Author: Fruit Growers Association of Adams County Title: Proceedings of the. . .annual convention Place of Publication: Bendersville, Pa. Copyright Date: 1914 Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg016.9 THE Fruit Growers Association ^f of Adams County Pennsylvania ORGANIZED DECEMBER 18. 1903 ^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION HELD IN Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna. Wednesday, Thursday and Friday December 16, 17, 18, 1914 2 £ BIGLERVILLE'S UP-TO-DATE Cold Storage Plant ONE of the most complete Cold Storage Plants in the State. Full concrete and steel construction; properly insulated and fully equipped with refrigerating machinery, electric lights and electric elevators. It has proven it- self to be a benefit and an advantage to the Fruit Growers of the County. It affords them an opportunity to get their fruit into storage quickly after it is barreled, and prevents car shortage and glutted markets, during packing season. The Company fully appreciates the coopera- tion and patronage it has received, and respect- fully solicits continuance of same. All persons interested in fruit growing are cordially invited to visit the plant while at Big- lerville. 1 OFFICERS President C A. GriEST Guernsey 1st Vice President, W. E. Grove, York Springs 2d Vice President, H. M. KellER Gettysburg— 5 3d Vice President, Frederic E. Griest, Flora Dale 4th Vice President, E. P. Garrettson Biglerville 5th Vice President, John A. KnousE ArendtsviUe Recording Secretary, Chas. A. Wolfe Aspers Corresponding Secretary, .... Edwin C. Tyson Flora Dale Treasurer, Wm. S. Adams, Aspers EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE C. A. Griest, Guernsey W. E. Grove York Springs H. M. Keuer Gettysburg-5 Frederic E. Griest F'"^^ Dale E. P. Garrettson ....-' Biglerv.lle JNO. A. Knouse, ArendtsviUe Chas. A. Wolfe ^^P"' Edwin C. Tvson ^'"^^ ^^^'^ Wm. S. Adams Aspers Respectfully, Biglerville Cold Storage Co. Musselman Canning Co. Wishes All Apple Growers a HAPPY NEW YEAR and a Large Crop of Apples for 1915 C H. MUSSELMAN, Prop Membership Roll Adams, Wm. S., Aspers, Pa. Adams, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa. Asper, D. C, Aspers, Pa. Anstadt, Rev. Henry, Washington, D. C. Anderson, H. W., Stewartstown, Pa. Anderson, Joseph W., Stewartstown, Pa. Anderson, H. M., New Park, Pa. Allen, H. G., New Park, Pa. Auchey, D. S., Hanover, Pa. Bream, Samuel, Biglerville, Pa. Bream, Dill, Bendersville, Pa. Bream, C. D., Aspers, Pa. Bream, M. F., York Springs, Pa. Boyer, W. W., Arendtsville, Pa. Black, Wm. H., Flora Dale, Pa. Baugher, H. C, Aspers, Pa. Baugher, Ira, Aspers, Pa. Baugher, Martin, Aspers, Pa. Bucher, John, Bendersville, Pa. Belt, J. E., Wellsville, Pa. Butt, J. L., (Gettysburg, Pa. Brough, Edward, Biglerville, Pa. Bingham, W. O., St. Thomas, Pa. Boyer, George E., Arendtsville, Pa. Bushman, S. F., (Gettysburg, Pa. Brame, Edw., Aspers, Pa. Blessing, David H., Harrisburg, Pa. Black, Moses, Aspers, Pa. Blair, C. I., Aspers, Pa. Bream, W. A., (Gettysburg, Pa. Brinton, H. C, Hanover, Pa. Brinser, E. C, Middletown, Pa. ^ Burke, J. W., Batavia, N. Y. Cocklin, B. F., Mechanicsburg, Pa. Cook, Arthur E., Aspers, Pa. Carey, J. Calvin, .(Gettysburg, Pa. Carson, E. E., Bendersville, Pa. Crouse, E. A., (Gettysburg, Pa. Cation, W. R., Orrtanna, Pa. ^ Deardorff, Anthony, Mummasburg, Pa. Dock, Miss Margaret, Fayetteville, Pa. Dock, Miss Mira L., Fayetteville, Pa. Deardorff, W. B., (Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 5. Pa. Dill, Dr. M. T., Biglerville, Pa. Dull, Thomas, Aspers, Pa. 5 Get FIRST Prize < For Your Fruit Spray with Bowker's "Pyrox" and secure fruit that is free from insect damage and fungus disfigurement. "PYROX" fills the Barrel with the kind they used to put on top. Fifteen more perfect apples on the tree pay the bill. Bowker^s Lime Sulphur for all scale insects is made heavy and rich, and for that reason is more effective than lighter mixtures ; and as a rule it costs no more. When you clean up your trees with Lime Sulphur, be sure to use Bowker's for // is the kind you can rely on to do effective work. WE SHIP FROM BALTIMORE :.>■ WRITE FOR AGENCIES TO ROWKFR INSECTICIDE CO. *^ ^^ ^^ l^i^lV 1011 Fidelity Bldg., Baltimore, Md. E. C. TYSON, General Agent, Flora Dale, Pa. 'A 7 Deardorff, Chas., Orrtanna, Pa. Dunlap, James M., Walnut Bottom, Pa. Dougherty, Dorsey, Gettysburg, Pa. Deatrick, H. C, Hunterstown, Pa. Diller, O., York Springs, Pa. Eldon, Robert M., Aspers, Pa. Eldon, Mrs. R. M., Aspers, Pa. Everhart, (;. W., York, Pa. Eby, Amos, Mt. Joy, Pa. Eiholtz, S. Mc, Biglerville, Pa. Eppleman, H. C, Aspers, Pa. Estabrook, F. L Athens, Pa. Eby, J. S., Newport, Pa. Fraim, Merritt L., Aspers, Pa. Fohl, George E., Biglerville, Pa. Fiddler, W. B Aspers, Pa. Felty, G. B. O Millersville, Pa. Fohl, Jas. O Aspers, Pa. Griest, C. Arthur, (luernsey, Pa. Griest, Mrs. C. A., Guernsey, Pa. Griest, C. S., Guernsey, Pa. Griest, A. W Flora Dale, Pa. Griest, Frederic E Flora Dale, Pa. Griest, G. G., Toronto, Can. Griest, Maurice, 105 W. 163d St., N. Y. City. Griest, C. J York Springs, Pa. Garretson, Frank Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Eli P., Biglerville, Pa. Garretson, Harriet, Biglerville, Pa. Garretson, J. B., Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Robert, Flora Dale, Pa. Garretson, John, Aspers, Pa. Garretson, Eli, Gettysburg, R. F. D. No. 6, Pa. Grove, W. E., York Springs, Pa. Gillan, R. J St. Thomas, Pa. Groupe, Foster C Idaville, Pa. Gardner, L. M., Jr., York Springs, Pa. Gove, Mary E., Bendersville, Pa. Howard, Jno. M Aspers, Pa. Harris, Meriam Bendersville, Pa. Hoffman, Jas. O., Arendtsville, Pa. Hoffman, E. N., Biglerville, Pa. Hoffman, Daniel, Aspers, Pa. Hoffman, George, Arendtsville, Pa. Hoffman, Willis H Biglerville, Pa. Harshman, U. W Waynesboro, Pa. Huber, Charles H., Gettysburg, Pa. Hartman, Geo R., Biglerville, Pa. 8 C. H. <& O. W KIMBALL Commission Merchants and Wholesale Dealers in APPLES POTATOES AND ONIONS 202 and 204 Franklin Street NEW YORK 9 Hull, D. W., Waymart, Pa. Hummel, P. T, Harrisburg, Pa. Hershey, C. A., McKnightstown, Pa. Horting, John, Arendtsville, Pa. Huber, Henry S., Idaville, Pa. Hartzel, B. L., Flora Dale, Pa. Jacobs, Daniel C, Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Jackson, M. R., Media, Pa. Keller, H. M., Gettysburg, No. 5, Pa. Klinefelter, U. S Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. A., Biglerville, Pa. Kane, J. Lewis, Gettysburg, No. 6, Pa. Knouse, J. A., Arendtsville, Pa. Knouse, David, Arendtsville, Pa. Koser, Rev. D. T Arendtsville, Pa. Koser, G. W Biglerville, Pa. Kunkle, John R., (Gettysburg, Pa. Knab, Mrs. Geo. N., New Oxford, Pa. Longsdorf, C. L., Biglerville, Pa. Lawver, Rufus W., Biglerville, Pa. Lawver, J. Edw., Biglerville, Pa. Longsdorf, Dr. H. H., Dickinson, Pa. Lady, Hiram C., Arendtsville, Pa. Lupp, Reuben, Biglerville, Pa. Large, Mrs. E. S., Orrtanna, Pa. Large, Miss Katharine, Orrtanna, Pa. Lower, Dr. S. E., Pittslnirgh, Pa. Lippy, J. D., Gettysburg, Pa. Lewis, Harvey, Orrtanna, Pa. Michener, C. Raymond, Bendersville, Pa. Myers, George P., Biglerville, Pa. Merz, Geo., Webster, X. Y. McKay, (ko. H Philadelphia, Pa. Mayer, Dr. L H., Willow Street, Pa. Morrison, Mrs. W. S., Aspers, Pa. Minick, D. N., Chambersburg, Pa. Minter, Thomas L., Biglerville, Pa. Musselman, C. H., Biglerville, Pa. Musselman, J. Elmer Gettysburg, Pa. Minter, Mrs. D. G., Gettysburg, Pa. Myers, Levi M., Siddonsl)urg, Pa. Miller, Robt. C, Gettysburg, Pa. Miller, E. M Hanover, Pa. Moyer, Dr. H. B., Mansfield, Pa. Mickley, J. W., Fairfield, Pa. Musser, Will M., Lampeter, Pa. Maloney, W. J., Dansville, N. Y. lO C It is not only the growing of the fruit that demands your atten- tion, but the manner in which it is packed as well. Corrugated Caps White Paper Caps Cushions C.P.READ 199buANE5t..NEWY0RK BRANCH ALBION, N.Y. MANUFACTUREIR AND DEALER IN SUPPLIES , USED BY THE FRUIT < GROWER AND SHIPPER FOR THE PICKING, PACKING AND PROTECTING OF HIS FRUIT. Lace C The use of my goods at the time of packing increases the value of your fruit 10%. Send for booklet on Fruit Packing Supplies. IT IS FREE. II McFarland, D. S., Harrisburg, Pa. Mumper, J. I., Gettysburg, Pa. Newcomer, Aaron, Smithburg, Md. Nissly, Christian L., Florin, Pa. Nissly, Alvin R. .Hanover, Pa. dyler, Geo., ,. Gettysburg, Pa. Oyler, George C, Gettysburg, Pa. Orner, P. S., -. Arendtsville, Pa. Orrtanna Canning Co., Orrtanna, Pa. Prickett, Josiah W., Biglerville, Pa. Peters, Z. J., Guernsey, Pa. Peters, R W., Aspers, Pa. Peters, W. V., Guernsey, Pa. Peters, Curtis W Biglerville, Pa. Peckman, Frank R., Gettysburg, Pa. Pitzer, Harry C, Aspers, Pa. Peters. Geo. M., Aspers, Pa. Pratt, B. G., New York City. Pitzer, Willis, Arendtsville, Pa. Peters, Jno. N Bendersville, Pa. Peters, Mrs. Earl, York Springs, Pa. Raffensperger, Chas. E., Arendtsville, Pa. Raffensperger, Roy Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, E. E., Aspers, Pa. Rice, Waybright, Biglerville, Pa! Rice, C. S., Arendtsville, Pa. Rice, Oscar C, Arendtsville, Pa. Routzahn, (^,eorge R Bendersville, Pa. Rinehart, E. S Mercersburg, Pa. Rinehart, J. J Smithburg, Md. Roberts, Arthur, (Gettysburg, Pa. Reist, Henry G Schnectady, N. Y. Repp, Albert T Glassboro, N. J. Riddlemoser, H. E McKnightstown, Pa. Rex, Raymond Tdaville, Pa. Rice, A. E., Biglerville, Pa. Stover, Dr. J. G Bendersville, Pa. Strong, Geo. C Orrtanna, Pa. Slaybaugh, Elmer, Aspers, Pa. Smith, G. Frank Aspers, Pa. Stephens, Henry M Carlisle, Pa. Stouffer, F. W., Gettysburg, Pa. Sheely, Emory, Arendtsville, Pa. Shull, Jno. A McKnightstown, Pa. Shull, Robt. H McKnightstown, Pa. Stewart, William Landisburg, Pa. Spangler, George E., Gettysburg, Pa. I— mug'', .> .'^>'i'>'--y.-ia ^r?*'- ;?>»>?. i-tv?] y * 12 The above cuts represent our standard sixteen quart peacl basket and cover. // has been approved by the Superintendent of Weights am Measures of the State of New York as a standard measure This is a popular package for the shipment of peaches. It ha! been used extensively in Pennsylvania, Western Maryland am West Virginia for the past few years. It is a strong, well made package. After the cover is put on and fastened to the basket with foui wires the contents will carry to market in perfect safety. No Shelving Required in the Cars • When shipping peaches in this package load every other tie: of baskets with top down thereby using all the available space an< at the same time admitting free circulation of air between eacl tier of fruit Manufactured by MARVIL PACKAGE CO. LAUREL, DELAWARE Snyder. E.B Jack's Mountain, Pa. Snyder Jacobs Idaville, R. F. D., Pa. Snyder W.U Bendersville, Pa. Sachs Edw.S Biglersville, Pa. Schmidt, Jno. C York, Pa. atough, C. M., \r r\ c s T^ „ t T? n Oxford, Pa. bock E. C 36,0 Qifj^„ ^ gy, S rasbaugh, E. F., Orrtanna, Pa. « '^^ ,; ^'r. Arendtsville, Pa. Stover, Mrs. Dr. J. G., Bendersville, Pa. Tyson, Edwin C '. Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. W., Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Chester J Flora Dale, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. B. H Aspers, Pa. Tyson, Wm. C, Guernsey, Pa. Tyson, Mrs. M. E., Guernsey, Pa. Taylor, Jacob F Arendtsville. Pa. y^°"' A- R., Xorristown, Pa. Taylor. Dan"! R Biglerville, Pa. Taylor, Henry Biglerville, Pa. Trostle, r^rancis York Springs, R. F. D , Pa. Thomas, Mrs. Annie M., Gettysburg, Pa. Taughmbaugh, W. A Gettysburg, Pa. Thompson. G.R Gettysburg, Pa. Ullrich, L. L., Biglerville, Pa.' Weidner, A. I., Arendtsville, Pa. Wolfe, C. A., Aspers, Pa. Wolfe, Harry E., Aspers, Pa. Wolff, Dr. W. E.. Arendtsville, Pa. Wolf, Charles M York Springs, Pa. Weaver, David I., Biglerville, Pa. "^■'so". B. F Biglerville, Pa. Weaner, Chas. C, Bendersville, Pa. Weaner, W. C, Aspers, Pa. Wertz, D. M Quincy, Pa. W'We, R. E (Gettysburg, Pa. Wickersham, Ruth A Bendersville, Pa. Wickersham, Robt. A.. Mechanicsburg, Pa. Wright, Ry'land Aspers. Pa. Wright, T. F. Aspers, Pa. Williams, J. L.. Gettysburg, Pa. Walter, J. C Biglerville, Pa. Williams, M. I Gettysburg, Pa. Wright. F Walter, Bendersville, Pa. Wernig, Chas. M., York, K. F. D. Xo. 11, Pa Wells. F. W., Dansville. N. Y. U^^Write for catalogue giving various styles of packages manufactured. 14 I o a DEMPWOLFS FERTILIZERS Are well known, and our factory at York, Pa., is convenient and favorably located to consumers in this territory. We carry in stock at all times a full line of complete fer- tilizers and fertilizer materials. When you buy DEMPWOLFS FERTILIZERS Full Analyses Good Bags you will get Perfect Drilling Condition Prompt Shipments and in the end FIELD RESULTS It is a matter of pride with us to maintain these qualities in our product If you cannot obtain DEMPWOLFS FERTILIZERS in your neighborhood, write to us for infor- mation and prices YORK CHEMICAL WORKS YORK, PENNA. PLANT SCHELL'S Highest Quality » GARDEN SEEDS They Grow Better They Yield Better Absolutely the Best You Fruit Growers Can double your profits by growing a big crop of BEANS, PEAS, BEETS, LETTUCE, MELONS, and other good, quick selling vegetables. Wholesale or retail the whole crop and have it sold and your money made before your fruit comes in. Many of My Customers Are Doing This, Why Don't You? Special Prices for Quantities I CAN FURNISH YOU The Highest Quality Seeds Such as will give you the very best crops FANCY RED CLOVER, ALSIKE, CRIMSON, AL- FALFA, VETCHES, COW PEAS, SEED POTATOES, SEED CORN ff^rite me for what you want — Send for my Seed Catalogue WALTER S. SCHELL QUAUTY SEEDS 1307-1309 Market Street HARRISBURG, PA. m E "I i-^ ^ i6 Don't You Think It About Time to Give ''SCALECIDE'' a trial ? Fruit Growers all over the Country are calling for some- thing better than Lime-Sulfur, and finding it in €€ SCALECIDE yy Old customers are coming back by the hundred, ac- knowledging their mistake in giving up ''SCALECIDE'' A grower from New York writes:— **Having tried Lime-Sulfur for two years, I am coming back to *SCALECIDE.* A Grower from Michigan writes:—**! sprayed three years with Lime- Sulfur, but my trees get worse every year." A dealer in Ohio writes:— ** We have always handled Lime-Sulfur, but are ready for a change." A dealer in North Carolina writes:— **Please ship a barrel of *SCALE- CIDE.' We sold Lime-Sulfur last year, but we are through with it." A grower in New York writes: — **We have been using the best Lime- Sulfur obtainable for the past three years, but we are returning to *SCALE- CIDE,' feeling convinced that it is more economical ^nd Jar more effecti^e.*^ A grower in Ohio writes:— **I used *SCALECIDE' about four years ago and liked it very much, but the agricultural papers and experiment stations were recommending Lime-Sulfur, so I used it, but must confess I am disap- pointed and am coming back to *SCALECIDE.* A grower from Pennsylvania writes: — **The people are wavering about Lime-Sulfur. " E. C. TYSON F ennsylvania State Agent FLORA DALE PENNSYLVANIA Pratt's Nicotine 40% In the form of Nicotine-Sulphate has no superior Prices delivered^ express paid 10 lbs. $10.75 2 lbs. $2.50 >^ lb. 75c. B. G. PRATT CO. M'F'G CHEMISTS 50 Church Street NEW YORK i(" \\h, 17 CONSTITUTION PRKAMBLK. mav ml'^frlT/fi^'' '" ^'■"'* 2^°^*"^. ^nd believing that, by organization, we Sdtudon'td'BT- Uws."'""°" '"'""''' "' '''''''' ''^°'''''' ^°"°^'"« Article I.— Name. Adams'c^unty':'^^'''" '^^" ^^ ^''°'^" ^' ^^^ ^'"^^ Growers' Association of Article II. — Object. The object of this Association shall be to encourage the co-ooeration oi tneir common mterests. fi-^n II*" u^^^ ^^^"^^"^ ^"^ disseminating such scientific and practical informa- ton as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests ^UtltVoW; pToVcts^" ''''' ^^ *'^ improvement of ^the ,uV an^d^ ing ttt wh^icrmi"y I'tri^tS^" " "^^ '^ advantageous, and prevent- fr. J^:. ^^ securmg such improved facilities in transportation as shall tend to give us more expeditious and economical distribution pacfi and' pTctge""^ '' '^'"'^ ^ ^^"^^ ^"^ "^^^^ '"^^^^ ^^^^^ -^ . J^^' ^/^^^\'^'"^, ^^*^^. ^^^^^^ °^ marketing our products which will dve re?u^rn ^^^^ ' ""^'^''^ ^""^ ^'^' '^ *^" ^^^^^^ ^ ^^'' ^"^ remunera- nnrtW* /^"i"^ by endeavoring to obtain such improved systems of crop re- porting as shall furnish, through co-operation with other similar Associa- tions, accurate information concerning production; thereby enabling the fruit grower to know the exact situation. ^ Article III.— Membership. 1st. Candidates for membership may be elected by a majority vote of hp%SJ7 ^'^'^ K ' ^u^ "P^^i ^^u^ P^y^^^t of $1.00 into the treasury shall be entitled to membership until the next Annual Meeting Hn.c K ,^ member may renew his membership by the payment of annual dues, bu upon failure to pay dues within three months after Annual Meet- ing, shall require re-election. 3d. No meniber shall receive the benefit of commissions or of co- operative buying by the Association, to an amount greater than $i.oo for the term of one year after election to membership. ^ uu lor me Article IV. — Dues. The annual dues of this Association shall be One Dollar, ($1.00) pay- W IV wt^lu'^'^^^ *^^ meeting immediately preceding the annual meet- ItrlfL"^. f ^ T'^^u"'^ '^^^^ *''"^ ^ ^^^^^Pt' t^^s receipt to constitute a certificate of membership for the succeeding year. Article V. — Officers. A ^^^?i? v-^ ^'J?" ^J""'^'* ""l ^ President, a First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Vice President a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secre- tary and a Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected by ballot at each An- "i? tt f ^^1'"^' *° ^1^^^ ^9^ the term of one year oi until their successors shall be chosen. These nine (9) elective officers shall constitute an Execu- tive Committee. lt'>;,;.: .■■■•■, i8 Hill Top Orchards Warehouse Company Manufacturers of LUMBER, LATH, SHINGLES STAVES AND HEADING APPLE BARRELS Deal ers in Orchard Tools and Supplies Spray Materials SUSQUEHANNA FERTILIZERS FLOUR, FEED AND GENERAL MERCHANDISE W. S. ADAMS, Propr. ASPERS, PA. 19 Article VI.— Quorum. busin^Js' ^^^ '"'"'^'" '^^^^ ^°"^t'*"t« ^ 1"°^""' for the transaction of Article VII.— Amendments. any ^glla^^^eetW by"a f^o''Z'<,.°' f'' Association ..ay be amended at of the^proposediJment h;*vingy^^^^ - "otice regular meeting. "^ m-' '■■mm /^'^f^ , 26 would be but labor lost without the most careful spraying, the most necessary of all operations for the production of the" perfect fruit. Prof Scott, the ongmator of "Self-Boiled" Lime-Sulphur, needs no introduction. His contribution to spray wisdom has saved the Southern peach crops and may often greatly aid in perfecting the Northern crops. He will give us the latest findings in the whole iield of spraying. A beneficent insect has brought us some relief from San Jose scale but let us take nothing for granted but pursue our spraying operations with ever-increasing thoroughness ^ J' t> In the face of increasing crops the "Profitable Disposal of Low orade i^ruit is becoming more and more important to growers Along with this are oflfered these allied subjects "Better Grading and Packing, and "Co-operative Marketing." These will be treated by 1 rofessors Kains and Knapp. We, in the East, need greatlv to improve our pack. We are near to market and our apples liave quality not surpassed, Init with the lowering freight rates consequent to the opening of the canal, and with their better finish and perfect w» ""f 1 ^^^T' '-'o^Petitors are going to continue in that role. T '""?'. '?ave fine appearance as well as best quality fn addition to subjects purely Horticultural, others of timelv interest have been put in our program. Our cattle are in quaran- tine The State Veterinarian will explain why. Our r'oads a"e not up to the needs of a fruit-growing community. Dr. McCaskev P ^°.° A J°A'^' ^^l^°"e»t will tell us how we may have better ones Prof. McDowell, Director in Agricultural Extension wilHliscuss The County Agent." and Miss McDonal-f Extension Ins^rucS? n Domestic Science, will lecture on "Health," and "Home Econom- The Hoof and Mouth Disease. ics. neJs''^ Ynlfr^X'"'" ''', '° '"T°'' y°"'' ^^"^'^'^- health and happi- ness. Your duty is plain. Secure a new member. Attend the XrtTser.""^ T^' '" T'^ ''''' ^'^^"^^^^ convention. Patronize our advertisers. They will treat voii fairly. ,: Dr. C. J. Marshall, State Veterina nan. The recent outbreak of Aphthous Fever or foot and mouth disease was discovered on two farms in Lancaster County and in the Union Stock Yards at Pittsburgh on October 24, 191/ irhas *.nce been learned that the infection existed at that time in some- .1^1 ""^Z ^^ ^^'""^'^^ herds in twenty-seven counties in Pennsyl- vania. It had been carried from the stock yards in Chicago to these various places in the period of less than two weeks. Five days previous to October 24th we were warned that the disease had been diagnosed in two counties in Southern Michigan and two others in Northern Indiana. In the meantime our cattle shippers commission men and over eight hundred veterinarians had been warned that the disease had been found and that all should be on the lookout for symptoms of the disease. In many cases infected herds were located and quarantined before suspicious symptoms .u .'^t^no'^s^'-ved. The disease was so widely distributed over the state that it was necessary to establish seven administration dis- trict with the head oft^ce at Harrisburg. Each district was in charge - of an experienced agent of the federal and state government The tederal inspectors were appointed agents of the State Livestock Sanitary Board and cards of identification were issued to each so he could work under the state law. About one hundred trained veterinarians were employed by the federal and state governments I "^^u ^^Pense and responsibility were shared about equally by each. The work of locating and exterminating the disease was made easy from the first by the mutual co-operation of commission men, dealers, railroads^ herd owners and local veterinarians with the experienced officials in charge. The first class helped greatly by furnishing free access to records of shipments and sales In . many cases the disease was recognized and reported by the owner 1 his outbreak has been the worst calamity to our stock raising industry that has ever occurred in Pennsylvania. It was forced upon us with practically no warning and came in the nature of a flood earthquake or monstrous conflagration. We were fortunately pre- HW w'l^-f M^ emergency and hope to exterminate it in a short time. While the experience is fresh in our minds we should de- cide on measures that could be safely adopted to handle a similar emergency more efficiently if possible in the future. It is not safe to be unprepared for calaipities of this kind. Safe and sane measures are hard to promulgate and enforce during the existence of such a plague. In times of peace we should prepare for war 1 he plan of extermination successfully used in the outbreak of 1908 was adopted in dealing with this one. As soon as the disease 27 26 would be but labor lost without the most careful spravin?, the most necessary of all operations for the production of the' perfect fruit, l^rof Scott, the ongmator of -Self- Boiled" Lime-Sulphur, needs no introduction. His contribution to spray wisdom has saved the Southern peach crops and may often greatly aid in i)erfecting the Northern crops, lie wdl give us the latest findings in the whole field of spraying. A beneficent insect has ])r.,ught us some relief from San lose scale but let us take nothing for granted but pursue our spra'ying operations with ever-increasing thoroughness. In the face of increasing crops the -profitable Disposal of Low ^lacle i^ nut is becoming more and more important to growers Along ^y,th tins are ofifered the.se allied subjects -Better Grading and I ackmg. ancl -Co-operative .Marketing." The.se will be treated l)y I rofessors Kains and K„a|)p. We. in the Ea.st. need greatly to improve our pack. We are near to market an.l our apples liave quality not surpassed, but with the lowering freight rates c<)nse<|uent to the opening of the canal, and with their better finish an money placed at interest for the purchase at some future time of a much-needed road roller or a new stone crusher, graders, dump wagons, etc., or are the supervisors spending every last cent and even going into debt and paying out your own road tax money as interest to some bank? Do you know what your township supervisors are giving you for every $100 of your tax money which they spend? Did you ever realize that you are a stockholder in the road supervisor corpora- 35 tion of your home township and that your supervisors are your president, secretary, and treasurer of this corporation and that these officials are supposed to earn big dividends for their corpora- tion? Has your supervisor board got any courage or are your home officials afraid to do anything because the State Highway Depart- ment and laws and public discussion have sort of acted as a scare crow ? Has your supervisor board got a real studious, helpful at- torney at law, or just a politician who possesses a lawyer's sign and an office? Good service is worth all it costs, but it must be service that helps get better road conditions back in your own home town- ship on the roadways which you and your family drive and over which your children walk to school. Let me ask each one of you folks right here if you know the answers to these questions as they apply to your own township road burdens? We have in Pennsyl- vania 1,600 separate townships, and the final test as to how much the folks living in any one of these townships actually know — know — about their own home road problems is clearly revealed by the present condition of these local roads. This applies equally to you and everybody else in your own home township. Your town- ship roads must be maintained. For it is just as important to main- tain a township roadway as to build it in the first place. Let me rei^eat that word maintain. It is the big ziwrry of all this township road burden, and we must study it and meet its demands upon purely a sensible, simple business basis. For example— a fruit grower or a farmer ; an autorhobilist or a railroad official might just as well expect to earn prosperity for himself and his company without maintaining the standard of the property as to the safety and efficiency of its service as could a township taxpayer expect to draw dividends from his own super- visor board in the form of road improvement if those township executives do not properly maintain the road property placed under their direct care and responsibility. If you don't maintain a prop- erty once you have constructed it, the property will go to smash. This has occurred right in your own home township on some road or other if you will stop to think about it for a moment. Most of us do not have to stop and think, for so many of our local roads have gone to smash which we must travel over that we knoiv. Re- member this proposition of maintenance therefore if you will save you own home roads from going to smash. The chief trouble with our township roads in the past has been that our township supervisors have deliberately stood by and let the roads under their care go to smash. Why is this? I will tell you. It is because you and your fellow township taxpayers don't deliberately make your home supervisors maintain them. Let me repeat this word maintain. You must reckon with this just as surely as you must reckon on a 90-day note when it comes due at your bank. There is no difference in the working of this inevitable }t-' ^^■^^'■^1 ' ^ 36 law, and just so long as we sidestep this proposition of a business system of maintenance of our township roads, just so long will we have the same kind of troublesome burdens to carry as you would if you neglected to make good and fulfill any money obligation you might have with your banker. There is nothing marvellous or mysterious or impossible or ex- pensive in handling this township road burden. All it needs is work — just studious, intelligent, plugging ahead, JVork. But it needs this work all the year round. Sometimes this work is needed right around the council table of the supervisor board more than anywhere else, for too often, much of the manual hand labor with pick and shovel is not work at all, but is merely good natured, ignorant 15 cents an hour motion picture stunts. Our supervisor board members must clearly understand each in his own mind exactly what is the best thing to do. Then it is up to him to hook onto' the prevailing political customs and habits of his community and to transform the neglected roadways of his township into a system of respectable roads all the year round. Oftentimes the supervisor will have to fight for what he believes is the best thing to do and by sheer foot ball tactics he will have to buck his way to progress right through the line of the opposition often moss grown with tradition. The point is that a peace-at-any- price road supervisor never can deliver the road improvement goods. Furthermore, we must all learn to recast some of our ideas, and the sooner each of us goes back home and takes an account of stock in our own local road affairs the better will we be sharing our part of this township road burden. We will need to find out just where we are ignorant and weak. We need to know where we are strong, also, for more of our road supervisors fail through ignorance of their own strength rather than through knowledge of their own weaknesses. Don't be afraid of the truth, therefore. Get busy right where you live and keep searching out the facts about your township road affairs and then use them every day to help get better conditions. Every township supervisor of our 1,600 townships in Pennsyl- vania possesses some angle of road improvement knowledge that you or even he himself did not know about. You must help this official to find this knowledge so that he can use it back home in your community. Whenever we run across a supervisor who is up and doing and who is right on the job, but who is not a popular official and who is oftentimes doul)le-crossed ])y some political an- tagonist— we need to step right out in the open, plant our colors and back that supervisor up, for our township roads need this sort of personal friendship work just as much as that done with pick and shovel, a road grader or a split log drag. Get upon one side of the fence or get over on the other. The quickest way to lessen the burden in this road proposition is dont sit on the fence, and don't let anybody else sit there either. You have got to believe in 37 yourself and in the fellow who is doing real intelligent work for your township roads, and that very belief and confidence will do a wonderful lot to help encourage the supervisor who is actually try- ing to do the best that he knows how. Every supervisor gets weak from i)iinishment. I know, for I've had four years experience and have been pummelled and thrown down and rolled on, for some- times the fire from the ranks of the opposition is most wicked. It is then that the constructive tax payer must step out and get upon one side of the fence or the other and must pull or push everybody else off of the fence who tries to sit there and play possum, for then is the time that intelligent work and study counts most for it is because of ignorance that most of our road burdens have in- creased rather than grown smaller, and a good "scrap" often clears the air and dispels ignorance. It brings out that truth I was talk- ing about previously, and it is this important truth in our township road affairs which serves to bring a more rapid improvement. Many a supervisor would like to go ahead and fix and maintain better road standards of his community, but he realizes that he is not strong enough to do the job unless the majority of his tax payers under- stand the real facts of the situation. Because of lack of township road knowledge among the taxpayers, a good supervisor is often scared away when the enemy in the form of political opposition or l>ersonal ''sore heads" opens up with its cannonading, and manv an efficient supervisor for the sake of peace in his community will lay down his arms and keep off of the township roadways. This is wrong. You must get in back of an ofiicial who has proved he can earn good dividends for the township roads. You must heli) boost up his nerve, for I have never yet met a Pennsylvania road sui)ervisor who will not feel the benefit of your personal encourage- ment. He will do better work and instead of often retreating be- cause of hostilities, you can help him swing your own home com- munity's road efforts to victory. All it requires is just a bit of the General Phil Sheridan spirit when at the Battle of Winchester which started in with a rout for our Union regiments. When Sheri- dan got into the game with his famous ''W^e're going back, boys" yell — it (lidn't take long before his trooi)s went back and turned a defeat into victory. You can help your su|)ervisors, and it is up to him to hustle and learn how to helj) himself to the very best of his ability, for that is one of the things required of any cori)oration executive, and if he doesn't learn how to earn dividends he is very soon *'fired" from his job. There is no reason why the township supervisor who is responsible for thousands of dollars annually of his taxpayers' money should not be regarded in the same light. The big ambition in your home township which your super- visors should strive for is to produce a one years respectable road improvement in the way of dividends to you for every $100 of your tax money which you must ])ay by law to your township tax col- 38 lector. This prodnjing cf road improvement dividends is the jol of your supervisor. It is what he swore to accomplish when h( took the solemn oath of his office, and the best and quickest waj you can help him to lighten the burden of your own poor town tilization and Disposal of Second Class and Cull Fruit. Prof. M. G. Kains, Horticulturist, State College, Pa. ship roadways and to help him get better ones is for you to ge thoroughly acquainted with the various business items of your homd The ton^c that I have this morning is the ''Utilization and Dis- township road burdens and then show your local supervisor that osal of Second Class and Cull Fruit." Naturally you in this sec- he can count upon your backing and support when the demagogic on are thinking of apples and peaches, because these are your kicker starts in to talk and to "knock." Lo^;»^rT ^^t-nif ^t-i-^T^c f^^A^f^f^\cM\T tVip annlp a«; it i«; voiir most imnortant "*'>> jading fruit crops, especially the apple, as it is your most important jrop. The Canada Fruit Marks Act, as you probably know, is an ct which lays down specifications for the picking of apples and cher fruits. People who pack according to the brands specified by le Act, must live up to the brands. Unless the apples are as rep- sented when the inspectors open sample barre'-- i*' Montreal, or Quebec, or some other forwarding port in C da, the whole ipment can be confiscated and the grower bear the loss. The suit of that Act has been a very great improvement in the for- arding methods, so far as Canada is concerned ; so great in fact, at American apples often go across the line and go forward from ontreal and Quebec because shippers desire to take advantage of e branding that can be given in Canada. So far as Canada itself is concerned, this Act has been worse an a dead letter in one respect ; it has kept the poor apples at iome, so people who formerly had no trouble in getting good uit now have to take the lower grades which cannot be shipped Europe. It is characteristic in towns and cities to find poor ^^uit, whereas years ago we had no trouble in getting the best, the jX)orer grades being kept at home for cider and vinegar purposes. Those of you who have followed the trade papers know what Sonderful development this Fruit Marks Act has had in building ) Canadian agricultural industries. So far as export is con- cerned, the development has been decidedly marked here just as " I Canada ; growers are confronted with the problem of getting \A of the lower grade fruit. It is perhaps a flippant solution to ly **don't have any," and yet there is more in that "don't have ly" than at first appears on the surface, for the best way to re- Lice the quantity is to practice modern methods of production. You all know where you are practicing the selection of good Jusiness varieties you have little trouble in selling those varieties; I mean varieties that have a definite place in a definite market. Vou know that the South is perhaps the best market for York Im- perial. You do not send York Imperial to Boston — not to the ^me extent. The same remark will apply to other varieties. Busi- i|ess varieties is perhaps the first point to make in not having low frade fruit. Then, of course, come pruning and spraying and fer- [lizing and cultivating. You know from other talks what these 39 TIGHT BINDING 40 mean. You also know from experience how these have worked out in the production of better quaHty fruit. Next in order comes thinning. Perhaps this is the least under- stood of the four or fixe headings I have just mentioned, but in this county it is better understood and better practiced than in many other parts of the state and in many other parts of the United States, if w^e except those Western states that have come into the market and into competition with our eastern fruit. You know thinning has at least three specific advantages : First, it saves the drain in the production of seed. Seed production is a greater drain than the production of pulp, so that if we reduce the number of specimens on the tree we give the tree just that much more chance to rii)en up the specimens that remain. Thinning re- duces the culls. It is much easier to pick off the inferior speci- men by breaking it off from the stem and letting it fall on the ground than to pick that same specimen, put it in a basket, carry it to the packing-house, paw it over several times perhaps and finally discard it. Again, thinning tends to make regular, annual bearing the characteristic habit of varieties. The most striking instance that I know^ of this last kind is in the orchard of John Q. Wells, of Shortsville, N. Y. Three years ago Mr. \\>lls told me his orchard was about twenty-five years old, that it came into bearing when about eight years old, and that he had had fifteen crops in seventeen years. The reason he did not have seventeen crops was because a frost each of those two years had killed the blossoms. The fact that he has paid for his farm, which w^as very heavily mortgaged when he took it, and has a w^ell- equipped set of buildings, ought to speak pretty favorably for the thinning practice. But even with the best of thinning, the best of cultivation, prun- ing and general i)ractice, there will be low grade fruit to a greater extent than any fruit grower would like. \\> can't always pre- v'Cnt accidents hapi)ening in the ])acking-house, and can't always have our aj^ples free from scab or other defects, so we have to find ways of taking care of the low grade fruit that we would not care to go to market and give us or our section a bad name. It is never desirable to ])ut low grade fruit in the same package with our best fruit. Everybody knows that. Nobody should put up a barrel of apples or a box of apples, of a quality that he would not, him- self, care to buy. \\c all have low grade stuff to take care of at home. How shall we do it? Before discussing that let me say a few words about our brands. In this section you are especially favored in having a general outlet for your fruit. You can therefore be more or less co-opera- tive and get a name for the whole section in the markets you aim to supply. Individually, it will be to your advantage to live up to your brand. As a section, it will be to your advantage also to live up to the general tone of the community, so that the community ^. 41 as well as the individual, will get a good name. It is desirous not to allow the itinerant buyer to get hold of your fruit, because he might pack good, bad, and indifferent fruit in your barrel and say they came from Adams County, which would give your section a bad name. A good name is above price, whether for the individual or for the section. Now as to the quantity left over. There are several ways of getting rid of stock l)elow fancy and below first class. L. L. Mor- rell, of Kinderhook, N. Y., makes three grades according to size. He does not grade so much in tlie ordinary acception of the term as according to size. He makes more money out of his second and his third size apples than he does out of his first size. He has found that in Brooklyn, where he markets most of his apples, there is a great demand for a medium and a small apple, and he is deliber- ately catering to that demand. The first grade sells at a little in advance of the second size, but it takes a little more effort to pick that size out. There are more apples of second and third sizes than of first size. The work is simplified by using the size rather than the color, and as he has standard varieties— Baldwin, Rome Beauty and other varieties of that class— he has no difticulty in selling. He has very little of the grades below third size, because he practices good cultivation and thinning methods, and is a thor- oughly up-to-date grower. In some sections of western New York the fruit growers find they can dispose of second and third grades in the mining towns of Pennsylvania, where there is a distinct demand for a medium quality fruit. It is to their advantage to send nothing but first- class fruit to the larger cities or to Europe. Apples specked with scab, or in some other w^ay injured in ap- pearance, are still good fruit. What shall be done with them." There is a possibility of developing a trade in them, just as de- veloping a trade by size. If the fruit is not seriously specked it may be put in a package by itself and sold for what it is. Nobody objects to paying a reasonable price for such fruit if it is as rep- "But we still have quantities of stuff that will not be classed with any of those grades as have been spoken of. As you know, the old home way of drying apples is practically extinct now, but we are using the evaporator i)rocess. The dryers take care of a con- siderable quantitv of fruit in this way. Wayne County, New York, is unquestional)ly the most important section where evaporating is carried on. From a rise of ground almost anywhere in the county, a view in all directions will show ten to forty drying outfits or kilns, on the individual farms, and carload shijMiients from that sec- tion are very common. Peoi)le there think in terms of carloads. Immense quantities of this fruit go to Europe, esi)ecially Germany ; probably not this year, on account of the war, but otherwise an- nually. It,- . ;.T-.'-ci/-,,_ 42 43 Just how much money there is in that is a problem. It is dependent upon other conditions in the market. If there is in California a large prune crop and these are dried, the evaporated apples come in competition with that dried fruit. The kiln dryers always take that into consideration. Sometimes they will not buy the lower grade fruits to dry because of the fruit that will be dried in other parts of the world. They keep their eyes on the whole fruit situ- ation. A new process, the dehydrator process, has been introduced within the last few years. This is claimed to be more economical than the old-fashioned drying process. As promulgated in the company's literature, the strength of this system rests in "squeez- ing" the water out of the air before it passes over the hot plates. The dried heated air then goes through the fruit cut up in the usual manner, the idea being to have a very dry air so as to reduce the time necessary to take the water out of the fruit. By so doing it is not necessary to have so high a heat in order to remove the same amount of water in a given time. The result is that much less of the fruit oils which give flavor be lost in the process, and the quality of the product, after it is prepared for the table, is better. The apple canning business which you have established in this section is taking care of a large quantity of low grade material. You have two or three of these canneries in this section, also two or three evaporators. I have heard the products of these canneries here spoken of very highly, and spoken of in a way that would indicate that hotel keepers and restaurant keepers prefer this ma- terial to the fresh fruit, because no trouble is experienced in getting it in shape for the table. But your canneries here are unques- tionably too small to take care of the probable quantity of material that it will be necessary to get rid of in the next few years when your newer orchards come into bearing, so that it will be nec- essary to have other means of taking care of this product; first, by enlarging the old buildings and by developing some other lines of taking care of cull fruit. There is not much money in cider. Only the poorest apples are usually made into cider ; those apples that are not good enough for the evaporator or cannery, or low grade fruit, at the best. There is not much money either in vinegar. Probably the reason for that is the fact that grain vinegars are coming into market more and more every year, and because of the campaign being made to show up these vinegars as purer and cleaner than that made from apples. Probably you know that in the making of grain vinegar the grain is thoroughly cleaned and every precaution is taken to have it pro- duced under the most sanitary conditions. Several other processes are now extensivelv used in the production of apple by-products. Before I come to them, however, I must speak of the Apple Advertisers of America, an organization formed ^> * ^ last winter — a representative apple organization for the whole ap- ple industry. Its officers are chosen from many states and its vice- presidents come from practically every important apple growing section. The object of this association is to advertise the apple, to bring forward its best points and educate consumers to use more apples in their various lines of diet. Mr. U. Grant Border, of Bal- timore, is the secretary. He published a pamphlet called ''197 Ways to Cook Apples," a booklet which can be had for a few cents. Among the 197 recipes given there are many that could be utilized for making commercial apple products. I have picked out a num- ber of ways that might be used : Jelly, preserves, apple conserve of many kinds (there are no less than forty recipes known in Penn- sylvania alone for taking care of apple butter!) spiced apples, mix- tures of apples with other fruits, apple mince meat, clarified ap- ples, coddled apples, apple syrup, candied apples, and so on. Of course, none of those, except apole butter, are on the market at present, but there is no reason why some of our apples could not be made up in such ways. However, it will be experimental because we will have to reach the palate of the market. It is my hope that at State College we may have, in the near future, a plant for the making of some of these products for ex- periment ; not on a big, commercial scale, but on a scale which any householder could apply. A large number of companies now make equipments for home canning. Some of these cost as low as $5; better ones, $10, and so on. The plant that I hope to have at the college is the kind that any farmer can have on his place. Can- ning, or working up these products, is easy, and to a person who is interested in that kind of work, it is a pleasure, and should de- velop into an excellent trade. No one can tell how important an industry can be built up. I have two instances in mind where a woman (in each case) developed a good industry. One, a Philadelphia lady, puts up seventy tons of grapes each year in jelly. I know that many other people better situated than that woman is can make good incomes from home preserves, because there is a distinct demand for that kind of thing in the larger cities wher€ most people believe they can't put up jams and jellies at a profit and have them keep. Fruits can be put up so they will keep. I know because I have done it. About two years ago I put up over two hundred jars of various products and not one jar spoiled, even after being kept in the kitchen, which is the hottest place in the house. Member. — Were peaches included in that? Prof. Kains.— Peaches and strawberries, too ; plums, apple sauce, grape jelly and jam — a lot of diflFerent things. Another lady who took a delight in canning, started is the home kitchen, but soon grew out of that and had all the work done in a little shed outside. Her business grew until, three years ago when I was at her home, she had over $100,000 worth of the products 44 45 h then to sell. She has made a grand success of it. Home canned products when sold in competition with the factory put up stuff, always find a ready market, and almost always at higher prices. One other point in connection with the disposal of fruit products — specializing in teaching the public what individual varieties are fitted for. For many years I have poked fun at the ]\en Davis apples. I don't know of anything I could add to the fun along that line, but the Ben Davis apple is no joke to the man who has it, because it is a distinct mortgage lifter. Still I think that the Ben Davis has been overdone. I have also classed York Imperial very close to Ben Davis, but yesterday I experienced a change of heart. I had some of the most delicious apple sauce for lunch that I have ever eaten. When I asked my hostess how she managed to keep the fruit in shape — distinct quarters — she merely said ''York Imperial." Now in marketing your fruit, you can, and should, make more of the special function or special adaptibility of individual varieties. Macintosh and Famouse apples are decidedly dessert fruits, and yet they make splendid jelly. Astrachan is a very tart apple but it makes excellent jelly. Ewalt and Rhode Island Greening are both good for sauce and pie. Sweet Russet is noted for its ability to make good apple butter, and York Imperial I would put high in the list, since yesterday, for apple sauce and pie. Member. — You spoke of thinning, how late would you thin? Prof. Kains. — Perhaps we can take Mr. Wells as a typical in- stance. Mr. Wells does not thin until after the June drop, then he gets rid of the inferior fruit, as that would be cull stuff anyway. He thins to six or seven inches the first of July. He thins again the latter part of July, and the time I was there was in the middle of August, and he said ''the fruit is too thick on those trees. I am going to put the girls in there to-morrow and thin it out to eight inches. H. M. Anderson. — How about the apple butter industry? Prof. Kains.— There is a very good api)le butter industry near Reading, Pa. The people started in a small way and now have a commercial l)rand. You will find an article concerning their meth- ods in the American Ac/ricnlturist some time in October or the last of September. It gives a lot of detail concerning methods. E. C. Brinser. — For what reason would you suggest that a man go over his api)les two or three times. WMiy not thin enough at once while you are at it, if you know how? Prof. Kains. — That is a very pertinent question. It is not always l)Ossible to thin them as you would like them finally in one going over. It dei)ends on your local conditions. In a dry season one thinning might be sufiicient, whereas in a wet season it might be necessary to thin a second time in order to prevent trees from breaking. Member. — Would it be feasible to have a cannery operated through an Association of this kind? \\> have had some experience in handling canned goods, and because of not being known on the market, we have not been very successful in marketing. If it could be sent out under an association brand it would be easier, would it not, to work up a reputation in that way, than for an individual to work up a reputation? Prof. Kains. — Yes, I think that is a very good point if the asso- ciation could vouch for its products. In order to do that it would be necessary for the association to have a central plant with a regular process, so as to carry it out and have a uniform product. That is a detail that would have to be worked out so far as the general market is concerned, but for the establishing of a personal trade, anybody could work it up. V Advantagks ok Spraying. (Large Pile Perfect.) • «* • •% «• ■Si -^ Applks From Uxspravkd Trkks. Largk Pilk. Culls. Small Pill on the Lkft Salkarlk Fruit. {Photo by Pcairs.) 44 then to sell. She has made a grand success of it. Home canned products when sold in competition with the factory put u\) stuff, always find a ready market, and almost always at higher ])rices. ( )ne other point in connection with the (lis])osal of fruit products — specializing in teaching the public what individual varieties are fitted for. For many years I have ])oked fun at the r)en Davis ai)i)les. I don't know of anything I could add to the fun along that line, but the Ben Davis apple is no joke to the man who has it, because it is a distinct mortgage lifter. Still 1 think that the Ben Davis has been overdone. I have also classed York Imperial very close to Ben Davis, but yesterday 1 experienced a change of heart. I had some of the most delicious ai)ple sauce for lunch that I have ever eaten. When 1 asked my hostess how she managed to keej) the fruit in shape — distinct quarters — she merely said ''York Im])erial." Now in marketing your fruit, you can. and should, make more of the si)ecial function or special adaptibility of individual varieties. Macintosh and Famouse api)les are decidedly dessert fruits, and yet they make splendid jelly. Astrachan is a very tart apple but it makes excellent jelly. Ewalt and Rhode Island Greening are both good for sauce and ])ie. Sweet Russet is noted for its ability to make good api)le butter, and ^'ork Imi)erial 1 would jmt high in the list, since yesterday, for ai)])le sauce and pie. Member. — ^'ou s])oke of thinning, how late would you thin ? Prof. Kains. — IV'rhaps we can take ]\lr. Wells as a typical in- stance. Mr. Wells does not thin until after the June drop, then he gets rid of the inferior fruit, as that would be cull stuff anyway. He thins to six or seven inches the first of July. 1 je thins again the latter part of July, and the time 1 was there was in the middle of August, and he said "the fruit is too thick on those trees. I am going to put the girls in there to-morrow and thin it out to eight inches." H. M. Anderson. — How about the apple butter industry? Prof. Kains.— There is a very good a])])le butter industry near Reading, I'a. The people started in a small way and now have a commercial brand, 'i'ou will fmd an article concerning their meth- ods in the .Imcrican .h/ricultiirist some time in October or the last of Sei)tember. It gives a lot of detail concerning methods. E. C. Brinser. — h\)r what reason would you suggest that a man go over his a])])les two or three times. W'hy not thin enough at once while you are at it, if you know how? Prof. Kains. — That is a very pertinent (|uestion. It is not alwavs ])0ssible to thin them as you would like them finallv in one going over, it (le])ends on your local conditions. In a dry season one thinning might be sutticient, whereas in a wet season' it might be neces.sary to thin a second time in order to ])revent trees from breaking. Member. — Would it Ik* feasible to have a cannery o])erated through an Association of this kind? We have had -ome'exi)erience <■> 45 in handling canned goods, and because of not being known on the market, we have not been very successful in marketing. If it could be sent out under an association brand it would be easier, would it not, to work up a reputation in that way, than for an individual to work up a reputation? Prof. Kains. — \'es, I think that is a very good point if the asso- ciation could vouch for its products. In order to do that it would be necessary for the association to have a central plant with a regular process, so as to carry it out and haxe a uniform j)ro(luct. That is a detail that would have to be worked out so far as the general market is concerned, but for the establishing of a personal trade, anybody could work it u.p. Advaxtagks of Spray 1X0. (Large Pile Perfect.) 4»A <¥ Ai'Pu-is From Uxsi'Ravkd Trkks. Largk Pilk, Ctlls. Smaij, Pii.k ox thk Lkkt Saij:ap.i.k b^Rrrr. (Photo by rcairs.) INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 46 The Control of Orchard Insects and Diseases. It, Gymnosporangium Macropus. I. Cedar-apple with gelatinous horns. 2. A spore from a gelatinous horn germinating and producing four infection spores, one of which is de- tached. (Very highl> magnified.) 3. and 4. Apple leaf and fruit with the cluster-cup stage of the fungus. ,. W. M. Scott, Baltimore, Md. During the past ten years the planting of fruit trees, more es- pecially apple trees, has been so extensive that we are now be- ginning to face the problem of profitably marketing our crops. This subject is being discussed more extensively and considered more seriously than at any previous time. About half the program of this convention is taken up by this and closely related subjects. It is a serious problem and we had just as well confront it squarely. The first requisite is the production of good fruit, i. e., fruit of good size and color and free from insect and fungous injuries. The appeal to the buyer is made through the eye ; the appearance of the fruit largely determines the price. It therefore behooves us to employ every practical means available for combatting the various insects and diseases that seek to injure our trees and render our fruit unfit for market. Although spraying is the most important means of controlling orchard pests, it should be supplemented by other methods which may be designated as sanitary measures and eradication. Sanitary Measures. Much can be accomplished in the control of insects and diseases by adopting certain sanitary measures, such as burning the twigs and branches pruned from the trees, cutting off and burning all dead wood, scraping off the flakes of bark on old trees and cleaning up the fence-rows around the orchard. The fruit bark beetle, which cannot be controlled by spraying, breeds in dead and dying branches either on the trees or in the brush pile. This insect can be controlled only by destroying these breeding places and keeping the trees in a vigorous condition. This dead wood also furnishes a medium for the growth and reproduc- tion of the black rot fungus (Sphceropsis malorum) which pro- duces the leaf-spot, black rot and canker of the apple, pear, and quince. It is, therefore, doubly important to keep the orchard clean of such breeding material. The curculio, which attacks both stone fruits and pome fruits, hibernates through the winter under leaves and other debris in the orchard, in old fence-rows and in adjacent wood lots. Where this insect occurs in large numbers spraying with arsenate of lead is only partially effective and should be supplemented by destroying the beetles in their hibernating quarters so far as possible. This may be accomplished in part by burning the leaves, dried grass and other trash that collect on terraces, in hedges and in adjacent wood lots. 47 48 The coddling moth larvae pass the winter under flakes of bark on the tree, in the cracks and corners of the packing house and of the picking baskets and boxes. In the spring they emerge as moths which lay eggs for the new generation of worms. Scraping off the rough bark and cleaning up the packing house would contribute much toward the control of this insect. Eradication. Eradication is the act of rooting out or completely destroying the cause of the trouble. A concrete example is found in the treatment of the foot and mouth disease of animals, the remedy for which is eradication. As carried out by the government not only are the diseased animals killed but the entire herd exposed to the disease is destroyed and the premises thoroughly disinfected. In plant pa- thology, peach yellows, cedar rust and pear blight furnish examples of this method of treatment. Peach Yellows. — The treatment of yellows consists in the re- moval of the diseased trees, as soon as the first symptoms develop. No other method has been found effective. The symptoms are the premature ripening of the fruit, the production of willowy twigs with small leaves and the yellowing of the foliage. By inspecting the orchard shortly before the fruit ripens and again in late sum- mer or fall the affected trees may be identified and removed and the disease thus prevented from spreading over the entire orchard. Cedar Rust. — It is a well established fact that the cedar tree is necessary for the existence of the cedar rust fungus. In the spring the spores of this fungus are carried by the wind from cedar balls to the apple orchard, infecting the fruit and foliage; in the late summer the spores are in turn carried back to the cedar trees where they produce another crop of cedar balls. The spores produced on the apple trees cannot reinfect the fruit and foliage of the apple and before another outbreak of the disease can occur spores must be brought from cedar trees. It naturally follows then that a complete eradication of the cedar trees in any locality would mean the eradi- cation of the disease from the orchards of that locality. This is the best and only really effective remedy for the cedar rust disease. Pear Blight and Cankers. — Eradication is the only means of controlling pear blight, of pears, apples and quinces. As generally practiced, complete eradication is not effected, but eradication from individual orchards is often accomplished. Cutting out the affected parts of a tree to prevent further damage to that particular tree and to prevent the spread of the disease to other trees is effective if properly done. The cuts should be made in healthy tissue beyond the diseased area, so as to remove all the germs, and the tools should be frequently disinfected. Collar blight is perhaps the most serious form of pear blight in apple orchards. The Grimes Golden is especially subject to this \ * k I 49 disease and should never be planted except as a top budded or grafted tree on a less susceptible variety. By frequent inspections of the trees the occurrence of collar blight can be detected in its early stages. The tree may then be saved by cutting out the diseased area, washing the wound with corrosive sublimate and painting it over with white lead. Perhaps the most common origin of cankers on apple trees is pear blight, the germs of which reach the limbs through fruit spurs and water sprouts. After killing an area of bark, the size of which depends upon the sappiness of the limb, the germs usually die and the work of the pear blight disease is ended. Then another organ- ism drops in and takes up its abode in the diseased area, the pear blight germs having prepared the way by killing and cracking the bark. This secondary organism is at first confined to the dead spot and then it reaches out into the living tissues beyond, gradually en- larging the diseased area until finally the limb is girdled and dies. The pear- blight germs may, under favorable conditions, persist long enough to girdle the limb, but as a rule the completion of the work is left for one of the several canker fungi, like the blister canker fungus which is so common in the Middle West. The remedy is to prevent the blight, if possible, from gaining en- trance to the bark of the larger limbs by removing all water sprouts and fruit spurs; or failing in this to cut out the blighted area before the canker fungus becomes established. On the limbs in orchards that were affected during the summer with twig blight oi" blossom blight one can usually find dead spots two or three inches in diam- eter. If the blight germs have died the bark over the affected area will usually crack loose from the surrounding live bark. These spots should be carefully cut out down to the wood and into healthy bark beyond the outer edge of the diseased area. After making a clean smooth wound it should be washed with corrosive sublimate and painted over with a good wound paint. To neglect this work is to invite various canker fungi which may ultimately kill the affected limb. These cankers also harbor the bitter rot fungus, yack rot fungus and perhaps others. Dormant Spraying. Spraying for the San Jose scale has become an old story and most of those who have adopted it as a regular annual operation no longer consider this insect a particularly serious pest. On the other hand, there are those whose efforts have not been rewarded with the desired success in holding the scale under control. Failures are due mainly to lack of thoroughness in applying the remedy. A few cases may be due to poor spray materials, but lime-sulphur solution is generally used and it will kill the scale no matter where nor how made, provided it is used strong enough and applied with sufficient thoroughness. If the loose bark has 50 been scraped off it is an easy matter to coat the trunks and larger limbs, but it requires an experienced operator to properly coyer the thousands of twigs and fruit spurs of old apple trees. During the summer the young that issue from the surviving scales on the smaller branches crawl out on the fruit and cause considerable dam- age even though the spraying may have practically freed the more vital portions of the tree from infestation. The nozzles should be set at an angle of about 45 degrees and the spray directed inward and downward on the ends of these twigs and behind the buds, leaving no portion of the tree above ground uncoated. Lime-sulphur solution diluted at the rate of one gallon to eight gallons of water is the material most commonly used and it may be applied at any time during the dormant period, though preferably in the spring shortly before the buds open. Peach trees should, as a rule, be sprayed from three to six weeks before blooming in order to control the leaf curl disease as well as the San Jose scale. Orchards that are badly infested with scale, especially old apple trees, usually require two applications, one in the fall soon after the leaves drop and the other in the spring before the buds open. By pruning the trees, scraping off the loose flakes of bark and making these two applications the worst cases of scale may be cleaned up so that thereafter only one annual application would be required to hold the pest under control. It should be remembered that thoroughness is the keynote to success. Lime-sulphur solution will not kill the peach lecanium or terrapin scale and where this insect occurs miscible or soluble oil diluted at the rate of one gallon to eighteen gallons of water is recommended. Although oil sprays sometimes injure peach buds, there seems to be no other satisfactory remedy for this insect. Summer Spraying. It would be too long a story to take up separately each insect and fungus which summer spraying is intended to control, and in- stead, their treatment as outlined in the accompanying charts will be briefly discussed. Apple Spraying Schedule. The principal insects and fungous diseases affecting the fruit and foliage of the apple in this section may be controlled by spraying the trees with two pounds of arsenate of lead and one and one-half gallons of lime-sulphur solution to each fifty gallons of water. The applications should be made as follows : First. — After the blossom buds separate, showing pink. This is chiefly for the curculio and scab and where these troubles are not serious, as is often the case in York Imperial orchards, this applica- tion may be omitted. SI Second. — When most of the petals have dropped. This is for the codling moth, curculio, scab, leaf-spot and cedar rust, and it is the most important application of the schedule. The nozzle should be set on the rod at an angle of 45° and special care should be taken to drive the spray into the calyx cavities. If the aphis has ap- peared add one-half pint of black leaf 40 to each 50 gallons of the spray. Third. — About three weeks after the petals have fallen. This is to give the fruit and foliage further protection against the trou- bles named under ''Second" and especially to protect the new foliage that rapidly unfolds during this period. Fourth. — About the first week in July. This is for the second brood of the codling moth and for the leaf-spot and sooty fungus. Peach Spraying Schedule. The fruit of the peach is affected with only three serious troubles — the curculio, scab and brown rot — and these may be readily con- trolled by spraying the trees in accordance with the following schedule : First. — When the calyces are being pushed off (about 10 days after the petals fall) use one and one-half pounds of tri-plumbic arsenate of lead and three or four pounds of lime to each fifty gallons of water. This is for the curculio which at this time feeds on the foliage and young fruit. The spray should be applied in the form of a fine mist and, owing to danger of injury to the foliage, the trees should not be drenched. Second. — About 20 days later, or one month after the petals fall, spray the trees with atomic sulphur, 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water, or self-boiled lime-sulphur (8-8-50). To this should be added one and one-half pounds of tri-plumbic arsenate of lead, and where atomic sulphur is use dthree pounds of lime to each fifty gallons of the spray. This is the second treatment for the curculio and the first treatment for scab and brown rot. Third. — About one month before the fruit is expected to ripen, spray the trees with atomic sulphur, 5 pounds to each 50 gallons of water, or with the self-boiled lime-sulphur. No poison should be used at this time, and since the application is intended to prevent the development of brown rot during the month preceding the ripen- ing,of the fruit and during the picking season, the trees should be sprayed rather heavily so as to coat the fruit on all sides. Late maturing varieties, such as Salway, Heath and Bilyeu, usu- ally require an additional application of the fungicide about three weeks after the second in order to properly protect the fruit from scab. The interval between the second and third applications of the schedule above is rather too long for these late varieties. It should be remembered that peach foliage is susceptible to in- jury from applications of arsenate of lead and for that reason care ^■^- 52 should be taken not to over spray the trees. The addition of three or four pounds of Hme to each fifty gallons of the diluted spray lessens the danger of injury and this practice is advised. Discussion. W. E. Grove. — How do you think peach yellows spreads? Prof. Scott. — The cause of the disease and its means of spread- ing are unknown. Some of the best pathologists of the country have worked on this subject, but have failed to discover the cause. It seems likely it may be spread by bees visiting the blossoms, but there is no definite proof of this. Member. — Is the top of the tree or the roots infected? Prof. Scott. — The entire tree becomes sick. The first symptom, as a rule, is the premature ripening of the fruit, and the second symptom is the abnormal development of willowy twigs with small, narrow leaves. Rather extensive experiments have been made in replanting where diseased trees had been removed, and there is no evidence that such replants are likely to contract the disease from the soil or from the old roots in the soil. Member. — Were they planted immediately after the others were taken out? Prof. Scott. — Yes, they were taken out during the summer and new trees planted the following spring. Member. — Isn't that disease on the decline now? Prof. Scott. — Perhaps so; we do not hear so much of it as we did five years ago. Member. — Is the disease not periodical? Prof. Scott. — It seems to be somewhat periodical, developing with great virulence over a period of about five years and then sub- siding for a like period. In Michigan it was very bad during a period of about six years, being about as bad one year as another. During that period. Professor Waite, of Washington, and the state authorities undertook an experiment on a large scale for the eradi- cation of peach yellows covering seven square miles. A systematic inspection was made of al lorchards in this area for three years in succession, two inspections each year, so as to determine definitely whether the disease could be controlled by the rooting out method, and the last year of the test I was one of the inspectors and saw the result. The orchards in the seven square mile area were prac- tically the only ones that survived the outbreak of yellows. Member. — How do you dispose of the diseased trees? Prof. Scott. — They should be chopped and burned right there. But still we have no proof to show that dragging the tree out of the orchard and burning it somewhere else would spread the disease. That has been looked into quite carefully in Michigan and no definite data could be obtained along that line : but the safest plan is to burn the tree right where it is taken out. 53 F. E. Griest.— How far do you think the spores might be carried from cedar- trees to an orchard? Prof. Scott.— As a rule, it is considered that an orchard a mile or more away from a cedar tree is fairly safe, although the disease can be carried more than a mile, but the spores carried farther would probably be so scattered that the infection in the orchard would be light. In the West, out on the plains, when the grass is on fire, it has often been said that little pieces of charred grass have dropped down fifty miles away from the fire; these spores are just as light as ashes, so that they could be carried fifty miles, but not m sufficient numbers to cause trouble. Member.— Must the ground be dug up to inspect for collar blight ? Prof. Scott. — No, not necessarily, but removing the dirt gives one a better opportunity to find the blight. If the ground is not too hard, a little trowel would be all that is necessary to open up sufficient space to detect diseased spots. C. J. Tyson.— Is it not pretty hard to tell when you are beyond the diseased part? Prof. Scott.— It is in the summer; in the winter, however, after the sap has subsided, the aflfected portion has turned more or less brown, or dark, so that one can see the outline of the diseased area. In cutting It out during the summer one is never sure of getting all the germs, unless the bark is removed far beyond the discolored area. Robt. Garretson.— What is the first indication of pear blight? • ?f- ^^^^^•— The pear blight organism produces blossom blight, twig blight, canker on limbs, and collar blight at the ground Where It occurs on the blossom the cluster is killed and dried out. When it occurs on the twig it runs downward, killing the twig and leaves which turn black or brown. On the limbs and trunk where it pro- duces cankers, the diseased area turns dark and usually cracks. Member.— Is there any variety of apple more subject to collar blight? Prof. Scott.— The Grimes Golden is more subject to it than any • ?^ ^J variety that I know. In Virginia and West Virginia Grimes Golden orchards that were planted about twenty-five years ago are about all dead. If one wants to plant Grimes Golden one should top-work or graft on a less susceptible variety, like Northern Spy or Northwestern Greening. ^ C. J. Tyson.— Is it not true that while the Grimes Golden trunk IS very susceptible, the twigs do not blight as readily as some other kinds ? Prof. Scott.— Yes, that is true. C. J. Tyson.— Can we do anything for aphis just before the trees bloom ? Prof. Scott.— Yes, you can do something for green aphis at that time, but the pink, or rosy aphis, which is the most troublesome Vy-' ■ •'t^2>iy 54 one, does not appear until later. It begins to appear about the time the trees are blooming, so that as soon as the blossoms are off they are there and practically all hatched. Spraying at that time with "black-leaf 40" is desirable, at least in an attempt to control it. Sometimes we control it and sometimes we do not. C. A. Griest.— Can't you use "black-leaf 40" in connection with lime-sulphur in the first spraying (for scale)? Prof. Scott. — Yes, that can be done just as the buds are be- ginning to show green, which is practiced in New York state for the green aphis. On account of the bud moth in certain districts there, arsenate of lead is also added to the dormant strength of lime-sulphur for spraying at that time, and "black leaf 40" is some- times used in the first scab spraying, just before the trees bloom. Robt. Garretson. — Do you consider that lime-sulphur used at summer strength has any effect on the scale? Prof. Scott. — It kills the young crawling scale and has some effect in keeping the scale reduced. It kills the young that you hit the day you are spraying, but it cannot take the place of dormant spraying. F. E. Griest. — Do you consider that there is any difference in the effectiveness of dormant spray, whether spring or fall ? Prof. Scott. — Yes, there is some difference. It is generally con- ceded that spring spraying is a little more effective than fall spray- ing for the reason that the coat of spray applied in the spring is carried into the summer and gives the tree protection for a longer time; but in large orchards it is not always practical to do all of the spraying and all of the pruning and other things that are nec- essary in the spring of the year, so that the work should be divided up. It has been our practice to spray about one-half of the orchard in the fall and the other half in the spring. E. C. Brinser. — Where an orchard is not very large and the dormant spraying can be done, when do you think is the very best time you might select? Prof. Scott. — In the spring just before the buds open. In peach orchards the leaf curl fungus begins to develop as the buds begin to swell, and on that account the spraying of peach trees should be done a little earlier ; that is, from three to six weeks before bloom- ing; but for spraying apples, immediately before the buds open is preferable. Member. — What do you think of "scalecide" for that dormant spraying? Prof. Scott. — "Scalecide" is regarded as one of the best materials for killing scale insects, but the trouble about oils of this kind is the danger of injury to the tree, and for that reason they have not been generally recommended. The miscible oils are especially use- ful for the control of the peach lecanium and where this insect oc- curs it is necessary to use one of these oil sprays, even at the risk of kilHng a few of the fruit buds. 55 E. C. Brinser. — As a user of lime-sulphur, do you prefer the commercial lime-sulphur or the home-boiled lime-sulphur? Prof. Scott. — There is no preference, so far as the efficiency of the two materials is concerned, provided they are made right. If you make your material at home and use the right strength, you get just as good results as with the other. As a matter of con- venience, I prefer to use the prepared lime-sulphur. Member. — Does an individual know just when he has it right? Prof. Scott. — No, as a rule he does not. Member. — In what form would you use the lime? Would hydrated lime do? Prof. Scott.— Hydrated lime will do. The fresh lime is a little better because it goes into the solution just a little better. If hy- drated lime is used a larger proportion is necessary. E. C. Brinser. — What is hydrated lime? Prof. Scott. — It is water slaked, or steamed slaked lime. C. J. Tyson. — What is the need for us to go through all this trouble of spraying when we are told we can plug a hole in the tree and fill it up with dope and settle the trouble. Prof. Scott. — That is what I have been wondering. I had some advertising matter about a week ago from a firm in Ohio, claim- mg that they have the matter settled. There is also a Pennsylvania firm which has treated some trees near Hagerstown, Md., and some of the government officials visited those orchards to see the results. They have published no reports but they told me that the results were father unfavorable. There is a bare possibility that something could be injected into the tree so as to render it immune to insects and fungi, but the possibility is very remote I do not believe there is anything in it. Robt. Garretson.— In spraying peach trees do you ever have any burning with this spray material you are using? Do weather conditions have anything to do with it? Prof. Scott.— Yes, weather conditions have quite a good deal to do with It. We have had considerable experience in spraying peach. First we had trouble with arsenate of lead, because at that time It was perhaps not so well made as at present, and then we used It too strong. Peach foliage is very susceptible to arsenical injury and until about seven years ago the peach growers had no spray that could be used without injury. The spraying schedule outlined in the table has been generally adopted. The spray should be applied in the form of a very fine mist and care should be taken not to drench the trees. Member.— What is the time to spray for leaf curl ? Prof Scott.— That is a dormant spray. The leaf curl disease is controlled by an application of lime-sulphur solution (i to 8) made three or four weeks before the trees bloom. -■.■•.■/_* 56 Member. — Do you, in your own orchards, make three sprayings each year? Prof. Scott.- — The first spraying with arsenate of lead alone we sometimes omit in a young orchard just coming into bearing, be- cause the curculio has not developed to any extent in that particular orchard, unless there are old orchards all around it. Member. — Do you prefer usnig the atomic sulphur instead of self-boiled lime-sulphur because of its economy? Prof. Scott. — The honest answer to that question is this: It has been determined, not only by the number of orchards in which it has been used, but by actual government and experiment station tests, that so far as efficiency is concerned there is no difference between the two materials; one is just as good as the other. There is no question when it comes to the matter of convenience, because the atomic sulphur is much more convenient. Making self-boiled lime-sulphur at home is troublesome. The Georgia peach growers largely use the atomic sulphur in preference to making the self- boiled. Member. — How much cheaper do you consider that the atomic sulphur is than the self-boiled? Prof. Scott. — I do not think it is any cheaper. I do not know just what the comparison is, but I do not think that the atomic sulphur has any advantage in cost over the self-boiled. l! ' Co-Operative Marketing Plan of the Fruit Growers Asso ciation of Genesee Co., New York. Mr. J. W. BuRKK, Manager, Batavia, New York, The Genesee County Fruit Growers' Association was organized five years ago. The idea of the organization at first was for the purpose of growing better fruit and establishing a closer relation- ship between the members and the business world. At its inception the members were bound together simply by a "gentlemen's agreement" and did not contemplate marketing any fruit. In August, 191 1, a meeting was held and the members of the Association agreed to incorporate under the laws of the state of New York, adopt a constitution, and issue stock. The following three paragraphs are excerpts from the Constitution : Who are Eligible to Membership. "Membership in the Association shall be confined to actual owners of orchards in the county of Genesee and two townships in the county of Wyoming and every member shall be the owner of at least one share of stock at a par value of $5.00. Board of Directors. "The Board of Directors shall consist of seven stockholders, four of whom shall constitute a quorum, and four of whom shall hold office for more than one year. They shall qualify as directors with- in ten days and elect from their number a President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer." Marketing. "The members of this Association shall be permitted to market their fruit either through the Association or otherwise. Provided a member wishes the Association to market his fruit he shall sign a contract with the Association by August ist of each year. The Association through its Board of Directors shall then have the exclusive and unqualified power to market all fruit as contracted." You will note that a member can market his fruit through the Association or not — it is not obligatory. So before describing our manner of marketing and what we have accomplished along those lines I want to tell you what we are doing to grow better fruit, which is essential to good marketing. 57 ,r c.^-C^:..:'^^■.^j 58 To this end we made a contract with Cornell College of Agricul- ture for the services of two experts, one a plant pathologist and the other an entomologist, the contract to be known as an Industrial Fellowship Agreement. For the support of this fellowship we pay th-e college $750 per year for each expert, except after two years experience in the field we pay $1,000. We furnish a laboratory building and the equipment of the field laboratory is provided by the college. These experts are on the ground from April ist to Oc- tober 1st. Prof. Whetzel of Cornell College of Agriculture helped a lot to get this work started, and spent about 2 months in the county, spring of 1912. Duties of Experts. They shall investigate and demonstrate the nature and control of all injurious insects and fungus diseases attacking the principal fruits grown by members with special reference to apples and pears. Advise when to pray and the formula to use. See that spray rig is in order and material on hand. Instruct in tree surgery and prun- ing and give instructions regarding cultivation and mulching. The Association provides a Ford runabout for the experts to visit the farms of the different members from time to time and advise with them. They keep a card index with separate card for each member on which date of each visit, conditions of orchard and other data are noted. Sample Card of Member. Gardner F. May 14. — Inspected orchard, observed very thorough spraying. Few Leaf-Rollers. June 10 — Inspected Orchard. Trees, looking good. June 17. — Visited again. Trees looking good. Aug. I.— Not going to put on 2d brood Spray. Certain tree dying of peculiar disease. How Paid. Each member is assessed $10.00 annual dues and the balance pro rata according to acreage. The cost varies from $1.50 to $3.00 per acre. Our present membership is sixty and the number of acres of orchard is 600. Not all the members of the Association market their fruit through the Association, but at least fifty per cent, must do so or the directors are relieved from conducting the Sales Department. In the raising of funds to pay the experts it was at first proposed to charge a per acre tax in proportion to the amount required to be raised. The large owners, however, objected to this as they said ^ 59 they would be paying more than their share, so a compromise was reached by each member paying $10 and then the balance by a per acre assessment. This equalized the cost between the owner of the small orchard and the owner of the large orchard. The work of the experts has been highly satisfactory and we are growing better fruit than ever before in Genesee County, New York. While the best fruit is grown by members of the Association, those out- side the Association have been indirectly benefited. Marketing. We are now marketing in a co-operative way our third crop of apples and pears. This branch of our Association is conducted sep- arate and distinct from the expert work of caring for our orchards. As I mentioned previously in quoting from our constitution, only those members who sign the following contract with the di- rectors have their fruit marketed. The: Genesee: County Fruit Growers' Association FRUIT CONTRACT This Agreement, Made and entered into this day of 191.. WITNESSETH: That the Grower, has hereby sold and transferred to The Genesee County Fruit Growers' Association his entire crop of merchantable winter apples for the year 191. . Th-e Grower ag-rees to pick, grade and pack his fruit under the supervision of The Genesee County Fruit Growers' Association, the Association reserving the right to furnish packers at the ex- pense of the Grower. The Grower to deliver said fruit at shipping point or warehouse promptly at such time as may be designated by The Genesee County Fruit Growers' Association. The Association agrees to use all due diligence in the handling of 'said Grower's fruit, and in the marketing of same; and further agrees to pay to the Grower such advances, from time to time, as sales warrant, and within thirty days after the receipt of the money for each variety of fruit, the balance of the market price obtained by it for the fruit ; it being understood that the proceeds of each grade and variety are to be pro-rated with the other shipments of the same grade and variety made by the Association during each month ; and that the Association is to retain as a handling charge such a sum as its board of directors shall name. The Grower may instruct on the fifteenth day of any month that his fruit shall be sold during the following month. 1 ^^E'r ' «v . -, P; ■Mr-' 6d The Grower is permitted to sell his own fruit for cash and in such case agrees to notify the Association at once and to pay the Association the usual charge on all such sales^ as if the Association had sold the fruit. Signed in duplicate this . . . day of . . . ., 191 . . WITNESS, , Grower For the Genesee County Fruit Growers' Association. The expense of marketing is paid from the proceeds of sales of those participating in the pool. This expense in the final analysis is actually what it costs — no more. Packing. We have an expert packer, rather a high priced man, the best we could get, to superintend the packing. Duties of Packer. First, visit the orchard of every grower and get a general out- line of quantity, quality, varieties and grade of fruit. Advise when to begin picking, furnish the grower with printed instructions how to pack, and give the grower his number which, together with variety, has to be stenciled on every barrel — once for No. i apples, and twice for Xo. 2 apples. Instructions for Packing Apples in Barrels. With great care pick out your facers, not the largest, but average size of grade you are packing. See that every apple is a perfect one with the very best color you have to choose from. You should not have any difference in size of your facers, but if you should have, place your smaller apples to the outside row and the larger ones to the center. A good many of unexperienced packers do the opposite. Always place stems down, with the exception of long shapely varieties, as Gilliflower and Bellflower, which lay red cheeks down. The sorting must be done carefully, and reject all worms, fungus spots, bruises and unshapely apples both for Grade A and Grade B. Now place your barrel on a plank and after each basket of apples is emptied, give the barrel several quick short shakes. This will have to be governed according to the size of the apples you are packing how full to fill the barrel before using the leveller. At all times level so it will take one row, blossom end up, on top, and leave your apples about one-half inch above staves.' Care must be exercised in racking down very carefully. Nail your barrel and same is ready for shipment. Size for Snows, Golden Russett and kindred sized varieties, 2^4 inches and over, of good color for Grade A. f m m •• 61 Size for Baldwins, Spys, Greenings, Kings, and kindred sized varieties, 2>^ inches and over, of good color for Grade A and 2}i inches and over, showing some color for Grade B. Don't pack any No. 2's in Talman Sweets, Russetts or early fall apples, such as Jenneting, Colverts, St. Lawrence, Maiden Blush, etc. Pack very few No. 2's in odd winter varieties. Let No. 2's chiefly consist of Kings, Snows, Greenings, Spies and Bald- wins, and reject all worms, fungus and bruises. Don't allow your barrels to get wet either before or after pack- ing, and don't pack any apples that are wet. When apples are packed either load on cars or place in a sheltered cool place with plenty of ventilation. Before packing any fruit the expert packer visits the grower again and revisits him at regular intervals to inspect his work and see that it is being done right. The growers of the Association, with the aid and instruction of the expert packer, have been able to get a better pack and nearly a uniform pack. In 1912 we filled an export order of 4,000 barrels from eight orchards, direct from the orchard, and the buyer expected the ap- ples all to come from one orchard. He did not know the difference, however, as the pack was uniform and we received no criticisms and had no rejections. This order was to Hamburg, Germany. We are not getting any orders from there this year. We use corrugated paper caps on face and press end of barrels. Apples that are not shipped from the orchard to market but are put in cold storage we do not pack, but grade to I's or 2's and repack when shipped from cold storage under the supervision of our expert packer. To have fruit well packed is an essential feature to better marketing. Marketing. To transact our business we have an office for which we pay a rental of $10 per month when occupied, and our office equipment, including a safe, did not cost $100. Our office force consists of a sales manager and a bookkeeper. We do not expend anything for advertising. W^e have found that tliere are plenty of reputable and honest commission houses and buyers and that thev want to deal with a grower or dealer or Association that is reputable and honest. JEINNY BRAND The brand that we put on our best grade of apples is "JENNY- SEE" and it is a guarantee of the pack and quality and we receive letters and telegrams from firms handling this brand "Ship more JENNY-SEE. Trade is asking for them." 62 Charge for Selling. We retain from the net proceeds of all sales ten per cent., and at the end of the season whatever is left in this fund is divided ac- cording to the number of barrels handled. The actual cost of selling for the years 1912 and 1913 has been about seven per cent. Pro-Rating. Occasionally a car that is sold is rejected upon arrival and has to be resold at a less price. In a case of this kind, in order that the grower who happened to have apples in the rejected car might not suffer unduly, we pro rate, that is, pay the grower the original price, and take the difference from the ten per cent, fund, thus exemplify- ing the co-operative idea. Some of the Advantages of Co-Operative Marketing. First Uniform grade and pack. Second : Owing to the quality and quantity of each variety that can be offered, it is easier to attract buyers. Third: The individual grower does not have to spend any time dickermg with buyers for he knows that the Association will ob- tam the highest market price for his fruit. Fourth : The grower is saved the difference between the retail and wholesale price of supplies, such as corrugated caps, levellers, presses, etc., by the Association buying in large quantities. Fifth : Growers are furnished with help to pick and pack. Conclusion. We have had no discord or friction between officers and mem- bers in regard to what has been done and we are all enthusiastic over the success of our venture thus far and the spirit of co- operation IS rampant in the Genesee County Fruit Growers^ Asso- ciation. Our gross sales for the season 1912-1913 amounted to $80,0^3.16. l^or the season of 1913-1914 the sales amounted to $38,270 73 This year the amount will be less than 1912 but more than last season 63 Sample Account Sales with one Member. John Dok," Doeville, N. Y. Dr. Batavia, N. Y., Dec. 2^, 1913. Cr. Car 109767. To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, To Storage, 2 bbls., @ .35, To Labor, etc., 2 bbls., @ .08, Car 100871. To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, To Storage, 3 bbls., @ .35, To Labor, etc., 3 bbls., @ .086, Car 102023. To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, To Storage, i bbl., @ .35, To Labor, etc., i bbl. @ .067, .78 .70 .16 1. 14 1.05 .26 .30 .35 .06 Car 7863. To Commission, 7%, To Freight, 6 bbls., @ .24, To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, To Storage, 6 bbls. @ .35, To Labor, etc., 6 bbls., @ .138, .82 Car 150113. 1.63 1.44 2.02 2.10 To Commission, 5%, 4,80 To Freight, 2^ bbls., @ .24 6.72 To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, 8.45 To Storage, 28 bbls., @ .35, 9.80 To Storage Shrink, i bbl. @ .35, .35 To Labor, etc., 29 bbls., (w .082, 2.37 Car 10249. To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, 4.06 To Storage, 14 bbls., @ .35, 4.90 To Storage Shrink, 2 bbls., @ .35, .70 To Labor, etc., 16 bbls., @ .065, 1.04 Car 145212. To Commission, 7%, 8.30 To Freight, ZZ bbls., @ .24, 7.92 To Ass'n. Charge, 10%, 10.23 To Storage, z^ bbls., @ .35, 11.55 To Labor, etc., ZZ bbls., @ 1.36,4.49 To Check to Balance, 202.06 Car 109767. 2 Baldwins, @ 3.90, Car 10087 1 1 Baldwin, @ 3.90, 2 Russett, @ 3.75, I Hubb, Car 102023. 3.00, Car 7863. 5 Greenings, @ 4.00, I Greening, No. 2, @ 3.25, Car 150113. 12 Greenings, @ 4.00, 16 Greenings, No. 2, @ 3.00, Car 10249. 14 Kings, No. 2, @ 2.90, Car 145212. 15 Greenings, @ 4.00, 18 Greenings, No. 2, @ 3.25, $7.80 3.90 7.50 3.00 20.00 3.25 48.00 48.00 40.60 60.00 58 50 $300.55 $300.55 64 Sample Invoice. (Made in duplicate, original for consignee and copy for l)ookkeeper.) J. W. Burke, Sales Manager. GENESEE COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION Batavia, N. V. Invoice Shipment of Apples Station Date Car No Initial To Pi-Qni Destination, 191 Variety Barrels Grade Price Dollars Cts. Total, Sample Agreement Made with Pickers. (Made in duplicate.) Agreement between of the first part and , of the second part as follows : I. The first party does sell two ladders and two baskets to the second party for $ which the first party is to buy back for $ if returned in good condition at the close of the picking season. II. The first party does charge the second party $ per week for board. III. The first party agrees to pay to the second party for picking a three peck basket of apples, four of which are in- tended to make one barrel, if emptied on the sorting table in good condition. 65 IV. If the second party stays throughout the entire picking season, the first party will present him with for every barrel he has picked. V. The second party must be temperate and must be ready to work when the first party wants him. Sample Pickers Tally Card. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Z7 38 39 40 94 95 8 ON ON Account of Fruit Picked by M 00 00 ON 00 vt 00 CI 00 00 Oa 00 ro 00 ; For \ 1 1 1 ■ 41 42 . 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 y2i 74 75 76 77 78 Discussion. C. A. Griest. — Do you admit members to the Association at any time ? Mr. Burke. — Yes, at any time, only after they join they can't withdraw except Jan. ist. Any time prior to Jan ist, after this year's assessment is levied, he surrenders his stock and we pay him the par value of his stock and he gets out. We lose a few and get in a few each year. Member. — May one person hold more than one share? Mr. Burke. — Yes, but not more than one hundred shares. Only one holds more than seven shares. We must have $500 stock to incorporate under the law of the state of New York. Member. — How widely scattered is your membership? Mr. Burke. — All over the county. Member. — Do you have dififerent shipping points? 66 Mr. Burke.— Yes, we store most of the winter fruit in cold stor- age Eighty per cent, of the fruit we have in storage has to be shipped there. Those who live within six miles haul right to the storage. ,. . . , Member.— Do you make any attempt to equalize prices received as between the different growers for the same variety. Mr. Burke.- Yes, still there has not been very much difference. Last year we began marketing Baldwins at $4 a barrel. That was the lowest, and the fruit that sold at $4 per barrel went out before Christmas. . C. J. Tyson.— Have you had experience with buyers making efforts to get your people away from you by paying higher prices than you have been able to get. Mr. Burke. — One dealer was very much opposed to the organiza- tion and he bought extensively from growers outside of the Asso- ciation and paid them more than they paid anywhere else. He told me he lost $7,000. He was trying to break up the Association. He was very meek after that. R. A. Wickersham.— In operating an Association who handles the lower grades? Mr. Burke. — Last year we put everything in cold storage but the ciders, and they sold out pretty well, but this year we did not put in anything that would not pack out either standard A or B, and the rest were sold to a cider mill. C. A. Griest. — Does the Association handle cider apples? Mr. Burke. — We just ship them. We did not agree to handle them, but load them up and charge five per cent, for doing the work. Eighteen cents was the most we got and down to fifteen cents. The evaporators did not run much up there. Half of the apples that were shipped as cider apples would have gone to the evaporator other years, but owing to the war the eva,porators were not running. Member. — How do you arrange the packing-house? Mr. Burke. — The members are too scattered to pack in a pack- ing-house. If they were centrally located I would advocate packing in that way. Member. — Do you store them in bulk? Mr. Burke. — No, we store them in barrels; put in firsts and seconds. Member. — Do you re-run them in the storage house? Mr. Burke. — Yes. R. A. Wickersham. — Do any individuals have their own storage? Mr. Burke. — No, not any of them. Cold storage fruit sells better than common storage. Cold storage Baldwins will command 50 cents a barrel more than common storage. There have not been very many shipped yet. The Greenings put in common storage would be no good at all by the first of February. There is one local 67 dealer at Batavia who stored Greenings in common storage. He started taking some out the isth of November, and had to repack them all. They had started to decay. W. E. Grove. — In your arrangement of ten per cent., how do you do on a consignment? Mr. Burke. — We pay 10 per cent, of the net proceeds after all charges are paid; 10 per cent, net of the money received. W. E. Grove. — I think there might be some misunderstanding in the cost. On account of the small acreage, the cost is rather high. Ten dollars for membership and $3 an acre, then 10 per cent, for selling, also sounds high to us here, but if we stop a minute and realize that instead of having 600 acres as you have, there are perhaps five: or eight thousand acres represented by this Society, and that would bring the cost down to perhaps $1 an acre, and the cost of selling probably would not be 10 per cent. That point I think ought to be explained. Mr. Burke. — As stated, the cost for the years 1912-13 was just about 7 per cent., and it might be a very small fraction over in 191 3, but we retained that 10 per cent, and paid that back in the rebate to those who had apples in the deal and this charge that we had to make this year did not have anything to do with the selling of the apples. But that $10 and the $3 went for the mainte- nance of the orchard, growing of better fruit, looking after trees, spraying, and all that. That is the most we have ever had to pay. Expenses were greater on account of buying a car. Member. — In having your apples picked by the barrel, in what condition do your pickers leave the tree? Mr. Burke. — Every large grower has a man who superintends the picking. If he sees a man breaking limbs or picking off the ground, that man is shipped right off. Member. — What is the average price per day in New York? Mr. Burke. — Last year we could get pickers for about $2 a day and boarded. Two years ago we could not get them for quite that. We had to pay $2.50. Most of the men like to pick by the barrel, but they did not all pick that way. Member. — Do you require them to pick in baskets or do you use bags? Mr. Burke. — We use a basket lined with burlap. W. E. Grove. — In shipping fruit, for instance to Philadelphia, on consignment, can you secure commission service at five per cent., sold in a jobbing way, where they would be taken to Dock Street and sold out through the stores at five per cent, basis. Mr. Burke. — I never consigned any except to one commission man that was in Indianapolis, Ind. He claimed he sold them in that way. He charged 10 per cent, but I thought he obtained enough more to warrant the 10 per cent. 68 The General Fruit Outlook. o X o* > (/) OS ^ i^ ^ 11 u 1 o 1 u ^ 1 CA ■ t/5 *- f S ^ ' < O i Q as rt <; c/) ■-■■? If) o Prof. AI. G. Kains, Horticulturist, State College, Pa. It is reported in the trade papers that this year is apple year in the country. Unfortunately I do not hav with me and cannot give them, but I think you have figures prepared by the Government, so it will not loss if I do not quote them. I have, however, a few cerning the apple export business this year, and will tation from the Ncii' York Produce A>ezvs. { It does total figures from Canada.) APPLE HOLDINGS HEAVY. the greatest e the figures all seen the be a great figures con- read a quo- not give the About 8,000,000 bbls. in the United States, Dec. i. This is 3,000,000 bbls. in Excess of Last Year's Figures — Heavy Increase in the Holdings of Boxed Apples. New York, Dec. i ith. — From the best sources obtainable the hold- ings of apples in the United States, Dec. ist were in excess of 8,ooo,- ooo bbls. This included boxed stock. It is well known that at that time last year the holdings of barrels and boxes were around 5,000.000 barrels, showing an increase over last year of fully 3,000,- 000 barrels. Canada has about 200,000 barrels more than last year. The heavy increase is largely in boxed apples. Roughly speaking, there are 3,000,000 boxes more apples in cold and common storage than at the same time last year. The bulk of this increase is in California, which is reported to have over 1,000,000 boxes com- pared with f)00,ooo Dec. i, 1913. Although there have been re- l)orts that the Colorado crop was ])retty well cleaned up, it is learned from authentic sources that that state has nearly 600,000 boxes, while Washington has 1,500,000 boxes, nearly r, 000,000 boxes more than last year at the same time. From estimates gathered by the News correspondents in New York state the holdings of ])arrels and boxes, reduced to barrels, are in the neighborhood of 2,600,000 barrels. This is nearly 900,000 barrels more than last year. New England States, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts, have about the same quan- tity as last season, while Pennsylvania, ( )hio, Michigan and Wis- consin are far ahead. The same is true of West Virginia and Vir- ginia. It is figured that the former state has at present 260,000 iSarrels in cold and common storage, compared with 65,000 last year. Virginia has 275,000 barrels, against 165,000 on Dec. 1st, last year. Indiana is credited with 160,000 barrels, practically the same 69 pvv'^:rti,:^;^i\::/i INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 70 as last year. Illinois is far ahead of last year, her holdings being 750,000 barrels compared to 575^000, Dec. ist, last year. There is no way of obtaining any accurate estimate of the quan- tity of fruit held in farmers' barns and cellars. It is believed that this latter quantity is large and that it will cut a considerable hgure in the deal. These figures should give apple operators something to think about. With the natural holiday demand and the normal movement during December, there will probably be a greater de- crease in the holdings by Jan. ist. There are many operators san- ^ine enough to believe that with favorable weather the balance of the season the great quantity in storage the first of the year can be moved out at a reasonable figure. Now we have other fruits which constitute a very serious com- petition with apples at certain times of the year. The day before yesterday I made a survey of the fruits for sale in the Reading ter- minal market that to a greater or less extent compete with apples either ripe, dried or canned, and I will hurriedly read over this list with the states and countries from which they come. There are thirty-three kinds of fruits and nuts for sale in that market this week. Strawberries, Fla. Grape fruit, Fla. and Cal. Oranges, Fla. and Cal. Kumquats, Fla. Kaki, Ga. and Ala. Tangerines, Fla. Pineapples, Fla. and West Indies. Lemons, Cal. and Fla. Limes, Fla. Avocado, Fla. and W. I. Bananas, West Indies. Brazil Nuts, Tropics. Dates, Persia. Figs, Arabia, Egypt and Syria. Prunes, Cal. Raisins, Cal. Persian Walnuts, Cal. and Ara. Malaga grapes, Spain. You can see from that list that with some of them the com- petition must be keen. W-e have to take that into consideration. Another point is the apple export. Naturally we suppose that the war has played havoc with the export trade. A few weeks ago the papers were more or less full of remarks concerning this point, and yet in last week's Nezv York Produce Nezvs, I found these figures : Hot house grapes, N. J. American grapes, N. Y. European Chestnuts, Italy. Pecans, South States. Cassabas, Utah. Cranberries, N. J. Almonds, Persia and Cal. Am. Walnuts, Pa. and N. J. Filberts, Cal. and Spain. Hickory Nuts, N. J. and Pa. Crab-apples, N. J. and Pa. Quinces, Pa. Pears, N. Y., Pa. and N. J. Apples, Wash., Ore., Col., N. Y., N. J., Md., Pa., Ohio, W. Va., and Va. Peanuts, Va. 71 Apple export greater than in 191 3. Total to week before last, 1,345^500 barrels. Last year at same time, 1,174,800. Difference, 171,000 barrels in favor of this year. Heaviest exporting points — Portland, almost 37,000 barrels ; Bos- ton, 31,000 barrels; New York, 28,000 barrels; Halifax, nearly 20,- 000 barrels. Now we come down to our own situation. Nothing but branded fruit should go forward to market, because the grower, or associa- tion, forwarding agent or shipper, should be looking for repeat orders and ready sales. Where they are expected the grower or the association should live up to the brand. I have one other short clipping from the Produce News of last week : Apples. New York, Dec. 14th.— What the apple dealer wants is colder weather. All this week foggy, muggy weather has been against the sale of apples and while receipts are not heavy, trading has been un- usually light. If weather conditions were normal trade would be good. The medium and poor grades have had a hard time and have sold almost at any price a buyer would pay. Receivers say most western New York apples are disappointing. They do not have the finish and style which causes ready sale. Thus far there has been but little storage on the market and what has been sold brought fancy prices. The large crop everyzvhere has caused heavy movement of common storage and bulk stock. Even ivith this heavy movement there is still a large quantity of this grade yet unmarketed. You all know, probably not so much as far as Adams County is concerned, that perhaps 100,000 tons of fruit have gone to waste in Pennsylvania orchards this year. In spite of the glutted markets there are plenty of growers who have been making money out of their stock and have had no difficulty in selling their fruit. I have several instances here. These I like to use because they nail the point. They convey a better thought to the audience than to say "you should do" so and so. I think examples carry conviction better. A lady in Virginia who puts up the ^'Overlee" brand of apples, had been fairly well satisfied with the prices she had been getting in Philadelphia, where practically all of her fruit had been sold, but her sales agent suggested that she pack according to the Sulzer Law specifications, and that she try a car shipment according to those specifications. When the car arrived the agent had practically no difficulty in selling it. A few days after, this sales agent telephoned around to these customers and asked how they were pleased, and without any exception the answer came back, "Well pleased ; glad to get some mor^." Soon after the agent telephoned to customers that a second car was coming, and asked if they wanted any of it. Result: the car was sold before it reached Philadelphia. So far as I know, every car of the Overlee brand was sold on practically the same basis. A Peekskill man bought several old orchards practically on the dump-heap, but he renovated the trees, and as there were only sma 1 quantities of any one variety of fruit, he advertised in a New York Sunday paper and got a few customers. From them he was able to build up a home trade. The apples were sold at $2.50 a box delivered. It was not long before the first grade apples were all gone : then he sold the second grade at $2.25 a box. He had no difficulty in getting rid of them, and on the basis of satisfaction he has developed a very nice trade, not only in apples, but poultry, butter, eggs, etc. Another New York man did practically the same thing but in a different way. He is a musician and has a large number of musical friends, mostly in New York. To these he sent postcards telling that he had certain varieties of fruits, not many of any one variety, but would sell them in the order in which orders were received, at $2.50 a box, delivered. He sold them without any difficulty. In each package he put an advertisement about his honey. He is a honey grower and has a good product to put up. Thus he sold his entire output. In California there is a man who was disappointed in the way his raisins were being sold, so took a car east to a city this side of the Rockies, and advertised in the local paper. It was not long before he sold all that town would take. Then he moved the bal- ance of the shipment on to another town. Two or three towns took his whole shipment. Upon the samples he has now developed a nice trade. In the December number of the Ladies Home Journal you will find a full page advertisement of the California Associated Raisin Co., of Fresno, Cal., offering to send seven and one-half pounds of various kinds of raisins to anybody who would send $1. I sent a trial order and received a box of the most delicious raisins I have ever eaten. A carload shipper in Western New York was not satisfied with the way his apples were sold in the larger city markets, so he thought he would send to some of the smaller cities; cities the size of Scranton, or smaller. He consigned them to a retail grocer and advertised in the local paper. He was on the spot for one ship- ment but had the grocer sell later shipments that he found were not necessary for him to sell himself. He had no trouble in selling at a good figure. An Ohio grower was not satisfied in the way his apples w€re handled, so he sent some south, following the car him- self and looking after the sales. He has been well pleased with his trade. Now we come to the honest commission man. Mr. J. Q. Wells, of whom I spoke this morning, told me that he had no complaint 73 whatever to make with the way his commission man has handled his fruit. Mr. Wells says to this man: Sell the fruit to the best advantage. That is the only agreement between them. He has been selling Mr. Wells' fruit for years, and Mr. Wells has no desire to change. There is another way to sell fruit ; the farmers' exchange meth- od. Usually farmers' exchanges are formed where the growers are not getting what they feel they ought to, and are compelled to come together. The growers can't get what they feel is right and are forced to come together. The most remarkable instance prob- ably is the Eastern Shore Produce Exchange, with headquarters at Onley, Va. Years ago these people were getting nothing for their work. They came together and formed an exchange. The first year there was a big pile of independent growers' produce as usual, and but a little pile belonging to the exchange. It was ex- ceedingly hard sledding for the first few years, but the exchange has done such good work that the big pile is on the side of the exchange and the little pile on that of the independent growers. Another well known exchange, the Monmouth County Farmer's Exchange of New Jersey, handles fifteen or eighteen fruit and vegetable products, but principally potatoes. It is now about time for the annual meeting and probably you will find an account of the 1914 sales in the farm and the trade papers. These farmers' exchanges, at least some of them, find it to their advantage, to have a general selling agency. One of these, the North American Fruit Exchange, formed within the last 'five years, is catering to this kind of trade, taking the farmers' exchange brands and selling the produce wherever there is a market. Its output consisted of 2,906 cars in 191 1. Seven thousand, three hun- dred and ninety-five cars in 1912, nearly three times as much. In 1913, 11,640 cars, more than half as much again. This year it is estimated the number will be 15,500 cars. That way has been preferred by several exchange managers I know, and has proved very satisfactory. The Hudson River growers have found the fruit auction a very satisfactory way to sell fruit. Mr. Thurston, of C. E. Thurston & Co., New York City, discussed this plan at the Poughkeepsie meet- ing three years ago. You will find a complete report in the New York State Fruit Growers' report of 1912. All of these various ways are for each man or each Association to decide on individu- ally. No one is best for all conditions. One line of work that does not seem to be overdone yet is the personal trade. I know of a few men who are developing this line of work and are finding it very satisfactory. One of the difficulties about shipping to a large city is that the city dweller has not the same facilities for storing fruit as the country grower. The box, therefore, is the ideal package for such people. About two 74 years ago I received a box from one of these men. It was packed with three varieties, and if I had opened it at the top I would have had a little better luck. I did not know which was top and which was bottom. However, only four apples were unfit for use in that box, and yet the apartment was just like any other New York flat — very hot. The last score or so of apples were made into apple sauce. If we had reversed the box we would have used the early variety first and the late last. They were packed in the order in which they would ripen. That is an idea I think has not been worked out, so far as the city dweller is concerned. Where the family is small, a box of mixed varieties might be the ideal pack- age. It may not appeal to many of you people here, but may appeal to some. Last year the Washington state growers, who, as you know, ship large quantities of apples to Europe and to our markets, taught us a good lesson. They sent a shipment of 15,000 boxes to Argentina. In order to make sure the apples would arrive all right, they did not take any chances by sending, via. New York direct to Buenos Aires, but sent them to Liverpool. The 15,000 boxes arrived in good order and were sold at a fair price. Whether they made any money out of that I do not know, but their scheme was a longheaded one. They knew that as soon as the Panama Canal opened they might, and probably would, have a clear shipment with probably only one transhipment. There might be a through line direct from Seattle, so they were figuring on these 15,000 boxes as a sample shipment only, to open their market and later on save 5,000 miles in distance and the expense of freight and refrigerator charges, the difference in distance between going direct and going by the all-water route. This same plan has been tried on a small scale by an Indiana man who advertised that he would send a sample barrel of his pack to any responsible man who would send his name and address, so as to consider this as a sample, in the hope of developing trade. I understand he has been doing very well in his method. It should lead to good business later on. The buyers' market is still another plan of selling fruit. The most notable instance of this kind that I know is at Bridgeville, Del. There the fruit is the strawberry principally. Often twenty to fifty wagons of strawberries are in the station-yard at one time. As soon as a wagon comes in it is immediately surrounded by buy- ers and the bidding is very brisk as a rule, bids running up by one-eighth a box. It is not unusual to sell two train loads of straw- berries a day. You all know from experience here, and from the talks that have been given before, the value of grading. I have just a few instances where grading has made a great deal of money for ship- pers. J. J. Ross & Son, of Seaford, Del., one of the largest canta- 75 loupe growers in the state, have about forty acres every year, and in the neighborhood of Seaford there are usually about 1,000 acres of cantaloupes. (Seaford, by the way, is the largest cantaloupe shipping station in the world. It sends out more cars than the famous Rocky ford, Col.) Mr. Ross puts his name on all his pack- ages. He ships melons mostly to Pittsburgh. In order to keep tab on his shipments, he picks out sample melons from the packing tables, and puts them in a refrigerator, and about the time he thinks the shipment has reached destination, he has those melons served on his table, so he can guess pretty nearly the condition of the fruit his customer is getting. The method has been a very good one for him and he has developed a splendid trade in cantaloupes. One day I visited Milford, Del. J. J. Rossa was picking straw- berries for market. His pickers (the best of them are with him from year to year) make three grades — first, second and culls. At the time of my visit strawberries were selling in Philadelphia at seven cents a box, but his best berries were bringing eighteen cents a box. The medium grade was selling higher than the general price in Philadelphia. Looking over the whole general field, we may think because of large crops, and also the large number of trees set in the last few years, that the outlook might be viewed pessimistically; that we might not have an opening for our fruit later on; but it seems to me that a large number of people will not take care of the or- chards now planted and millions of trees will fall by the wayside. It seems to me that we ought not to look at the thing from a pessimistic standpoint, even though we are confronted with the difficulties of a large crop on the one hand, and the low grade fruit that we can't manage by our .present methods, on the other. The matter forms itself in my mind something like this. First of all we must have business principles in disposing of our apples. We must grow only the best business varieties. I do not mean by that that we should cut down the orchards we already have unless they have varieties that have no use whatever. \ye want apples that will pay. I don't mean either that we should all go to raising dessert fruit. We must take up business varieties ; varieties that will produce well, and that will meet the various needs of market and of the consumers. Then when we have these business varieties we must grow them in the very best way we know, always have the best methods and the best class of produce in order to present these products at a reasonable price to our consumers, not cheap by any means, but the price that the individual barrel or box of fruit is worth. We must then utilize the low grade fruit at home, either by can- ning, drying or by some of the processes suggested this morning. At all times we must keep posted, individually and as an association, on the state of the market and of the discoveries brought forward 76 by the experiment station ; first, in our own state, second, in neigh- boring states, and third in other states where apples, or whatever fruit we are interested in, are grown. Then we must take ad- vantage of all the government literature we can get; anything that bears on the subject. We can always pick up some points of use to us from these publications. Another point is the teaching of the agricultural college. Natur- ally we turn to our own college in this state, but there are men wdio feel they want a little different view, so they go to other states ; that is their privilege. Many students go from one college to another during the short course period of the winter, or during Farmers' Week. So far as the State College in this state is concerned, we have a four year course which is a valuable one for a general edu- cation for the young man who has the time to spare. Then we have the two year course, planned to meet the needs of those who cannot afford to spend so much time. Then comes the twelve weeks course, designated especially for those fellows who work during the grow- ing season and can spend only that short time at college. It is a splendid course and is confined to the most practical things that can be given in so short a time. There is another line of work that is not overdone anywhere that I know of, and that is the farm paper. It carries a great deal of valuable news, as you know, and I believe it is taken and read more in this section than in any other part of the country. Next to the farm papers, I would take the trade papers. But the most im- portant things, so far as the individual fruit grower is concerned, are the horticultural society reports. First of all is the society in the home place. So far as Adams County is concerned, it would be this society. Outside of the local societies I have the names of five or six on my list ; societies which are doing perhaps the best work east of the Mississippi River. Of course, naturally, we think of our own state society with its proceedings. We ought to be members of that, but then suppose we step outside of our state, what societies shall we look to? The four doing the best work are the Western New York Horticultural Society and the New York State Fruit Growers Association, the Virginia State Fruit Growers Asso- ciation, and the Ohio State Horticultural Association. All but one of these have a membership fee of $i.oo. The New York State Asso- ciation has a $2 membership fee, because it has a buying depart- ment which makes the expenses somewhat higher. The Virginia Association is partly supported by state money. I have tried to bring together these various ideas just to give a sort of picture of the fruit situation, what means we can take for the amelioration of our condition, and to relate one to the other. We might almost say that I have merely touched the surface, for there is a wealth of ideas that have not been touched at all. It is certain that the development of the fruit industry is not going 77 forward at anything like the same rate or pace that the population is increasing, so to sum the matter up, the outlook seems to be good for disposing of even the tremendous amount of fruit we are annually producing and are likely to produce in still greater quantities in the next five years. If I may sum the matter up in one sentence I would say, salvation lies in the practicing of business methods. State Coixege Students at Work Gathering Tomatoes. 76 by the experiment station ; lirst, in our own state, second, in neigh- boring states, and third in other states where ai)ples, or whatever fruit we are interested in, are grown. Then we must take ad- vantage of all the government literature we can get; anything that bears on the subject. W^e can always pick up some points of use to us from these publications. Another ])oint is the teaching of the agricultural college. Natur- ally we turn to our own college in this state, but there are men who feel they want a little different view, so they go to other states ; that is their i)rivilege. Many students go from one college to another during the short course period of the winter, or during Farmers' \\'eek. So far as the State College in this state is concerned, we have a four year course which is a valuable one for a general edu- cation for the young man who has the time to spare. Then we have the two year course, planned to meet the needs of those who cannot afford to s])end so much time. 1'hen comes the twelve weeks course, designated especially for those fellows who work during the grow- ing season and can spend only that short time at college. It is a splendid course and is confined to the most practical things that can be given in so short a time. There is another line of work that is not overdone anywdiere that I know of, and that is the farm ])aper. It carries a great deal of valuable news, as vou know, and I believe it is taken and read more in this section than in any other part of the country. Next to the farm ])ai)ers, I would take the trade ])ai)ers. But the most im- portant things, so far as the individual fruit grower is concerned, are the horticultural society reports. First of all is the society in the home place. So far as Adams County is concerned, it w^ould be this society. Outside of the local societies I have the names of five or six on my list ; societies which are doing i)erhaps the best work east of the Mississippi River. Of course, naturally, we think of our own state society with its ])roceedings. \\g ought to be members of that, but then suj)pose we step outside of our state, what societies shall we look to? The four doing the best work are the Western New York Horticultural Society and the New York State Fruit Growers Association, the \'irginia State Fruit Growers Asso- ciation, and the Ohio State Horticultural Association. All but one of these have a membershij) fee of $i.oo. The New York State Asso- ciation has a $2 membershijj fee, because it has a buying dei)art- ment which makes the expenses somewhat higher. The Virginia Association is partly supi)()rted by state money. I have tried to bring together these various ideas just to give a sort of picture of the fruit situation, what means we can take for the amelioration of our condition, and to relate one to the other. We might almost say that I have merely touched the surface, for there is a wealth of ideas that have not been touched at all. It is certain that the development of the fruit industry is not going I" 77 forward at anything like the same rate or i)ace that the population is increasing, so to sum the matter up, the outlook seems to be good for disposing of even the tremendous amount of fruit we are annually producing and are likely to produce in still greater quantities in the next five years. If I may sum the matter up in one sentence I would say, salvation lies in the practicing of business methods. Statk CoixKgic Studknts at Work Gathkring Tomatoks. ■mm INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 78 i< Neat Facing Not Dishonest Packing Both alike to the bottom. >> Georgia Peach Carrier. , .>^^^j-:'- :'■■■> V;.;,-^y:.J.;:5;:'.-;.;.r/;.y v;„ The Importance of Better Grading and Packing of Eastern Apples. Proi^. H. B. Knapp, Department of Pomology, Nezv York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. It seems a little strange at first thought that a New Yorker should presume to speak to the fruit-growers of Pennsylvania in regard to the importance of better grading and packing of Eastern apples. The day would appear to have passed when one must have his own dooryard clean before he chides his neighbor concerning the appearance of his dooryard. However, if fundamental to a treatment of this subject is a knowledge of how poorly fruit may be packed and still find a market, I can imagine no one better quali- fied to discuss such matters than a man from New York state. The growing of apples and other fruits has within the last two decades undergone a transformation that amounts almost to a revolution. Fruit-growers' organizations, agricultural colleges, ex- periment stations, and every agency whose motto is progress in country affairs has urged and aided the production of rhore and better fruit. We are now reaping the results of this educational propaganda, in Pennsylvania, in New York and everywhere, and the problem of the present and the future, which the fruit-grower must surely face, is the marketing of his product. Upon the solution of this problem depends the whole future outlook of the apple and the material destiny of its grower. Evidence is not lacking that with present methods of marketing we have neared the crest of high prices for apples. The produc- tion of all farm crops moves in cycles of varying periods of time. These cycles seem to be fairly uniform for the individual crops, and production is directly correlated with prices. This is true of hay, of cattle, of hogs and of potatoes. It seems to be just as true of apples except that the period between high and low production and low and high prices is longer. It is probable that with increas- ing production the crest of high prices for apples will soon be reached and the pendulum will swing back toward and beyond the normal. If we consult the prices of apples on the New York market we find that they have increased in price less than ten per cent, in the ten year period from 1903- 1912 over the price for the previous ten- year period. It is doubtful if this offsets the added cost of pro- duction. During the same period cotton has increased 64 per cent., hay, 33 per cent., oats, 38 per cent., corn, 42 per cent., potatoes, 28 per cent., and wheat 37 per cent. 79 78 H ' The Importance of Better Grading and Packing of Eastern Apples. 'Neat Facing Not Dishonkst Packing. Both alike to the bottom. Geokgia Pkach Carrier. 't^ Prof. H. B. Knapp, Department of Pomology, Nezv York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y , It seems a little strange at first thought that a New Yorker should presume to speak to the fruit-growers of Pennsylvania in regard to the importance of better grading and packing of Eastern apples. The day would appear to have passed when one must have his own dooryard clean before he chides his neighbor concerning the appearance of his dooryard. However, if fundamental to a treatment of this subject is a knowledge of how poorly fruit may be packed and still find a market, I can imagine no one better quali- fied to discuss such matters than a man from New York state. The growing of apples and other fruits has within the last two decades undergone a transformation that amounts almost to a revolution. Fruit-growers' organizations, agricultural colleges, ex- periment stations, and every agency whose motto is progress in country afifairs has urged and aided the production of more and ])etter fruit. We are now reaping the results of this educational propaganda, in Pennsylvania, in New York and everywhere, and the problem of the present and the future, which the fruit-grower must surely face, is the marketing of his product. Upon the solution of this problem depends the whole future outlook of the apple and the material destiny of its grower. Evidence is not lacking that with present methods of marketing we have neared the crest of high prices for apples. The produc- tion of all farm crops moves in cycles of varying periods of time. These cycles seem to be fairly uniform for the individual crops, and production is directly correlated with prices. This is true of hay, of cattle, of hogs and of potatoes. It seems to be just as true of apples except that the period between high and low production and low and high prices is longer. It is probable that with increas- ing production the crest of high prices for apples will soon be reached and the pendulum will swing back toward and beyond the normal. If we consult the prices of apples on the New York market we find that they have increased in price less than ten per cent, in the ten year period from 1903- 191 2 over the price for the previous ten- year period. It is doubtful if this oflfsets the added cost of pro- duction. During the same period cotton has increased 64 per cent., hay, 33 per cent., oats, 38 per cent., corn, 42 per cent., potatoes, 28 per cent., and wheat 37 per cent. 79 ^« INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 8o 8i We are all familiar with the enormous plantmgs in recent years, plantings that have by no means reached the maximum of pro- auction, but the results of which we are now beginning to feel. A consideration of these things may well make us pause and pon- der as to what the future holds for us. A calm survey of conditions indicates that disaster must in- evitably overtake us unless we can find markets not now open to us and widen those we already have. The alternative is the ex- periences of the growers of '96. r r ^-u ^^ We may well inquire, then, into the possibilities of further ex- tending our markets. What are the prospects in our own door- yards. In my home state of New York, it is practically impossible to buy an Eastern grown apple on fruit stands or from high class grocers in New York, Albany, Troy, Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Buffalo, and even in Rochester, in the heart of one of the world s greatest apple belts. You ask for an apple and you get a Western apple. Is the case any different in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, or in your capital city? Last winter the College of Agriculture at Cornell held a school in domestic science at Lockport in Niagara County one of the banner fruit counties of the Ontario District. The ladies desired to make an apple pie. They went to the grocers to secure the fruit and were compelled to accept Western apples. In the markets of the world the story is the same. Box apples are gradually eliminating our barrel apples from continental Eu- rope; Canadian apples packed under the Fruit Marks Act sell for a premium of fully fifty cents a barrel over the same varieties grown on this side of the St. Lawrence. Why should this state of affairs exist? The answer is so plain that even in our blindness to existing conditions we cannot fail to see it. With a protective tariff of several hundred dollars per car over fruit from the Northwest, we have stood idly by and allowed the Western grower to invade our markets and usurp our trade. The Western grower packs and ships fruit that corresponds to our finest No. i grade, not pri- marily because he is more honest than the Eastern grower, but be- cause none other shows a profit. The fruit is packed subject to in- spection by the association through which it is sold and diseased fruit is under the ban. In the East every man is a law unto him- self in the matter of packing and no two men pack alike. It is not higher moral sense, but plain business sense that actuates the West- ern grower — he can do nothing else and live. It would be better for us in some ways if our markets were not so accessible. Canadian fruit is packed under the Fruit Marks Act, which through its provisions of grade and markings guarantees to the consumer an article worth his money. The European buyer has a choice between an article of certain and an article of uncertain value. It is a credit to his business sense that he prefers the Canadian pack. Our consuls have repeatedly stated that we cannot hope to widen our foreign markets so long as our pack is un- changed. It is a sad commentary upon our judgment as growers that we have not yet recognized and complied with the fundamental law of trade. Let me approach the subject in another way. The Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor secured the wholesale and retail prices of the principal varieties of apples on the New York market during the month of November, 191 2. The apples were sold out by the grocers by the peck and retail prices have been computed by allowing twelve pecks to the barrel. The figures follow: No. I Grade No. 2 Grade. Wholesale Retail^ Wholesale Retail^ Northern Spy, $5 50 $10 20 $4 50 $9 00 Baldwin 500 900 4 00 600 Tompkins King, 5 50 11 40 4 75 7 20 R. I. Greening 6 00 10 20 5 00 9 00 Ben Davis, 3 75 600 300 480 Average, $515 $9 36 $4 25 $7 20 Per cent of retail price to retailer, * 45 per cent. 41 per cent, ^Sold by peck. On this basis let us see how the money that the consumer pays for the average barrel of apples is distributed among the different agencies that handle the barrel. The average barrel brings two dollars and eighty-six cents wholesale in November in New York City. We may assume that it is shipped by the grower from Mon- roe County in Western New York, nearly four hundred miles, and that it is sold through the commission man to the grocer. The dis- tribution of the money paid by the consumer follows : Distribution of Money Paid by Consumer for Barrel of Apples Sold Through Commission Man for $2.86, Noi'ember ist. Amount Paid Per cent, of Retail Price Grower $227 45.0 Freight, 23 4-5 Carting and Miscellaneous, 1 ^7 ^^ Commission 29 5.8 Retailer 216 43 o Price paid by consumer, $5 02 When we remember that the grocer does business on the basis of twenty per cent, of his gross sales, this forty-three per cent, in the case of apples appears to be an exorbitant charge. Let us place ourselves in the grocer^s position. We buy apples every day in 82 has been and still is the history of the marketing of Eastern ap ^' We must face the situation as it exists before we can remedy co^ftioTs^' m must recognize that the motive power of the wonderful -nimercial deve lopme^ ^f o- a^^^^^^^^^ rvemTnTth^t tween man and man— that is the center oi a. " . . . ^ • knows no limits of countries, contments or hemispheres that s nnlv set at naught when man gives his brother the he. Without su" i; cfnfiden^eln industry canWirish only so long asj^he Prodiic^ can be secured in sufficient quantities from no other source w nen an industry has reached the stage that the apple indtistry has Reached the article that we offer for sale wil be judged not ac- cording to its bulk, but according to its merits, to its points of superbrity over the article offered by our competitors. We must stand or fall by this standard. . , The government reports published November 23d give the following estimates for the state of Pennsylvania: Baldwin, 2,351,000 bushels. Northern Spy, 1,501,000 bushels. York Imperial, 991,000 bushels. Ben Davis, 793,000 bushels. R. I. Greening. 727,000 bushels. Stavman Winesap, something less than 500,000 biishels. How many thousand barrels are going out to the consuming public to dim the already dull reputation of Eastern apples o longest a market already strained to the breaking point and to blast further the future of an industry whose welfare is our wel- fare and whose ruin is our ruin? It avails us little to devote our lives to the upbuilding of an industry that we have very much at heart if our neighbor through lack of foresight, reason or honesty is as assiduously bent on its destruction The mor^l <:onscience of man is slow to work and the span of life is short. Should vve not accelerate the workings of that conscience m some way in order to render the coming of the golden age of honest packing more speedy and sure? Does not history indicate that a spur to the conscience of our erring brother must m the interest of hu- manity in the aggregate often be applied, and '%the careless and dishonest packer any exception to this principle? If the evil he does were confined to himself and were interred with him, we might let him go his way, but this we cannot do when he is sapping public confidence and gnawing out the heart of an industry whose success is our success and whose doom is our doom. 83 The only effective deterrent is legislation, specific in nature and thorough in application. We have the Sulzer Law passed by the United States Congress, it is true, 'and the law represents the first real attempt to standardize a food product in this country. But the Sulzer Law provides for only one grade of frujt,-"is permissive in nature and provides no system of inspection, ^^f'' Not five per cent of the growers in New York State ever packed their fruit in accordance with its provisions. We have in Maine, in Michigan, and in New York measures dealing with this subject. The New York Law is the most drastic packing law that was ever passed in America. I shall take up with you its nature and influence on the New York pack at another hour. ■'■i. Discussion. Member. — Do you have the figures on the difference between the wholesale and retail price of boxed apples? Prof. Knapp.— No, I do not have those figures, but presume they could be gotten without a great deal of trouble. I was particularly interested in barreled apples. I expect the difference is pretty nearly as large. W. E. Grove. — Do we understand you to say the crop estimated is 500,000 barrels of Stayman in Pennsylvania. Prof. Knapp.— I said it was less. The figures I gave you for the other varieties were taken from the actual report. I do not know just how many. You probably have a better idea than I have. C. J. Tyson. — In connection with that point of retail selling price of apples, I heard an interesting estimate made in the last week, based on some figures that were gotten together by the Secretary of the Association known as the Apple Advertisers of America. He was working a campaign against the large percentage of profit that the retail grocers were asking, and he found, on going to in- dividual grocers and fruit-stand men that each had a reason for the profit that he was getting, and they were various and different reasons, but quite largely based on the service the public was ask- ing, and they gave him figures on the cost of delivery and their gen- eral overhead expenses. I think he visited something like twenty- five grocers and fruit-stand men, and when he was through he com- piled the results and figured that if they received the apples as a gift, without any cost of freight or anything whatever, they would have to receive ^3.50 per barrel in the retail way they were selling the apples, to come out square. Prof. Knapp.^I think there is some room to suspect that grocers handle certain of their articles with a loss and make it up on some other thing. Apples may be one of those things. 8 Average size specimens, from an unthinned peach tree (on the left) and from a tree thinned 4 inches apart (on the right). A, 2-1, 3-TiKR Pack ix Gkorc.ia Crate. The Aims and Scope of Home Economics. Miss Pearl MacDonai^d, Extension Instructcr in Domestic Science, State College, Pa, In discussing the possibilities of Home Economics, we must first ^ve cle'arly in mind what Home Economics is and for what it nds. The study of the home, from a scientific and professional point "* '>w, is of rather recent date. Our growth, as a people, within ^t half century or more, has been so rapid that we have scarce^ oeen able to adjust ourselves to the new conditions. Our indus- ries, our commerce, our education have enlarged at a marvelous rate and all work has become more specialized. Competition in every kind of business has become keener; improvements and in- ventions in every line have revolutionized our homes and our mode of life. The home industries of long ago have been removed to the factories. The removal of these industries from the home is one of the factors that has brought about the greatest change in the home. Then, to, more pressure from the outside has been brought to bear upon the home. More and more women have gone into busi- ness, and it has become less the custom for women to receive train- ing for the profession of home-keeping. But since our education has broadened we have worked out the science as well as the art of home-keeping. This knowledge has been classified and organized. We have come to believe that these things studied in the schools and applied in a practical way in the home, make better homes; and, for this reason, we believe, these things should be a part of every girl's school education. The field of Home Economics is so broad and far reaching in its content that the subject matter has had to be grouped under certain broad general headings. These are shelter, home management, clothing, and food. Since these things cannot be considered apart from the individual, they involve the person's own individuality and growth and his relation to the family, to the community and to the state. The sub-divisions include in brief the following: First, in the problem of shelter, there is the study of the house, the location most suitable in respect to sunlight, soil and drainage; the proper construction with a view to the right sanitary conditions ; the best arrangement considering health and convenience; the most ap- proved methods of heating, lighting, ventilation, plumbing; the most desirable furnishings from the point of view of health, utility and artistic beauty. In connection with the study of the house, there are the princij)les of household management, the right pro- «5 :i>v:;i/.jifef>^j-j: Average size specimens, from an unthinned peach tree (on the left) and from a tree thinned 4 inches apart (on the right). A, 2-1, 3-T1KK Pack in Okorc.ia Cratk. The Aims and Scope of Home E'.onomics. Miss P^arl MacDonald, Extension Instntctcr in Domestic Science, State College, Pa. In discussing the possibilities of Home Economics, we must first ^ve clearly in mind what Home Economics is and for what it nds. The study of the home, from a scientific and professional point >w, is of rather recent date. Our growth, as a people, within ;t half century or more, has been so rapid that we have scarce- oeen able to adjust ourselves to the new conditions. Our indus- ries, our commerce, our education have enlarged at a marvelous rate and all work has become more specialized. Competition in every kind of business has become keener ; improvements and in- ventions in every line have revolutionized our homes and our mode of life. The home industries of long ago have been removed to the factories. The removal of these industries from the home is one of the factors that has brought about the greatest change in the home. Then, to, more pressure from the outside has been brought to bear upon the home. More and more women have gone into busi- ness, and it has become less the custom for women to receive train- ing for the profession of home-keeping. But since our education has broadened we have worked out the science as well as the art of home-keeping. This knowledge has been classified and organized. We have come to believe that these things studied in the schools and applied in a practical way in the home, make better homes ; and, for this reason, we believe, these things should be a part of every girl's school education. The field of Home Economics is so broad and far reaching in its content that the subject matter has had to be grouped under certain broad general headings. These are shelter, home management, clothing, and food. Since these things cannot be considered apart from the individual, they involve the person's own individuality and growth and his relation to the family, to the community and to the state. The sub-divisions include in brief the following : First, in the problem of shelter, there is the study of the house, the location most suitable in respect to siuilight, soil and drainage ; the proper construction with a view to the right sanitary conditions ; the best arrangement considering health and convenience ; the most ap- proved methods of heating, lighting, ventilation, plumbing ; the most desirable furnishings from the i)oint of view of health, utility and artistic beauty. In connection with the study of the house, there are the principles of hotisehold management, the right pro- o- INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE tm ■ ■WFmi>unT?frtii ■ 86 portionment of income for rent, food, clothing, operating expenses, and the things pertaining to the higher life, such as music, books, art, travel, etc.; the best methods of keeping accounts; the correct solution of the problem of increasing the income and diminishing the expenditures. As to clothing, there is the problem of personal hygiene; the effect of clothing upon health ; the kind and amount suitable to the season of the year, to the age and occupation of the individual; ability to judge of materials ; the question of dress as the expression of the personality and character of the wearer. In the matter of food, there is the study of all the foods; the class to which each belongs ; the chemical composition of the various foods ; the purpose or purposes each serves in the body ; the foods suitable for the young, the middle-aged and elderly people and for the sick and convalescent ; the kind and amount necessary to attam the highest efficiency ; the mastery of the principles of cookery and the processes involved and the art of economic buying. Under the heading of the relation of the individual to the f arnily and to the community, involves the subjects dealing with Ethics, Economics and Sociology, in which a study is made of the family, its origin and growth ; the development of industries and the de- velopment of the community and community life. These are, in brief outline, the things with which the subject of Home Economics has to deal. There are two groups of people to be considered. First, the girls of to-day who are the mothers and homekeepers of the future and the mothers and homekeepers of to-day. First, let us consider the girls of to-day who are to be educated and our idea of education for them. You will all agree with m-e, I am sure, that any education that is complete and satis- factory and enables the individual to render his highest and best service to his day and generation, must train the individual mentally, physically, morally, socially, and for the girl we would add training as a home-keeper. Arthur Dean, who is greatly interested in the problem of industrial education, says that the expression of ideas through muscular activity is the natural way with the majority of children and people, that the child who can make his grades year by year without stumbling, who can be successfully covered by a course of study unrelated to his experience and apart from his environment, who can be trained by memorizing the other fellow's doings, is the unusual child. He further says that it is a race heritage to make things, to grow things, to live with living things. In addition to the physical and the mental sides of man's nature — there are also the moral and social sides of his being. We have been, and still are dominated by the idea that the mental training is the only kind of education that learning things out of books and studying what the other person has done, fits us to do things in the world. But we are somewhat wiser than before. We are > ( I \ v\ 87 coming to see that man is more than his intellect; that he has a physical body to be trained and disciplined and developed — muscles and hands to be educated, and that he has a moral and spiritual nature to be awakened and guided and perfected; that he is a social being, and that he cannot live to himself, but that his edu- cation should fit him to live and work with other individuals having their particular interests and needs — to meet with others in busi- ness relations, in social intercourse, in a governmental capacity, and in efforts for the moral and spiritual upbuilding of the com- munity. Now, in what way may the pursuit of Home Economics fulfil these requirements of education for girls. The subject-matter de- pends upon the sciences and allied subjects — bacteriology, chem- istry, physics, physiology, ethics, economics, sociology. The mas- tery of the subject-matter as organized and presented, should fur- nish fine mental training — such training as will sharpen the intellect and will enable the girl to think clearly, accurately, intensely, con- secutively. It should develop the power of reasoning, of sus- tained mental effort and of judgment. The manual work involved in the cooking, sewing and practical housekeeping furnishes valu- able physical training. It trains and gives control of the muscles and teaches the girl how to use and conserve her strength. It en- ables her to attain skill in the use of tools and utensils, and makes her resourceful so that she is able to take care of her home in all of its activities. As to the moral, spiritual and social phases of this education, these are so closely allied that they must be considered together. The work, if rightly given with the higher and broader vision of the subject, should establish the spirit of doing everything thor- oughly well. It should create a deep sense of duty and responsibility and of kindly consideration for other people and their needs, should train the girl to act in moderation and to hold things in their right proportion and instill the idea of service and foster the new economy and thrift that must become a habit of mind before there can be any lasting prosperity. It should create the right attitude toward home and home-keeping and give the larger and wider view of home and home-keeping in the preparation of food, in providing clothing and in doing housework. Further, it should help the girl to realize that the home is the most important unit of society and civilization; that "within the home is not only born new life but also that, in the home, life is conserved and through the home it is made possible for the in- dividual to grow and develop and live the full, free and efficient life. That within the home are found the influences and forces that are most powerful in shaping the life of the individual and in determining the state of society and the character of the national life. That through infancy, childhood and early youth, the care 88 and nurture of the individual is a most important part of the work of the home. The physical condition, the shapmg of tendencies, the character of habits formed, the mental and moral development of the child, the promise and possibilities of later Hfe, are deter- mined almost exclusively by the influences of the home." That m preparation for this work woman needs the most careful and exact training, the broadest and most liberal education. While we be- lieve that our educational system should be readjusted so that it will be possible for girls to receive such training in home-keeping, we feel that it is somewhat easier to inaugurate this work in the town schools. It is easier to secure trained teachers, sufficient room and equipment, but we believe effective work can be done in the rural districts. There, without doubt it will have to be started as club work, which involves group work. This has its advantage because it emphasizes the home and social side of the work and the necessity for co-operation. Among the easiest ways, perhaps, to begin this work is by the organization of Girls' Clubs— garden and canning, bread-making, sewing and other clubs. However, for any of this work to be really worth while, we must have the sympathy and co-operation of the mothers and home keepers. We do not believe that the education of the girls of to-day is a matter that can be turned over to the schools, but that it is a common prob- lem for the mothers and home keepers and teachers. All must understand the purposes and aims of that education and determine the means of attaining the desired end, and then work together for the attainment of that end. This will be possible only when the women of to-day study and become thoroughly familiar with the subject-matter and get the spirit of Home Economics. This is the first reason why women should know Home Economics, With this knowledge also, it will be possible for women to organize and conduct their own homes in a more efficient way and understand the social and economic position of the home and the economic function of the women of to-day. This brings me to the second great reason why women should know Home Economics. In a large measure the pros- perity of the country rests with the women. As one Home Economics expert has explained: "There are three ways known by which prosperity may be increased. We may choose more wisely what things shall be produced ; we may produce and distribute more efficiently, which means more or better things, or we may consume more economically. The better choice and the wiser use fall into the division of economics called consumption, and come into wom- an's province, while the more efficient production and distribution rests, for the most part, with the men. In a large number of cases, the producer, owing to the conditions in his particular profession, has reached the maximum in salary, so it rests with the women to develop the possibilities in the better choice and the wiser use." This means that women must be informed on all phases of the 89 home problems, that she must study the problems in a systematic and business-like way and master them. Efficiency and character which are the great aims of life and of education, are determined by the homes in which we live, by the food we eat, by the regula- tion of work, rest and recreation, by the moral and spiritual in- fluences which surround us, and become the motive forces in our lives, and by our social relations with one another. The wise choice in all these things means a knowledge of values. Now, it is not possible for women occupied with home duties, to go to school to learn these things. Much of this knowledge must come through home study, through study and discussion of these things in the clubs, through circulars and bulletins published for free dis- tribution by the state extension department, through short courses which include lectures and demonstrations, through exhibits of various kinds, and then as a result of this study and acquisition of knowledge, to work out the daily problems in the home with fore- sight, intelligence and careful adjustment to the best conditions. To help in this work is just the purpose of the Home Economics Extension, and these are the possibilities. The fulfillment of these purposes calls for the open mind and the hearty and helpful co- operation of all women. This is the great thing for the women of our day. Discussion. Member. — Are the girls of to-day interested in this work, or do you have some difiiculty in getting them interested? Miss MacDonald. — There are certain phases of the work in which they are interested. In some sections a great deal has been done to arouse enthusiasm. So many times they get the idea that it is just cooking and sewing, but that is only a small part of this work. The larger view is the thing that we must strive for, and of course that has to be brought about a good deal by the teacher. The teachers are the ones who will have to make them see that there is more to it than just cooking and sewing. While these things are important, the field is much broader than that. The schools should be more closely connected with the home. There should be a vital interest between the two. One of the best ways to bring that about is the matter of work, where the interest of the family must be centered in the home. In the city we find that all the amuse- ments are outside of the home. They come home to get their meals and to sleep, but there is not that centering of the interests of all the members of the family in the home. I think probably this is where some of the greatest good can be done, if we can get people to see the need, and if we can find some sort of work that is of real value to the home. Member. — The responsibility largely comes back to the mother after all. 9° Mi=c MarDonald —Yes I do not see how we can get away from ■.t'^l't:fjtAi,lst\n, -St important things that we hav. Nothing means so much as the nght brmgmg "P f Jhe child i recently heard a discussion as to the df erence between the boys and girls from the country and from the city The boys in tne JSuntry do have certain things that they have to do- I they go to the citv and go into business they are more responsible, ihey have had certain responsibilities at home and it has become a habit ofmind and acUon/and that is the reason why they make good n anv business they undertake. It is not the best thing for children to b^brought up without anything to do and without responsiMit^. Yoti caSex^ct to bring children up without having any re pons - bility and then suddenly make them responsible for a lot o^ bus. ness They want to work from one position to another, with more S more responsibility. That has been my experience^ When I firct hptran to work I could not begin to do what I could hve years fa?eV'Tc'olTo^^^ first have doL the hard work but -^^^^^^ there was a little more added and I got used to it That is the way with certain kinds of muscular labor. I have had experience in that When, at different times, I have taken up a new kind of work, mrmusdes have become very sore but after I ^ad done tha^ new kind of work for a week I had become accustomed to it and it was not nVarTy so hard as when I began it. The same is true with ^""Membef-Do you think it is possible to accomplish much from children who come out of the congested places? Miss MacDonald.-That is a pretty hard problem. I do not know that I am able to answer that I think that is one of the hardest problems we have to-day ; the right thing to ^o for he children in the congested districts in the city We find so much of this idea of not wanting to work. We can^t do anything in this world unless we do work. People must change their ideas in re- gard to it. I sometimes hear girls say they are not going to learn how to do certain kinds of work then they do not have to do it. I know of an instance where a woman was not going to learn to scrub so she would never have to do it. We should know how to do these things and do them in an excellent way Here is another point If you have done a certain bit of muscular work yourselt you know how much that meant to you in the expenditure of energy, etc and you know what you can demand from other people who- are doing the same work for you. Many times people who are un- reasonable in their demands they make upon their employees have never done that particular work and do not know what it means. ^ ^ A The Influence of the New York Grading and Branding Law on the New York Pack. Prof. H. B. Knapp, Department of Pomology, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. The New York Apple Grading and Branding Law went into effect July i, 1914. Only the present season's crop has been packed under it. The law is distinctly a fruit-grower's measure. It had the endorsement and active support of the New York State Fruit- Growers' Association, the Western New York Horticultural Society and the International Apple Shippers' Association. It was con- ceived and drafted by committees from these organizations and passed through pressure brought to bear by them. It represents the best thought of able and mature men who derive their living from growing apples and the calm judgment of men who under- stand the marketing side of fruit-growing from A to Z. The law asks no more of fruit-growers than farmers have asked for years of feed and fertilizer manufacturers and the makers of patent medicines, namely, that the label shall disclose the true con- tents of the package. It places no restrictions upon the kind or quality of fruit that may be sold — it simply requires that the fruit be sold for what it is, instead of what it is not. It aims, therefore, to give to a barrel of New York apples a constant and uniform rat- ing in the business world and to guarantee to the buyer an article worth his money. The law applies to all apples grown in the state that are packed in closed packages with the exception of those packed under the Sulzer Law. It provides for three different grades of apples and for an un- classified pack. The grades are known as New York Standard Fancy, New York Standard "A" and New York Standard "B." In order to be labelled New York Standard Fancy, according to the provisions of the law, the barrel must contain "apples of one variety, which are well-grown specimens, hand-picked, properly packed, of good color for the variety, normal shape, free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of packing." In other words, this grade calls for a first class apple in all respects, the kind that we find in the western box labelled "extra fancy" or "fancy," the kind that we would expect to take a prize at the State Fair at Syracuse or at the Industrial Exposition at Rochester. It provides a pack that can compete with the best western box fruit or with the best pack under the Canadian law. 91 \"j-\>i It 92 We will see a little later that one of the marks that must go on the outside of every closed package of apples is the mmimum size of the fruit in the package. The only tolerance or variation allowed in the fancy grade is that five per cent, of the apples may be under the size branded on the outside of the barrel. New York Standard "A" grade shall consist "of apples of one variety which are well-grown specimens, hand-picked, properly packed, of good color for the variety, normal shape, practically free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of packing ; or apples of one variety which are not more than ten per centum below the foregoing specifications on a combination of all defects or five per centum on any single defect." In other words, the "A" grade apple is the apple that in other years we have packed as a good No. i, not the kind of a ''No. i apple that has sometimes gone into the barrel in years of light crops and high prices. A tolerance of ten per cent, is allowed on a com- bination of all defects, size included, and not more than five per cent, on any single defect. This does not mean that the packer may fill the barrel up to within ten per cent, of being full and then run in anything he chooses, cider apples, wormy apples or culls. The limit of tolerance is provided simply to safeguard the man who has a great deal of packing to do and who must depend upon hired help to do most of it for him. Enough poor apples will get into a barrel under such circumstances if we do not intentionally put them there. New York Standard 'VB" grade "shall consist of apples of one variety which are well matured, hand-picked, properly packed, prac- tically normal shape, practically free from dirt, diseases, insect and fungus injury, and which may be of medium or less than medium color for the variety ; or apples of one variety which are not more than ten per centum below the foregoing specifications on a com- bination of all defects or h\e per centum on any single defect." The only real difference between the "A" grade and the "B" grade apple is in their color. A "B" grade apple is intended to be a good No. 2. "Apples not conforming to the foregoing specifications of grade, or, if conforming, are not branded in accordance therewith, shall be classed as 'unclassified' and so branded." The unclassified brand provides a pack in which apples may be put which in themselves are good enough for the grades before mentioned, but which have not been sorted out and graded up to meet the requirements for the grades. More than that, it provides a class in which any and all kinds of apples may be packed, but after the limit of tolerance of the "A" and "B" grades has been reached, the barrel marked "unclassified" must state in just what re- spect the apples are deficient as hereafter noted. trf ? 93 Now, as to the essential marks which must go on the outside of ^""7^ J^i^^^^ package of apples. They are as follows : The name and address of the packer or the person by whose authority the apples are packed, the true name of the variety, the grade or class of apples contained therein and the minimum size of the fruit in the package. This is the only reference to size that we find in this law It does not state that an "A" grade apple must be two and one- half inches in diameter, a "B" grade two and one-fourth inches in diameter, etc. So long as the apple measures up to the specifications of the grade in other respects, the size does not bar it from any grade, it simply requires that the size of the small apples be branded on the barrel. In addition to the foregoing requirements a barrel containing fruit which is not hand picked, which is wormy, scabby, diseased or defective in any way, must, if such fruit is present in greater amounts than provided under the limit of tolerance, be marked in such a manner as to indicate this fact. Of course, such a barrel must first be labelled "unclassified," but the packer must go further If more than ten per cent, of the fruit is defective and state in just what respect it is defective. The law specifies that the package must be plainly marked with letters not smaller than one-half inch. The enforcement of the measure rests with the Commission of Agriculture, and penalties are attached for violation. Other points can be brought out in the discussion later if you desire. Such a law if properly enforced could not fail to have a pro- found influence on methods of packing. It is one thing to pack a barrel of fruit dishonestly, it is quite another to advertise the fact to the whole world by putting your name on the barrel. In the main, the law has been obeyed and we feel much encouraged with the progress made in so short a time. Just how profound the effect has been may be judged by the following extracts from letters written by men with whom many of you are familiar: Mr. R. G. Phillips, Secretary of the International Apple Ship- pers Association, says: * * * ^^There is no doubt that the Mew York Grade Law has been a godsend this year. It has kept a lot of stuff out of barrels which ought to have been kept out The result has been that bulk shipments out of this state have never before been as heavy. The law also gave confidence at a time when confidence was needed; and I am convinced that if it had not been for the law the apple situation would have been in a dis- astrous condition. * * * I have heard a great many splendid testimonials to the beneficial effects of the law. I have visited the New York niarket twice and personal observation convinced me that the fruit was much better packed than usual. That has aho been my observation on the shipping end." 94 Mr. Edward N. Loomis, 119 Barclay St., New York City, says: "The New York Apple Grading and Branding Law has been ot great influence in the advance of the apple industry, and will be of increasing benefit to growers, dealers, and consumers alike,^the more thoroughly its provisions are understood and obeyed The law already has had a great effect, and has had a wider recog- nition than could have been expected in its first season. As the growers come to realize its value and its provisions for putting out an honest pack, they will more and more reap its advantages, i he consuming public has not yet had an opportunity to fully realize the change. When the growers come to know the meaning ot the various brands, and that each brand describes accurately an honest barrel of apples, the demand for apples will increase throughout the country largely, and particularly in barreled apples "^ i, myself, am a dealer as well as a grower, having 100 acres of orchard in Vermont. I believe that there is no greater danger to the fruit industry of the East than its present methods of packing and grad- ing I believe strongly in compulsory laws throughout the Eastern States, which will promote honest grading and better packing and which will guarantee to the buyer of each individual barrel ot ap- ples a square deal." Mr. C. B. Shafer, Gasport, N. Y., wrote as follows: Your favor of the 24th received asking my opinion of the New York btate Apple Grade Law. In reply I beg to state the law created a revo- lution right from the start ; at the time of packing and shipping tall apples it was impossible to sell winter apples or even get any of the important Western dealers interested. ^ ^ r u 1 "After the Western dealers had received some of the fall apples packed under the New York State Standard *^A" Grade they im- mediately woke up to the fact a great demand had been created by the New York Law. . th- • "The result was all the Northwestern trade representing Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Nebraska sent their representa- tives into Western New York practically cleaning up the orchards of all the good apples they could obtain under the Standard "A Grade while at the same time the box apples in Idaho, Oregon and Washington were piled up in the packing houses, store houses, and orchards, unsold. , 1 j j "A dealer from Iowa informed me he had shipped one hundred car loads of New York apples to his trade and not one barrel was turned down, had it not been for the law the apple crop would be in the growers' hands to-day with no demand. "Our firm is getting inquiries every day asking for quotations on New York Standard "A" Baldwins for export. "The law will lift the apple industry out of a deplorable rut and create a demand in all the markets of the world and will compel the negligent grower and packer to get in line with his neighbor who has been growing good quality. ^k 95 "Our company has grown and packed 8,000 barrels of apples this season, and cannot command words to endorse the law too highly." John W. Low, of the firm of Wayne & Low, Chicago, writes: * * * "Regarding the New York State 'grading and packing law' will say-, that we think it has been of great benefit in marketing this fairs immense crop of apples. We have filled orders for a great many car-lots to go to such states as Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, and we have not had a single complaint regarding the packing. We have seen some things in the stock that came to our own premises in the way of packing that could be criticised, but we think on the whole the stock had been the most satisfactory of any that we have handled for years. * * * We thought when we first heard that New York state had adopted a system of inspec- tion and packing slightly different from that adopted by the United States under the Sulzer law, that it was a mistake, but we believe it is going to work out greatly to the advantage of New York state, and that it will be of great assistance to the fruit-growers in finding a satisfactory market for their apples." G. M. H. Wagner & Sons, also of Chicago, writes as follows : "In replying to your inquiry relative to *our opinion concerning the influence of the New York Apple Grading and Branding Law on the New York pack and price received' would say, in our opinion, this law is one of the best that was ever passed by your New York State Legislature and its enforcement should be not only the duty of your state officials, but the duty of every grower or friend of the apple industry. "In our opinion, this law in the few months that it has been in operation, has done more to elevate the New York Apple business and placed it upon such a plane as will tend to instill confidence in the mind of the buying public and has done more by way of increasing the actual value of the fruit, etc., than all of the political conferences and endeavors of the organized trade, etc., covering a period of the past fifteen years. "It has been the one thing, in our minds, that has made possible as good an outcome as has been achieved in reference to this year's crop. Without this regulative measure and operating under old conditions, we would have had chaos and disaster. "In our judgment, a monument should be raised and paid for generally by the grower and dealer to whoever was responsible for this measure." Mr. R. H. Pennington, Evansville, Indiana, president of the In- ternational Shippers' Association, states as follows: * * * **ln my opinion the New York State Grading and Branding Law has been of great benefit to all apple operators this season. We have been able to buy fruit with the assurance that we would get a uniform standard grade on which we could depend. IJ 96 "Of course prices have ruled low this year on account of the eno?lus crop^that has necessarily been oflfered but I fee safe m Saving that had it not been for the grading and branding law that the fruit in Western New York would certainly have suffered this '^"With reference to the influence that the law has had on the packing I am satisfied that the operators generally have tried fo live up to the law and the receivers have been agreeably sur- prised at the improvement in the pack of the new York fruit A er the receivers realized that they could depend on he pack they have been willing to pay a premium for standard apples and I be- Heve that in the long nm the law will, be of great benefit to the in- dustry and will have a tendency to increase the market value of the fruit quite materially." ,. . r^ 'i „^ Fruit-growers and fruit-growing in New York State have come to a parting of the ways. A step in advance has been taken— a forerunner we hope of better things. ^ r .u xt v^-i- Editors Note.-We append here the full text of the Nevv York Law with explanatory notes and text of the Nationa Sulzer Bill, as issued by Mr. R. G. Phillips, Secretary of the Internationa! Apple Shippers Association, to whom we wish to extend thanks tor courteous assistance in securing this data. New York Apple Grading and Branding Law. In Effect July i, 1914. Explanatory Notes Attached. The Law. An Act to Regulate the Grading, Packing, Marketing. Ship- ping and Sale of Apples. , . c . o„^ The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly do enact as follows: §1. That the standard grades or classes for apples grown in this state when packed in closed packages shall he as follows : First New York standard fancy grade shall consist of apples of one variety' which are well-grown specimens, hand-p.cked. properly packed, o. good col^r for the variety, normal shape, free from d.rt, diseases, msec and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such as are necessarily caused in the operation of packing. Second. New York standard ".V grade shall consist of apples of one varfetv which are well-grown specimens, hand-picked, properly packed, of good color for the variety, normal shape, practically free from dirt, diseases, fnsect and fungus injury, bruises and other defects except such are neces- sarilv caused^n the operation of packing; or apples of one variety which fre not more than ten per centum below the foregoing specihcations on a combination of all defects or five per centum on any single defect. Third New York standard "P.- grade shall consist of apples of one varietv which are well matured, hand-picked, properly packed, practicalb lormal shape, practically free from din. diseases, insect a"d,"nsu^;"^." ■•„>■; and which mav be of medium or less than medium color for the variety . or aooles of one varietv which are not more than ten per centum below the fore- gdng speciffcations- on a combination of all defects or hve per centum on any single defect. ? 97 Fourth. Unclassified. Apples not conforming to the foregoing specifica- tions of grade, or, if conforming, are not branded in accordance therewith, shall be classed as unclassified and so branded. The minimum size of the fruit in the package shall also be branded upon it as hereinafter specified and in addition to the other marks hereinafter required. The marks indicating grade as above prescribed may be accompanied by any other designation of grade or brand if that designation or brand is not inconsistent with or marked more conspicuously than the one of the said four marks which is used on the said package. Apples packed and branded in accordance with the United States law approved August third, nineteen hundred and thirteen, shall be exempt from the provisions of this act. The minimum size of the fruit in all classes or grades, including the unclassified, shall be determined by taking the transverse diameter of the smallest fruit in the package at right angles to the stem and blossom end. Minimum sizes shall be stated in variations of one-quarter of an inch, like two inches, two and one-quarter inches, two and one-half inches, two and three-quarter inches, three inches, three and one-quarter inches, and so on, in accordance with the facts. Minimum sizes may be designated by figures instead of words. The word "minimum" may be designated by using the abbreviation "min." A tolerance or variation of five per centum on size shall be allowed in all classes, but such five per centum shall not be in addition to the variations or tolerances for defects provided in grades "A" and "B." §2. Every closed package containing apples grown in the state of New York which is packed, sold, distributed, transported or offered or exposed for sale, distribution or transportation in the state by any person shall bear upon the outside of one end in plain letters and figures the name and ad- dress of the packer or the person by whose authority the apples were packed and the package marked, the true name of the variety, the grade or class of the apples therein contained, and the minimum size of the fruit in the pack- age, as provided by section one. If the true name of the variety shall not be known to the packer or the person by whose authority the package is packed or branded, then such variety shall be designated as "unknown." Every package of apples which is repacked shall bear the name and address of the repackcr or the name of the person by whose authority it is repacked in place of that of the original packer. §3. It shall be unlawful for any person within this state, except under the percentages of tolerance and variation, as allowed by paragraphs second and third of section one relating to New York standard "A" and "B" grades, to pack, sell, distribute, transport, offer or expose for sale in closed pack- ages apples which are not hand-picked or which are wormy or diseased, or which show fungus or scab injury, unless such fact or facts shall be plainly stated by the use of the words "not hand-picked," "wormy," "diseased," "fungused," or "scabby," as the case may be, said words to be branded upon the outside of the same end of the package on which the marks prescribed by section two shall appear. §4. The marks or brands prescribed by sections one, two and three shall be in block letters and figures of size not less than thirty-six point Gothic. §5. It shall be unlawful for any person within the state to pack, sell, distribute, transport, oflfer or expose for sale, distribution or transportation, apples which are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act. §6. For the purposes of this act apples packed in a closed package shall be deemed to be misbranded : • • First. If the package shall fail to bear all statements required by sections one, two and three. Second. If the package shall be falsely branded or shall bear any state- ment, design or device regarding such apples which is false or misleading, or if the package bears any statement, design, or device indicating that the *?i, \-^-'*j •*■■■ -^ 98 apples contained therein are New Vork "standard grade" and said apples when packed or repacked do not conform to the requirements prescribed bv section one of this act. , , . i j i „ „i,„ii k„ St. For the purposes of this act apples packed m closed packages shall be deemed to be adulterated if their quaUty or grade when packed or repacked does not conform to the marks upon the package. . . Is Any person who knowingly misbrands or adulterates apples withm the meaning of this act, or who knowingly violates any of the provisions of this act. shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction shall be punished for the first offense by a hne not exceeding twenty-hve dollars and not less than ten dollars; for the second offense by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars and not less than twenty-hve dollars, and for the third and each subsequent offense by a fine not exceeding t.wo ''""dred dollars and not less than fifty dollars, together, in all cases, with the costs of prosecution. , ^ , . *. ^ « Whenever any such violation is with respect to a lot or shipment con- sisting of fifty or more closed packages, there may l)e imposed in addition to the above penalties twenty-five cents for the first offense fifty cents for the second offense and one dollar for each subsequent offense for each package in excess of fifty with respect to which such violation is committed^ §9. The enforcement of this act shall be vested in the Commissioner of Agriculture under rules and regulations to be adopted by him. Sio No person shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the person from whom he received such articles to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act. Said guaranty to be valid shall contain the true name and address of the person or persons making the sale, and in such case the guarantor shall be liable to the penalties of this act. §11 Definitions. The word "person" as used herein shall be construed to include both the singular and plural, individuals, corporations, copartnerships, companies, societies and associations. The act, omission or failure of any officer, agent, servant, or employe acting within the scope of his ernploynient or office shall be deemed the act, omission or failure of the principal. 1 he words "closed package" shall mean a box, barrel or other package, the con- tents of which cannot be seen or inspected, when such package is closed. The words "not hand-picked" shall include windfalls, drops and apples shaken or knocked from the tree by any agency. . §12. No person shall on behalf of any other person pack any fruit for sale, transportation, or distribution contrary to the provisions of this §13. This act shall not apply to unpacked apples actually transported in barrels to storage within this state until the same are removed from storage for the purpose of marketing, sale, transportation or distribution. §14. This act shall take effect July first, nineteen hundred and fourteen. §15. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. Bxplauatory Notes.— General. This law compels a full and fair disclosure of the contents of all closed packages containing apples grown within the State of New York. IT IS COMPULSORY and applies to the Marks which ALL packages MUST BEAR, The only exceptions to the required marks are: (i) Apples packed and branded in accordance with the U. S. Law known as the Sulzer Bill. (Sec. i, Sub. 4th.) (2) Unpacked apples actually transported in barrels to storage within the state. The act, however, applies to such apples when they shall be removed from storage for the purpose of marketing, etc. (Sec. 13.) First. A choice is given between packing and branding under this law and the United States Law. One or the other, however, MUST be chosen. In 99 some cases both might be used. For example the U. S. Law provides but a single quality grade arranged in three different sizes. If after packing under the U. S. Law the packer desires to go still further and pack the fruit which remains, he would have to do so under the State Law, using the unclassified mark. Second. That no hardship might be worked during the rush of securing the crop, Sec. 13 allows the continuance of the extensive custom of placing the frurt in the barrels UNPACKED and transporting it to storage within the state to be packed out later for market. When so done, the barrels or packages need not be branded in accordance with the law until they are removed from storage for market, sale, transportation or distribution. If the fruit, however, is packed, or if unpacked fruit is shipped to market within or without the state or elsewhere than to STORAGES WITHIN THE STATE, then the law does apply and it must be branded accordingly. Bear in mind that it applies to all such unpacked fruit in storage the minute It IS removed from storage. In a word, fruit can be STORED under certain conditions (unpacked) without the law being applicable, but it cannot be placed on the market until either the State Law or the U. S. Law is complied with. The Marks— Essential Marks on All Packages. The marks given below are essential to all packages: 1. THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE PACKER OR THE PER- SON BY WHOSE AUTHORITY THE APPLES WERE PACKED. (Sec. 2.) This does not mean the name of the tramp workman, the hired man or foreman. It does mean the name of the employer or the principal vyho undertakes and is responsible for the packing, and such principal is hable for the acts of his employes. (Sec. 11.) If the employe, the hired man, the foreman, etc., do not obey orders or do their duty by the prin- cipal, they also can be reached under the law. (Sec. 12.) If the package is repacked, then it shall bear the name and address of the re-packer in place of that of the original packer. (Sec. 2.) 2. THE TRUE NAME OF THE VARIETY. If the' name is not known, then it must be branded UNKNOWN. (Sec. 2.) o^'r^I^^^/'^^T^^ ^^ ^^^^^ O^ APPLES CONTAINED IN THE PACKAGE. Under this requirement a packer has the option of four different marks: (Sec. i.) 1. "New York Standard Fancy Grade." 2. "New York Standard A Grade." 3. "New York Standard B Grade." 4. "Unclassified." 4. THE MINIMUM SIZE OF THE FRUIT. (Sec. 2.) The minimum size IS determined in precisely the same manner as it always has been for a No I or anv other grade, i. e., the transverse diameter. (Sec. i, Sub. Fourth.) If the size of the fruit packed runs from 2^ inches up, then the minimum size is 2^ inches; if from 2J4 inches up, the minimum size 2% inches, etc. (Sec. i. Sub. Fourth.) 5. ALL WINDFALLS OR FRUIT WHICH IS NOT HAND-PICKED OR WHICH IS WORMY, SCABBY, DISEASED OR FUNGUSED' MUST BE SO MARKED. (Sec. 3.) wr^ ruiNuu:>r.u, Such additional marks or brands may be used by the packer as he de- sires, for example, his private trademark or trade name. If, however, any mark indicating grade is put on in addition to any one of the four marks required by the law, such additional mark must not be inconsistent with or marked more conspicuously than the grade mark required by law. (Sec I, Sub. Fourth.) I 100 Size of Marking. The requlred'tnarking will not occupy over one-half of the head. The regular stencil brand or printed labels may be used. Sample Brands or Marks. That no one may get the idea that these marks are complicated, we give below a few samples: BALDWIN. NEW YORK STANDARD FANCY GRADE. PACKED BY JOHN SMITH, DESPATCH, N. \. •' MIN. SIZE 3 IN. GREENING ^^^„ NEW VORK STANDARD "B" NEW YORK STANDARD "A" BEN DAVIS GKAUl^ PACKED BY R.CHA.51f:pHESTER, JOHN SM.TH.^UESPATCH, N. V. MIN. SIZE* 2/2 IN. rrr^r BALDWIN UNCLASSIFIED. "^SfES"?" '°™ s?Fil».f 5f -^ " '"™mS°IizT ^.-iSs"- ^- DISEASED. ■ NOT HANDPICKED. THE GRADES AND SIZES-FANCY "A" AND "B" Four grades or- classes are P^cnbed Th fi st ^hree L e Fancy- ^^^ ^i ;Se^f p^ors i^of good i^u^Sr^ ^ -.?-rwtnno^ mem.. Tli.r. s ..o '««""'" „f J" 'i' ""'; t, ,',,7 A vari.tion. of packed "nd.t tl.«.e mark, excw! that U ma.t !«> .la .a ^^^^ Tv^r'sTk is" picKED MUST BE SHOWN ^ ftSJ'?i»XM'^r°s£''g.v. .H. key ,. .^. "'-j;;?.' ssf »o'. nnirement that the size must be branded on the package. . _ ,u^ prescribed QUALl 1 i (,»<-c. i. .i'""- ""y ^ ^ . fourth, last Par.) ever, a variation of 5 per cent, is allowed f ^^^'^ V J"'^-,^"""/;,; "A" and The bulk of the fruit will ""^ow'^^^^'y^^/ff 'Peking arge quantities "B" brands. To allow for the mev.tab le errors "^ P="^f' "^^^^jf^d i.i these of fruit a total leeway or variation of lo per cent, is provi \ lOI Grades to take care of mistakes. Ten per cent, is the MAXIMUM allow- ance of variation from the legal standards, including the size which you mark on the package. It means that if you are not more than lo per cent, below the specifications on a combination of all defects, including diseases, worms, off color, under size, etc., your pack is deemed up to the legal standard. (Sec. i. Subs, second and third.) For a single defect only, in- cluding size, a variation of but 5 per cent, is allowed. Unclassified Grade or Class. This is the fourth class established (Sec. i, Sub. Fourth) and under it come all apples in closed packages not packed and branded in accordance with the Standard Grades, i. e.. Fancy, "A" and "B." There are no specifi- cations or limitations as to the quality, size or kind of fruit that may be packed under this class. The fruit may vary all the way from cider stock to the very best. It may be diseased, fungused or windfalls. In short, anythmg and everything may be packed under it as heretofore, BUT WITH THIS DIFFERENCE: EVERY PACKAGE PACKED UNDER THIS CLASS MUST, PRECISELY THE SAME AS THE OTHER GRADES, BEAR THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE PACKER, THE TRUE NAME OF THE VARIETY OR VARIETIES, THE MINIMUM SIZE OF THE FRUIT IN THE PACKAGE, AND IF IT IS DISEASED, SCABBY, FUNGUSED OR WINDFALLS, THAT FACT MUST ALSO BE STATED. There is positively no exception to this. It cannot be re- peated too often that every package, no matter what its grade or lack of grade, must be marked as indicated. If a packer desires to put up a cider apple pack or *'junk," he is at liberty so to do, but this kind of a pack can no longer be shipped un- marked. The father of it must acknowledge his child and disclose all its characteristics. If he places one-inch apples in the centers of packages, then he will have to brand those packages: "Min. Size One Inch"; if he stuffs them with windfalls or diseased fruit, then he must brand that fact upon them. "Junk" can no longer be palmed off under the guise of first class fruit. The Unclassified mark puts all persons on notice. It indicates positively that it is not a standard pack and a purchaser must be governed accordingly. Branding Diseased, Wormy, Fungused, Scabby and Windfall Fruit. Read Section 3 carefully. If a packer desires to ship this class of fruit, he has that privilege, BUT IT MUST BE SO BRANDED. Windfalls and *'shooks" can no longer be worked off as handpicked. Diseased, scabby, wormy and fungused apples can no longer be hidden in the centers of pack- ages. If this class of stuff is in the packages, the BRAND MUST SHOW IT. Merely using the word "Unclassified" IS NOT SUFFICIENT. This section does^ not apply to the few apples of this character that might get into the "A" and "B" Grades through error and under the five and ten per cent, allowances provided for those Grades. In all other cases it does, apply. This class of fruit cannot go under the "Unclassified" brand without the additional marks required. Miscellaneous. T. This law applies to the condition of the fruit at the time it is packed— the exact reading is: "When Packed." (Sees. 6 and 7.) 2. Provision for a written guaranty as protection to an innocent party is made by Section 10. 3. Read the misbranding, adulteration and penalty sections. (Sees ^ 6, 7, 8.) • "" 'Jm^ I02 Enforcement of the Law. Complaints. , Thp pnforcement of the act is lodged with the Commissioner of Agri- cultuTe Hon CalTn j! Huson. Albany. N. Y AH complamts covenng violations should be sent to him at the above address 2. The Commissioner of Agriculture has branch ofj-l\^f?'X^''i!Ml ;;-t ?hl ;uirne ':^A;^^x:^^S^'o:^^^ these officers as well as at Albany. 3. The law will be enforced. Conclusion. The act is clear and well defined. Its requirements are practical and ran be observed No honest packer can be prejudiced thereby. The quality specSons are plain. Standard "A" Grade .snoth.ng more than the orieinal and established conception of a No. One apple, tne d Grade if a good No. Two. The Fancy Grade is more rigid as it should be. That the law is needed admits of no doubt New York fruit has been steadflv eoing down hill in the markets of the world, both in price and demand ^Tf the iCestment of the progressive fruit grower is to be pro- tecTed if the raising of better fruit is to be encouraged, if the >nterests of Ihe hones dealer, operator and distributor are to be conserved and the demand o the consumer increased, then there must be a radical change in Mddng and grading. The new law is the most progressive of any law efther In "he United States or Canada, affords a splendid opportunity for real progress in he right direction and should place New York on a plane commenfume with its%reat production and the inherent excellence of its fruit. The United States Laze, Approved August 3, /9^-^-The Sulzer Bill. Be it enacted bv the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that the standard barrel for appes shall b^ of the following dimensions when measured without disten- !i^on of i? parts: Length of stave, twenty-eight and one-half mches ; di- ameter oh^ead, seventeen and one-eighth inches; distance between heads, tCnty-six inches; circumference of bulge, sixty-four inches outside meas- urement representing as nearlv as possible seven thousand and hfty-six cubkil^ches^ provided that steel barrels containing the interior dimensions provided for in this Section shall be construed as a compliance therewith. Sec 2 That the standard grades for apples when packed in barrels which shallW shipped or dehvered for shipment in interstate or foreign com- merce or which shall be sold or offered for sale within the District of Columbia or the Territories of the United States shall be as follows. Apples of one variety, which are well-grown soecimens. hand picked, of good color for the variety, normal shape, practically free from insect and fungous in- jury, bruises and other defects, except such as are nec^essarily caused in the operation of packing, or apples of one variety which . ^^ "ot ,mo^Vr/^^^ ten per centum below the foregoing specihcations shall be Standard Grade minimum size two and one-half inches," if the minimum ^^.^^ «f the apples is two and one-half inches, in transverse diameter; ^^^ndard Grade mn- imum size two and one-fourth inches," if the minimum size of the apples s two and one-fourth inches in transverse diameter; or Standard (,ra(le minimum size two inches," if the minimum size of the apples is two inches in transverse diameter. . Sec 3. That the barrels in which apples are packed in accordance with the provisions of this Act may be branded in accordance with Section two of this Act. 103 Sec. 4. That all barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be below standard if the barrel bears any statement, design or device indicating that the barrel is a standard barrel of apples, as herein defined, and the capacity of the barrel is less than the capacity prescribed by Section one of this Act, unless the barrel shall be plainly marked on end and side with words or figures showing the fractional relation which the actual capacity of the barrel bears to the capacity prescribed by Section one of this Act. The marking required by this paragraph shall be in block letters of size not less than seventy-two point one inch Gothic Sec. 5. That barrels packed with apples shall be deemed to be misbranded within the meaning of this Act: First. If the barrel bears any statement, design, or device indicating that the apples contained therein are "Standard Grade" and the apples when packed do not conform to the requirements prescribed by Section two of this Act. Second. If the barrel bears any statement, design or device indicating that the apples contained therein are "Standard Grade" and the barrel fails to bear also a statement of the name of the variety, the name of the locality where grown and the name of the packer or the person by whose authority the apples were packed and the barrel marked. Sec. 6. That any person, firm or corporation, or association who shall knowingly pack or cause to be packed apples in barrels, or who shall know- ingly sell or offer for sale such barrels in violation of the provisions of this Act, shall be liable to a penalty of One Dollar and costs for each such barrel so sold or offered for sale, to be recovered at the suit of the United States in any court of the United States having jurisdiction. Sec. 7. That this Act shall be in force and effect from and after the first day of July, nineteen hundred and thirteen. The Grade and Sijzes. These specifications are found in Section 3. There is but one grade. This grade is divided into three sizes governed by the rninimum size of the apples in each grade. A limit of tolerance of ten per cent, is provided to allow for errors in packing. This means that if you are not more than 10 per cent, below the specifications, your pack is deemed up to the legal standard. For example, if you pack your apples "Standard Grade Minimum Size 2^ Inches" then the apples in the barrel must be "apples of one variety, well grown specimens, hand picked, good color for the variety, normal shape, practically free from insect and fungous injury, etc.," (See Sec. 2) or not more than 10 per cent, below these specifications, and must not be less than 2^ inches in transverse diameter. They may be as much larger as you desire. Exactly the same principles apply to the 2j/l-inch and 2-inch size. Branding. All barrels marked "'Standard Grade," etc., must also have branded upon them (i) the variety, (2) the name of the locality where grown, (3) the name of the packer or person by whose authority the apples were packed and the barrel marked. (Sec. 5, Sub. second.) It is also highly desirable to use the following additional words: PACKED I\ ACCORDANCE WITH THE ACT OF CONGRESS APPROVED AUGUST 3RD, 1912. Discussion. F. E. Griest. — Can apples grown in other states be packed under the New York Law by being so branded? I04 Prof Knapp.— I doubt if they could be branded in such a manner as to give the impression that they were grown in New York state. If you had your name and address on it would elimi- nate any difficulty. As a fruit grower in Pennsylvania it would not be legal for you to give the impression that you were growing ap- ples in New York state. E C Tyson.— Is it your view of the matter that if Pennsylvania wants to meet New York on even terms they must protect their fruit in the same way? . , , ^ i Prof Knapp.— Exactly. That is the way it looks to me ; not only aeainst New York fruit, but to protect yourself against yourself and your neighbors, because that is all we really do in New York state; what we had to do. ^^ i . • <. ^ a E C. Tyson.— If that is the case, why is New York not interested in the fruit that comes into the state from Pennsylvania. I should regard it as perfectly legitimate for her to protect her markets against poor fruit from Pennsylvania, or from any other state in the same way she is trying to protect against her own citizens who may not pack properly. , , r Prof. Knapp.— Suppose a grocer buys a barrel from a commis- sion man, he sells it very often by the peck or quart. If he has re- sold in the original package I think there ought to be some way of getting at him, but if he breaks it up I do not see how we could very well. I think that is the way most of the fruit is handled after it is sold to the grocer. It is very seldom sold by the barrel. Here is where the rub comes (reads from New York LaNv, Section 3). I believe that refers primarily to the man who lives in New York state. Prof. Kains.— But there is not one grocer in five hundred in New York City who sells in any closed package. It is always by the quart and by the peck. , , • , . 1 E. C. Tyson. — There is a very nice point involved in this law. Suppose we ship fruit to New York and store it there as our propertv. If we, later on, sell it for consumption in New York state either direct or through a commission merchant we are certainly amenable to the law just as much as the New York grower, but the wording of the law indicates that its framers did not have us in mind or they would have made more definite provision for mark- ing the package. Prof. Knapp. — What satisfaction did yon get from the Depart- ment of Agriculture on that ? E. C. Tyson. — Not any more than you did. Prof. Knapp. — If I was using a special brand of my own I would continue to use it and send fruit there as I had marked it before until notified by the department to do otherwise. W. S. Adams.— Can they ship out of New York state any way they want ? lOS Prof. Knapp. — No, we have them there. It has to be put up ac- cording to this law, if in closed packages. W. E. Grove. — What is the expense and how many inspectors do you have on this particular job? Prof. Knapp. — I think they had probably fifty inspectors out. That is just a guess. You must understand that they do not inspect every package. They just see that the marks are on the barrel. I think the most important thing about this whole measure is that little item that the man's name and address must go on the outside of every barrel of apples. D. N. Minick. — Is it a fact that these inspectors are only called upon to inspect fruit when there is a complaint made about the pack ? Prof. Knapp. — I have in mihd that they would be only called upon to make an inspection on account of someone purchasing a car or part of a car and making complaint that the pack was not up to the standard that was marked on the barrel. I think very likely a large amount of it in the future will be done that way, but in the present season they have gone out and inspected anyway they deemed wise. D. N. Minick. — I had in mind a car of apples I saw in Williams- port last week that was branded "A" grade, which was supposed to be packed with good color for the variety, and was very poor color for that variety. Prof. Knapp. — What variety? D. N. Minick. — Baldwins. Prof. Knapp. — (Reads second paragraph of section one). That is what the Department of Agriculture says about it. If you adopt that ruling then the "A" grade is always the same. D. N. Minick. — I think there is a clause in there allowing a con- ditional variance in color. I like it very much for Pennsylvania, on account of York Imperial. When trees are heavily covered with foliage, without the assistance of frost in the early fall, it is almost impossible to get color on the fruit in time for harvesting the crop. Prof. Knapp. — That is true. In New York State the apples in Hudson River Valley mature earlier and are more highly colored than in Western New York, and if we did not have that flexible rule regarding color affected by season and section, the Hudson River Baldwins which are cherry red, would control the grade in New York state. One-fifth of the fruit is raised in Hudson River Valley and four-fifths in Western New York. In order to keep peace, and in order to give the law as thorough a trial as possible and have everybody satisfied and happy, for the first year they did not attempt to make that provision any more stringent. F. E. Griest. — Is color the only distinction between "A" and "B" grade ? Prof. Knapp. — Yes, '*A" is good color for the variety. If the color for "A" would be rather poor, you might say "B" would not MMMi io6 have any. I don't believe anybody here would want to say what is a good color for a variety. I would not. Nobody knows. In a matter of that kind you have to take the prevailing opinion as to what constitutes a good color. C. J. Tyson. — What are the bad features in the Law ? Are there any? Prof. Knapp. — No, I do not think so, except possibly that the use of the term ''unclassified" is not satisfactory. W. E. Grove. — Would it be worth while to pass a law that just requires the name and address of the grower and the variety, and eliminate all other matters — grading, size and marking? Prof. Knapp. — I expect to a certain extent that would be wortn while. The men who are packing C.^l fruit in the way that they are glad to identify themselves, are already marking their barrels. The men who do not pack that way do not put their names on. E. C. Tyson. — I think the strong point is that one requires a standard and the other does not. It is particularly desirable when shipping outside of the state. Prof. Knapp. — Then you have a standard. Su.nething that peo- ple can go by and abide by, and that is a very important thing. County Agents' Work. Prof. M. S. McDowKix, Director of Agricultural Extension Work, Pennsylvania State College. Delawakk and Tkkskv Daskkts Fillkd With Elbkrta Pkachks. Pennsylvania has eleven county agents in the field and other counties are actively promoting the organizations to secure an agent. The county agent movement is an effort to place in as many counties a& pce«=iible men with a thorough, practical and funde- mental knowledge of agric V:"'t i.^ co-operate with the farmers in- dividually and through their organizations towards the solution of farm problems. Its purpose is to make the best agricultural in- formation of the day common and applied knowledge. The county agent becomes the link which more closely connects the farmer with his experiment station. Their activities are wide. The men who '-erve as county agents do not pose as knowing all about agriculture. They serve rather as students and helpers. They spend their time studying the farming interests of their re- spective counties both from the standpoint of production and of distribution. They study the plans, methods and practices, and aid in improving them when this can be done. They bring from farm to farm information as to the best methods practiced by farmers in the different localities and the results obtained by the Experiment Stations. They study the marketing and transportation conditions and aid in bettering them whenever they can. They also conduct county-wide movements, such as campaigns for special purposes. The upbuilding of the soil by the proper application of manure and fertilizers ; the testing of seed corn ; the renovation of old orchards ; the proper use of spraying materials to prevent insects and plant diseases ; the promotion of the livestock industry through the use of pure-])red sires ; the increase of breeding herds and community breeding; the organization of exchange bureaus for feeding stock and pure seed ; the planning of balanced ration for farm animals ; the making of surveys of the cropping systems and business management of the farm, are some of his activities. The organization of breeders' associations, cow testing associa- tions, and other producing associations ; the organization of boys' and girls' clubs and contest work in corn, tomatoes, pure-bred live- stock, etc., are other lines of activity, some of which are under- taken by every agent. In addition, the agents may be active in other ways, such as promoting good roads, better rural schools, more social life, and better conditions in general. In all this work the agent co-operates with existing county agricultural organiza- tions. 107 ^.::, »■'"■ ^^^^|p?^9^^l ^1^ '''"" ^^^^^^B ' i'.''4^^^H mm: *.^-'," ''::.:. "^J:*'-' <■'•'* SB M;;\-i"-u''-- ,. r. ..'''' <( rW4 "^Mm- io6 have any. I don't believe anyl)ocly here would want to say what is a good color for a variety. I would not. Nobody knows. In a matter of that kind you have to take the prevailing opinion as to what constitutes a good color. C. J. Tyson. — \Miat are the bad features in the Law ? Are there any ? Prof. Knapp. — No, I do not think so, except possibly that the use of the term "unclassified" is not satisfactory. W. E. Grove. — Would it be worth while to pass a law that just requires the name and address of the grower and the variety, and eliminate all other matters — grading, size and marking? Prof. Knapp. — I expect to a certain extent that would be wortn while. The men who are packing i\.J/ fruit in the way that they are glad to identify themselves, are already marking their barrels. The men who do not ])ack that way do not put their names on. E. C. Tyson. — I think the strong point is that one requires a standard and the other does not. It is particularly desirable when shipping outside of the state. Prof. Knapp. — Then you have a standard. Su nething that peo- ple can go by and abide by, and that is a very important thing. County Agents' Work. Prof. M. S. McDowivI.L, Director of Agricultural Extension Work, Pennsylvania State College. DiXAWARK ANIi hCRSKV liASKKTS FiLLKl* WlTH ElJlKKTA PkaCHKS. Pennsylvania has eleven county agents in the field and other counties are actively promoting the organizations to secure an agent. i The county agent movement is an effort to place in as many ] Lounties as pcp'^ible men with a thorough, practical and funde- \ mental knowledge of agrjc •'" ^ lo co-operate with the farmers in- dividually and through their organizations towards the solution of farm problems. Its purpose is to make the best agricultural in- formation of the day common and applied knowledge. The county agent becomes the link which more closely connects the farmer with his experiment station. Their activities are wide. The men who ^ erve as county agents do not pose as knowing all about agriculture. They serve rather as students and helpers. They spend their time studying the farming interests of their re- spective counties both from the standpoint of production and of distribution. They study the plans, methods and practices, and aid in improving them when this can be done. They bring from farm to farm information as to the best methods practiced by farmers in the diff'erent localities and the results obtained by the Experiment Stations. They study the marketing and transi)ortation conditions and aid in bettering them whenever they can. They also conduct county-wide movements, such as cam])aigns for special purposes. The ui)building of the soil by the ])roper ai)plication of manure and fertilizers ; the testing of seed corn ; the renovation of old orchards ; the i)roper use of spraying materials to prevent insects and j)lant diseases ; the promotion of the livestock industry through the use of pure-l)re(l sires ; the increase of breeding herds and community breeding; the organization of exchange ])ureaus for feeding stock and ])ure seed ; the planning of balanced ration for farm animals ; the making of surveys of the crop])ing systems and business management of tlie farm, are some of his activities. The organization of breeders' associations, cow testing associa- tions, and other producing associations; the organization of boys' and girls' clubs and contest work in corn, tomatoes, jnire-bred live- stock, etc., are other lines of activity, some of which are under- taken by every agent. In addition, the agents may be active in other ways, such as promoting good roads, better rural schools, more social life, and better conditions in general. In all this work the agent co-operates with existing county agricultural organiza- tions. 107 INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE io8 _ 1 • ^^^o cr-pr-ial line of work and makes that .s^ija^derirrrnS^^^ in all lines of agriculture each one calls upon he pec.ahst^at^.^^ rSeg^':- aKm^sTufdo t^LTo^k under its general direc- ''°?hrpriX7qSes for an agricultural agent are that he must have beenTrought up on a farm or have spent the greater part of hk life on the farm, that he have a broad, fundamental education, Sat he be a good organizer and that he have a strong, pleadmg P^SleSthan $.,500 is necessary the first year. This covers the Qalarv of the aeent, office and travelling expenses. "S alent VsLlly spends one or two days a week m^^^^^^^^^^ where he can be reached in person or by telephone. The balance ot the time is spent in the field. ^, t^ i The fund are provided co-operatively by The Pennsylvania State Co lei the Department of Agriculture and the local organ- izadon tC^o^^^^^ are authorized to appropriate not to exceed $1,500' a year for this work and the local funds may be provided in this way or by local subscription. The reports from all the counties where agents are at work are to the effect that excellent service is being rendered. The Farm Bureau. The agent's work is effective in proportion as the inte^^^^^ ^"jj co-operation of the best farmers of the county are enlisted, rha this may be secured a local organization usually known as a farm bureau is formed to assist the county agent and promote agri- culture through co-operative study of farm conditions. It is also responsible for the raising of the necessary bcal funds, fhe mem- bership should include a good proportion if not a "^^J^^ fj ot the farmers of a county and all sections of the county should be rep- resented in this membership. The whole membership of the or- ganization may meet together but once a year at its annual meet- ing. A' -A } For practical purposes the county organization may be divideci along geographical lines into ten or twelve centres. The follow- ing constitution which is being adopted by other counties will give some idea of the nature of the organization. The formation of a successful organization requires that at the eeneral meeting held for this purpose there be a large attendance ot farmers from all sections. It is primarily a farmers movement and will be effective only in proportion as the farmers themselves show interest. The Problem of Health. Miss Pkarl McDonald, Extension Instructor in Domestic Science, State College, Pa. In discussing the problem of health, there are two general phases to be considered — the general or public health and the health of the individual. There are just a few things we want to speak of in regard to the public health. The people in the rural districts have the advantage in many respects over those who live in the crowded cities. They have more space, more freedom, more fresh air and sunlight, and, in many cases, more healthful employment. But the death rate is higher in the country than in the city. Frequently the death rate in cities is lowered while that in the country remains the same. One notable instance of what may be accomplished is that in the case of Detroit, Michigan. From 1900 to 1910, Detroit trebled its population and decreased the death rate from tuberculosis 28 per cent. The death rate for the State of Michigan was not decreased. Why was this so? Because in the cities on account of the large population and the crowded condi- tions, they are compelled to study the problems of health and so solve them more effectively. They are forced to look after the food supply, the water and milk supply and the disposal of sewage and garbage. It is easier for the people to get together and make a community or city matter of these problems. In the country, on the other hand, the people are farther apart and it is more of an in- dividual family problem and not so much care is taken in the mat- ters and in the case of contagious diseases. We all know that there is need for improvement. That is so in the case of the country school houses. They need better heating, better lighting, better ventilation, better seating in many instances, cleaner build- ings. It is for the people in the country to realize the necessity for im- provement and make the most of their advantages. And I believe the only way to accomplish anything is by making these things a community matter and by uniting our efforts for improvement. Much can be done for the betterment of the public health through a better understanding of the requirements for the health of the individual. As we grow and enlarge commercially, industrially, and socially, 109 'Y;-tM^' 110 III so must we change, enlarge and improve our kind of education and the preparation to enter upon the life of to-day and meet its many requirements. To meet the demands that are made upon us by the long hours of continuous application in many kinds of work, by the crowded con- ditions under which we work and by the haste and intensity with which we work, and to the keen competition in business, we find that we must not only be trained mentally but that we must also have strong, healthy bodies. The large number of people who go to pieces physically and nervously in the prime of life or before the prime of life is reached and the fact with which we are all farniliar that there are very few people who are thoroughly well after middle life are things that are gradually convincing us that we must look well to the physical development and health of our children and young people. You will all agree with me that in childhood is the time when the foundation for good health is laid and that it is the time to establish in children the habits of health. While the pursuit of health should not be the great purpose in life, but rather the pur- pose should be to live a full, rich, efficient life, yet the pursuit of health should be a means of accomplishing the great purpose. Now, there are certain conditions upon which health depends. One must have some knowledge of the structure of the body and of the care of the body, as a whole, and of certain special parts of the body. First as to the structure. The cell is the unit of life. In the lower forms of life, the single cell carries on all the work. The cell takes in food, digests it, builds it up into forms for the use of the cell and throws off the waste products. In the human body, which belongs to the higher forms of life, we have specialized cells grouped together to serve a particular purpose. The bone cells grouped together to form the supporting tissues of the body; the muscle cells to fill out the bony structure and make motion possible, the nerve cells to form the nervous tissue and to receive messages and to direct the activities of the body, etc., with all the various tis- sues of the body. There we have the tissues built up into certain systems which have a particular function. The respiratory system which is con- cerned with the process of breathing, the circulatory with the work of carrying food materials to the cells of the body and of carrying waste products from the body, etc. All of these cells, tissues, and systems are built up into a complete organism which works accord- ing to certain laws. The same thing is true of the human organism as of every piece of machinery. The injury of any one part of the organism affects the working of the whole organism. As to the parts of the body and their care, we may speak first of the skin. The skin forms a protective covering for the body ; it is supplied with nerve endings or touch bulbs which make it a sensory organ; it is supplied with glands through which certain waste products are thrown off and so it becomes an excretory organ; it aids in the regulation of body temperature through the evaporation of moisture that comes to the surface. To fulfill these functions the skin must be kept properly clean and must be properly protected by clothing. In winter the body loses heat by radiation of heat from the body and the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body. The more heat that is lost from the body, the more heat must be sup- plied through the consumption of food in the form of food ma- terials. Such clothing should be chosen as will conserve the heat and not permit of too rapid evaporation of moisture. Wool by the very nature of the fibre serves this purpose best. The fibre of wool is rough and when woven into garments has considerable air space. Air is a poor conductor of heat. Wool will also take up considerable moisture without seeming to be damp and moist. Woolen dries slowly. For these reasons woolen garments are the very best for winter wear. If one does not wish all wool garments, * there are the wool and silk, or the wool and cotton to be had. These are very satisfactory. There is also a method of treating cotton Nvhich gives it some of the characteristics of woolen. Cotton and linen are very different from the wool. The fibre of the cotton and linen is smooth and makes a smoother fabric with few^r air spaces. These fabrics allow of more rapid radiation of heat and evapora- tion of moisture. They are, therefore, the ideal fabrics to use in warm weather. The connection with the discussion of the heat supply to the body, we must consider the problem of food. The consumption of the food in the body supplies the heat which we interpret in terms of energy, which is the power to do work. All foods, proteins, starches, sugars and fats, will furnish energy, but only the proteins will build and repair tissue because they alone contain nitrogen which is found in every lining cell. Foods also regulate the body processes such as digestion, absorption, and similar processes. That the cells may properly use the food brought to them by means of the blood oxy- gen is necessary. The oxygen is taken up by the blood as it passes through the lungs and so carried to the cells. Plenty of oxygen means an abundant supply of fresh air. All the work of the body, not only the external work such as walking, running, and other forms of muscular activity, but also the internal work such as di- gestion, respiration and circulation, use up the tissues. The body needs rest to repair from this work and exercise. In sleep the mind and body are relaxed, and the repair can then take place. The amount of sleep required varies with individuals, but the amount considered necessary for the adult is eight hours. For children, ■'4rr- 112 113 more sleep is required, because their bodies are growing. Chil- dren should not have games and exercises that are too exciting as such games often cause nervousness. They should have games that bring in to play the large muscles of the body. They should have games that they heartily enjoy. Even their v^ork they should learn to do in the spirit of enthusiasm. Work becomes drudgery when one does not enjoy it. Of the special parts of the body, I want to speak first of the nose. The nostrils are a part of the respiratory tract. The nostrils are so constructed that the air inhaled is sifted of dust and warmed before passing into the lungs. Any growth at the base of the nos- trils as adenoids or enlarged tonsils will obstruct the passage of air to the lungs. The person then finds it easier to breath through the mouth. The air is neither sifted of dust nor warmed and the throat often becomes irritated. Children having adenoids and enlarged tonsils are more subject to throat aflfections and cold in the head. Because of lack of sufficient oxygen nutrition and circulation are affected. Children are frequently dull. Adenoids, too, are often the cause of deafness. Frequently if the breathing is corrected the hearing will right itself. The eyes should have special mention. The eye is one of the most delicate organs of the body and it has the power of accom- modating itself within a wide range. The percentage of people having really perfect eyes is very small. Few persons realize how many cases of headache, insomnia, nervous diseas-es of all kinds, stomach disorders are due to defective eyes. In children, many cases of dullness are due to the inability to see the printed page or the blackboard. Children should have their eyes tested at intervals. They should also be taught how to use their eyes. They should be trained to hold the book at the proper distance not to have the light too bright or too dim, to have the light fall upon the book or work from the left shoulder, to rest the eyes at frequent intervals when doing close work. The nervous system needs special mention. The nervous sys- tem is made up of the brain and spinal cord and the nerve fibres which connect with every muscle, every gland and every part of the body. The function of the nervous system is to receive mes- sages from the outside world and to direct all of the activities of the body. The things that aflfect the nerves are over-work, over- play, over-eating, under-eating, the use of the eyes in excess, or over-strain in any form. Worry, fear, anxiety, through the nerves affect digestion, absorption, circulation. Children should be trained to moderation and self-control in all the activities of life. They should be trained in the right habits of conduct. The brain or mind determines upon a certain act, the message goes o\it along the nerve fibre and there is the response in the muscle. Every time the mind wills that act, the more readily the message goes out over the nerve fibres, and the more quickly comes the response. Soon a habit is formed. So children should be trained in habits of health — trained to take the proper baths, to have an abundant supply of fresh air, to cleanse the mouth and teeth, to eat the right food at regular intervals, to wear the correct clothing, to regulate the amount of work, rest, exercise, to keep their minds and thoughts clean and wholesome. Thus and thus only is it possible to have and keep a strong vigorous body and be able to meet the demands made upon us in our day. A Wei,!, Tii,i.kd Orchard. 112 more sleep is required, because their bodies are growing. Chil- dren should not have games and exercises that are too exciting as such games often cause nervousness. They should have games that bring in to play the large muscles of the body. They should have games that they heartily enjoy. Even their work they should learn to do in the spirit of enthusiasm. Work becomes drudgery when one does not enjoy it. Of the special parts of the body, I want to speak first of the nose. The nostrils are a part of the respiratory tract. The nostrils are so constructed that the air inhaled is sifted of dust and warmed before passing into the lungs. Any growth at the base of the nos- trils as adenoids or enlarged tonsils will obstruct the passage of air to the lungs. The person then finds it easier to breath through the mouth. The air is neither sifted of dust nor warmed and the throat often becomes irritated. Children having adenoids and enlarged tonsils are more subject to throat affections and cold in the head. Because of lack of sufficient oxygen nutrition and circulation are affected. Children are frequently dull. Adenoids, too, are often the cause of deafness. Frequently if the breathing is corrected the hearing will right itself. The eyes should have special mention. The eye is one of the most delicate organs of the body and it has the power of accom- modating itself within a wide range. The percentage of ])eople having really perfect eyes is very small. Few j^ersons realize how many cases of headache, insomnia, nervous diseases of all kinds, stomach disorders are due to defective eyes. In children, many cases of dullness are due to the inability to see the printed page or the blackboard. Children should have their eyes tested at intervals. They should also be taught how to use their eyes. They should be trained to hold the book at the j)ro])er distance not to have the light too bright or too dim, to have the light fall upon the book or work from the left shoulder, to rest the eyes at frequent intervals when doing close work. The nervous system needs s])ecial mention. The nervous sys- tem is made up of the brain and spinal cord and the nerve fibres which connect with every muscle, every gland and every part of the body. The function of the nervous system is to receive mes- sages from the outside world and to direct all of tlie activities of the body. The things that affect the nerves are over-work, over- play, over-eating, under-eating, the use of the eyes in excess, or over-strain in any form. Worry, fear, anxiety, througli the nerves affect digestion, absorption, circulation. Children should be trained to moderation and self-control in all the activities of life. They should be trained in the right habits of conduct. 113 The brain or mind determines upon a certain act, the message goes out along the nerve hbre and there is the response in the muscle. Every time the mind wills that act, the more readily the message goes out over the nerve fibres, and the more quickly comes the response. Soon a habit is formed. So children should be trained in habits of health — trained to take the proper baths, to have an abundant supply of fresh air, to cleanse the mouth and teeth, to eat the right food at regular intervals, to wear the correct clothing, to regulate the amount of work, rest, exercise, to keep their minds and thoughts clean and wholesome. Thus and thus only is it possible to have and keep a strong vigorous body and be able to meet the demands made upon us in our day. A Wku. Tilf.ki) Orchard. m. INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE IW.v"!^ ■v*l FRUIT EXHIBITS. While we did not go through the formahty of having the fruit judged Dy an expert, it was very closely examined by a number of first-class grow- «!'^a. ""I^ other sections, and by others who have had an opportunity to see what other sections are doing, by attending their fruit shows, and it was pronounced hrst-class and worthy of being shown anywhere. Prof. Kains, Pennsylvania s horticulturist, who has perhaps attended more fruit shows than any other man in the state, made the statement that in all his ex- perience he has seen nothing to compare with the Jonathan in this exhibit. Uozens of our members, however, who grow just as good fruit as was shown this year, were not represented on the tables, thus very much limiting the scope of the display. Make a resolution right now that next season will hnd your fruit side by side with that of your fellow members. This report nnds Its way into a good many states and onto the editorial tables of all the principal fruit papers, and you can judge for yourself whether it is not an advantage to have your name and the varieties vou grow listed here We certainly believe it is. The exhibit included 146 plates and 18 boxes of frnf on"^ !" ^""uM-^^'^r ^^^^^.^tive design, three boxes of evaporated fruit, and several exhibits of excellent seed corn. Baldwin York Imperial Newtown Pippin Paradise Ben Davis York Imperial R. I. Greening Paragon Baldwin Rome Beauty Kieffer Pear Winesap Albemarle Pippin York Imperial Hubbardston Gano Smith Cider Details of Fruit Exhibit. BoYKR Bros.— 52 Plates. Ben Davis Stavman Paradise Grimes Golden B. F. Wilson — 21 Platks. Baldwin Jonathan RoBKRT Garrktson— 6 Platks. Langford Belleflower E. C. Brixskr— 4 Platks. Mann Winesap H. M. Kkixkr— 16 Platks. Lady Blush York Imperial W. S. Adams— 16 Plates. Baldwin Jonathan York Stripe Red Doctor C. A. Wolfe— 3 Plates, 2 Boxes. Geo. p. Myers— 9 Plates. York Imperial York Stripe Summer Rambo 114 Smokehouse Ben Davis Lawver Stay man 115 E. C. Kieffer— 7 Plates. Paragon (Very fine) J. W. Prickett. York County Cheese. W. E. Grove— Design. Grimes Golden Ben Davis paS:ia'r7;UTf'o"m.'"" "^"^^^ commercial barrel pack. H. G. Baugher— Box and Plate. Adams County grown DeHcious H. E. Wolfe— 5 Plates. ^^^>'"^^" York Imperial TvsoN Bros.— II Boxes Grimes Golden Stayman ^ * .- Stayman. ' ^' ^' ^^^^^^sperger-Box. Merz Bros.— 3 Boxes Evaporated Fruit White Stock Chops Size and color Paragon Waste f ii Adams County Grows Fine Fruit. \.'K/V '■'^■' ii6 FORD y^e Universal Car Ford Touring Car, $490 Ford Roadster, $440 F. O. S. Freight, $2035 LISTEN !! with a possible rebate of $40 to $60, provid- ing the 300,000 mark is reached. This means that every Ford purchaser will share in the earnings of the Ford Factory, for the year of 1914-1 5, to the ext-nt of $40 to $60, on each and every car. This enormous output will enable them to do this. There are over 600,000 Fords now in use all over the world — over one-half of all the cars in use in the whole world. What does this prove ? ? You be the judge. No other make of car is so well adapted as a business proposition. No other car can be run as economic on tires, fuel and general upkeep. Investigate yourself. Every Ford is made of all Vanodium steel, the lightest, strongest metal known in the world to-day. For Sale by J. W. RICHLEY AUTO CO. York's Oldest and Largest Auto T)ealers 237 East PhUadelphia Street, YORK, PA. Buick M.37. 40 H. P, Price $1235.00, F. O. B. BUICK 1 1 That very name stands for, — Power, » • Endurance, Reliability and everlast- ... , , . '"2 wearing qualities, combined with the famous overhead valve system— makes it the most economic and powerful motor on earth. All the records that stand in the world to-day were^ made and are held by Overhead Valoe motors. In the world's championship races at Indianapolis May 30th this year, out of $50,000 prize money offered the Overhead valve motors won $46,000, leaving only $4,000 to the field of all other side pocket motors. A BUICK car climbed Pike's Peak in record time. Two BUICKS were the only team to receive perfect scores '-Tnnn* r' de France, in 1914. This was a reliability run of over 3000 miles with 34 entrants. ^^Jr^l^l^ '^^ °"'5' *^^'" ^^^'^ ^" "o«sed the Andes Molmtains. A BUICK won the 1914 Wisconsin Reliability and Economy Contest with an average of 24.8 miles to the gallon for over 500 miles. niuni/'^'b u u ¥^ ^' ^^^"^^ ^" ^ ^^^^ «f 17 entrants, an old BUICK, which had gone 25,000 miles, won 4 first out of 5, and that one was given them. BUICK cars have won 94 per cent, of all contests in which they were entered. The 1915 Line of BUICKS is the finest and most beautiful Ime in the world, with every modern convenience, fully equipped. 28-30 H. P. Roadster, $900 40 H. P. Roadster, $U8S 28-30 H, P. Touring Car, $950 40 H. P. Touring Car, $1235 60 H. P. 6 cylinder, 7 passenger Touring Car, $1650 For Sale by J. W. RICHLEY AUTO CO. York's Oldest and Largest Auto 'Dealers 237 East PhUadelphia Street, YORK, PA. ii8 119 SEED POTATOES We can offer Maine Grown Seed (Under Federal Government Inspection) Irish Cobbler and Green Mountain For delivery in April at $2.25 per sack of 165 lbs. f. o. b. Guernsey, Pa. ALSO APPLE TREES Our Own Growing-Budded on Imported Seedlings 2,000 Stayman Winesap 1 ,000 York Imperial GOOD HEALTHY 2-YEAR OLD TREES Reasonable prices on application FLORA DALE C. J. TYSON PENNSYLVANIA r?i The Christmas Store Ready— Everything ready. The Gift things have all been here ready for the Early Buyers HANDKERCHIEFS— The Great Christmas article. Never so many as now. Ladies', Gentlemen's and Children's. A beautiful line of them — Ic. to $L00 each. Japanese hand-marked linens, all sizes. Other linens of all kinds and Xmas novelties. GLOVES, FURS, BLANKETS, RUGS, HOSIERY A beautiful line of Ladies' Neckwear for Christmas Gent's Neckwear. Special J> rices given on Ladies' Coats for Holidays. See our line of Christmas Fancy Novelties bffore purchasing elsewhere DOUGHERTY & HARTLEY, ?inv$BURfi ESTABLISHET) 1850 1.200 ACRES TREES WE ARE WHOLESALE GROWERS OF First Class Nursery Stock OF ALL KINDS Fruit, Shade, Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Hedges, Small Fruit, etc.. Asparagus, Strawberries and California Privet IN LARGE QUANTITIES The BEST is the CHEAPEST. Ours is the CHEAPEST because it is the BEST. Handling Dealers' orders a specialty. Catalogue free. FRANKLIN DAVIS NURSERY COMPANY BALTIMORE, MARYLAND I20 121 SUSQUEHANNA FERTILIZERS BEST FOR ALL CROPS WELL ADAPTED For Orchard Use Well Are Uniform in Quality Prompt in Action Careful attention to orders in any quantity from one sack to a thousand tons. Send for Booklet and name of nearest Agent General Sales Agent EDWIN C. TYSON Flora Dale, Pa. Agents Wanted in Unoccupied Territory The most lasting Auto ever built. Good for 100,000 miles The best Car in the world for the money 6 Cyl. Reo, $1385. 00 1 1 2 Inch 'Vheel Base 4 Cyl. Reo, $1050. 00 1 1 5 Inch Wheel Base FULLY EQUIPPED Two REAL Trucks Both Four Cylinder INCLUDING\ ^Q7e 00 BODY J «PO I €».= 00 3-4 to 1 ton ( 1 l-2to2tonsroNS0$1650. Harrisburg Auto Co. Branches Everywhere Harrisburg, Pa. 122 THE Gettusburs National Bank Capital, $145,150 Deposits, 1930,000 'Pays 3 1-2 per cent on Special 'Deposits eWe offer the public the use of our large fire-proof and burglar-proof safe deposit vaults FREE. Christmas Savings Club Starts December 21, 1914 WM. McSHERRY, President E. M. BENDER, Cashier erwin ^Willi lams Sh Paints and Varnishes IN beautifying your home and the things that go into it by means of paint and varnish, look to durability as well as to a pleasing and harmonious effect. With Sherwin-Williams Paints and Varnishes you can secure not only the exact colors and finishes desired but also sufficient durability to maintain for years the artistic results obtained. ^ r u * The time of the painter is expensive (usually twice the cost of the mate- rial) ; hence the economy of using only the best paints and varnishes, to put off the necessity of refinishing for the longest possible time. We shall be glad to help you select the right paint or varnish for A^hatever purpose you have in mind. Our line of Sherwin-Williams Products is com plete. Come in and see us when you have any finishing to do. GETTYSBURG DEPARTMENT STORE GETTYSBURG, PA. EVERYTHING IN PAINT 123 N. GUY SNYDER GRAIN SEEDS COAL PRODUCE FERTILIZER LIME WAREHOUSE AND COAL YARD ASPERS, PA. THE STRONGEST IS BEST THE BEST IS CHEAPEST The "Reiter" Bolster Spring With the "REITER" Bolster Spring on the American Farm Wagon You can haul or carry any and everything equal to any spring wagon and at one-half the cost. W. C. REITER Sole Maker The "Reiter" Bolster Spring The Best in the World WAYNESBORO, PENNA. ■^C■' ^'i .^* - 1 124 125 BOTH PHONES H. G. BAUGHER PROPRIETOR OF The Adams County Nursery ASPERS, PENNSYLVANIA Shipping Address \ BcndersviUe Station, P. & R. R- R- Express Office ; Special Attention to Growing of FRUIT TREES (LEADING VARIETIES) For Large and Small Planters ALSO MANUFACTURER OF Apple Barrels and Fruit Packages YOUR ORT>ERS SOLICITED Weight 700 Lbs. Price $125.00 This and twenty-five other sizes of Power Sprayers are de- scribed in our Catalogue No. 77. Priced for ready reference. Most complete spray catalogue of Hand and Power Sprayers, Fit- tings, Extras, Etc. T/iis valuable book is yours for ,he asking. FOR FIFTY YEARS Orchardists and Nurserymen from Maine to California have been buying their supplies from us. Send for Catalogue No. 42— ;a ] 6-page book of valuable information for horticulturists. All arti- cles priced, and parcel post rates given. NEW YORK STATE DISTRIBUTORS for the FORK- NER LIGHT DRAFT HARROWS— a tool no modern farmer can afford to do without. A saver of time, labor and money. Don't delay. Send for special catalogue and prices. QTDeaa^cr^^TiardiDare Co. RETAIL-WHOLESALE ?\t«d2c"sV: ^'- ^"* ROCHESTER, N. Y. ^2.^ mui s.. 126 Tell the Man who Packs Your Apples to Buy and Use THE "ABBOTT" Automatic Barrel Press which has all the advantages of the screw press but the former wasted time is all saved. 127 a a a a a a a a a a a a The releasing jaws in which the screw works can be operated instantly so that two or three turns of the handle for each barrel is all that is required and the screw can be raised or lowered "quick as a wink.'' GOODELL COMPANY 22 Main Street ANTRIM, N. H., U. S. A. who are the largest and oldest hand or power apple parer makerf in the world. EDWIN a TYSON, Representative, FLORA DALE, PA. €€ Why Use STONEMEAL? 99 FRUIT GROWERS or at least those that make a special study of the art ought to know from experience that they obtain the best, most luscious and highly flavored fruit from trees growing in virgin soils of the foot hills of our numerous mountain ranges, or from rocky soils otherwise not adapted for culti- vation. The seeing c*^ "^s also must know from observation, that the more or- ganic nitrogen or ammonii-composition-containing material is supplied to the fruit trees, the more they become subject to attacks from destroy- ing insects and well known diseases, the more wormy, defective in form and color and the quicker rotting the fruit becomes. They also must know that the only benefit they obtain from the use of any kind of none- poisoning spraying-material is alone and entirely due to the sulphur- composition it contains. Knowing these facts why should they not exclusively use and apply as the only natural remedy for the existing ills "Stonemeal," wherein they will not only find the so badly needed sul- phate-compositions, but all other mineral compositions as found in the most perfect VIRGIN soil. A Post-Card Addressed to STONEMEAL FERTILIZER CO., North Paterson, N. J. will bring to you descr ptive, explanatory literature and desired information. Representative Agent, G. W. Koser, Biglerville Warehouse Co., BIGLtRVILLE, PA. B E 1 a 128 131 Box No. 1. Represents a full size standard green Apple Box. No. 2. A half size standard green apple box. No. 3. A full size special green apple box. No. 4. A half size special green apple box. No. 5. A 20-lb. pear box. No. 6. A 20-lb. peach box. No. 7. A picking tray for grapes. No. 8. A crate for shipping grapes. No8. 9 and 10. A bushel crate for apples, etc. We manufacture all kinds of shipping boxes or crates and will be glad to furnish samples and prices upon application. Montgomery Bros. & Co. Court and Wilkeson Sts. Buffalo. N. Y. No. 1, FOLDING CRATE, with or without cover See catalog for other »tyle9 and tixe* OVER 15,000,000 IN USE TO-DAY UMMER line of RATES, for every service, ANNOT be excelled. IGID, collapsible or folding IGHT in all proportions EASONABLE in price. LL materials used RE carefully selected and construction SSUREDLY honest throughout. AKE our word for it HIS brief statement is worthy O fill your "pipe of reflection." ACH crate is as nearly VERLASTING as is humanly possible and NCOMIUM encourages examination. TRONG language is never ERVICEABLE unless backed up by the goods END for catalog and price list. CUMMER M'FG CO. Cadillac, Mich., or Flora Dale. Pa.. Box 45-T ■■^¥^^mfM 128 131 Box No. 1. Represents a full size standard green Apple Box. No. 2. A half size standard green apple box. No. 3. A full size special green apple box. No. 4. A half size special green apple box. No. 5. A 20-lb. pear box. No. 6. A 20-lb. peach box. No. 7. A picking tray for grapes. No. 8. A crate for shipping grapes. No8. 9 and 10. A bushel crate for apples, etc. We manufacture all kinds of shipping boxes or crates and will be glad to furnish samples and prices upon application. Montgomery Bros. & Co. Court and Wilkeson Sts. Buffalo, N. Y. No. 1, FOLDING CRATE, with or withoat cover See catalog for other atyles and sizea OVER 15,000,000 IN USE TO-DAY UMMER line of RATES, for every service, ANNOT be excelled. IGID, collapsible or folding IGHT in all proportions EASONABLE in price. LL materials used RE carefully selected and construction SSUREDLY honest throughout. AKE our word for it HIS brief statement is worthy O fill your "pipe of reflection." ACH crate is as nearly VERLASTING as is humanly possible and NCOMIUM encourages examination. TRONG language is never ERVICEABLE unless backed up by the goods END for catalog and price list. A CUMMER MFC CO. Cadillac, Mich., or Flora Dale, Pa., Box 45-T INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE 132 133 2^ H. P. Hopper Cooled Spray Outfit Save Your Fruit With an 1 H C Spraying Outfit J^ rSr A comparison will specd.ly show you why Inlemahonal Harvester outfits are so superior to others. . c i The simplicity of the Titan gasoline engines m the outfits makes them very easy to operate and they require practically no attention alter sS! excep' an Occasional oiling These engines are as light as .t is Seal to make them for the power they produce so there is no unnec- em^ wSht to drag around. Only the highest grade spray pumps are usSTand the purchaser of a Titan spraying outfit is protected m every way and assured of an outfit that will give efficient service for years. They are adapted to both large and small orchards and are made in several different lypes-on skids, on portable truck, or complete with tank-to suit the purchaser and the varied conditions They are pa he ularly desirable for the farmer who wishes to use the engine for other ' purposes than spraying, as tfiis engine can easily be disconnected from the spray pump and a belt pulley attached for general power work. Get in touch with the address below, and see the nearest dealer who sells I H C spraying outfits. Get one of the interesting cata- / H. p. Hopper Cooled Mounted Outfit International Harvester Company of America (INCORPORATED) HarrUburg Pennsylvania ADAMS COUNTY FRUIT RECORDS Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. R. u -o •o (V 0) a o. a a • •^N •^H 03 ,a 43 09 en JSw 03 ^ 6 .Q 3 ^ • o a o — o •— I o Z ^ H z 0) Pi o si ts Oh . CO OS 0 ^•^ z 03 o o o 03 . «3 .«o O' a CO o a o 03 -M Q^ . CO CO 9 ^•^ CO CO 03'^ Co ?c U CO 22 CO 03 Jii CO Oo as ^ cc CO CO ^ 03 ^ a t4 03 CO z other Shipments Gettysburg, .1905 318 333 651 4 1 . 'i 1906 28 28 • • • • • 1907 127 127 1 . 1909 12 12 1910 50 - 50 . 1911 41 41 1912 123 123 1913 23 23 1914 25 • ••••• 25 Biglerville, .1903 8813 987 9800 "65 '. 1905 7932 7932 53 '2 '. 1906 2785 "165 2950 20 . • • • 1907 17164 4216 21380 142 12 . 1908 4956 4956 33 6 . 1909 10785 "137 10922 73 1 . * 1910 20017 1500 21517 144 10 • • • •' • • • • 1911 37897 552 38449 256 . • • • • • • • ■ 1912 26521 779 27300 182 19 . "i 1913 32555 450 33005 220 4 . 2 1914 42172 3352 45524 303 . ■ • • '3i . Guernsey, . ..1903 2870 2413 5283 35 . • • • • 1905 1771 1166 2937 20 11 . 1906 1414 1329 2743 18 2 . 1907 4798 2760 7858 52 15 . 1908 2173 2173 15 7 . 1909 7320 7320 49 5 . 1910 11659 "1267 1^926 86 12 "7 '. 1911 13600 363 13963 93 . . . . "V2 1912 4713 574 5287 35 3 1/^ 1/4 1913 16213 194 16407 109 3 % % 1914 12512 3371 15883 106 2 5 Vi Bendersville, 1903 4163 4ia3 28 . • • • • • • • 1905 4000 " 2351 6351 42 16 . • • • • • • • 1906 1109 1561 2670 18 20 . • • • ■ • • • 1907 2824 6268 9092 61 22 . • • • • • • • 1908 2264 2264 15 21 . 2 1909 3531 "1200 4731 32 15 . • • • • • • • 1910 5628 2132 7760 52 30 4 1 1911 8894 366 9260 62 7 l^/^ 3 1912 4251 946 5197 35 30 4 1 1913 12390 2175 14565 97 20 . ^ 2 1914 9095 2105 11200 75 12 9 2 Gardners, . .1903 997 985 1982 13 . • • • • • • • • • • 1905 912 5215 6127 41 4 . • • • • • • • 1906 • ••••• • • • • • « • • • 2 1907 6905 "5446 12345 82 4 . • • • 1 1908 433 433 3 1 . • • • 2 1909 2275 * '4571 6846 46 .. • • • • • • • • • • 1910 1566 3722 5288 35 1 4 2 1911 3900 4800 8700 58 . • • • • • • 5 1912 1860 • •••■• 1860 12 6 . • • • • • • • 1913 4295 997 5292 35 1 12 2 1914 6036 1200 7236 48 .. • • 3 3 Starners, ... .1905 682 1016 1698 11 0 . • • • • 1906 664 133 797 5 4 . • • • • 1907 1572 219 1791 12 3 . • • ■ • 1908 487 487 3 3 . • • • • 1909 1825 8 1833 12 4 . • • ■ • 1910 2500 2192 4692 31 3 2 . 1911 2018 . 668 2686 18 2 ^/k 'V2 1912 2000 563 2563 17 18 ^k ^k 1913 2290 150 2440 16 6 8 1 1914 3090 3090 21 5 32 ^h 43 100 42 95 64 8 2 2 28 62 100 3 4 6 9 3 3 3 car cherries 240 bks bks 3 5 cars plums, cherries cabbage 650 134 President GEO. W. SWARTZ Vice President W. T. ZEIGLER Treasurer H. L. SNYDER THE CITIZEN'S TRUST COMPANY 't 135 Adams County Fruit Records Shipments Over Gettysburg & Harrisburg R. K,— (Continued) OF GETTYSBURG YOUR BANK ACCOUNT AND TRUST BUSINESS SOLICITED (V a 2 CO 1—1 CO SI a en CO m 6 Z ■«-> o u 0.0 <^ o o ITS CO ^-s (U Pi O CIS CO CO 3 US tft O' •Ji (A a o 01 . CO CO CIS ^•^ .«© CU CO « CO u 0) 0. Bb in bbl 0. Bb In bul ■M 0 0. car (150 b 0. Car (500 b cS U 6 u d 0. Car Apples 0. Car Syrup ^ Z ^ E^ ^ Z ^ ^ :?: Z Other Shipments Virginia Mills, Jack's Mountain, Orrtanna, ,1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 .1913 1914 .1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 320 326 8800 1620 1519 30 9120 1620 1845 30 61 11 12 300 60 352 893 3300 1062 3659 3177 2686 741 8216 7043 8412 12897 7784 333 1653 2342 1020 840 4045 3846 2798 1&4 4256 300 60 333 352 2546 3300 1062 3659 5519 3706 1581 12261 10889 11710 13051 12040 2 2 17 22 7 24 37 25 10 82 73 78 87 80 4 i 1/2 1 V4 1 3 % 32 33 2 2 137 136 How? When? What? Every grower of fruit if he is to succeed has to ask the questions : How Shall I Spray ? When Shall I Spray ? What Shall I Use? I High quahty crops and large yields can only be ' had by insuring your trees against insects and diseases. The best crop insurance is efificient spraying— to at- tain which you must 1. Use good spray material. 2. Make thorough applications. 3. Make all applications at the right time. "Orchard Brand" Spray Materials are the standard of quality ''Orchard Brand" service rendered our customers by our Re- search and Special Service Department, under the direction of Prof. W. M. Scott, formerly of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, answers your general questions through our literature and helps you solve your individual problems by getting into personal touch with you. ''Orchard Brand" Spray Materials, used as directed by our Research and Special Service Department, are your best attainable fruit crop insurance. Write for full information and a copy of our circular descnp- tive of "Orchard Brand" materials. Some of'' Orchard Brand'' sprays are Lime Sulphur Solution Arscnite of Lead— Paste and Powdered Soluble Oil Atomic Sulphur Arsenate of Zinc— Paste and Powdered Bordeaux Mixture Thomsen Chemical Company Manufacturing Chemists Insecticide Dept. BALTIMORE, MD. Adams County Fruit Record Shipments Over Western Maryland R. K.— Continued u xi CO SI Gettysburg, including Granite, New Oxford, East Berlin, W. M. R. R., total, Llttlestown, Dillsburg, 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 .1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 .1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 .1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 .1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 745 42 50 26 223 48 56 133 13 18 ?3 2*? 428 36 442 154 1160 390 275 300 • • • • • .^0 1140 49 » • • • • 10 1 18 6738 10380 7447 7720 4536 8873 22946 33959 14091 26819 22487 450 300 • ••••• 300 300 "iso 500 p. p. 2 in CQ 6 It o Eh u 0.0 cnS r -ci en ^-s O CO Oh . CO CO t> cA a> Ph CO u as d CO u a ••••• • • • • • I • •. • • • • • < • • • • ' • ••••• •• • • • • • • • • • ••••• •• 300 • ••••• 150 500 2 ^ • • • • ^ • • • • 3 '.'.'.'. 32 33 90 bus. pears. 30 bus. peaches, 20 bus. pears. 1820 bus. pears. •••••••• ■38 Apple Trees That Produce Big Crops W 139 Adams County Fruit Records Total Fruit Marketed in County E know of an apple orchard of ij4 acres that has produced in the past three years 1,945 bushels of fruit, giving a net profit of $815. This is better than any farm crop you ever grew— five times what you can get from corn, or wheat, or potatoes. Harrison Fruit Trees are Budded from Bearing Orchards These trees have the bearing qualities of the parents —that's one reason why our trees "make good" under the hardest conditions. Then, too, we sell only the trees we grow— trees that are grown to produce big yields. Our 191 5 Catalogue tells about our methods. Fifty pages, many pictures, a book of facts for fruit growers. Write to-day for a free copy. Harrisons' Nurseries (4 15 a p. CO i2c« SI 6.S a a 2 en 6 Z a O H T-t 03 /-K 0) (n O CO Pu . CO 3 05 o 2: •So 38 63 40 27 61 V2 10 81 35y2 19 20 132 9V- 7 189 197 5 11 3 16 5 cars cabbage. Comparison of Percentages J. G. HARRISON & SONS, Proprietors BERLIN, MARYLAND ■«>» t3 ^ s'sa "3 9 Xi 1 0. (4 Xi 2 0 CO a a 0 0 2 total d to Year ■«-< cent, a ted *J • ♦J a G a a a i ^% per annum INVESTIGATE OUR Savings Department ACCOUNTS CAN BE OPENED AT ANY TIME Pays 3>4 % Sami Bushman J. L. Butt C. H. Musselman DIRECTORS G. H. Trostel W. S. Adams Jno. D. Brown P. A. MUler D. M. Sheely Accounts Solicited However Small 142 WELLS TREES ARE THE BEST TJECAUSEtheplant- er receives them fresh dug direct from Nursery Row. Dansville Grown Means Quality Before ordering, let me price your list of wants. All stock GuaranteedTrue to Name For twenty-five years I have been selling di- rect to the planter at wholesale prices. Be- fore buying, let me quote you my special prices direct to the planter. F. W. WELLS. Dansville, N. Y. DO NOT BUY your fruit trees until you write for my free illustrated catalog F. W. Wells Wholesale Nurseries DANSVILLE, N. Y. f»? tr INDEX. A. Addresses — President's 25-26 "The Hoof and Mouth Diseases," 27-32 "The Burden of Poor Township Roads and How to Get Better Ones," 33-38 "Utilization and Disposal of Second Class and Cull Fruit," 39-45 "The Control of Orchard Insects and Diseases," 47-56 "Co-operative Marketing Plan of the Fruit Growers Asso- ciation of Genesee Co., New York, 57-^7 "The General Fruit Outlook," 69-77 "The Importance of Better Grading and Packing of East- ern Apples," 79-83 "The Aims and Scope of Home Economics," 85-90 "The Influence of the New York Grading and Branding Law on the New York Pack," 91-106 "County Agents' Work," T07-108 "The Problem of Health," 109-113 Advertisers — Biglerville Storage Company 2 Musselman Canning Co 4 Bowker Insecticide Co. (spray materials) 6. C. H. & C. W. Kimball (commission merchants), u S G. P. Read (packages and cushions), 10 Marvil Package Co. (packages) , 12 York Chemical Works ( fertilizers) 14 Walter S. Schell (seeds), I5 B. G. Pratt Co. (spray materials), 16 W. S. Adams (warehouse), 18 John S. Tilley Ladders Co., 20 Air-Tight Steel Tank Co. (power sprayers), 22-23 Goulds Manufacturing Co. (sprayers), • 24 J. W Richley Auto Co. (automobiles), 116-117 C. J. Tyson (seed potatoes and trees), 118 Dougherty & Hartley (dry goods), ii9 FrankHn Davis Nursery Co HQ Susquehanna Fertilizer Co., 120 Harrisburg Auto Co. (trucks) , 121 Gettysburg National Bank, 122 Gettysburg Department Store (paints), 122 N. Guy Snvder (warehouse), 123 W. C. Reit'er (bolster springs) ^23 H. G. Baugher (nursery stock) 124 Weaver Hdw. Co. (sprayers and tools), 125 Goodell Company (barrel presses) 126 Stonemeal Fertilizer Co., ^27 Montgomery Bros. & Co. (boxes and crates), 128 T. G. Stover (orchards) 129 Tyler Manufacturing Co. (knapsack sprayers), 130 Cummer Mfg. Co. (crates), 13^ 1 ^43 ■?t*^J' ■■-:■■' •>■,-■,: '■^'';''A--V-' -■■y"-J 144 imM Hand and Power SPRAYERS No. 90 The man who owns an orchard knows that he must spray to protect his trees, and healthier trees mean bigger yields. Sprayed fruit looks and tastes better, and good fruit always brings a good price. Whether your orchard is large or small, or set on a side hill, we have the outfit to do the work in a thorough, scientific way. No. 190 is a 50 gallon Horizontal Barrel Sprayer with a single acting pump. For use in any wagon. Will not tip on hillsides. Pump all outside, no corrosion, bronze ball valves and hemp packing easily got at. 100 to 125 lbs. pressure with two nozzles. May be used with our double acting pump or built up into a complete chain driven power outfit. 100 gallon outfits are for orchardists who want a tank with greater capacity. Double acting pumps, chain driven. 2 H. P. engines. Fur- nished with cab and guard rail. Also with tower if wanted. Sold with or without the truck. No. 200 is a 150 gallon Sprayer with double acting pump and 2 H. P. engine direct connected with cut gears. Tank made of 1^-inch cypress. 200 lbs. con- stant pressure with 6 to 8 nozzles. Handles all solutions — hot or cold — miscible or crude oil — lime sulphur, etc. Steel tower fur- nished when ordered. A similar outfit is built with a 250 gallon 100 Gallon Outfit t^nk. Our full sprayer line includes Powder, Bucket, Knapsack, Horizontal and Vertical Barrel Sprayers, Power Sprayers and Traction Sprayers for field crops, with or without Orchard Attachments. Write for Spray Calendar and copy of our new "Spray" booklet. It will help you choose the right outfit. Also, ask for address of the nearest dealer in your county . BATEMAN MFG. CO. Box 54-Sy Grenlochy N. J. We also make full line of Potato Machinery, Garden Tool; Riding and Walking Cultivators, etc. \»( I 145 International Harvester Co. of America (sprayers), 132 Citizens Trust Co., ^34 Thomsen Chemical Co. (spray materials), 136 J. G. Harrison & Sons (nurseries) , 138 Security Lime & Cement Co. (lime) , 140 First National Bank of Gettysburg, 141 F. W. Wells Wholesale Nurseries, 142 Bateman Mfg. Co. (sprayers) , I44 Edwin C. Tyson (orchard requisites) , 146 Maloney Bros. & Wells Co. (nurseries), 148 T. S. Hubbard Co. (grape vines) 148 P. S. Orner (barrels and millwork) , 148 Yates Lumber Co. (packages) , 150 Apple Advertisers of America 42, 83 Summer Spraying Schedule, 50-5^ Holdings, 6^-70 Amendments ^§ Adams, W. S. (adv.), 18 Account Sales Record used by Genesee Co. F. G. A., 63 Agreement with Pickers used by Genesee Co. F. G. A., 64-65 Aims and Scope of Home Economics, 85-90 Adams County Fruit, Record of, I33» I35, I37, I39 Air-Tight Steel Tank Co. (adv.), 22-23 Automobiles (adv.), 117-118, 121 B. By-Laws ^9 Bolster Springs (adv.) 123 Bowker Insecticide Co. (adv.) 6 Biglerville Cold Storage Co. (adv.) ^ Banks (adv.), , 122 Barrell presses (adv.) ^20 Boxes and Crates (adv.) ^25 Baugher, H. G. (adv.) 124 Burden of Poor Township Roads and How to Get Better Ones, . 33-3^^ Brinser. E. C 44.53 Burke, J. W. (address) 57-67 Bateman Mfg. Co. (adv.) , M4 C. Constitution 17, 19, 21 Committees, List of ^9 Duties of 2^ Cold Storage ^ Citizens Trust Company of Gettysburg (adv.), I34 Compressed Air Sprayers 22-23 Commission Merchants 8 Canada Fruit Marks Act 39-8o Cedar Rust, Eradication of, .••;•• 4° Co-operative Marketing Plans of the Fruit Growers Association of Genesee County, New York '^^"^5 Control of Orchard Insects and Diseases, 47-56 County Agents' Work 107-113 Cummer Mfg. Co. (adv.) ^3^ Crates, ^3^ D. Dues, Annual Membership ^7 Duties of Oflficers IQ^ 21 of Committees, 21 Discussion following addresses of — Dr. Marshall, 31-32 146 EVERYTHING for THE ORCHARD "NOT THE CHEAPEST— BUT THE BEST" Exclusive Pennsylvania Representatives of SUSQUEHANNA FERTILIZER CO. High-grade goods for orchard use Reliable brands for farm and truck crops B. G. PRATT COMPANY **Scalecide"— The tree saver Sulfocide (the new Fungicide) Pratt's Nicotine 40 per cent. (For Aphis) BOWKER INSECTICIDE COMPANY Jobbers of Disparene — (Noted insect destroyer) Pyrox — (Excellent Fungicide and Insecticide) Lime Sulphur Solution — none better Eclipse Sprayers Gould Sprayers Brown's "Auto-Spray'' Tilley Orchard Ladders "Cutaway" Orchard Harrows Iron Age Potato Machinery Forkner Light Draft Harrows Pruning Tools, Hose and Fittings The New "Atsco" Air-Tight Sprayers S Catalogs Mailed on Application a a Agents Wanted in Unoccupied Territory EDWIN C, TYSON FLORA DALE, PA. 147 Prof. Kains, 43-45 W. M. Scott, 52-56 J. W. Burke, 65-67 Prof. Knapp, 83, 103-106 Miss Pearl MacDonald, 89-90 Dougherty & Hartley ( adv. ) , 119 Dormant Spraying, 49-50 E. Executive Committee, List of, 3 Duties of, 21 Eldon, R. M., 25,31 Eradication of — Peach Yellows, 48 Cedar Rust, 48 Pear Blight and Cankers, 48-49 F. Fruit, Adams County, Districts, 19 Exhibitors, 115-T16 Records of Adams County, i33, I35. i37, I39 Packages, 10, 12 Fertilizers, M, 120, 127 Franklin Davis Nursery Co. (adv.), 119 Fruit Marks Act of Canada, 39, 80 Fruit Contract of Genesee Co. F. G. A., 59-6o Fruit Outlook in General, 69-77 Farm Bureau, 108 First National Bank of Gettysburg (adv.), 141 G. Griest, F. E., 53. 54- 103, 105 Garretson, Robert 53, 55 Griest, C. A., 54,65,66 Gettysburg National Bank (adv.) 122 Gettysburg Department Store (adv.) , 122 Goulds Manufacturing Co. (adv.), 24 Grove, W. E., ; • 52, 67, 105, 106 Genesee County Fruit Growers Association 57-65 Eligibility to Membership, 57 Board of Directors, 57 Marketing, 57-58, 59-60, 61-62 Packing 60-61 Fruit Contract 59-6o Inspection of Orchards 58-59 Sample Account Sales Record, 63 Sample Invoice, 64 Sample Agreement with Pickers, 64-65 Sample Pickers' Tally Card 65 General Fruit Outlook, 69-77 Grading and Packing of Eastern Apples, Importance of Better, . 79-83 Grading and Branding Law of New York, 96-102 H. Harrisburg Auto Co. (adv.) , 121 Hoof and Mouth Disease, 27-32 Holdings of Apples 69-70 Home Economics, Aims and Scope of, 85-90 Health, Problem of 109-113 Harrison, J. G. & Sons (adv.) , ^38 Hubbard Co., T. S. (adv.), 148 148 Established 47 Years Grape Vines Largest Stock QTid Best Varieties