PROCEEDINGS OF THE BATH NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB, VOL. X. BATH: PRINTED (FOR THE CLUB) AT THE HERALD OFFICE, NORTH GATE. 1905. TABLE OF CONTENTS. VoL. X. No. 1. 1.—WILLIAM SMITH, THE FATHER OF BRITISH GEOLOGY, BY Dr. Hy. Woopwarp, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.... 2,—NOTES ON AN ANCIENT HoUSE aT WITHAM, BY WALLACE GILL e Ae are ae 3.—ANCIENT Rof ky Coins, DISCOVERED AT BATHWICK, py Rev. COW. SHICKLE, M.A.,. F.5, A. (*... ee 4.—THE ELM, BY T FREDERIC INMAN 5.—THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SOMERSET DOMESDAY, BY Rev. T. W. WHALE, M.A.... aes aoe 6.—Two DEMOLISHED Housess, By THomas S. BusH ... 7.—THE Birps AND FLowers oF BaTH, 1901, BY A. CASTELLAIN ... ds = ee —- He 8.—SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS AND EXCURSIONS, IQOI-2, BY Rev. W. W. MarTIn ... g.—List or Members, BALANCE SHEET, &¢., 1902... No. 2. 1.—THOMAS LINLEY AND HIS CONNECTION WITH Batu, BY EMANUEL GREEN, F.S.A. ade aad ait 2.—RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN AND HIS CONNECTION WITH BATH, BY EMANUEL GREEN, F.S.A. Me 3.—THOMAS MATHEWS AND HIS CONNECTION WITH ‘BaTH, BY EMANUEL. GREEN, F.S.A._... Fe we) PAGE 104 13U 177 No. 2—continued. 4.—SoME NOTES ON STONE CROSSES OF SOMERSET, THEIR History and CoNDITION IN 1902, BY E. J; APELEBY sor “eC sec ore ame 5.—On C. S. CALVERLEY AND A TOMBSTONE AT SOUTH Stomm ey MH. ScoTr .... a 6.—On Tokens or BATH TRADESMEN, BY S. SYDENHAM 7.—Tue Brrps AND FLOWERS OF BaTH, 1902, BY A. CASTELLAIN ... “ah “ae #36 as 8.—SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS AND EXCURSIONS, 1902-3, BY Rev. W. W. MarTIN g.—List OF MEMBERS, BALANCE SHEET, &c., 1903+ No. 3. 1.—RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN AND THOMAS LINLEY, THEIR RESIDENCES AT BATH, BY EMANUEL GREEN, 2.,—THE ACCOUNTS OF THE City TRAIN Banps, BY REV. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A, F.S.A. iss Sas oes 3—AncieENT INTERMENTS AT NeEwron S. LOE, NEAR BaTH, AND SOME RECENT DISCOVERIES IN BATH, By J. P..E. FALCONER ,” ... abe Ais cyew 4.—NoTE on A DoLMEN aT STOKE BisHop, By M, H. SCOTT aS Ac Se a eas abe 5.—BatH ToKEN IssuES OF THE 19TH CENTURY, BY S. SYDENHAM ... ae i ad sae one 6.—THE BirpS AND FLOWERS OF BATH, 1903, BY A. CASTELLAIN ... tic nar Ac me eee 7.—SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS AND EXCURSIONS, 1903-4, BY J. LANGFIELD WARD AND M. H. Scott Soe 8.—LisT OF MEMBERS, BALANCE SHEET, &C., 1904 ove PaGE 192 204 207 239 243 262 267 297 315 318 320 352 356 370 No. 4. 1.—JOHN WILKES AND HIS VISITS TO BATH, By EMANUEL GREEN, F.S.A. Fo ‘ee ai ane che 2.—THE LEADING FossILS OF THE UPPER AND LOWER GREENSANDS OF WILTS AND Berks, By E. C. DAVEY... a iis ae BCE aed BAC 3.—BatH City AND TRADERS’ TOKENS ISSUED DURING THE 17TH CENTURY, BY S. SYDENHAM ... 4.—THE Via JULIA AND LANSDOWN TUMULI, BY A. TRICE MarTIN oa ae soe sa ee ae 5.—TuHE BirDS AND FLOWERS OF BATH AND ITS NEIGH- BOURHOOD IN THE YEAR 1904, By A. CASTELLAIN 6.—SUMMARY OF EXCURSIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE BatH FIELD CLUB FoR THE YEAR 1904-1905, By J. LancrizetD Warp anpD M. H. Scott, Hon. SECS: 7. As 7.—List oF MEMBERS, BALANCE SHEET, AND SOCIETIES IN EXCHANGE OF PROCEEDINGS WITH THE FIELD CLUB! cce a 3 ste ee ne aay PRESENTED 7 VEU: 1905 PaGE 375 412 423 526 527 534 542 Bs - PROCEEDINGS - OF THE BATH NATURAL HISTORY AND \ ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB. +84 PF VOL. X., No. 1. PRICE, HALE-A-CROWN. <. © BATH: - PRINTED (FOR THE CLUB) AT THE HERALD OFFICE, NORTH GATE, ~ 3902, oe PALE gee 14 red OG. William Smith, LL.D., “ Father of English Geology.” By Henry Woopwarp, LL.D. F.RS., F.G.S., Keeper of Department Geology British Museum N.H. (1880-1901). (Read November 27th, 1901.) The story which I am about to tell is that of a poor country lad, named William Smith, who was born of humble parents at Churchill, a village in Oxfordshire, on the 23rd March, 1769- His father, also named William Smith, was a very ingenious mechanic, and it was while engaged in the erection of some machinery in 1777, that he caught a severe cold from the effects of which he died before the boy was eight years old. After his father’s death, his mother contracted a second marriage, and the lad William was passed over to the guardianship of his father’s eldest brother, a small farmer at Over Norton. He seems to have been sent for a time to a village school, but the means of instruction at this were very limited and rudimentary, and he much preferred the study of Nature in the fields to that of his lessons in the School-house on the village green. We who are privileged to live in this 19th, Century are so encompassed on every side with the comforts and conveniences of modern discovery, refinement and civilization, that we can hardly conceive amidst all our advantages, how very many things English people who lived 130 years ago had to do without. Education throughout the country was at a very low ebb indeed. Books were few and dear. Such places as Public Libraries and Lecture-halls did not exist. Newspapers had hardly begun to be regularly published. Stage-coaches were few, and most of the high roads were still very badly kept. In 1761, Brindley, the engineer, was beginning to construct canals in various parts of England, and these were looked upon as marvellous methods of easy transport for goods and merchandise. It is true that James Watts invented A Vou. X., No. 1. 2 the steam engine in 1765, but it was fully ro years after that before working engines began to be made for mines and collieries. The first practical steam-boat made by Robt. Fulton was not constructed until 1807, and the first locomotive engine by George Stephenson till 1814. The Liverpool and Manchester line was not inaugurated until 1829, and the London and Birmingham until 1838. These were among the first lines opened to carry passengers. In fact Steam-boats, Railways, Gas, Cheap Postal Arrangements, Telegraphs, Photographs, Daily Papers, Cheap and Good Books and Illustrations all really belong to quite modern times. When to the absence of so many good things we have to add that the Government of the country was not an enlightened Government ; that taxation was very oppressive, and that abroad we were at war with America, with France, Spain and the Nether- lands, you will understand that we have very much for which to be extremely thankful. But to return to William Smith, the orphan boy. His uncle was a hard-working farmer who farmed his own land, and had no ambition or toleration for anything besides. Book-learning he didn’t care about, having done very well without it himself. But this nephew of his was not only fond of reading when he got the chance, but he also went about the country lanes, the fields and roadside-quarries, picking up stones and fossils (called “pundibs,” “pound-stones” or “ quoit-stones,”) of which he found many in his native place. Such idle habits, the farmer thought, could lead to no good. But when the boy began to take an intelligent interest in the pro- cesses of draining and improving the land, then the old farmer’s heart softened sufficiently to give his nephew money to buy a few books by which he might be enabled to instruct himself in the rudiments of geometry and surveying. Thus without sympathy or instruction the youth worked on ; labouring for and with his uncle on his farm, and devoting every moment of his leisure to his 3 studies and to the great stone-book of Nature beneath his feet, the pages of which he loved so to explore. He began to draw natural objects, and to colour them, and he also prosecuted with diligence his study of geometry and mathe- matics, and whatever he could learn about surveying, until at last, at the age of 18, he so strongly recommended himself to Mr. Edward Webb, Land Surveyor, of Stow-on-the-Wold, that he took. him into his office as an assistant to make with Mr. Webb *¢a complete survey of the Parish of Churchill for the purposes of enclosure.” From this time a career seems to have been opened out to him, and the opportunities afforded him of making extended observa- tions over wide areas of country, and pursuing the bent of his mind for geological investigation. Edward Webb, like his assistant William Smith, was a self-taught man, but he possessed great ingenuity and skill in mechanics, in mensuration, logarithms, algebra, &c. His practise as a Surveyor included many things now conceded to the Engineer, such as the determination of the forces of water and the planning of machinery. Speedily entrusted with the management of all the ordinary business of a Surveyor, William Smith traversed in continual activity the Oolitic lands of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire ; the Lias Clays and Red Marls of Warwickshire (1788) ; the Sapperton Tunnel on the Thames and Severn Canal (1790), and examined the Boring for Coal in the New Forest, at Plaitford. All the varieties of soil in so many surveys in different districts were particularly noticed with the general aspect and character of the country, and how the nature of the ground affected the agricultural and commercial interests, the physical features, and the trees and plants peculiar to each part. In 1791 Mr. Webb entrusted his young assistant with the task of making a survey of an estate at Stowey, in Somersetshire. To reach Stowey Smith went on foot, as was often his wont, passing 4 Burford, Cirencester, Tetbury, Bath, Radstock, Temple Cloud to Stowey. Here he was surprised to find, as well as at High Littleton, the Red Marl, evidently like that of Worcestershire, lying in the same relation to the Lias and overlying rocks, and similarly employed for marling the lands. Thus commenced William Smith’s career as a geologist. At this time he wrote as follows :—‘“Coal was worked at High Littleton beneath the ‘ red-earth,’ and I was desired to investigate the collieries, and state the particulars to my employers. My subterraneous survey of these coal-veins, with sections which I drew, of the strata sunk through in the pits, confirmed my notions. of some regularity in their formation ; but the colliers would not allow of any regularity in the matter of the hills above the ‘red- earth,’ which they were in the habit of sinking through; bu? om this subject I began to think for myself.” These observations of William Smith at High Littleton were continued through the years 1792 and 1793, and from notes left by him we know that he was already aware of the effect of what geologists call “ faults” upon the out- crops and depth of the coal. Several gentlemen at Camerton noticed Mr. Smith’s ability and perseverance, and began to interest themselves in promoting his success in life. A canal was projected for the transport of coal from High Littleton to join the Kennet and Avon Canal, near Bath, and William Smith was appointed first to make the preliminary surveys necessary for the work, and afterwards to superintend the construction of the canal itself. In August, 1794, the Directors appointed Mr. Palmer, Mr. Perkins and Mr. Smith (their Surveyor) to make a tour through England to see all the canals, locks, embankments, &c., of most importance, with a view to facilitating their work on the Somerset- shire Coal Canal, and this tour was extended to Newcastle-upon- Tyne. In those days travelling was mostly done by post-chaise, and going up hill being slow, William Smith always walked in order to: 5 notice the rocks and the shape of the country, and to try and pick up fossils, and so confirm his theory. The Canal Bill passed the Houses of Parliament in the same year (1794), and in the preliminary surveys, and also in the making the canal itself, Smith was led to arrive at two of the greatest facts. in geology which more than 100 years of subsequent work has not only failed to upset, but tended to confirm. These facts are, first, that the several layers of rock from the New Red Marl (Trias) upwards followed one another in regular. and orderly superposition, one overlying the other, and a/ways following the same order: and secondly, that the fossil-organisms such as shells, corals, and so forth, found in each are characteristic (as a rule) of that particular formation, and serve to identify the beds wherever they have been met with. “ For six years,” he writes, “I was Resident Engineer on the Somersetshire Coal Canal, which put my notions of coal stratifica- tion to the éest of excavation; and I generally pointed out to contractors and others, who came to undertake the work what the various parts of the canal would be dug through. But the great similarity of the rocks of Oolite on and near the ends of the canal towards Bath, required more than superficial observation to determine whether they were composed of one, two, or even of three kinds of Oolite rock.” William Smith was thus led to direct his careful attention to the characteristic fossils which he found embedded in each separate rock-formation. “This discovery of a mode of identifying the strata by the organised fossils respectively embedded therein, the sharpness of these in their primitive sites contrasted with those rounded and, water-worn in gravel, led to the most important distinctions.” (Phil. Mag.,” 1833). Smith remained in the service of the Canal Company till June, 1799, and in this year he drew up his first table of the order of succession of the British strata, although not published until long 6 afterwards ; but it was sent by his friends Rev. Benj. Richardson and the Rev. J. Townsend, to Sedgwick, and was preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. Liberated from the Canal Company’s service, William Smith was quickly occupied in various works as a Surveyor ; his desire to see different parts of the country, leading him to enter upon engagements far and wide. Wherever he went, he was possessed with the idea of making notes of the strata and plotting them down upon such topographical maps as he could procure. After a time he had all these facts transferred to one of Cary’s. large Maps of England and Wales, 8ft. gin. by 6ft. 2in., and on this he laid down the solid geology of the country, adding to and correcting as he went along. During all this time he was working very hard as a professional Surveyor and Engineer occupied in the draining and irrigating of land, the protection of coasts, the guarding against landslips caused by springs, and in matters of water supply, for which he had a high reputation. Lord Leicester, the Duke of Bedford, Sir Joseph Banks, and Mr. Crawshay were among his patrons, but although for years in receipt of a very good income, he impoverished himself with the one idea of publishing his cherished map. His Books, Maps and Collections were removed to London from Bath, and after repeated vain attempts in 1812 he accepted a proposal from Mr. Cary, the engraver, to publish his great map.. Terms were soon settled and the work begun in January, 1813.. In 1814 some portions of the map were completely coloured, particularly four sheets of the vicinity of Bath. The first copy completed as regards the geological colouring was. on May 23, 1815, exhibited at a meeting of the Board of Agriculture. The Society of Arts awarded its author a premium of £50, which he might have claimed ten years earlier had not an honest desire to produce his work complete withheld the attempt. Just as his cherished map was completed, upon which he had Zz expended nearly all the savings of his life, a heavy reverse of fortune awaited him. He had purchased a small property near Bath, which he had greatly improved and had laid down a railway to bring the Freestone of Combe Down to the Coal Canal, opened new quarries, and fitted up machinery for cutting and shaping the stone for buildings. At first the project looked well, but it failed by reason of the unexpected deficiency of the stone on whose good quality the whole success depended. A compulsory sale followed leaving a load of debt to be discharged. In order to meet these difficulties he determined to sell his beloved Geological Collection which he had so much prized, and in January, 1816, it was transferred to the Trustees of the British Museum ; a Supplemental Collection being added two years later (1818). In 1817 a part of a descriptive catalogue of the Collection sent to the British Museum was published under the title of “ Stratigraphical System of Organised Fossils,” also another work published in parts, entitled “Strata Identified by Organized Fossils,” consisting of numerous figures of fossils engraved by Sowerby, and printed on paper to correspond in some degree with the natural hue of the strata. But these works, like his map, were too costly to yield any profit to the author after paying their first expenses of production. In 1819 Mr. Smith gave up his house in London, and sold off all his furniture, collections and books, and for the next seven years he became a wanderer in the North of England, rarely visiting London save on professional engagements. During this period he spent much of his time in making detailed surveys for a series of County Maps, published by Carey, and coloured upon the same system as the Great Map, but going into greater minuteness of detail. These extended over 21 English Counties, with a four-sheet Map of Yorkshire. During this period he was constantly accompanied by his nephew, John Phillips, afterwards the successor in the Chair of Geology of the famous Professor Buckland, in the University of Oxford. 8 In 1824 Mr. Smith was invited to deliver a course of eleven lectures on Geology before the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, then just founded in York. From the Syllabus of these Lectures, which has been preserved, we may gather how wide was the grasp of geology to which Smith had attained. In 1826, while studying the geology of the coast at Scarborough and Whitby, Mr. Smith became acquainted with Mr. (afterwards Sir Roderick) Murchison, and was able, for the first time, to explain his views of the succession of the rocks to this eminent geologist. In 1828 he accepted the post of Resident Land-Steward to Sir John V. B. Johnstone, Bart., of Hackness; here he made a beautiful map of the Hackness Estate, but he could not be per- suaded to write out a detailed memoir of his life and experiences as a Geologist and Surveyor, which was the earnest hope of his friend and patron. In 1831 the Council of the Geological Society of London awarded to William Smith the first Wollaston Gold Medal and Fund “as a great original discoverer in English Geology, and especially for his having been the first, in this country, to discover and to teach the identification of strata, and to determine their succession by means of their embedded fossils.” Professor Sedgwick (the Woodwardian Professor of Geology in Cambridge), who, as President of the Geological Society, occupied the chair, sketched a brief but satisfactory history of Mr. Smith’s career, and demonstrated the propriety of the award. Professor Sedgwick spoke as follows :—‘‘ The men who have led the way in useful discoveries have ever held the first place of honour in the estimation of all who in after times have understood their works or trodden in their steps. . . . . ... I, for one, can speak with gratitude of the practical lessons I have received from Mr. Smith: It was by tracking his footsteps with his maps in my hand through Wiltshire and the neighbouring counties, where he had trodden nearly 30 years before, that I first 9 learned the sub-divisions of our Oolitic series, and apprehended the meaning of those terms which we derive from him as our master, which have long become engrafted into the conventional language of English Geologists, and also adopted by those of the Continent.” “Tf in the pride of our present strength we were disposed to forget our origin, our very speech would bewray us; for we use the language which he taught us in the infancy of our science. If we, -by our united efforts, are chiselling the ornaments and slowly raising up the pinnacles of one of the temples of Nature, it was he who gave the plan, and laid the foundations and erected a portion of the solid walls by the unassisted labour of his hands.” The British Association, founded at York in 1831, held its second meeting at Oxford, and on this occasion the Wollaston ‘Gold Medal awarded the year previously by Sedgwick, was handed ito William Smith by Dr. Buckland: and he was further gratified by the announcement that in response to the united expression of English Geologists, the Government of His Majesty King William the Fourth had granted Mr. Smith a pension of £700 -a year. It was one of his greatest pleasures to attend the annual gatherings of the British Association, where he met so many geological friends who were glad to hail him by the title (conferred upon him by Sedgwick) that of the ‘“‘ Father of English Geology.” In 1835 he attended the Meeting of the Association in Dublin, -and while there the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin, conferred upon William Smith the degree of LL.D. In 1839, while on his way to the British Association at Birmingham, he rested at the house of his friend, Mr. George Baker, of Northampton. Here he took a cold which brought on ‘other and more dangerous symptoms, and on 28th August he breathed his last at the age of 70 years. It would be impossible to give in this brief sketch any adequate adea of the value and importance of William Smith’s Geological 10 work. But that he should have been able to produce the first Geological Map of England and Wales ever attempted, and that the chief contour-lines on this early map (published more than 7o- years ago) should continue (in the main) correct, is sufficient to prove with what energy and perseverance he must have laboured, and how keen must have been his powers of observation. Then, too, as regards his determination of the various strata by means of their fossils, this was a marvellous discovery, and needed great care and caution and yet quick and accurate observation to- recognize the same organisms in very different localities, and to- know them again at once, and the horizon to which they belonged. In the ‘Geological Magazine” for 1897, p. 439, Professor Judd drew attention to the date of William Smith’s MS., Maps, &c., preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society at Burlington House. These documents were presented by William Smith to the Geological Society on February 18th, 1831, when he received the first Wollaston Gold Medal at the hands of Professor Adam Sedgwick, the President. These documents were as follows : 1. A table of the Order of Strata and their embedded Organic Remains, in the vicinity of Bath, examined and proved prior to: 1799: 2. A Map of the Country five miles round Bath, on the scale of one and a-half inches to the mile. ‘Coloured geologically in 1799 by William Smith.” 3. The first draft of a Geological Map of England and Wales, entitled “General Map of Strata found in England and Wales, by William Smith, Surveyor, 1801.” Doubtless other and still earlier documentary evidence in the form of manuscript sections and maps once existed, but it is highly probable that, by the year 1831, all such manuscripts, which could be regarded as important pieces of evidence, had been given away or lost by William Smith, with the exception of the three he then presented to the Society. These documents must therefore be regarded as of the very highest importance and of priceless value. 11 Four facsimile reproductions of these records have been prepared. One set is exhibited in the room devoted to Geology and Mineralogy in the Museum of the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, one in the Library of the Geological Society, one in the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, and one to be preserved in the British Museum Library at Bloomsbury. Professor Judd’s object in publishing the account of William Smith’s Maps was to claim for him the right of priority of geological colouring over any other contemporary worker. The MS. Map of the Country around Bath, at the Geological Society, bears the inscription in William Smith’s own handwriting ; “ Coloured geologically in 1799, and presented to the Geological Society February 18th, 1831.” His Map of England coloured geologically bears the MS. title, “General Map of Strata found in England and Wales by William Smith, Surveyor, 1801.” How far William Smith was in advance of his contemporaries is shown by a comparison of this map of the country around Bath (dated 1799), showing carefully indicated lines of outcrop, with the excellent map of the environs of Paris by Cuvier and Brongniart in 1809, in which colour is spread over the areas occupied by the several formations, without any clear and definite indications of the actual limits of the outcrops. The colours used by Smith in this map were the same as those employed by him in the later maps of 1801 and 1815, and thus we have in it the first indication of a scheme of colour now very generally adopted by geologists. William Smith’s Collection is now preserved, with other historical collections, in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, as a centre case on the East Wall of Gallery No. 11. “It was commenced to be formed about the year 1787, and was purchased by the Trustees in 1816, a supplemental Collection being added by Dr. Smith in 1818. “Tt is remarkable as the first attempt made to identify the various strata forming the solid crust of England and Wales by 12 means of their fossil remains. There had been other and earlier Collections of fossils, but to William Smith is due the credit of being the first to show that each bed of Chalk or Sandstone, Limestone or Clay, is marked by its own special organisms and that these can be relied upon as characteristic of such stratum, wherever it is met with, over very wide areas of country, not only in England but also abroad. “The fossils contained in this Cabinet were gathered together by William Smith in his journeys over all parts of England during thirty years, whilst occupied in his business as a Land Surveyor and Engineer, and were used to illustrate his works, ‘Strata Identified by Organized Fossils,’ with coloured plates quarto (1816 ; four parts only published) ; and his ‘Stratigraphical System of Organized Fossils’ (quarto, 1817). A coloured copy of his large Map, the first Geological Map of England and Wales, with a part of Scotland, commenced in 1812 and published in 1815—size 8 feet 9 inches by 6 feet 2 inches, engraved by John Cary—is exhibited on the right hand side of this Gallery, near the entrance. It is well worthy of careful inspection.” The bust of William Smith above the case which contains his collection is a copy of that by Chantry surmounting the tablet to his memory within the fine old Norman church of St. Peter’s, at Northampton, where he lies buried a few feet from the west tower. The bust is placed within the church, against the west wall of the nave, south of the grand Norman arch over the entrance to the tower. It stands on a marble pedestal inscribed :—“‘ To honour the name of William Smith, LL.D. This monument is erected by Friends and Fellow-labourers in the field of British Geology. Born 23rd March, 1769, at Churchill in Oxfordshire, and trained to the Profession of a Civil Engineer and Mineral Surveyor. He began, in 1791, to survey collieries and plan canals in the vicinity of Bath, and having observed that several strata of that District were characterized by peculiar groups of organic remains he Monument erected by the Earl of Ducie, F.R.S., F.G.S., to the memory of William Smith, “the Father of English Geology,” at Churchill, Oxfordshire. This view of William Smith’s Monument at Churchill has been prepared from a photograph taken by Lord Moreton, by whose permission it is reproduced here. (See ‘‘ Geological Magazine,” 1892, P. 96.) 14 adopted this fact as a principle of comparison, and was by it enabled to identify the strata in distant parts of this Island, to construct sections, and to complete and publish in 1815 a Geological Map of England and Wales. By thus devoting, during his whole life, all the power of an observing mind to the advance- ment of one Branch of Science, he gained the title of the ‘ Father of English Geology.’ While on his way to a Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Birmingham, he died in this town, at the house of his friend George Baker, the historian of Northamptonshire, 28th of August, 1839.”* (See “ Geological Magazine,” 1892, P. 144.) A monument has just been erected by the Earl of Ducie, F.R.S., F.G.S., to the memory of William Smith, at Churchill, Oxfordshire, where he was born ; a village already famous as the birthplace of Warren Hastings. The monument is formed of huge Oolitic ragstones of the district, similar to the Rollright stones. The name “ Oolite” was given by William Smith to the rocks of the formation of which the higher grounds in this locality are a part. It is a monolith standing on a double base. The lower base is 104 feet square, and 3} feet high, the upper one is 6} feet square, and 2} feet high. The monolith stands 9g feet high above the upper base, and is about 3 feet square. A marble slab is inserted in the side facing the road from Chipping Norton, and bears this inscription :—“In Memory of William Smith, ‘The Father of British Geology ;? Born at Churchill, March 23rd, 1769 ; Died at Northampton, August 28th, 1839. Erected by the Earl of Ducie, 1891.” * I am indebted to the Rev. E. N. Tom, M.A., Rector of St. Peter’s, Northampton, for the above transcript. There is no sculptor’s name on the bust. ate s ie ° TAS Figeon House of the Grthusion Priory of Witham. Sat j ee OVUM VoLvITVR ones Nets TEEN RY RAY PS Sy S RRS SR Someor be el | Feey 15 Some Notes on an Old Building at Witham. By WaAu.uace GILL. (Read December r&th, rgor.) At Witham, near Frome, about fifty yards to the south-east of this Church is an old building of the fourteenth century, which has _ been considered by some antiquaries to be the ‘“ Hospitium,” or ‘Guest House of the Carthusian Monastery, founded at Witham about the year 1173. This building, which belongs to the Duke of Somerset, is about 36 feet long and rg feet wide, having an angle buttress at each ‘comer, the walls being about 3 feet thick. I have recently superintended some alterations to this building in order to convert it into a Parish Room ; and on clearing out a lot of modern cross walls and floors we found that this building was one large room, and that the whole of the walls had been originally lined with pigeon cots, formed in the main structure of the building, not added subsequently. Clearly this building was a large ‘“ Columbarium,” or pigeon house. The place had been very much pulled about several times during the last two hundred years, and no traces could be found of the original doors or of any windows. All the original work we found has been carefully preserved, bu the west wall was in such a dilapidated state that we had io rebuild it. Probably the original doorway was in this west wall. We were obliged to form new doors and windows, and these we managed to put in without disturbing any original work. I consider that there were probably about a thousand pigeon holes in the building as first constructed. The original floor was some four feet or more below the present floor, and the roof was about three feet below the present roof ; traces of the line of this old roof can still be seen. All the existing pigeon holes were found walled up and plastered over; this was probably done a century or so ago when the place was turned into two cottages. 16 I had all the plaster knocked off so that the cots can now be fraced, and a few of them are opened so that their construction can be seen. ‘Traces of grain were found in all the pigeon holes that were opened. The history of this monastery (which was the first Carthusiar house founded in England) with an account of the rule and life of the Monks of this Order, is fully dealt with in Miss Thompson’s “History of the Carthusians in Somerset ;” and interesting papers on Witham, with theories as to the Church and other buildings are to be found in the “Somerset Archzeo- logical Transactions” of 1887 and 1893. Viollet-le-duc gives a good description of a typical Carthusian Monastery, with a plan, in his “ Dictionnaire de lArchitecture,” Vol. I., p. 307. A small book, published since I read my notes, entitled “ Hugh of Lincoln” also deals with this place, S. Hugh having been the third Prior of Witham. I trust that some day the site of the whole Monastery will be properly explored, so that the plan may be traced of this, the earliest and most interesting of all the English Carthusian houses, in the same way as it has been done at Mount Grace, in York- shire, which belonged to the same Order; then and then only can this vexed question be settled, whether the Monastery at Witham followed the usual Carthusian plan, or was divided, as some consider was the case, into two establish- ments (one for the Monks and the other for the Lay Brothers) about a mile apart. Ancient Roman Coins Discovered at Bathwick. By the Rev. C. W. SHIcKLE, M.A., F.S.A. (Read December 18th, gor.) That much money has been lost at the Old Bathwick Brewery would be readily assented to by the advocates of Total Abstinence, and that no modern coins should have been found in levelling the LY, ground after the removal of the Brewery premises is rather sur- prising. A considerable number of much earlier date have, however, been dug up, and that is of considerable interest to those who make a study of the ancient history of Bath and the neighbourhood. The coins in question are of no great intrinsic value and only of inferior metal, but they date from the time of Nero, 54—-68 A.D. to Gratian, at the end of the 4th century, and are about 50 in number. At the same place was also discovered a small Roman altar about a foot high, which, from its appearance, had evidently seen considerable service. Of other remains I have heard nothing, although there certainly was a villa of considerable size some- where near the Old Bath College, which is evidenced by the midden which exists in Sydney Gardens, just outside the boundary of the playground. We should scarcely expect to find any old buildings so near what must have been a marsh in those ancient days, but the alterations which took place in Bathwick parish at the end of the 18th century make it hard for us to realise the proper or original position of the parish, and why it was that (6 Anne, 1706) in the first Act of Parliament for improving the roads of Bath, lighting the city and fixing the fares for chairmen, parts of Walcot should be included and no mention made of Bathwick, which now is so close to the centre of the city. _Bathwick was then a collection of about 50 houses stretching from the old Bathwick Church along what is now Bathwick Street, and the way from the city to the parish by means of the ferry at Monk’s Mill was used more for the purpose of going through the fields to Hampton Down, possibly by a road up Bathwick Hill, or up the path from the canal near Cleveland House, and which now crosses the North Walk at Queenborough. But the chief point of interest is that as Bathwick was always held with Woolley there must have been direct communication between the two parishes, and the position of Walcot exactly A ; 18 opposite Bathwick points to the existence of a ford. Several roads would in this case meet at this point, and what more natural than for the Romans to erect a fort to guard the ford and protect the entrance to the town. The London Brewery in Walcot is of very ancient date, and it probably marks the junction of the London Road with the Bathwick Street which then ran in a straight line, passing by the side of the old church and between the Rectory and the present church of S. John direct to the river. One road leads thence up what is now Margaret’s Hill to the Lansdown Road, and there was a direct path up Snow Hill, Tyning Lane, and by the footpath which crosses the fields and now comes out opposite the turn to Woolley. This being so, we can understand how it was possible for one priest to perform the duties necessary to the two parishes, and also how it is that Roman remains are found along this line of road, which most likely then went by Abbey View House, up Tyning Road, and thus past Widcombe Old Church along the edge of the Convent property to Frome. The road may have been chosen as the boundary of the estate when the land came into the possession of the Monks. Along this road there would be considerable traffic, and some miles would be saved by avoiding the road through . Bath, and possibly also some dues. Whether the altar and coins had any connection one with the other, whether they mark the spot where the travellers halted after and before they crossed, whether it was here they paid their dues, we must leave to imagination. The existence of a ford at this conjunction of the numerous roads is of still further importance. Where Waller crossed the Avon in marching from Claverton to Lansdown, in July, a.p. 1643, has always been a_ difficult question to solve. To cross at Bathford would have obliged him to expose himself to an attack from the Royalists marching towards Bannerdown and hurrying to enter Bath at Grosvenor or Dead Mill. 19 To have come over Bath Bridge he would have been obliged to make too great a detour, and left his flank exposed. His direct road would have been down Bathwick Hill, and then he could have easily thrown out his men along the hill from Larkhall ‘to Woolley, which position we know he held when the Royalists -arrived, and this point he could scarcely have gained had he marched round by the Bath Bridge or have taken up if he had crossed the ford at Bathampton. These notes are made because we ought to chronicle every discovery connected with the ancient history of any parish, for it is only by such means that we can learn what took place centuries ago. Mistakes can be corrected and light thrown on points which are difficult to understand if we do not possess such knowledge. Of numismatics I am quite ignorant, but, through the kindness of the Rev. J. F. Poynton, Rector of Kelston, and Messrs. H. A. Grueber, F.S.A., and G. F. Hill, of the British Museum, I was able to discover the period over which the coins extended. The Elm, with a Notice of some Remarkable Varieties in the Victoria Park, Bath. By T. FReDERIc INMAN, Vice- President. (Read January 15th, 1902.) Most of us know that there are two kinds of Elm common in © the neighbourhood. If you walk on the New Warminster Road, towards Claverton, you will find during the last half mile, the road passes through Elms on both sides. It is a good place to compare the two species. Those on the left are the Scotch Elm, U/mus Montana. Those on the right, the English Elm, U/mus Campestris. 20 The Scotch Elms were probably planted when the New Warminster Road was made. The English apparently grew on the side of a disused lane, part of which was taken into the new road. The Scotch, though seeding profusely, do not appear to have increased in number since they were first planted. The English on the other hand, though rarely producing perfect seed, are surrounded by a dense undergrowth of similar Elms, and have encroached on, and in some places, destroyed the hedge. These two Elms are now considered to be the only true species in Great Britain. All others to be merely varieties of one or other of these two. (1) In the second part of this paper I will endeavour to give a short account of the varieties of these two species, and particularly will call attention to the remarkable specimens of some of these varieties in our Park. But in the first place I will confine myself to the history of the Elm. The Scotch Elm is considered to be undoubtedly native, (2) that is, it has not been introduced by human agency. The first question that arises is whether the English Elm is a native of this country. It is now considered that it is zof (on the ground mainly that it does not usually ripen its seed here). (3) Mr. Clement Reid says “The common Elm ( U/mus Campestris) in England, only produces perfect seed about once in forty years. (4) Mr. Chisholm Batten in his paper on “ The Forest Trees of Somerset ” gives the following note. (5) Some sceptics maintain (1) ‘‘ Hooker’s Students’ Flora of the British Islands,” p. 362. ‘‘ Selby’s. Forest Trees,” p. 103. (2) ‘*Selby’s Forest Trees,” p. 124. ‘‘ Hooker’s Students? Flora of the British Islands,”’ p. 362. (3) ‘‘ Hooker’s Students’ Flora of the British Islands,” p. 362. ‘‘ Bentham. and Hooker’s British Flora,” 5th Ed, p. gor. (4) ‘*The Origin of the British Flora,” p. 11. (5) “Proc, Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc.,” Vol. 36, p. 176 21 that the Elm is not indigenous, but introduced by the Romans. This opinion is refuted by the Elm being found in a submarine forest near St. Michael’s Mount, in Cornwall. Dr. Boase found there, says Sir H. De la Beche, remains of a wood consisting of Alder, Oak and Elm. (t) This statement, however, is referred to by Mr. Chisholm Batten, apparently with some hesitation in a subsequent paper. (2) If the Submarine Forest spoken of was not of recent formation the discovery of Elm in it would not of itself entitle the Elm to - be called Native any more than the remains of the Elephant and Rhinoceros found by Mr. Winwood in the gravel beds near Bath (3) would entitle the Elephant and Rhinoceros to be called Natives of Somersetshire. The name zative could only be given to what existed here in historic times. ; Mr. Murray, in his recent Flora of Somerset asks, “Is the Elm found in Submarine Forests ?” Mr. Winwood has kindly helped me to answer this question of Mr. Murray’s, and has referred me to “ The Origin of the British Flora,” 1899 (above referred to), by Cleiment Reid, F.R.S., who is, he says, the greatest authority on the subject. The following are extracts from Mr. Reid’s book :—‘‘ The Peat and submerged Forests of the Foreland yield numerous remains of trees,” amongst these, according to Mr. A. Bell, the Elm appears. (4) “At Happesburg, Norfolk. Slabs of clay-ironstone full of leaves and twigs are thrown up by storms at this spot.” He specifies amongst other trees the elm. (5) ee eee ae (1) ‘Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset,” p. 418: citing “* Trans. Geol. Soc. of Cornwall,” Vol. 3, p. 173. (2) ‘*Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc.,” Vol. 37, p. 108. (3) ‘‘ Bath Field Club Proc.,” Vol. 6, p. 95- (4) ‘* The Origin of the British Flora,” p. 69. (5) ‘* The Origin of the British Flora,” p. 74+ 22 At p. 142 he adds:—Ulmus Montana. Sm. Blashenwell, Dorset ; Dursley, Gloucester (in calcareous tufa of doubtful age) = Digby Fenn (Elm-wood recorded by Skertchly from a depth of ro feet.) Interglacial :—Grey’s Essex (badly preserved leaves) Pre- glacial (Cromer Forest-bed), Happesburg, Norfolk. “In each case the leaves are small and more like U/mus Montana than U/mus Campestris. The difference in the leaves is very slight and I have not been able to obtain the more characteristic fruit.” The leaves of OUlmus Montana are larger than those of Ulmus Campestris, and Mr. Reid informs me that the passage quoted above should read—“ The leaves are small but more like Ulmus Montana than Ulmus Campestris in outline (rounded ovate).” These statements will sufficiently answer Mr. Murray’s question “Ts the Elm found in submarine forests ? ” We must next consider whether remains of Elm timber can be found in the oldest habitations of which we possess any relic. Perhaps the oldest are those in the Lake Village near Glastonbury, unearthed by Mr. Bulleid, and which were visited by this Club in September, 1892. (1) Mr. Bulleid informs us that a great quantity of timber was used for the foundations of the habitations, their walls, the Palisade, with which the village was surrounded and defended, and in the making of the ways through the marshy ground to the village. Also in the wood carvings, &c., found therein. Mr. Bulleid sent specimens of the wood found to Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., of Kew, who pronounced them to be oak, alder, birch and hazel. No Elm was found. The date of the village was from 200 to 300 years B.C. down to. the Roman occupation of England in the first century. (1) ‘* Bath Field Club Proceedings,” Vol. 7, p. 357. 23 He, in conjunction with Mr. Boyd Dawkins, gives his reasons. for this opinion. (1) I have argued that because no Elm was found in the lake dwellings, therefore no Elm existed in the neighbourhood. It is true that no wood of any kind of fir was found, although it is certain that the Scotch pine was then existing in this Country, but the Elm was the most suitable of all woods for many of the purposes above named, as it lasts in wet ground longer than any other. Elms flourish now in that neighbourhood, as the splendid specimens near Glastonbury Abbey testify, while the Fir is confined to the hilly ground about six miles from the village. If therefore Elm then existed it would have been probably close at hand and readily obtained, while having to bring Fir six miles in the absence of roads would sufficiently account for its not being used. We may therefore, I think, assume that at the time of the occupation of England by the Romans, the English Elm did not exist here. The inhabitants of the Lake Village would certainly not have used Hazel for their roads through the peat if they could have obtained Elm. The following is an extract from Aubrey :—“ I never did see an Elme that grew spontaneously in a wood as oakes, ashes, beeches, &c., which consideration made me reflect that they are exotique ; but by whom were they brought into the Island? Not the Saxons ; for upon enquiry I am informed that there are none in Saxony nor in Denmark, nor yet in France spontaneous ; but in Italy they are naturall e.g. in Lombardie, &c. Wherefore I am induced to believe that they were brought out of Italy by the Romans. The Saxons understood not nor cared for such improvement nor yet had hardly leisure if they would.” (2) (1) Vol. 40, ‘‘ Proceedings of the Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc.,” for 1894, p. 150. (2) ‘*Aubrey’s Wiltshire,” Cap. 9, as quoted in ‘‘ Lindley’s Treasury of Botany,” p. 1188. . 24 As the Saxon period lasted about five centuries, from the middle of the sixth to the middle of the eleventh century, I think the last observation by old Aubrey requires some modification. The following is taken from a paper by Mr. E. Chisholm Batten :—(1) ‘The cultivation of Elms was an important work of Roman gardeners and husbandmen. Columella gives directions for its culture. It was the tree principally selected for supporting the vine which was encouraged to trail up it to a great height.” Loudon says :—(2) “In England the Elm has been planted from time immemorial, and probably from the era of the possession of the Island by the Romans.” Canon Greenwell says :—(3) “It is obvious as has often been suggested that the Romans who introduced the vine may have introduced with it the ‘piller’ Elm, the two plants being so commonly wedded in Italian husbandry, as in both Italian and English poetry.” It would have prevented further doubt on the question of the introduction of the Elm by the Romans during their occupation of England if we could have found Elm timber in their buildings. Mr. Reid informs me that “ Roman Ilchester yields no remains of Elm.” As so much of their building has been uncovered and examined by Major Davis, the City Architect, I hoped he might have been able to say that he had found some. I wrote to him on the subject, and he was kind enough to send me a most interesting letter, the contents of which are as follows :— “In my excavations where they were exclusively amongst Roman work, I found some timber, but it was of small trees of withy, hazel, and I think, ash ; but these must have grown in the baths, or have been washed into them after the year 577. “Tn excavating adjoining the buildings that formed part of (1) 37 ‘‘Somersetshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Proceedings,” for 1891, p. 108. (2) ‘*Arboretum,” Vol. 3, 1st Ed., p. 1380. (3) ‘‘ British Barrows,” by Greenwell and Rolleston, p. 722. 25 the ancient monastery of Bath, which it is believed was commenced about 676 or possibly as late as 781, I found ‘a tree, placed to secure the foundations, of somewhat large size, and judging from its bark and other peculiarities, I believe was Elm. “Tf you go into the Museum beneath the new buildings at the baths and search in the north-west corner you will find some fragments of timber; these were found with this tree, but it is difficult to say whether these are of Elm.” A specimen of this timber was sent to Mr. Baker. Mr. Baker ‘writes to me that ‘Sir Dietrich Brandis and Mr. Massie, who have experience in wood structure, have examined pieces of your specimen under the microscope and do not doubt its being really of Elm.” So I think you may safely take it for granted it is Elm. Elm timber, therefore, was used in Saxon times. As it is pretty certain from what has already been stated that the English Elm did not exist in the South of England until the Roman occupation, and that for a considerable time afterwards they would be too much engaged to send for trees or seed from Italy, it may be interesting to consider what was the general aspect of the country when the Romans left it in 410. The Elm, now the chief feature in our landscape, would then be comparatively scarce, although as the Roman occupation had continued for upwards of three centuries and a half, it may well have begun to form a conspicuous object, particularly in the neighbourhood of the town and of Roman villas. Bath had been destroyed by the Saxons after the battle of Dyrham, 577. The City must have laid for 100 to 200 years ina state of desolation, a vast city of stones and buildings but without inhabitants. (1) The country was mainly woodland. (2) No weirs kept back the water of the river, the swampy margin (1) Prof. Earle, Vol. 6, *‘ Bath Field Club Proceedings,” p. 156. (2) ‘* Reid’s Origin of the British Flora,” p. 21. 26 of which was covered with water plants, with abundant Alders and Willows. The prevailing trees in the lower ground would have been Oak, Willow, Alder and Hazel, with here and there the Elm. Corn fields were not absent, for during the Roman occupation, Britain became one of the corn exporting countries of the world. (1) The hills were covered with a forest of Scotch Fir, Pinus Sylvestris, extending probably to Bournemouth. Only a few specimens of this Fir still remain on our hills, and are fast disappearing. (2) Mr. Green is quoted by the Rev. A. C. Smith (3) to the following effect:—‘ At the close of the Roman Rule, Britain was an Isle of blowing woodland, even then a wild and half reclaimed country, the bulk of whose surface was occupied by forest and waste, but in the earliest times densely covered with medieval scrub.” ‘The town of Devizes is situated on the brow of the hill looking down over the Avon basin upon the forest which ran unbroken westward as far as the outskirts of Bath.” (4) After the Roman occupation ceased, the Elm, as we have seen,. would begin to form a feature of the landscape. The name Elm is the same as in the Saxon. Collinson, inhis ‘History of Somerset” (5) says that the village of Great and Little Elm was named from the Saxon word on account of the quantity of Elm trees. Loudon says :— (6) ‘There are about 40 places in England mentioned in the Domesday Book (1071) which take their names from that of the Elms, such as Barn Elms, Nine Elms, &c. But (1) ‘‘Green’s Hist. of the English People,” p. 21. (2) Rev. L. Blomefield, ‘‘ Bath Field Club Proceedings,” Vol. 6, p. 39. (3) ‘‘ British and Roman Antiquities of North Wiltshire,” p. 43. (4) Green, ‘‘ The Making of England,” pp. 8, 93, 97, 338, 347- (5) Vol. 2, p. 206. (6) ‘*Arboretum,” Vol. 3, p. 1373. 27 too much reliance must not be given to the names now borne by places—a place in this neighbourhood now marked on the Ordnance Map ‘The Vineyard’ was called ‘ Naboth’s Vineyard ’—the origin of the name had nothing to do with vine growing.” Leland, 1540 to 1542, speaks of the Elm wood he saw in Somersetshire. (1) We.ts to Bruton.—“This far I saw some store of Elm wood.” SoutH Cappury To ILCHESTER.—‘ Al this way the pastures and feeldes be much enclosed with hedge rowes of Elmes.” CREWKERNE TO BRIDGWATER.—“ From Crokehorn by hilly ground but plentiful of corne grasse and Elme wood wherewith most part of al Somersetshire ys yn hegge rowys enclosed.” The Saxon time lasted until about 800 years ago. Enough has been said to show that the English Elm had long been a tree of the country when that time came to an end. Since then it continued to increase, and the Elm, the “ Somersetshire weed” as it is called, has long been the prevailing tree. Professor Earle, in his recent work, the “ Alfred Jewell,” p. 112, has the following :—‘‘In Alfred's time the eye was greeted by a variety of trees which are not observable now. The Elm predominates all over the plain. I asked the occupier of Athelney Farm about the trees on his land, and he said there was hardly anything but Elm. Of other kinds he had only two ash trees and one beech; ‘but,’ he added, ‘we find bog oak in the moors and it makes good gate-posts.” : “The Elms have driven out both oak and ash, and whatever other sorts they touched in their ‘ wrastling ’ progress. “These sombre grenadiers dress up their lines so close as to leave little room for other trees. They suck the fruitful soil more than any other tree, and they repay their costly nurture with (1) See ‘* Pro. Som. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc.,” Vol. 37, p- 111. 28 timber of inferior value. Introduced by the Romans to serve as stakes and props in the culture of the vine they have over-run the land, like the imported rabbits in some of our Colonies. In Alfred’s days these hungry aliens had not yet usurped the field, and there was still room for the display of the rich variety of nature, oak, ash, beech, fir, maple, yew, sycamore, hornbeam, holly, poplar, aspen, alder, hazel, wych-elm, apple, cherry, juniper, elder, willow, mountain-ash, spindle tree, buckthorn, hawthorn, wild plum, wild pear, service tree, &c. But now the fair places of the field are encumbered by the tall cousins of the nettle, and the most diversified of English counties is muffled with a monotonous shroud of out-landish and weedy growth.” (1) Interesting as this extract is, I can hardly forgive my friend Mr. Earle for his attack on what I consider the grandest and most beautiful of our trees. It is true that the English Elm has to a certain extent ousted the native trees, but in doing so it has only imperfectly copied the example of our ancestors, the Anglo- Saxons, who completely ousted the native British from this county. But whether Professor Earle is right as to the beauty or not, will the Elm long continue the prevailing tree in the landscape ? I doubt it! To give a reason for my doubt I will take merely one district, Batheaston. When I went there about 45 years ago, there was a most beautiful avenue of trees from the villa where Lady Miller lived, to the place where the celebrated vase, spoken of by Dr. Johnson and now in the Victoria Park, stood in her time. I do not think a single tree of that avenue is left. Numbers of the Elms in the grounds have been cut down and other kinds of trees substituted. = ake] See also ‘‘ British Barrows,” by Greenwell and Rolleston, p. 721, note, and De Candolle’s ‘‘ Géographie Botanique Raisonnée,” 1855, Vol. 2, pp. 645—705, therein cited. 29 In the churchyard some very fine Elms are gone and a large number of other trees, chiefly evergreens, planted. In the avenue to the house at Elmhurst a number of Elm trees were blown down and since Mr. Broome’s death, great numbers of remarkably fine Elms, notably those in the Church path, pre- viously a striking feature in the landscape, have been cut down. No Elm, so far as I know, has been planted there since Mr. Broome’s death. On the opposite side of the river, at Hampton Manor, numbers of the Elms, said to have been planted by Ralph Allen, have been blown down. The trees since planted are chiefly lime trees. The grand trees in Bathampton churchyard are being cut down. This account extends to only a small locality. I think I need add no more on this head, though I could easily do so. Business considerations also have their weight in lessening the planting of Elms. The Elm timber was the best for the keel, &c., of ships. Iron now takes its place for that and other purposes. The various uses for which Elm timber was applied are stated by Evelyn, Loudon, and Selby. (1) The Elm used to be planted for shelter in mixed plantations. It is now considered unsuitable for that purpose. (2) But the Elm will make a good fight for it. For wherever you cut down an English Elm, a dozen suckers will spring up ready to take the parent’s place. A curious instance of the way these young suckers will force their way up, even through cracks in the pavement, is mentioned by Collinson (3), who speaks of an Elm inside a pew at Weathill Church, two feet high, with upwards of thirty branches. It seems that at the restoration (1660) loyalty frequently took the form of Elm tree planting. Cie eee al (1) ‘* Evelyn’s Silva,” 5th Ed., p. 44 «« 3 Loudon’s Arboretum,” p. I 380. ‘«Selby’s Forest Trees,” p. 113. (2) ‘*Selby’s Forest Trees,” p. 110. (3) ‘*Collinson’s Hist. of Somerset,” Vol. 3, p- 450+ 30) Elms were believed to have been planted in the churchyard by the Man of Ross. One of these trees was cut down and two suckers came up one -on each side of the pew formerly used by the Man of Ross. There is a drawing of these trees made on the occasion of the visit of the Woolhope Club in 1878. From the drawing, the trees would appear to be about 20 feet high. (1) These trees were both dead when the Woolhope Club revisited the Church in 1884, but the dead trees were there with a creeper planted to climb up them. (2) In addition to the foregoing reasons why it seems improbable that the Elm will continue to be the prevailing tree, are, amongst others, the following :— It is essentially a hedge row tree, and it has been for some time the practice to do away with hedges as much as possible. The Elms we see are many of them those formerly in hedges, which hedges have been destroyed. These Elms have been left, but as they are cut down others are not planted in their places. The Elm timber has been somewhat brought into disrepute by the habit nurserymen have of raising plants of the Scotch Elm and grafting the English Elm upon them. The seed of the Scotch Elm (which fruits here) can, of course, be obtained here in any quantity without cost. It is therefore cheaper to graft on the Scotch Elm. Mr. Veitch informs me that “the seed of the U/mus Campestris (the English Elm) is obtained from Germany, but the true English Elm is always propagated by grafting, as it does not come true from seed.” (3) This practice is strongly objected to by Selby on the ground that the Scotch Elm requires a much better soil than the English Elm, and, therefore, that the English Elm when grafted on the (1) ‘* Transactions of Woolhope Club,” 1878, p. 115. (2) ‘* Transactions of Woolhope Club,” for 1884, p. 210. (3) See also ‘‘ Selby’s British Forest Trees,” p. 103. 31 Scotch Elm will not thrive on many soils where it would do very well if raised from suckers or layers of the English Elm. (1) In bad soils he advises that it should be grafted on the “ corky Elm” Ulmus Suberosa, a variety of the English Elm which thrives on soil of inferior land and strong clays. As has already been mentioned the Elm timber is not used for many purposes for which it was formerly considered essential. _ Further, it has gone out of fashion. | We no longer see avenues of Elm trees planted. In the grounds about houses, evergreen trees chiefly of the Pine tribe are now those for the most part substituted. It is possible that there are some persons who admire a monkey puzzle (Araucaria Imbricata) more than a fine Elm tree as we see so many planted, though I cannot understand the feeling. But when the Elm disappears will the country be left devoid of trees ? Perhaps I am travelling rather away from my subject, as I suppose that the imported timber I am about to speak of is pine, not Elm, but it would be curious if the pine, which was driven out of our neighbourhood by the Elm, should again cover our hills, driving out the Elm. The land, in consequence of Free Trade, can now be got at a low price, either to buy or rent, and Sir H. Maxwell thinks that the growing of timber might be made profitable if it was conducted on strictly business principles. In his most interesting article on Forestry in the October number of the “ Nineteenth Century,” he states that we imported in 1899 upwards of 21 millions worth of timber, and that there is no reason why the whole of this should not have been grown on British soil. He adds that if this were done we should find employment in the country for those agricultural labourers now crowding into the town. He adds that where a single shepherd now suffices, eight or ten men will find employment, an employ- ment which is always attractive and healthy, that of forestry. (1) ‘*Selby’s British Forest Trees,” p. 111. 32 Where rabbits abound seedlings and coppice are destroyed. To fence with wire netting would swallow up the profits. He does not consider that we need give up game but that rabbits must be exterminated. The planting of trees, in considerable numbers would no doubt add to our water supplies—a matter of increasing importance. From the foregoing I have formed the following conclusions :— 1. That the Elm is found in submarine forests and in pre- historic formations. 2. That it did not exist in recent times in this part of the country. 3. That it was introduced here by the Romans, and spread so: rapidly, that it was in use as timber during Saxon times. 4. That after driving out the fir and other trees, its period of decline has now come, and it is far from impossible that it may in its turn be superseded by trees of the fir tribe. Before turning to the second part of my paper, I will say a few words about the Elm bark beetle (Scolytus destructor) which some people suppose, as I think mistakenly, to have lately killed four or five fine Elms in the Park near the Miller Vase. Col. Blathwayt informs me that this beetle is only successful in its attack on injured or diseased trees. That great authority, the late Miss Ormerod, in her account of this beetle has the following remarks :— ‘ “The circumstance of Scolytus attack, and sickly growth of the tree or decay of the bark occurring together, has given rise to much discussion as to whether the Scolytus attack caused the decay, or weakened health induced attack.” “Tt is observed by Dr. Chapman, from whom I take much of the abovelife-history (see “Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,” 1869, pp. 126, 127), that healthy growing trees are supposed to repel the attacks of this genus of beetles by pouring sap into their burrows.” “He notes that in the case of the Scolytus pruni he had 33 ‘observed burrows less than one inch long, some of which containing a few eggs already laid, had been abandoned uncompleted by the beetles, apparently on account of the presence of a fluid which must have been sap, as no rain had fallen to account for it.” At a meeting of the Woolhope Club, at which I was present, and which was attended by a member of our club, the late Mr. Broome and other very great authorities on the subject of Fungi, the question was raised whether the attacks of the Fungi were the cause or the consequence of the tree being in a dying condition. The opinion of those present was (I think unanimous) that it was the consequence, and that Fungi did not appear on a healthy tree. It was not beetles or Fungi that killed these fine trees. My paper has already extended to too great a length, and I do not, therefore, propose to go into any minute account of the species and varieties of the Elm. This can be found in many easily accessible books. The account given in “ Selby’s British Forest Trees” is very interesting. The short account in * Hooker’s Students’ Flora of the British Islands” contains the present botanical view on the subject by the highest authority. To these I would refer. We have already seen that it is now considered that there are two species only, U/mus Camfpestris (the English Elm) and U/mus Montana (the Scotch Elm). The following is a good description of their difference in “habit :” (1) “In some Elms the branches and head are generally subordinate to an elongated conspicuous central trunk, as is seen in the usual growth and appearance of U/mus Campestris and most of its varieties. In U/mus Montana, on the contrary, the central column becomes divided at a greater or less height in the great diverging boughs or arms which form the head of the tree!” The chief dofantcal distinction is that in U/mus Campestris the fruit is deeply notched, the notch almost reaching the seed-bearing (1) ‘*Selby’s British Forest Trees,” p. 102. 34 cavity ; in Ulmus Montana the fruit is slightly notched at the top, the seed-bearing cavity placed considerably below the notch. (1) Ulmus Campestris scarcely ever ripens its seed and produces a great quantity of suckers: U/mus Montana ripens its seed in profusion, but throws up no suckers. The Elms flower early in spring, before the leaves, and thus give a red colouring to the trees. Of the U/mus Campestris in the Kew “ Hand List of Trees grown in the Arboretum” 27 named varieties are given. In the same list of U/mus Montana 15 varieties are given. A large number of them will be found, particularly in the Royal Avenue. The first lease of the Royal Avenue is dated 1st September, 1830, and is from Dame Martha Rivers Gay to John Davies, Chemist, and Thomas Blanchard Coward, Linen Draper. These gentlemen were conspicuous amongst those to whom we owe the Park. The Royal Avenue was soon after laid out and the Elms planted. This will give their age at about 70 years. It appears from the Plan on the lease that the ground where the Royal Avenue now runs was then enclosed fields. This with the Lower Common was rented by the then Park Committee, and the paths across the Common laid out and planted with trees, chiefly Elms, the more rare varieties being planted in the Park, particularly in the Royal Avenue. In Mr. Hanham’s “Manual for the Park,” published in 1857, the varieties of U/mus Campestris therein included are stated to. be 9 and of Ulmus Montana 14, also of Ulmus Americana 3. At present we have all of these except two, and we have three not in his list. The greatest trouble has been always taken by the late Mr. Gore, by Mr. Bartrum, and at the present time, to keep up the (1) ‘* Handbook of British Flora.” Bentham and Hooker. p. 401. 35 number of varieties. In some cases it was impossible to replace Elms. For instance, Ul/mus Campestris Concavefolia, a very beautiful variety, which could not be purchased, was ultimately obtained by grafting from a tree we had. The difficulty is that the varieties do not come true from seed, and the suckers of the tree, grafted on Ul/mus Campestris, come up the common English Elm; the varieties therefore die out. I have been trying to get U/mus Campestris Virens, which is very highly spoken of by Selby and Loudon ; it is stated to be almost evergreen, but Mr. Veitch cannot procure it. In answer to my enquiries, Mr. Milburn, the highly valued Superintendent of the Victoria Park, has sent me the following, from which I conclude that to obtain a tree of any particular variety the only way is to graft. He says :— “J feel sure that all our varieties (not species) have been grafted. My reason for this conclusion is, they have all been transplanted, and grafting is the usual means of perpetuating varieties, especially of forest trees. “ As regards the older or matured trees it is difficult to trace the position of union between the scion and stock, the reason for this being, and more particularly in earlier days, the grafting of trees was performed close to the ground so that after a few years the position of union would become obliterated. I quite believe that on account of Camfestris being a shy seed-bearer this would sometimes be grafted on Montana; there appears to be some evidence of this in the last old tree, west end, in Royal Avenue, In our younger Elm trees there are one or two exceptions to the rule of grafting close to the ground; in variety Lous Van Houtte growing in the bank near Queen Square entrance, and in variety Webbiana near the Lake (these varieties have evidently been grafted on the opposite species to which they belong, thus showing two distinctive kinds of bark which will no doubt be perpetuated throughout their lives); in these two instances the point of union is a considerable distance from the ground. The 36 point of union of grafts is readily distinguishable in the weeping varieties. “JT do not think that any of the Elm trees grown in the Park have been home raised either from seed or suckers ; all have been obtained direct from the Nursery.” Mr. Milburn has furnished me with the following list of varieties of Elms now in the Park, with their localities. This list will enable anyone to further study the subject, and will bea record for the future. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Milburn for this list and for the help he has given me. Also, in conclusion, I have to thank Professor Earle, the Rev. H. H. Winwood, Major Davis, Mr. F. H. Baker, of Kew, Mr. Clement Reid, and Colonel Blathwayt for their help. MR. MILBURN’S LIST. There are at present growing in the Royal Victoria Park, Bath, twenty-three species and varieties of Elm; most of them are specimens of seventy years’ growth. The following are the names and the localities in which they are growing inthe Park — Ulmus Campestris, City entrance, Royal Avenue, Botanic Garden, &c. = = Variety Cornubiensis = Ulmus Stricta—the Cornish Elm or upright growing Field Elm, Royal Avenue and by the wood yard. -e = » Sarniensis (the Jersey Elm), Royal Avenue and by water fountain. ‘ 55 s Ffoliis variegatis, lawn leading to Botanic Garden, and opposite side. » » %9 Viminaiis (the twiggy Field Elm) Royal Avenue, western end. 37 Ulmus Campestris—continued. ? ” ” Variety Concavefolia, Royal Avenue and North Road. be Webbiana, a small elegant tree planted recently near the lake. a4 Louis Van Houtte, branches golden tipped, bank overlooking Queen’s Parade field, young tree. ¥ Myrtifolia, North Road. Ulmus Suberosa, supposed to be a variety of Campestris, (the cork barked Elm) in Cow Lane, by the farmhouse, and between obelisk and lake. UImus Montana (the Scotch or Wych Elm) Royal Avenue. Variety Vulgaris, road-side, near the lake. Rugosa, Last but two western end Royal Avenue. Cevennensis, a small tree and very scarce, near wood yard. Nigra (black Irish Elm), Royal Avenue. fendula (weeping Scotch Elm), lawn near the lake, and by the wood yard. Fastigiata, eastern side of lake on the bank. Montana glabra (the smooth leaved Wych Elm), Royal Avenue. Glabra Vegeta (the Huntingdon Elm) at new entrance at Park Lane, and each side of the pathway opposite through the Common. Glabra microphylla pendula (the weeping Scampston Elm), top of the walk leading to lower dell, opposite Botanic Garden. 38 Uimus Montana— continued. o Fe Variety Glabra major, Royal Avenue. 3 ‘, ~ Glabra latifolia, at the eastern end of the pathway, in the Common leading from Marlborough Buildings. _ Fe - purpurea, young tree south side of North Road. Ulmus Americana, variety Fulva, western end of the lake. bs “ a Fulva macrophylla, near the wood yard. An interesting tree allied to the Elm is the Planera Richardit or Zelkova crenata, band lawn near Marlborough Buildings. It differs in the fruit and bark from the Elm and the bark peels off like that of the Plane tree. Principles of the Somerset Domesday. By Rev. T. W. WHALE, M.A. (Read February 12th, 1902.) GELD ROLL OF A.D. 1084. From the death of Edward the Confessor (1066) till the year 1084 no evidence is forthcoming of any inquiry into the incidence of danegeld. Judging from Domesday inquisitions nothing formal had been done. But the inquisition of 1084, usually called the Geld Roll, was a step in this direction. That it was not simply a copy of the assessment in use T.R.E. Domesday itself con- clusively proves. The King’s councillors could not have thought it altogether satisfactory, because the Domesday Survey was ordered within two years. It is, however, of great value in explaining the plan of danegeld, and the way in which it was collected ; moreover it is very helpful to identifications. Un- 39 fortunately the essential parts, the actual payments to the King, are only a summary, which for Somerset amounted to £514 0S. 11d. (f. 527), and was carried to Winchester. In the final days of danegeld, 2nd and 8th Hen. II., as the Pipe Rolls show, the assessment amounted to £277 10. od., the payments were 4179 78. 10d. ; levied no doubt at a lower rate, and accounted for by the Sheriff at the Exchequer. Looking to the plan of the assessment, Mr. J. H. Round (Feudal England, p. 54) assumes “ that the Hundreds themselves were first assessed, and that such assessments were multiples of the five-hide unit.” But one of his Somerset examples is con- tradicted by the Geld Roll. Crucha (Eyton I., p. 134) is 39 hides in the Roll, though possibly corrected by Domesday. The other, Witestana, is indeed 115 hides (not 120), here I readily admit the 5 hide multiple applies. The Glastonbury holdings were mostly of a peculiar character, created by the great drainage system out of the moors and fens, and forming rectangles bounded by the drains, each constituting a multiple of the hide, often of 5 hides. How different the holdings of early settlers, of irregular shape, and areas mostly containing virgates and its fractions ! But take the geld list of the 41 hundreds, and we have only the following multiples of 5 hides ; Witestana 115, Bada 95, Brunetona 5, Cumba 20, Cingeberia 40, Wivelescoma 15, Regis Brunetona 10, Ciu 35, Monachetona 15. Clearly, then, the assessors and collectors of the Geld Roll had no idea of a 5 hide unit. As to Mr. Bates’ attempt to prove the theory, after manipu- lating manors ad /ibitum, transgressing the bounds of hundreds, and utterly disregarding Geld Roll and Domesday principles, the whole has ended in conspicuous failure, and proved that as regards Somerset the 5 hide unit isa myth. (See “Somt. Archl.,” Vol. XLV. p. 51.) Moreover, a single mistake in identification would bring down the whole fabric, and the subtractions, ad- ditions, and new creations of hidage would have a like effect. As to the hundreds of the Geld Roll (see p. 54) the order 40 is entirely different from that of the Domesday Survey (f. 64),. though not entirely following the divisions of the County as in Devon. Sometimes two or more hundreds are grouped together, probably because they had common fegadri or hundred men. Several are omitted, presumably because they were entirely in the King’s hand, and subject to his bailiffs, viz., (2) Vicecomitis. Brunetona, (9) Regis Brunetona, (11) Duluertona, (14) Cliua, (28) Mertocha, (18) Crica, (17) Nortchori, (48) Suthbrent ; and Glaestingeberia which never gelded. (33) Sumbretona may, perhaps, have been lost, or the King from its peculiar character, may have kept it under the control of his servants, and apart from the County. It must be borne in mind that mistakes are much more likely in the Geld Roll, which was only an ordinary tax levy, than in the Domesday Hundreds. Presumably each hundredman was supplied with a copy of his Hundred Roll, and after collecting the tax submitted his account to the county authority which, judging from the Hen. II. record, was the Sheriff and others with him. He would be furnished with a list of exemptions in respect of demesne, and would hand over defaults or defects on behalf of those who claimed further exemption, or failed to pay their quota. A careful examination of this so-called inquisition, or Geld Roll, results in the following conclusions. It is not the inquisition itself; but only a digest of it, bearing to it somewhat the relation of the Exon Domesday Book to the original survey. The inquisition itself was in the form of Rolls of the Hundreds,. with an index in an imperfect state to be found at f. 63. The index for Devon is more complete. Doubtless the Clerks of the Exon Domesday had this inquisition before them, but instead of copying it into their book, as apparently was done in other districts, they merely noted the total tax of each hundred ; the sums paid by the hundredmen, as to which there was no dispute ; exemptions for demesne lands held by tenants in capite, subject to fluctuation; and lastly defects and exemption claims, 41 many of them for demesne, probably only lately subtenanted lands, to be settled by legal process, and for some items of which the hundredmen themselves were held responsible at their audit, for example in the Hundred of Abediccha. This digest is on parchment sheets of the same size and form as the Domesday Book, and so far as can be ascertained the two have always been kept together. Not that it was very carefully compiled, for in the Wiltshire part there are triplications not entirely corresponding with each other. Some important hundreds are not entered with the rest, but will be found at f. 526, and probably Somerton. was lost. THE SOMERSET DOMESDAY. In the year 1086 the King gave orders for a general survey of the whole Kingdom, appointing Commissioners to take the over- sight of the several districts into which it was divided. The western district included the Counties of Devon, Cornwall,. Somerset, Dorset, and Wilts. In eight months the work was. completed. The Commissioners were to make their inquisitions by hundreds, taking in rotation the several manors in each hundred. A jury was summoned consisting of the Sheriff of the County and others, adding the Lord of the Manor, the reeve, the priest (if any), and some of the principal tenants. No doubt the smaller manors had to content themselves with juries chiefly made up from their neighbours. The manor itself was the unit of taxation, consisting of a house with a varying quantity of land attached, separately rated ; and the tax was demanded at the manor house. If the manor had under-tenants, it was the duty of its bailiff to collect from them, and pay the King’s officer, called the hundredman, at the Court House. No evidence seems forthcoming to show whether the Commissioners met at the County town and summoned juries before them from hundreds and manors; or whether they visited each hundred in order. 42 The following questions, among others, were submitted to the jury :— 1.—What is the name of this manor? Who was its tenant T.R.E.? Who is the present tenant ? 2.— What geld did this manor pay, T.R.E. ? 3.—How much land is there in this manor ? 4.—How many geld hides in demesne? How many have the villani ? 5.—How many carruce in demesne? How many in the villa? 6.—What lands have been added since T.R.E.? What lands taken away ? Other questions of detail are omitted, as not pertinent to the general principle. It may, perhaps, be convenient to anticipate somewhat after results, and notice in the first place, 1.—The phrase “‘T.R.E.” used in the Exchequer copy meant “in the time of King Edward the Confessor ;” its equivalent in the Exon Book is “ea die qua Eduuardus rex fuit vivus et mortuus””—on the day of King Edward’s death—and we think Domesday hence derives its name: the Saxon word dém is equivalent to the modern doom. The sum paid for geld dates back to the Confessor’s time, and ignores the assessment of 1084. 2.—The meaning of the word land (terra) in question (3) cannot be too carefully noted. The Exon and Exchequer books in every case give us the headings of the tenants in capite—Terra —land (of the Bishop of Coutances, &c.). Even in case of the King’s lands it is “terra” in all cases but one, and there it is ? ““Dominicatus Regis;” and in this one the Exchequer writes “Terra Regis.” When portions are taken from, or added to a manor, universally these are “terra.” ‘“‘ Terre occupate ” is the general heading. Beyond all question, then, zevra here denotes the whole of the measurable land held by each Baron, or thegn though not, as we think, the waste. Coming to details, the lands held directly of them by their tenants in the several manors, what , f { 4 b | ‘ ' i 43 can “terra” possibly mean but the whole measurable land of the Manor? What can “terra addita” or “terra ablata” mean but the whole measurable land thus added or taken away ? Taking this meaning of /erva for granted, it seems to follow from internal evidence that the waste is not included. Otherwise whatever area may be assigned to “terra quam potest arare una carruca,” or “terra ad unam carrucam,” or its Saxon equivalent sulung, it becomes impossible to reconcile discrepancies. This is in a measure confirmed by the entry 491. ‘‘ 2v. belonged to the King’s farm of Curi, it was waste.” Now this is not entered as an “ablata terra” from Churi (f. 89), because it was waste, but so soon as it ceased to be waste and was added to Capilanda, it became “terra” and geldable. Mr. Bates, indeed (p. 92, Vol. 45, ‘“‘Somt. Assn.”), writes, “this I venture to think was only the result of trying to make every hide contain so many acres of land, a belief from which Eyton could never shake himself free ; ” so again at p. 104. But Eyton knew too much of his subject to doubt for an instant that “terra ad unam carrucam” represented a fixed area, however difficult it may be to decide what that fixed area is. Imagine the Commissioners recording ¢his manor contains terra ad unam carrucam, this it must be noted is not a definite quantity, and we see the reductio ad absurdum. “Hidata, bovata, carrucata, virgata, villata, are simply participles of—hidare, bovare, carrucare, virgare, villare ; from the nouns— hida, bos, carruca, virga, villa ; z.e., terra reduced to hides, boves, ploughs, fourthings, villas. A peculiar expression occurring seldom should be noted, of which take Derstona (441) as an instance—Richard has in demesne tA. 14v., and the villani the rest of the land i.e, th. 14v. In these cases, instead of taking the remaining hidation, the land itself is noted. The investigations of Professor Maitland and others scarcely leave it longer doubtful that Eyton is right in accepting 120 statute 44 acres as the extent of the terra ad unam carrucam, though we must bear in mind terra is not terra arabilis, but a general term for all kinds of land except waste. We must try to ascertain what acre was in use in the western district at the time of Domesday. There are reasons for thinking that it was what is technically known as the small acre, 12-16ths of the statute acre, 7.¢., 160 of these acres = 120 statute acres. The Exon Book admits, though the Exchequer fails to interpret it, an unit of width for land measure, viz., the furlong, 40 perches. The square furlong 40 x 40 perches is called the quarantena or quadrigenaria, 10 acres. (‘‘Eyton’s Dorset,” p. 30.) Taking this to be the ferding or ferling of Domesday, these equations follow. 1 hide = 4 virgates = 16 ferlings = 160 acres. Why Eyton (Vol I., p. 25) takes the fiscal ferling as 3 acres it is difficult to see. Regarded as tax the hide in 1084 represented 6 shillings, but as a question of area 160 small acres. In later times the Glastonbury Cartulary proves beyond doubt these measurements to have been used. (Vol. V. “Somt. Records,” p. 25). It would be easy enough to explain a change from the small acre to the statute one; we can hardly imagine the small acre taking the place of the statute one. But further difficulties must be faced— What was the carruca of demesne, and of the villani? Was ita team of oxen? Or was it some area of arable land? In the first place there isa general correspondence between the number of plough lands and the number of ploughs in a manor, and if a plough land represents land of all kinds, and a plough 120 statute acres of arable land, what becomes of the wood, pasture, &c.? On the other hand there are many notable exceptions. Cantetona, Willetona and Carentona (89) have together 106 plough lands, but only 52 ploughs: Betministra (gob) has 26 and 13: Briuuetona (91), 50 and 21: King’s Brompton (103), 60 and 23: Dulverton, 21 and 10: Cleeve (103b), 33 and 21: Winsford (104b), 60 and 15: Chruca (105), 40 and 27: Chewton (114b), 44 and 3c}, and soon. Surely these ploughs are utterly 45 inadequate for the plough lands, if all were arable. In fact, how- ever, King’s Brompton never had 7,200 acres of arable land, nor Winsford a like quantity. Since writing the above it has seemed desirable to enter in each hundred a complete list, not only of plough lands, but also of ploughs both in demesne and in the villa. Asa result, plough lands and ploughs are often very different in number. If they nearly correspond we infer that the manor was mostly arable. On the other hand instances of no plough in a manor indicate absence of arable land, often a park. Moreover we can compare the amount of arable in demesne and villa. The comparative value of land in different hundreds will also appear by comparing the number of geld hides with the number of plough lands. The difficulty would be in a great measure dissipated by assuming that the statement in the “ Liber niger ”—7zhe hide consisted at first of 100 acres—referred to the carruca of demesne and villani. Carruca and hida are certainly convertible terms. We should thus have a convenient margin for wood, pasture, &c., and also for the part of the King’s forest lands not excluded as waste. The Boldon Book makes the bovate, and therefore the plough, a somewhat varying quantity. However, Domesday items of area are after all only roughly approximate ; the great purpose of the survey was fiscal, other items incidental. Not a tittle of evidence exists of a survey of area. The whole work was completed in less than a year. When the jury were asked—how much land in this manor? and they answered in multiples of plough lands, very rarely taking notice of a half, we may safely conclude that fractions of a plough land were disregarded ; in other words the question was answered without previous thought and with limited knowledge. As regards the status of the undertenant in a manor, clearly the manor was divided into demesne and villa ; and the undertenants were the villani, as Zn ipsa villa (169) Monchetona proves, so 46 Roda (148b) is called a villa because the whole is underlet. And seemingly if the demesne land came to have undertenants it was said to be villata. The villanus was not of necessity below the rank of thegn. In the Geld Roll for Chiu (Eyton I. 139) the King’s villani of Stocha claimed exemption for 64. 1v. Assuming these to be Roger under Wm. de Moione, Estochet (363b): Serlo de Burceio (452b), Cilela and Stocca: Aluuard and his brothers (491) Estoca: inferentially they claimed as undertenants of the King in the Manor of Chewstoke to be free of tax; but the Commissioners must have adjudged them to hold of the King in capite, and yet they had not lost their rank when holding as villani. In short the King’s Manor of Stocha was being dis- membered. When the survey was completed, as would seem in 58 parch- ment rolls of hundreds, with an index (folio 64), it was placed in custody of the Bishop and Canons of Exeter. THE DOMESDAY BOOK. No doubt the survey was made in the 2oth year of the reign of William 1st, but how is it proved that the transcription from the rolls now constituting Domesday do0k was completed at once? That there was not an interval of four years before the Exon Book had been sent to the Exchequer, and the Exchequer Book transcribed from it ? That the survey was made with a view only to future assess- ments of Danegeld we cannot think. Danegeld was becoming moribund, and died outright after 8 Hen. 2: no roll for this date, nor any indeed after 1084 exists—only the sum totals paid into the Exchequer, with a list of exemptions ever increasing, and including the King’s civil servants. We think, in short, that Domesday Book marks the first step in the direction of military tenure, of the feudal system, and that its arrangement in fiefs (as we may say by anticipation) points to this. ie Ae ae ji i 47 The 58 parchment rolls of hundreds with index are supposed to be in the hands of the transcribers. Internal evidence, f. 82 and elsewhere, shows that Reginald (probably de valle torta) took the oversight, and himself copied. He was assisted by a Norman clerk, and by at least two Saxon clerks. The Saxon clerks are easily known, as Sir William Ellis has shown, by their symbol for “et.” In the Analysis of the Somerset part of the Book, the Norman scribes are noted by 4, the Saxon by 2. Reginald provided himself with 47 books of parchment of uniform size, corresponding to those of the Geld Roll, but varying in number of sheets. Each of these is to be filled with the holding in the successive hundreds of the King, a baron, ora thegn respectively, following a definite order, that of the index, with the readjustment of making Sutpetret No. g follow Nortpetret No. 1, and making Chori Mallet follow Chori Rivell. A Saxon scribe takes the first roll, Nortpetret, and enters the King’s manor, and two others (see No. 28 Geld Roll), and then passes it on to a Norman scribe. He next takes Sutpetret (No. 31 Geld Roll) and copies throughout by himself, except one entry (490b). Seuenametona. Very likely he was then entering No. 2 Vice- comitis Brunetona (15 Geld Roll) containing only 2 manors. Next comes No. 3 Chori Rivell (38 Geld Roll), all entries except three in Saxon writing. Afterwards, we think, was entered Chori Mallet No. 22 (32 Geld Roll), From this stage the index was followed without interruption. Thus three or four scribes were entering simultaneously from as many hundred rolls, and their work crossed, and so ina measure interrupted the index order in each fief. To test the above theory, take the analysis of the Domesday Exon Book, examine the order of hundreds in each fief, do the same in terrae occupate, and no doubt will remain that entries are made in the order of the rectified index. One objection made against the Exon Book is the number of corrections and marginal entries, which indeed shows that the 48 scribes did their work somewhat carelessly. Sometimes omissions were detected and entered later on in false order ; for instance— Lituna (160), Aissa, Miluertona are inserted at the end of the Bishop’s land, either as omissions, or as involving questions of title. Aissa—terr. occ. f. 520 is also out of order. But at intervals ‘comes a general review, and “ consummatum est” announces this fact. Another objection against the Exon Book as compared with the Exchequer is the succession of fiefs. The answer is simple and recorded in the Book itself. In the year 1816 Mr. Ralph Barnes, Chapter Clerk, copied it for the Government, and afterwards revised the proof sheets. The parchment sheets, or books, or fiefs, had hitherto been only stitched to one another. Mr. Barnes himself numbered the folios as in the printed copy, discarding previous numberings, and apparently not consulting the true order of fiefs as revealed in the Exchequer fac simile, had the book bound up in false order. To show how carelessly the book was kept in the 17th century, one of the fiefs was lost, and afterwards found in the roth century among the papers of a Devon magnate ; one is missing still. Take, then, the following rules as guides to identification. (1) Hundreds in a fief should be in index order of hundreds, allowing for cross order caused by simultaneous entries, and for omissions entered ate. (2) An identification, introducing a hundred roll defore it came into the hands of the clerks, must be false. EXPLANATIONS OF THE DOMESDAY BOOK. Folios 88 to 117 contain manors in the hand of the King. Every manor was either the caput of and gave name toa hundred, or was already included in a hundred. Notice how regularly “nescitur” comes in the King’s demesne. These manors, that is, were always in the King’s hand as pertaining to the Crown, and therefore never liable to danegeld. As is commonly said, they were extra hundredal, because of this exemption. But they were 49 the very centre of hundredal organization, and gave first life and name to the hundred. No doubt, at no long time anterior to Domesday, every hundred was in the hand of the King. The hundred court was the centre of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and a source of considerable revenue to the King. What hundreds were in the King’s hand in 1086 may be doubtful. Certainly Ilchester, Milborne Port, Bruton, Langport, Axbridge, Frome, were ; for (107b) the Sheriff rented the King’s share of them for £8 rss. a year. In the days of Hen. II. the Sheriff farmed the King’s county revenue for £360; deducting _ various payments, and allowances for lands the King had sold or given, including Meleburn, Bedminster, Witham, Baggworthy, Langport and Curi with hundred, and parts of Northcuri, Cun- gresberi, Cedresford, Norton, reducing the net income to £155 in the 4th year. The Church Barons were rapidly getting the control of the hundred courts of their own lands, and exemptions from the King’s courts are largely referred to in the Hundred Rolls of 2nd Ed. I. Manors thus acquiring courts of their own with full criminal jurisdiction were called liberties, free manors, and even hundreds ; the Episcopal hundred, and the hundred of Whitley are newly constituted records of full liberty to the Bishop of Wells, and the Abbot of Glastonbury. Apparently the Sheriff had the control of the hundreds of Cutcombe, Minehead, and Sheriff’s Brompton. After the King’s demesne the Comital lands follow which had escheated to the King; these are all hidated, because they had been in the hands of subjects. Wher: the King’s part of the hundred of Miluertona (103) was afterwards paid is not recorded, his part in some other hundreds (1o3b) was added to the Manor of Cliua. Besides these, two distinct kinds of additions were made to manors. (1) Thegn lands which T.R.E. had been held pariter, #.¢., the thegn owners had held directly of the King according to their peerage or rank. Some of these had either D 50 sold their lands, or after the battle of Hastings had forfeited their rank and held their land in villeinage incorporated in the manor. Others held still in paragio or libere, but they elected no longer to “ defendere se” and hold of the King in capite ; retaining their right to go to any lord with their land they enjoyed the rights and privileges of the manor which they joined. This again seems to indicate the coming feudal system, the share they had to take in the military service of the manor. (2) Integral portions of a manor sold and detached from it, and so bought and added to some other manor. Clearly, then, ablata terra should be registered by Domesday elsewhere as addita terra. A great difficulty is here. For example Chenolla (465b) containing 1%. 2v. From this manor has been taken 1 hide of land which belonged to the manor T.R.E., and this was added to Witeham (382b). Was this hide a part of the 1%. 2v., or in addition to it? But Melecoma gelded only for rv. 2f, and yet 2 virgates which belonged to it T.R.E. had been taken from it, so these 2 virgates must have been additional, and the inference seems fair that it is additional in all cases, unless there is a notifi- cation to the contrary. Note carefully in the Analysis the marginal references in these cases, in order to trace the transaction. If the ablatum be from the demesne of a King’s manor it becomes geldable and adds to hidation in either the ablatum or addita- mentum, not in both; so likewise waste of a manor taken from it and no longer waste becomes geldable. Sometimes a member of a King’s manor is detached from it and held of the King in capite as a separate manor, and becomes geldable ; thus (90) Wedmore. An example of a very perplexing set of cases is (106b) Camel, iz tt are 15 hides, and the items of demesne and villa amount to 15, but it gelded T.R.E. for 83 hides. How did the Geld Roll enter this, for 15 hides, or for 85? We infer concealment, but not conclusively ; if, however, Domesday and the Geld Roll are to correspond, we are driven with uncertain data sometimes to think that the mistake was corrected in the 51 1084 assessment, and sometimes not. In the case of Ciuuetona (114b) the Geld Roll certainly entered 29 hides, not 14. The Church Barons, according to their rank, follow the King, and it will be well to mark the order in the Exchequer Book fac- simile (p. IV.). Kelston does not appear among the lands of the Abbess of St. Edward (193b) ; inferentially it was not yet formally separated from the 20 hides of the Borough of Bath. Lands given to the Holy men or Clergy of the King should be carefully _ noted ; the spiritual needs of his manors were well regarded, each had its church and chapelries. No doubt from notices of clerics and presbyters in the Bishop’s land, the same care may be inferred. We doubt very much whether many of the larger lay manors had their churches. That parishes did not yet exist is forced upon us by Domesday. We read, indeed, of parochiant presbyteri, but parochus was the diocese, and parochiani presbyteri were the Bishop’s Chaplains. (See Geld Roll of Episcopal hundred, Eyton, p- 142.) The Lord of a Manor by the law of the Church must pay tithes, to whom they were paid was left to his discretion, sometimes to a monastery, sometimes to a baptismal church, and in return, perhaps, itinerant priests ministered in the manor. We note as a remarkable fact that between the years 1259 and 1286, 88 churches were dedicated (‘“‘ Randolph’s Bronescombe,” p. XII.) in the diocese of Exeter—were they not previously the private property of the manors ? The King had in hand both in 1084 and 1086 the Glastonbury estates, and alienated to a great extent the thegnlands belonging to the Abbey. The concluding entries from 172b—Limigtona and onwards—are not surveyed in detail (as Eyton observes II. 33), but the reason is obvious, they are alienations, and the details are given under the holdings of the new owners, as the marginal references plainly show. Next in order come the lands of the lay barons according to their rank, commencing with the King’s relatives. In Suttona (435b), at the end of Roger de Courcelle’s land is an omission, entered on revision, observe in a different handwriting. 52 We have collated the Record Office copy with the original at Exeter and corrected a few copyist mistakes, thus (448b) Hesdinc should be Hesding. After these, the lands of the Norman thegns, or, as they are called at f. 456, Norman Knights, are entered; the Exon and Exchequer books follow a notably different order. The Exon takes strictly its usual index order of hundreds, the Exchequer enters the whole fief of each thegn consecutively. Then come the lands of the King’s household servants with like arrangements respectively ; and lastly in like manner lands of the English thegns, who we take for granted had fought on the Norman side, concluding with a revisional entry (493) Otram- metona. For convenience A fitz B is written throughout instead of 4 filius B. Inthe identif. 2303 refers to the important Tax Roll of A.D. 1303. EXCHEQUER FAC-SIMILE. This, we unhesitatingly think, is a transcript from the Exon Book. Critical examination finds a few copyist’s errors in which the Exon Book is more correct. Mistakes and false entries are much fewer, simply because the Exon Book had already done the more difficult part of the work. It is written throughout by Saxon scribes or scribe. There are some important differences of detail tonote. The latinized termination to names of manors is rejected.. Terra regis is arranged in different order beginning with Summer- tone. The Bishop of Winton is put at the head of the Prelates. The primary entry of the land of a Baron or Thegn forms the caput of his honour, and generally his principal residence, this should be specially noted; the demesne lands mostly follow. One omission Mundiforde (p. XV., f. 356) is entered at the foot of the page, and another Bredene (p. XIII.), another .Gatelma (p. XIV.), another Middeltone (p. XIX.). That Stochelande — 53 )2 Winterhead. Cliuedona is Cliff-down. This hundred is 24. 1v. 2f/ short. nearly compensate ; Folio. iy ese Tr4b .:. 144b 144b 144b 144b 185 185b 185b 185b 186 186 186 186 186b 448b 448b 42 Bada Name. Estona Bada (burgum) | Firforda Lancheris Wica Wilega ... Wica Bada (manor) . Westona Forda Cuma Cerlacuma Lincuma Estona ... Hamtona Vudeuuica Westona In Bath Eyton I., ro2; II., 13. Geld List 7. LS ian! DW po xn QHANW KO OD Plough Lands. —_— Ploughs. Demesne. Palla see: wNNHNN NW No. 11, Porberiet or Harecliua is 24. ov. over, so that they some transference should be made, perhaps Alduica 452. Bada. 95h. Vol. III. Somerset. Records, 49, 70, 79. Hidage. eevee he Scribe. 2 Bye2 B 2 e2 B Be) B T 10) B Io B B 15 B 10 B 9 B 4 B 10 B coe B 5 B 242 B 5 B B mG Bin NOD ON CP HOO O Plough Lands. Io Ploughs. Demesne. I | NWO N w | wrens Downhead ; Wintret = Villa. _ Mm OW NUSTW iS) plua Villa. 5 | evealeeinsees ws | wee PU Aa Ploughs. Hidage. Folio. Name. holt wy if Scribe Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 464b ... Tateuiuca Peeps Je, BeOS! etree I tae TGR Soc, 465 ... Tata Wica =. 2 phil 5 rec Te et ey ot isso Se 465... Heorleia Beate peck ed By ides Ce ee Th I 465 ... Estona ... ees Bi ao By © Sve 5 sx: 2 465 «..- Claferttona ... 5 See) ass Gir tah AE ss 4 —4g2b ... Wica... aie <2 Bis geen 3) 5 ene. ise I 88 Oddly enough Bada (f. 185) is surveyed as a anor which is called Bade, which is the caput of the Abbey, in it are 24 burgenses, and a mill, and 12 acres of meadow. The Exchequer writes :—The Church of S. Peter of Bada has in the Burg itself. The Burg belonged to the King (f. 114b). ossessions of St. Peter The monks’ devolutions of title are not trustworthy, though they show the p i We think that the 20 of Bath some two centuries later. The geld list is obscure but suggestive. ts, and being in the King’s hand formed a record hides of the Borough were before the Law Cour separate from Domesday, but now lost. Estona (r14) has 1 hide in demesne, and x hide in dispute. The Abbess of St. Edward has 3 hides in demesne, but none in dispute. Clearly this is Kelston. Rob. Greno’s holding is in dispute, this appears to be the same as in Vol. VIL, p- 49, Grenta de N. Stoke. These we take to be parts of the 20 hides; the 15 hides of Weston certainly were not. See a careless mistake about this in the Transactions for 1899, P- 147.) Now7 hides must be found to on and N. Stoke may _ make up the g5 of the geld list, and the 2 of Estona are already included, Kelst very well represent these. There are still rx hides to identify, and among these should be found elonged to the honor S. Stoke and St. Catherine’s. Later on the Hundred and Manor of Wellow bi The Bath records (Vol. VII., p. 31) show of Gloucester, probably now given to the Earl of Moriton. that 34 hides in Welewstoca, adjoining Woodborough in Wellow, were given to the Abbey. These together seem fairly to account for the 20 hides now being dismembered. 27 Axebruga. Geld List 8. Cetdre. h. v. Titans Eyton I., 1325 IL, 19. (in Winterstok) Vol. III. Somerset Records 46, 50, 65, 269. Ploughs Hidage. : Name. Rv. f. Scribe. Plough Lands, Demesne. Villa. ... Cedra pa ocacirkiiee Reon 3S inccra AR eco Sh aurea ht l7/ ... Stocca ae betes. AB ys Canfas! yea 4% Pay Gener Ser eNON csc.) CBN Res Qt vine 2 ... Draecotta ac MHEOU! vee AS 4... 2 boues... = jane _ Contitone (283) is a difficulty (Eyton I., 214); but it seems very doubtful whether Compton Bishop was part of Banwe 1; for Loxton on the other side of the stream belonged to Earl Eustace; and 1 the tenant of Contitone Mathildis was the Queen it would have been free of tax—and we may suppose that it was in the hundred of Axebruga, and afterwards acquired by the Bishop. Rob. de Otburguilla’s ablatum from Cedra has no corresponding additamentum that I can detect, perhaps made after 1084. Stocca (138) gelded T.R.E. for 4 hides; i zé were sh. 1v., yet the demesne and villaitems only amount to 4 hides; the villa items are obscure, the Exchequer never enters them ; the additional th. rv. were in dispute, and therefore unpaid in the Geld Roll; but an increment of hidation in the hundred of 1084 ; the Commissioners required payment in 1086. 60 4 Cudecoma. Geld List 9. Codecoma and 6 Manehefua. 10. Manehefua. ne ve Io I Eyton I., 129; II., 19. (in Carintona) Vol. III.: 38, Somerset Records, 38, 76, 245, 275. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. Has) Wan pie Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 357b_ ... Wdecoma im 8 gen tAbet i, COMING: Mahe Orme 6 358 .... Maneheua anes AD ie issue eee re! SOL i. Lorra |" <2: nee OK Ne we > Lk bel ee I — ww. = 359 ~«... ~>Auena setae ete SEAS ures Pan! Goh coe 4 BOOM eras WleHat is. Feet | Oa A : 2. whecend eA CMe Stars 360~=C..._-—« Bratona rele OMS pao A A 4 o ees 2 Io: I Vdecoma more easily becomes Woodcombe than Cutcombe, there isa Woodcombe near Mynehead. Maneheua and Mena seem to have a common derivation, the stream at Minehead It is not very easy or important to decide on the modern Cathampton manors which formerly constituted the hundreds of Codecoma and Manehefua. Torra has no ploughs, because it was the lord’s park. 43 Porberiet Geld List 11. Harecliua. h. v. Portbury, 80 I Harecliua and Eyton I., 146; II., 23. Betministre. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 29, 42, 62, 93. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. hiliv: > if. Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 142b.... Attigetta sca) REE? Oe Waiesh. PP Riess I), 9 eee 143), %.. Bacoila... ve) SO Soc espta | Ghd: eee: 143 +... Budicoma ate AL 5 I I ... Chetenora sone Lea 0 A 2 Norte k —_— ... Widicomba .. 3 0 0 A a 10) OR 2 8 .»» in Church of p Carentona I 2 0 A — 4 1k ... in Honecota O22 nO ae 2 I —_— me eOLlOc: ..i. 5a ee SP ROMLO A 12 —— Freee w. Ar eae we?) BO a yea ape Os, Seon 3 4 ... Aucoma eae) hd Ae: 3 I 2 ... Bruna ... Se et BAR 6 ee 4 ss. Langeham ... I 53 ee ‘ 6 Bi ke 3e .» Coarma aa) Ole 280 A Ah ats Io I .. Bichecomba ... O I O A 2 I 4 +. Bradeuda a ZeOr A 14 I I ... Estantona TOUR SREON, tcc) SAL Ssas 2 we I +thegnland .. O01 O ee Dip os _ ... Aisseforda aan OO LI . A... 2boves... — — .. Aisseforda .. 0 0 If Aes ee cess _— ... Estauueit GbE Oly i..6 | AN I Pe) ieney, _ .. Wochetreu ... O 0 2 A eee 5 eae 4 .. Alueronecota .. 0 0 2 A Qieiness ae 4 ... Hernola PR EROReOl sien) (AS ..5 3 1% -. I « Lolochesberia... © 00 .. A 4 : Tea as 3. -» Lolochesberia... I 0 O ANS: 6 ete ME | I 62 Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. i Soe EB Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 4 ani= 362b ... Comba can ality opmate) Boggs. Ts dads svg ed maliain ( Carr. 369.~=Ci«.. +“ Otttona ... Pee eS 0 Oy .2 Oe oe Pes Gtr 3 373 ... Radehewis .. O © 0 « Bow | eres i oe 380 ... Locumba Eyton tOMpn: TAT GRU secede 2k 426 ... Widieta was4 gO ES: JOT) ie. Cae Toe. a I 426b ... Wortha ee tt be) O Bey ces 3 Shee 2} 430... EdmundesWorthao 1 0 .. Aw 6 AAD RES 3 430... Donescumba .. O O I PATE face Pig nce eee MgO... "Aisseforda, 5 0 0 2 a) oh fae ect , 430 ... Aisseforda gO Oneal A 3 I me ne 430b_ ... Esthoca ot) O's RO cee te mite CAM ses 4 .. $ 430b ... Bagaleia ne ATO MOE AY Os a ce age 4 430b .... Comba ... aaa oh as OY Moen eT abe Late ies _ AOD ere p ee Alta) sane. Ac Oe 2G A eee Lan, cis, oes 4 Aste... Gildenecota, =... (0 §210 9. 7A eee, 4 . 4 Ast... unnecota] .. i032) 2) 4: ey ape 2k acces 2 Ast)... Doventee a MO UAB as, Ayre | erro inter se 43t ... Holma... pe ROME CAO Ms fase eee E Wirace 2% } a Can. 43tb ... Aiseforda O01 tetas. I } eed Chey! 431b ... Estana ... ry. TO), SP ee UBS A 2 a ee 442 ... Timbracumba... I 2 0 Bae se 8 Te sha I Ae ie ase Honspil eee Pere ecr EB say) C2 ewer EE Names like Honspil, Hunnecota, &c., are derived from hon or holn a hollow between hills. 35 Iatona hundred. Geld List 18. Ciuuetona. ee) Ve 127 2 Eyton I., 136; II., 21. Vol. III. Somerst Records, 38, 69, 108. Hidage. Ploughs. hi ¥¥: Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 3 17 Folio. Name. i 141... Claueham ca aO. © ... Chent ; 2 ... Chingestona ... I Chingestona Megela ... cet ga Tatuna ... #5, 20 Brocheleia oe WA. 55 Ciuuetona Hundred. ... Ciuuetona ah 20 Church of Ciuuetona ... Ferentona ... Estona ... Herpetreu ... Amelberga ... Cameleia Helgetreu ... Liteltona ae ... Contona an ... Contuna + Contuna ... Harpetreu ... Hantona Tumbeli .. Estona ... ... Comtona ... Morthona Estona ... - iS) nlewnman Se PHWWO POW p>rrPrPrrprprs Ww bib>r>duld noe Kean One RUMBOWNAMN Nun rel Aes RWW HONOR ANW lwsr lows YH bAUY 5 spn PPH O NO Hem DH I 134 :3 Phe two Chingestonas, the King’s towns, gelded T.R.E. for only 1 hide, but the items of 1086 it to 5} hides. If we could suppose that the hidage was increased after T.R.E., because the reclaimed before 1086, a great point would be gained. The modern spelling of Yatton is ng as regards etymology, the true spelling is Ya-ton, the town on the Ya or Yeo, meaning So Ciuuetona is on the Chew. Chent (143) is called terra not mansio, separately hidated but t a house, only a serf lived there without a plough. It was achapelry of Yaton. In the geld or this hundred no allowance in demesne is made for the Church of Ciuuetona, the King may ve granted it after 1086. 66 . Ferentona (149b) is derived in Bosworth’s Dictionary from fearn = fern. Harpetreu is from ye and reu, Cameleia from the river Camel, and eia water. Helgetreu, the hill gate of the reu. King Henry granted to Hugh de Vivonia for x fee (Vol. III., p. 38) Chewton, Midsomer Norton, Welton, Widecombe, and West Kingston in the County of Wilts, which was a member of Chewton, i.e, held of the manor of Chewton. Roger Tyrel holds } of Childe Cumtona of the Bishop of Salisbury (154b): (Vol. III., p. 40): Adam de Bicton holds the other } of the Barony of Hugh Lovel of the fee of Kary. Lovel inherited the Lands of Walter de Duaco, so this is 354b. 32 Congresberiet. Geld List 19. i i 19 h. Eyton I., 124; II., 17. : Vol. III. Somerset Records, 65, 264. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. sneak Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne, Villa. 106 =... Cungresberia ... 20 anBandA’:.. SO) tic eOMee | O7es 159b_ ... less Weimorham 1 19 The undertenants, 3 thegns, Aluuard, Ordric and Ordulf, also held T.R.E., no doubt of the King in capite, and were free for their demesne. Gislebert and Serlo, who had recently become under- tenants, paid in full. The King’s villani were returned in arrear, as were also the villani of Bishop Moricius for-the glebe, though he held in alms. Geld Roll, de 1 parte of the land of Bishop Giso. 20. : 218 h. Eyton I., 142; II., 23. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 45, 63, 66, 132, 195, 222. oe Ploughs. > ave . Folio. .. Name. Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 15 Cumba Hundred 156 =... Cumba ... Ba eo) Esau pioMee ers. ALOumNre aes 12 19 Cingeberia Hundred 156 ... Chingesberia ... 20 Sec eran woe 24 2 ¢ II MEGe -..) | Cerdre ... on eo en es 20 7° ars See, 156b ... Littelaneia ... 2 ccs BE pe 8 it, See 2 158 ... Winesham ee tO Bee lig Eee 16.22 eee 9 20 Wyluescom Hundred 156b ... Wiuelescoma ... 15 we 0B op cle ‘ A oes 7 23 Walintona Hundred 156b_ .... Walintona vine eT 20h Bia 30 4. \ eee ees = Se eee = : Bac. 3) a as = 24 Lidiart Hundred 157 ~-«....- Lidegar hea ese, 3 oe es bs Gee PE lees 9 TOOM 55) AISSA, 5.3 soo. aha ve Bo owe fe se ee 143b_ ...- 39 oe ave “ae Ap 28h) HORE 2 we nor ne tae a 3 ccc) eee 24 29 Wella Hundred Tho ae Wella... we 50) bee LD, @ Geet aOO «20 eae ne 2 hides which never gelded 2 B oo = a 158b ... Euercriz xe $20) ese Bi iene 5 2O0L) ieee game 4 I58b_ ... Westberia a soo. pallet | ere Sree 2+ ees 5 159) :.. Chit ~... set ZO Bon ia Jamey 50 Le fame te! 159 ~~... Lituna ... em Lo) 2 eee bres tos 7 | cease gee are 4 67 Cumba had ceased to be in the hundred of Abedicche, and was now included in Bishop Giso’s Pages ie Teta hela C ba, (156), T.R.E. The Bishop bought it A.D., (E ). tsor Fitz Torod he ‘um a 156 R. he Bishop bought it 1072 (Eyton p. 50 Marcd held Banuella' TE, rt : Ailsi held Winesham T.R.E. gon Danus held Iatuna T.R.E. ittelaneia. We find also Micheleneia, and Mideleneia (189): i.e. the little, great and middle waters. Eyton rightly identifies this as Huish Episcopi. Litelande of the Exchequer, is taken to be an error of the copyist, nor is it to be found in Chard. Aissa (59b) Roger Arundel had held under the Bishop in his manor of Lidiart, but now illegally he holds it of the King in capite. In the Geld Roll (Eyton p. 142) Alvered, Roger Arundel’s under tenant, hold of him 144. (in Aisxa) fully surveyed at 443b. Two Knights hold in Lidiart 3 hides of the land of the villa. The Canons held Lituna (159) of the Bishop. The 2 hides of 157 which did not geld T.R. E. must be looked for among the unpaid items. Haia (157, 480) is surely part of the 50 hides of Wella. Haia, Heghe, Heghen is an enclosure ; this was in the King’s custody during the widowhood of Gath, wife of Manasses ; it contained no plough or arable land, and may represent either Haydon Farms in the parish of Wells, or Henton in the parish of Wookey. Geld List 22. Giuela, ne. “Wa yp Eyton I., 164; II., 27. 13 TZintenella Hundred Vol. III. Somerset Records, 22, 67, 223. 4 Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. neawaeete Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 266 ... Tintehella ...f 5 ° ° fete ae eo Se 266b ... Chingestana ... 8 0 O A 8 2 5 267 ~~... +Estochet Si Nye A : Saws 2 _ = 267 ~~... ~Draecota 200 A 3 14 I; 267b ... Estocha 280 A 8 2 ie 3 ar eae : I Estochet re ea 2 A 2 — ae Bisobestona © :-84°9) 10.0). 15.. 4 Ao os V like HWY | 2 36 Aundesbera Vol. III. Somerset Records, 24, 66, 183. Hundred Cinioc ... 7 B 7 3 4 Peredt ... 10 B : 8 a met 3 Odecoma 5 B 5 Dynes = Ceoselbergon ... 5 B 5 Se 4 Cinioc ... 3 5 B 3 ie ec I Cinioc ... 4 1 igherene Ae lorccsnat 2 2 Nortona 5 Brie ses 5 I 3 Halberga 10 B 8 I 5 Eyton I., 209; II., 37. 37. Lieget Hundred (Coker) Vol. III. Somerset Records, 24, 66, 192. Cochra held by the .. A LOMAS. Sh ioe 12 Hardintona_... King A EO? were - 2 oa 8 ee Ferns”... ore 5 B 5 Se wee 4 Clouesuurda 7 B OF s58 3 oat 3 Sutona .. Toe 5 B 5 eo 45 Ascleia Hundred (Stane) Vol. III. "Somerset Renee 4, 57: 2 } Accheleia oe 58 Stana Hundred Vol. III. Somerset Records, 3, 57, 210. .. Modiforda ay ee EOP: Gees CRP ee eee 3 Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. eeiwat fe Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa BV GDiues > LORNA. «20 ae | A 2: 3 ht i 279b.... Torna ... ae ae" O Ane 3 iereter I 279b_... Cilterna eS A oe Be us eS ; 2 279b_ ... Cilterna ean ot, A a 2 Fe 2 289 .,.. Mundiforda .. 4 2 AY 4 x, ox Wate I 280b_ ... Hundestona I A Seem ae doa 835 4 280) ... Inuocutona “... A I ur io a 265 .--, 10) Giuela hee sah (Aes 26 ee oe I 435 } Limintona 7 B SF. FS : I 172 435... Essentona wie 3 USE oe cte Sr yes I Pe I ABB cnc 1 SOCA Pee a2, B ae Sy di. yA — 435... Brunetona acai B 4 2 3 2 439) .:- jJula Kae 0 B 6G: nas Io vas 6 + 22 Mansuree terre 439) 4... Citerna’..: eee ce B I — a. AAS) 2. Eslida..« oe cee, BL! Res 2 a) 2. 454 ... Mudiford 3 : B 5 3h if. 2 + Stana 2 Bas 14 Pe _ 467 ~... +Prestetona 2 B Ts L>, 4, <— 493b ... Eattebera I we 6 Rh. Lig ee g 157 :2 Ceoselbergon = the berg of the ceosel (gravel or sand). Chingestana and Alloweneshay are locally near Dowlish Wake, outlying parts of this hundred. Tintehella and Chingestana were held by the Church of Glastonbury T.R.E.: probably, then, Chingestana—the King’s stone—represents 172b, Stana; the value is the same (49), and the King taking it from Glastonbury gave it to Hubert St. Clare. The monks of Grestein lost Nortona (275) (tax Pope Nic). In Sutona the lord held in demesne 4%. 2v. 17, the villa the other land, no survey is made of area, In like manner Asceleia (113, 374b) is not surveyed. Essentona and Soca (435) were very likely, at first parts of Limintona, for (Vol. III., p. 5) they were held by Matt. de Furneaux of the heirs of Vinon of the Abbey of Glastonbury. Citerna (439) is, most likely, the missing Chilton Cantelo. Vol. III., p. 57, the tenant Warner is exchanged for Venour. Newton Sermonville, south east of Yeovil (Vol. III.. p. 5), is difficult to locate in Domesday. Eslida (445) is one of many instances in which the rst (or 1st and 2nd) letter is suppressed. The E in these cases seem to represent 7he; e.g. Estona, Estanuella, Estapla, Esturt, Estragella. We find Es in Es-toca, Es-tochet, Es-lida, Es-lapforda, &c. The river Ivel gives names to many manors, eudy cody enough the owner of Soca (435) was S. Tochi, the Exchequer names being Socha and ‘ochi. The geld list for Givele (Eyton, p. 164) should be carefully noted. The surcharges which add to the hidage of the hundred are for—(493) Eattebere; (275) Nortona; (280b) the undertenants of Montacute ; (274) Peredt ; (467) Prestetona : (113) Accheleia ; 266b Tintehella 2. 1v.; 267b Estocha. 21 Crucha, Geld List 23. Crucha. 39 h. Eyton I., 134; II,, 21. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 52, 73, 155. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. De van 16 Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 7o5. =... ~Chruca ... pony ESCLUUL aes ses AO mot Se eee 272 .. Esteham 69 Hidage. Ploughs. q Folio. Name. : Hey) fe Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. ‘Villa. 154 ... Seueberga oe ede Oe B IZ I So » ‘12. + Seueberga sort ONE esa) Bt FN ARE I’ 197... Churchof Chruca 10 ee tk ie ae AAT ee 10° 27Ib ... Meriet . So, 98D OO sre JA PE Sate 4 105 272 } ae nation Bret Ae ness ye hoy 2 — 438 ~-.. Hantona nt TS OO A ' 12 4 10° 491b ... Meriet ... het gs A- 6 2 t Ze 40:0:0 Possibly Godwin—the King’s bailiff and hundreds did not include his eharge for survey. The items in Domesday for the Church of Chruca only amount to 9% hides, though ¢heze are there zo hides. The Abbott’s demesne in 1084 (Eyton, p. 134) was 7 hides, for which he was free ; and presumably the 3 hides of his undertenant at Domesday were liable to geld. 8 Willetona. Geld List 24. Willetona. Beevs 92 2 Eyton I., 198; II., 35. - Vol. III. Somerset Records, 5, 75, 165. Hidage. Pic oughs, Folio. Name. awe" of: Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 89b_ ... Willetona .. escitur... nee (see Carentona) 428... +2 manors 46 2 eae ee Bi coder AS =— 3 ... + Waistou ae 2 - aac I —_— he pS 104 ... Netelcomba ... “iden yess 12 renee 7 104 ... Capintona oa phives pA 5 ‘tng ie I 139~=Ct... ~+~«Essatuna ee eae A heme aed eS I Be. Wacet ¢.. ae I ay eB Asi es Ie = pee churuestona, Sor eee Os 4... B SF Meech ; 2 ... Hulofort is KOr'o ee DieW ween phy me e I ... Haretreu RPSL MEO “ ©B 5 4 I we I ... Cibeuurda ae gta OL.O). | B 3 Lo es 4 4 ani- ... Comba... sapere VE B 3 os wl | malia in carr ~ 70 Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. he ev. oe Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. ” Villa. 362b ... Sordemanneford I ss GB Pa ine £ eS 373. ~«--~«=SSelura PRET G2) Ovens, ular aise OQ iecla tame 7 373. —~«««.«»—~S« Esstaluueia Se eS) CO) OF asred SRE Re aes Ree 2. Ryans estaluicla |... 82) 0 'O ... Bip ws. 4), an, ees I 373b ... Alfagestona andLedich.. 200 .. B .. 3° Gara ate Bee. 2 B73) a.) Lega, ae. ae 2 pe 8) mee Teo te 374 ... erestetona .. 2 3 Foe 4/3 tar Oe ee on ee I 374b ... Can Toca oe I sr ee ees 1} —= 1% 383. +... Sindercoma .. I 00 .. B .. Bo4 een, sv uret 3 BOWE Nese CWA ree on 2 so) 2B aes 1%... 2boves... 1 AD met MOCIIAs fs. mae 2 soo BR: THe pee I 427 ~«... ~Halsuueia oe 3 ge te ee 3: Laer® Ess 1% 427. ~«...._~Colforda AD O32) Zea css nan, Sal eee 427b. ... Heuuis ... Bp 3 ced aS. eae 2 var ples Wigs I 427b ... Fescheforda ... 2 Pion, Las tee TR ie F se I 427b.... Fescheforda ... 2 Pia: “athe CES Te ee I oe } Imela ... ae 2 peel ewe ce 2 ers oe 28) +. - Clivaa..: se SOL ees 4G. ase Sees 2 +Hilla ... sepa xO) <1 PB 2. ves, Coe $ + Perlestona eae 2 rs, Wp fx T isso plgweers 4 428b ... Waiecoma isey pal SOMO) Neca MUS Gas Th! ass, Jee 428 =... + Westou ook Sp LesOMNOm. 5 see en es 2 | cic 4 Geen 4 428b_ ... Ascuuei tes Zee = eck ES 6 it ee ae 2 429.~=ti...._:~=s&#@BBroffort.... pth ib ioe ene al te are 2. SE Pees I 429 ~«..._:~Brofort... ate OMA cisennet S okes 4 = ies 429. ~=C««.j» ~+~Potesdona re TAO acs. FD 2 — we 442 ~~... Schiligata Tal MeL IEOS eenk iy vac Qa ee I 442 ... Mildetuna oes SS cameo 3 ae I 442... Radingetuna ... 200 .. B «. 8 BX) Ras 4 442b.... Hiuuys... a 240) i BR. “12. ee eee 6 463b ... Cantocheheua... 7 00 .. B 20 2 rE vi 464 ... Heuuis... ee AL ZENO Oe B G23" “2a 3 464 ... Wiahalla rea I aoe ess 2 —- eee = 478b ... Lulestoc ee ren any) ._ a) nie \ Inuuidepolla... oO 20 .. A .. “ae he eee _ 491... Stauue ... ns Of aca EB cas UD iri TV 4 (== 491°... Hauekeuuella ... HRC pepe LE ard 3 ri P2h ears I 90:3: 14 If we take the 5 acres of 424 as } ferd, the addition very nearly corresponds with the geld list. The Geld Roll (Eyton, p. 198) has an unpaid item x virg. which Rannulf holds of Strengestona.. Surely this is le dich (373b). It has also 1 hide of Imela and Oda and Waiestou making up the: 1 hide (8gb) of 2 manors and Waistou. Imela is written in the Exon Book I. mela, i.e. one mill. The demesne and villa of Netelcomba only amount to 2 hides, the corrections in the Exch. mean that the 2 hides weve there, but no virgates ; the 3 virg. are accounted for in 139—Essatuna— 3 wirg. of Wetecoba belonged to Essatuna, which must not be reckoned twice over. ; Waistou—the stow on the wai. i.e. the residence on the great road—Eyton (p. 35) identifies with Watchett, which is found at 361b, however both Williton and Watchet were held by Ralph le fitz Uris (Vol. III., p. 75), but perhaps Yeow Farm, Stogumber. Dodington (Vol. V., p. 31) got its name from the family of Dodington, very likely its old name was Niuetune (361)—for which Mr. Bates. suggests Newton, Bicknoller, containing nothing like 840 acres. Eluurda (351) contained 4 virg.— 71 1 in demesne, 2 in villa; and x virg. the King held in the manor of Willetuna; viz., Ledforda (f. sogb), which therefore was not geldable. For Comba (362) we suggest Combe Sydenham, Stogumber. ? ‘ John de Mohun—Combe, Hartreve and Codford are in succession 5 Hartrow and n to Cleeve Abbey (spelt Stortmanford) with Slaworth by Mohun hun after the death of his wife, Avis, confirms the gift (see Vol. XV., f the Wash towards the stort or promontory. Prestetona (374) is doubtful, but see Vol. III., p. 167, and Eyton, p. 28. in i Can (Bosworth’s Saxon Dictionary) is a f take (see wid toc). So Can Toca, now Quantoc, represents the i f forest land, called in Dartmoor in-take ; and elsewhere in Devon Limet or Nimet. The assart of the Pipe rolls. The root of Stoke or Es-toca will then be Toca, and its meaning an enclosure of forest land by metes or bounds. Very likely Prestetona (103) (272), should be included in this hundred. Fescheforda is clearly Vexford (pace Mr. Bates (p. 70, Vol. XLV.), who has carelessly said that I identify Freshford with Vexford). There is no x here to produce Freshford ; F becomes V by a very usual country process, and cs is +. The sequence test must “be insisted on,” it is almost beyond question here. © In uuidepolla” (479) was 2 member of Winsford, but the law courts adjudged it to be thegnland, ice. to be held of the King in capite, and not of the manor of Winsford. Sanforda and Alra (286b) Eyton puts in hundred of Tantona. So Cibeuurda, Comba, Hulofort, Sordemanneford; Holecumba, Pudesham, Imela, Hauekuuella, Eyton places elsewhere. Estaweia (344) indicates the vicinity of a Roman road. Perlestona (428) is named from Perlo its owner T.R.E. So Wluuardestona (424) from Ulf, or perhaps the town of the guard of the wol—suggested, Walford’s gibbet, Dodington. Wacet (36tb) is most likely the head or mouth of the Wash. Prestetona (374) the priest’s town. Ascuuei (428b) = the road by the asc or Ashwood. Eyton II., 39. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. Beis.) f Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 9 Regis Brunetona Hundred 103 ... Brunetona Se LO BBs “GON the Aen eee — Prestetona eae OL nae xa Bhgwe dsachagrt Ut ieee I 11 Duluertona Hundred Vol. III. Somerset Records, 76. fozb ... Duluertona .. 2 2 O = RG et ee eo ae 2 ee 3h ... +13 thegn lands Ase ae ics BS i SO sa ae 45 478b_ ... + to Duluertona ... le) Eyton I., 211; Il., 39. 14 Cliua Hundred Vol. III. Somerset Records, 75. yo3b ... Cliua ... UMAR GE Ge cosy GAL rican agente ao) freee 18 28 Mertocha. not in Geld Roll. Eyton I., 212; II., 39. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 17, 67, 129. Ploughs. Hidage. _ Folio. Name. h v. f. Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 113... Maertoch 38 ss EE MGS PADI ced) pte cakes Oe ' +thegnland ... 2 King’s Brompton Dulverton, Cleeve, and Mertocha Hundreds were altogether in the King’s hand, and so not assessed in the Geld Roll. Prestetona (103b)—undertenant Hugh de Valletorta, (272) Rob. fitz Ivo; this requires explanation. The priest’s towns are a difficulty ; Eyton (p. 39) identifies ‘this with Preston Torrel’s Milverton. 1 suppose the Preston Uttiel of Vol III., p. 75, but in this same page is the Prior of Geldive’s Preston, a free manor which the Taxation of Pope Nicholas _ seems to fix on as Preston Bowyer. The priest of Brunetona holds of the 10 hides 1 hide de rege— is it the Prestetona just below which was demesne ? 72 16 Winesforda. Geld List 25. Winesfort. he 2 7 Eyton I., 199; II., 35. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 76, 180. (Carampton free). Hidage. ; Ploughs. Folio. Name. hee E Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Moab: jaz Winesforda, .« | 3 2) . ERD 2 279 ~=««.«jw~«3In Etesberia_ ... 3 A are $ — 27 On aes) ebrenta Pret; / A 5 ee 4 279 ~=Cé««..»._~=« Ponditona pe i ey ; 3 ae! 2 28h. occa aes Tae cae, CAs ees 5 en : 2 286b ... Hengesterich ... 4 Asche lS ea ers B we ee : Ia 355b_ ... Ateberia on B a I mete! Nee 364b ... Ciretona aes «. 5B é 3 . «A 3 boves. 384b_ ... Ciretuna aoe cee sa GSB see Pee ee ie 386 ... Horstenetona ... II <<) OB 10 2h sxc 7k 386 ... Cherintona ... 6 B : 6 Tee : 3 ASGD: 5. ss. one = 10 B oe LO PPE eh nince 5 466b ... Sanforda era (2) B 5 6 iB 3 — Giuelcestre 197 Church Glebe “3 cm ae 3 522 ial Ch} The 50 plough lands of Mileborna prove that Holwell was included. Weregraua (152) is taken as Wydergrave in Hardington (Eyton II., 26); the entry precedes Howell in Hareturna, Vol. III., p. 2. John le Sor held Herdington for 1 fee, together with the tenement of Werdergrave, Simon de Tornay held x fee in Hardington, hundred of Chinesmordone ; and John Peytevyn held of Simon de Tornay 4 fee Wedegraua, hundred of Hareturna (Tax Roll of 1303)—Hundred Rolls, Ed. I., p. 133 Hundred Horethurne—the tithings of Wedergrove and Saundford withdrawn by Earl of Gloucester” after the battle of Lewys. Surely all this points to Watergrove South of Shepton Beauchamp as an outlying part of the Hnndred of Hareturna. John de Bures, Vol. III., p. 60, holder of Estanwella, and John de Bures of Norton Ferris (p. 67) should be John de Ferrers. : Come (467) is not duplicated in the Exchequer. “in Etesberia” 279, or Over Adber was called Hummer from its holder Hamo. | Hengesterich is the ridge of the hengen, i.e., the enclosure or park, it was of the fee of Doneyt — (Tax Roll 1303). See 20 Ric. II., p. 203—Wm. de Monteacuto appears to have held Goathill, — Henstrigge, Charlton Canvyll and Donyat in demesne. Only this Charlton Canvyllis there. Rob. — Earl of March 22 Ric. II., p. 232, held 5 Charltons. a Sanforda (466b)—All Hunfrid’s manors were added to the honor of Bristrie, i.e., Gloucester, but 7 they did not belong to it, they were free to leave. Coma (467) did not pay on demesne in the geld — list (5 h. for Coma, 3 v.rg. for Turnietta), if the Chaplain held as «#der-tenant he was not exempt, he © was so since 1084. 4. 75 1 Nort petret. Geld List 28. Bort petret. ve ff. 38 3 Ob ” Eyton I, 1845 II, 31- Vol. 1II. Somerset Records, 10, 74, 244. Hidage. Ploughs. Name. hv. £ Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Peret .= ... nescitur w B 30. aa 3. ee 23 Haumet I Ao MBS: Aedmneic og Tes Nese I Churchof St. Mary of Peretuna 3 0 A I et est ibi — Neuuentona ... I I O «. A 4 I nH Estragella at 2 bat ae & ‘ele 4 Estragella 2 cern eas I CAPES 1% Wallepilla 3 A I Danie. 4 Doneham (part of Hateuuera) . B margin — — Cruca ... ft I A I I _— } buR ... “ae 2 A 3 I 2 Brugia ... pot yO. | O B 10 z! 8 Wadmenduna... 2 B 6 2 4 Bagatrepa 2 B Sites. I 5 ... Bredeneia ee ee B zk. I } .. Hursi ... ay P83 ot ihe 2 5 ... Paulet ... °ob MLOs Soe? 1B I I _— Tetesberga ... 2 A 4 I 3% Ulmerestona ... 2 0 B 3 I I .. Bur. eee 20 . B 5 eC fe oh te Tigao Pees I gr al PP fo Hignteuorda .. £0 Q . 8B . 2 FM — Niuuetona BiG. se) BE aes I ag — ... Hateuuara .. I B 2 14 I 4 Peri . ave — ore B 2 I I Ulueronetona ... I O I B 2 I I +Peri ..... I oo B 2 I I ... Claihella I oo B 3 I 2 ... Siredestona 2 B I I I Rima ... 2 B 2 boves _— — Cildetona 2 0 A 2 I 2 ... Cildetona 2.0 A 2 4 2 m.. Pilloc ... : 4 A 4 I — ... Derstona ie Dee A 4 I 3 ... Santfort T0733 A 3 I I me Peri... ae 250 A I I — in Neuuentona... Io A 4 — — in Sideham in 0 LASSIE I — —_ Grenedona : 20 B all 1 demesne Peghenes Re aS ge Ke A 2 The A fvede eee Presbiter there ... I ... Neuuventuna Zz .0 A I I — 76 Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. ky ee Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Miya sea Wer =) .2 eee 2 24 Ay te 1 Tes asia 4 477. _—-«....-~S B 2 I —_— 490b ... Dunintona ... 3 whe 3 I 2 66:2:0 Barintona (435) was a member of the royal manor of S. Petherton, Roger, probably, held it in 1084, and so it was geldable ; the survey is incomplete. Seuenametona most likely got its name from Seuuard the tenant T.R.E., who had charge of the see—the town of the inner mete of the see’ Estrat, via strata, the fosse road. be Sve Geld List 32. Abedicche. 137 38. Bolestana. Isso) 2 Eyton I., 94; If., 11; I., 97; IL, 11. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 1, 71, 187, 30, 71, 173. 15 Cumbe 20h. now removed from this Hundred of Abedicche and placed in Bishop Giso’s, so Abedicche should be 117 hides, and these hundreds 135h. ov. 2f. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. hv. f Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 3 Chori (Rivell) Hund Bolestana 89 .... Churi eo eMeSCLLUT: ase, (Big ns-pelS i 3a eee O I virgt. taken from it (and added to Seuella f. 263) (518) included in the 3 hides. 188b ... Draitunna wae 20) 10.0 ..< B 2... Uh err 9 197b_... In Church of : Chori A — | 266... Isla 6 B 5 6 ie zy 268 ... Seuuella 3 B 4 I ; 2 79 Hidage. Ploughs. Name. hoo we if, Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. .. Bretda pat wed B I oe .»» Hachia ern B 6 2 3 ... Bradeuuei I Bu Ge I — 4 ... Bredene sccm pe B 2 eee — .. Bretda PAG) eC wales I I — Cruchet aie A Be oak 4 Ila ce B ma Deeecen ¢Le) eure I ... Pokintuna rt eee BY lisse 4%... te ees + Pokintuna AZ, Boiss zh. 4 =. 2 boves B ... La More ... (part of the 20h. of Drayton) 1 wey, Lad ase Gs ... Fihida pe ge cou Pa eats ce: oh nese pe — ... Erneshelt tae z ge ER Teen ce _— ... Eppsa fs 2 B I SS ae ... Enrnesel ee) ah B I a _— Brada cee eat A 2h ewer b —_— .. Bochelanda ... -1I Bis yes Al. _ 22 Chori (Mallet) Hund Abedicche ... West Dowlish... 3 Be oun ear A He 3 ... Tlemonstre ... 20 B 20 3 20 vom la 5 B a ghd 2 2 lla arity Beemer Ee tase ho... — = Cathangre tnaeted i Bes B : Fp akan 9 1 = Atiltona : 8 B Ta" 2. 7 4 Aissella 5 Bilas 5 z, 2 ... Doniet 5 B 5 ctu ieaee 2 ... Estapla 10 B 9 Ae 6 ... Bichehalda 5 B 5 2 3 ... Bera 5 By 4 ya 3 a Cur Bg Brie tee 4 I 34 +Curi EArt ee B 4 I 34 ... Wyslagentona... 10 B 10 Ei aries 7 Capilanda a ea B ae 2 Teens _ cis - — 139: 2 we deduct from this 3h. 3v. paid in another hundred and r4 fer. which the fegadri could not nt for, there is left 135 : 2: oe . und. Rolls, p. 139.) Cury Rivel and burg of Langport were of the King’s demesne pertaining nerton, for Bek J. gave it to Urtico. Chori Nos. 3, 32 in the index ; Chori Rivell was the put of the first part, Ilminster of the other, perhaps lately granted by the King. _ The Church of Chori is not in geld roll demesne. Hachia (271) is locally in Chori Mallet hundred, but it paid rent to Chori Rivell. yy EE potite Pokintona (429b) is the mark of a cross in the Exchequer, and a like one opposite the Church of Muceleneia, showing that St. Peter here is St. Peter of Muceleneia. _ Brada (49tb) is Gose Bradon, for (tax roll, 1303) it was of the fee of Meriet, Hardinc was the Ider of Brada, Capilanda, Meriet, Bochelanda The Exchequer puts Curi (429) as the caput of Courcelle’s barony ; perhaps the added Curi was East Curi in Stoke St. Gregory, hundred of orthcuri, but the present parish of Curry Mallett is large enough for both. The 2 virg. added to pilanda were waste of Curi Rivell (89) not surveyed there, seemingly because the waste was either taxed nor included in the terra of a manor. aS says—the Abbot of Micelineia paid geld belonging to hundr. of Abediccha 3h. 3v. in her hnnd. _ Stocklinch Ottersey and Magdalen (Vol. III., 2, 71, 189) are not in Domesday, (Eyton, Pp: 75). 14 Ed. 1, 90, hon. of Dunster : 10 Ed. 3, 42, John de Bellocampo. 80 52 Briuuetona. Geld List 33. Briuuetona 53 Wincainietona. ; 232h, hv; addition shows 232 3 Hyton I., 111; II., 15, Bryweton. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 32, 58, 101. Cattesashe. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 44, 56, 206. Norton. Vol. III. Somerset Records,.23, 67, 97. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. bin Woo us Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Oe s.s, briuietona —.-. —neseitur B 50 3 18 I5tb ... Opetona ues ty (ol) 2, A 3 I 3 160 ~~... Wandestreu 4 B 4 2 3 275b_ ... Gerlincgetuna... 7 B 7 I 2 275b_ ... Ufetuna ess 2 3) elas B 2k I I 270. IReliz Mi B 6 I I 364b ... Briuueham 12 A 15 4 13, cree aio aes 3 0 A 3 — _— (434b) —- 2 hides ... A 3 I 2 382b ... Pidecoma 5 B 5 2 3 382b_ ... + Estropa... reer ne Bb I I — 434b ... Bruuetona |... » i 10 B 2 I — 450 ... Mideltuna ot BO B 6 2 3 465b ... Chenolla 1 290 B 3 2 I 493 ~~... Digenescoua ... I B 2) ae 2 4 493 +... Shepbuuurda ... iz B ae AGG ares) Un Estropauwaes. I B 4 4 boves a= Cattesashe Hundred 10o6b ... Camel ... Secu, OMeO A 15 2 AX II 4 Exch a7ae 3... Esturt 2 B 3 - eee I 27 Oy Maes SLUM eer 5 B 5 2 2 276b.... Chintuna 5 B 5 3 14 277 ~-«...~ ~+=XBerrouuena 5 B 5 I 4 277b ... Aldedeford 5 B 5 I 2 277b_—.... ~Babakari 2/210 B 3 2 I 278 ~«... +Fodintona To 1) 32 B 2 I I 278 ~~... +Westona Si i eae B I I _— 283 +... Kinuardestuna... 5 B 8 2 5 Sh2D ees, a@arly fs: 15 B 20 6 17 B52b 4... sparkeforda %...') 5/9 1 0 B 5 23 4 352b ... Almondesford... 5 B 6 2 5 Soot) oc (pemia, « scsi B 5 2 3 383 ~«.... ~Cadebiria 12 B 12 Tas) 8 + Westona Phin GRA 393 B — a neler I * 383. +... Westona ae 2 B 4 ...ibiest 1 _ 7 28ab) =.. cut Cadebina... ©) 3 0 B 3 _= — +E Hef : 21 0 B — _ —_ + Ulftona... I B I — — + Clopptona 2 B Su st. 2 383b =... Cumtona 6 B 6... 4 boves... 5 Aw 81 Hidage. Ploughs, Folio. Name. hy viz, Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 384 ~~... Malperettona ... 5 Sof a aE Ss (Ce cele RE) ahs 3 434 =... Bertona... EC Gres BY si Dear 2 Ly aks I 434b ... Chintona (lay in Bertona T.R.E.) 453 ~~... Louintona 36) Biot cs Oop dec 2a oes 64 453 ~«...:«&<7\Watehella Bey Ps! oh nk Oh ee AT es 466 ... Fodindona 2 #1. “OMncae BD 3 A oy oe I 466... Babecari Pea ee) bo RBCS 3 Shine a 3 moobr) .. Fodindona : 1... 1 1 2 B es 2 Man ee 480 ... Bertuna Pam en Bete. GR ise = 493 ~~... + Lideford eo ee Bas [34 aonwieieiee wate 4 53 Wincatnetona g63 ... Blacheforda ... 4 ees Pe Gay, mi Senlisens 4 276 ~=««... ~Sheptuna Oe KS oo eres 5 aie is 3 : +Stocca ... be eet 3 ceca ; Aas MOTO a5 2 Bytes toca”. ... Seah Ol ioe Os Toc, Mardin, are 2 277. ~S«.«..~=Ss Cocintona fc) 7 Bea Gr ee t 2 75... Cloppetona ... 3 Rites Ber be ol Listes «Soe 352 ~«...~=3‘Broctuna we A Beara 5; ie Sie: fae 4 352 ~~... Wincalletona ) 3 Sela NAMES 7 I ec 7 +2 virgt. j Zesitee (Ae Biace 5 Pe i cagieee 3 383b ... Blachafort aus oa: tes Ber ah sa ees 436b ... Cerletona eat 5 Sea meks 12 cht 32) ! 8 aa5 ..: Penna ... oer (ee: A B Fs. 3 et Teese 14 447 ~O««.. ~=Gernefella a Pair cae 3 eee I wee 6... Chilmatona _... I B i [yore n 4 466 ~~... Haltona foes Bee st 2 or ge ° $ 2B INO! 2 _ The ancient demesne of Bruuetona had 50 plough lands, 6000 acres, certainly not all arable; but it must have included South Brewham and Stourton, thus with adjuncts and North Bruueham Domesday accounts for 9540 acres: the modern acreage being 9584. _ Wandestreu East (Vol. III., 59) isin this hundred ; Wandestreu West (Vol. III., 55) hundred of Frome. The Geld Roll has the arrears of Isaac who was presumably Dean of Wells (Eyton II., 113); and this suggests that Wandestreu was part of the 14 hides held by the Canons of St. Andrew (157). Mideltuna (450) held by Alienora Lovel in the 1303 roll. ‘Hund. roll p. 133—Bruton—Reymund de Clivedon’s land of Milton. Eyton (p. 114) has gone wrong over this. _ Reliz has g acres f. 91, 20 acres f. 520—the former is probably right. Shepbuuurda (493) (Sheep wurd = value) would seem to represent a sheep farm, having only 10 p at Domesday, and will well stand for Sheephouse Farm, Bruton. ___ Briuuetona and Briuueham take their names from the river Brue. Wandestreu marks the vicinity the Roman road, Wan as a prefix means deficiency. Camel (106b) contained 15 hides at Domesday. The deficiency should be found in the lower columns of the geld roll as representing legal objections. If we take in the geld roll Wm. de Durvill’s _ x44., and the 54. which. Malger pays elsewhere, the 15 hides are completed. Camel (Hund. Rolls _p. 129) belonged to the manor of Somerton, till King Henry gave it to Hubert de Burg. ____ On this same principle the 4 hides deficient in Chilmatona (453) are those which Ralph held in the ame list, the Abbess of St. Edward claiming exemption as demesne. Again Wincalletona (352) has now 4 hides, it gelded T.R.E. for 3 hides, but the geld roll arrears ave 1 hide to be accounted for by Rannewal. _ But, further, do these deficiencies sometimes re-appear in Domesday under some other name? _. Goscelin de Riuaria held of Rob. fitz Gerold (91) part of Briuuetona; he also held of the same letona (436b), making its identification as Charlton Musgrove very probable. 83b. Clopptona—Ralph trencart is a copyist’s error for Ralph tenet (see Exchequer). _ Sutcadeberia (383b), 7 have above noticed, tells us that Reginald himself is now copying. _ Witeham (434b) was held T.R.E. of the manor of Briuueham and could not be separated from it use the manor paid its tax, now it is held as a separate manor and pays its own tax, so it seems follow that the two hides were part of the 12 hides. Folio. 161b 162b 162b 163 Folio. 163b 164 164 165b Folio. PaphOSurk« Folio. 169 Folio. 271b 272b 38 Locheslega. 82 Lochesleia, 47h. Geld List 34. Eyton I., 174; II., 29. (Part of Wytele) Vol. III. Somerset Records, 27, 53, 115. Hidage. Ploughs. Name. bs pep ote Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Sapzesuuica 30 A 60 16 264 Souui 12 A 20) Parsee - 14 Cosintona 3 A GS, seat ber eae 5 Estauuella Dust A 2X oe ctdo 1 | pL ORees I 47 +2 40 Ringandesuuel. Geld List 35. Ringoltdeswea. 59h. Eyton I., 182; II., 29. Hidage. Ploughs. Name. hy weet Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Waltona 30 A F Come ee 7 26 Dondeina 5 A 4. ioscan gt Zee atens 3 Lega ie A A iO) schol i eee 5 Boduccheleia ... 20 A 20 TOW | sss 9 59 41 Monechetona. Geld List 36. Hama. : : 17h. Eyton I., 141; II., 21. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 55. Alidage. Ploughs. Name. ie) Avast Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Hama 17 A 20M nace eS 10 41 Monechetona. Geld List 37. Monachetona. 15h. Eyton I., 163; IT., 25. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 55, 260. Hidage. oughs. Name. he, ere 28 Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Monechetona ... 15 re ele) 20 Foss By, 93 54 Blachethorna. Geld List 39. Manerium Torna. 7h. Eyton I., 172; II., 27. (North Curry) Vol. III. Somerset Records, 51, 64. Hidage. Ploughs. Name. Hew Yeerks Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. Torna 6 ae a ZA a 60 aaa iD, In Aissa I Sete 3 Ae Beye I ies I 7 83 17 Nortchori. Geld List 4o. Manerium Torleberga. (part of) Eyton I., 172; II., 27. “ (North Curry) Vol. III. Somerset Records, 51, 64, 105. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. Rina ot este Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. a7Tp) ...| Loxvlaberia ....° 3 eh A eas Oe ais sataent epics 7 Eyton puts Cosintona in the Hundred of Bimastan. Eyton (I., 6) says the Exon Book treats Aissecota (163) a.member of Walton as a distinct manor. But not so, the words used are zzde hadet, showing that it belonged to Walton. Lodreford (165b) 2h. cf the manor of Boduccheleia, Bowen’s map puts S.E. of Ashcott. Humfrid held it de vege, itis not among Humfrid’s holdings in capite (466b, &c.), but here it isa marginal entry, and forms part of the 20 hides of Boduccheleia. Hama is not in the index, but Vol. IIT., p. 55, takes Moncketon and Hamme together. Morchetona (169) is most likely a mistake for Monachetona. Torna and Torleberga were assessed as detached from the King’s hund. of N. Curry. Geld List 41. Froma, 298h. Eyton I., 149; IL, 25. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 12, 61, 84. Weluue. 2, 69, 158. Chinemersdona. 8, 55, 124. Froma. 49 Froma Hundred, Hidage. Ploughs. Name. Dene Vacy ts Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. .. Froma +» hescitur B 50 3, Vass | BAG Loligtona 7h B 5 Zaees 4 ... Hordcerleia 5 B 4 3 2 .. Roda 9 A 9 64 4k ... Caiuel Be any a eh A I Be, oa: oo ... Wateleia see ew aN 5 2h es 3 Crenemella 12 A TOR lens ee 3 Church of Frome B 8 2 6 ... AbbotofSt. Mary 5 B re 3 wigs 2 ... Claforda aeRO B 9 ae eee a, Nonin 5 A 3 I I .. Witham I B 2, SER ee a I + Wlftuna i B I ees — ... Wandestreu 5 se B ae Pe Du llie = I ... Kaiuert asp) NOMS B Ae Hans 4 — Estalreuuicca ... I 2 B rf er CaN _— Hecferdintona... 1 Bie 4 — 3 ... Lauretona $f) 3.) ue eet Io Be oo 4 ... Bechintona 10 B ours) aN Ar 6 Bercheleia ... 32 2 B eS, Does I ... Mersitona Zea B 5 I 5 mae Lelma Be aides Abe 54, 4 I 3 .. Reddena rio core lal eas 3 3 — ... In Roda I Bart kak cs & —_ — 84 Hidage. Ploughs. i Tos age Folio. Name. Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 50 Chinesmordona Hundred. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 2, 69, 158. 145b ... Stratona 3 ay 18s) Seow 3 2 einas 13 + Picota ae Ay MD oo eb I — i. 4 146b_ ... Estoca FOS A ot wets Cy 3 3 4 147... Hardingtona 4 5 5 4 Dae 3 147. .... Babbingtona ... 5 aco 8! x 4 Zee 3 147b 168 J... Millescota 5 2 Bsc. 5 : Bes 5 187... Escuuica re Oc ees : 3 — 168 ... Mulla =. 20) 0 eS scout 220 2 3 3 EOS!) eee un Church. of Chinemersdona Z ee) ASS ee ee a15 ... Wamintona ... 21 Ga sek a 20m 4 a ae 375... Lochintona ... 5 B 5 2 82 I 480 ... Picota ie ee Seay uess 4 22 2 480 ... Waltuna hi 3g sp 4 1? ss 1% 492b ... Bochelanda ... 12 Boch alt 7 vot) ee 4 493. ~~... +Writelinctuna... 6 0 ib By) weet | DG 3 51 Wellewua Hundred. 145b ... Fuscota ne B 4 2 a 2 146 ... Ingeliscama ... I0 es ols 10 xy PSs 6 146 ... Tuuertona a UP Oe 4 B 10 3 36 6 146 ... Tuuertona 252 a a ass 2h 2 Se 148 ... Tablesforda 2 AS Be 2 2 ik + ees 55 A 4 ipigel 3 2 149... Liteltona ww. «= 2 A 2 2 w. = 149 .-. Neuvetonag) 5... 3 A 4 2 2 + Sef A 8 =. one 6 170), .J.. - Camelertona” <2) 10 A 10 3] 3 186b ... Corstuna =O. Ba aces 9 Dh ees 3 186b ... Euestia Sa serene SS I Tt tee _ 276b «... Credelincota, i323 see ss 3 2 _ oo 276b ... Eccheuuica ... I Estates e} ; I _ = in Si 284b ..:. Duncretuna, ~-.. 93 a 8 ral Se 4 + ao I cook 18! — 5 =< 434 ... Ferlega ae 2 fore I _ I Abas) s-. Witochesmeda;..a) iga0 Pt eile: : 2 2 Frees 437. +~«-- Hantona set eaO me ee 10 ag : 6 437) .«. Norttna reve eH) Ar 18) TO dence (cere & 447 ~«... ~+$\Vdeberga fee OL Foes = 2 Sen _— 492b ... Cuma rece Fe no oD : Bel ese a 4 295 The Abbot of Glastonbury’s demesne in the geld list (Eyton, p. 149) 20h. 2v., we take to be Mulla toh, Camerton 7h., Bishop of Contance’s part of Mulla 2h. 2v., and Godeva’s part th. Froma (gob) 50 plough lands = 6,000 acres. ee = (including 8 of the Church) 5,100 eee small acres 6240 _ (sq. league = 1,440; add 30 and 50 = 1,52c = 1,140 186b. Escuuica containing only 60 acres, can hardly represent the parish of Ashwick, containing spe ace beg was a hamlet of Chinesmordona. The bounds (Vol. VII., p. 66) suggest the N.E. part by the Mull. Again Euestia 186b must be on the banks of the Camel, and by Dipford, by the spring at the ford by the Ramleagh way, by the hcerpath (Vol. VII., p. 26). probably Middle Twynhoe, N. of Wellow. 85 Froma (gob) in the tax roll of 1303 included Flintford and Feltham. Caiuel (149) and Kaiuert (384) seem to have the same root. Cai changed into Key : uel has probably the same meaning as wella -closely connected with villa. Vert means in Dartmoor underwood. So (446) Celle-uuert. This must be distinguished from uuer a weir, in such cases as Dul-uer-tona, Mil-uer-tona, Tu-uer-tona, ‘Ul-uer-tona. Abbot of St. Mary (198), identified by Eyton as part of Nunney. He puts Estropa (493) hundred _of Briuuetona in this hundred, but see Vol. Ill., p. 59. (Hund. Rolls, p. 139.) Manor of Witeham, hund. of Bruton, this refers to 434b.. Witeham = the water ham. a ha Middeltona 16rb. Eyton puts inthis hund., but order and locality are both against it. The Clerks had not at this stage begun to enter the Domesday roll of Frome ; and the geld roll evidence sis inconclusive. Loduntona (375) is Lochintona in the original. Estoca (x46b) became Rad-stock, the Stoke on the Fosse Road. The Church of Chinemersdona (198) adds to hidation of the hundred, see geld roll arrears, no doubt aclaim for exemption. | Millescota (147b, 168) was held de rege by the Bishop of Coutances. Eyton is wrong in his note (p. 157) on this manor. Domesday at f. 168 records 70 value, terr. ocupp. (520) puts the value at 25s. There may have been two parts equally hidated, but of different values. Observe the name Millescota is not mentioned at 168; or there may have been a reduplication both in the Geld Roll _and Domesday, and so a false hidage added to Froma hundred ; the surcharge of 5h. 3v. in the Geld Eyton’s reason for placing in the hundred of Bath (434) Witochesmede = the water boundary -meadow seems strange. a! ; Eccheuuica (276b) not in the maps in Wellow. Is it Wick Lane, Camerton; or Week English- -combe ? 33 Sumbretona. (lost) Eyton I., 208; II., 37. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 20, 58, 67, 201. Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. hele yvar ob Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. ... Sumertona ..._ nescitur Bn atta, SOs eo) Cao +burg : Lanporda apa +3thegnlands... 5 2 ee AB ie eas 4 aa) Lae rees 3 ... Petenia aver Oi 2 Bt aks oeaieee 4 — a ... Petenia Peron 2: Re BS: Ghlecs ad core” BAL ... Middeltona ... 6 a a By f 6 at ee 4 ... Lideforda ae 4: ASB 5 5 Behey es | ces 14 ... Camella 43° TO ih Rp And #5 ag tL Op a dreca ety ‘ 7k ... Sutuna ... 10 re EN e 16 Pr ba 6 .. Ceorlatona .. 5 Cpe ws Geli Ss an 14 ; 2 boves ... Liteltona eae ey AAS ess 2 ._ } <<) Oar: + RL 52 Be Sere Z Sy eek. ths 5 ... Geueltona Lees me del | ore 8 Shamess 5 +5 thegns arte G2 Aa Bie Wess 2 _ a co Gs ee wee MQ! Jeon yey mess rip Petit he e—— ... Cerletona on ghs Jou ee Grg acest Ty lives 3 Pee AWra: | ox iis Pe ASP Lees 4 Bak es lr 2 ... In Warna an PEED. 1 see Bre iss Bee set Py eae eae ari,” ... an Momer 2. AL ef Wel scch OL eee oe BeeGatl ) ae ity BA an AL ices Bh san Bie ves I 64:0:2 (116) Putten’ and Werne, hund. Sumerton—hundred rolls p. 139. Denesmodesuuella as taken ‘1 Sumertona and hidated ought to be found in Alured’s fief, it is written denemodes Wella in terr. . (stsb): I suggest Welham Farm—possibly denemodes may be a mistake for demesne. Alra (464b) held of the honor of Hoddyngsele, i.e. of Limeseio or Braynes (Feudal Aids. Vol. EL; 414).—Cerletona (443b)—f. 516 Warmund held 44. of Roger Arundel, but became a freeholder, then er repudiated responsibility, and Warmund held directly of the King. ws letona (273b) cannot bein the hundred of Hareturna, index of order forbids ; for certainly the ibes at this stage had not commenced this hundred. ~ Suttona (435b) is South-town. 86 48 Suthbrent. not assessed. Eyton I., 212; II., 39. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 27, 54, 249. 4 Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. He Veneta Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 1og4b.... Langefortda ... 5 Ber IY eke ace meet 8 170b ... Brentamersa ... 20 eet By poco CGO iat ae oe Ly ene 7h | t.todena Worda.., !r2 x HIB idee, Bit cave Gee 4 Hund. of S. Brente is not in Kirkby quest; but in the tax roll of 1303. Hund. of Whitlegh— heirs of Rob. de Brente hold one fee in Cusington and Suthbrente. Probably, considering that Wn. ist had in hand the Glastonbury estates, S. Brent, Langford, and Edingworth were held entirely by him in 1084, and so not surveyed. not in the index. not assessed. Eyton I., 213°; Il., 41. Vol. III. Somerset Records, 34, , 204. (pp. 289, 320 contain modern additions, ) : Hidage. Ploughs. Folio. Name. hak wee ts Scribe. Plough Lands. Demesne. Villa. 171b_ ... Gleestingeberia 12 seo.” BB, , Naey 30) Seach te 5 which never gelded Mera 60 acres ie oa whichis there — Padenaberia 6 acres Ban oes ae Ske Ederesiga 2 h. of land aoe Fok P| ee = which never gelded These 12 hides did not include West Pennard, nor West Bradley. al Two Demolished Houses. By Tuos. S. Bus. The two houses here depicted have been cleared away within the. last year or two. Cornwell House stood between Walcot Street and the river, and was pulled down to clear the ground for the new Walcot Schools. There does not appear to be any history attached to the house, and it will be seen that, with the exception of the hood over the doorway, there is no particular architectural feature about it. The interest lies in the name. One would, of course, expect to find a well or spring close by. “Wood,” in his ‘Description of Bath,” Vol. II., says “the Conduits that supply the Public with Cold Water, are all situated eon-Major Adcock. [Surg Photo. by) ELL HOUSE CORNW = Lid a saaeael ee od Ce Lied = a )) ES} Teme uF f [Surgeon-Major Adcock. Photo. by\ NASSAU HOUSE. en mets RT ES A ROR 87 in open and exposed Places ; and Carnwell being the First, the Water issues out of a Spout in the back Wall of an Alcove, formerly placed on the west side of Waldcot Street, where a High Cross or Tower antiently surmounted the Mouth of the Spring, and stood a small matter within the North End of Saint Michael’s Parish. The Sides and Covering of this Alcove were lately taken down to widen the Road before it; and the Workmen, by penetrating into the adjoining Banks to continue on the additional Breadth of the Way, or Street, met with huge Blocks of Wrought - Stones as the strongest Testimonies of a Publick Structure once existing in the Situation.” Amongst the Bath Abbey Chartularies (published by the Somerset Record Society) Lincoln M.S., No. 171, is a Deed dated A.D. 1268, one of the witnesses to it being Robert de Cornwell. Whether this Robert took his name from the district or had any connection with Bath there is nothing to show. Another Deed, No. 384, ‘“‘Covenant made on the Feast of St. Martin, 1290, between Thomas, Prior, &c., and Thomas Noy, and Agnes his wife, by which the Prior grants to the said Thomas and Agnes, a house with a curtilage in Walcote juxta Cornwell, the site whereof pertains to the Kitchen of Bath. Witnesses : Stephen Baker then Mayor of Bath, John Tailor, then reeve, and others. Nassau House is said to have been built by Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork, and at one time occupied by the Prince of Orange, when he was here taking the Bath Waters. It formed one of a block of buildings that stood on the east side of Orange Grove, and was pulled down in 1go1 for the purpose of making a road in front of the Empire Hotel. *JOJSUIW “IBM, “IOMOY Ul S}I[OIA ayYM pue vTHuUajod ‘IOMOY UL SAqII ‘aquIooYysi[suy ‘aMoy UI sjafolA Sop ‘IOMOY. 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By the Honorary Secretary. Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,— F The Field Club commenced its proceedings this year by meeting at the Royal Literary and Scientific Institution on February 18th, and re-elected Mr. H. D. Skrine as its President. Mr. T. Frederic Inman and the Rev. C. W. Shickle were elected Vice-Presidents, and the other officials were re-elected to their several posts. The Treasurer, Surgeon-Major Mantell, produced his balance sheet of the Club’s accounts, which showed that the funds of the Club were very prosperous, the balance in favour of the Club now standing at £88 6s. 4d., besides £4 5s. 1d. interest accrued on the money deposited in the National Provincial Bank of England. The thanks of the Members were tendered to Dr. Mantell for his past services as Treasurer, with the expressed hopes that he may long have such a pleasant account to produce of the Club’s assets. The Field Club had the misfortune to lose its President this year by the decease, on September 25th, 1go1, of Mr. H. D. Skrine, of Claverton Manor. Many Members attended his funeral out of respect for his character and valuable services he had long rendered to the Club. He joined the Field Club as long ago as 1865, and died at the good old age of 86. He had been in failing health for many years, and for some months past had been unable to actively participate in the deliberations of the many bodies with which he was associated. One of the last, if not the last, meetings which he attended in Bath was the annual gathering of the subscribers to the Bath Eye Infirmary, of which he was always a generous supporter ; we recall that he spoke of the pleasure with which he attended, and told the committee that if ever they badly needed funds they knew where they might apply. Mr. Skrine’s most important public office was that of County Councillor for the Weston Division, but 92 it must have been nearly two years since he had been able to visit either Wells or Taunton. Mr. Skrine had been spending some weeks at Seaton, on the South Devon Coast, and being taken seriously ill there was hastily removed home. It was apparent that at last Mr. Skrine’s great resources of vitality were waning, and he became worse day by day, never leaving his bed after his return home. Mr. Skrine’s family history may be traced back many centuries. There is a tradition that when Philip of Spain came over to marry Mary in the middle of the 16th century, he was attended by one Don Eskrine. When Philip returned Don Eskrine did not, and was given a grant of land and the arms of Spain to wear. There is still in the possession of the family a portrait said to be of Don Eskrine, but there is not conclusive evidence of the story, and it is more probably true that Mr. Skrine belonged to an ancient family of County Durham. The manor of Warley was purchased in 1634 by one Henry Skrine, and the now deceased Mr. H. D. Skrine himself acquired the Claverton estate, which once belonged to the postal reformer, Ralph Allen. Healso had property near Maiden- head. Mr. Skrine completed his education at Oxford, and left the University a highly-cultured English gentleman, with an inherited devotion for Church and State and a deeply-rooted love of nature. He spent his long life amid his charming estate, dividing his time and wealth between the educational and charitable institutions he found so glad of his help in the city of Bath, and his library and the many fascinating pursuits available about his charming house for the lover of nature. It may be recalled that the late Mr. H. D. Skrine was a painter of no ordinary ability, and some of his canvases representing scenes at Claverton, were the wonder of the last loan collection at the Art Gallery, when regarded as the quite recent works ofan octogenarian. Mr Skrine married a Suffolk ladynamed Miles, and had no less than eleven children. The eldest son (born in 1844) is Colonel H. Mills Skrine, of Warley, Hon. Col. of the rst V.B. Somerset L.I., and then in order of birth come Mr. Duncan W. H. 93 Skrine ; the Rev. J. Huntley Skrine, Warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perth ; Mr. Edward Harcourt Skrine (for many years a Ceylon tea planter); Mr. Sholto Douglas Skrine and the Rev. Vivian Eccles Skrine vicar of Leadenham, co. Lincoln (twins) : Mr. Osmond Percie Skrine and Mr. Walter Claremont Skrine. There were three daughters—one married to Mr. G. A. R. Fitzgerald, barrister, and another to Mr. Douglas C. Richmond, barrister and Charity Commissioner ; the third is Miss Mary Catherine Skrine. Mrs. Skrine died in 1890. Mr. Skrine was for a very long period a county magistrate, and in his more active days, before the County Council deprived the Quarter Sessions of their control of county affairs, he did not confine himself merely to serving on the Bench at Weston (he was chairman for many years, retiring in 1879), but was prominent at the quarterly meetings of the justices at Wells and Taunton. When the County Councils were established in 1889 it was no surprise to find him willing to be the representative of the Weston division, and he was elected without a contest. At successive triennial elections he was never opposed, and it will not be easy to find anyone willing to take his place, for the office requires the expenditure of much time and no little expense. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of the county and had served the office of Sheriff. It is a difficult task to atterapt a recital of the many associations Mr. Skrine had with the social, charitable and educational life of the neighbourhood. Nearest his heart, perhaps, was the Selborne Society, of which he was the founder in 1886 and then the President, for a love of animal life and desire for their protection was one of his ruling passions. A presentation was made to him in November, 1897, by the Members of the Society. To the Bath Literary and Philosophical Society he read many papers, and of the Institution he was in his time the moving spirit. His ancestors were among the founders of the Blue Coat Schoo], and to this institution Mr. Skrine was extremely generous; he had been a Trustee since 1858. Of the Mineral Water Hospital he 94 had been a Governor since 1856, and as a Trustee of Partis College Mr. Skrine held the office of Chairman longer than any of his predecessors. He was President of the Bath Eye Infirmary, of the Bath Church Schools Managers and Teachers’ Association (for something like 40 years), and was connected with many other similar bodies, including the Bath Field Club. The deceased gentleman was one of the warmest supporters of Bath College, and at the financial crisis of three years ago was one of those who generously came forward with assistance. The British Association meetings in the locality naturally attracted Mr. Skrine’s interest, and when the excursion took place from the Bristol Meeting in 1898 he entertained the visitors at Bushey Norwood, in the vicinity of the British Camp there. He was a contributor to the handbook to the Bath Meeting of the Association, which was edited by the late Mr. J. W. Morris. Politically, too, many organisations will deplore his loss. He was for many years the Ruling Councillor of the Bath Habitation of the Primrose League, and many of its gatherings, as well as of other associations, have been held at Claverton Manor. The Monkton Combe Conser- vative Association deplores the loss of its President. An appeal for the assistance of Voluntary Schools was never addressed to him in vain, and in January, 1898, in conjunction with his eldest son, he presented new schools to the parish of Claverton as a free gift to the parish. He did so, he explained at the opening, to save the parishioners from the expense of a Board School and to secure, if possible, that the School should be a Church of England School in perpetuity. He felt he had only done what was his duty. The expense of the restoration of Bathford Church, commenced as far back as 1854, was principally borne by Mr. Skrine, and then 20 years later, the tower being out of keeping with the church in its restored form, Mr. Skrine very generously offered to erect a new one, bearing the entire cost of £1,600. The Field Club has also lost eight Members by resignation during the year, and received two new Members among its ranks. 95 Mr. M. H. Scott, the Hon. Secretary for Excursions, informs me ‘the Excursions for the year were not well attended. Those in the published Programme for April 23rd, 1901, to Chew Magna and ‘Stanton Drew, and for May a2tst, 1901, to Cadbury Camp and Queen Camel took place with only nine Members attending each. The third Excursion arranged for the year to Abingdon, Dorchester and Wittenham, on June 18th, failed through paucity of replies from Members desirous of taking part therein, only two expressing their desire to see these interesting places. The fourth Excursion _ to Montacute and Trent was altered by a vote of the Club toa trip to Symond’s Yat and Goodrich Castle, and duly took place on July 16th, r901, again only nine Members attending. Mr. M. H. Scott sends me his notes on the three Excursions which were successful, and I here give them. Chew Magna and Stanton Drew, April 23rd, r901.—The Bath Field Club were favoured with a splendid day for their first outing of the season. Nine members started at nine o’clock in a brake for Chelwood, which was reached about 11 o’clock. The church, which is small but interesting, was visited. The tower is Early English, the font Norman, and in the West window is some Rouen glass, which had evidently at one time been removed and had puzzled those who put it up again, for it presented a kaleidoscopic medley. On the South wall is a tablet to the memory of the Rey. Richard Warner, formerly rector of Chelwood, and author of the “ History of Bath,” publishedin 1800. He was subsequently rector -of Great Chalfield, where he died in 1857. The party next drove to Chewstoke, where they were received at the church by Mrs. Waldy, in the absence of the rector, the Rev. R. V. S. Penfold. The church has been very much “restored,” and is garish with painted texts round the arches and everywhere else where they could be put. There are angel corbels in stone in the nave, in wood in the south aisle. The arches of the nave arcade have no capitals, but pseudo-capitals have been made by surrounding them with a ring of angels with extended 96 wings where the spring of the arches would ordinarily be. The font partakes of the general scheme of colour. The old Rectory near the church is an interesting building with numerous coats-of- arms. Mrs. Waldy conducted the members past the new Rectory, and the party went on to Chew Magna, where there is a fine church, the tower being especially remarkable. In the church is an effigy of Sir John Hauteville. This Knight was engaged in the Barons’ wars in the time of Henry III., and accompanied Prince Edward to the Holy Land, on his return from which he settled in the parish of Norton Hawkfield, or Hautefield, where he built a castle. When the church there was pulled down his monu- ment, made of a single block of Irish oak, was removed to Chew Magna Church. The whole figure is in armour, with a loose red coat without sleeves, and bound round the waist with a leather girdle fastened by a gilt buckle. He has a helmet and gilt spurs. On the opposite side of the church are the effigies in stone of Sir John St. Loe and his wife. That of Sir John is 7ft. 4in. in length and 2ft. 4in. across the chest. He is represented with his legs crossed, but nothing seems to be known about him. One of his descendants, another Sir John St. Loe, was one of the four husbands of “Bess of Hardwicke,” with whom he resided at Sutton Court. The steps and shaft of a cross are in the church- yard. The font is Norman, and there are other interesting features in the church. Some of the Members visited Chew Court, a little beyond the church, where there is a fine old gate- house. The sundial on the lawn bears the date 1665 and the letters I A M. After lunch at the Pelican, the drive was continued to Stanton Drew, where the party was met by the Rev. H. D. Perfect, who guided them round the stone circles, pointing out the avenue which joined two of them, and read a paper describing and explaining the arrangement of the stones, their probable age and object in considerable detail. He also read a paper in the church. noting the various points of interest and drawing attention to the base of the font which he believed to be Saxon, the bow! 97 being Norman. From the churchyard the “cove” can be seen, three stones which may or may not have some direct connection with the circles. Passing the old “ Bishop’s house” and the _ quaint bridge over the Chew, the party proceeded to Pensford, where, after inspecting the church, which dates from the 14th century, the head of a churchyard cross was pointed out, inserted in the wall of a modern cottage. One panel is a rood, with the Saviour in the centre upon the cross, the Blessed Virgin Mary on one side and St. John the Divine on the other. The other panel is difficult to explain, even if it represents our first parents under the tree of the forbidden fruit. It was now getting late, so after tea at the Rising Sun, the party returned to Bath via Keynsham, the cyclists of the party, five in number, preceding them; and Pulteney Street was reached at 7.30 p.m., after a fine sunny day, of which full advantage was taken by the photographers of the party. Cadbury Camp, Queen Camel, &¢., May 21st, roor.—This Tuesday was an ideal day for an excursion, and though only nine turned up, one of these being a non-member, the Field Club can congratulate itself on a thoroughly successful day. Sparkford was reached at one o’clock, the journey, itself short, being tedious owing to the inconvenient arrangement of the trains. A well- -horsed brake, provided and driven by Mr. Abbott, of Queen Camel, met the party at the station, and a start was at once made for North Cadbury. The Rector was absent at a Ruridecanal Meeting, but Mrs. Boys, in her husband’s place, very kindly conducted the Members over the church, which is dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel. There are some altar tombs, and a lengthy epitaph on a small brass to Lady M. Hastings, who, it ; appears, was so “churchy” in her tastes that she always had three priests in her house. The bench ends are finely carved and of great variety of design ; a good deal of the carving bears the “linen pattern.” On the back of one of the seats is the date 1538 in Roman lettermg. The entrance to the rood screen is G 98 very perfect, and in the chancel arch are still the hooks from which the rood and the attendant figures of the B.V.M. and St. John were supported. The church formerly belonged toa college of priests, and there are two parvises, over the north and south porches. The former can be entered from the porch; the entrance to the latter is inside the church. In the north parvise lived for many years an old parish pensioner, Granny Nanny, whose supposed tomb was pointed out in the churchyard. It isa weather-worn ledger tomb, with the effigy of a female or a priest of very early date. In the vestry, which was formerly used by the priests as a school, are two black letter alphabets on the wall. There was a tradition, to which the height of the window sills lent colour, that the chancel was furnished with choir stalls, containing misereres, and it has recently been ascertained that these sereres have been found in Exeter. The effigies on the altar tombs are those of Lord and Lady Botreaux and Sir F. Hastings and his wife. Lady Botreaux rebuilt the church in 1427. Mrs. Boys very kindly procured for the party the entry to the Manor House, now in the occupation of Colonel Kelly, but the property of the Bennetts, once wealthy traders of Bristol. The mansion is Elizabethan, and was probably built by one of the Hastings family. The date, 1581, is over the door in the great hall. At Blackford, which was next visited, the church, dedicated to St. Michael, has a Norman arch in the south porch, thrust out of shape, with two dissimilar columns. There is a curious low Norman font, and in the chancel a stone to a former rector, Barnaby Dicke, dated 1620. Passing the prettily situated church of Compton Pauncefoot, an old Perpendicular church with a spire, which could not be visited for want of time, and noting a crescent of cottages, an unusual feature in a village, South Cadbury was reached. The tower of the church is peculiar, the stair turret ending in a small square tower with pinnacles. The church has been carefully restored, 99 the squint and the piscina of a chapel in the south aisle being preserved. Near the latter, on the splay of a leper squint in the wall, is the figure of St. Thomas 4 Becket, the patron saint, said to have been drawn in blood by one of his murderers. From this place two Members returned to Bath, the others climbing the hill to view Cadbury Castle, or Camp, which stands ona small detached hill about two miles from Sparkford. The area of the camp is over 18 acres. The majority of ancient British forts in Somerset were composed of three enclosures, the first for cattle, second fortified for dwellings, and lastly the strong- hold, answering to the keep of a Norman Castle. At Cadbury there are four consecutive ramparts and trenches, besides which there are detached outlooks on the N. and N.E. sides. The scarped terraces, still traceable, were no doubt for cultivation purposes only. Rough masonry work has been found in the camp, which, from its character, must have been the work of successive generations, and shows that the ramparts must have been several times raised. _ There were certainly two entrances, at the N.E. and S.W. corners, the former being the main entrance; and there were possibly more, but authorities differ. _ That Cadbury was of Roman origin seems unlikely, as it lacks all the characteristics of a Roman fortress ; but it is very possible that the Romans used it as they did other British Camps, and Roman coins and pottery have been found here. The highest ground, near the western side, is called “‘ King Arthur’s palace,” and was probably used as a look-out station. In all likelihood, this hill was once an island, being fortified when the waters receded. It has no authentic history as a fortress. _ Leland describes Camalet as ‘‘a famose town or castelle, at the very south ende of the chirche of South Cadbyri.”. Camden was a opinion that the fortress may have been the cathbergion _ mentioned by Nennius, where King Arthur overthrew the Saxons ina memorable battle; but the MS. copies of Nennius do not 100 agree on this point. Camelet is not mentioned in the Norman survey. The name is merely Cad = fight + burig or bury, a fort or camp, and there is another Cadbury camp above Tickenham, one of the fortresses on the Wansdyke. There are two springs in the camp ; that on the north side is called the “‘ Wishing Well,” the other, near the keeper’s cottage, was probably dedicated to St. Anne. Legends of King Arthur cluster about Cadbury Castle, or Camelot, and traces may still be seen of an old-world track leading from the $.W. entrance towards Glastonbury, and known by the name of “King Arthur’s Hunting Causeway.” Though there is considerable doubt as to the existence of the legendary Arthur, who was very likely a combination of several heroes represented as one individual, it would seem that the Somerset ‘‘ Arthur ” was a popular warrior and leader of the V. century, who succeeded to Ambrosius Aurelianus, and carried on his war of defence against the Saxon invaders. Nennius, who relates almost all that is known about Arthur dates from the VIII. century. Shakespeare in ‘King Lear” says :—“If I had you upon Sarum Plain, I’d drive ye cackling home to Camelot.” No doubt he (or Bacon) had come across Leland’s report of his tour in Somerset. (1533- 1540.) Tempore Edward III. North and South Cadbury belonged to the Lords Moels, and descended by marriage to the Courtneys, again by marriage to the Hungerfords, and afterwards came into the possession of Sir Francis Hastings, who having no children, sold both Cadburys to Richard Newman, High Steward of Westminster, who was degraded by Cromwell for loyalty to Charles I., but rewarded by Charles II., who granted him an augmentation of arms, gules, a portcullis crowned, or. This family still held Cadbury in 1813. Looking from the highest point of the camp towards the north- west, over the Fosse Way, on the left hand is the high ground where Somerton lies and the eastern spur of the Polden Hills. 101 Beyond these Glastonbury Tor stands sentinel over Avalon, backed in the distance by the Mendips. A short distance from this is Sutton Montis, where there is an old church, having a Greek portico! The tower is Norman, the chancel decorated with a well-preserved Norman arch of finely-cut dog-tooth design. The old-fashioned high pews remain, and there is a “three-decker” pulpit, with a painted canopied top, a piscina and aumbry. The Church of Holy Cross, Weston Bamfield, is old, Gothic in “style, but was completely restored in 1873. The approach to the rood loft is in good preservation, and there is an ancient font. The north door is blocked up. The peculiar feature of the church is the tower which is octagonal above the first course. There are only 12 other octagonal towers in Somerset. This solid tower, and the absence of a west door or window, give a _ peculiar appearance to the church. Two ledger tombs in the churchyard are believed to cover some of the Bampfyldes, Lords Poltimore. _ The last place to be visited was Queen Camel. The church, dedicated to St. Barnabas, is a fine one, in the Gothic style, with _ a tall tower, containing five bells. The fine carved oak screen which had for many years been under the gallery at the west end, was at the Restoration in 1858 restored to its original position at the chancel. There is a curious and finely carved old font, and the canopies of the sedilia and piscina are beautifully carved and in good preservation. The old part of the ceiling has some fine bosses, with quaint devices, and small full length wooden armoured figures. The large and handsome wooden eagle lectern resembles those often met with in the continental churches. Time pressing, the party had to hurry away to Sparkford, where, after a frugal tea at the hotel, the 6.54 train was taken to Bath, which was reached at 9.32, after a very pleasant day amid lovely “scenery. _ Symond’s Yat and Goodrich Castle, July 16th. 1901.—The 102 weather was all that could be desired when nine Members of the Club and friends started on July 16th, at 9 a.m., for the Wye. From a glance at the map, it would hardly be believed that it would take nearly four hours to travel from Bath to Symond’s Yat, but the railways give as much fun as possible, ordering a change of train wherever possible, and sometimes making passen- gers leave the train to enter it again half-an-hour later. But the excursion fare is undeniably reasonable So one has to take things as one finds them, and be thankful, Symond’s Yat having been duly reached, and luncheon at the Rocklea Hotel disposed of, the party left by boat for Huntsham (or should it be Huntholme) bridge, whence the boatman said it was only a quarter of an hour’s walk to Goodrich Castle. Three of the party returned after having reached the church, the rest went on to the castle, where Mr. Bennett, the custodian, explained, so far as time allowed, what is known about the castle, which has been a ruin since 1646, when it was demolished by the Parliamentary army. The castle has been so often described that there is no occasion to say more about it here. Some amusement was caused by a yokel, who directed the party to the “Horse Artillery.” The sign post, when reached, pointed the way to “The Hostelry.” So discursive and eloquent was Mr. Bennett that some anxiety was felt as to catching the train, but the sinewy arms of the boatman, notwithstanding a forced dis- embarkation on account of the low state of the river, brought the party to the Rocklea Hotel in time for a cup of tea before the train arrived. A pleasant and cool journey, not too rapid to allow of a survey of the beauties of the Wye, brought the party back to Bath at 10 minutes past nine. The Afternoon Meetings in the winter for hearing Papers, contributed by Members on subjects connected with the city and neighbourhood were opened on November 27th, 1901, by the Vice-President, Rey. C. W. Shickle, reading a very interesting paper contributed by Dr. H. Woodward, Keeper of Geology in 103 the British Museum, Cromwell Road, on ‘“ William Smith, the Father of British Geology.” It is published at the commence- ment of these Proceedings, with a portrait of William Smith, the first discoverer of Stratigraphical Geology. This meeting was followed on December 18th by a second, whereat Mr. Wallace Gill gave to the Club an account of an ancient Dovecot belonging to the Carthusian Monks at Witham, which he had discovered when making structural alterations in some cottages. At the same meeting the Vic2-President, Rev. C. W. Shickle, exhibited some Roman coins discovered on the site of the former brewery ‘in Bathwick Street. Both papers appear in these Proceedings. Mr. T. Frederic Inman, Vice-President, contributed, on January 15th, 1902, a very interesting paper on “ The Elm, with a notice of some remarkable varieties in Victoria Park, Bath,” and the season was closed on February 12th, by a learned paper by Rev. T. W. Whale, on “ The Principles of the Somerset Domesday.” The Library of the Field Club has been materially increased during the year, both by the published Proceedings of the Smith- sonian Institution of the U.S.A., and of the various Societies with which our Club is in exchange of Proceedings. Many gifts _ have also been made to the Library during the year, and have been thankfully accepted. The number of Members has been considerably reduced, and it is to be hoped that renewed interest will be taken in the Excursions and some new members added to our ranks. W. W. MARTIN, Fon. Sec. BATH NATURAL HISTORY & ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB, INSTITUTED FEBRUARY 18th, 1855. LIST OF MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1902. PRESIDENT. 1889 *Rev. C. W. SHICKLE, M.A., F.S.A., 5, Cavendish Crescent. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1866 *J. McMURTRIHB, Esq., F.G.S., Radstock. 1895 *Rey. T. W. WHALE, M.A., Mountnessing, Weston, Bath. SECRETARIES. 1872 *Rev. W. W. MARTIN, M.A., 49, Pulteney Street. 1893 *M. H. SCOTT, Esq., 5, Lansdown Place, W. LIBRARIAN. 1892 *Thomas S. BUSH, Esq., 20, Camden Crescent. TREASURER. 1883 *Surgeon-Major A. A. MANTELL, M.D., The Elms, Bathampton. 1865 GREEN Emanuel, Esq., F.S.A., Devonshire Club, St. James, London 1867 *INMAN, T. F., Esq., Kilkenny House, Sion Hill. 1870 HARPER C., Esq., L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Manor House, Batheaston. » WATTS J. Onslow, Esq., Warleigh Lodge, Bathford, 1872 SHUM Fred., Esq., F.S.A., 17, Norfolk Crescent. 1874 TAGART W. H., Esq., F.R.G.S., Parkfield, Park Gardens. 1875 BLATHWAYT Rev. Wynter T., M.A., Dyrham Rectory, Chippenham. » HVANS Major J. Ll., J.P., 12, Cavendish Place. 1876 LEWIS Harold, Esq., B.A., Brislington, Bristol. » *“HENDERSON W. H., Esq., 9, Royal Crescent. 1878 MACKILLOP C. W., Esq., J.P., 14, Royal Crescent. » SKRINE Col. H. Mills, J.P., Warleigh. » FOXCROFT E. T.D., Esq., J.P., D.L., Hinton Charterhouse. 1880 GAINE Charles, Esq., M.R.C.S., Weston Lea, Weston Park. » SHUM F. Ernest, Esa., 3, Union Street. 1881 PHILP Capt. Francis Lamb. 105 1882 *BARLOW W. H., Esq., Cleveland Villa, Bathwick, » “NORMAN G., Esq., M.R.C.S., 12, Brock Street. » TUCKER J. Allon, Esq., J.P., 9, Green Park. » POWELLG. F., Esq., 25, Green Park. 1883 KITT Benjamin, Esq., C.E., Sydney Lodge, Bathwick. » BLATHWAYT Lieut.-Col. L., F.L.S., F. Ent. S., Hagle House, Batheaston. 1885 KING Austin J., Esq., F.S.A., J.P., 19, Portland Place. » BYROM Edmond, Esq., 3, Edgar Buildings. 1886 GEORGE Rev. P. E., M.A., Winifred House, Sion Hill. » LEWIS Egbert, Esq., 12, Bathwick Street. ', FULLER E.N., Esq., 6, Ainslie’s Belvedere. 1887 SCOTT R. J. H., Esq., F.R.C.S., 28, Circus. » PALMER-HALLETT T. G., Esq., M.A., J.P., Claverton Lodge, Bathwick Hill. » HOLST Johan, Esq., 35, Pulteney Street. 1889 ALEXANDER P. Y., Esq., The Mount, Batheaston, » NIMMO Major-Gen. T. R., C.B., 94, Sydney Place. » THOMSON Col. H., The Elms, Weston Park. 1890 *FANSHAWE Col. T. B., 24, Park Street. » WEST Rev. W. H., M.A., 25, Pulteney Street. » ROSE H. F., Esq., 18, Grosvenor. » DAVIS Col. T. Arnoll, R.A., J.P., 4, Marlborough Buildings. 1891 RICKETTS Col. Montague, Shelbourne Villa, Lansdown, 1892 PIGOTT W., Esq., 25, Circus. » BRAIKENRIDGE W. J., Esq., J.P., 16, Royal Crescent. » BUSH Robert C., Esq., 1, Winifred’s Dale. » DAVIDSON Major-Gen, James, 23, Queen Square. » PRYCE Ernest, Esq., 10, Cavendish Crescent. 1898 HANDYSIDE W., Esq., 3, Pulteney Road. » CASTELLAIN Alfred, Esq., 59, Pulteney Street. » SEHALY Lieut,-Col. H. H., Elmhurst, Batheaston. 1894 COPPINGER A. W. D., Esq., L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., 24, Gay Street. ,» MASKELYNE E. Story, Esq., Hatt House, Box, Chippenham, » KEMBLE W., Esq., J.P., Beechfield, Bathampton. » WILSON John H., Esq., Woodville, Lansdown. _ 1895 STONE Robert S., Esq., Bath and County Club, 1896 SMITH Lieut.-Gen. Clement J., 22, Marlborough Buildings. » DAVIS C. Price, Esq., J.P., Manor House, Bathampton. d » SCARTH Leveson E., Esq., M.A., Keverstone, Cleveland Walk. _ 1897 PEARSON Rev. G. F., M.A., 2, Winifred’s Dale, 5, SCOTT Surgeon-Major R. R., 54, Pulteney Street. » NASH Lieut.-Col. G. S., 7, Laura Place. 1900 106 RAWLINS Major Edw. B., St. Albans, Weston, Bath. SPENCER Sydney, Esq., Mount Beacon House. MARTYN Gilbert King, Esq., B.A., M.D., 12, Gay Street. NEAL Alfred E., Esq., Lyde House, Sion Hill. ADCOCK Surgeon Major J., 1, Queen’s Parade. COTTERELL T. Sturge, Esq., 5, Bridge Street. KELLY Rev. W. F., B.D., Rectory, Charlcombe. BOODLE Charles E., Esq., B.A., Somerset House, Sion Hill. COLEMAN Captain Maitland, Ivy Lodge, Newbridge Hill. RICHARDSON Rey. A., Brislington Vicarage, Bristol. GILL Wallace, Esq., 1, Fountain Buildings. ROGERS Rev. Canon Percy, R.N., M.A., 17, Pulteney Street. *JAMIESON Col. A. W., Fairstowe, Widcombe Hill. HANDCOCK Rev. R G., M.A., 1, Somerset Place. PEACOCK Henry G., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Broadlands, Highweek, Newton Abbot. JENNINGS, W. E., Esq., M.A., F.R.G.S., 13, Camden Crescent. ARNOTT Arthur Philip, Esq., M.A., 2, Belmont. SISSMORE Rev. T. L., M.A., 31, Green Park. APPLEBY E. J., Esq., 8, Argyle Street. WARD J. L., Esq., M.A., The Lawn, Lucklands Road, Upper Weston. * Members of Committee of Management. HON. MEMBERS. DAWKINS Professor W. Boyd, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Owen’s College, Manchester. EARLE Rev. Prebendary, M.A., Swainswick Rectory, Bath. HERIOT Major-Gen. Mackay. TAYLOR Col, R. L., C.B., 22, Gay Street. RULES | : oFr THE : BATH NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB. Pace pe Ns i ke at 1902. SG oe. Ao ee 1,—The Club shall be called “THE BATH NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB,” and shall consist (for the present) of not more than One Hundred Members. 2.—The object of the Club shall be to make Excursions around Bath, with the view of investigating the Natural History, Geology, and Antiquities of the neighbourhood. 3.—A President, one or two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, Librarian, and Treasurer, shall be chosen each year from among the Members at the Anniversary Meeting on the i8th of February, and should a vacancy occur in an office during the year the vacant post shall be filled up at the next Quarterly Meeting. 4,—The Committee shall consist of the past and present officers, and three other Members of the Club (the latter to be elected annually), whose business it shall be to consider and determine all matters connected with finance, and printing the Proceedings of the Club, or papers read at any of its , meetings ; or any business requiring consideration. 5.—Quarterly Meetings for the election of Members, and for other business, shall take place on the First Tuesday in April, July, October, and January. 6.—'There shallbe Four Excursions during the year, to sary Meeting, subject to alterations at any previous Quarterly Meeting, if agreed to by all the Members present—six to form a quorum. A list of such Excursions, with the respective places of Meeting shall be sus- pended in the Vestibule of the Bath Literary and Scientific Institution. Such Members as feel disposed shall also meet every Tuesday, at the Institution, at 10.30 a.m. 7,—The hour of Meeting shall not be changed, except for the convenience of taking particular trains, when it is arranged to go by rail to any place ; in which case the altered time shall be posted at the Institution not later than Twelve o’Clock on the Tuesday previous. aid to Natural History 8.—In arranging the Excursions, due regard shall be p Geology, and Antiquities, so as to secure an equal share of attention to each subject ; with this view, when the same Excursion does not include 4 them all, they shall, as far as practicable, be taken in turn. 9.—Special Meetings shall be appointed for the Reading of Papers or Exhibition of Specimens, notice being given to the Secretary at, or previous to, any one of the Quarterly Meetings, by Members having such communications to make to the Club. be fixed at the Anniver- 108 10.—Gentlemen wishing to join the Club may be proposed and seconded by any two Members and will be elected by ballot at any of the meetings of the Club (three black balls to exclude), notice of their nomination being given in writing to the secretary not less than fourteen days before any such Meeting. The Committee shall have the privilege of electing Four New Members during the year, provided there are vacancies. 11.—Any Member of the Club may invite a gentleman not resident in Bath to accompany him on the proposed Excursions, but when an offer of hospi- tality has been accepted by the Club, then only one visitor staying with a Member will be allowed to accompany him. 12,—The Secretary shall take Notes of the Excursions and read a Summary of the Year’s Proceedings at the Anniversary Meeting ; he shallalso see that notices of all Excursions and Meetings are suspended at the Institution and posted to every Member at least seven days previously ; such notices shall include the names of any candidates to be balloted for, together with those of their proposers and seconders. 13.—The Treasurer’s audited accounts shall be examined and passed at the Anniversary Meeting. 14.—A subscription of Ten Shillings shall be paid yearly by each Member, with an Entrance Fee of Five Shillings, to defray any expenses the Club may incur otherwise than by journeys and refreshments. This Subscription to be considered due on the Anniversary. Newly elected Members to pay the Subscription for the current year and the Entrance Fee at the time of their election. 15.—Members whose Subscriptions are in arrear for three months after Feb. 18th shall be considered as having withdrawn from the Club, if, after application, the same be not paid up. 16.—There shall be a Supernumerary List for Members whose absence from Bath does not exceed three years. Such Members, on their return, and on payment of their Subscription for the then current year, may be admitted to the Club at once, or as soon as a vacancy occurs. 17.—Members may borrow Books from the Club’s Library, entering their names and title of the volume in a book kept by the Librarian for the purpose, but shall not retain them longer than one fortnight. Members of the Royal Institution can also read them on the premises, but not take them away. Members may also purchase back numbers of the Club’s Proceed- ings at half-price. WALTER W. MARTIN, Hon. Sec, ‘zo61 ‘yjof Arenuel ‘IOINSvOI], ‘UO}{ ‘I0VIPNY “TTALNVW ‘V “V AOTAVL “IU 01100 PUNO} pu PoUTUIEXT| LG. VERS ie een 6 3 hy L g gf ‘* Yue [eIoulAorg [eUCHeN ot} 3v soULleg o o ob “tt yueg [eIoUTAOIg [eUOTeN Oy} ye ysodeq Cy Ol por a" paki or (qso19uUT Surpnyoxe) o gt L (s100q sed YOog) T9MOd 2P [[kOd “SASSO yueg jeoulAoig yeuoNeN oy} YIM ysodeq L € GE ‘ow Buynung GunosdV s,UOg 2 SIMI'T “SISSOTT 6 € « ' uveiqry ‘uoH Aq ssuIpass01g JO ae OL si 981005) “q ‘AY IY} 0} punjoy O..02 0)" So i yova ‘s$ yw sooq souBlUy z Cbs ts ae t+ KJOINOG PLOIDY, JOSIOWIOS 9 0 O we ‘isa ssooxo ut pred Hl I Gee ee aS "+ yunoooy s,Arvja109g ‘UOH] Ce eo ae eet (94 “ON) S542 - I ea Bit) eee ce "+ juno S.URIIeIqIyT ‘UOopT Sr Omay ye" cs yous ‘sor ye suondiosqns gg aetore ays Se* sig ars 1061 IO} WOO, Jo yuoy b+ 9 gb ‘ yoog sseg (0061) awak ysv] Woy souRleg pss ps ¥ om Gr) ‘AE ‘ro6r ‘ysr€ aaquag Suipua 40oK 7yf 40f QMD PIA WPT PL » Ysa punony up soanswa4y havaouozgy IY. 110 SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS TO WHICH THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB ARE ANNUALLY FORWARDED. Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill, U.S.A. Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club. Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution. Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club. Berwickshire Naturalists’ Society. Bradford Historical and Antiquarian Society. Bristol Naturalists’ Society. British Association for the Advancement of Science. British Museum, Copyright Office, Bloomsbury. a af Natural History Department, South Kensingtons Cardiff Natural History Society, Christiania Royal Norwegian University. Clifton Antiquarian Club. Cornwall Royal Institution. Cornwall Royal Polytechnic Society. Costa Rica National Museum. S. Jost. ‘Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. Geological Society. Geologist Association. ‘Glasgow Natural History Society. Glasgow Philosophical Society. Hampshire Field Club. Hertford Natural History Society. Holmesdale Natural History Club. Linnean Society. Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society. Manchester Microscopical Society. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. Nottingham Naturalists’ Society. Nova Scotia Institute of Science, Halifax. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, U.S.A. Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society. Upsala Royal University Geological Institution. Warwickshire Naturalists’ and Archeologists’ Field Club. Washington U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories. Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society. Yorkshire Philosophical Society. PR OT) arr mady : if 30 AUG. 1902 CONTENTS OF VOL. X. PAR SB, ae PRINCIPLES OF THE. Since noua BY. Rev. T. W. Wuats, M. eat Vick; ‘PRESIDENT saz: 9. Lisp OF Wines Rues OF THE Cus, BaLance _ SHEET, _AND SOCIETIES 1N Union wit THE = Pimp Chu FOR EXCHANGE OF PROCEEDINGS - boo Oa cae Be AND ; * NTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB, a ag oe fe VOL. X., No. 2. : : wr. “—< imi, iy oe er ‘BATH : t ‘ ay D (YOR THE CLUB) AT THE HERALD OFFICE, NORTH GATE, : ro ap LINLEY. n < a (o} x A a i Thomas Linley. His connection with Bath. By EMANUEL GREEN, F.S.A. (Read December 3rd, 1902.) Thomas Linley and his family were for a time so prominently 2 as yssociated with Bath as skilled musicians, and from other public circumstances which will be alluded to they attracted also so much notice, such a wide interest outside Bath, that some local record of them should be available. Of what has been already $2 id about them much is by no means exact. ‘There has been too often a :— Mis quoting, mis dating, Mis placing, mis stating, At war with truth, reason, and fact. _ Thomas Linley, says the “ Dictionary of National Biography,” vas born at Wells in 1732, the son of a carpenter. Being sent © carpentering work at Badminton, the seat of the duke of. ufort, he derived so much pleasure from listening to the ing and a of Thomas Chilcot, the organist of Bath T his account just varies from another auth tells that he was: he son of a carpenter and was originally intended to follow his er’s business. Being however one day at work at Badminton, ‘seat of the duke of Beaufort, he was overheard to sing by . Chilcot, at that time organist at Bath, who was so much ighted with his voice that he prevailed with his father to allow to quit the trade and study music.* * ‘Musical Biography,” Vol. 2, p. 210. H WOOL. Ar NOs 2. Ii2 A few thoughts must be given to these stories. First an estate like Badminton would hardly require a carpenter from Wells, such mechanics being usually regularly employed. Then a carpenter to be sent out on day work would be at least twenty-one years old, hardly a time to throw up an already acquired trade skill to begin a new and difficult study. Further if he came from Wells, a place where he cou'd every day hear Godless boys God’s glory squall— neither singing nor the organ could have been new to him. The writer of the first notice evidently writing without considering his words, from some tradition but without personal or local know- ledge, seems to have had no idea of the relative positions of Bath, Wells and Badminton. Yet had he known enough to have avoided confusing the father, who was a carpenter, with the son Thomas who never was so, there is, as will be seen, just a sub- stratum of truth in the story. Another form of the story, modern, but not new, says that Chilcot noticed a little boy of musical taste and took him as a pupil. Te came from Wells, &c.* From the omission of a few necessary words this reads as if little boys easily wandered alone from Wells to Bath to be casually noticed and picked up. Whilst the above accounts make the birthplace Wells, another makes it Gloucester,t and yet another, a very recent one, gives the rather wide guess that he came from Yorkshire. He had at least in the last county plenty of room for a start. This statement should not have been written, it simply helps to confound con- fusion. If the writer did not know he could not tell and should have acknowledged that position or have said nothing. The last account makes him born at Bath in 1725, but repeats that he became a pupil of Chilcot, &c.t * « Witzgerald’s Lives of the Sheridans,” 1886. + Zinsley’s Magazine, Vol. xxxix. p. 134, 1886. + © Biographical Dict. of Musicians.” By Thos. Baker, 1900. 113 Dismissing all former accounts and guesses, the origin of the family may be given and all doubt settled. The carpenter then came from Badminton and he brought with him three children, Thomas, Isabella, and William. To clear the way somewhat, Isabella the daughter of William and Maria Lingley, as the name is spelled in the register, was baptized at Badminton 9th October, 1737. She married in the Abbey church, Bath, one Richard Philpot, 17th October, 1764. William, the youngest of the three, son of William and Maria Linley, spelled now without the g, was baptized at Badminton 2gth July, 1744. Nothing more can be told of him. As this youngest child was baptized at Badminton in 1744 it would have been soon after that date that Linley the father, the carpenter, moved to Bath, just when by reason of much building there must have been a great demand for mechanics of all sorts. He continued his business at Bath and was alive there in 1770 with a somewhat improved status. In 1772, 26th November, an advertisement relating to St. Margaret’s chapel announced that a plan of the pews in the new chapel being - now settled and the prices thereof, those disposed to take seats should apply to Mr. William Linley, Clerk of the Works at the chapel, or at his house in the Market Place.“ He is found as a ratepayer for some years after this. In 1773 he purchased and was living in his own house in Belmont Row, rated at £70 per annum,t and in 1779 and until 1792 he paid poor rate for the same house. He was buried at Walcot 26th October, 1792, and was soon followed by Mrs. Maria Linley, who was buried in _ the same grave 22nd December, 1792. There now remains the eldest of the three children, Thomas _ our musician, who was baptized at Badminton, the son of William and Maria Lingley, with the g, 2oth January, 1733. Thus he would be at the time his father probably came to Bath * Bath Chronicle, p. 1, col. 3. + Water Rents. 114 between eleven and twelve years old. From all the notes and and notices of Thomas printed during his life it is clear that he was early acquainted with Chilcot and as his first start was engaged to him in the humble station of errand boy. He soon showed such a tendency to and fondness for music that Chilcot was attracted to the boy and encouraged and indulged him in his hobby. Eventually he took him as an apprentice, behaved well to him and taught him thoroughly all the rudiments and practice of the art.* No indentures are on record, so the exact time served cannot be given. In March, 1752, Thomas Chilcot paid six shillings for Freedom fees.t An early, rapid, and extraordinary proficiency brought Chilcot some profit for a time, but as soon as he could the pupil left the master, got engaged in the public rooms at Bath, and so “played into his own pocket.” He next started as a teacher, and in this position became at once promptly recognised as having great ability and skill for the work. He was thus successful and established and well known by the time he was twenty. He is reported to have gone abroad and completed his musical education under one Paradies or Paradisi, but he could have had neither the means nor the opportunity for doing so. With this first knowledge of this extraordinary young man, his. own family and after career may next be traced. As showing his early prosperity he married very young, when about nineteen, but as in such cases the man usually goes to the bride’s home for that occasion, it is too often barely possible without some guide to find notice of the event. Two sons presently get the name of Thurston, thus suggesting a possibility ; but at the moment the actual record has not been met with. From this young couple the next great interest now arises. They are said generally to have had seven children, three sons and four * The Craftsman, voth October, 1772. + **Chamberlain’s Accts.,” Vol. 48. 115 daughters, but in fact they had twelve, seven sons and five daughters. The production of evidence for the first time will prevent all doubt. 1753. 12 March was baptized in the Abbey church, Bath, George Frederick, son of Thomas and Mary Linley. 1754. 25 Sept. was baptized at St. Michael’s, Bath, Elizabeth Anne (presently to be the heroine of this story). 1756. 11 June, Thomas was baptized in St. James’s church, Bath. ' 1758. 10 Feb., Mary was baptized in St. James's. 1759. 15 May, Thurston, a son, was baptized in St. James’s. 1760. 23 June, Samuel was baptized in St. James's. 1761. 8 Sept., William Cary was baptized privately and brought to St. James’s to be received. 1763. 10 Oct., Maria was baptized in St. James’s. 1765. 22 Aug., Osias Thurston was baptized in the Abbey church, the son of Thomas and Mary of St. James's. 1767. 17 Feb., Jane Nash and Charlotte, a twin, daughters of Thomas and Mary Linley of St. James’s parish, were brought to church, having been privately baptized. 1771. 27 Feb., William was baptized in St. James’s. It must be noticed that the first two, George Frederick and Elizabeth Anne, were baptized in different churches, and so would be born in the respective parishes, thus suggesting that with very modest means the young couple had then an unsettled domicile. The others all show fixture in the parish of St. James’s, _ where their residencewas No. 5, Pierpoint Street.* All these children, even as children, became accomplished musicians. Endowed all of them with great musical talents, to these talents the father compelled _ the most assiduous and stringent attention. On one occasion the _ whole family, “down to the seven year olds,” appeared togethe- at the New Rooms. The household, now notorious, was dubbed anest of linnets. The latest mention of this little story changes the birds to nightingales, thus destroying the point, the pretty play upon the name. ee Se * Peach. ‘* Historic Houses.” 116 The careers of these children, and then of the parents of this second generation, may now be traced. GEORGE FREDERICK, so named after Handel, died an infant. ELIZABETH ANNE early showed a specially marked genius for music, which her father strongly fostered. Under his skilled and qualified and interested guidance her voice was most carefully cultivated, and so successfully, that when only twelve years of age, about 1766, the poor child was put forward as a public singer in the Rooms at Bath, and, too, with an immediate success. She married Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the remainder of her story may be told with his. She died at the Bristol Hot Wells 28th June, 1792, and was buried in the cathedral at Wells. There is a portrait of her as St. Cecilia at Bowood by Sir Joshua Reynolds ; there is another portrait by Gainsborough at Delapré Abbey, and another with her sister Mary, by Gainsborough, in the Dulwich Gallery. Tuomas, the next son, became early a very skilled violinist, and performed in public when only eight years old. In 1773, when only seventeen, he became solo violinist at Bath, and promised to become great in his profession. He then went to Italy according to the fashion of the day to study under Tartini, or as one account says, under Nardini, who had himself been a pupil of Tartini. On his return he took up the leadership of the orchestra at Bath, his father being then in London. He was thus his father’s pride and hope, but alas, he was drowned when away on a visit by the upsetting of a boat, 5th August, 1778. There was published in 1778 :— A Monody (after the manner of Milton’s Lycidas) on the death of Mr. Linley who was drowned August the 5th, 1778, in a canal at Grimsthorpe in Lincolnshire the seat of his grace the duke of Lancaster. This tells us from Milton :— He must not flote upon his watery bier Unwept, and welter in the parching wind, Without the meed of some melodious tear. | | 4 | | . a 117 From the Monody the following few lines are extracted :— You knew Linlceus ! ah who knew him not? Once, once the pride and treasure of these plains, The blithest, sweetest of arcadian swains. Eolus, that blustering god had oft with envy heard The praises justly given to young Linlceus, He oft had heard the soft melodious sounds Which from his lyre his dextrous fingers swept. He felt their magic power, and wept. And much his hated rival’s lyre he fear’d, No sooner therefore did he see the boat Then—a rude wind—upon his skiff he laid And thus avenged his blasted fame. Or how disturb the peace of such a pair, He best of men, she fairest of the fair,* More for their virtues than their rank rever’d, By nobles, vassals, artists, all belov’d, And e’en to royalty itself endear’d. Each son of genius on Britannia’s plains Laments the loss of young Linlceus’ strains. There is a portrait of him, with his sister Mary, by _ Gainsborough, at Knole in Kent, and another also by Gainsborough ~ in the Dulwich Gallery. Mary married Richard Tickell, a political pamphleteer and a dramatist, who is said to have been born at Bath about 1751.1 There is a portrait of him by Gainsborough. She died at the Hot Wells 27th July, 1787, aged 29, and was buried at Wells, “where she enjoyed happiness and poverty the first year of her marriage.”} There is a portrait of her by - Romney,§ and, as above, by Gainsborough at Knole, and another with her sister Elizabeth in the Dulwich Gallery, also by Gains- * His sister Elizabeth. t+ Murch, ‘‘ Bath Celebrities,” p. 317. t Rae, Vol. 2, p. 26. § Romney. By Sir Herb. Maxwell. 118 borough : and a crayon by Sir Thos. Lawrence. She left a daughter, who became the mother of John Arthur Roebuck.* In error, from similarity of name, this Richard Tickell is sometimes supposed to have been the proprietor of a once advertised Ethereal Anodyne Spirit, but the owner of this was William Tickell, a surgeon and chemist who lived in Queen Square, Bath. THuRSTON, the first of the name, died in 1763, and was buried in St. James's church, 13th May. SAMUEL by the time he was 19 displayed great musical genius on the oboe, but having the offer, he abandoned music as a pro- fession, entered the navy as a midshipman, and sailed on a short cruise in the Thunderer, 74 guns, Capt. Walsingham. On his return he obtained leave and visited his family in London, where he was seized with malignant fever and died. It is curious that had he survived and joined his ship death would have still come to him as the Thunderer sailing again, never returned, was never heard of more. There is a portrait of him by Gainsborough in the Dulwich Gallery. WiLttAM Cary died in 1762, and was buried in St. James’s gth October. Maria continued a musical career, and it seems strange that she has received no separate biographical notice. She witnessed a marriage in Bath Abbey church 31st October, 1782. She died unmarried, aged only 21. The Bath Chronicle gth September, 1784, says:—tMonday, died after a few days’ illness Miss Maria Linley, second daughter of Mr. Linley, one of the patentees of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. But as the Chronicle was published on thursday the 9th, monday would be the 6th, which is not correct, as she died on the 5th. The Gentleman’s Magazine, giving the date 5th September, says :—Died at Bath of an inflammatory fever Miss Linley, = “SMictes Nat. Biers” TPaegyncolemss 119 daughter of Mr. Linley, manager of Drury Lane Theatre. Her death “is a loss almost irreparable to the musical world. Those who remember her performance at the oratorios will join in this opinion. The union of a sweet voice, correct judgment, extensive compass, and above all beauty of mind and person, distinguished the much lamented maid, and her character will _ be dear while memory holds a seat in this distracted globe.”* Another account says she died of a brain fever at her father’s house at Bath, 15th September, 1784.¢ Again the date was the 5th, and further, as her father had at this time no residence at Bath, her death must have been at the house of her grandfather in Belmont. She was buried at Walcot 11th September. In the same grave, in 1792, were buried the grandfather and grand- mother, the three in one, Maria being there first in order of date. The grave was No. 26, Row 15 north. Maria in 1784 was No. 722, and in 1792 William was No. 2469, and his wife No. 2493, showing presumably the burials in those eight years. Not a trace or mark can now be found to show the spot, and this has been the case for many years. There is a crayon portrait at Dulwich said to be Maria, by Sir Thos. Lawrence. _ _ Some pretty poems on Maria help the story and confirm the date of death. The first appeared in the Bath Chronicle of the gth September, and corrects the above-noted date error in the ‘same issue. ‘The title runs : — ON THE DeatH oF tHe LOVELY AND MucH LAMENTED * * * SEPTEMBER 5, 1784. If beauty, wit, and innocence could charm And set aside the monarch’s stern decree These dear Maria had unnerv’d his arm Or turned averse his fatal shaft from thee. * Voll 54 ye pavlrs + ** Dict. Nat. Biog.” I20 No more thy strains shall charm our listening ear ; But we for thee no longer ought repine Since God commands thee from our converse here To celebrate His praise in strains divine. Dear blessed saint ! regard with pitying eye The heartfelt sorrows of thy weeping friend Teach him, like thee to live,—like thee to die Then share with thee those joys which ne’er shall end. A week later, 16th September, there appeared some more lines :—* ON THE DEATH OF THE LATE MIss M. LINLEY. Arcadian nymphs and college swains Your rustic mirth give o’er And in soft plaintive dying strains Maria's loss deplore. Oh! she was gentle as the dove, Mild as the opening spring, Replete with innocence and love But fate hath clipt her wing. The nightingale will drop a tear His mistress to bewail And cease to charm the ravish’d ear At news of the sad tale. Oh, no! he envied her sweet note And feels a conscious pride He yet will swell his little throat And grieve not that she died. Soft hallelujahs will inspire Her true seraphic lays She’s mingled with the heavenly choir To chant her Maker's praise. There is one other poem of similar intention which may be * Bath Chronicle, p. 3, col. 2. 121 noticed, as it is with fair certainty unknown. It was written by Charles Leftley, a friend of her brother William, and is entitled — A DIRGE ON THE MUCH LAMENTED DEATH OF THE BEAUTIFUL MARIA LINLEY.* Larded all with sweet flowers She bewept to the grave did go With true—love showers. —Shakespeare. Underneath this ebon shade Mark’d by a rudely sculptured stone The lov’d Maria low is laid ; Soft be the turf she rests upon. These flowers that grow around her tomb All bear a paler hue And die almost before they bloom ; Their sympathy so true. The pensive powers who haunt the grove Shall here their vigils keep Chaunt their wild requiems o’er my love And soothe her lasting sleep. 7 Pity for her shall touch the string 1 And breath her softest sigh And here her holy strains shall sing Of heaven taught melody. For she was sweet as opening buds Mild as the hours of May Bright as the sunbeam on the floods And constant as the day. * «The Cabinet,” Vol. 1, p. 65. I22 Friend of my youth ! for thee my tears Spontaneously shall flow And memory through a length of years Shall nurse the sighs of woe. For thee when autumn flows around An offering sad I’ll pay Deck with fresh wreaths thy hallow’d ground And mourn the fatal day. On thee amid life’s varied part My tenderest thoughts shall rest Bemoan’d while love can warm my heart Or friendship cheer my breast. Ostas THurRSTON, called in the “ Dictionary of Nationai Biography” the eldest son, matriculated at Christ Church college Oxford 19th March, 1785, became B.A. in 1789, took orders and was beneficed in Norfolk.* In 1816 he resigned his preferments and became Organist Fellow, then so called, of Dulwich College, where he died in 1831, aged 65 it is there said, but he was born in 1765. He was the second son who had the name of Thurston, and this with his unusual first name attracts attention. Among the out rate- payers of Bath for 1779 appears in Lansdown Road, Horasha Thurston, and so again in 1780. In 1785 heis gone, but in the Bath Journaél 5th July, 1790, is an advertisement that Mr. H. Thurston, of 3, Burton Street, will sell by auction, &c. The use of two such unusual forenames seems to suggest there must have been a family connection, and possibly through the mother. By his will proved 29 March, 1831,t he left all his estate real and personal to his brother William absolutely. There is a portrait of him at Dulwich College, and a crayon by Sir Thos. Lawrence in the Dulwich Gallery. * Foster, ‘* Alumni Oxonienses.” + Tebbs, 162. 123 JANE married Charles Ward, the secretary at Drury Lane Theatre. There is a crayon portrait of her at Dulwich, by Sir Thos. Lawrence. CHARLOTTE died young. WituraM, the youngest, entered St. Paul’s School, London, in 1785, his age being there recorded as fourteen, He afterwards joined the Civil Service of the East India Company, retiring in 1796. He was a musical composer and from time to time visited Bath, being a joint proprietor of St. Margaret’s chapel, where his anthems were performed: He wrote the rhymned epitaph on the Linley tablet now in the cloisters of Wells cathedral, and he printed, in 1819, a small volume which bears an unusually _ descriptive title :— _ “Sonnets and Odes, by William Linley esq. late in the Civil - Service of the East India Company, and the late Charles Leftley parliamentary reporter to the Zimes newspaper, both educated at St. Paul’s School.” This is the same Charles Leftley who wrote the Dirge on Maria. He died in 1797, aged 27. William died in London 6th May, 1835, aged 64, and is buried in St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, where a tablet on the north wall within, towards the east and above that of his mother records the fact. There is a portrait of him in the Dulwich Gallery as a pretty youth by Sir Thos. ‘Lawrence. There is another somewhere, in later life, by Lonsdale. This has been engraved. _ And now comes the last eventful history, that of the parents. ‘From the time of his daughter Elizabeth’s successful débit, until 1772, Linley’s income was thus suddenly very largely increased, and his career generally marvellously assisted by this especially gifted child. He with the harpsichord, his sons with violin and cello, and the daughters with their voices made up this attractive ‘and celebrated family. So, then, with conducting oratorios, a ‘style of music wherein his family especially excelled, and com- posing and playing his own compositions in Bath and elsewhere 124 on demand, he was a busy man. He became widely acknow- ledged a master in his profession, equally well versed in the theory as in the practice of music,* and especially proficient on the harpsichord. So prosperous were his affairs and so altered was his social status that he moved residentially to the Crescent. This move has never been credited, but by good fortune the diary of John Wilkes, Alderman Wilkes, settles the point. Being at Bath, Wilkes enters under 3rd January, 1772 —Breakfasted with Mr., the two Miss Linleys, Rollestone, and Miles Andrews, at Mr. Linley’s house in the Crescent. So, for the first time this doubt is cleared. Wilkes was much struck with Elizabeth, who he thought the most modest, pleasing, and delicate flower he had f seen for a long time, superior to all the handsome things he had heard of her. But, alas, as the damsel developed into womanhood all this prosperity was spoiled by the bobbing around of that often nuisance, the amorous male, and eventually Elizabeth eloped with young Richard Brinsley Sheridan. This sad act broke up the prosperous Bath home, and largely tended through disappointment and a constant lasting regret to break up the life if not the heart of the father, who was thus, for a second time, deprived of his dearest solace just “in the pride of genius and the meridian of celebrity.” A few months after this event, in 1772, Linley left Bath for London. Some connection with Bath, however, was necessarily kept up for a time as the concerts and other work required attention and his house in the Crescent would be on hand. In London he and his family were soon engaged in the oratorios at Drury Lane, and in 1774 he took over their management. In 1776 he bought a share in the Drury Lane patent and so in the business of the theatre and musical composition he spent his life. To his family grief and regrets he here added financial troubles, caused chiefly by the carelessness and erratic conduct of his * “Rees Encyclopedia.” + Almon. ‘‘ Memoir of Wilkes.” Jaa § Se : 125 partner Sheridan. In the end he sank into imbecility. He died, says one account,* on the 18th November, 1795; whilst another accountt puts the event on the 19th November, suddenly, in Southampton Street, Covent Garden. The obituary notice gives us the contemporary opinion that as a musician his works were ‘not distinguished by any striking marks of original genius, but they showed uniformly, taste, feeling, and a full knowledge of the musical art. He did not astonish by sublime effects, but his compositions always soothed and charmed by delicacy, simplicity and tenderness. Two pieces of his music (1) ‘‘ The Royal Merchant,” a comic opera; the other “Elegies for Three Voices,” with accompaniment for a harpsichord and violoncello, have been dated respectively 1768 and 1770. If these supposed dates be correct these pieces would have been published during his life at Bath, but the dates being only approximate, and there being ‘no notice of local publishing, this must remain a doubt. His publishing seems to have begun in London. His remains, says 0 e account,f were interred, November zgth, in the vault in Wells requiring special notice. The interment, according to the cathedral register, was on the 28th, and then again it was not in the cloisters but in the cathedral. Strangely enough the the east wall of the cloisters, helps actually to confirm this It reads :— Near this place are deposited the remains of Thomas Linley esq. who departed this life November 19 1795 aged 63, together with those of two of his daughters and his granddaughter: Elizabeth Ann wife of R. B. Sheridan, esq. Mary ,wife of Richard Tickell esq.: Mary infant daughter of the former. * European Magazine. + Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 65, p. 973+ t Gentlman’s Magazine, p. 1052. 126 The lines following or beneath this inscription were, as aforesaid, written by his son William and were first printed in the Auvopean Magazine for October, 1796.* The latest writer who has touched on this subject, who should have been more exact, writes of—the tablet and graves in the cathedral—thus continuing confusion, as both statements are wrong. The interments were not in graves and the tablet is not in the cathedral. But as a fact, to make all clear, the tablet was originally on the north wall of the north aisle, just westward of the north door. It was removed, with others, during the “restoration” in 1850, and was then placed where it now is— where, as aforesaid, it tells an untruth, as its “place” is not near the Linley vault. An addition should be made to it notifying that it had been removed from the north aisle. Whether there was originally an incised stone on the floor over the vault, “restoration” does not record ; if there were, it was “restored” away, and the wall being bared by the removal of the tablet, no place evidence could be seen or detected. The site was lost, after only fifty-five years, but some little search soon brings it back. Phelps, in his “History of Somerset,”t 1839, writing of the cathedral, says :—‘‘ Near the north door is a handsome monument bearing the following inscription, &c., ze, to Thomas Linley, &c. As the north door has two sides this notice is of only partial service. Another account, 1825,t is clearer, as it tells that :—‘‘On the west side of the north entrance into the nave”’ is a handsome marble monument to the memory of Thomas Linley, &c. With one more record comes the one piece of information wanted, and all is clear. Britton, in his “‘ History of the Cathedral,” 1847, says :— On the north wall of the north aisle near the northern entrance is a marble slab commemorating Thomas Linley,. &c. The = WVole 305)p: 275. +. Vol. 2, p. 86. + Davis J., ‘‘Concise Hist.: of Cathedral.” 127 family vault is immediately beneath.* Had he written like Davis as above, on the west side of instead of “near” the northern entrance, his note would have con- tained full and exact information. On the late visit of the late lord Dufferin, a descendant from the Elizabeth commem- ‘orated, the vault site was looked up, and with the assistance of the above guides and of at least one old inhabitant who could recall ‘seeing the tablet in its original place, the spot was determined. ~ By direction of lord Dufferin an incised stone has been placed on ‘the floor over the vault, and on removing the pavement for this ? purpose, the crown of the vault was clearly seen. The newly incised slab bears :— Here lie the remains of THOMAS LINLEY Esq. who died November 19th 1795 aged 63 together with those of his two daughters and granddaughter ELIZABETH ANN SHERIDAN wife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan who died July 7th 1792 aged 38 Mary TICKELL, wife of Richard Tickell who died August 2nd 1787 aged 29 and Mary infant daughter of the former who died November 26th 1793. * Se Tt must be noted unfortunately that the dates of death given on this slab, excepting that of Thomas, are really the dates of murial extracted from the cathedral register, thus adding one more error curiosity to this story. There is also one more as the * Britton J., p. 127- 128 register records that Elizabeth daughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Mary his wife was buried November 26th, 1793, whereas it was Mary who was the daughter buried and Elizabeth who was the wife. No statement can be found, no reason has been given why Wells became the place of sepulture. The children from Bath during their earliest childhood seem to have spent some time now and again with an aunt at Wells, but whose name is not otherwise given. This must have been Isabella, the only aunt, but no trace of her or her husband has been found at Wells. When Elizabeth died, herself very famous at the time, and also as wife of Richard Sheridan some influence may have been used; and it may be imagined further, between the lines, that Linley had a strong personal wish towards Wells. The fact that he had secured a family vault there and that he was himself brought so far to be placed in it seems to show a strong predetermination on his part. It is to be regretted that Bath was not chosen, being the native place of the children, the starting point of his own career, and where so much prosperous time had been spent, and besides he would have been within a fane equally worthy and with surroundings and associations much more suitable. Although by reading the obituary notices and generally, the impression is conveyed that Thomas Linley died rather in financial difficulties, this was not so. During his residence at Bath he had _ purchased house property there and he had also an interest in St. Margaret’s chapel. These properties it would seem were probably sold to meet the purchase cost for the theatre. He also bought estate at Didmarton a village adjoining Badminton. By his will dated August, 1788, and proved 1st April, 1796,* in which he describes himself as of Norfolk Street, formerly of St. Clement Danes, late of St. Paul’s Covent Garden, he gave his harpsichord and all his printed and manuscript musical books to * Harris, 195. 129 Elizabeth, and his other music interests to Osias and William. Some of these manuscripts are now in the British Museum. To Osias he left his property at Didmarton, and failing issue after him to William. The picture of Mrs. Sheridan and Mrs. Tickell he left to R. B. Sheridan. This is now in the Dulwich Gallery. One hundred pounds each went to his other daughters, and the residue with his interest in Drury Lane Theatre to be equally divided after his wife’s death, but the theatre interest to be kept in or sold only to one of the family as long as possible. To his wife he left an annuity of £300a year. There is a portrait of him by Gains- borough in the Dulwich Gallery. The wife, of whom there are two portraits at Dulwich College, whose life business in London had been the care of the theatre wardrobe, survived him, and died in the forenoon of the 18th January, 1820, aged about 92 _ ‘Says one account,* but another account tells more clearly that :— “Mrs. Linley, relict of the celebrated Mr. Linley, died yesterday morning (18th January) at her house in Southampton Street, in - the g3rd year of her age. She was the mother of the first Mrs. Sheridan.”t These immediate accounts are clear enough, the second of them appearing especially exact. But here comes again a very curious but not the final descrepancy. A tablet, erected may be some time after her death, but erected by her own _ children, and yet still on the north wall within St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, tells that she was aged 91. _ It records that :— Near this place are deposited the remains of Mary Linley widow of Thomas Linley esq. late of this parish who departed this life on the 18th January 1820 aged g1. This tablet erected by her sons Osias Thurston and William. This is on the west side of the wall space between the second and third windows counting from the west. The floor is boarded over so that any slab if there cannot be seen. * Times, 19th January, col. I. + Morning Post, 19th January, p. 3., col. 3. 130 Recording this tablet, the latest Sheridan biography * says it is in St. Paul’s, Bloomsbury, a place no one could find, Bloomsbury for such a purpose having as much to do with Covent Garden as it has with Bath. Osias, Jane, and William survived, and of these William the last died in 1835. By his willt dated 1832 William left his property to be divided equally between his nieces Elizabeth Ann Tickell and Mary Esther Ward, but as Mary Esther predeceased him, by a codicil he left all to Elizabeth. Besides his farm and lands called Oldbury in Didmarton and his share in Drury Lane theatre he bequeathed to her his leasehold house in Fountain Buildings, Bath (it was No. ro)t and his share in St. Margaret’s chapel, Bath. He bequeathed also to her the portrait of himself, seen now in full manhood, by Lonsdale. An engraving of this forms the frontispiece to his “ Eight Glees,” published about 1830. Other family portraits, including his father “in a white coat,” by Gainsborough, he bequeathed to Dulwich College, where, as above noted, they now are. His tablet in St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, records him as the last of this family of genius. * Rae, Vol. 2, p. 8. + Gloster 369. } ‘‘ British Directory.” 131 Richard Brinsley Sheridan. His connection with Bath. By EMANUEL GREEN, F.S.A. (Read January 7th, 7903.) Just when Thomas Linley had become prosperous and prominent, there came upon the scene another family, destined greatly to influence his after life. Mr. Thomas Sheridan, an Irishman, himself an actor, but “respectable” only as such, having come to grief and loss over a theatrical speculation in Dublin, adopted the teaching of oratory and elocution as another means of livelihood, claiming that a knowledge of such accom- plishments should form part of a gentleman’s education. Following out this plan, in 1758 he, with his family, moved from Dublin to the wider field of London,* determined to give lectures so to attract notice and pupils. Previous to this he had designed the production of an English dictionary, and in connection with this work he published a pamphlet entiled :— A dissertation on the causes of the difficulties which occur in learning the English tongue ; with a scheme for publish- ing an English grammar and dictionary upon a plan entirely new, the object of which shall be to facilitate the attainment of the English tongue and establish a perpetual! standard of pronunciation. Addressed to a noble lord, This now scarce pamphlet has some local interest as it was reprinted at Bath in 1856, at the Pitman Phonetic Presst As Mr. Sheridan’s means were nil, by the influence of Mr. Wedder- burn, afterwards Lord Loughborough,f who had been a pupil, and through Lord Bute§$ the noble lord to whom the above } pamphlet was dedicated, he was granted a pension, in 1762, of _ 4200 a year under the pretence of monetary assistance for the *<