were picking and asked'if we were ready to sell. We told him we were always ready He said. "I bought a whole lot around this country for 65 cents but these are just a little better, and if you will keep still I will give you 80 cents." I told him to go with me to where we had a few piled up and show me how many he was going to pick out When he got there his eves were quite a little bigger than when he was in the orchard. He'said, "I will give you $1.25, but I see hat you are not ready to sell." I said "No,' we are not ready to sell. We did a little better than that. We had 4,000 bushels. • . .„ A good little storage would be a good thing for you, just to hold as a club over the buyers. The Stayman Grows Largic When Weli. Cared For. K r >''v-J . 99 •.1|^-- ' <:<'■.> »«. >,<-v "..>"'-JV. ■l-% Hi •.i>i -*, v.» . '^^^ ';'v< ; ■ *' '. \\t »«^«S. A.- m*mm y^::^-^^ s — . ♦• ***%■»■* * l*.-*^i.. js • «»*. ; Williams' Early Red. A very satisfactory Red Apple for early summer. THE EASTERN FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, ITS PLANS AND PROSPECTS. Mr. N. T. Framk, Secretary, Martinshurg, W, Va. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Down in Berkeley County, West Virginia, we are accustomed ordinarily to say that there are two leading County Horticultural Societies in this part of the country ; first the Berkeley County Horticultural Society and second the Adams County Horticultural Society. I shall go home from here and tell my people that we must immediately call a special metting and start a fund to put up a building. I see that we are second to you in Adams County which we cannot afford to be. We are going to have a building. Personally, I have for a long time wanted to get to Adams county. Now that I am here I assure you that I am very much gratified to see the audience that is here to discuss the subject of marketing. If there were no other impression or information that I could carry away from this meeting I should feel that I had been well repaid for coming over here simply to hear Mr. Lewis' practical talk on marketing problems. He told us a whole lot of things that will do us all good, and I particularly agree with him that in com- mercial fruit growing even in Adams County and Berkeley County, ,^0_ V, , . . - - =^1^^= r^-- 98 Mr. Lewis. $1200. We built the storage at picking time, and every two or three weeks an out-of-town commission man came to Iniy our crop. One came in one day when we were picking and asked if we were ready to sell. We told him we were always ready He said. '•! bought a whole lot around this country for 65 ^ent^ l^ut these are just a little better, and if you will keep still I will give you 80 cents.-' I told him to go with me to where we had a few piled up and show me how many he was going to pick out. When he got there his eves were quite a little bigger than when he was in the orchard. He'said. '"I will give you $1.25. but I see that you are not ready to sell." I said "No.' we are not ready to sell. We did a little better than that. We had 4,000 bushels. A good little storage would be a good thing for you, just to hold as a club over the buyers. yy I .. ^Iv 'U.i /■ ' vli The Stayman Grows Largu Whun WulIv Cared For. WiLUAMs' Early Red. A very satisfactory Red Apple for early summer. THE EASTERN FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, ITS PLANS AND PROSPECTS. Mr. N. T. Framk, Secretary:, Martiiisburg, W, Va. Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Down in Berkeley County, West Virginia, we are accustomed ordinarily to say that there are two leading County Horticultural Societies in this part of the country ; first the Berkeley County Horticultural Society and second the Adams County Horticultural Society. I shall go home from here and tell my people that we must immediately call a special metting and start a fund to put up a building. I see that we are second to you in Adams County which we cannot afford to be. We are going to have a building. Personally, I have for a long time wanted to get to Adams county. Now that 1 am here I assure you that I am very much gratified to see the audience that is here to discuss the subject of marketing. If there were no other impression or information that I could carry away from this meeting 1 should feel that I had been well repaid for coming over here simi)ly to hear Mr. Lewis' practical talk on marketing problems. He told us a whole lot of things that will do us all good, and I particularly agree with him that in com- mercial fruit growing even in Adams County and Berkeley County, INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE lip 111 I M I lOO we ought to have ripe, well developed apples to put on the market in the fall, whereas, at the present time, we are then putting on the markets cull apples that are not fit to eat. When you or I pick up a basket of grapes from a fruit stand and take them home they look fairlv good Init when we taste of them find them green, we do not buv any more grapes for some time. Now, the man or woman in New York, or Savannah or New Orleans who attempts eating York Imperial apples in the fall, does not buy any more apples until he or she is forced to do it. We want to have a ripe apple on the market in the fall season even if we sell that apple at cost We shall be educating the people to use our later apples when they do ecome npe.^ has nothing definite to do with the Eastern Fruit Growers' Association. Two years ago a number of fruit growers from our section went to Washington and appeared before the Com- mittee of Agriculture to further the passage by Congress of a bill giving the Secretary of Agriculture authority to quarantine against infested nursery seedlings. There seemed to be inadequate methods of detecting the imported brown-tail moths. We felt, in our sec- tion, that if a nest of brown-tail moth should get scattered we could not aflford to sprav against it. r j i o When, however, we reached Wa.shington. we found only a handful of fruit growers from two or three sections. We put up an argument before the Aericultural Committee which was admitted- ly strong, but we could claim before that Committee to represent onlv a handful from the fruit growing industry. We learned that a number of your people. I think several of you gentlemen from Adams countv, had l)een down to Washington furthering the pass- age of the so-called T.aFean Bill, standardizing packages. We were in favor of the LaFean bill. Your people went down to push the LaFean bill, we to inish the Simmon bill. If we had all been there backing both bills, we might have got favorable reports. It. therefore, seemed advisable that some form of interstate organiza- tion be effected, and last vear at the Hotel Raleigh. Washington, the Eastern Fruit Growers' Association was organized. Many of you have copies of the constitution with the minutes of that meeting last vear In concise terms, tlie idea of the Eastern Fruit Growers' As- sociation is that the organization is a legitimate lobby m the interest of fruit growing in \'irginia. West \'irginia. :\laryland. Pennsyl- vania, Delaware and District of Columbia, and to further legislation which will help our fruit growers. . , , ^ • „ If anv matters come up before the Agricultural Committee, the officers of the Eastern Fruit Growers' Association are expected to be advised of that fact and arrange for hearings at which all the fruit growers can be represented. There are certain interstate problems which affect this whole territory that neither your state society nor tlie Maryland state society, nor the \'irginia state society, can alone successfully solve. , , , , • ' , • The second annual meeting has just been held this week in Washington, and in this connection T would like to beg the pardon of the \dams countv society. When we arranged for the Washing- ton meeting T told Air. Lupton I thought tliere would be no con- r lOI flicting dates this week. It was unfortunate that we should have picked out a date that made it impossible for any of your people to be in attendance. At the meeting at Hotel Raleigh on Tuesday and Wednesday of this week, the matters discussed were as follows : It was decided that in the following line of work laid down we might more profit- ably confine the membership to the five states, Virginia, West Vir- ginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware, taking in, of course, any people from the District of Columbia. We did not feel that we necessarily would be antagonistic to New York or to Georgia and states farther south, although matters might come up where there would be a conflict of interest ; but we felt that we could accomplish more by limiting the membership to these states. You will notice by the constitution, that the Eastern Fruit Growers' Association is open to membership to commercial fruit growers or men and women engaged in scientific research work relating thereto in the five states mentioned. The membership fee is $i.oo; for societies, $5.00. It is to be hoped that Adams county will join as a society and a num- ber of you as individuals. What shall the standard package law be? You people are backing a proposed LaFean Jjill standardizing a 28^2 inch barrel stave. We were fighting for just such a barrel. In Virginia the state law makes standard a barrel one inch shorter with a 27}^ inch stave. If any effective legislation on standard packages is to be passed by Congress, the fruit growers who are vitally affected must go before Congress united and demand the same standard. If you people from Pennsylvania, and we from West Virginia and Mary- land go down before the Agricultural Committee in favor of a 28>4 inch barrel, but the strong Virginia Society send a big delegation up there claiming that such a standard is unjust, and there should be a 273^ inch barrel, it is very likely that the bill will never come out of tiie Committee, which fact proves the necessity of an organi- zation like the Eastern Fruit Growers' Association. The result of the discussion was that a committee of five, one from each of the five states, was appointed. This committee is expected to canvass the sentiment of their various states. I hope we can persuade the Virginia people that they are wrong. If we do persuade them then the fruit growers will go before congress united in effecting legis- lation along that line. I have here a table of rates on which Hagerstown is taken as a basis for this section. On the shipments going to points like New Orleans or Jacksonville, the freight rates from all stations are just the same as the Hagerstown rates. Now the point is this : The price of apples through this whole York Imperial belt depends largely upon the lowest price in any one section. If the dealer can buy York Imperial apples in Winchester or Martinsburg for $2.50 he will not come here and buy yours at $2.75. This York Imperial belt is well defined, and my experience is that the lowest market price, packing and other things considered, governs the territory. The rate from Rochester to Memphis is thirty-five cents per hun- dred, and from Hagerstown to Memphis, thirty-five cents per hun- dred. Your York Imperial may not go so exclusively to the south- ■■'V^t^-i M I \ v\ I02 em markets as ours do. A great many of your ^PPjf ' "^X^;*^^'^'. po south A buyer comes in here with the idea of buying 20,00c. barrels of apples^ He finds, however, upon investigation that he can buy 20.0S barrels of New York apples and get them into south- em ma^rkets as cheap as or cheaper than he can get o"" '"• Now as a matter of justice, we believe we are entitled o ^ differentml as we are several hundred miles nearer to this market ^tth's meeting in Washington on Wednesday, the members pledged a fund ot $2 000 S to hire an attorney to bring this matter be ore the Inter- SrC—rce Commission. We feel that you people will be will- ing to co-operate and bear your share of the burden. ^ Prof Symons of the' Maryland Agricultural College, read a report on gfmmons Bill, which will have to be -mtrod"^^^^^^^^^^^^ season giving the right to quarantine against infested nursery seed ''"^'■prof Waite together with Dr. Haywood and Prof. Quain- tance aU of whom are members of the Insecticide Board explained something of the workings of that Board and the present law re- ceding spray materials. The law is broad enough so that any in- fectidde and fungicide which bears evidence of having been adul- terated can be confiscated and the manufacturer prosecuted But the evidence must be collected by the regular agent of the depart- ment If any of you gentlemen suspicion that you have adulterated Tpray materials write ?o the Department at Washington telling why vou thS they are adulterated, and give the name of the brand and name of the manufacturer, which will give the Department a sug- "Sfon, and maybe one of their inspectors will pick up samples of tha particular brand in some other sections and if they are ound to be adulterated the Department will have evidence on which to prosecute ^^^^^^ Fruit Growers' Association felt that apple crop re- ports should be in terms of barrels rather than in percentages No one seemed to know what would be a 100 per cent crop. It is an abstract proposition. Our growers on the other hand are accus- tomed to' esdmate in terms of barrels when they place their order for empty barrels with their coopers. We think in terms of bar- rels ancl ie sell on the basis of barrels The Eastern Fruit Growers Association, therefore, resolved unanimously to request the Depart- ment of Agriculture to work out a more satisfactory method of fruit crop reporting. A suggestion was made that just as the de- partment at one time detailed Prof. Scott to work out the problem Ef spraying peaches with self boiled lime-sulphur and then send him lo fruit growers meetings over the country to teach the growers the result of his experiences so now we would like to have a man detailed from the Bureau of Statistics to study with the owners and shippers and market men the subject of apple crop '"eporting and to formulate definite blanks and methods. If this specialist could then be sent to the horticultural society meetings so as to educate the erowers in attendance upon a uniform method of reporting from all the different sections there would be in the course of a few years many thousands of trained crop reporters using the same standard. This we believe would be a great benefit to the growers. i ! V* 4k, 1 Oi 7 vU $ T 103 The Eastern Fruit Growers' Association elected the follow- ing officers : As President, Mr. S. L. Lupton, Winchester, Va. ; as Vice-President from West Virginia, Mr. C. W. Thatcher, Martins- burg; Vice-President from Maryland, Mr. E. P. Cohill, Hancock; Vice-President from Virginia, Dr. S. S. Guerrant, Callaway; Vice- President from Pennsylvania, Mr. D. N. Minnick, Chambersburg ; Vice-President from Delaware, Mr. G. L. Soper, Magnolia; as Treasurer Mr. E. I. Oswald, Chewsville, Md. ; as Secretary, Mr. N. T. Frame, Martinsburg, W. Va. ; as members of the Executive Committee the five state vice-presidents as named above. I again extend to the Adams County Society the invitation from the Eastern Fruit Growers' Association to become an affiliated mem- ber ; and to all of you as individuals the invitation to become mem- bers. I want to read here a paper on marketing the York Imperial apple. This paper was endorsed by the meeting on Wednesday. I was requested to bring this paper before the five state meetings. This paper is entitled ''Styles in Fruit" and is relative to some mar- ket problems. Styles in Fruit. In a recent issue of ''Farm and Fireside" edited by our fellow orchardist, Mr. Herbert Quick, of Morgan County, West Virginia, appeared column after column of advertising matter addressed to the farmers and the farmers' wives to convince them of the necessity of dressing in an up-to-date style, filling their homes and barns with up-to-date equipment and going to town in an up-to-date auto- mobile. Mr. Quick's paper, as I understand, carries twice each month to some half million homes this appeal to country people to send their money to the cities— to the so-called trade and manufacturing centers. Yet large as is the amount of such advertising carried by "Farm and Fireside" it is but a drop in the bucket compared to the whole volume of carefully prepared advertising matter going into the homes of the producers in this country with the purpose and intention of educating them up to the point of being up-to-date, of keeping in style. This oft repeated and long continued appeal has produced a marked eft'ect in the industrial life of this country. Countless cities profiting in the hundreds of channels of trade opened up by the ad- vertising campaigns of the last twenty-five years have doubled and tripled in population; while the country districts offering only a passive resistance to their exploitation by the cities have in very many cases gone backward. The cities with the aid of their advertising compaigns have been sending into country homes their patented luxuries and trade-mark necessities at fancy prices ; while the country districts have blindly competed with each other in the open market to dispose of their foods, wools and cottons in bulk quantities with no thought to pro- vide "styles" in raw materials and eatables so as to bring back from the cities at fancy prices some of the money sent there for the •tylish but high-priced city products which the country people have tf f 104 been persuaded to believe form a necessary part of their every-day living. As any man knows, who feels it necessary to buy a new derby hat this year, because his old one, perfetly good yet, is this year out of style, the styles in men's hats are controlled not by the con- sumers, but by the hat trade, from manufacturer to retailer, whose businesses would all be much restricted if the wearers were allowed to use their old hats until worn sufficiently to demand new ones. Every woman who studies this year's fashion-plates and finds that she an hardly re-trim her old hat because of change in shapes, realizes that not she but the milliners control the styles in hats. They may like to make it appear that a demand for the change comes from the ultimate consumer but as yet 99 per cent, of the ultimate consumers do not know what the change will be until they see the ^'Ladies' Home Journal'' or the "Woman's Home Compan- ion" such a pretext is nonsense. The millinery trade controls the wires that re-create the fashions. And so it is all down the line of city-made goods. If the coun- try communties are to turn the trade balances back to a position favorable to them they must fight the advertisers with their own fire. A few country districts have already learned this. Hood River apples for instance sells at 25 cents apiece, not because of their superior quality but because of the organized advertising that has educated a certain class of consumers to demand such apples at any price. vSuch advertising has been supplemented with proper growing and packing and all the other details of successful market- ing but exactly the same fruit without the advertising would never have made land worth several thousand dollars an acre in Hood River. Hood River has turned the trade balances in its favor be- cause it has made it stylish to eat Hood River apples. Why shouldn't the fruit growers of West \ irginia, \'irginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania unite on an advertising campaign and make it stylish to have Grimes Golden apples at all times in the fruit dish and York Imperial apple pie with which to finish every meal ? The conditions in the apple trade appear to the writer very favorable for the taking up at this time such a cam])aign. Growers are gradually learning that they place themselves in a very weak position when they sit around and wait for tlie cash buyers to come to them to get their apples. With the apples ready to pick, no storage facilities provided and no means of getting in touch with consuming markets many growers this last year were forced at the last minute to take whatever they could get irrespective of what the market warranted. Others growers, and wiser ones in my judgment, turned over to expert selling agencies the inspection and marketing of their crops on five year contracts. Such a contract enal)les them to concentrate their energy upon the successful ])roduction of their apples knowing that they will get for them the best that the market afifords, and at the same time enables the commission man to begin a year ahead to help create the market for next year's crop know- ing that he, and not someone else, will have that crop to handle. * i u 4 J The further development of this idea until the bulk of the apples of these four states would be put into the markets through well established and strong selling agencies would produce the ma- chinery through which I believe we could control very largely the styles in apples as the hat trade does in men's derbies. From correspondence and conversation with growers and com- mission men I am convinced that a considerable number of both would l)e mutually glad to enter into long term contracts if the matter were presented to them in such a way and under such auspices as to have their confidence. I suggest, therefore, that at the meetings held this winter of the state horticultural societies of West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania that commit- tees already existing or new committeis if necessary be instructed to confer with similar committees of the other three state societies to adopt a recommended form of selling contract between growers and selling agencies, to provide for securing funds for advertising appropriation and advertising agency to be recognized as an official agency of the four state societies to carry out such an advertising plan. As details for consideration by these committees I suggest : First that the form of contract recommended be for not less than iive years duration ; that it provide for high standards of pack and thorough supervision ; that it recjuire of the selling agency strict accountability but that it give him very free hand in meeting the market conditions and that it provide that 2 per cent, of the gross sales under such contract, one per cent, to come out of the grower and one per cent out of the selling agency, l)e turned over to the officially designated advertising agency to finance an advertising campaign to make our apples stylish in the city markets. To the advertising agency that may be selected this suggestion is offered : Already the York Imperial apple is favorably known in many southern markets, where the house-wives have learned to call for the big red lop-sided apple. This style in apple should ])e encouraged. If all of the house-wives can be persuaded to do the same thing and taught also to send l^ack other apples if the corner grocer is so unwise as to send a substitute around to her, the re- tailers and the wholesalers will eventually be forced to stock with York Imperial apples. To get the same they must come to some orchard in our section of the country beginning with Adams county, Pa., in the North and ending practically with Augusta County, Vir- ginia, in the South, and only a few miles wide. Outside of this limited area there may l)e some York Imperials grown but not many. In other words there is this unique situation in a restricted area producing for some years a commercial crop of York Imperial apples cannot exceed a few hundred thousand barrels this must all come from comparatively small territory in the Shenandoah, Cum- berland and Potomac valleys. This apple is already favorably known in certain markets so located geographically as to be most availa])le from this section. It is an apple of such peculiar shape that any house-wife, however ignorant previously she may have been of apples, can be easily taught to identify it. Prosperous cities have grown up around manufacturing plants io6 producing patented articles with which other plants could not com- pete but almost without exception one of the most important de- partments of such a plant putting out a specialty has been its adver- tising department. . j j 4.- Why shouldn't we in this section so organize and so advertise that we can dictate the styles in apples in certain markets particular- ly with reference to the York Imperial. Every apple of this va- riety bears its own trade-mark, which we alone are producing in commercial quantities. • . If the West Virginia, Virgina, Maryland and Pennsylvania state societies will appoint committees, who can get together and organize so as to devise and work a plan along this line which should be possible for this section to get back in extra profits from our apples some of the hard-earned money that we have sent to the cities for stylish and high-priced but not yet needed derbies, hats, etc. f u 107 FpF PFPFPFPFPF PFFFFFFFFFFFF PFP FPFPFPFPFP FFFFF FFFFFF FPFP P PFPFPF FFFFF FFFFFF pFP FPFpFpFPFP FF^FF.FFFFFFFFF FPF pFpFpFpFPF FFFFFFF FFFFFF pFP FPFpFpFPFP Fig. I. 4 I ^ I '■ F P F F P F F P F F F F p p P P F F F F F F F F p p P P F F F F ^ p P P P F F F F F p p P P F F F F F F F F p P P P F F F F F F F F p P P P F F F F F F F F p P P P Fig. 2. P P F F F F P P F F F F P P F F F F P P F F F F P P F F F F P P F F F F P P Two Methods of Hexagonai. Planting With Fillers. "P" represents Permanent Trees and "F" shows location of fillers. Fillers are omitted in center of each illustration to show more clearly appear- ance of orchard after fillers are removed. It will be noticed in Fig. 2 that each filler occupies the exact center of an equilateral triangle formed by the permanent trees. Fig. i is probably best where small growmg sorts are planted as fillers among larger growing varieties. Fig. 2 is better when planting only one variety, which must be thinned when approaching maturity. --iai 1 08 109 BIGLERVILLE NATIONAL BANK BIGLERVILLE, PA. Capital - - - $50,000.00 Surplus and Undivided Profits 25,000.00 Pays 3y2% on Time Deposits Your Account Solicited ^ We call the attention of fruit buyers to the advantages of Biglerville as a shipping point, and especially to the facilities offered by this bank for making collections on shipments of fruit to any point in the United States. C L. LONGSDORF, Pres. R. H, LUPP. V. Pres. E, D, HEIGES. Cashier f >r REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT EXHIBIT. Dr. I. H. Maykr, Mr. Clark Allis, Mr. Aaron Ni: wcomkr. Your Committee on Fruit 1)Cg leave to oflfer the following re- nort.- The exhibit consists of al)out 270 plates and 1 5 boxes ot aiMjl-es one plate of pears, one plate of sweet potatoes and two Ses of corn. Twentv-five exhibitors contributed and your Com- mittee desires to compliment each and everyone upon the high qual- ity of the exhibits, as follows : Rufus Lawver, 8 plates — 2 plates Stayman. 2 plates Sutton. 2 plates Winesap. i plate for name. I plate Stark. John N. Peters, 8 plates York Imperial. ' C. A. Wolfe, ' 9 plates York Imperial. H. E. Wolfe, 3 plates— I plate York Imperial. i plate Mammoth P.lack Twig. I plate Willow Twig. W. S. Adams, 12 plates — I plate Pound. 2 plates Peck's Pleasant. I plate Sutton. 3 pates Jonathan. I plates Rome P>eauty. i plate Smokehouse. I plate Winter Rambo. E. P. Garrettson, 56 plates— 2 plates l^aradise. 4 Plates Smith Cider. 4 plates York Stripe. 9 plates Red Doctor. 2 plates Smokehouse. 5 plates Baltzley. 6 plates York County Cheese. 1 plate Sweet Potatoes. Z. J. Peters, 3 plates— 2 plates Smokehouse. i plate York Imperial, 1910 1- I '^ 5 plates Cole. 7 plates Stayman 2 plates Grimes. 2 plates Summer Rambo. 8 plates York Imperial. crop kept in cellar. I ' John H. Miller, 2 plates for name. no j \ i ^ t > ■ ._« ■•■■ • ■' ■■^■^, . , '^^^}^^m ",iV:r. ii THE "REITER BOLSTER SPRING JJ WITH TheReiterBolsterSpring ON THE See That Hanger ^ The best bolster spring made. Complete and ready for use as »?W- War- ranted and guaranteed in every way. These spnngs are just w^^^ ** j*Vx^^^ GARDNERS, FRUIT GROWERS, PEDDLERS, DAIRYMEN and TEAM- STERS want, as they will make their rough wagons ride as easy as any bpnng Wagon, thus saving them the cost of Spring Wagons and enabling them to deliver their Fruits, Vegetables, Eggs, etc., unbruised and unbroken trom hauling and in as good condition as when they left home. With taese Springs on, wagons w ill pull esier and last longer, har- ness wear longer and horses work easier. These Springs don't work on top of the Bolster, like other Bolster Springs, but on each side in shackles, on the same principle as any high priced Spring Wagon. These Springs can't be broken by overloading or rebounding like a Spring Wagon. By overloading, the springs will work down on each side of the Bolster and the wagon will become rough again. In fast driving over rough roads the springs, not being attached to the bed or bolster, can't be broken by rebounding or liftmg up of the bed. No one using a rough wagon should be without The Reiter Bolster bpnng. as they will save the cost the first year. Remember they are warranted and guaranteed in every way. Made to carry from 1 ,000 to 1 0,000 pounds. Measure your wagon between standards and order a set ; pve them a tair trial and let your neighbors, friends and the dealer you got them from know what you think of them. W. C. REITER, Sole Maker Price, on Application. WAYNESBORO. PA. American Farm Wagon you can haul or carry any and everything equal to any spring wagon and at one-half the cost. -,itHim»tkM \ t III Robert Eldon, 15 plates — 2 plates Baldwin. 4 Plates Ben Davis. I plate Fallowater. 2 plates Rome Beauty. I plate Grimes. 3 Plates Jonathan. 3 plates Stayman. C. A. Griest, 2 plates — 1 plate Smith Cider. i plate Mann. C. S. Griest's Sons, 7 plates — 2 plates Ben Davis. 5 Plates York Imperial. B. F. Wilson, 40 plates — 13 plates York Imperial. 3 Plates Paradise. 5 plates Smokehouse. n plates Jonathan. 3 plates Smith Cider. 4 Plates York Stripe. 1 plate Mann. H. C. Pitzer, 15 plates — 3 plates Paradise. 2 plates Smith Cider. 8 plates York Imperial. 2 plates Grimes. Robert Garrettson, 11 plates — 3 plates Ben Davis. i plate King. 2 plates Stark. 4 Plates York Imperial. 1 plate Belleflower. J. V. Garrettson, 20 plates — 4 plates Paragon. 5 Plates York Imperial. 2 plates Baldwin. i plate York County Cheese. 1 plate Hubbardson. i plate Coal. 2 plates Stark. ^ ^ 2 plates Lehigh. 2 plates Strinetown Pippin. C. E. Raffensperger, 12 plates — 4 plates York Imperial. i plate Hubbardston. 1 plate Domine. i plate Grimes Golden. 2 plates York Stripe. 3 Plates Red Doctor. H. M. Keller, 12 plates — 2 plates Lady Blush. i plate Stayman. 8 plates York Imperial. i plate York Stripe. C. W. Peters, 9 plates — 4 plates York Imperial. 2 plates York County Cheese. 3 plates Winesap. M. F. Stoner, I plate Griffins Beauty. E. H. Snyder & Son, 5 plates — 2 plates Rome Beauty. 2 plates Nero. I plate Ben Davis. "T— * o z S o H flu 0 I I 112 Bale Lock Extension Quicksand Positive , Always keep r f ) p e hand close to lad- der when ope- rating top sec- tion. Pull rope to raise the travelings sec- tion. To lower travelings sec- tion carry the hand slig^ht ly to the rig^ht while Bale is in vertical po- sition. To lock it, carry hand to the left, always keep- , ing: rope hand close to the ^ili-^-v ladder and the Bale will drop in position and lock it secure. Tilley's Omega Tripod Step Ladder 1 i ^ " York Imperial, iiyi Tonathan, 10% Baltzley, 1314 " Fallowater, 12 Sutton's Beauty iiy^ York County Cheese, 9 Griffins Beauty, 10 tt (t tt tt tt ft And we might continue the investigation as to size with cor- responding figures. We know that even figures can be made to lie, but the figures giv.en can be verified, and will be found in nearly all cases quite conservative. Given color and finish, such as these exhibits show, plus size, and above all, quality, such apples will command the best markets not only in the east, but everywhere. T. H. Maykr, M. D., Commercial Horticulturist, Willow Street, Pa. , Clark Altjs, Commercial Orchardist, Medina, N. Y. Aaron Nkwcomkr, Commercial Peach Grower, Smithburg, Md. =>.,.^c% 114 115 M Make New Orchards Yield Early Fruits r\0 this by breaking up the hard, ^"^^ impervious subsoil. The young, tender roots will then have access to an abundance of nutri- tious plant food stored in this larger growing area. Start your new orchards in the quickest, cheapest and simplest way by planting trees with 2-Yr. Old Tree Set with Spade 2-Yr. Old Apple Tree Set with Da Pont Dynamite Red Cross Low Freezing Dynamite The shattered subsoil allows growing space for expanding roots. Makes deeper, broader, richer, moister root-making areas free from destructive insects, grubs and fungus growth. Dynamiting conserves necessary moisture and makes the soil open to air and rainfall. The two pictures represent Bellflower apple trees in orchard of Mrs. John Rawley, Grant's Pass, Ore., April 1911, The tree planted in dy- namited hole is two years old, Nov. 1909 and June 1910 branches pruned. Photograph above, taken April 15, 1911, shows a vigorous tree with healthy and fine colored foliage. The tree in lower picture is of same stock, planted in spade dug hole, given same cultivation after planting as other tree. Slow growth prevented pruning. Its trunk is less than half-inch in diam- eter— many branches of dynamited tree are larger than this. Not one of 250 trees planted in dynamited holes died — a proof that Du Pont Dynamite insures sure, rapid, vigorous growth in all orchards. Address Dept. 18 for "Tree Planting" Booklet E. I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Co. Established 1802 Wilmington, Delaware ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT RECORDS Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R. «i -o "O u ^ PhP:i > ' y. :2 ^ ~4 <:pl. <:plh Gettysburg (G. & H. R. R.) Biglerville, Guernsey, Bendcrsville, 7 1905 1906 1907 1909 1910 1911 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 318 28 127 12 50 41 8813 7932 2785 17164 4956 10785 20017 37897 2870 1771 1414 4798 2173 7320 11659 13600 4163 4000 1109 2824 2264 3531 5628 8894 333 987 165 4216 137 1500 552 2413 1166 1329 2760 1267 363 2351 1561 6268 1200 2132 366 651 28 127 12 50 41 9800 7932 2950 21380 4956 10922 21517 38449 5283 2937 2743 7858 2173 7320 12926 13963 4163 6351 2670 9092 2264 4731 7760 9260 65 53 20 142 33 73 144 256 35 20 18 52 15 49 86 93 28 42 18 61 15 32 52 62 $2.25 12 6 1 10 1.00 $0.70 2.20 1.50 $0.50 .75 .65 1.50 .55 1.40 2.50 2.00 2.00 11 2 15 7 5 12 2.35 1.50 2.50 2.00 2.00 1.50 .55 .65 .5a 16 20 22 21 15 30 7 o ox 1.40 2.50 2.00 2.00 1.50 .50 65 1.50 .50 iii , i 116 f^Mi^^^^MiM^ The Be^ Spraying Equipment Money Can Buy THE OWNER OF A DEYO POWER SPRAYER knows that he has a completely equipped outfit and no extras to buy. HE KNOWS that it is operated by a DEYO engine and will run whenever he wants it and as long as he wants to use it. HE KNOWS that the tank is built of selected material by ex- pert workmen. HE KNOWS that the mechanically operated agitator assures him of a perfect mixture at all times. HE KNOWS that he has a short rig with which he can make any turn in his orchard. HE KNOWS that there are no belts or chains to catch on limbs or clothing. HE KNOWS that he can disconnect the engine from the pump in one minute and use it for any power purpose, and then connect it to the pump in another minute. HE KNOWS that he has the best sprayer that money and brains can build. BUY A DEYO POWER SPRAYER AND LET THE OTHER FELLOW WORRY. We have a large catalog completely describing the DEYO POWER SPRAYERS, which we will gladly mail you. Write for it to-day. Deyo-Macey Engine Co. BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK 117 yjiH** Adams County Fruit Records Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. K.— {Continued) ^^-^ t/i TD -o u a> ^-N ^ V. Pr er Bb > ;z; ;2; :^ < ♦ / fl> 119 Adams County Fruit Records — {Continued) Shipments Over Western Maryland R. R. CQ C o J2^ o o en pq o Vm go en en ^- ;2;w <^ is c2s en en oi :?; < u o pHpq \ i I 1 r Jsi us to send you Spraying Calendar and Directions^^ NO matter whether yours is a large or a small spraying contract, our book on Spraying and Sprayers will be a great help to you. It tells you what spray mixtures to use, how to prepare mixtures, when to spray and how to spray to secure the best results. A SPRAYER to Suit Your Needs Our line includes everything from the small hand sprayer up to our Watson- Ospraymo Potato sprayers and our famous Power Orchard Spraying Rigs. Our LEADER Orchard Sprayers- are typical modern machines for large spraying operations. Equipped with liquid --FREE Agitators and Strainer .Clean. ers High-class Gasoline Engine- can be used separately to furnish power for all kinds of farm work. The EMPIRE KING— the old re- liable Barrel Spray- , ing Outfit. A great -p sprayer for general - purpose work, sole I reliance of thousands for spraying fruit, vegetables, shrubbery and small trees. Me- chanical Agitation of liquid Automatic- Strainer cleaners. Hand, Bucket and Knapsack Spray- er*. Something to suit every require- nient— every one the best of its kind. Be sure to nvrite and get our sprayer hook before buying anything tn the sprayer line. Mailed free. Address: FIELD FORCE PUMP CO. eiImiIa, n? y GEO. H. HOFFMAN, Agent, Arendtsville, Pa. \ U I O' M i Adams County Fruit KecorAs— {Continued) Shipments Over Western Maryland R. K.—iContinued) Gcttvsburg, . . . (W. M. R. R.) New Oxford, Abbottstown, East Berlin, W. M. R. R. ... Total 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 50 1140 49 50 1193 2333 49 15 1-3 $1.80 $0.90 $0.70 V2 2.25 2.25 .60 10 1 18 6738 10380 7447 7720 4536 8873 22946 33959 205 1 160 1320 1447 13948 2891 4870 7135 6637 215 2 178 6738 11700 8894 21668 7427 13743 30081 40596 2 1 45 78 59 144 49 91 • • • • 3 7 1 1.75 1-3 2 . 50 1 . 50 201 2V2 270 1^/4 2.00 Ivittlestown— 1910, 3 cars apples, 2 cars potatoes; 191 1—2 cars apples. Dillsburg— 1910, 2 cars apples; 191 1; 2 cars apples. McKnightstovvn — 191 1, i car pears. Orrtanna — igw, 620 baskets peaches. Charmian — 191 1, 48 barrels apples. ■i^^-. 122 1 Save Your Fruit From Damage. THE widespread increase of the codling: moth and other insects injuri- ous to fruit trees causes an annual loss to growers of seven million dollars a yean The surest way for you to prevent your fruit from being: wormy or badly damaged is to carry out a regular plan of spray- ing with some reliable material* Sherwin-Williams NEW PROCESS ARSENATE OF LEAD is a general insecticide for all leaf-eating insects* It is superior to many other brands on the market, because it contains the arsenic in exactly the right proportion and the proper chemical combination, thus insuring a material that will not injure or scorch the foliage but is sure death to in- sects feeding on the leaves* It is extremely miscible in water and will combine readily with Lime-Sulfur and Bordeaux Mixture* Light in grav- ity, it remains well in suspension so that a uniformly poisonous spray can be thrown from the finest nozzle* For prices and turther informa- tion on this product, come in and see us. ••# ''PARASITES LIVE ON THE PROFITS'' Save your fruit and crops from damage with Sherwin-Williams High Quality Insecticides S-W New Process Arsenate of Lead (Paste) S-W Paris Green S-W New Process Arsenate of Lead (Powdered) S-W Bordeaux Mixture S-W Lime-Sulfur Solution S-W Pruning Compound S-W Carbolinol (Vermicide) Send for our Hand-book, "Spraying a Profitable Investment" THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS CO. PHIUDELPHIA, PA. Manufacturers High Quality Insecticides and Fungicides NEWARK, N. J. ^*^ « 123 Adams County Fruit Records— ( Continued) Total Fruit Marketed in County. Total shipped, u Q4 o a o ■4-* O o en 03 go CO .—1 . o d ^ C/3 (£2 d§ •r »- • - no •^ O ?^ Evaporated, Canned, Cider, Total fruit, 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1903 1905 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1905 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 V) o PlhM > tv 24206 25997 13742 42517 16553 35910 67219 104659 4385 11228 4897 33165 2891 11296 20138 13686 6547 10670 8333 28591 37225 18639 75682 19444 47206 87557 118345 6547 10670 8333 191 248 124 504 129 314 583 789 44 71 56 52 38 63 40 27 61 y2 10 $1.50 $0.75 $0.60 2.50 1.50 .50 2.00 1.20 .50 2.00 .75 1.00 .75 24206 25997 13742 42517 16553 35910 67219 104659 4666 8600 21750 2400 10000 1673 12398 16700 25000 9524 6670 5714 11120 12500 10932 24298 4897 61022 11234 34074 56558 72936 31 57 67 11 82 4666 8600 21750 145 2400 16 10000 1673 12398 16700 111 25000 167 9524 63 6670 5714 11120 12500 35138 234 50295 335 18639 124 103539 690 27787 185 69984 465 1.00 44 38 74 83 52 38 63 2.25 1.75 40 1.50 .75 27 2.50 1.50 123777 825 61% 2.00 1.20 .55 .60 .50 .50 177595 1184 10 2.00 .75 1.00 Comparison of Percentages u — -o 0.) c4 ^> 'O ■*-• u • Cent, to t compa O1903 0 (D ■4-> cl c 0 ^ rt u d t-i 0 g u f ^•;^- ^Aii^.f *S^i*^ 128 The Christmas Store Ready — Everything ready. The Gift things have all been here for several days HANDKERCHIEFS— The Great Christmas article. Never so many as now. Ladies', Gentlemen's and Childrens. A beau- tiful line of them — Ic. to $1.00 each. Japanese hand-marked linens, all sizes. Other linens of all kinds. GLOVES, FURS, BLANKETS, RUGS, HOSIERY A beautiful line of Ladies' Neckwear for Christmas. Gent's Neckwear. Special prices give on Ladies' Coats for Holidays, See our line of Christinas Fancy Novelties before purchasinfr elsewhere DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY, cemsBURG Grasselli Grasselli ARSENATE OF LEAD IP/ sr^ T1APK >^7^^ ♦♦♦ i£US PAT QESi Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution Extensively used wherever fruit is grown. Distributors in all consuming districts. Write for name of nearest distributor. THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO. OF PENNA. 811 Bessemer Bldg. PITTSBURG, PA. 2143 N. American Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. i r K ' i INDEX .A Addresses — President's, ^^ ^^ "Apple Diseases," ; ZTtl "Peach Culture," // [ ^^:^g "The Influence of Fertilization and Other Factors Upon ..«. Yield, Color, Size and Growth in Apples," -jq-c-j ;;Size, Color and Quality in Fruits," . 54.62 The Making of Concentrated Lime-Sulphur and its Use on Apples and Peaches," fi^ fie ''Educating an Orchard," '..'.'/,'.'/.'.'.'.[ 66-'-o "Cold Storage a Necessity," 8^-00 "Business Methods in Marketing Apples," ..........'.['..[ gi-ng "Eastern Fruit Growers' Association, Its Plans and Pros- pects," OQ-106 Apple-Diseases, 26-^2 Importance of Grading, ..*.....*.*..*.*..' * ' 04 Varieties, ^^ Scab, y^v/^y^v.'^y^[ ll Amendments, * * " i. Adams, W. S. (Adv.), ^ ^ i *.'.'.*. 1 !!*.!!*.".!*.!;'.! i!.* i" " n6 Ammonia Storage, g^ Aiiis, Clark, v^'^v^v^\v^'.v 5h '66-70, si, 83-90 Advertisers — ' ^ ^ York Chemical Works (Fertilizers), 14 Bateman Mfg. Co. ( Sprayers) , 8 Musselman Canning Co. (Greeting), 18 Goulds Mfg. Co. (Sprayers), \ /,[ 16 Bowker Insecticide Co. (Spray Materials), 2 U. S. Klinefelter ( Barrels) , 135 Grasselli Chemical Co. (Spray Materials), ............. 128 B. G. Pratt Co. (Spray Materials), 12 First National Bank of Gettysburg, 134 Gettysburg National Bank, ,[[[ 130 J. G. Harrison & Sons (Nursery Stock), ,.., 4 W. C. Reiter (Bolster Springs), no P. S. Orner ( Barrels ) , 130 Bendersville National Bank, ] . 140 Biglerville National Bank, 108 The Deming Co. (Sprayers), ng Field Force Pump Co. (Sprayers), 120 Walter S. Schell (Seeds) 22 Thomson Chemical Co. (Sprav Materials), 121 John vS. Tilley (Ladders), ...; 112 E. L duPont de Nemours Powder Co. (Dynamite), 114 Battlefield Nurseries, 130 Citizens' Trust Co., Gettysburg, 129 Light Draft Harrow Co. (Orchard Harrows), 126 The Sherwin-Williams Co. (Spray Materials), 122 Deyo-Macey Engine Co. (Sprayers), 116 Madison Cooper Co. (Gravity Brine Storage), 138 Franklin Davis Nursery Co 134 G. P. Read (Packages and Cushions), 10 Hamilton Orchard Heater Co., 132 W. H. Tipton (Photograph), 132 Dougherty & Hartley (Dry Goods), 128 Edwin C. Tyson (Horticultural Requisites), 141 Vreeland Chemical Co. (Spray Materials), 20 T. S. Hubbard Co. (Grapevines and small fruits), 132 Horticultural Chemical Co. (Spray Materials), 6 W. S. Adams (Warehouse) , 136 128 The Christmas Store Ready— Everything ready. The Gift things have all been here for several days H ANDKERC H I EFS— The Great Christmas article. Never so many as now. Ladies', Gentlemen's and Childrens. A beau- tiful line of them— Ic. to $1.00 each. Japanese hand-marked linens, all sizes. Other linens of all kinds. GLOVES, FURS. BLANKETS, RUGS, HOSIERY A beautiful line of Ladies' Neckwear for Christmas. Gent's Neckwear. Special prices give on Ladies' Coats for Holidays, See our line of Christ?nas Fancy Novelties before purchasing elsewhere DOUGHERTY k HARTLEY, Gettysburg Grasselli ARSENATE OF LEAD fi?f|?f|p Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution Extensively used wherever fruit is grown. Distributors in all consuming districts. Write for name of nearest distributor. THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO. OF PENNA. 811 Bessemer Bldg. PITTSBURG, PA. 2143 N. American Street PHILADELPHIA. PA. t # i c^ f IRREGULAR PAGINATION 13» INDEX Addresses — President's, "Apple Diseases," 23-25 "Peach Culture," '.\ 26-32 "The Muence of Fertilization and ' Other* Facto^; ' Upon ^^'^^ Yield, CoIoi% Size and Growth in Apples," ^ The Making of Concentrated Lime-Sulphur* *a*nd *i*ts *Use on Apples and Peaches," u us use "Educating an Orchard," . J^-OS "Cold Storage a Necessity," ^"^^ ;;Business Methods in Marketing Appies,"' WW','. ^f ^ pect^""'* Growers' Association, Its Plans and'Pr'os- ^ ^^ Apple-Diseases, 99-io6 Importance of Grading, ......*.*. ^^'^^ Varieties, 94 Scab, ;;;;;; 97 Amendments, 27 Adams, W. S. (Adv.), '.'.V.\\ ^9 Ammonia Storage, . . ^3" Allis, Clark, ...?.!. • • • „ ^ §5 Advertisers— ^i, 66-70, 81, 83-90 York Chemical Works (Fertilizers), Bateman Mfg. Co. (Sprayers), ^i Musselman Canning Co. (Greeting), .....'.' Jt Goulds Mfg. Co. (Spravers), ......; J? f,°^^^!:,.^"s^c,*icide Co. (Spray Materials*)*,* V.'.'.WV. I U. S. Klinefelter (Barrels), ^3 Grasselli Chemical Co. (Spray Materials),* .*;.*.*.*.'.*; J^ft B. G. Pratt Co. (Spray Materials), . . . . . . . 'f° Pirst National Bank of Gettysburg, ... ^i. Gettysburg National Bank, 1^^ Jir^;.^^^^'*'^^" ^ ^^^"s (Nursery Stock)*,* \V. a W. C. Reiter (Bolster Springs) , ,,i P. S. Orner (Barrels), ....... "^ Bendersville National Bank, .... i^° Biglerville National Bank, '.'.* *. V^ The Deming Co. (Sprayers), V.'.*.'.*;.".V.*.V.*.V.*.* * * ir8 Field Force Pump Co. ( Sprayers ) , Iz. Walter S. Schell (Seeds); ........... ^^2 loCr^:ri&^^^^^^^^ ''^''''''' ''•••••• • * • • • • • \r BatLfield' Nu'rLr'^er"". "!'"'" "^^ (D^nami'te*); * ! ! .* [ ul Citizens' Trust Co., Gettysburg, ,'/,[', J^q Light Draft Harrow Co. (Orchard Harrows), ...*;..*;.***; 126 The Sherwin-Williams Co. (Spray Materials), 122 Deyo-Macey Engine Co. (Sprayers), „6 Madison Cooper Co. (Gravity Brine Storage), ....*.*..*.**.' 1^8 Franklm Davis Nurserv Co J^^ G. P. Read (Packages and Cushions), '..' [ fo Hamilton Orchard Heater Co., jJ; W. H. Tipton (Photograph), .* ^ Dougherty & Hartley (Dry Goods), .....*.'..*.*.*.*.*;.'.*.*.*" 128 hdwin C. Tyson (Horticultural Requisites), t.t Vreeland Chemical Co. (Spray Materials), ! . to 1. b. Hubbard Co. (Grapevines and small fruits), 1-52 Tx/'^'c'^^A"'"^^ Chemical Co. (Spray Materials), 6 W. S. Adams (Warehouse), j^^ 132 Hamilton Reservoir Orchard Heater C THE REGULATED FIRE or Heat Control is secured only in this heater and is of the greatest importance in "Out ot doors" heating. C Write us for literature telling you all about this wonderful heater and what it has done for thousands of growers. HAMILTON ORCHARD HEATER CO. Grand Junction, Colorado W. H. TIPTON The Leader in O(?oto gagfatong GETTYSBURG, PA. 1-1' \m 133 Adams County Fruit Records, 24 Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R. Shipments, !.!.*!...!.!! .' .* 115, 117 Western Maryland R. R. Shipments, 119 121 Total Fruit, \ '^23 Adams County Orchard Photographs, 39 54 66 Advantage of Low Heading, [[" [ ' '57 Advertising, '..['.['.'.','.'.'.'.'.[ 93, 103 Spraymg, 55 Storage, 83, 99 B Bateman Mfg. Co. (Adv.), g Bendersville National Bank ( Adv.) , ...........[ 140 Biglerville National Bank ( Adv.) , 108 Bowker Insecticide Co. (Adv. ) , 2 Battlefield Nurseries (Adv.), 130 Bolster vSprings, \ ' j jq By-laws, 19-21 Boyer, John F., 33-38 l^arrels, \ 130, 135 Cushions, Caps and Circles for, 10 Dimensions of, jqi Basic lag, \ mj Business Methods in Marketing Apples, .* 91, 140 c Committees, List of, ig Duties of, 19, 21 Cultivating Machinery, '126 Constitution, 7 Carbonic Acid Gas Storage, 85 Cultivation, 3J5 Cedar Rust, . , \[ 24, 27 Citizens' Trust Co., 129 Cold Storage, Need of, 83-90 Compressed Air Sprayers, 24 Crop Reports, 102, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 Concentrated Lime-Sulphur Solution, 63 Commercial Lime- Sulphur, 6, 2, 20, 122, 124, 128, 141 Color of Apples, Data on, 47 D DuPont de Nemours Powder Co. (Adv.), 114 Deyo-Macey Engine Co. (Adv.), 116 Deming Co. (Adv.) ng Davis, Franklin & Co. ( Adv. ) , 134 Dues, 17 l^uties of Officers, 19-21 Diluting Concentrated Lime-Sulphur Solution, 64 Discussion following address of — John F. Boyer, 36 Dr. J. P. Stewart, c;i Clark Allis, 69, 88 Prof. U. P. Hedrick, 81 W. J. Lewis, 95 E Executive Committee — List of, 3 Duties of, 21 Eldon, R. M., 23, 36, 69, 81, 88, 95 Experimental Orchards, Report on, 35-53 Educating an Orchard, 66-70 Eastern Fruit Growers' Association, 99 134 ESTABLISHED 1850 1,200 ACRES TREES WE ARE WHOLESALE GROWERS OF First Class Nursery Stock OF ALL KINDS Fruit, Shade, Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Hedges, Small Fruits, etc.. Asparagus, Strawberries and California Privet IN LARGE QUANTITIES The BEST Is the CHEAPEST. Ours is the CHEAPEST because it is the BEST. Handling Dealers' orders a specialty. Catalogue free. Franklin Davis Nursery Company BALTIMORE, MARYLAND FirstNationalBank GETTYSBURG, PA. Capital, $100,000.00; Surplus, $150,000.00 S. M. BUSHMAN, President J. ELMER MUSSELMAN. Cashier ^ Pays Interest on Certificates for six months or more at 3>^^ per annum. SAM'L BUSHMAN J. L. BUTT DIRECTORS G. H. TROSTEL W. S. ADAMS C. H. MUSSELMAN JNO. D. BROWN P. A. MILLER Accounts Solicited However Small i \ ^> % •? ♦/ KiJ F First National Bank, Gettysburg (Adv.), jia Fruit Districts, ^o Frame, Nat T., '.'.'.'.'/.'.'.'.'.'.". oo Formula for Lime-Sulphur Solution, .../../.. 6^ Fruit Exhibits, Report on, 109 Adams County Records, ne 117 'no 121 12^ _Part at Pittsburg Fruit Show (Illustration), ....'....;. ' 82 Fertilizers, j. For Orchards, !!.'!.*!!.* ^6 39 5-? Experiment in Adams County, ....,...../..,.[ ' '52 Fungicide, 2, *6, *20,*i22,' 124, 128, 141 G Gould Mfg. Co. (Adv.), 16 Grasselli Chemical Co. (Adv.), * 128 Gettysburg National Bank ( Adv.) . ......./.., 130 Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R., (Fruit Shipments Over),".!*.!!! 115, 117 Griest, C. S., ^5 H Horticultural Chemical Co. (Adv.), 5 Harrison, J. G. & Sons (Adv.), !.!!!!!! 4 Hamilton Orchard Pfeater Co. (Adv.), ! . ! ! 132 Hedrick, Prof. U. P., 54.62,* 69, 71-82, 89 Houck, P. L., 95 Horticultural Requisites, !.!!!!' 141 I Illustrations — . Twig Blight of Apples. 26 Cedar Rust, 28 Diagonal Pack, ! ! 140 Side View of Boxes, 106 Apples from Unsprayed Trees, 32 Advantage of Spraying, 65 Fine York Imperial Apple Tree, 91 Packing Adams County Apples, , 154 Picking Adams County York Imperial, 66 Well Tilled Orchard, yy State College Greenhouses, 125 Well grown Winesap Tree, 49 Ohio Cold Storage House, 83 Section of Gravity Brine Storage, 86 Extent of Tree Roots, 33, 53 Brine Tank of Cooper Storage System, 87 Plate of Adams County Apples. 63 Cluster of Adams County Winter Banana, 71 Two Methods of Planting, 107 Basket of Adams County York Imperials, 39 Dish of Strawberries, 38 Cluster of Adams County York Imperial 58 Low Headed Apple Tree, 143 Thrifty Orchard in Hagerstown Clay Loam, 41 Unsprayed Tree Defoliated by Leaf Spot, 29 Ohio Greenhouse, 127 Unpruned York Imperial Eight Years Old, 62 Starting Muskmelons in Hot Bed, 127 • Skinner vSystem of Irrigation, 129 Adams County Blue Ribbon Fruit at Pittsburg Show, 82 Stayman Apple, 98 136 Hill Top Orchards Warehouse Co ASPERS, PA. 4»*4» Flour, Feed and General Merchandise BELL PHONE- Mt. Holly Exchange UNITED PHONE— Biglewille Exchange i U. S. KLINEFELTER MANUFACTURER OF Standard Apple Barrels Of Excellent Quality DEALER IN Fruit Baskets Of Various Kinds BIGLERVILLE. PENNSYLVANIA United Phone > r \ i ir J' t.>...)»i(<.->]j