PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Biological Society of Washington

^

VOLUME XVII

1904

WASHINGTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY *
1905

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS

WILLIAM P. HAY, Chairman
GERRIT S. MILLER, Jr. DAVID WHITE

CONTENTS

Officers and committees for 1904- v

Proceedings .- • vii-xi

Synopsis of the Genera, Subgenera and Sections of the Family

"Pyramidellidaj, by William Healey Dall and Paul Bartsch 1-16

A New Lizard from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas, by Leonhard

Stejneger 17-20

A Revision of the North American Mainland Species of ifyiarc/ms,

by E. W. Nelson 21-50

A New Batrachian from Sarawak, Borneo, by Thomas Barbour . 51-52
Haplomylomys, a New Subgenus of Peromyscus, by Wilfred H. Os-
good 53-54

Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus from Mexico and Guate-
mala, bv Wilfred H. Osgood ' 55-78

Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Mexico, by E.A.Goldman 79-82
The Vegetative Vigor of Hybrids and Mutations, by O. F. Cook . 83-90

New Plants from Nevada, by Aven Nelson 91-98

A Decade of New Plant Names, by Aven Nelson 99-100

General Notes 101-102

Sonnrdla wnlcottiann—a correction, by Paul Bartsch, 101 ; The
species of Geum occurring near Washington, by Gerrit _S. Mil-
ler, Jr., 101 ; Spelerpfs porphyrillcus in New Hampshire, by
Reginald Heber Howe, Jr., 102 ; Nnnnorchilus, new name for
Hermnra, preoccupied, by Robert Ridgway, 102; A preoccu-
pied crab name, bv Marv J. Rathbun, 102.
De.scriptions of Seven New Rabbits from Mexico, by E. W. Nelson 103-110

Notes on Tetnme"ns IhiedrlfnUn, by T.D. A. Coi^-^ereW 111-112

Two New Subspecies of Tropical American Tyrant Birds, by Out-
ram Bangs 113-114

Additions to the Orchid Flora of Florida, by Oakes Ames . . . 115-118

Three New Orchid Species, by Oakes Ames' 119-120

Description of a New Species of Blind Eel, of the Genus Anguilla,

by Hugh M. Smith 121-122

Four New Grasshopper Mice, Genus Onychoviys, by C. Hart Mer-

riam " 123-126

Two New Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus, by Wilfred H.

Osgood 127-128

Two New Squirrels of the Aberti Group, by C. Hart Merriam . 129-130
Jack Rabbits of the Lepvs cnmpestns Group, by C. Hart Merriam . 131-134
Unrecognized Jack Rabljits of the Lfpus texkinus Group, by C. Hart

Merriam ■ 135-138

New and Little Known Kangaroo Rats of the Genus Perodipus,

byC. Hart Merriam 139-146

Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico, by E. W. Nelson . 147-150
Descriptions of Four New Birds from Mexico, by E. W. Nelson . . 151-152
Four New Bears from North America, by C. Hart Merriam . 153-156

A New Coyote from Soutliern Mexico, by C. Hart Merriam . . . 157-158
A New Sea Otter from Southern California, by C. Hart Merriam . 159-160

(iii)

J^^^^

iv Contents.

Descriptions of Three New Species of American Crabs, by Mary J.

Rathbun 161-162

A New Cottoid Fish from Behring Sea, by Hugh M. Smith . . 163-164

General Notes 165-168

Ct i/rostncJiys simplex in YirginieLyhy Wm.Pahner, 165; Zostfrops
finri.-^simn McGregor, preoccnpied, by R. C. McGregor, 165 ; A
correction of Barrows' recoixl of Coccyzus pumilufi from Con-
cepcion del Uruguay, by Outram Bangs, 165; On a supposed
continental specimen of Sol enodnn, by Outi-am Bangs, 166; On
tlie habits of Cambarus uhleri Faxon, by W. P. Hay, 167; A
new bob-white from the United States, bv Reginald Heber
Howe, Jr., 168.
Some Changes in Crustacean Nomenclature, by Mary J. Ratlibun . 169-172
Plantae Andrewseae, by Aven Nelson 173-180

FIGURES IN TEXT.

P. 24. — Outer tail feathers of American mainland Mijiarchua.

P. 53. — Upper molars of Peromi/acus felipen.vs and P. {Haplomylomys)

CdUfiirnicvs.
P. 122. — Comjiarison of type of Anguilla csern Smith with specimen of A.

chrisypa Raf.
P. 164. — Thecnjiterus aleuticus Smith, new genus and species.

ERRATUM.

Page 55, line 1 (in head), instead of Vol. XVII, p. 55-77, read Vol. XVII,
pp. 55-78.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL

OK THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

For 1004

(ELECTED DECEMBER 26, 1903)

AViM. H. ASHMEAD
F. H. KNOWLTON

OFFICERS

Prrxiderit
B. \V. E VERM ANN

Vice-Presidents

T. S. PALMER
WILLIAM P. HAY

Recording Secretary
WILFRED H. OSGOOD

Corresponding Secretary
MARCUS W. LYON, Jr.

Treasurer
DAVID WHITE

COUNCIL

WILLIAM H. DALL*

THEODORE GILL*

L. O. HOWARD*

FREDERICK V. COVILLE*

A. F. WOODS

F. A. LUCAS*

C. HART MERRIAM*

A. D. HOPKINS

GEORGE M. STERNBERG*

H. J. WEBBER

M. B. WAITE

LESTER F. WARD*

CHARLES A. WHITE*

J. N. ROSE

STANDING COiVlMITTEES-1904

Committee on Communications

Veknon Bailey, Chairman
A. F. Woods A. B. Baker

A. D. Hopkins Marcus W. Lyon, Jr.

Committee on Publications

William P. Hay, Chairman
Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. David White

*Ex-Presidents of the Society.

(V)

Vol. XVII, pp. vii-xii January 20. 1905

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

PROCEEDINGS.

The Society meets in the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club
on alternate Saturdays at 8 p. m. Brief notices of the meetings,
with abstracts of the papers, are published in Sri ewe.

January g, 1904 — 38oih Meeting.

The President in the chair and 57 persons present.

F. A. Lucas noted the occurrence of Mustela pennanti as a
fossil in Pennsylvania.

B. W. Evermann exhibited a collection of labels used by the
canners of the Pacific coast for labeling canned salmon.

The following communications were presented :

F. V. Coville : Desert Plants as a Source of Drinking Water.*

V. K. Chesnut : Death Gulch of the Yellowstone Park.

0. F. Cook : An Exogenous Palm from Guatemala.

January 23, 1904 — 381st Meeting.

The President in the chair and 36 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
' E. W. Nelson : A Winter Trip in Mexico. t
B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall : An Interesting Fish
from the High JMountains of Central Ecuador.

* Ann. Rept. Smithsonian Inst, for 1903, pp. 499-505, figs. 1^, pis. i-ii, 1904.
tNat. Geog. Mag., XV, p. 341, Sept., 1904.

(Vii)

viii The Biological Society of Washington.

February 6, 1904 — 382nd Meeting.

The President in the chair and 105 persons present.
The following communications were presented :
Ernest T. Seton : A Study of the Pocket Gophers, the Fertil-
izers of the West.*

Ernest T. Seton : Scars on the Quaking Aspen.

March 5, 1904 — 383rd Meeting.

The President in the chair and 85 persons present.

The following communications were presented :

A. K. Fisher : The Birds of Laysan Island. t

J. N. Rose : Revision of the North American Crassulaceae.t

March 19, 1904 — 384th Meeting.

The President in the chair and 45 persons present.

C. E. Waters exhibited series of connnon ferns sliowing gra-
dations from sterile to fertile fronds.

The foll(_)wing communications were presented :

B. W. Evermann : A Series of Colored Drawings of Hawaiian
Fishes. §

W. P. Hay : The Life History and Economic Importance of
the Blue Crab.§

Walter H. Evans : An Evident Case of Parthenogenesis in
Begonia.

0. F. Cook : Natural Selection in Kinetic Evolution.

April 2, 1904— 385th Meeting.

The President in the chair and 46 persons present.
F. A. Lucas exhibited lantern slides showing photographs of
living animals taken by flashlight.

The following communications were presented :

H. W. Oldys : The Use of Our Musical Scale l)y Birds.

W. H. Osgood : The Caribou of Alaska.

* Century Magazine, LXVIII, pp. 300-307, June, 1904.
tSee W. K. Fisher, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1903, pp. 1-39, pis. I-X.
tSee Britton and Rose, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garden, III, No. 9, Nov. 11, 1903, and Smith-
sonian .Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue), XLVII, pt. 2, pp. 159-162, pi. XX, 1904.
§To be published by U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

Proceedings. ix

M. \y . Lyon, Jr. : ('lassification of tlu' Hares, Kal)l)it>s and
Pikas.*

M. ('. Marsh : The Gas Disease in P'ishes.f

April i5, 1904 — 386th Meeting.

The President in the ehair and 2o persons present.

Carleton R. Ball exhibited speeimens of Lamium amplexicaule
sliowing cleistogamoiis flowers produced in early spring.

The following communications were presented :

\y . R. Maxon : Some Jamaican Termite Nests.

W'rnon Bailey : A Simple Method of Preserving Tracks.

E. L. Morris : The Historj^ and Reproduction of the Bush
Morning-Glory . +

E. S. Steele : The Globose Headed Laciniarias.

April 30, 1904 — 387th Meeting.

The President in the chair and 30 persons present.

The following communications were presented :

C. L. Marlatt : IndiA^dual and Specific Characters in Minute
Insects as shown under the Microscope.

E. W. Nelson : Notes on the Habits of Two Remarkable Fish
from Southern Mexico.

Geo. T. Moore : The Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen by
Bacteria. §

May 14, 1904 — 388th Meeting.

Vice-President Palmer in the chair and 8 persons present.
No program presented.

October 22, 1904 — 389th Meeting,

Vice-President Hay in the chair and 23 persons present.

The following communications were presented :

E. A. Schwarz : The Insect Catching Grass of Cuba.||

♦Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue), XLV, pp. 321-447, pis. LXXIV-C, June 15, 1904.
t To be published by U. S. Bureau of Fisheries ; see also Trans. Amer. Fisheries See,
p. 192, 1904.

t Plant World, VII, pp. 109-113, pis. V-VI, May, 1904.

'i Bacteria and the Nitrogen Problem, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agric, pp. 333-342, 1903.

II To be published in Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Wash., VII, No. 1, Jan., 1905.

X The Biological Society of Washington.

J. N. Rose : A Very Curious Plant from Mexico.
Theo. Gill : The Segregation of Freshwater Fishes.
A. B. Baker : Exhibit of Living Animals at the St. Louis
Exposition.

November 5, 1904 — 390th Meeting.

Vice-President Hay in the chair and 4(5 persons present.

Ch. W. Stiles spoke briefly of the meeting of the International
Committee on Zoological Nomenclature in Berne.

The following communication was presented :

Gen. T. E. Wilcox : The Flora of tlie Western United States
and Alaska.

November 19, 1904 — 391st Meeting.

The President in the chair and 34 persons present.

B. W. Evermann spoke of the abundance of waterfowl at
Lake Maxinltuckee, Indiana, about November 5, 1904.

The following communications were presented :

E. L. Greene : A Chapter in the Evolution of Generic Nomen-
clature .

David White : A New Seed-bearing Fern.*

December 5, 1904 — 392nd Meeting.

The President in the chair and 35 persons present.

G. K. Gilbert exhibited photographs and specimens of the
bark of the aspen tree showing marks made by the claws of
bears and other animals.

The following communications were presented :

H. W. Oldys : Some New^ Bird Songs.

W. H. Dall : The Pvelations of the Non Marine Mullusk Fauna
of Alaska. t

B. W. Evermann : A Trip to Mount Whitney.

* The Seeds of Aneimites, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. (Quart. Issue), XLVII, pp. 322-331,
pis. XLVII-XLVIII, 1904.

t To be published in Popular Science Monthly.

Proceedings. xi

December 17, 1904 — 393rd Meeting.

Tlic President in the eliair and 08 persons present.

The following eonnnunications were presented :

E. L. Greene : The Earliest Systematic Book of Botany.

A. B. Baker: Animals Recently Received at the National
Zoological Park from Abyssinia and South America.

Hugh M. Smith : The Japanese Dwarf Salmon and the Fish-
ing Therefor with Trained Cormorants.*

December 31, 1904 — 394th Meeting.

The President in the ehair and 24 persons present.

The annual reports of the Recording Secretary and the Treas-
urer were read and accepted. The following officers were elected
for the year lOOo :

President : Frank H. Knowlton.

Vice-Presidents: E. L. Greene,- W. P. Hay, E. W. Nelson,
T. S. Palmer.

Recording Secretary : Wilfred H. Osgood.

Corresponding Secretary : Edward L. Morris.

Treasurer : David White.

Councillors: A. K. Fisher, A. D. Hopkins, J. N. Rose, L.
Stejneger, H. J. Webber.

The President announced the appointment of the following
standing committees for the year 1905 :

Committee on Publications : W. P. Hay, Da^^d White, W. H.
Osgood, E. A. Goldman, C. A. McKnew.

Committee on Communications : Vernon Bailey, A. B. Baker,
A. D. Hopkins, J. N. Rose, H. M. Smith.

*Tobe published by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries; see also Trans. Amer, Fisheries
Soe., p. 101, 1904.

Vol. XVII. PP. 1-16 February 5, 1904

t

PROCEEDINGS

Otr THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

^^ '";

AS

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA, SUBGENERA AND SEC-
TIONS OF THE FAMILY PYRAMIDELLID^.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.

The Pyramidelliclse, a family of Mollusks mostly of small
size and world-wide distribution, occur fossil first in the Creta-
ceous, are numerous in the Tertiary, but perhaps are most fully
developed in the existing faunas. Very numerous names have
been applied to them, sometimes under the impression that the
pillar is not plicated in a particular group, a mistake which, by
grinding down the whorls, can be corrected; the missing plica-
tions being present but falling a little short of reaching a point
in the aperture where they are visible externally. In all the
forms of which the soft parts are known the external anatomy
is very similar. In examining a large series of forms, as noted
by Fischer.^ intermediate types appear until it becomes a matter of
great difficulty to decide where, if anywhere, the generic lines
can be drawn, and it is not surprising that some authors have
fallen back on the expedient of regarding most of the species,
notwithstanding the contrasting extremes, as belonging to a
single genus. Where a group is composed of such a multitude
of species it seems more convenient in practice and leads more
efficiently to clear thinking, to take the other view, and subdi-

1— PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. VOL. XVII, 1904. (1)

2 Dull and JBarUch — Tlie PyranddtUidw.

vide the groups sufRcieutly to inake it reasonably clear where a
given species belongs in the series.

"In the absence of anatomical characters it has been necessary
to fall back in large part on the form, ornamentation, and pli-
cations of the pillar, as distinctive characters, even while we
admit that between the different sections some intermediate
forms may occur. So many names liave been ap])lied to mem-
bers of the group that in most cases it has not been necessary
to coin new denominations. Tlie synonymy, which is very in-
volved, is reserved for another paper in which the species of
the west coast of America will be monographically treated. It
was thought best to put on record the classitication adopted, so
that before the ])aj)er referred to appears the authoi's may liave
the benetit of criticism from other students. Many of the
specific names given in the past have been repeatedly used for
different species, rendering it necessary in many cases to give
new ones. In all cases the synonymy adopted has been based
on researches which liave begun with the typical species of the
original authors, which in some of the most anciently named
forms has involved no little labor. Wherever any doubt ex-
isted in regard to the characters the specimens have been
ground down until the pillar has been made visible over a
great part of its extent, and in all cases the characters recorded
are the result of microscopic study. Only a few of the many
named forms have been inaccessible, as the collection of the U.
S. National Museum is remarkably rich in species of this group.

The senior author thinks it only just to state that by far the
greater part of the work is due to his associate, who has for
several years given unwearied attention to these minute and
difficult objects of study. The facilities of the National Mu-
seum have been constantly at the disposition of the writei s,
and most of the types are contained in its collection, though
thanks for material lent for study are due to the Academv of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the authorities of Amherst
College, the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, and numerous
private students to whom a fuller acknowledgment will be made
in the monograph already alluded to, which is nearing its com-
pletion.

The name Oheliscus appeared in the Museum Calonnianum in
IVOT, without a diagnosis or figure. This work is anonymous,

DiiJl ami Jhivtsch — Tin' I*untiindeJlkIm. 3

and this lias been regarded as a sufficient reason for rejecting
this and other names contained in il, as it is known tliat Iluni-
phrev, \\\\o was an auctioneer ap.d deaiei-, usually credited with
the authorship, is not the author, and the work itself is of no
scientific value.

Family Pyramidellidae.

Gastropods with the radula absent or obsolete; the operculum ovoid,
paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a l-hread-like arcuate rid^e on the
proximal side, the inner mariiiii notched in harmony with the plaits of
the iJiiUir when prominent; foot short, moderately pointed behind, with
a small operculigerous lobe above and sometimes a small tentacular ap-
pendix, on each side, in front feebly auriculate or undulate; mantle fee-
bly canaliferous on the right upper margin; a single branchia; verge
sulj-cylindric, elongate; head with two Haltened subtriangular or elon-
gate tentacles, connate, grooved or auriform in the larger forms, the
funicles with a ciliated area; below the tentacles an oral orifice from
which extends a long retractile subcylindric proboscis, but there is no
muzzle like that of Scula; below the oral orifice is an organ named by
Loven the mentum, which is usually more or less medially groovetl or
fissured, and hence, at its anterior end, more or less bilobate, and exten-
sile or retractile before-or behind the front margin of the foot. The
shell is turriled, with a [ li. 'ate axis; the outer lip frequently internally
lirate: in the larger forms the aperture is obscurely channelled in front;
the larval shell is sinistral the adult dextral, the former frequently set
at an angle to the adult axis, or more or less immersed in the adult
apical whorls; it is usually helicoid and smooth; the sculpture varies
from nothing to ribbed, spirally sulcale or reticulate; the coloration
when ijresent usually reddish, brownish or yellow. The eggs are num-
erous and deposited in a lenticular mass. The distribution is world-
wide, but the larger forms are mostlj' tropical.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF PYEAMIDELHD^.

Pyramidella Lamarck.

Shell elongate-conic, whorls usually inflated and regularly increasing;
the pillar with from one to three folds; the outer lip entire; the shell
usually larger than in Turhoiiilla. Type, Trochus dolahratus Linne.

Turbonilla Risso.

Shell cylindro-conic, many whorled, generally slender; columellar
fold single, varying in strength, outer lip entire; shell usually smaller

4 Dall and JBartsch — The PyramidelUdm.

than in PyramideUa and larger than in Odontomia. Type, Turhonilla
typica D. & B.= Turbonilla j)li<'u^id(i Risso not 7'vrbo j)licatuhis Scacchi.

Odostomia Fleming.

Shell usually short, few whorled, svibconic or ovate; columellar fold
single, varying in strength, outer lip entire. Type, Turbo plicata Mont.

Murchisonella Morch.

Shell minute, cylindro-conic; outer lip with an anal sinus behind the
periphery of the whorl; pillar with the plait obsolete or internal, whorls
numerous and inflated. Type, Murchuonella spectrum Morch.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBGENERA OF PYRAMIDELLA.

A^ Columellar folds three
Shell umbi Heated

Basal fasciole absent, surface polished, marked by extreme-
ly faint lines of growth and microscopic spiral- striations
Subg. PyramideUa Lamarck, s. s., 1799.
Type, Truchufi dvlabrntun L.

Basal fasciole present, surface less polished than in PyramideUa

s. s., marked by lines of growth and microscopic spiral

striations

Milda svibg. nov.

Type, Obeliscus ventricosus Quoy.

Shell not umbilicated.

Surface polished, marked only by fine lines of growth and
microscopic spiral striations
Periphery sulcate

Subg. Longchaeus MiJrch, 1875.

Type, PyramideUa punctata Chem.

Periphery not sulcate

Voluspa subg. nov.

Type, PyramideUa auricoma Dull.

Surface sculptured
Basal cords absent
Periphery sulcate

Shell marked by strong axial ribs which terminate
at the periphery, and m.icroscopic spiral striations
Subg. Pharcidella Dall, 1889.

Type, PharcideUa folinii Dall.

JJall and BarUvli—TJic riir<n)ii<leUklm. 5

Shell inarktHl by slroii^- spiral keels and weak axial
rib lots

Calluion^ichseus subg. nov.

Type, Pyramidellajamaicends Dall.

Periphory not sulcate

Shell marked by strong- axial ribs, intercostal spaces
strongly spirally striated, aperture auricular
Subg. Otopleura Fischer, 1SS5.

Type, Fyramidelid aitru-cati Chem.

Basal cords present

Shell marked by strong spiral ridges, moderately
strong axial ribs and two basal cords
Subg. Triptychus M.'.rch, 1875.

Type, TriptycJius nhevs Murch.

A- C'olumellar folds two
Shell umbilicated

Surface polished, marked by very fine lines of growth and mic-
roscopic spiral striations

Subg. Tiberia Monterosato, 1875.

Type, Pyramidella nitidula A. Ads.

Surface polished, marked by fine lines of growth and strong
spiral striations

Ulfa subg. nov.

Type, Pyramidella (Ulfa) cossmanni nom.
nov. = Syrnola striata Cossmann.

Surface marked by strong axial ribs, intercostal spaces spirally
pitted; early po.st-nuclear whorls sculptured differently from
the later ones

Tropseas subg. nov.

Type, Pyramidella subulata A. Ads.

Shell not umbilicated

Surface polished, marked by very faint lines of growth and
microscopic spiral striations
Basal fascicle present

Vagna subg. nov.

Type, Pyramidella paumotensis Tryon.

Basal fascicle absent

Subg. Eulimella Forbes, 1846.

Type, Eulimella crassnla Fbs., ^=E. scilla

Scacchi.

0 Doll a)id BartscJi — The Pijramidellidm.

Aperture subquaclrate

Sect. Eulimella Fbs, ss.
Aperture suboval

Cu^smannica sect. nov.

Type, PyramideUa dundestina Desh.

A 3 Columellar fold one
Shell umbllicated

Surface polished, or with fine lines of growth and microscopic
spiral striations

Peripheral svilcus absent

Svibg. Orinella nom. nov.

Type, Ori/ta pinguicuk'i A. Ads.

Peripheral sulcus present

Sulcorinella subg. nov.
Type, Fyvamidella {Sulcorinella) dodona,

sp. nov.

Shell not umbllicated

liarge, heavy, elongated shells
Surface spirally Urate

Subg. Actaeopyramis Fischer, 1885.
Type, Munoptygma striata Graj'.

Slender, medium sized shells

Surface polished, marked by fine lines of growth and mi-
croscopic spiral striations
Postnuclear whorls increasing slowly in size at first,
then rapidly, lendingtheshella mucronate appearance
Subg. Styloptygma A. Adams, 18G0.

Type, Moiiuptygma stylina A. Ads.

Postnuclear whorls increasing regularly in size
Subg. Sy rnola A. Adams, I860.

Type, Syrnola gracilUma A. Ads.

Aperture sviboval

Sect. S> rnola A. Adams, s. s.

Ai^erture subquadrate

Sect. Stylopsis A. Adams, 1860.

Type, Stylopsis typica A. Ads.
Surface spirally striated

Iphiana subg. nov.

Type, Syrnola densistriata Garrett.

Surface axially and spirally striated with a strong spiral
keel at the summit of the whorls

Syrnolina subg. nov.
Type, Syrnola rubra Pse.

• DaU and BdrtsrJi, — The Pyramidellidtv. 7

The status of Agatha virgo A. Adams 1800, [Menfifitho, \8CA, Jfyonia,
1801, Amathis 1801], is not known to us. From the meager description
we are inclined to believe that it is allied to AcUvajrynmiu Fischer.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUHGENERA OF TUKBONILLA.

Shell wilhout basal keel
B' Varices absent

Spiral sculpture absent, or if present consisting of micro-
scopic slriations only

Surface of the early post-nuclear whorls marked by
feeble axial ribs, later ones smooth

Subg. Piycheulimella Sacco, 1892.

Type, Fyramidella pyrunddata Desh.

Surface marked by strong axial ribs which terminate at
the periphery of the whorls, intercostal spaces ex-
cavated between the sutures.

Subg. Ctiemnitzia Orbigny, 18;19.

Tv'pe, Melania campanellaf Phil.

Surface marked by strong axial ribs and intercostal
spaces which extend over the periphery to the umbili-
cal region

Subg. Turbonilla Risso, 1820.

Tvne Turhomlla\ ^^^^"■'' ^' ^ ^"^

Spiral sculpture present, always stronger than microscopic
striations
C^ Axial sculpture consisting of well developed ribs
Spiral markings consisting of many very fine spiral
striations
Aperture subquadrate

Subg. Strioturbonilla Sacco, 1892.

Type, Strioturbonilla alpina Sacco.

Aperture suboval

Siibg. Pyrgolampros Sacco, 1892.

Type, Pyrgolampros mioperplicatitlus

Sacco.

Spiral marking absent between the sutures, base
strongly spirally lirate

Subg. Sulcoturbonilla Sacco, 1892.

Type, Tornatella turricula Eichw.

Dull and JBartscJi — The PyvamulelUdm.

Spiral markings consisting- of strong striations
yummits ttf llie whorls strongly shouldered
Subg. Pyrjiisculus Monterosalo, 1884.
Type, Melania i^cakiria Phil.

Summits of the whorls not strongly shouldered
Subg. Pyrgiscus Phiiippi, 1^41.
Type, Melania mifa Phil.

Spiral markings consisting of one or two strong
punctate cords in the intercostal spaces be-
tween the sutures; whorls slightly shouldered
Subg. Pyrgolidium Monterosalo, 1884.
Type, Pi/r(j()lidiuiii roseum Mont.

Spiral markings consisting of one or two strong
cords: whorls somewhat overhanging

Subg. Tragula :Monterosato, 1884.

Type, Odiixtoiida fenentruta Fbs.

Spiral markings consisting of three to six raised
threads between the sutures and lirations on the
base; whorls strongly shouldered

Subg. Dunkeria Carpenter, 1857.

Type, Dunkeria pauciUrata Cpr.

C^ Axial sculpture consisting of faint riblets

Spiral markings consisting of strong raised threads
Subg. Cingulina A. Adams, 1860.

Type, Cingulina circinata A. Ads.

Spiral sculpture consisting of depressed lirations,
sculpture granulose

Subg. Saccoina nom. nov.

Type, ISpica inonterosatoi Sacco.

C^ Axial sculpture consisting of lines of growth only
Spiral markings consisting of many subequally
spaced striations; sculpture finely reticulated
Subg. Careliopsis Morch, 1874.

Type, Monoptygma ( Careliopsis) sty-

liformis Morch.

C* Axial sculpture absent

Spiral markings consisting of a broad strong fold
at the summit of the whorls, separated from the
rest of the whorl by a deep, broad, rounded sulcus
Visma subg. nov.
Type, Eulimella tenuis Sby.

IhiU (Old B</rf, •<'■/! — 77ir I\/niiiiiJelUdm. 9

B- Varices pros(Mit

Surface marked by axial ribs and stronj;- spiral
St rial ions

Subg-. Mormula A. Adams, 18()-4.

Type, Munnuld rixxoi/Hi A. Ads.

Surface marked by axial ribs and strong spiral lira-
tions, sculpture grainilose

Subg. Lancella nom. nov-.

Tvpe. Tiirbonillii (Lanci'a) ehuKjitta

Pse.

A- Shell with basal keel

Axial sculpture c(msisting of strong ribs
Spiral sculpture absent

Asmunda subg. nov.

Type. Chemnitzia tiirrita C. 1>. Ads.

Spiral sculpture present

Spiral sculpture consisting of strong ridges
Subg. Peristichia Dall. 1889.

T>pe, Peristichia toretd Dall.

Spiral sculpture consisting of two tumid ridges
one at the periphery the other at the summit
of the whorls and many fine striations in the
intercostal spaces

B.ildra subg. nov.

Type. Turbonilla [Buldra) arclitri

sp. nov.

Axial sculpture consisting of lines of growth only
Spiral sculpture consisting of faint lirations
Discobasis Cossmann, 1888.
Type, Acicvlina demissa Desh.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBGENERA OF ODOSTOMIA.

A' Postnuclear whorls sculptured similarly throughout
B^ Varices absent

C^ Axial ribs present, rounded

Spiral markings, when present, consisting of mere micro-
scopic striations
Shell inflated

Summit of the whorls slightly shouldered
Subg. Elodiamea De Folin, 1884.
Type, Elodia deganx De Fol.

10 iJall and Bartsch—ThePijramuleindw,

Shell not inllatPtl

Sumniit of the whoils not shonldered

ISubg. Odostomiella IJncquoy, Dantzenberg-

and Dollfusv 1883.
Type, lii.sfioa doiiolum Phil.

Summit of the whorls tabisilate 1

Stibg. Salassia De Folin, 1885.

Type, Sulasma earinafa De FoL

Spiral markings consisting of a strong, broad, raised coni
at the summit of the whorls, separated from the remain-
ing part by a strongly impressed spiral groove
Vilia snbg. nor.
Type, Odontuvdu ( Vilia) jprlUbryi

sp. riov.

Si^iral mnrkings consisting of two tnmid ridges, one at tlip
periphery and one at the summit of the whorls; with
many striations on the base

• Folinella sniig. nov.

Type, Amoura angulifereng De Fol.

Spiral markings consisting of several to many raised threads
in the intercostal spaces, always less strongly developed
than the axial ribs
Intercostal spaces crossed by eqiiallj^ spaced, raised
spiral threads, sculpture reticulated

Subg. Trabecula Monterosato 1884.

Type, Odostomia je^rei/nana Monter.

Intercostal spaces crossed by several raised spiral
threads, base not spirally marked

Subg. Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg

and Dollfus, 1883.
Type, T^i7'bo inter stinctus Montagu.

Intercostal spaces crossed by several spiral threads, base
. spirally striated

Bes'a subg. nov.

Type, ChrysalUda convexa Cpr.

Spiral markings consisting of strong, raised threads or cords,
equal to, or even stronger than axial ribs
Spiral cords equally spaced, and equally well developed
between the sutures and on the base; sculpture nodu-
lose throughout

Subg. Mumiola A. Adams, 1864.
<• Tj^pe, Monoptygma spirata A.. Ads.

jMdl (i)id BitrtscJi — TIte Pijratnidelllihv. 11

Spiral cords subtHjually spaced beUvoon tlie sutures,
where the .sculpture is nutlulose; buse sjiiruU^' Urate
and axialiy striated

Subg. ChrysaJlida Carpeuter, KSoO.
T^pe, Vhemnitzia comnn/nh

C. n. Ads.

Spiral markin.iis consisting of impressed lines

Spiral strialious sultecpially spaced, present between
the sutures an<l on tjic l)ase of the whorls

Subg. Fvrgulina A, Adams, 18G4.

Type, ChryadUida aiMa A. Ads.

Spiral striations on the base only, periphery deeply sul-
cated, a.xial ribs e.xtending to the umbilical region
Egila subg. nov.
Type, Chrymllida lacxinaUi Cpr.

Spiral striations on the base only, axial ribs terminat-
ing at the periphery, which is not sulcated
Subg. Spiralinella Chaster, 1901.

Type, Turbo spiralis Montagu.

C- Axial ribs pre.sent, lamellar
Spiral markings lamellar

Ribs and spiral lamelUe moderately strong, siibequally
sjiaced between the sutures and on the base; sculp-
ture cuspidate

Haldra subg. now

Tyj.^, Chry^dllkla fhotis Cpr.

Ribs and spiral lamellae few, very strong
IviJia subg. nov.
Type, Parthenia armnta Cpr.

C' Axial ribs present but very feeble, usually only indicated near
the summit of the whorls
Spiral markings consisting of several strong, broad, tumid
cords, one or more of the posterior cords crenulaled
Subg. Miralda A. Adams, 1S()4.

Type, Parthenia diadxma A. Ads.

Spiral markings consisting of many subequally spaced lira-
tions
Whorls tabulated at the summit

Subg. Ivara Dall and Bartsch, 190:J.
Type, OdoHtomia [Ivara) turricula I). «fe B.

12 Dull and Bartsch — The Pyramidellidce.

Whorls not tabulatpd

Evalina subg. nov.
Tyi)e, Odontomia (Evalina) americana

sp. nov.

C^ Axial ribs usually reduced to mere lirations, frequently only
present between the spiral ridges

Spiral markings consisting of moderately well developed
cords usually equally spaced and present betM'een the
sutures and on the base; axial ribs indicated by faint
threads between Ihe spiral sculpture
Shell umbilicated

Subg. lolaea A. Adams, 1867.

Type, Lde scitula A. Ads.

Shell not umbilicated

Subg. Menestho MGller, 1842.

Type, Turbo ulbulim Fabr.

Spiral markings consisting of strongly raised lamellte; axial
ribs indicated b}' raised threads

Subg. Odelta Ue Folin, 1870.

Type, OdoHtomia (Odetta) caUipyrga
nom. nov. ^ Odetta elegans De Fol.

C' Axial ribs absent; axial sculpture represented by lines of
growth only
Spiral markings consisting of manj-, usually siibequally and
universally distributed impressed lines
Shell elongate-conic

Subg. Evalea A. Adams, 1860.

Type, Evalea elegans A. Ads.

Shell short, subglobose

Subg. Oda Monterosato, 1901.

Type, Odostomia dolioliformis Jeffr.

C'' Axial sculpture absent, shell polished

Spiral markings consisting of two tumid ridges, one at the
periphery and the other at the summit of the whorls
Subg. Cyc'odostomia Sacco, 1892.

Type, Cydodostomia mutinensis S&cco.

Spiral markings consisting of a more or less conspicuous
tumid ridge on the summit of the whorls

Subg. Doliella Monterosato, 1880.
Type, Odostomia nitens Jeflfr.

Dall and Harfsr/i — The PyramideUklce. 13

Spiral marking's consistiiiii- of a slroiiir peripheral keel
iSubg. Scalcnostoma Dcshaycs, 18():;5.

Type, Seitloiostamd i-mintita Desh.

Spiral markings consisliiiiiof a peripheral sulcus
Subg. Jordaniella Chaster, 18!)8.

Type, Turbo nivosa Montagu.

Spiral sculpture absent or indicated only by extremely tine
microscopic lines of growth or striie; surface polished
Summits of the whorls with a strongly tabulated
shoulder

Subg. Spiroclimax Morch, 1874.

Type, SpirocUniax ncalaris Morch.

Summits of the whorls not tabulated
Columellar fold present

Peritreme discontinuous, aperture not ris.soid
Shell infiated, very large

Subg. Amaura Moller, 1842.

Tyix!, Amaura Candida Moller.

Shell not inflated

Subg. Odostomia Fleming, 1817.

Shell of medium size
Sect. Odostomia Fleming, s. s.
Type, Tnrho pUcata Mont.

Shell rather large
Sect. Stomega nom. nov.

Type, Odostomia contiincua Aid.

Shell small
Sect, Brachystomia Monterosato,

1884.
Type, Odostomia rissoidea Hani.

Peritreme continuou.s, aperture rissoid
Heida subg. nov.
Type, tSyrnola caloosaensis Dall.

Columellar fold obsolete
Shell umbilicated

Subg. Myxa Hedley, 190:?.

Type, Myxa exesa Hedley.

Shell not vimbilicated

Peritreme continuous, aperture rissoid
Subg. Pseudorissoina Tate and May,

1900.
Type, Stilifer tasmanica Ten-Wood.

14 Dall and SartscJi — The Pi/raviideUida.

Peritreme not continuous, aperture not
rissoid

Subg. Liostomin (). Sars., 1878.
Type, lUtisoeUa? ehvTiiea

Slimpson.

D- Varices present

Shell smooth, axial sculjatvire indicated by a few varices, spiral
sculpture wanting

Siibg. Oceanida De Folin, 1870.

Type, Oceanida (jradata De Fol.

A^ Early postnuclear whorls sculpture;! differently Froin the later ones
Early post nuclear whorls loosely coiled, plain; later ones closely
coiled with a spiral keel at the periphery and one at the summit
of the whorls; base spirally lirate

Lysacme subs>'. nov.

Type, CTtry.saUida rlauHilifin'mia Cpr.

Early post nuclear whorls axially ribbed, succeeded by one or
two strongly spirally and faintly axially lirate whorls; the rest
of the whorls are marked by a reticulated sculpture consist-
ing of raised axial and spiral cords

Subg. Obtortio Hedley, ]8!)9.

Type, Iiissoa pyrrhacme Melville

and Standen, 1899.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES THAT ARE TYPES OF
SUBGENERA DEFINED IN FOREGOING SYNOPSIS.

Pyramidella (Sulcorinella) dodona sp. nov.

Shell small, elongate-conic, milk-white. Nuclear whorls one and one-
half, smooth, obliquely immersed in the first postnuclear whorl. Post-
nuclear whorls flattened, moderately shouldered at the summit, having
a strong spiral sulcus at the periphery. Base of the last Avhorl well
rounded and strongly umbilicated. The summits of the whorls fall a
little anterior to the peripheral sulcus of the preceding whorl and cause
the part of this, exposed between the sulcus and the summit of the
next whorl, to appear as a narrow raised spiral band. Entire surface of
the shell crossed by many axial lines of growth and numerous subequal-
ly and closely spaced spiral striations. Sutures subchannelled. Aper-
ture ovate, posterior angle obtuse, outer lip thin, columella somewhat
curved and reflected having a strong oblique fold a little anterior to its
insertion; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.

Dall and /><(rff<c/i — 77ic Pijnmudellu'CB. 15

The type, number 130,023 U. S. Xalioiuil Museum colleet i( n, is a
fossil, cominsi' trom Ihe Oliuoceuc' (lep(jsil. al Oak (ii-ove, Sla. Hosa ("o.,
Florida. It has six and one-hall' iKistnuclear -ulioris which measure:
long., 3.1 mm.; diam., 1.4 mm.

Turbonilla ( Baldra) archeri sp. no\ .

Shell small, elongate-conic, turriculated, milk-white. Nuclear whcjrls
two and one-half, helicoid, about one-lourlh immersed in Ihe first jiost-
iiuclear whorl. haviuL;' ihejr axis al a riyht angle to the axis of the later
whorls. Postnuclear whorls moderately well ronndrd, having cuspitlat-
ed tabulated shoulders and a spiral ridge at the summit and the peri-
phery. Axial ribs prominent, narrow, flexuose, about one-third as wide
as the intercostal spaces, sixteen occur upon the hist, eighteen upon
the fourth and the penultimate whorls. Intercostal spaces decidedly
depressed between the spiral ridges, crossed by many subequally
spaced microscopic spiral striations. Suture channelled. Periphery
of the last whorl augulated, rendered somewhat crenulated by the
axial ribs which extend feebly over the base to Ihe umbilical region. A
broad, depressed tumid ridge extends across the anterior half of the
base, and the space between the posterior termination of this ridge and
the peripheral ridge appears somewhat concave. Entire base finely and
closely spirally striated. Aperture subo\-al, posterior angle obtuse,
outer lip thin, angulated at the shoulder and periphery; columella
straight, slightly reflected; columellar fold obsolete or internal; parietal
wall covered by a thin callus.

The type and another specimen are registered as number 58,016 in
the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. They
were collected by S. Archer, at Singapore. The type has seven postnu-
clear whorls and measures: long.. 3.3 mm.; diam., 1.3 mm.

Odostomia (Vilia) pilsbryi sp. nov.

Shell.slender, milk white. Nuclear whorls two and one half, helicoid,
a little more than one-third immersed in the first postnuclear whorl,
having their axis almost at a right angle to the axis of the later whorls.
Postnuclear whorls flattened, or even slightly concave in the middle, be-
tween the sutures; contracted near the summit, the posterior portion
appearing as a strong, rounded, spiral keel, separated from the rest of
the whorl by a spiral groove. Axial ribs prominent, scarcely indicated
on the spiral keel but beginning strong at the groove in front of the
keel and extending to the umbilical region, gradually diminishing in
strength from the periphery to the anterior termination. These ribs are
broadest and strongest at this posterior boundary, just anterior to the
groove and lend the shell a coronated appearance at this place. About
.sixteen of them appear on the second and twenty upon the penultimate
whorl. Periphery and ba.se well rounded. Sutures well impressed.

16 Ddll and JlartscJi — The PyrcanidelUdce.

Aperture subovate, outer lip [fractured], showing five internal, spiral
lirations the middle one of which is stronger than the rest; columella
short, twisted and revolute, having a strong oblique fold near its insertion.
The type is number 58,015 of the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and was collected by S. Archer at
Singapore. It has six and one half postnuclear whorls and measures:
long., 2.7 mm. ; diam., 1.1 mm.

Odostomia (Evalina) americana sp. nov.

Shell elongate-conic, subdiaphanous to milk-white. Nuclear whorls
({uite large, at least two, about three-fourths obliquely immersed. Post-
nuclear whorls rather broad between the sutures, well rounded, faintly
shouldered at the summit, ornamented with depressed, rounded, rather
broad a.xial ribs about eighteen of which occur upon the second, twenty
on the third and eighteen upon the penultimate whorl. The ribs are best
developed near the summits of the whorlsandscarcely extend to the peri-
phery. Spiral lirations low, rounded, subequal, about twelve occur be-
tween the svitures upon the third and the penultimate whorls. These
spiral lirations like the axial ribs appear strongest near the summits of the
whorls. Periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, tlie latter
ornamented by about eleven lirations which are similar in character to
those between the sutures but much less strongly expressed. Aperture
rather broad, suboval, somewhat elTuse anteriorly, posterior angle acute;
outer lip thin; columella short, somewhat curved, strongly revolute an-
teriorly, having a weak oblique fold near its insertion.

The type, No. 168,718 U. S. National Museum collection, and nine
specimens come from San Pedro, California. It has five postnuclear
whorls and measures: long., 2.9mm.; diam., 1.3 mm. Another specimen,
168,719, comes from San Diego, and two others. No. 168.720, from Sta.
Catalina Id., California. Ten were determined for Mrs. Oldroyd from
San Pedro.

Vol. XVII, PP. 17-20 February 5, I9C4

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW LIZARD FROM THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY,

TEXAS.

BY LEOXHARD STEJNEGER.

[By permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.]

During tlie various collecting trips made by the tield natur-
alists of the Biological Survey into western Texas, a series of
lizards belonging to the genus i^celoporus were collected, which
clearly beloitg to an undescribed species. It forms part of the
small section of the genus characterized by the minuteness of
the lateral scales, of which, thus far, only two species have been
taken within the United States, viz., a*?. lUfri a hi lis and S. coucJiii.
I wish to associate with this very distinct species the name of
the originator and chief of the Biological Survey, who has done
such an immense woik in increasing our knowledge of oar
vertebrate fauna.

Sceloporus merriami sp. nov.

Diagnosis. — Lateral scales minute, granular; 55 to 56 femoral pores in
a continuous series across the preanal re^non; 56 to GG scales between the
shielded part of the head and the base of the tail; 14 to IS dorsal scales
corresponding to the shielded part of the head; head shields smooth.

Habitat. — Rio Grande Valley, western Texas.

Type.— United States National Museum, No. 33,039; East Painted Cave,
2— PBGC. BiOL. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII. 1904. (17)

18 Ftejneger — A N'ew Lizard from Texas.

near mouth of Pecos River, Texas, September 2, 1890; W. Lloyd, col-
lector, U. S. Biological Survey.

Description. — Type: Adult male. Head-shields smooth; two canthal
scales, between the posterior of which three larger prefrontal shields
across the snout; frontal shield divided transversely; posterior frontal
separated from interparietal and parietals by two pentagonal fronto-
parietals which are broadly in contact; interparietal larger than the two
parietals together, trapezoid, the width anteriorly somewhat less than
posteriorly, the length equalling the greatestwidth: five large transverse
supraorbitals separated from the frontals and parietals by a single series
of small scales, and from the superciliaries by a double series; six supra-
labials, separated from the nasal and from the long subocular by a single
series of scales, fourthsupralabial under the center of the eye; abo\it five
elongate pointed scales at anterior border of ear-opening; dorsal scales
small, though nearly twice as large as the ventrals, rounded behind,
keeled, forming nearly parallel longitudinal lines; 61 scales along the
middle line of the back from the shielded part of the head to the base of
the tail; 14 scales in the middle of the back corresponding to the shielded
part of the head; lateral scales, including abroad area above tlie foreleg,
minute, granular, in strong contrast to the dorsal and ventral scales; ven-
tral scales smaller than dorsals, smooth, often deeply nicked; scales on
throat as large as ventrals, those across the lower neck even larger, more
pointed and with the terminal portion more free; sides of neck with strong
longitudinal folds joining posteriorly an oblique fold in front of the
shoulder, which meets the one of the other side across the lower neck;
about 114 scales (and lateral granules) round the middle of the body:
adpressed fore limb reaches the groin; adpressed hind limb reaches the
center of the eye; tibia a trifle shorter than distance from tip of snout
to ear-opening-; scales covering upper side of limbs larger than the
dorsals, especially those on tibia, each with strong keel ending in a
point; 51 femoral pores in a nearly continuous line across the preanal
region, only on-e scale interrupting the series on the middle line; tail
covered with keeled scales largej than dorsals, sharply mucronate; well-
developed postanal plates.

Color (in alcohol) above, very pale clay color with ill-defined obscure
dusky spots on the median portion of the back, and numerous, closelj-
set, whitish dots which are most plainly seen above the insertion of the
foreleg; a vertical, narrow, bluish-black line, bordered posteriorly with
white, in front of the insertion of the foreleg; underside, white; the
throat with indistinct, pale bluish-gray lines and a somewhat ill-defined,
large, bluish-black, horseshoe-shaped spot on the lower neck; sides of
belly pale blue, with a broad crescentic inner edge of bluish-black leav-
ing only about four scale rows on the middle line of the belly white.

Dimendons. — Total length, 130 mm; tip of snout to vent, 55; tip of
snout to ear, 13; width of head, 11; fore leg, 28; hind leg, 42.

Variation. — The scutellation is fairly constant in the series of eight
specimens examined by me. The head shields show some variation in the
size and number of those covering the snout, but otherwise they aresur-

Stejneger — A Nexo Lizard from Texas. 19

prisingly uniform, especially the throe large prcrrontals, the frontals,
froMlo-puriotals and interparietals. In one specimen, No. 33,040, the an-
terior frontal issemi-dividcd longitudinally, and in a few there is an extra
fronlo-parietal due to the division of the fronto-parietal or the separation
of the anterior portion of the parietal. The fold across the fore neck is very
variable, mostly absent or merely indicated. The variation of propor-
tion and size of scales, femoral pores, etc., will be seen from the sub-
joined table, but it should be remarked that the great diversity in the
scales round the middle of the body is probably due to the difficulty in
exactly counting the lateral granules.

The males have well-developed postanal scutes which are lacking in
the females.

The variation in color is chiefly confined to the degree of distinctness
of the dusky markings above. Thus, No. 33,03.3 has several series of
blackish dorsal spots edged behind with smaller whitish spots; leg, (in-
cluding digits) and tail, are cross-barred with dusky; there is also a
well-marked dusky vertical line from eye to edge of lip and a less dis-
tinct line between eye and ear. From this specimen there is a complete
gradation to the nearly uniform color of the type. There are no indi-
cations of longitudinal pale bands on the back, or of any dark band on
the sides.

The females lack the blue, black-edged side patch underneath, and
also the horseshoe mark on the fore neck; but there are faint bluish
marblings on the throat, and the vertical blackish mark in front of the
shoulder is indicated.

Habitat. — Thus far only found in the Rio Grande Valley from the
mouth of Pecos River to Boquillas. This species, therefore, seems re-
stricted to the Rio Grande Canon.

lieinarkx. — This exceedingly distinct species needs no detailed com-
parison with other species of this difficult genus. By its continuous line
of femoral pores across the preanal region it recalls Scelnporus scalaris,
but the latter has large lateral scales and is also otherwise very dif-
ferent. The species to which this novelty is most nearly related is prob-
Sceloporii.s couchii, in which the femoral pores, however, are restricted to
the thighs, but the relationship is not near enough to make any further
comparison necessary.

It will be noted that the type is described as having a distinct cross-
fold under the neck, which is the character attributed by Cope to his
genus Lymqitychuti, based on a single specimen, from southern Texas.
This character is absolutely valueless, as it is absent in most of the
specimens, and there is nothing else to separate them from the genus
Sceloporux. As a matter of fact Cope's Lysaplychus lateralin is nothing
but a specimen of Hceloporus couchii, with the types of which I have
carefully compared it. I may here correct a mistake in the original
description of the latter (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1858, p. 254), in which the
number of femoral pores is given as 25. In none of the type speci-
mens (8) is there more than 19 pores on one side. The number varies in
the lot between 15-15 and 18-19.

20

Stejneger — A New Lizard from Texas.

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Vol. XVII, pp. 21-50 March 10, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MAINLAND
SPECIES OF MYIARCHUS.

BY E. W. NELSON.

The present paper covers all of the species and subspecies of
MyiarcJuis known to occur on the mainland of North America
north of the Isthmus of Panama. In addition I have included
the birds of Cozumel Island near the coast of Yucatan, and the
Tres Marias Islands off the- coast of Tepic, western Mexico.

The recently accumulated material in this group, especially
the Mexican series in the Biological Survey collection, serves
to throw much light upon the characters, relationships and
distribution of several obscurely known species. In addition
to the large series of specimens available in the Biological Sur-
vey and National Museum collections, Mr. William Brewster
and Mr. Outram Bangs have kindly sent me material from their
collections that has been of great value in iilling gaps and
enabling me to reach definite conclusions in some otherwise ob-
scure questions.

The genus Myiarchus appears to reach its greatest develop-
ment in the American tropics, including the West Indies, with
a limited number of forms ranging well up into temperate
North Amei-ica. These most northerly representatives of the
genus are cinerascens which I'eaches the northern border of the
Upper Sonoran zone on the west coast in Oregon, and crmitus
3— PBGC. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (21)

22 Nelson — North American Mainlaiid Myiarchiis.

which crosses the Transition zone of eastern America to south-
ern Canada and New Brunswick. M. hncrencei and its sub-
species is the most widely distributed of the North American
species, with a breeding range extending from the Isthmus of
Panama to southern Arizona and the Tres Marias IsLands. The
sj^ecies of most limited distribution is probably M. yucatanen-
sis, found only on the peninsula of Yucatan and on Cozumel
Island.

The North American species of 3Ii/iarchus appear to have
but one moult a year and this occurs immediately following the
breeding season, from August to September or perhaps October.
The birds are much darker or more richly colored for a short
period following the assumption of the new plumage than at
any other period. This extreme intensity of coloration quickly
passes into a duller condition which continues with but little
change through the winter months. In spring the colors grad-
ually fade or become bleached by the sun until in the breeding
season the original shades of greenish, olive and gray of the
back and the yellow of the under parts are almost lost in the
dingy browns and yellows of the frayed plumage. The upper
parts especially bleach to a dingy grayish brown so nearly alike
in several species that there is but little color difference be-
tween summer specimens, and identification of birds in this
condition depends largely on size and tail pattern. This condi-
tion becomes most marked in species living under the
brilliant sun of the Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical regions
and is much less noticeable in species like crinitus which live in
regions of greater humidity and cloudiness.

The general resemblance in color between many of the sub-
species and even between some of the species would render a
description of faded spring or summer birds misleading in the
apparent uniformity of coloration, while the most richly
colored condition that is found immediately after the moult in
late summer or fall is so evanescent that it can scarcely stand to
represent the average characters. For this reason in the fol-
lowing descriptions I have taken, when available, the unworn
winter birds which represent the typical colors of the various
species f^om, soon after the fall moult until the wear and fading
of the spring and summer begin to destroy the distinctive
shades of color. I have designated this as the 'fresh' plumage. In

N'elson — North American Ifainland 3fyiarchus. 23

some specimens the winter condition of the colors remains until
late in spring or early suTiiiner, but ordinarily they are much
faded at this season. The sexes are alike in color, but the fe-
males are usually smaller than the males, as shewn by the meas-
urenients.

In most of the ]Miblished descriptions of the rufous-tailed
species described in the present paper, little or no range of va-
riation in distribution of the dusky pattern on the tail feathers
has been mentioned. This has given the erroneous impression
that these markings are rather constant and has led to the iden-
tification of female individuals of cinerascens from Arizona as
'nuttingi. By the examination of several hundred specimens of
the various species it has been demonstrated that the dusky pat-
tern on the inner webs of the outer tail feathers (and to a simi-
lar degree on the inner tail feathers) of cinerascens, mexicanus,
crinittis, and nuttingi with their subsijecies have a wide range
of variation in extent, though usually preserving a character-
istic outline, although at times this also disappears. Thus we
have the dusky area practically gone on the inner web of the
outer tail feather of some of the females of cinerascens, pi^-
ducing a pattern exactly as in nuttingi. One specimen of
otherwise typical cinerascens from Guanajuato has the dusky
line along the shaft as in typical inquietus, and a specimen of
nutti)igi from Honduras has the dusky shaft line of inquietus.
M. crinitus may or may not have a dusky shaft line on inner web,
while in mexicanMS this line varies greatly in width. The
rufous border to inner webs of tail feathers in yiicatanensis also
varies much in width and may or may not be present on the
outer feather. The considerable amount of individual varia-
tion thus shown renders it difficult to make a key that is ser-
viceable in identifying more than average specimens of some
species.

In the cases of cinerascens and nuttingi the differences in
dimensions are decisive and almost equally diagonostic between
these two and inquietus.

The first plumage of the young in all of the species is char-
acterized by a much greater amount of rufous on the wings and
tail than in the adult. This is especially marked on the tail, in
which the characteristic dusky pattern of the adult is not ap-
parent. The extension of the rufous on the tail usually includes

24 Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus.

I m I II ji — qwiNwifciww*!

a

^'Wl I I I ' I wM^i— <— i3*w

<z

Fig. 1. Outer tail feathers of American Mainland Myiarchus.

a. Myiarchus cinerascens. c. Myiarchus n. inquietus.

b. Myiarchus nuttingi. d. Myiarchus mexicanus.

Nelson — North American Mainland Myiardms. 25

both middle and outer pair of feathers and effects a generalized
pattern.

Even the young of M. nigrlceps which is without rufous in
the adult plumage has it strongly marked on the wings and tail
of the young. Among the great number of winter specimens
examined I have not found a single individual in this tirst
plumage, so it appears that the young moult this plumage within
a short time and assume the dress of the adult.

It is with some hesitation that I add further to the discussion
concerning the application of Kaup's Tyraiinula mexicuiia and
T. cooperi, a matter which has already been the subject of much
difference of opinion; but the case appears to be still unsettled,
and my notes may help toward its definite determination.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for
1851, p. 51, Kaup described two species of Myiarclius in such
a brief and unsatisfactory manner that the application of his
names has given rise to much controversy. From recent study
of the matter it appears to me that Prof. Baird was right in
his disposal of the names (Birds of North America, 1858, p.
180) and that their present use by American ornithologists is
wrong. The matter cannot be absolutely settled until Kaup's
types are examined, but the present evidence in support of
Prof. Baird's conclusions are of interest. He recognized
Kaup's error in applying Nuttall's Musicapa cooperi {^Tyran-
nula cooperi Kaup, a synonym of Nuttallo^'nis borealis), to a
Myiarchus, and then proceeded to make a new use of the name
(loc. cit.), describing in detail as Myiarchvn cooperi a specimen
from "Mexico" (No. 9100 U. S. National Museum). Baird's
type is still in the Museum collection and is the l)ird from
eastern Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley commonly known to
ornithologists as Myiarnhus mexicanus mexicamis. In case, as
I believe, the latter name belongs elsewhere, then Baird's name
cooperi becomes available for this species. Baird identified
Kaup's Tyrannula mexicana as Lawrence's Tyrannula cineras-
cens (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., V., Sept. 1851, p. 121) and
gave it priority over the latter name on the strength of the
dates on which the two papers were read; Kaup's paper having
been read on February U, 1851 and Lawrence's in September,
1851. According to Sclater (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 439) the part
of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society containing Kaujj's

26 JVelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus.

paper was not actually published until October 28, 1852, while
the American Journal of Sciences and Arts, 2d Series, XIII,
No. 38, p. 303 for Maich, 1852, contains a notice of Lawrence's
paper, thus giving cinerasceus at least six months priority.
The reasons for believing that Kaup's ?nexicana is the same as
cinerascens are as follows: Kauj) states that the type of T.
mexicana was sent from Mexico by Mr. Wollweber but men-
tions no definite locality. Mr. Wollweber sent various birds
to the Darmstadt Museum in addition to the type of mexicana,
among which were the types of Pltangus derhiaima and Pariis
wollweberi both of which were recorded from Zacatecas. I
have seen no other locality mentioned for any of Wollweber's
specimens and it is not unreasonable to suppose the type of
tnexicana came from the same district. Zacatecas lies on the
west side of the Mexican tableland remote from the range of
the so-called M. mexicanus mexicaiius of eastern Mexico, but
within the range of cinerascens which is common in parts of
this State. Furthermore Kaup, in his description of T. c(Wj')eri,
says, "with shorter wings than mexicanus but with longer bill
like crinita, throat and over breast light gray," and mentions
the broad black stripe along inner web of outer tail feathers,
all of which applies to the bird we now call mexicanus. In the
description of mexicana he says, "breast light ash-gray; above
lighter," which is certainly applicable to cinerascens. Meas-
urements of a large series of the bird we now call mexicanus
and of cinerascens show that a considerable percentage of
males of cineras'ce7is have longer wings than many of the
specimens of '■'■mexicanus'''' from eastern Mexico, while the dif-
ferences between the size of bill and color mentioned by Kaup
are exactly applicable to these two birds. It is true that Mr.
Sclater compared Kaup's type of mexicana with certain speci-
mens in the British Museum and found them to be similar and
that they were the same as Baird's M. cooperi (fide Ridgway,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., II, pp. 90-91); but in the Biologia II,
p. 91, Salvin and Godman, apparently with the same specimens
before them which Sclater found to be similar to Kaup's type
and pronounced to be the same as M. cooperi Baird, come to ex-
actly the opposite conclusion and pronounce these specimens to
represent cinerascens, and state that Baird's conclusions as given
above regarding the application of Kaup's names were correct.

JVelson — North American Mainldiul Myuirchus. 27

The autliors of the Bioiogia however, in plaee oJ' using Baird's
name c()oj)iri unite the ))ii(ls of eastern and western Mexico
under Kidgway's mai/ister, which is a distinct subspecies from
cooperi and siiould not be confused with either of Kaup's
l)irds.

Tiie color terms in this paper are based on Mr. Kidgway's
'Nomenchiture,' and all measurements are given in millimeters.

1 have again to thank Mr. Robert Kidgway and Dr. Chas.
W. Richmond, of the National Museum, for their continued
courtesies.

KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

Bill rounded, with depth at angle of gonys nearly or quite equal to
width at same place (subgenus Myuirclmts)
Wing and tail feathers without rufous or cinnainon area on either web;
crown olive brown; back greenish olive - jxinameuffis p. 29.
AVing and tail feathers with distinct rufous or cinnamon area on one
or both webs
Inner web of outer tail feather visually entirely rufous (except in
some specimens a narrow dusky line along shaft mainly near
tip)
Bill small and proportionately slender (exposed culmen usually
less than 19 mm.)
Size small, wing usually less than S6 mm. - nuttingi p. 37.
Size larger, wing usually more than than 93 mm. ( 9 's in part)

cinerascens p. 33.
Bill stout and proportionally heavy (exposed culmen usually more
than 19 mm.) .

Underside of neck and breast pale ashy gray bruchyurus p. 40.
Underside of neck and breast dark gray

Exposed culmen not over 20 mm. - - crinitus p. 29.

Exposed culmen over 20 mm. - - residuui< p. 30.

Inner web of outer tail feather partly- or wholly dusky-
Inner web of outer tail feather wholly dusky yucatanensis p. 41,
Inner web of outer tall feather partly' dusky
Inner web of outer tail feather with well defined dusky band
along shaft, rufous along inner border to tip
Bill long and heavy (usually 20 mm. or over); dusky band on
inner web of outer tail feather usually broadest in mid-
dle.
Size smaller, wing usually less than 105 mm. mexicanujs p. 31.
Size larger, wing usually more than 105 mm. magister p. 33.
Bill small and slender, exposed culmen usually less than 18
mm.: dusky band on inner web of outer tail feather
broadeiiing gradually from base, widest at tip

28 Nelson— North American Mainland Myiarchtis.

Inner webs of tail feathers mainly rufous ingtiietus p. 38.

Inner web of tail feathers mainly dusky yucntunensis p. 41.

Inner web of outer tail feather usually entirely rufous on basal

two-thirds, with outer third more or less broadly tipped

with dusky

Bill smaller, slenderer; color darker - cinerascens p. 33.

Bill larger, broader; color paler - - pertinax \>. ^Q.

Bill flattened with depth at angle of gonys decidedly less than width at
same place (subgenus Ony chapter us)
Tail feathers usually distinctly edged on one or both webs with rufous
or cinnamon
Tail feathers distinctly edged on both webs with rufous or cinnamon
Crown conspicuously darker than back (black or blackish)

Crown sooty black ... - nigricupillus p. 44.

Crown clove brown .... lawrencei_p. 42.

Crown appreciably darker than back (usually between olive and

sepia brown) ... - querulus p. 47.

Tail feathers not at all or but slightly edged on inner webs with

rufous or cinnamon

Back greenish or greenish olivaceoiis

Back greenish, crown intensely black - bangsi p. 45.

Back greenish olivaceous, crown bistre brown

platyrhynclius p. 45.
Back grayish olivaceous or hair brown

Back grayish olivaceous; inner webs of tail feathers usually

not edged with rufous - - oUrascem p. 48.

Back hair brown; inner webs of tail feathers usually slightly

edged with rufous - - - tresmarice p. 49.

Tail feathers not edged on either web with rufous; no rufous edgings

on wings; crown dull black - - - nigriceps p. 49.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

Genus Myiarchus Cabanis.

1845. MyiarcJms Cabanis, in Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845, p.
152. Type Muscicapa ferax Gmelin.

Typical Myiarchus is characterized by a rounded and proportionately
deep bill; the depth at angle of the gonys nearly or quite equaling its
width at the same place. It includes the majority of the species in
this paper, viz., M. ferox panainensis, M. crinitus, M. c. residims, M. mex-
icanus, M. m. magister, M. cinerascens. M. c. -pertinax, M, nuttingi, M. n.
inquietus, M. brachyurus, and M. yucatanensis.

Nelson — Ni»'t/i Aintricau Mainhoid M(jhirchus. 29

Myiarchus ferox panamensis (Lawrence).

PANAMA FLYCATCHER.

1800. Myiarr.hus panamindii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.
VII, p. 284. May, 18G0.

Type locality. — Lion Hill, Panama. Type in American Museum of
Natural History (Lawrence collection).

Breeding range. — From nearly or quite to the southern border of Costa
Rica (specimens examined from David, Chiriqui) through Panama
(including- San Miguel Island) into northern Columbia at least to Santa
Marta. Not migratory.

Zonal dintributiun. — Humid Tropical.

Subuperific character^. — hsLVger than ferox; upper parts paler, more
greenish olive.

•Deiscription of fresh plumage. — Crown olive, usually a little darker than
back but often the same color: back greenish olive; upper tail coverts
vary from hair brown to broccoli brown; tail coverts and outer webs of
tail feathers edged with drab or Isabella color; outer web of outer tail
feather hair brown or drab, distinctly paler than inner web: i-est of tail
feathers plain dusky, slightly paler at tip; wing coverts, edges of
secondaries and tertials hair brown (palest on tertials) and commonly
tinged with slight shade of greenish; chin, throat and breast, ash gray;
abdomen and under tail coverts sulphur yellow.

Meaxurement-f. — Averages of seven adult males from Panama and
Chiriqui; Wing, 93.1 (87-9(3); tail, 90.3 (85-93); culmen, 19.1 (18-20);
tarsus, 23.4 (22.5-24.5).

Averages of five adult females from Panama and Chiriqui: Wing,
91 (89-93); tail, 89 (87-91); culmen, 19.4 (18-21); tarsus, 23.7(23-24.5).

.General Noten. — My iareJius ferox was described from Cayenne, Guiana,
and the few specimens at hand from that and adjacent sections of South
America appear to show that it is smaller with a smaller bill than pana-
mensis, and the upper parts browner and less greenish. liirds from
Chiriqui average a little larger than those from Panama. The series in
the Bangs Collection from San Miguel Island, Panama, are not distin-
guishable from mainland birds in the same condition of plumage. Like
M. «tVy«cc;w the present species is South American and only enters the
area included within the limits of this paper at the northern extremity
of its range. It has no near relative in North America.

Myiarchus crinitus (Linnieus).

GREAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

1766. Muscicapa crinita Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., I, 12th ed., p. 325. Based
on the Muscicapa cristata, ventre luteo of Catesby, Car. I, p. 52,
t. 52.

Type locality.— Csiteshy says "It breeds in Carolina and Virginia" and

30 Nelson — North American Mainland MyiarcJms.

gives no more definite type locality; but as in tlie case of most of
Catesby's species tiie Carolina birds probably served for his description.

Breeding range. — Throughout eastern North America from New
Brunswick and Manitoba south to northern Florida and to Bexar
County, Texas.

Migrates through eastern and southern Mexico and Central America to
Panama and the Santa Marta Mountains in Colombia.

Zonal difttrihution. — Upper and lower Austral and Tran.sition (in breed-
ing season).

Specific characters. — Size large; under side of neck and breast rather
dark olive-gray; back distinctly (/reems/t olive; inner web of outer tail
feather mainly or entirely rufous.

Description of fres/i plumage. — Top of head olive with a brownish
shade; back greenish olive; upper tail coverts hair brown margined with
tawny-ochraceous; wing coverts pale grayish drab, sometimes tinged
with greenish yellow; tertials edged with dull grayish white, sometimes
tinged with greenish yellow: basal part of outer web of all but outer
primary edged with deep cinnamon rufous; outer webs of tail feathers
thinly margined on basal half with tawny ochraceous; inner webs of tail
feathers, except middle pair, mainly or entirely bright cinnamon-rufous
(almost orange-rufous) with a more or less distinct but narrow line of
dusky along shaft in the majority of specimens; chin, throat and breast
olive gray; abdomen and under tail coverts clear bright yellow — between
naples yellow and sulphur yellow of Ridgway.

Description of young in first phmiage. — Crown dull olivaceous-sepia
brown; back dingy greenish olive; upper tail coverts hair brown broadly
bordered and tipped with russet-cinnamon; tail as in adult but with inner
webs of middle pair of tail feathers mainly cinnamon-rufous; wing
coverts light buffy cinnamon; primaries and secondaries narrowly edged
with cinnamon-rufous; tertials bordered with dull yellowish white,
slightly tinged with buffy cinnamon; chin, throat and breast french
gray; abdomen and under tail coverts primrose yellow.

Myiarchus crinitus residuus Howe.

FLORIDA GEEAT CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

1901. Myiarchus crinitus residuus Howe, Cont. N. Am. Orn., I, p. 30.
May 21, 1902.

Type locality. — Ishtopoga Lake, Florida. Type No. 1233, adult male,
Howe-Shattuck Collection.

Breeding range. — Peninsular part of Florida. Probably not migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Lower Austral.

Subspecific characters. — Wing averages a little shorter and bill much
larger than in M. crinitus.

N^elson — A^ort/t A))U'Hcan M(ti)il(i)id ]\lyiarvlins. 31

COMPARATIVE AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS OF MYIARCHUS CRINITUS AND M.

CRINITUS RESIDUUS.

Name

Sex

No. of

specs

VViag

Tail

Culmen

Tarsus

M. criiUtut
M. c. remluus

9

10

10

5

10(i.l (103-112J

C8.7 ( 98-lO-i)

102 4 101-105)

92.7 (89-97;
8ri. 9 (8:3-93.

91.8 i90-93

19.3 ( 18- 20)
19.1 ( 18- 20)
21.3(20.5-22.5)

21.7,21-22)
il 4(21-22,
21.7(20-23)

tf<i««raZ iVw^«*.— As first pointed out by Mr. Bangs, the Great Crested
Flycatchers of southern Florida are readily distinguished from birds
occupying other parts of its range by the much greater size of
their bills. This character appears so constant and is so marked that it
seems to be worthy of recognition by name, although not accompanied
by any other equally well marked differences. Unfortunately the birds
from the Carolinas are most like tho.se from New England, so that Mr.
Bangs in his Myiarchun crinittt)i boreim (Auk, XV, p. 179, April, 18.98)
renamed the type form. The name afterwards given by Mr. Howe to
the bird of southern Florida must therefore be recognized. The amount
of variation in color of this species aside from that due to seasonal
wear and fading is not great, though occasional .specimens have a lighter
or more yellowish green shade on the back. The main variation is in
the tail markings. Only si.xteen out of si.vty-six specimens of true M.
crinitua have the inner web of the outer tail feather entirely rufous. The
other fifty specimens have a narrow dusky line along the inner side of
the shaft, varying from a thin barely appreciable line to a well marked
band covering one-fourth the width of the web. This dusky line on in-
side of shaft of outer tail feather is present in seven out of eight of the
birds from southern Florida. There appears to be no geographic sig-
nificance in this marking, as it occurs throughout the ran^e of the
species and also in both se.\es.

Alyiarchus mexicanus (Kaup)*

MEXrCAIv CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

1852. Tyrnnmdn mexicana Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851, p.
51. Published October 28, 1852.

Type locality.— "Mexico.''' Type sent to the Darmstadt Museum from

*As explained in the notes under Myiarchus ciiierascens the name rnexi-
canus is probably a synonym of citurcDicenfi but is used here in conformity
with present custom until the type can be examined.

In case mexkanus proves to be a synonym of cuicrascenM then Myiurehv^
cinq-ieri W^xvd, Birds of X. Am., p. 180, 1858 (Type from "Mexico" Ver-
reaux Collection, Xo. 9100 U. S. National Museum) becomes available
for this species.

32 JV^elson — North American Mainland Myiarchus.

Mexico h\ Mr. "Wolhveber but no deflnite locality mentioned.

Breeding rnnc,e, — From the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas, south
along the tropical and subtropical parts of eas'ern Mexico to Yucatan,
Cozumel Island, Belize, northeastern Guatemala, and Honduras (Ceiba).
Migratory only in northern part of its ran^e.

Zonal distribution — Lower Sonoran, Arid and Humid Tropical.
Specific characters. — Crown olive; back brownish olive; wings and tail
(on both websl strongly margined with rufous.

De.-icription offrexh plumnge. — Top of head olive with a greenish shade,
feathers indistinctly streaked with darker centers; back dull brownish
olive, slightly grayer than crown; back of neck slightly grayer than back,
forming an indistinct collar; upper tail coverts dingy raw-umber brown,
sometimes edged with dull rusty; wing coverts broadly edged with dull
brownish white: terlials edged with white, tinged with pale greenish; pri-
maries, except first, edged along middle with dark rufous; chin, throat
and breast ashy gray, palest on chin; abdomen and und^r tail coverts
deep primrose yellow sometimes slightly washed with gray (especially in
Yucatan and Cozumel specimens): outerweb of outer tail feather 'vary-
ing from plain drab to lighter more grayish brown: inner web of out^r
feather with a band of dusky along shaft from near base to tip, Usually
a little broader in middle where it occupies from one-fifth to 'over one-
half the width of web;- other tail feathers, except • middle pair,
similar, but dusky band decreasing toward middle of tail.- '

Measurements. — Avera'ges of seventeen adult males from northeastern
Mexico: Wing, 102.4 (98-106)r tail, 95.4 (90-98); culmen, 21.3 (20-23V; tar-
sus, 23.5 (22.5-25;. ' ' ,.

Averages of five adult females from northeastern Mexico: Wing, 95.7
(94-98); tail, 90 (88-91); culmen, 19.9 (19^21.5); tarsus, 22.'4 (21-23).

General Notes. — In worn or faded plumage much of the greenish Avaiah
on upperparts is lost and ^the coloration 'fclosely resemWes that of
magister. Specimens from the State of Vera Cruz average larger thah
those from the Rio Grande while thbse from Yucatan and Cozumel
Island are smaller than from any other part of their range, Cozumel
birds are also slightly darker than those from elsewhere. This form
reaches the borders of, the tableland along river valleys but does not in-
habit the tableland proper. Its range comes in contact with that of
magister only through the low gap in the elevated continental area at the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec. A large proportion of specimens have the
dusky line along shaft on inner web of outer tail feather appreciably
broadest in the middle and narrowing toward each end, but in some in-
dividuals it is nearly the same -nMdth most of ' its length- and in a few
cases becomes a little broader near the tip. :

A typical specimen in the Bangs Collection taken by Mr. W. W.
Brown, January 16, 1902, at Ceiba, Honduras, is the southernmost record
of this species with which I am familiar.' This w^as perhaps a winter
straggler.

Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus. 33

Myiarchus mexfcanus magi^ter Ridgway.

ARIZONA CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

1884. Myidrchus mexicanus magister Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
II, p. 90.

Type locality. — Camp Lowell, near Tucson, Arizona. Type No.
86,005, adult male, U. S. National Museum.

Brccdi/if/ range. — From northwestern Chihuahua and southern Arizona
through western Mexico at least to the border of Chiapas. A partial
winter migration of northern birds extends as far as Guatemala, but
they are resident throughout a large part of their range.

Zonal dutribiition. — Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical.

Snb.specific characters. — Generally similar to and in some cases difficult
to distingviish in coloration from pale or faded specimens of true mexicanus,
but upper parts averaging grayer and less greenish; throat and breast
slightly paler ashy, and abdomen a trifle clearer or brighter yellow; size
averages decidelv larger.

Description of first plumage. — Crown light seal brown; back dark hair
brown; upper tail coverts, broad border to outer webs and most of the
inner webs of tail feathers dull, dark cinnamon rufous; lesser wing
coverts tipped and tertials edged with pale vinaceous-bvitf; greater wing
covert's, secondaries and primaries broadly edged with dull rusty rufous,
paler than on borders of tail feathers; chiri, throat and' breast pearl gray
becoming darkest on breast; abdomen and vmder tail coverts pale prim-
rose yellow.

Measvrements. — Averages of twenty-three adult males: Wing, 108.9
(103-114); tail, 100.3 (93-106); culmen, 23.2(22-25); tarsus, 25.4 (24.5-26).

Averages of fifteen adult females: Wing, 106.7 (100-110); tail, 98.1
(9'4-I02); cuimen, 23 (22-25);' tarsus, 25.1 (24-26).

General Notes,— Su,e is the only character by which magister can be
distifig^iished in a great majority of cases. . Specimens from the type
reg.iofl in southern Arizopa-^-re considerably larger than those from the
more southerly part of their range. Am.on^ the series from various sec-
tions of the range, the one from the Tres Marias Island^ averages the
smalTes't thus paralleling the relatively smaller size of the series of typi-
cal me.r.icunus hova Cozumellsland, off the coast of ^Y^catan. The types
of "both "cooperiy and magister, are larger than average bir(|.s of the forms
they represent.

Myiarchus cinerascens (Lawrence).

ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

1851. Tyrannula cinerascens Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
V, p. 121. September, 1851.

Tyjye locality. — Western Texas.

Breeding range. — From the Dalles, Oregon, Cheyenne, Wyoming, and

34 N'elson — JVorth American Mainland 3Iyiarchus.

central southern Texas south to northern Lower California, central
Sonora and at least to Zacatecas on the southern part of the Mexican
tableland.

ir7«^'v /YOi^e. — Migrates over all of Lower California and the rest of
Mexico (except the southeastern tropical parts) at least to Guate-
mala.

Zonal distribution. — L^pper and lower Sonoran.

Specific clinracters. — Upper parts grayish brown: crown a little darker
than back; inner webs of tail feathers mainly rufous but tipped more or
less broadly with dusky on outer feather.

Description of fresh phimage. — Top of head grayish bistre brown,
iisually a little darker than back; back dark hair brown, becoming paler
and grayer in worn plumage; back of neck sometimes paler or more ashy
than back; upper tail coverts dark hair brown, sometimes edged slightly
with raw umber or russet (never in worn specimens); wing
coverts and tertials broadly, and secondaries narrowly edged with
grayish white; primaries (except first) edged with rufous; primaries,
secondaries, tertials and top of tail feathers clove brown, palest on ter-
tials; underparts from chin over breast and wash over fore-part of ab-
domen pale cinereous gray, becoming whitish in faded plumage; abdo-
men and under tail coverts primrose yellow (becoming whitish in faded
plumage); basal half or three-fourths of outer web of outer tail feather
distinctly whitish, latter color replaced on distal end by dusky line
bordering shaft and widening toward end of feather in proportion to ex-
tent of same color on inner web of feather; inner web of outer feather
cinnamon rufous from base to middle of feather, the rufous replaced along
shaft at varying distances beyond this to within one-fifth of length from
tip by dusky line gradually broadening to include entire tip and sometimes
extending back as narrow border some distance along inner side of
feather; extent of dusky tip varies from narrow border to half an inch
or more; tips of other tail feathers except middle pair with similar
pattern but amount of dusky decreasing inward.

Female. — Dusky on inner web of outer tail feather not rarely restricted
to narrow wedge shaped line along shaft on terminal part of feather
much as in M. nuttingi; but such birds are readily distinguishable by
their much greater size.

Young in first plumage (Pecos River, northwest of Comstock, Tex.,
August 1, 1902). — Top of head dull rusty brown; back dull hair brown;
upper tail coverts and tail mainly light cinnamon rufous, including middle
pair of feathers; outer web of outer feather paler, except tip; narrow dusky
shaft lines on distal third of all tail feathers and broad dusky band along
basal two-thirds of shaft except on middle pair; vinderparts pale ashy
whitish to breast: abdomen and under tail coverts yellowish white.

Measurements. — Averages of ten adult males from western Texas:
Wing, 101.5 (99-103); tail, 95.2 (93-98); culmen, 18.9 (17.5-20); tarsus,
23.7 (23-24).

Averages of ten adult females from western Texas: Wing, 94.7(91-98);
tail, 87.9 (82-93); culmen, 17.9 (16.5-19); tarsus, 22.7 (21-24).

Kelson — JS^orth American Mainland 3IyiarcJnis. 35

General Notes.— In "The Auk" for October, 1892, p. 394, was recorded
the supposed occurrence in Arizona of Mi/iarehiis ni/ttiiigi based upon
three specimcMis, all femalos. in the biological Survey collection — one
from Rillito Creek, near Tucson, one from Oracle, and another from
Prescott. After a detailed study of the large series of Myiarchitu cine-
i-iiKCcns and its near relatives in the Biological Survey and National
Museum collections, it has become evident that all the supposed speci-
mens of Jf. nuttingi from the United States are really females of cine-
I'dscens. The error in identification arose from the previously unknown
fact that a considerable percentage of the females of cinera.v:en/i have the
dusky area restricted at the tips of the inner webs of the outer tail
feathers, sometimes being almost entirely absent and thus producing the
exact tail pattern of nuttingi.

Myiarchiis nuttingi is a much smaller species than c««€rrt«c£'«s and is
represented in the National Museum collection by the type only. There
are two specimens in the Biological Survey collection, one from Nenton,
Guatemala, and one from Ocozucuautla, Chiapas, the latter probably the
most northerly actual record for the species. The broad area lying be-
tween the breeding range of M. cinerascens and that of 31. nuttingi is
occupied as shown below by 31. nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman).

I have carefully measured a series of J/, cinerancens from the type
region in western Texas, another from southern Arizona, another from
northern California and Oregon, and still another of winter migrants
from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala and the averages show
close uniformity in size throughout its range. The size, when compari-
son is made between specimens of the same sex, is so much greater in
cinerascens that the species may be at once distinguished from nuttingi by
this character alone.

The identification of specimens of cinerascens as tiuttingi \\&s duQ to
the almost precise similarity of the patterns of color on the outer
tail feathers between these specimens and the type of nuttingi. On ex-
amination of the series of cinerascens at hand I find that among 113
males there is not a single specimen that lacks a definite dusky tip to
tlie outer tail feather, although sometimes reduced to a narrow dusky
border. On the other liand among 60 specimens of females, 15 of them
showed a marked reduction of the dusky at tip of inner web of outer
tail feather and a corresponding extension of the rufous. Several of
these, in addition to tlae three specimens cited from Arizona, have the
dusky so reduced on this feather that the rufous covers practically all
of the inner web to the tip as in nuttingi. These were taken on the
Santa Cruz River west of the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, at Owens
lake, Inyo County, and Mountain Spring, San Diego County, California,
Alpine, mouth of Nueces River and Boquillas, Texas. Others with the
dusky much reduced and forming merely a slender wedge-shaped line
next the vane on the terminal part of the feather were taken at Baird.
California, Santa Cruz River, Arizona, and a winter specimen at
Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Every gradation is shown in this series be-
tween the pattern on the outer tail feather of typical cinerascens and

36 JVelson — Korth American Mainland Myiarchus.

71 uttingi hut they are all females, typically cinerascens in s\ze and general
coloration, and occur sporadically practically throughout the range of
the species. From the frequency of this variation of the females it ap-
pears that there is a tendency toward the extension of the rufous at the
expense of the dusky tip of the outer tail feather among them which
is not shared equally by the males. While this variation appears to
have no geographical significance, yet it evidently, judging from the
specimens examined, occurs most frequently in southern Arizona. All
of the 105 males examined have the tip of the outer tail feather suf-
ficiently typical to enable one to identify them by this character without
trouble, although there is considerable variation in the extent of the
dusky on the tip. In some cases the feather is entirely rufous on the
inner web to within one-fifth of its length from the tip, where the dusky
begins next the vane and broadens rapidly intoa narrowband occupying
the tip of the feather and sometimes extending down a little along the
inner border. In other eases the dusky begins at varying distances along
the shaft to within one-third of its length from the base and extends
outward in a gradually widening line to occupy the terminal 5 to 15
millimeters of the feather and may or may not extend back along the
inner edge of the feather sometimes nearly or quite halfway to the base.
When the dusky extends back along the inner edge of the feather the
outer end of the rufous on this vane forms a narrowing point on the
middle of the web. In other specimens it is cut squarely off by the in-
ward extension of the dusky near the end of the feather. This variation
occvirs throughout the range of the species.

Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman) replaces M. cineras-
cens to the south in Mexico, and the mftteria'l 'ai hisifid appears to show
that they are distinct species.

...>.: :;q ''
Myiarchiis tinerascens pertinax (Baird).

" •> N! r

CAPE ST. LUCAS FLYCATCHER.

'J.J i-"U

1859. Myiarchus pertinax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. .Phila., 1859, p.
303. !s V : ■ -i'^i-i . 'rM- tt.!.-:;?'! '■':.

Type locality . — Cape St. Lucas, '^oWer Cfflllfbrhia. T^ype No. 12,944,
U. S. National Museum.

Breeding range. — Cape regidVi of' Lower Calfornia north at least to
Pichilinque Bay. ^N6'^' nlYgratofy..' "' " ''

Zonal distribution. — Arid I'ropical and border of Lower 'Sonoran. , , ,

Suhspecific characters. — Simi'ikr to cinerascens "but grayer, above' and
more whitish below; sii;e smaller; bill larger. ,

Descriptvdn of firW plumage. — Crown warm sepia brown; back hair

brown; up^er Wil' Coverts 'dull cinnamon rufous; middle pair of tail

, . if.
feathers strongly margined with same; outer webs of rest of tail featliers

except outer onB^similariytflal'gined; xmV€v w"eb ofoiiler fejtthe'r wfiilisn

Nelson — XoHh American Mainland My iarchus. 37

on basal half and becoming drab on distal third; inner webs of all but
middle pair plain cinnamon rufous except for a slender dusky line along
shafts near tips; wing- coverts lipped with whitish and narrowly edged
with dull cinnamon; terlials edged with whitish; secondaries broadly
edged with cinnamon shading into broad edgings of light cinnamon
rufous on primaries; chin, throat and breast pale pearl gray.; abdomen
and under tail coverts white with the faintest tinge of yellowish.

MeamremenU. — Averages of three adult males; wing, 94,0; tail, 89.3;
culmen, 19.6; tarsus, 23.3.

General Notes. — There is some difficulty in distingtiishing specimens of
pertinax from faded ones of cinerascens, but the larger bill ot pertinax and
its smaller size are usually sufficiently marked to distinguish them. In
fairly fresh plumage pertiihax is distinctly grayer on the upper parts. The
exact limits between the ranges of the two forms is still undetermined.

Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway.
nutting's flycatchek.

1882. Myiarchus nuttingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. National Museum, V,
p. 394.

Type locality.— Ld, Palma, Costa Rica. Type No. 87,391, U. S.
National Museum.

Breeding range. — Costa Rica (La Palma): Honduras (on Nicaraguan
boundary 180 miles from Pacific Coast); Guatemala (Nenton); Mexico
(Ocozucuautla, Chiapas). Not migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Arid and Semi-Arid Tropical.

Specific characters. — Size small, wing not over 88 mm. ; back rather light
olivaceous brown; inner web of outer tail feather usually almost wholly
rufous.

Description of fresh plumage. — Crown olive brown with slightly darker
shaft lines, and borders of feathers with a shade of bistre brown; back
varying from slightly grayish to yellowish olive, usually with less
greenish than in brachyurus; upper tail coverts dark broccoli brown
shaded and slightly edged with dark raw umber; wing coverts and ter-
tials broadly edged with dingy brownish white, palest on tertials;
primaries edged with cTark rusty; outer web of outer tail feather light
drab; inner web usually plain rufous except a fine line of dusky along
shaft near tip, but sometimes with dusky line along shaft much as in
inquietus, -cYixn, neck and breast dull gray, palest on throat; abdomen
and under tail coverts between primrose and sulphur yellow. Upper-
parts of worn specimens, like the type, are dull grayish, olive brown.

Measurements. — Averages of two adult males: Wing, 86.5 (85-88); tail,
84 (81-87); culmen, 17.2 (17-17.5); tarsus, 22 (21-23).

Adult female (one specimen): Wing,, 85; tail, 84; culmen, 17; tarsus, 22.

General notes. — This species has a close general resemblance to

38 JVelson — North Americmi Mainland Myiarchns.

hrachyuriis and apparently occupies about the same range, for both have
been taken along the Pacific coast region from Costa Rica to Chiapas,
Mexico. Its smaller size, less greenish upperparts and slightly darker
underparts are the main characters. The small bill of nuttingi at once
distinguishes it among the specimens of bracJiyiirus at hand. In the
original description of mittingi the specimens cited as belonging to
that species, with the exception of the type, all proved to belong to an-
other species which Mr. Ridgway afterwards described as bracliyvms,
thus leaving the type the unique representative of nvttivgi in the
National Museum collection until two others were secured by Mr. Gold-
man and myself in Chiapas and Guatemala. Through the lack of
definite knowledge of just what nuttingi represented, quite a number of
erroneous citations of this species have been made, and its range unwar-
rantably extended far beyond its real limits. Attention is called to this
in the notes upon M. ciner<tscens.

A specimen in the Bangs collection, taken on the boundary line be-
tween Nicaragua and Honduras, 180 miles from the Pacific coast, differs
from typical birds in having a well marked dusky line along the shaft on
the inner web of outer tail feather, and less conspicuously the same on
other tail feathers, as in typical inqidetns. The size and color, however,
show that this is nuttingi, and these tail markings merely due to in-
dividual variation.

Myiarchus nuttingi inquietus (Salvin and Godman).
godman's flycatcher.

1889. Myiarchus inquietus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent. -Am., II,
p. 88. March, 1889.

Type locality. — Acahuizotla*, Guerrero, Mexico. Type in British
Museum.

Breeding range. — Arid tropical and subtropical parts of southwestern
Mexico from central western Chihuahua and southern Sonora to Isthmus
of Tehuantepec and inland to southern Puebla. No definite migration,
but strays in winter to Guatemala.

Specimens examined from: Sonora (Nacosari, Alamos); Chihuahua
(Batopilas, Hacienda San Rafael, El Carmen, Durasno);Sinaloa(Culiacan):
Durango, (Chacala); Tepic (Acaponeta); Zacatecas(San Juan Capistrano);
Jalisco (La Barca) ; Michoacan (La Salada, Zamora) ; Morelos. ( Yecapixtla) ;
Puebla (Tehuacan); Guerrero (Acahuizotla, Dos Arroyos, El Rincon,
Acapulo, Papayo, El Naranjo, La Lagunilla, Rio Balsas): Oaxaca
(Huilotepec, Tehuantepec City, Santa Efigenia, Chihuitan); Chiapas
(Gineta Mountains); Guatemala (Nenton).

*This is a small plantation on the road between Acapulco and Chil-
pancingo. The spelling of the name Acaguisotla given in the original
description is erroneous for the owners of the place spell it as given
above.

Nelson — Xorth Amvincan Mainland Myiarchus. 39

Zonal distribution. — Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical.

Description of fresh plumage. — Crown grayish bistre brown, a little
darker than back: back grayish olive brown, becoming much like
cinerascens in faded plumage: upper tail coverts light sepia brown,
strongly edged and often distinctly colored throughout with tawny olive
or rusty olive; primaries, secondaries, tertials and top of tail dark hair
brown; wing coverts and tertials edged with dull brownish white,
bleaching to dull whitish; primaries (except first) narrowly edged along
middle with rusty rufous; chin, neck and breast pale cinereous ashy,
little if any darker than in winter specimens of cme?"rt«C(?««; abdomen
and under tail coverts sulphur yellow; outer web of outer tail feather in
some specimens uniform pale hair brown and in others edged more or
less with whitish; inner web of this feather cinnamon rufous with a line
of dark hair brown (varying somewhat in shade) along shaft beginning
on basal third of feather and gradually widening to occupy from one-
fourth to entire width of inner web at tip; same pattern repeated with
decreasing amount of dusky inward on other feathers except middle
pair.

Description of first plwnage ( 9 Rio Balsas, Guerrero, Mexico, June 3,
1903). — Much like same plumage of M. cinerascens but darker; top of
head sepia brown with a light wash of dull tawny; back dull, dark hair
brown: wing coverts and tertials edged with lighter, varying from
pinkish butf to ochraceous bulT; upper tail coverts dark cinnamon
rufous witli dusky shaft streaks; tail cinnamon rufous with bases of
middle pair of feathers dusky and a narrow shaft line of same extends
thence toward end of feathers gradually broadening to occupy most of
feather near tip, but completely bordered by rufous; outer web of outer
feather dusky, edged broadly along middle two-thirds with pale buffy
whitish; outer web of other tail feathers with broad dusky band along
shaft and narrower edging of rufous; inner webs of all except middle
pair plain rufous. Underparts from chin over breast pale cinereous ashy;
abdomen and under tail coverts pale yellowish white.

Measurements.— AvQv&gQ of ten adult males*: Wing, 91.2 (88-93); tail,
88.4 (85-92): culmen, 18 (17..5-21): tarsus, 22.4 (22-23).

Averages of five adult females*; Wing, 86.8 (85-88); tail, 84.8 (81-87);
culmen, 17.2 (17-18): tarsus, 21.5(21-22).

General notes.— \]^ to the present time, except for the brief notes
published with the original description, this bird has remained compara-
tively unknown. During the spring of 1903, Mr. Goldman and I secured
specimens at the type locality and elsewhere throughout this region,
which added to specimens already in the Biological Survey and National
Museum form an excellent series covering a wide range in western and
southern Mexico. Instead of being, as the describers suggested, "a
small resident form of the migratory M. crinitus of eastern America,
which being isolated in the Sierra Madre del Sur, has acquired distinc-

*Specimens from southwestern Mexico, mainly from the region about
the type locality.

40 Nelson — North American Mainland 3Ii/iarc/ms.

live characters," it is a common resident of western Mexico from
Batopilas in western Chihuahua to the Istlimus of Teliuantepec. The
specimens from tlie Isthmus and adjacent part of Cliiapas are distinctly
intergrades sliowing that inquietus is merely a northern subspecies of
Myiarchus nuttingi, which latter does not appear to range north of
Cliiapas.

Nine specimens, representing both sexes, from the Pacific Coast of
the Isthmus of Teliuantepec and thence to the border of Chiapas, have
the brown line along the inside of the shaft of the outer tail feather con-
siderably reduced, often to half or less the amount found in typical birds.
They are also rather smaller than typical birds and their color is other-
wise like that of nuttingi, This combination of exactly intermediate
characters in the birds of this section with the occurence of undoubted
nuttingi a little farther down in Chiapas and Guatemala appears suf-
ficiently conclusive evidence to warrant placing inquietus as a subspecies
of nuttingi. In general coloration these two forms appear to be practi-
cally identical so that they are to be separated only by size and pattern
of color on the outer tail feathers.

M. n. inquietus is intermediate in size between nuttingi and cinerascens
and there is a close resemblance in the color of the upper parts of
slightly faded specimens of inquietus and cinerascens. In freshly as-
sumed fall plumage the upper parts of both these species are darker
than at any other time. At such times inquietus may be distinguished
by its darker and browner vipper parts and the richer 3'ellow of the ab-
domen as well as by the tail pattern.

A careful examination of the large series of inquietus and cinerascens
now available has failed to reveal any evidence of intergradation. Birds
from the river valleys of western Chihuahua and Sonora differ fi-om
cinerascens \n size &nA Go\ov almost equally with those from Guerrero.
The breeding range of M. inquietus appears to be complementary to that
of cinerascens, but during the winter a'/ieT-ascews migrates over the range
of inquietus.

These two birds have evidently been confused by different authors
under the name of cinerascens so that without the specimens for verifi-
cation it will be impossible to satifactorily place some of the winter cita-
tions for western and southern Mexico. Summer records within the
demonstrated range of either can be more readily handled.

Myiarchus brachyurus Ridgway.

SHORT-TAILED FLYCATCHER.

1887. Myiarchus bracliyurus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 334.

Type locality. — Ometepe, Nicaragua. Type No. 91,057, U. S. National
Museum.

Breeding range. — Costa Rica (San Lucas, Bahia de Salinas); Nicara-

Nelson — North American Mainlund Myiarchiis. 41

gua (Ometepe, San Juan del Sur); Mexico (Tonala, Chiapas). Not mi-
gratory.

Zonal distribution. — Arid and Semi- Arid Tropical.

Specific characters.— G^r\eT?i\\\ similar to M. nuttingi but larger and
heavier with much stouter, heavier bill and proportionately shorter

tail.

Description of fresh plttmagc. — Crown dark olive shaded with greenish
and a slight buffy suffusion on borders of feathers in some specimens:
back lighter olive with a greenish shade (latter nearly or quite absent
in worn plumage): back of neck sometimes a little grayer than back;
upper tail coverts dark broccoli brown edged and sometimes suffused
throughout with dark rusty rufous; primaries, except first one, edged
along middle with dark rufous: wing coverts and tertiais edged with
dull whitish or brownish white with shade of greenish on coverts in
some specimens; outer web of outer tail feather pale drab; inner web
uniform rufous, sometimes with a narrow inconspicuous line of dusky
along shaft; other tail feathers, except middle pair, similar; chin, neck
and breast ashy gray palest on chin; abdomen and under tail coverts
deep primrose yellow.

Measurements. — ^Averages of two adult males: wing, 96 (93-99); tail,
86 (85-87); culmen, 21 (21); tarsus. 23.5 (23-24).

Averages of five adult females; wing, 94.4 (93-96); tail, 85.2 (81-87);
culmen, 20.7 (19.5-21); tarsus, 22.6 (22-23).

General Jiotes. — In general coloration this species differs but slightly
from M. nuttingi but may be easily distinguished by differences in size
and proportion, and especially by the much larger bill, and more rusty
upper tail coverts. Although resembling c-rinitus somewhat in size and
pattern of color on outer tail feathers yet the much paler colors above
and below readily distinguish them from that species. Like other
members of the genus this species gradually fades in spring vmtil the
upper parts lose the greenish cast and become dull olive brown.

Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence.

YUCATAN CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

1871. Myiarchus yucatanensis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1871, p. 235. Based on the Myiarchus mexieanus Lawrence (nee
Kaup) Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, p. 202, June, 1869.

Type locality. — Merida, Yucatan. Type in American Museum of
Natural History (Lawrence Collection).

Breeding range. — Peninsula of Yucatan and Cozumel Island. Not
migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Arid or Semi-Arid Tropical.

Sj)ecific characters. — Crown bistre brown; upper tail coverts hair
brown, slightly if at all edged with russet; inner webs of all but middle

42 Nelson — North America?i Mainland 3Iyiarchas.

and often outei* pair of tail feathers bi'oadly edged with well defined
band of cinnamon bufll'.

Description of fresh phi mnge. — Crown bistre brown with or without a
slight olivaceous shade; back olive; upper tail coverts hair brown with
or without slight edging of russet; tail feathers edged externally on
basal half with drab, sometimes thinly bordered with dull rusty; pri-
maries (except outer pair) and part of secondaries distinctly edged with
rusty rufous; wing coverts broadly tipped with drab or broccoli brown;
tertials broadly edged with grayish white; chin, throat and breast rather
dark ash gray; abdomen and under tail coverts straw yellow; outer web
of outer tail feather drab, varying in shade but usually much lighter
than inner web and sometimes edged with whitish; inner webs of all
but outer and middle pair of lail feathers with a well defined border
of cinnamon butfy covering from one-third to one-half the web; inner
web of outer tail feather sometimes plain dusky but more often slightly
and sometimes distinctly bordered with cinnamon butfy.

Measurements. — Averages of four adult males: Wing, 84.7 (83-87); tail,
84 (81-85); culmen, 17.5 (17-18); tarsus, 21.8 (21-22.5).

Averages of two adult females: Wing, 78.5 (78-79); tail, 79 (78-80);
culmen, 17; tarsus, 21.7(21.5-21.7).

Oeneral notes. — As already noted by Mr. Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.
XIV, p. 2G0), the present species appears to be most nearly related to
the Myiarchus stolidus group of the West Indies. On the mainland it
has no close relative nearer than northern South America.

The proportions of wing and tail vary considerably, and in the series
of seventeen specimens examined (mostly not sexed) nme had the tail
equalling or longer than the wing and eight had the tail shorter than the
wing.

Subgenus Onychopterus Reichenbach.

1850. Onychopterus 'RQicheryhdiCh., Av. Syst. Nat., t. Ixv. Type Tyran-
nu8 tuberculifer D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.

This group is characterized by a flattened and proportionately broad
bill: the depth at the angle of the gonys being decidedly less than its
width at same place. The species in the present paper belonging to
this subgenus are M. laicrencei with its subspecies and M. nigriceps.

Myiarchus lawrencei (Giraud).
Lawrence's flycatchek.

1841. Muscicapa Imcrencd Giraud, Sixteen Birds of Texas, t. 2, f. 1.

I'ype locality.— "Texas." The type. No. 47,690 U. S. National Museum,
agrees in size and other characters with birds of northeastern Mexico,
whence it probably came.

Breeding range. — From near Monterey, Nuevo Leon, in northeastern

Xelson — JVorth American MainUoul JIt/iarc/ius. 43

Mexico, south in foothill country to the §fate of Vera Cruz and eastern
San 1-uis Polosi, and thence jienerally distributed in tropical and sub-
tropical i)arts of eastern Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. At
the Isthmus they spread across to the Pacific coast and occupy suitable
areas on both coasts in southern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and at least
part of Guatemala. They do not occur in the coast belt of northern
Tabasco and Campeche, nor the Peninsula of Yucatan, where they are
replaced by M. I. idatyrhynchun. Not mif;ratory.

Zonal dutribution. — Arid Tropical in northern. Humid Tropical in
southern part of range.

Specijii- rh<iracter/<. — Crown decidedly darker than back — usually clove
brown; back brownish olive; tail feathers strongly edged externally
with rufous and inner border of inner webs usually distinctly edged
with vinaceous-bulfy or cinnamon-butfy.

Desrripiidn of frefih plumage. — Crown clove brown, .sometimes more or
less washed with olive, but always much darker than back; back olive,
always with a brownish shade, but often with a slight greenish tinge:
upper tail coverts broccoli brown edged and often suffused with russet
or cinnamon-rufous; secondaries and all but first primary and outer
borders of tail feathers strongly edged with dark rusty rufous; wing
coverts usually with broad edging of cinnamon or russet varying to Isa-
bella color; chin, throat and breast ash gray; abdomen and under tail
coverts rich sulphur yellow; inner webs of tail feathers usualU- with a
distinct and often broad border of reddish-buffy, broadest on inner rec-
trices and often present on middle pair; occasionally this bulfy border
nearly or quite absent, especially in specimens from southern part of
range.

Deiscription of young in first plumage. — Crown seal brown; back dark
sepia brown; upper tail coverts dark hair bz-own broadly edged with
russet; tail feathers broadly bordered on both sides by light cinnamon-
rufous; wing coverts, tertials, i^rimaries and secondaries strongly edged
with rusty vinaceous-cinnamon not very ditferent from color on border
of tail feathers; chin and throat light gray shading into olive gray on
sides of neck and breast; abdomen and under tail coverts primrose \ el-
low, deepest on middle of abdomen.

Measurements of typical specimens from Tamaidipas and Nuevo Leon.

Averages of six adult males: Wing, 87.7 (82-90); tail, 84.7 (77-89); cul-
men, 17.1 (16.5-18); tarsu.s, 21 (20-22).

Averages of five adult females; Wing, 83.8 (80-88); tail, 80.2 (76-84);
culmen, 16.8 (16-18); tarsus, 20.2 (20-21).

General notes. — Typical Myiarchus laicreiicei, characterized by its large
size and the amount of rufous edgings on both webs of tail feathers, is
found only in northeastern Mexico from Monterey, Nuevo Leon, to
northern Vera Cruz. South of this there is a steady decrease in siise to
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This decrease in si^e is accompanied
by a decrease in the amount of rufous bordering the inner webs of the
tail feathers. Birds from south of the Isthmus to Guatemala are de-
cidedly smaller than those from the northern part of the range, and

44 NeUnn — North American Maivland Myiarchus.

agree closely in this character with Mf/ricapillvs from Costa Rica, but
the colors of upperparts are most like those of typical lawrencei, with
which I have placed them. The birds from southern Vera Cruz to
Guatemala occupy a belt between tht ranges of queruhii^ on one hand
and plnlyrhiinchus on the other, and the occurrence of intergrades with
these forms and with nigrirapilluK to the south renders the exact deter-
mination of many specimens from this region extremely difficult. In
cases of this kind one is forced to name specimens arbitrarily or leave
them undetermined. The amount of rufous margination to inner webs
of tail feathers sometimes covers half the web in specimens from north-
eastern Mexico, and in southern Vera Cruz and southward individuals
occur in which there is little or no trace of it, though they are not nu-
merous. Some specimens from Jalapa and other localities farther south
in Vera Cruz have the bulTy border on inner webs of tail feathers much
reslricled and sometimes indistinct. The backs in winter specimens
throughout its range in northeastern Mexico vary from dull olivaceous
to olivaceous brown. Resident birds from Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, and
from other points on the Pacific slope south of Tehuantepec in Chiapas
are more like typical hucrencei in size and color than those from the
southern part of its range on the Gulf coast.

Myiarchus lawrencei nigricapillus (Cabanis).

COSTA RICAN FLYCATCHER.

1861. MyidrcJms Jiit/ricapillus CdLhAnis, Journal fur Ornithologie, 1861, p.
250 (in text).

I'y2)e locality.— CostSi Rica. No type nor specific locality mentioned.

Breeding range. — Central America from southern Guatemala to Costa
Rica. Not migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Humid Tropical.

Subspecific characters. — Crown blacker than in true lawrencei; back
darker olive; size smaller.

Description offresJipliirnage. — Crown brownish black, sometimes tinged
with olive; back dark olive, slightly less grayish than in true Umrencei;
upper tail coverts dark broccoli brown edged with dark russet or rusty
rufous; wing (except first primaries) and tail feathers edged externally
with dark russet or rusty rufous; wing coverts bordered with cinnamon
or russet; chin, throat and breast dull ash gray, averaging darker than
in la^crencei; abdomen and under tail coverts rich sulphur yellow; inner
border of tail feathers usually with narrow edging of cinnamon buffy,
this border occasionally covering one-fourth of web.

Measurements of spjecimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua: Averages
of four adult males: Wing, 82 (80-83); tail, 77.2 (75-79); culmen, 16.1
(16-16.5); tarsus, 20.2(20-20.5).

Averages of four adult females: Wing, 76.5 (75-78); tail, 69.5 (66-72);
culmen, 16 (16); tarsus, 19.6 (19-20^.

Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus. 45

General notes. — Birds from Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, of
which I have examined a considerable number, agree closely in size and
color. The Hondurus birds, liowever, average a little smaller than
those from Costa Kica. There is the usual variation in amount of ru-
fous edgings to outer borders of wings and tail.

Myiarchus lawrencei bangsi subsp. nov.

BANGS'S FLYCATCHER.

Type. — No. 8758, adult male. Collection of E. A. and O. Bangs. From
Boquete, Panama. Collected January 20, 1901, by W. W. Brown, Jr.

Breeding range. — Panama. Not migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Humid Tropical.

Subspecific characters. — Crown intensely black; back greenish; inner
webs of tail feathers without buffy borders.

Description of fresh plumage. — Crown intensely black; back dark
greenish olive; upper tail coverts dark hair brown slightly edged with
dull russet; tail bordered externally with dull russet: inner webs of tail
feathers plain dusky; wing coverts bordered with isabella color lightly
edged with cinnamon; tertials narrowly edged with grayish white; pri-
maries (except two outer ones) finely edged with russet; secondaries
more broadly edged with same; chin, throat and breast dull ashy or
olive gray; abdomen and under tail coverts between a rich primrose yel-
low and sulphur yellow.

Measurements. — Adult male (type): Wing, 84; tail, 81; culmen, 15.5;
tarsus, 21.

Adult female (topotype): Wing, 78.5; tail, 73; culmen, 16; tarsus, 20.

General notes. — The intensely black crown and greener back serve to
distinguish the present form from any of the other subspecies of M.
laiorencei. The tail is also blacker and less bordered with rufous than in
nigricapillus, and the bill appreciably smaller. The two specimens from
Boquete are the only ones I have seen of M. I. bangsi, but they are so
different from the numerous specimens of nigricapillus at hand that I
have no doubt of their representing another subspecies. Citations of
nigricapillus from Panama undoubtedly refer to the present bird.

Myiarchus lawrencei platyrhynchus (Ridgway).

COZUMEL FLYCATCHER.

1885. Myiarchus platyrhynchus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., HI, p.
23. February 26, 1885.

Type locality. — Cozumel Island, off coast of Yucatan. Type No.
102,738 U. S. National Museum (skinned from alcohol and much decol-
orized).

46 Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus.

Breeding range.— CozMva^l Island, Peninsula of Yucatan, and coast
region of Campeche and Tabasco, to the Grijalva River. Not migra-
tory.

Zonal distribution. — Arid and Semi-arid Tropical.

Subspecijic characters. — Most like olivascens, but upper parts darker;
back more greenish, and tail coverts, tail and wings darker and more
strongly edged with russet or reddish cinnamon; bill averages broader.

Description of fresh plumage. — Crown dark brownish more or less
heavily washed with olive; back slightly greenish olive; upper tail
coverts broccoli brown edged and sometimes shaded with russet or red-
dish cinnamon; tail feathers edged externally like upper coverts; all
but two outer primaries narrowly and secondaries more broadly edged
externally with russet like tail; wing coverts broadly tipped with dark
Isabella brown; chin, throat and breast ashy gray; inner webs of tail
feathers usually plain dusky, but occasional individuals have narrow
buffy edges along inner borders of inner feathers. Worn specimens lose
nearly or quite all the greenish shade on back and the rusty edgings to
wings and tail.

Measurements of specimens from Cozumel Island: — Averages of five
adult males: Wing, 81 (79-83); tail, 77.7 (74-82); culmen, 17 (16.5-17.5);
tarsus, 20.2 (20-20.5).

Averages of two adult females: Wing, 75 (75); tail, 69 (69); culmen,
16 (16); tarsus, 18.5 (18-19).

Mainland specimens average about the same.

Oeneral notes. — A series of 33 specimens in the Biological Survey and
National Museum collections, from various localities covering the range
given above, show conclusively that the birds from this region and
especially from Yucatan which were formerly referred to lawrencei and
later to olivascens are identical with platyrhynchus, described by Mr.
Ridgway from Cozumel Island. This form occupies the comparatively
arid region of northern Yucatan and the adjacent coastal area to the
exclusion of true laiorencei, which belongs to the more humid interior
bordering the Cordillera.

Among the entire series only a single specimen, and it is from Cozu-
mel Island, has a buffy border to inner webs of inner tail feathers.

In view of their wide separation, necessarily distinct origin and dif-
ferent environment, the close general similarity between platyrhynchus
and olivascens is interesting. It is another of the many cases in which
great similarity exists between widely separated forms of a species with
one or more decidedly more differentiated forms occupying the interven-
ing area. The greater humidity of the habitat of platyrhynchus accounts
for the somewhat darker colors of this form in comparison with the paler
and grayer colors of olivascens.

Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus. ^7

Myiarchus lawrencel querulus subsp. nov.

QUERULOUS FLYCATCHER.

Type. — No. 185,220, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection. From Los Reyes, Michoacan, Mexico. Collected February
17, 190B, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Breeding rtoifje. — Southern end of Mexican tableland from central
Jalisco, Michoacan, Hidalgo and state of Mexico south through Colima,*
Guerrero, part of Puebla and Oaxaca to Isthmus of Tehuantepec, where
it passes into true lawrencei. Not migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Arid Tropical to Upper Sonoran.

Subspedfic characters.— Qolov most like platyrhynchu.s but size larger
(almost equalling lawrencei from northeastern Mexico), and inner borders
of tail feathers usually more or less edged with buffy.

Description of fresh plumage. — Crown nearly clove brown, with a slight
wash of olive, distinctly darker than back; back slightly grayish olive
but darker and more greenish than in olivascens; upper tail coverts dark
hair brown, more or less bordered "and shaded with cinnamon; outer
edges of tail feathers thinly bordered with russet; wing coverts tipped
with Isabella color; secondaries and all but outer primaries narrowly
edged with russet; chin, throat and breast clear ash gray; abdomen and
under tail coverts rich straw yellow; inner webs of inner tail feathers
usually narrowiy bordered with ochraceous buffy.

Young in first plumage. — The same as in taicrencei, but paler, especially
on crown and underparts.

Measurements. — Averages of ten adult males: Wing, 86.1 (83-90); tail,
83.3 (80-86); culmen, 17.3 (17-18); tarsus, 19.6 (19-20).

Averagesof five adult females: Wing, 81.6 (78-87); tail, 79.2 (76-83);
culmen, 17(16.5-17.5); tarsus, 19.4(19-20).

General notes. — Specimens of the present form have hitherto been con-
fused with the smaller and paler olivascens, but the Biological Survey
series from all parts of western and southern Mexico make it plain that
there are two recognizable forms on the mainland north of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec. The southern one, querulus, occupies an area lying
between the more arid home of olivascens and the still more humid one
of true lawrencei. One of the unexpected characters of querulus is its
large size — almost the same as of lawrencei of northeastern Mexico, and
considerably exceeding that of olivascens or of the representatives of
lawrencei where their two ranges come in contact. Its large size also
separates it at once ixoxa. platyrhynchus. It is paler than lawrencei and
with less strongly marked rufous borders to wings and tail. Some spec-
imens, especially from Hidalgo and certain other tableland localities,
sometimes lack the buffy inner edging to the tail feathers, but their
large size and general coloration distinguishes them.

48 Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus.

Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgway.

OLIVACEOUS FLYCATCHER.

1884. Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
II, p. 91.

Type locality. — Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca. Type No. 57,655 U. S. National
Museum.

Breeding range. — Southern Arizona and thence south in western Mex-
ico, west of the Sierra Madre to northern Tepic.

Migrates from northern part of its range south throughout southwest-
ern Mexico to Chiapas and inland through Michoacan and Guerrero.
Resident in southern part of breeding range.

Zonal distribution. — Lower Sonoran and Arid Tropical.

Buhspecific characters. — Decidedly smaller than true lawrencei; upper
parts grayer and rectrices only slightly if at all edged with pale cinna-
mon.

Description of fresh plumage. — Crown olive brown, but slightly darker
than back; back grayish olive with but slight if any indication of green-
ish: upper tail coverts hair brown usually but not always edged with
pale cinnamon; outer edges of tail leathers, secondaries and all but two
outer primaries edged with slightly darker shade of cinnamon; wing
coverts vary from drab to Isabella color; inner webs of inner tail
feathers usually plain dusky but sometimes with a slight buffy edge
along inner border; chin, throat and breast ashy gray; abdomen and
under tail coverts varying from sulphur yellow to straw yellow.

Measurements of specimens from soutJiern Arizona: — Averages of ten
adult males: Wing, 81.5 (76-85); tail, 77.9 (73-81); culmen. 16.6 (16-17):
tarsus, 18.9 (18-20).

Averages of ten adult females: Wing, 76.4 (75-78); tail, 72.5 (70-75);
culmen, 16.1 (15-17); tarsus, 18.1 (17.5-19).

General notes. — The type of olivascens came from Santa Efigenia,
Oaxaca, close to the border of Chiapas, where the resident birds are
nearly typical lawrencei both in size and color. The type of olivascens is
in winter plumage and agrees in every way with birds from northwestern
Mexico and southern Arizonia. From this it is practically certain that
this individual was a winter visitant from the north. The birds of
southern Arizona may be considered typical of the form.

M. olivascens is apparently not numerous in winter south of Guerrero.
The Bangs collection contains one specimen taken on April 4, at
Patzcuaro, Michoacan, which was probably a migrant. Among a series
of over fifty specimens at hand only a few have indications of a buffy
border along the inner edge of the tail feathers, and most of these are
intergrades from along the southern border of its range where it merges
into querulus. There is also a gradual increase southward in size.

Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchvs. 49

Myiarchus lawrencei tresmariae subsp. nov.

TRES MARIAS FLYCATCHER.

Ty])e. — No. 156,810, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biolofj-ical
Survey Collection. From JlariaMadre Island, Tepic, Mexico. Collected
May 5, 1897, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Breeding range. — Tres Marias Islands, Tepic Ty., Mexico. Not mi-
gratory.

Zonal distribution. — Arid Tropical.

Subspecific characters. — Palest and grayest of the forms of lawrencei,
with slight bulTy borders on inner webs of inner tail feathers; bill pro-
portionately longer and broader than in olindficens.

Description of slightly worn plionage. — Upperparts hair brown, only
slightly darker on crown; upper tail coverts drab thinly edged with pale
cinnamon; tail feathers thinly edged externally with same: inner pri-
maries and secondaries very finely edged externally with same; wing
coverts tipped with drab; chin, throat and breast dingy ash gray, duller
than in olivascens; abdomen and under tail coverts straw yellow; inner
Webs of inner tail feathers usually with narrow border of buff y ; bill
larger and broader than in olivascens.

Measurements.— \(\n\\, male (type); Wing, 79; tail, 75; culmen, 18;
width of culmen, 9; tarsus, 21.

Average of seven adult females: Wing, 76.1 (73-30); tail, 74.4 (70-79).
culmen, 16.8(16-18); width of culmen, 9.1 (9-9.5); tarsus, 19.6(19-20.5);

General notes. — The present form only needs comparison with olivas-
cens, from which it is easily distinguished by the characters mentioned.

#
Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater.

BLACK CROWNED FLYCATCHER.

1860. MyiarcMis nigriceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I860, p. 68.

Type locality.— F&W2ii?Lng?i, Ecuador. Type in British Museum.

Breeding range.— Over a large part of northern South America from
the valley of the Amazon to Panama (including San Miguel Island).
Not migratory.

Zonal distribution. — Mainly Humid Tropical but ranging above this
to 9500 feet in Peru (Biologia Cent. -Am., II, p. 96).

Specific characters. — Crown slaty black: back olive greenish; wings
and tail of adult without rufous edgings.

Description of fresh plumage.— Crown slaty black; back olive greenish;
upper tail coverts hair brown sligiitly edged with tawny olive; tail
feathers edged externally with hair brown varying to Isabella color;
outer web of outer feather drab, paler than inner web: inner webs plain
dusky; outer primaries without external edging; inner primaries with

50 Nelson — North American Mainland Myiarchus.

or without a fine grayish edging; secondaries narrowly edged with light
drab often tinged with greenish; tertials dingy whitish sometimes in-
clining to drab; wing coverts drab; inner borders of wing feathers sal-
mon buff y; chin, throat and breast ash gray; abdomen and under tail
coverts canary yellow varying to sulphur yellow.

Description of young in first plumage. — Crown dull sooty black; back
dingy olive; upper tail coverts sepia brown edged with dark russet; wing
coverts, tertials and secondaries rusty cinnamon, palest on tertials; inner
primaries thinly edged with russet; inside of wing feathers bordered
with salmon buffy; tail feathers narrowly bordered on both webs by
cinnamon rufous; chin, throat and breast ashy gray; abdomen and un-
der tail coverts primrose yellow.

Measurements. — Averages of ten adult males from northern Colombia:
Wing, 81.7 (80-83); tail, 76.3 (74-78); culmen, 17.1 (17-18); tarsus, 19.6
(18.5-20.5).

Averages of five adult females from northern Colombia: Wing, 77.2
(73-83); tail, 72(68-76); culmen, 16.6(16-17); tarsus, 19.4(18-20.5).

General notes. — The adults of this species in size and general style of
coloration resemble M. nigricajnllus and M. bangsi, except that they
completely lack the rufous edgings to wings and tail found in those
birds. The first plumage of nigriceps is much like the young of law-
rencei but the upper parts are darker and the rufous borders to the tail
feathers are decidedly narrower. Whether the ranges of this species
and M. bangsi overlap or are complementary remains to be determined.

Myiarchus brunneice'ps Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII,
327, June, 1861, from Lion Hill, Panama, is a synonym of M. nigriceps.

M. nigriceps is a wide ranging South American species with M. law-
rencei and subspecies as its nearest relatives in North America.

Vol. XVII, pp. 51-52 March 10, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

|UJ_L_I_E

A NEW BATRACHIAN FROM SARAWAK, BORNEO.
BY THOMAS BARBOUP.

Among a small collection of Batrachians taken in Sarawak, Borneo,
by Mr. ^V. T. Hornaday, there are two specimens of an apparently un-

(lescribed species of toad. This species is nearly related to Necles subasper
Tschudi, from Java.

Nectes obscurus sp. nov.

Differmg from X. subasper in the size of the tympanum ; the size of the
nostrils; the width of the upper eyelid ; and in the distinctness of the
metatarsal tubercles.

Head rather small ; snout oblique and obtusely angular; nostrils very
small, opening upward and slightly outward ; upper eyelid wide ; space
between the eyes rather broad ; tympanum distinct but small, less than
one-half the diameter of the eye ; fingers slender, the first a very little
shorter than the second ; toes long and slender, united by a rather nar-
row membrane; subarticnlar tubercles distinct; two large metatarsal
tubercles. When the hind limb is carried forward along the body, the
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches a considerable distance beyond the
tip of the snout. Upper surfaces and sides covered with round and con-
ical warts of unequal size, the largest evidently porous and arranged in
two irregular lines on the dorsal surface. The lower surfaces are cov-
ered with rather fine granules of unequal size.

Color (alcoholic specimens), olivaceous above, lighter below ; the hind
legs banded and mottled with a darker color.

Type Xo. 2.396, Barbour collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.

4— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904 (51)

Vol. XVII, pp. 53-54 • MaSch 21, Id04

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

HAPLOMYLOMYS, A NEW SUBGENUS OF PEROMYSCUS.
BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.

The genus Peromyscns, as at present recognized, contains a
larger number of species than any other North American genus
of mannnals. It has a comparatively wide range, and, although
subject to numerous minor variations, preserves its essential
characters with remarkable uni-
formity. Thus far only two sul)-
generic names have been proposed
for subordinate groups within the
genus — Baiomys, erected b}' True
in 1894* for the tiny species P.
taylorl, and Megadontomys, {)ro-
posed V)y Merriam in 1898 f f<>i'
the largest species of the genus
P. thoiiKisi Both of these are well
characterized, but represent aber-
rant types rather than assem-
blages of species. Baiomys con-
tains only two well-marked s\)e-
cies (each possibly divisil)le into
several sul)species) and Meyadoa-
tomys is represented by only the
type species and two closely re-
lated forms. All the other species are at present retained in

Fig. 1. — A. Upper molars of Peromi/sciis
( Pcromyscus) felipensts. B. Upper mo-
lars ot Peromyscus (Haploinyloiiiys) cnli-
fornicus. (About X 9/^).

*Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 758, 1894.

tProc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, pp. 115-116, April 30, 1898; see also
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIX, p. 27, 1902, where Megadontomys
is given generic rank.

0— Puuf. Blui.. Sue. Wash. Vol. XVII, 19(14

(53)

54 Osgood — Haploviylomys, a New Subgenus of Peromyscus.

the restricted genus Peromyscus, typified by the common P.
leuco'pus of the eastern United States.

A small group containing two well-known species and numer-
ous subspecies found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the
southwestern United States and northern Mexico seems also
worthy of subgeneric recognition. Although not differing as a
group in any external characters that are diagnostic, it is sharply
defined by peculiarities of the molar teeth, which are so con-
stant and, comparatively speaking, so pronounced as to be of
consideraV)le significance.

The important forms of this group are P. eremicus and P.
californicus, characterized by a less complex tuberculation of the
molar teeth than in Peromyscus proper or in Megadontomys. In
the ordinary type of Peromyscus there is a small accessory tubercle
between the primary outer tubercles of the first and second upper
molars. In unworn teeth these tiny tubercles are scarcely notice-
able, except as viewed in profile, ^^'hen the crowns of the molars
become worn, however, they appear as narrow enamel loops with
closely appressed sides, lying between the more or less open
])rimary loops. These small tubercles are not ]>resent in the
group heretofore loosely called the 'eremicus' group. Tiiey
are also absent in Baiomys, which, however, is otherwise i)eculiar.
They are developed to various degrees in various species, in some
being difficult to observe, except in teeth that have been sub-
jected to considerable wear. Ap])arently they are least promi-
nent in P. crinitus and its close allies.

Tlie appearance of partly worn teeth is shown in tlie accom-
panying reproduction of photographs of actual specimens. For
l)urposes of illustration, two of the larger species were selected.
In essential characters their teeth do not differ from those of the
type species of their respective groups.

The new subgenus may be characterized as follows :

Haplomylomys subgen. nov.

Type. — Peromyscus eremicus (Baird), from Fort Yuma, California.

Characters. — Size medium or small ; pelage usually very soft and silky ;
tail longer than head and body, subterete, rather thinly haired; soles of
hind feet naked (at least in median line) to calcaneum, 6-tuberculate and
paved with minute imbricate scales ; skull with cranium rather large and
rostral region relatively weak ; first and second upper molars with three
salient and two reentrant outer angles at all stages of wear; small
secondary tubercles never present between outer primary tubercles ; lower
molars correspondingly simple.

Vol. XVII, pp. 55-77 March 2 i . 1 904

PROCEEDINGS

OF Till':

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON .

l.,u LI

/l-Z/^cS

<^ m

THIRTY NEW MICE OF THE GENUS PEROMYSCUS
FROM MEXICO AND GUATEMALA.

BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.

The mice of the genus Peromyscas, so well represented in the
United States and so well known for their numerous specific
and subspecific variations, reach their highest development
south of our borders in Mexico. This is the region of their
greatest abundance, both in actual numbers and in specific
tyi)es. Some are closely related to forms found in the United
States, but the majority are entirely different.

The thorough work of E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman in this
region has resulted in the acquisition of ver}^ large numbers of
specimens of this genus, and now for the first time it is possible
to learn the numlier and diversity of their specific and sub-
si)ecific forms. S})ecimens of Per amy sens, from Mexico and
Guatemala alone, to the number of nearly 3,400, are now in the
collection of the U. S. Biological Survey. This is unquestion-
ably in excess of the combined number in all other collections
in the world, and it is therefore not surprising that a compara-
tively large number of new forms should be found among them.

The descriptions herewith are presented in advance of a
revision of the entire genus, now in preparation, in which it
is hoped that all the known forms may be fuU}'^ discussed.

I take pleasure in making acknowledgments to Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, to whom I owe the opportunity of elaborating this

C— Proc. Biul. Soc. W'abu. Vol. XVII, I'joi (55)

56 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of tlic Genus Peromyscus.

rich material and to whom I am indebted for much valued
criticism and advice. It was also my privilege to be somewhat
associated with Dr. Merriam during his preparation of a pre-
liminar}^ paper on the same group several j^ears ago * an expe-
rience which is now of the utmost value to me. During the
work I have been greatly assisted by Mr. Nelson, and the ad-
vantage of having at my disposal his intimate knowledge of the
physiographic conditions of Mexico has been much appreciated.

Subgenu.s Peromyscus Gloger.
Peromyscus sonoriensis blandus subsp. nov.

2)/pt'froin Escalon, Chihuahua, Mexico. Adult female, No. 57,635, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, November 27, 1893, E. A.
Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. sonoriensis, -f but smaller ; tail shorter ( usually
less than 75) ; color more vinaceous.

Color. — Type, in full winter pelage : Upper parts vinaceous buff", uni-
formly sprinkled with dusky; a narrow lateral line of vinaceous buff ;
lanuginous ear tufts conspicuous, mixed white and buff'; under parts
creamy white; ears chiefly whitish with a wide dusky area on flexure;
tail sharply bicolor ; feet white, ankles with traces of dusky and bufly.

Skull. — Similar to that of so7iorleiisis, but somewhat smaller; nasals
averaging wider, particularly at their posterior ends.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 145; tail vertebrae, 61; bind foot,
21. Average of seven adult topotypes: 161; 69; 21.4. Skull of type:
Greatest length, 25.4; basilar length of Hensel, 19.7; zygomatic width,
12.5; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8 x 1.9 ; nasals, 9.8 x 2.5;
bony palate, 3.5 ; palatine slits, 5.7 x 2 ; diastema, 6.7 ; postpalatal length,
9.1 ; upper molar series, 3.8.

Remarks. — This is the common short- tailed mouse of northeastern
Mexico. The limits of its range have not yet been thoroughly worked
out, but it is represented from numerous localities in Mexico east of the
Sierra Madre and extends north to western Texas. It is easily distin-
guished from P. texanus of the same region by numerous characters,
among which may be mentioned the following : Size smaller ; tail shorter ;
color more vinaceous; pelage softer; subauricular spots more prominent
and nearly always extensively white; nasals broader and flatter; pre-
maxillte less swollen laterally ; braincase smaller. Its vinaceous color
and small size distinguish it from .'ionorie)isis. which is found chiefly west
of the Sierra Madre.

*Tbese Proceedings, Vol. XII, pp. 115-125, April 30, 1898.
tNos. llfM and Miff U. S. N. M., from Santa Cruz River, Sonora,
have been used to represent P. sonoriensis.

Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscas. bl

Peromyscus sonoriensis fulvus snl)si). iiov.

7'///'( from Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult male, No. 68,655, U. S.
National ^Ia.seum, Biological Survey Collection, .lune 12, 1894, E. W.
Nelson and P^. A. Goldman.

Charadem. — Similar to P. sonoriensis, but color darker and more rufes-
cont; skull with anterior part of zygoma heavier and more deeply
notched by iiifraorl)ital foramen.

Color. — General color of upper parts russet, deepening in middle of
back to mars brown and Front's brown; under j>arts creamy white; ear
tufts prominent, bufly or pale creamy ; tail sharply ))icolor, brown above,
white below; feet and forelegs white; outer side of ankles Ijrownisb.

Skull. — Similar to that of P. sonoriensis but more angular ; anterior part
of zygoma heavier and more deeply notched by infraorbital foramen ;
similar to that of P. labecula but smaller and shorter; zygomata not so
heavy nor so broadly expanding anteriorly; nasals rather short and
broad.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 167; tail veitebne, 68; hind foot,
22. Average of 10 adults from Chalchicomula, Puebla : 162 (150-183);
71.5 (65-78); 22. Skull of type: Greatest length, 25; basilar length of
Hensel, 19.5; zygomatic widtli, 12.8; interorbital constriction, 4 ; inter-
parietal, 8x2.1; nasals, 10; bony palate, ?>.! ; palatine slits, 5.6x2;
diastema, 6.5; postpalatal length, 8.7; upper molar series, 3.8.

Remarks. — P. s. fulcns is the southernmost representative of the well-
known sonoriensis group of small short-tailed mice. It is found from
Oaxaca north to Puebla and parts of Vera Cruz and Hidalgo. Its near
relatives are P. s. blandus and P. s. labecula.* In general terms, blandas
is small and vinaceous, /ft/ri(.s is medium sized and rufescent, and labecula
is large and more inclined to duskiness. The intergradation of all three
and their connection with typical sonoriensis are scarcely to be doubted.

Peromyscus texanus mesomelas subsp. nov.

Type from Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Adult male, No. 58,210, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, January 20, 1894, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

C/uxrac/ers.— Most similar to P. t. mearusi ; color darker; tail shorter;
hind foot larger ; a small pectoral spot present; adolescents with an in-
tense black dorsal stripe.

Color. — Adult: General effect of upper parts pale Front's brown, pro-
duced by fawn ground color with a liberal mixture of dusky ; sides prac-
tically unicolor with back ; no definite dusky markings about head ;
under parts creamy white except a small but distinct pectoral spot of
fawn color; ears dusky with whitish edges; feet white, ankles dusky

* Elliot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., Til, pp. 14.3-144, March, 1903.

o8 Osgood — Thirty Keiv Mice of the Genus Peroinyscus.

brownish; tail bicolor. Immature: Similar in general to adult, but more
sooty; sides dark mouse gray, tinged with fawn and bordered by a nar-
row fawn-colored lateral line; a broad stripe in median dorsal region in-
tense black ; ankles sooty ; tail indistinctly bicolor.

Skull. — Similar to that of P. t. inearvsi, but with braincase averaging
slightly larger and wider; nasals rather long and palatine slits usually
corresponding.

Measitrements. — Type: Total length, 169; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot,
28. Skull of type : Greatest length, 26.5 ; basilar length of Hensel, 20.2 :
zygomatic width, 13.6 ; interorbital constriction, 4 ; interparietal, 8.6 x 2. o;
nasals, 10.4 ; bony palate, o.8 ; palatine slits, 5.2 x 2 ; diastema, 6.9 ; post-
palatal length, 9.1 ; upper molar series, 3.7.

Remarks. — Although this form is very well characterized, there seems
to be no doubt that it is connected, through P. t. meanm, with P. texaviis
and others of the same group. Specimens from Rio Verde, San Luis
I'otosi, are quite evidently intermediate, and a .series from Metlaltoyuca,
Puebla, while distinctly referable to mesomelas, shows some tendencies
toward mearnsl. P. me.somelas is also related to P. affinis, which is a much
paler form and not apt to be confused with it. ]>ike mearii.'<l and (i[fiiii.^,
it has short and relatively harsh pelage somewhat different from that of
most other Mexican species.

Peromyscus texanus castaneus subsp. nov.

I'l^pe from vicinity of Yohaltun, Campeche, Peninsula of Yucatan,
Mexico. Adult male. No. 107,980, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection, December 19, 1900, E. W. Nelson and E. A. (ioldman.

Uiaracters. — Similar to P. t. mesomelas, but smaller and more ferruginous
colored; under parts without pectoral spot; adolescents without black
dorsal stripe; skull and teeth small.

Color. — Type, in fresh pelage: General color of upjier ])arts between
Front's brown and burnt umber, clearer (ju sides, darker on back ; ground
color rich dark fawn ; no definite lateral line; under parts pure white;
feet white, ankles brownish. Topotype No. 107,982, in slightly worn
pelage: Sides and upper parts nearly uniform cinnamon rufous with
scarcely any dusky admixture and only a nari'ow line on back somewhat
deeper colored than rest of upper parts. Immature: As in adult but
grayer.

Sknll. — Rather small and light; braincase relatively narrow; nasals
and palatine slits short; molar teeth small; otherwise similar to P. /.
mesomelas.

Measurements. — Average of 10 adult topotypes : Total length, 163 (156-
169); tail vertebra?, 73 (68-79); hind foot, 21.5 (20-22). Sknll of type:
(ireatest length, 25.3; l)asilar length of Hensel, 19; zygomatic width,
13; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8x2.3; nasals, 9.3; ))ony
palate, 4 ; palatine slits, 4.2 x 1.9 ; diastema, 6.2 ; i)ostpalatal length, 9.5 ;
upper molar series, 3.5.

Osgood — Thirty ]\'ew Mice of the Genus Peromyfcns. 59

Rtinarks. — P. t. rastaiicus is nearly the same color as P. roznmchi', which
is closely related. P. cozmnel.r differs chiefly in laro;er size and heavier
teeth. No s|>ecimens from the humid tropical rea;ion l)etween Orizaha
and Yohaltun are at hand, but canlaneiis is not sufficient!}' different from
mcfoinelai^ to warrant full specific rank. P. affltiix is a related form of the
adjacent arid tropics, and much paler than either caxtdncus or mesoynelitx.

Peromyscus melanotis zamelas subsp. nov.

'l)/}>(' from Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, Mexico (altitude (5700 feet).
Adult female. No. 98,197, U. S. National ^Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, July 23, 1899, E. W. Nelson and K. A. Goldman.

Clioraders. — Similar in general to P. mel<inolis but coloration more
sooty ; size small ; tail short; skull not peculiar.

Color. — Sides dark cinnamon rufous, densely clouded with sooty ; broad
stripe from top of head to base of tail intense black ; orbital ring and base
of whiskers black ; sides of face suffused with sooty ; a cinnamon rufous
patch below eye continuous with a narrow lateral line of the same color;
feet white; tail sharply bicolor, black above, white below; under parts
white subdued by plumbeous untier-color.

Shdl. — Practically as in melanotis; size quite small; molar teeth [)ar-
ticularly small.

Medtntremenls. — Type: Total length, 160; tail vertebrae, 63 ; hind foot,
20. Skull of type : Greatest length, 25.9 ; basilar length of Hensel, 19.3 ;
zygomatic width, 13; interorbital constriction, 4; interparietal, 8 x 2.2 ;
nasals, 11 ; bony palate, 3.8; palatine slits, 5.3 x 2.1 ; diastema, 7; post-
palatal length, 8.5; upper molar series, 3.3.

Peromyscus attwateri pectoralis subsp. nov.

Type from Jalpan, Queietaro, Mexico. Adult male, No. 81,236, U. S.
National ^Museum, Biological Survey Collection, August 30, 1896, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. attwateri, but richer colored and, having a
jtrominent Imny pectoral spot; tail longer; size medium (hind foot 21-
23); superficially similar to P. crauicus ; color darker and more vinaceous ;
pelage slightly less silky ; tail longer and more hairy ; soles of hind feet
naked or with slight hairiness on heel; ankles usually white; skull rather
heavy ; molar teeth with small accessory tubercles of subgenus Pero-
)ni'/t!ruK.

Color.— Type, m fresh fall pelage: Ground color of upper parts pale
ochraceous buff with a tliick sprinkling of dusky, producing an effect
nearly the shade of wood brown ; sides of head behind eyes grayish ; a
narrow blackish orbital ring; a distinct huffy ochraceous pectoral sjwt
usually present ; feet, and in most cases ankles, white ; under parts white ;
tail duskv above, white below.

60 0'<gnod — Thirty New Mice of the Genns Peromyscus.

Skull. — About as in P. aUwateri ; somewhat similar to that of P. levijicK*
but smaller, witli smaller teeth; lachrymal region less swollen; nasals
rather lone and broad; zygosnata somewhat compressed anteriorly, not
elbowe<l squarely ; premaxillye usually ending beyond nasals; interpari-
etal rather large; audital bullfe quite small, smaller than \nlni}>esov
eremicus.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 210 ; tail vertebrje, 114 ; hind foot,
22. Average of 10 adults from various localities: 200; 112; 21.5. Skull
of type: Greatest length, 27; basilar length of Hensel, 19.7; zygomatic
widtli,]3.7; interorbital constriction, 4.2 ; nasals, 9.9; bony palate, 3.7 ;
{lalatine slits, 4.9 x 2; diastema, 6.:); postpalatal length, 9.4: upper
molar series, 3.8.

Peromyscus attwateri eremicoides subsp. no v.

'J'l/pe from Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. Adult male, No. 57,71:9, U. 8.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 15, 1893, E. A,
Goldman.

Cliaracler.'i. — Similar to P. atdeaterl, but smaller and paler: skull small
and light; audital bulhe very small ; ears small; soles of liind feet naked.

Color. — Upper parts mixed pinkish buff and dusky, producing the gen-
eral effect of pale broccoli brown; lateral line pinkish buff; underparts
pure creamy white without trace of pectoral sjfot; facial region between
eye and ear grayish; feet and ankles white; tail dusky above, white
below. In some specimens, doubtless the younger ones, the general
effect is gray, while in otliers a delicate shade of iiinkish buff predomi-
nates.

.S7>-«W.— Similar in general to that of uUiraleri but decidedly smaller ;
audital bullfe very small ; nasals short ; interorbital constriction rela-
tively wide; rostrum depressed.

Mensurements. — Type and one topotype: Total lengths, 180; 195; tail
vertebra?, 102; 111; hind feet, 20; 21. Skull of type: Greatest length,
24; basilar length of Hensel, 18; zygomatic width, 12; interorbital con-
striction, 3.9; interparietal, 8.3 X 3; nasals, 8.5; bony palate, 3.5 ; pala-
tine slits, 4.5 X 1.5; diastema, 5.8; postpalatal length, 8.5; upper molar
series, 3.5.

Remarks. — This form is readily distinguishable from both attiralerl and
pectoralis by its pale color, small ears, and very small skull. Its resem-
blance to P. eremicus, }iarticularly in immature and w^orn pelages, is re-
markable. The only external characters by which it may be distin-
guished are its longer, slightly more hairy tail and pure white ankles.
Neither of these characters, however, is to be depended upon, as the tail
in eremicus is often quite hairy, and the dusky on the ankle frequently so
little developed as to be scarcely apparent. The molar enamel pattern,
except in extremely worn teeth, is always diagnostic, eremicoides having
the small accessory cusps and eremicus being without them.

S))ecimevs e.\ amined. —Tota.\ number 10, from localities in Mexico as
follows: Coahuila, Jimulco, 4; Durango, Inde, 4, Mapimi, 2.

Osgood — Thirty Neiv Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 61

■

Peromyscus polius .sp. iiov.

Tt/pc from Colonia Garcia, Chiluiahiia, Mexico. OKI female, No.
i»S,22G, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, June 2(5,
1S99, K. W. Nelson and E. A. (loldman.

Characlers. — iSomewhat similar to P. hoylei roirleiji, but decidedl}'^ larger
and grayer colored ; skull large and stoutly built, with large teeth and
relatively small audital bullw?.

Color. — General color of upper parts grayish broccoli brown, produced
by a ground color of pinkish buff mixed with dusky ; lateral line clear
pinkish butf; head slightly more grayish than body, particularly on
cheeks ; a narrow dusky orbital ring ; lanuginous tuft at base of ear occa-
sionally tinged with white; under j)arts pure white; feet and ankles
white ; tail bieolor.

Sknll. — Similar in general to that of rowleyi, but larger ; molar teeth de-
cidedly larger ; palatine slits longer ; audital bullae actually about same
size, relatively smaller; otherwise not peculiar.

Mea>^iu'emenlfi. — Average of 8 adult topotypes : Total length, 218.5
(210-2;;4); tail vertebrie, 117 (111-120); hind foot, 25.8 (25-26). Skull
of type: Greatest length, 29.9 ; basilar length of Hensel, 22.9 ; zygomatic
width, 14.8; interorbital constriction, 4.5; interparietal, 10.5 x 2.8;
nasals, 11.6; bony palate, 4.4 ; palatine slits, 6x2; diastema, 7.4; post-
palatal length, 10; upper molar series, 4.7.

Remarks. — This species nearly equals P. dijficllis in size, but its shorter
tail and ears readily distinguish it without recourse to the skull, in which
the audital bullae are scarcely more than half the size of those of dlfficUis.
Its real relationship is undoubtedly with rowleyi and atlwateri. It is appar-
ently an isolated species, and is not the general Mexican representative
of this group, for practically typical rowleyi occurs as far south at least as
central Zacatecas. Its pure white ankles, as well as its large size and
pale color, aftbrd convenient characters for readily recognizing it.

Peromyscus gratus gentilis subsp. nov.

Type from Lagos, Jalisco, Mexico. Adult male. No. 78,9:!7, U. S. Na-
tional j\Iuseum, Biological Survey Collection, June 27, 1896, E. W. Nelson
and E. A. Goldman.

C/(ar((do-s.— Similar to P. grains but paler; sides of head much more
fulvous ; molar teeth slightly smaller.

Color.— 'New pelage: Upper parts pale ochraceous buff lightly mixed
with dusky ; middle of back with a slight concentration of dusky tipped
hairs; top of head, ear tufts, etc., with a predominance of huffy; sides
of head nearly clear ochraceous buff, with a sliglit tinge of grayish be-
tween eye and base of ear ; eyelids black ; under parts white ; hands and
feet white; ankles dusky; tail bieolor, blackish above, white below.
Worn pelage : Upper parts varying from clear bright ochraceous buff on
back and rump to grayish bufl about head and shoulders, sometimes with

62 Osgood — Thirty Neiv Mice of the Genns Peromyscns.

a fine mixture of cinnamon tipped hairs throughout; under parts white;
tail duslcy brownish above, white below.

Skull.— As in typical P. grains, having the same large braincase, short
depressed rostrum, and relatively large audital bullae; molar teeth
slightlj' smaller.

Measurements. — Average of 10 adult topotypes : Total length, 201 (194-
210); tail vertebrae, 111.7 (103-120); hind foot, 23.8 (23-24.5). Skull of
type: Greatest length, 27.2; zygomatic width, 14; nasals, 9.5; inter-
orbital constriction, 4.4 ; upper molar series, 4.

Remarks. — Apparently there are two forms of the P. grains ty])e found
in Mexico, one very dark with dusky grayish head and cheeks, the other
much paler with less dusky or grayish and more ochraceous on the head
and cheeks. The extreme of the dark form is shown in a series fiom
Zamora, Michoacan. Typical gratus from Tlalpam, Mexico, is unques-
tionably referable to the dark form, although not so extreme as the
specimens from Zamora. The light form, which is therefore named, is
most extreme in specimens from Lagos, Jalisco. Various degrees of in-
tergradation are shown by specimens from a number of localities.

Peromyscus amplus sp. nov.

Type from Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult female. No. 70,158,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, November 12, 1894,
E. \V. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Most similar to P. felipensis, but very much i>aler; pelage
long and soft; color very uniform, with scarcely any dark dorsal area;
skull with somewhat inflated braincase.

Color. — Type : General effect of upper parts uniform clay color produced
by a ground color of ochraceous buff and a fine ' peppery ' mixture of
dnsky ; lateral line rather broad, ochraceous buft'; forehead and orbital
region from posterior base of whiskers to ear grayish; anterior base of
whiskers buffy ; under parts creamy white with a well-developed ochrace-
ous buff pectoral spot ; feet white, ankles dusky ; tail white below, dusky
brownish above.

Skull.— Very similar to that of felipensis, but braincase slightly higher
and more inflated ; anterior part of skull depressed ; audital bullfe large.
Measurements. — Average of 10 adult topotypes: Total length, 248
(235-260) ; tail vertebrae, 136 (128-145) ; hind foot, 27 (26-28). Skull of
type: Greatest length, 30.4; basilar length of Hensel, 23; zygomatic
width, 10.4; interorbital constriction, 4.5 ; interparietal, 10.4 x 3.7 ; nasals,
11.3; bony palate, 4.6; palatine slits, 6 x 2.3; diastema, 7.9 ; postpalatal
length, 10.2; upper molar series, 4.8.

Remarks. — P. felipensis, to which amplus is related, is essentially a black
mouse, whereas the predominating color of amplus is ochraceous buff,
and except in conditions of fresh new pelage there is scarcely any black.
The pelage has a peculiar quality about it which baffles description, but
which differs to a certain extent in having less gloss or luster than in most

Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 63

species. In this respect it approaches a similar condition frequently
foniid in specimens of the vit'lniutpltri/s type. It is easily distinguished
from melanopJiryx by tlie absence of any definite supraorbital ridge and
I)y its larger audital bullfe. Its relationship to diffi.cil.lt< is by no means
remote, but its skull ditiers in the same respects as that of fclipctiKix.

'Specimens examined. — Total number, 65, from localities in Mexico as
follows : Oaxaca, Coixtlahuaca, 16, Marques, 5, Tamazulapam, l.S ; Puehla,
Chalchicomula, 9 ; Tlaxcala, Apixaco, 2 ; Vera Cruz, Maltrata, 5, Perote, 1 5.

Peromyscus bullatus sp. nov.

Tiijir from Perote, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Adult female, No. 54,405, U. S.
National INIuseum, Biological Survey Collection, June .'», 189;5, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Related to P. Iruei and P. difflcilis ; audital bullw greatly
inflated, larger than in any other known species of the genus; external
ears very large ; tail shorter than head and body.

Color. — Very similar to that of P. truei, but richer, more tawny ; sides
and ground color of upper parts tawny ochraceous; middle of back with
considerable dusky producing a broccoli brown effect; top of head and
nose broccoli brown ; sides of liead between base of ear and eyedistinctlj'
grayish; a narrow dusky orbital ring; under i)arts pure creamy white;
feet white with a dusky patch on ankle; tail bicolor.

Skull. — .Similar in general to that of P. truei ; smaller than in P. difficilis ;
audital bnllte very much inflated, actually as well as relatively larger than
in any other known species of the genus; braincase rounded and some-
what inflated, much as in Iruel ; interorbital constriction relatively wider
than in difficilis; nasals anil palatine slits rather long; molar teeth large,
actually larger than those of truei and nearly equalling those of difficilis.

.Measurements. — Type: Total length, 200 ; tail vertebra?, 93 + ; hind foot,
23; ear from notch (measured dry), 25. Skull of type: Greatest length,
28.9; basilar length of Hensel, 22; zygomatic width, 14.5; interorbital
constriction, 4.5; interparietal, 10x3; nasals, 10.4; bony palate, 4.2;
palatine slits, 5.8 x 2 ; diastema, 8.3 ; postpalatal length, 10 ; upper molar
series, 4.3; greatest diameter of audital buUee, 6.5.

Remarks. — The relationships of this rather remarkable mouse are
clearly with P.lruei&niX P. difficilis. Its short tail * and light color are
suHicient to distinguish it from difficilis at a glance, and its enormous
audital bullae separate it at once from truei. The external ears are also
very large, slightly exceeding those of difficilis as well as of all other
species. There is only the one specimen in the collection, in spite of the
fact that its habitat is in the state of Vera Cruz, where reasonably
thorough collecting has been done.

*The tail of the type is not quite perfect, having lost the extreme tip,
but it is very evident that it was naturally much shorter than that of
difficilis.

V— Pitiif. Rioi.. Sue. Wash. Vol. XVII, l!i(i4.

64 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.

Peromyscus spicilegus evides subsp. nov.

Type from Juquila, Oaxaca, Mexico. Adult male, No. 71,426, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, February 28, 1895, E.W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Color as in spicilegus except upper side of hind foot, which
has a wedge-shaped dusky area extending from ankles nearly to base of
toes; skull larger and heavier; teeth much larger.

Color. — Upper parts rich tawny, vei-y slightly mixed with dusky, the
dusky somewhat concentrated medially ; a narrow black orbital ring and
small spot at base of whiskers; under parts creamy white with a small
pectoral spot of tawny ; tail blackish above, white below ; forearm sooty
to wrist, hands white; ankle and proximal half of foot sooty except on
sides.

Skull. — As in spicilegus but larger; molar teeth decidedly lieavier.

Measurements. — Average of 5 adult topotypes: Total length, 211; tail
vertebrae, 106; hind foot, 25. Skull of type: Greatest length, 29 ; basilar
length of Hensei, 22; zygomatic width, 14.4; iiiterorbital constriction,
4.6; interparietal, 9.3 x 3.2; nasals, 11.5; bony })alate, 4.7 ; palatine slits,
5.6; diastema, 17; postpalatal length, 9.1 ; upper molar series, 5.

Reinarks. — P. .spicilegus and closely I'elated forms are represented in the
Biological Survey Collection by a large number of specimens from nearly
all the mountainous parts of Mexico. Among these tliere is much local
and individual variation, and there seems to be no strongly marked ten-
dency to differentiation into forms occupying general areas. The small
series from Juquila are markedly larger than spicilegus, and this differ-
ence in size is emphasized by the skull and teeth. A large series from
Los Reyes, Michoacan, appears to be intermediate between spicilegus and
evides.

Peromyscus spicilegus simulus subsp. nov.

Type from San Bias, Tepic, Mexico. Adult male, No. 88,088, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, April 18, 1897, E. AV.
Nelson and E- A. Goldman.

C/iaroc/frs.— Similar in general color to P. spicilegus; skull smaller and
with decidedly shorter nasals.

Color. — A bout as in P. spicilegus; general colorof upper parts cinnamon
rufous with a darker dorsal area ; under parts white, usually with a small
rufous pectoral spot; feet white, ankles dusky; tail usually bicolor, but
sometimes not perfectly so.

Skull. — Somewhat similar to that of spicilegus, but smaller and more
angular; nasals and rostral part of skull decidedly shorter; parietal nar-
rower and less shelf-like; premaxillse not exceeding nasals; zygomata
rather heavy and 'squared' anteriorly; molar teeth very small; bony
palate short.

Osgood — Thirlii Xeir Mice of the (fenas Peromyscus. 65

Measurements. — Average of 3 adult topotypes: Total length, 208; tail
verteV)ne, 111; hind foot, 2.S. Skull of type: Ciieatest length, 2(i.3 ;
bassiiar length of Heiisel. 20.3; zygoinatie width, 14; interorbital con-
stiiction, 4.1 ; nasals, 9.4; bony palate, 3.6; palatine slits, 5.6 x 2; dias-
tema, 7; postpalatal lengtli, i).4; upi)er nK)lar series, 3.8.

Remarks. — P. spirilefjiis is essentially a mountain animal, and is not
usually found except at considerable elevations. Apparently the form
from the lowlands of Tepic is its only coast representative. This is well
characterized by cranial characters, although it does not differ markedly
in color, being possibly a shade darker, but in this respect easily within
the variation of the typical form. Specimens from Plomosas, Sinaloa,
though referable to spicilegus, show some tendency toward sitnulas.

Spee.lmen.'i examined. — Total number, 10, from localities in Mexico, as
follows: Tepic, Navarrete, 2, Rosario, 2, San Bias, 6.

Peromyscus melaiiophrys zamoree subsp. nov.

Ti/pe from Zamora, Michoacaii, Mexico. Adult male. No. 120,288, U. R.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, January 20, 1903, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. melanophrys, but averaging slightly larger and
ilarker ; a large tawny pectoral spot present ; * skull comparatively broad
and heavy, teeth large.

Color. — Similar in general to that of P. melanophrys, but apparently
somewhat darker, the difference in this respect being very slight if any.
Adults with a broad band of tawny across pectoral region l)etween fore-
legs. Upper side of tail more nearly black than in mehinoplirys.

Skull. — Similar to that of melanophrys, but slightly larger and heavier ;
braincase fuller and broader; audital bulhe larger; supraorbital beads
less trenchant and forming ridges rather than shelves anteriorly; molar
teeth larger; other characters similar.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 260; tail vertebrte, 141 ; hind foot,
29. Average of 7 young adult to{)otypes: Total length. 259; tail verte-
l)r;e, 144; hind foot, 28.4. Skull.— Two adults : Greatest length, 31.3-32 ;
basilar length of Hensel, 25-25.9; zygomatic width, 16.5-16.9; nasals,
12-12; upper molar series, 4.7-4.8; -palatine slits, 6.6 x 2.7-7 x 2.().

Remarks. — All the adult specimens of this form thus far e.vamined have
the tawny pectoral marking highly developed. The majority of the
series from Zamora are adolescents and exceptionally dark. Even those

* The constancy of this character may be doubted, as it is of such irreg-
ular occurrence in this genus. In the present case, while not diagnostic,
it seems to be a cliaracter of importance. Of 76 specimens of melanophrys
and consohrinus, 4 only have pectoral spots, and these are small and in-
distinct. Of 19 typical specimens of za)norx, all have well-marked pec-
toral spots except 2 plumbeous young, which have only traces.

66 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.

that have not passed beyond the plumbeous juvenile pelage are decidedly
darker than comparable specimens of typical melanophrys. Two adults,
however, show only very slightly darker shades than melanopJtri/i^. Speci-
mens from Zimapan, Hidalgo, are questionably referred to this form, but
in cranial characters they ai)proach consobruius. Four specimens from
Querendaro seem to be typical za/nonc.

Specimens examined. — Total numbei', 43, from localities in Mexico as
follows: Hidalgo, Zimapan, 24 (aberrant); Mickoacan, Querendaro, 4;
Zamora, 15.

Peromyscus melanophrys consobriiius subsp. nov.

Type from Berriozabal, Zacatecas, Mexico. Adult female. No. 79,626,
U. S. National Museum, Biological .Survey Collection, July 10, 189(5,
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. melanophrys, hut tail slightly shorter ; skull
with larger audital bullae and other slight peculiarities.

Geographic distribution. — Southern part of Me.x:ican tableland in the
Sonoran zone.

Color.— A^ in melanophrys. Topotype No. 58,028, in full winter jielage
(Dec), has the upper parts and sides tawny ochraceous thickly lined with
black to the edge of a narrow tawny lateral line ; orbital ring black,
sliarply contrasting with a grayish area about it which extends from the
base of the whiskers around the eye to the anterior base of the ear ;
under parts creamy white with a very small tawny pectoral spot ; tail
bicolor, white below, dnsky above; feet creamy white, ankles dusky.

SJadl. — Similar to that of melanophrys but somewhat shorter; nasals
shorter and slightly ])roader ; audital ])ullfe larger; l)raincase more bulg-
ing and less elongate.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 250 ; tail vertebrte, 1.31 ; hind foot,
26.5. Average of 5 adult topotypes: Total length, 256; tail vertebras,
135 ; hind foot, 27.5. Skull of type : Greatest length, 30.8 ; basilar length
of Hensel, 25.3; zygomatic width, 16.3; intei'orbital constriction, 4.9;
nasals, 11.1; upper molar series, 4.7; palatine slits, 6.6x2.5; bony
palate, 4.4.

Remarks. — This is not a strongly marked subsi^ecies, but its characters,
such as they are, have great constancy throughout its range. It is appar-
ently the form of the Mexican tableland, but its distribution maybe con-
tinuous with thatof 2o»jon'f and thence with true melanopJirys. Specimens
from Zimapan, Hidalgo, appear to approach consobrinus in cranial char-
acters but retain the coloration of zam,orx.

Specimens examined. — Total number 22 from localities in Mexico as
follows: Aguas Odientes, Chicalote, 1; Gnanajuafo, Silao, 3; JaZ/sco, Colot-
lan, 1; Sa)i Luis Potosi, Ahualulco, 1, Hacienda La Parada, 3; Zacatecas,
Berriozabal, 12, Monte Escobedo, 1.

Osgood — Thirty New Mice oj the Genus Peromyscm. 67

Peromyscus xenurus sp. nov.

Tijpc from Piinuijiro, Duraiifio, Mexico. Adult female, No. 94,518, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, July 1, 181)8, E. \V. Nel-
son and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar in size and proportions to P. melanoplmjs ; ground
color more nearly fawn than tawny; pectoral spot well developed; tail
black except a narrow ventral line of white; hind feet clouded with
dusky.

Color. — Type, in fresh pelage except on rump: Ground color of upper
parts grayish fawn color, gradually becoming more grayish anteriorly, so
that with the strong mixture of black through it all the effect from the
middle of the back forward passes from mixed fawn color through dral)
to liair brown; the rump, which is still in worn pelage, is fawn color;
lower cheeks bright fawn color blending with gray, which covers most of
the face from the base of the ears forward to the nose ; under parts white
except patch of bright fawn color extending from bases of forelegs across
breast ; hind feet clouded with dusky brown to base of toes, which are
creamy wliite ; tail black all around excejit a narrow stripe of white on the
under side occupying scarcely more than one-fifth of the entire surface of
the tail except distally, where, the diameter of the tail being very slight,
it nearly covers the under side.

Skull. — Similar in general to that of P. m. coiuohrinus ; nasals noticeably
shorter; anterior palatine foramina shorter; postpalatal notch shorter
and wider.

Measurements. — The type and one adult topotyjie : Total length, 246-248 ;
tail vertebra?, 142-140; hind foot, 28-28. Skull: Greatest length, ;:!0
basilar length of Hensel, 23.8; zygomatic width, 115.5; interorbital
width, 4.9; nasals, 10.2; upper molar series, 4.9; palatine slits, 5.7 x 2.;->.

Remarks. — This species is easily distinguished from any other of the
melanophrys group by the combination of large pectoral sjiot, dusky hind
feet, and peculiar tail with only a narrow line of white on the under side
instead of the usual equal division of the light and dark. It is the north-
ernmost form of the melnnopJinjs group, and at present is only known from
two specimens from one locality, so there is doubtless much to be learned
in regard to its distribution.

Peromyscus zelotes sp. nov.

Type from Querendaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Old female, No. 50,430,
U. S. National IMuseum, Biological Survey Collection, .August 8, 1892,
E. W. Nelson.

Characters. — Size about the same as P. levipe.i (hind foot, 23) ; tail
slightly longer than head and body ; ears relatively about same size as in
melanoplirys ; color almost exactly as in /■•. mehmoplirys ; skull similar in
general to that of P. melanophrys but much smaller.

68 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.

Color.— fiimWiir to that of P. mehniopkrys, but facial region more suftnsed
with tawny and the gray very much reduced; somewhat similar to
P. leiipes but paler throughout ; no trace of a pectoral spot.

Skull. — Similar in general to that of /'. vielannj^lirys but much smaller;
audital bulUe slightly smaller ; nasals shorter, interorbital space relatively
wider; supraorbital beads obsolete; postpalatal notch narrow.

Mmmrei)ients.—Tyy)e (old $): Total length, 218; tail vertebne, 115;
hind foot, 23. Skull: Greatest length, 28.3; basilar length of Hensel,
21. t5; zygomatic width, 14.2; interorbital width, 4.9 ; nasals, 10.6; upper
molar series, 4.6; palatine slits, 5.6 x 2.4.

Remarks. — This species appears to be closely related cranially to
P. vielanophrys, but differs markedly from the other forms of the group
in its small feet and short tail. It requires no serious comparison with
P. levipes, which has a widely dirt'erent skull, with low shallow brain-
<;ase, posteriorly compressed nasals, small bulhe, etc. Besides three from
the type locality, one rather imperfect specimen from Tula, Hidalgo,
seems referable to zelotes. It is somewhat brighter colored and differs
slightly in cranial characters.

Peromyscus banderanus vicinior subsp. nov.

Ti/pe from La Salada, Michoacan, Mexico. Adult male. No. 126,503, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 23, 11)03, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Distribution. — Known from three localities in the State of Michoacan to
the eastwanl of the range of typical P. banderanus.

Characters. — Darker than P. banderanus; skull narrower and anterior
palatine foramina differently shaped ; otherwise similar.

Color. — Slightly darker and more vinaceous than in banderanus in worn
or summer pelage; decidedly darker in winter pelage, with a definite
dusky median dorsal area; markings about eyes, whiskers, and ankles,
sooty black instead of brown as in banderanus ; upper side of tail sooty
instead of brownish.

Skull. — Similar to that of banderanus, but l)raincase averaging slightly
narrower ; anterior palatine foramina more nearly elliptical, being widest
in the middle and narrowing toward each end.

ifm-SfireHiffli/.s.— Type: Total length, 216; tail vertebrae, 107 ; hind foot,
27. Average of 3 young adults from La Huacana, Miclioacan, 233; 117;
24.5. Skulls of two adults:* Greatest length, 31-32; basilar length of
Hensel, 23.3-24.1; zj'gomatic width, 14.3-14; interorbital width, 5-4.8 ;
nasals, 11.8-12.4; interparietal, 3.7 x 10.2-4.5x10.2; upper molar series,
4.6-4.4; palatine slits, 6x2.3-5.8x2.3.

Remarks.— T\\\s, is an interior form of banderanus, only slightly charac-
terized but not entirely negligible. Two specimens taken in February at
Los Reyes, Michoacan, present the fullest and newest pelage and show a

* Measurements mentioned first are those of the type.

Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 69

considerable de{)aituie froin tyi)ical hiniilfrdtins. The small series from
La Salada have uniform!}' narrow sknlls, noticeably narrower than in
bnnderamis, but specimens from Los Reyes and La Hnacana indicate that
this is not a stable character. It seems, however, to be worth mentioninji;.
Specimens examined. — Total nnnd)er, 15, from localities in Mexico as fol-
lows: Guerrero, Acahuizotla, o ; Michoacan, La Hnacana, 4, T>a Salada, 6,
Los Reyes, 2.

Peromyscus banderanus angelensis sp. nov.

Tijpe from Pnerto Angel, Oaxaca, ^lexico. Adnlt female. No. 71,442,
U. S. National Mnseum, Biological Survey Collection, March i:!, 1895,
K. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Charncters. — Similar to typical /*. banderanus, but slightly larger; skull
with s^upraorbital bead nearly obsolete instead of being well developed.

Color. — Almost exactly as in P. banderanux ; possibly averaging a trifle
darker.

(S'^"M^/.— Larger than in banderanus; braincase less elongate and inter
parietal shorter; nasals longer; supraorbital edges reduced to simple
shelves, much as in P. melanophrys, without an elevated bead bounded
by a sulcus on the inner side ; molar teeth slightly larger than in bander-
anus; audital bulUe about as in banderanu.'^ and aztecus, much smaller than
in mi'buiophrys.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 235 ; tail vertebrte, 123 ; hind foot,
20.5. Average of 7 adult topotypes, 235 (222-258); 120 (112-128); 27
(26.5-28). Skull.— Two adults: Greatest length, 31.3*-33.4; basilar
length of Hensel, 23.4-24.9; zygomatic width, 15-15.4; interorbital
width, 5.2-5; nasals, 11.7-12.8; interparietal, 3.b x 10.6-3.4 x 11.2;
upper molar series, 4.6-4.6; palatine slits, 6 x 2.4-5.7 x 2.4.

Remarks. — The naked soles of this form decide its affinities Avith ban-
deranus, and its color is also in accord, but its skull with the supraorbital
beads nearly obliterated suggests that of P. aztecus. Close examination
of detailed characters of the skull, however, leaves scarcely any room for
doubt that its proper position is with banderanus.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 22; 20 from the type locality and
2 from Plnma, Oaxaca.

Peromyscus mexicanus teapensis subsp. nov.

Tijpe from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. Adult female. No. 100,022, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 25, 1900, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. m. totontepecus, but sides brighter and more
contrasted with dark area in middle of back ; skull with thicker, heavier
rostral region.

* Measurements mentioned first are those of the type.

70 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.

Color. — Type: Sides rich chestnut shading into a well-defined blackish
area in median dorsal region ; a nari'ow black orbital ring and spot at
base of whiskers; under parts slate color overlaid with creanij' white (no
pectoral spot in type, but of frequent occurrence among series of topo-
types) ; tail black except a few irregular spots of yellowish white on
under side; fore feet white; hind feet white except a dark brown area
extending, and decreasing in width, from ankles down nearly to base of
toes.

S/cuU. — Similar to that of toiontepecm, but with broader nasals and gener-
ally heavier and more tliickened rostral region; anterior palatine for-
amina usually wider; infraorbital part of zygoma rather h.eavier than
in totontepecus, but not squarely ' elbowed ' as in mexicanns ; teeth about
as in tolonlepecus, wider and heavier than in mexicanus.

Measuremenls. — Average of 10 adults from the type locality: Total
length, 245 (234-254) ; tail vertebne, 129 (121-136) ; liind foot, 28 (27-28.5).
Skull of type: Greatest length, 33; basilar length of Hensel, 24.6;
zygomatic width, 16.2; nasals, 12.7; interorbital constriction, 5.4; pala-
tine slits, () X 2.9; upper molar series, 4.5 ; bony palate, 4.7; diastema,
8.2; postpalatal length, 11.9.

Remarks. — Represented by a series of 17 specimens containing a good
percentage of adults and showing very little variation. Two specimens
from Montecristo, Tabasc;o, are decidedly paler, much as in true mexi-
canus. The form is not strongly marked, but ranks well with the others
of the same group, which is a difficult one. The vicinity of Teapa,
visited by Nelson and Goldman in the spring of 1900, is already well
known for the dark, rich color of the animals found there. The pres-
ent subspecies is no exception.

Peromyscus yucatanicus badius sul)sp. nov.

Type from Apazote, Campeche, Mexico. Adult female, No. 108,016,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 28, 1900,
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. yucatanicus but darker colored.

Color. — Decidedly darker than P. yucatanicus, having a median dorsal
area with a strong admixture of black and more or less black on the sides
except a narrow lateral line which is cinnamon rufous like the general
ground color; under parts faintly suffused with yellow; a narrow black
orbital ring; hairs of tail blackish brown alwve, white below ; under side
of tail beneath hairs chiefly yellowish wdiite, but somewhat irregularly
blotched with dusky ; feet white.

Skull. — As in P. yucatanicus.

Measurements. — Average of 10 topotypes : Total length, 193.4; tail
vertebrfe, 96.7; hind foot, 23.5. Skull of type: Greatest length, 28.2;
basilar length of Hensel, 20.7; zygomatic width, 14.1; interorbital con-
striction, 4.7; interparietal, 9.2x3.1; nasals, 10.4; bony palate, 4.2;

Osgood— Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. 71

palatine slits, 5.3x2.2; diastema, 7; postpalatal lengtli, 9.9; upper
inolar series, 4.1.

Rt'iiiarks. — This slight form doubtless owes its dark color to its habitat
ill a more humid re.irion tliau that of true uacalaniciix. Its range is
probably limited to tiie region of the base of the peninsula of Yucatan,
as its nearest lelatives known from west of that region are the larger and
(juite different forms of the mexicanux group.

S)>ecimens examined. — Total number 19, all from the type locality.-

Peromyscus allophylus sp. nov.

Tm>e from Huehuetan, Chiapas, ^Mexico. .Adult female, No. 77,657,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, February 21, 1896,
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Size medium (hind foot 25) ; tail shorter than head and
body; ears moderate, scantily haired; coloration dark; tail dusky black-
ish, unicolor, covered with small imbricate scales, much as in Oryzomys ;
proximal third of soles of hind feet finely haired ; skull rather long and
narrow ; teeth very small.

Color. — Sides mummy brown, deepening toward middle of back, causing
a rather distinct median dorsal line of blackish brown ; under parts yellow-
ish white over slate-color, the latter showing through ; tail dusky black-
ish, unicolor; a black orbital ring and antorbital spot; feet whitish,
scantily haired ; ankles dusky.

Skull. — Rather long and narrow ; braincase elevated ; infraorbital notch
scarcely evident; nasals rather short, slightly exceeded by premaxillse ;
no supraorbital ridge; ])alatine foramina rather large, longer than bony
palate; audital bullfe small, smaller than \n aztecn.t ov rnexicnuus ; molar
teeth very small; interparietal small.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 202; tail vertebrae, 95 ; hind foot,
25. Skull: Greatest length, 29.8; l)asilar length of Hensel,22.5; zygo-
matic width, 14.5 ; interorbital constriction, 5 ; nasals, 11; bony palate, 4 ;
palatine slits, 6x2.4; diastema, 8.2; postpalatal length, 10.5; upper
molar series, 4.

Remarks. — It is difficult to be certain what are the affinities of this pe-
culiar species. But for the size of its ears and shortness of its tail, it might
well pass for an Oryzomys of the 0. chapmani group. Its dark, scaly tail
immediately suggests Oryzomys, and the character and color of its pelage
bear out the resemblance. Its skull, however, is that of an ordinary type
of Peromyscus without any striking characters. It seems probable that its
closest relationship is with the mexicanus grouy), though it might easily be
a northern member of some Central American group not yet known. It
agrees in some respects with the description of P. gymnotis Thomas, from
Guatemala. Another species from southern Chiapas agrees with this
description much more closely, however, and for present purposes has
been assumed to be identical with true gymnoUs.

8-PK(ir. Binl.. Soc. \Va>H. Vol,. XVII, 1904.

72 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscus.

Peromyscus lophurus sp. iiov. .

Type from Todos Santos, Guatemala. Adult male, No. 77,219, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 30, 1895, E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters.— Most similar to P. lepturus, but sn)aller and paler ; tail long
and covered with comparatively long soft hairs, and terminating in a
distinct pencil ; pelage soft and ' woolly ' and rather dull and lusterless ;
skull with large interparietal and short nasals.

Color. — Type: General effect of upper parts between wood brown and
fawn color, with a small dusky area in middle of back ; lateral line pale
ochraceous buff; under parts white; no pectoral spot; tail sepia brown,
unicolor; forearm dusky to wrist, fore feet white; hind feet dusky
brownish to base of toes; toes white; orbital ring dusky black, rather
narrow, but expanded into a distinct spot in front of eye.

Skull. — Similar to that of lepturris, but smaller and with rostral part
decidedly shorter ; molar teeth actually aljout same size, relatively larger ;
interparietal very large. Compared to that of F. levipes, the skull of
lophurus is shorter, with shorter nasals and heavier infraorbital region ;
the teeth are decidedly heavier and longer and the interparietal larger.

Measurements. — Average of 4 adult topotypes: Total length, 208; tail
vertebrae, 105; hind foot, 24.5; ear from notch, 16. Skull of type:
Greatest length, 27.5; basilar length of Hensel, 20.8; zygomatic width,
14.7; interorbital constriction, 4.3; interparietal, 10 x 4.5 ; nasals, 10 ;
bony palate, 4; palatine slits, 5.4 x 2; diastema, 6.5 ; postpalatal length,
9.6; upper molar series, 4.7.

Eemarks. — This vei'y distinct species may be easily recognized by its
crested tail and usually by the absence of white on the under side of the
tail. All the specimens from Todos Santos have unicolor tails, but 2 from
Calel are quite distinctly bicolor, and among 4 from San Cristobal, 2 have
unicolor and 2 imperfectly bicolor tails, indicating that this character is
not invariable. Tlie character of the pelage differs somewhat from most
of the smaller species of Peromyscus in being dull and soft without the
usual gloss, and although rather short it is fine and slightly ' woolly.'

Specimens examined. — Total number, 15, from localities as follows :
Pinabete, Chiapas, Mexico, 5; San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, 4; Calel,
Guatemala, 2 ; Todos Santos, Guatemala, 6.

Peromyscus simulatus sp. nov.

Type from Jico, Vera Cruz, Mexico (altitude 6000 feet). No. 55,028,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, July 12, 1893,
E. W. Nelson.

Characters. — A miniature of P. lophurus (hind foot 21); dark markings
lightly more intense ; skull and teeth very small ; tail clothed with long,
soft hairs and crested as in lopliurus ; audital bullte relatively large.

Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Gemts Peromysais. 73

Color. — Almost exactly as in P. lophiinis ; dark markings of feet and
face slightlj' niore intense; tail chiefly brown, but with a narrow line of
wliite on under side.

Shnll. — Size very small ; similar in general to that of P. lophurus, hnt
with more inflated braincase and depressed rostrum ; audital bullfe rela-
tively larger; interorbital constriction relatively wider; teeth very small.

Mensuremcnl!^. — Type: Total length, 169; tail vertebrse, 87 ; hind foot,
21: ear from notch, 14.;>. Skull: Greatest length, 24.4; basilar length
of Hensel, 18; zygomatic width, 12.5; interorbital constriction, 4.3 ; in-
terparietal, 8.2 X o; nasals, 9; bony palate, 3.5; palatine slits, 4.6 x 1.7;
diastema, 6; postpalatal length, 8; upper molar series, 8.9.

Remarks. — This small species is not closely related to any known spe-
cies except P. ln]>hHr>i>t, of which it is almost an exact miniatuie. Its
skull is even smaller than that of P. melimotis, which occurs in the same
region. It has, however, no relationship whatever to vie/nnolis. Its
small size, crested tail, and dark brown feet are amply sutRcient to dis-
tinguish it from all other known species.

Peromyscus melanocarpus sp. nov.

Ti/pe from Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude 8000 feet).
Young adult, No. 68,610, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Col-
lection, July 8, 1894, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. megalops, but smaller and darker colored ;
hind feet slightly darker; fore feet decidedly more so, the blackish ex-
tending to base of digits; tail usually dusky all around or with only
traces of paleness beneath ; pelage long and soft.

Color. — Ad. (^ No. 68,627, July 17: General effect of upper parts dark
blackish munnny brown, slightly darker along middle of l)ack ; actual
color of subterminal zone of hairs cinnamon rufous, which is almost lost
in the general effect by the many black -tip})ed hairs and the dark plum-
beous undercolor which shows through the thin subterminal zone; under
parts deep blackish slate washed with creamy white, producing an effect
which varies from. olive gray to slate gray ; pectoral region usually rich
cinnamon rufous; an intense black line extending from nostrils through
base of whiskers and eye; tail covered with short, bristly, blackish hairs
scarcely paler below than above; scales of tail usually dusky all around,
.sometimes with slight irregular patches of paler; fore and hind feet
dusky brownish to base of toes.

Skull. — Apparently very similar to that of megalops; nasals slightly
shorter and more compressed j)Osteriorly ; superficially similar to totou-
tepecus, but differing as follows : nasals shorter and nearly always ending
in advance of the orbits about on a plane with the infraorbital foramen ;
frontal wider and with decidedly greater development of supraorbital
shelves; braincase wider ; anterior palatine foramina much longer ; molar
teeth larger.

74 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Peromyscns.

Measuremenls.— Type {not quite aduM): Total length, 241 ; tail vertebrae,
125; hind foot, 27. Ad. c? from Totontepec, Oaxaca: 262; 132; 30.
Skull of type: Greatest length, 31. B; basilar length of Hensel, 24.3;
zygomatic width, 15.2; nasals, 12; interorbital constriction, 5.4; pala-
tine slits, 7.3; upper molar series, 5.

Remarks. — This mountain species is about the size of P. m. toUmicpccus,
with which it ranges to some extent, but is much more closely related
to megalopsawd aurilus, as indicated by its cranial characters and its more
bristly tail. Its most diagnostic character, however, is the extent of
dusky brownish on the fore feet, which is almost unique. In" some
specimens the ends of the toes and the outer side of the metacarpus are
the only parts not occupied by the dark color. The pelage is long and
lax like that of many other mountain forms. The type was taken at
8000 feet altitude. Five additional specimens from Totontepec on the
north slope of the same mountain at 6500 feet altitude are also in the col-
lection, p. lepturus, which also occurs on Mt. Zempoaltepec, is smaller
than melanocarpus and differs in numerous cranial characters, among the
most obvious of which are : Braincase smaller and narrower, interorbital
constriction narrower, nasals shorter, supraorbital beads less develo})ed.

Peromyscus altilaneus sp. nov.

7}//)f from Todos Santos, (luatemula (altitude 10,000 feet). Adult male,
No. 76,856, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, Decem-
ber 30, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Cli<(ra€lers. — Similar to P. melanocarpus, but smaller and with sliorter and
less hairy tail ; fore feet entirely white; hind feet with much more white
tlian in melanocarpus ; skull slightly smaller and more slender; similar to
guatemalensis but much smaller.

Color. — As in melanocarpus, hut tail blotched with yellowish white
below, much as in me.ricanus : fore feet and part of forearm white; hind
foot with a V-shaped dusky mark extending from ankle al)out half way
to the base of the toes, remainder of foot white ; pectoral spot strongly
developed in tyi)e.

Skull. — Similar to that of rnelanocarpus, hut slightly smaller throughout ;
nasals relatively more expanded anteriorly ; braincase slightly higher and
more inflated and rostral region more depressed ; anterior palatine foram-
ina shorter; infraorbital plate very nari-ow.

Measurements. — Ty])e : Total length, 228; tail vertebra', 115 ; hind foot,
28. Skull: Greatest length, 31 ; basilar length of Hensel, 24; zygomatic
width, 14.6; interorbital constriction, 5; nasals, 11.5; bony palate, 4.8;
palatine slits, 6 x 2.7; diastema, 8.2; postpalatal length, 11.2; upper
molar series, 4.().

Remarks. — The type of this species is the only specimen known at pres-
ent. Its only close relationship is with P. mclanocai-pus, to which it is
very similar except in regard to the color of the wrists and fore feet.
From P. lepturus it difiers in darker color, strongly developed i)ectoral

Osgood — Thirty Aeiv Mice of the Gcviii^ Peromyscns. 75

spot, sliorter, less hairy tail, and in the followiiiu; cranial characters:
Parietals larger and wider, with suggestions of a head at orhital edges;
hraincase more inflated ; infraorhital plate much narrower ; audital huUoe
smaller; teeth smaller. It resembles p'wa<e??ia/e?isissuperficiall5', but is so
dtH'idedly smaller as to require no serious comparison with that species.

Subgenus Haplomylomys Osgood.
Peromyscus goldmani so. nov.

Ty]>e from Alamos, Sonora, Mexico. Adult female, No. 96,340, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December 19, 1898, E. A.
Goldman.

Characters. — Similar in general to P. eremicus anthonyl ; size larger (h ind
foot 24 in type) ; pelage somewhat coarser; color more fulvous and more
uniform; heel slightly hairy; tail long and cylindrical, covered with
short hairs; skull relatively heavy and rather elongate.

Color. — Entire upper parts and sides ochraceous butf finely mixed with
black, mui-h darker and richer than in anthonyi and without the grayish
cast usually so characteristic of the eremicri.s group; under parts creamy
white with a small ochraceous buff pectoral spot.

SkiilL — Larger, longer, and narrower than in eremicus or anthonyi ; bi'ain-
case relatively much narrower; nasals longer an'd more compressed pos-
teriorly ; interorbital constriction narrow ; bony palate rather short.

Measurements.— 'TyTpe: Total length, 217 ; tail vertebrte, 117 ; hind foot,
24. Skull of type : Greatest length, 27.3 ; basilar length of Hensel, 21.1 ;
zygomatic width, 14.2; interorbital constriction, 4 ; interparietal, 8.6 x
3.2; nasals, 9.(); bony palate, 4.2; palatine slits, 5 x 2.1; diastema, fi.«i;
postpalatal length, 10 ; upper molar series, 4.

Jlemarks. — The color of this species is more like that of P. splcllegus
than F. e. anthonyi, but its skull and teeth show it to be a member of the
eremicus group.

Peromyscus eremicus phseurus subsp. nov.

Ti/}>e from Hacienda La Parada, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Adult
female. No. 50,438, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection,
August 20, 1892, E. W. Nelson.

Geographic distribution. — Middle i)ortion of the Mexican tableland in
the States of San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Nuevo Leon.

General characters.— Sim\\a,v to F. eremicus but darker, with tail uniform
blackish brown above and below instead of decidedly bicolor as in
eremicus or indistinctly bicolor as in some specimens of P. e. antliovyi.

T'o^o/'.— Similar in general to eremicus, but shades of buff deei)er and
entire upper parts much more heavily mixed with black ; under parts
except tail white: pectoral spot not present; tail blackish brown above
and Itelow, this most evident in winter pelage, when the hairiness of the
tail is best developed ; feet white, ankles dusky.

76 Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genns Peromyscus.

Skull. — Practically as in ercmicna and anthonyi.

Measurements. — Average of 9 adults : Total length, 189 (176-195); tail
vertebrae, 98 (92-103); hind foot, 21.

Remarks. — This form is the southernmost representative of the eremicn.''
group. Its range is practically continuous with that of eremicus, which
extends from west Texas down through Chihuahua, but it is cut off by
mountain ranges from anthonyi, which, curiously, it most closely resem-
bles. The extreme form of avtlumyi from southern Sonora occasionally
has the distal third of tlie tail black all around, and thus very much re-
sembles ^/(c'«»r».s. This is i>robably an accidental parallelism, as is also
shown by some specimens of fraiercidus which are strikingly like a»//(on?/i,
although there is even greater isolation in this case.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 27, from localities in Mexico, as
follows: Coahviln, 8abinas 2, Saltillo 2; San Luis PotosI, Ahualuico, 2,
Hacienda la Parada, 7, Jesus Maria, 7; Nuevo Leon, Doctor Arroyo, 5;
Zacatecas, Canitas, 2.

Subgenus Baiomys True.

Peromyscus musculus nigrescens subsp. nov.

Type from Valley of Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico. Adult female, No.
76,827, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, December
9, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.

Characters. — Similar to P. musculus and P. m. brunneus, but darker and
more sooty ; skull slightly characterized.

Color. — Upper parts mixed vandyke brown and sooty blackish, slightly
more sootv on middle of back ; under parts cream buff, to roots of hairs
in middle of belly, on tips only at sides; tail dusky above, paler below.

Skall. — Slightly smaller and more elongate than in P. musculus and
P. III. brunneus; braincase narrower ; rostrum longer ; palatine slits longer
and bony palate conespondingly shorter; interorbital space narrower.

Meusureiiu'iits. — Average of 10 adult topotypes: Total length, 115.5
(113-120); tail vertebrae, 43 (40-45); hind foot, 15(14.5-16). Skull of
type: Greatest length, 20.1; basilar length of Hensel, 15.2; zygomatic
width, 10.5; interorbital constiiction, 3.4; nasals, 8; interparietal, 6.4
x2. 1 ; palatine slits, 4.3; bony palate, 2.8 ; upper molar series, 3.2.

Remarks. — This very dark colored mouse is represented by large num-
bers of specimens from southern Oaxaca, Chiapas, and parts of Guatemala-

Peromyscus allex sp. nov.

Type from Colima, Colima, Mexico. Adult female. No. f|||f, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, March 7, 1892, E. W.
Nelson.

Characters. — Color as in P. musculus; size decidedly smaller; skull
small, light, and slender.

Color. — -Exactly as in P. musculus.

Osgood — Thirty New Mice of the Genus Pennn.yscus. 77

Skull. — A bout equal in size to that of P. laylorl ; biuincase narrower and
more elongate ; decidedly smaller than in F. rnusciilus : nasals very short ;
audital bnlhe very small ; molar teeth small.

Mcdsttremnita.— Type : Total length, 113; tail vertebrae, 47; hind foot,
14; ear from notch (dry), 9.7. Average of G topotypes : 104; 44; 1.'>.4.
Skull of type: Greatest length, 18.4 ; basilar length of Hensel,14.6;
zygomatic width, 9.6 ; interorbital constriction, .3.2; nasals, (i..'! ; inter-
parietal, 5.5 X 1.3 ; iialatine slits, 3.7 ; bony palate, 3 ; upper molar series, 3.

Remarks. — This diminutive species occurs with F. mmcnlus at Colima,
the type locality, and at other localities in western Mexico. It is repre-
sented chiefly from the States of Colima and Jalisco, but its range has not
been thoroughly worked out and it seems quite possible that it may be
found over a considerable area. Apparently it is closely related to
F. paid Its * the description of which indicates an animal of about the same
size but of different color.

*Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 598-599, November 12,
1903.

Vol. XVII, pp. 79-82 March 21, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW MAMMALS FROM

MEXICO.

BY E. A. GOLDMAN.

The luammals described below were collected by E. W. Nelson
ami myself in the course of field work for the Biological Survey
in soutliern Mexico. The wood rats all belong to the ferruginea *
group, of which Neotoma tenuicauda is also a member. The
TAomys is an additional species of the pictus group. For the
op])ortuuity to describe these new forms I am indebted to Dr.
C. Hart Merriam, under whose supervision the field work has
been carried on.

Neotoma picta sp. nov.

Tijpt from Ino^ntain^■ near Chilpanciii<!;o, Guerrero, Mexico (altitude,
10,000 feet). .\(lult male, No. 70,050, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection, December 20, 1S94, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman.
Original num'ber 7179.

Chcivaclers. — Size medium ; coloi' rich orange-rufous to ferruginou.^ of
Ridgway ; tail long and slender, covered with short hairs; ears ratlier
small. Closely related to N. tenuicauda but slightly larger; color very
nnich l)righter. Somewhat similar to iV. ferruginea, l)ut smaller and
brighter colored ; outer sides of forearms and hind legs not dusky as in
A^ ferruginea.

Color. — Type: Ground color of upper parts rich orange-rufous (vary-
ing in some specimens to ferruginous) of Ridgway, brightest on cheeks,
shoulders, and along sides, darkened on face, top of head, and along back

*Specimens from Volcan Santa INIaria, Guatemala, which agree well
with tlie original description of Neotoma ferruginea, have been assumed
to be nearly typical and used for comparison.

9— Pkoc. Biol. Sou. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904 (T9)

80 Goldman — Descriptions of Five Neiv Mammals from Mexico.

by a rather abundant sprinkling of black-tipped hairs ; under parts nearly
pure white (in some specimens suffused with salmon), the plumbeous
basal color showing through indistinctly; axillpe orange-rufous; ears
covered with short dusky hairs; tail indistinctly bicolor (occasionally
concolor), dusky above, paler below; fore feet yellowish white ; hind
feet to toes irregularly clouded with dusky or pale fulvous, the toes white.

Sknll. — The skull indicates close relationship to N. Iniidcauda, but is
slightly larger and the nasals are longer. Compared with N. ferrugmea,
the skull is smaller, with narrower frontal region.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 368 ; tail vertebra;, 180; hind foot,
87. Average of eight adult females from the type locality : Total length,
344 (338-355) ; tail vertebrae, 170 (1()6-I82) ; hind foot, 34 (33-35.5). Skull
of type: Greatest length, 43.3; basilar length of Hensel, 35; zygomatic
breadth, 23; length of nasals, 17.4; interorbital breadth, 5; palatal
length, 8.6; diastema, 11.9 ; upper molar series on alveolus, 8.7.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 31, all from the State of Guerrero,
as follows: Mountains near Chilpancingo (type locality), 16; Omilteme,
15.

Remarks. — Neotoina picta ajipears to be more closely related to A', tenul-
cauda than to any other known form, but its remarkable color is alone
sufficient to distinguish it from that species.

Neotoma isthmica sp. nov.

Ti/pe from Huilotepec, 8 miles south of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico
(altitude, 100 feet). Adult female. No. 73,187, U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection, May 5, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Gold-
man. Original number 7843.

Characters. — Size rather large ; color orange-rufoiis to ferruginous; tail
long, moderately stout, thinly haired and coarsely scaly ; ears medium.
Similar to N. ferrugmea, hni much brighter colored and without dusky
forearms and hind legs; skull narrower and heavier. In color closely
resembling N. picta, but largei', with stoutei', more coarsely scaly tail, and
differing in cranial characters.

Color. — Type (in worn pelage) : Upper parts in general between orange-
rufous and ferruginous of Ridgway, fading to grayish fulvous on outer
sides of forearms and hind legs; face, top of head, and back thinly sprin-
kled with blackish hairs ; under parts, including upper lip, lower sides of
face, and inner sides of fore and hind legs, soiled white; tail indistinctly
bicolor, brownish above, paler below ; fore feet pure white ; hind feet to
toes clouded with dusky (in some specimens pure white), the toes white.

Skull. — Similar to that of iV. ferruginea but narrower, heavier, and more
arched across anterior roots of zygomata. Compared with N. picta the
skull is larger, longer, heavier, relatively narrower, and more arched
across anterior roots of zygomata; frontal region flatter posteriorly;
braincase less smoothly rounded.

Measuremeuts.— Type: Total length, 395; tail vertebrae, 198 ; hind foot,
o8. Average of nine adult males and females from the type locality :

Goldman — Descriptions oj Five New Maiinintlsfrom Mexico. 81

Total length, oliS (355-;!90) ; tail vertebrae, 182 (16(5-198); hind foot, 37
(35-39). Skull of type: Greatest length, 48.4 ; basilar length of Hensel,
38.4 ; zygomatir breadth, 23.7 ; length of nasals, 19 ; interorbital breadth,
6.2; palatal length, 8.3; diastema, 12.9; upper molar series on alveolus, 9.
S))eci)iic)iit <\vavii)u'd. — Total number, 19, all from the state of Oaxaca, as
follows: Huilotepec (type locality), 16; Jufliitan, 3.

Neotoma parvidens sp. nov.

Typi from .Iiuinila, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude, 5000 feet). Adult female.
No. 71,586, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection, Feb-
ruary 27, 1895, E. W. Nelson and E. A. (loldman. Original number
7587.

Characters. — Size very small; color ferruginous; tail rather short and
slender, covered with short hairs ; ears small. Closely resembling A'^. jiida
in color but very much smaller; skull smaller and lighter, with narrower
nasals and smaller teeth.

Color. — Upper parts ferruginous (varying along sides in some specimens
to orange-rufous) of Ridgway, becoming Ijrownish fulvous over outer
sides of forearms and hind legs; face, top of head, and back (in .«ome
specimens the sidesalso) rather thickly sprinkled with black-tipped hairs ;
underparts, including upper lip and part of cheeks, nearly pure white,
the plumbeous basal color showing through indistinctly ; axillje orange-
rufous ; ears covered with sliort dusky hairs; tail dusky above, paler
below ; fore feet and toes of hind feet yellowish white ; hind feet to toes
irregularly clouded with dusky (in two out of five specimens, pure
white).

Skull. — Similar in general form to that o{ N- teimicaada,\n\i smaller,
lighter, and usually more archetl ; interorljital breadth relatively greater ;
rostrum usually moredecnrved, na.'^als narrower and more wedge-shaped ;
teeth relatively murli smaller.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 295; tail vertebrae, 141 ; hind foot,
31. Average of five adult males and females from the type locality:
Total length 300 (282-317); tail vertebrte, 149 (141-157); hind foot, 31
(30-32). Skull of type: Greatest length, 40.5 ; basilar length of Hensel,
32.5; zygomatic breadth, 20.7; length of nasals, 15.2; interorbital
Ijreadth, 5.3; palatal length, 7.3; diastema, 11.3; upper molar series on
alvelous, 7.4.

Specimevs e.mmitied. — Five, all from the type locality.

Neotoma tropicalis sp. nov.

Type from Totontepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude, 6500 feet). Adult
male No. 68,593, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection,
July 17, 1894, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 6468.

Charaeters. — Size small ; tail rather short, slender, and thinly haired ;
ears rather small. In color closely resembling A'^. tenuicauda but brown-
ish of upper parts encroaching on underparts; skull somewhat similar

82 Goldman — Descriptions of Five New Mammals from Mexico.

to that of N. tenaicaada, but nasals longer and narrower and premaxillse
longer.

Color. —Upper parts dark brown, beconiino; brownish fulvous on cheeks,
shoulders, and along sides, this color encroaching on under parts poste-
riorly, leaving a narrow, whitish area alongthe median line of the belly ;
rest of under parts, except a salmon colored band across pectoral region
in the type, dull whitish (the plumbeous basal color showing through) ;
ears faintly edged with whitish ; tail nearly unicolor, dusky above,
slightly paler below; fore and hind feet clouded with dusky, the toes of
hind feet whitish.

Skull. — Somewhat like that of i\". te)uiicanda, but nasals more wedge-
shaped, much longer and narrower, reaching plane of lachrymals ; ascend-
ing branches of premaxillte very long, reaching; beyond plane of lach-
rymals; frontal region broader and flatter posteriorly; teeth smaller.
Compared with that of N. jKirvidens, the skull is larger and flatter,
braincase larger and more smoothly rounded ; nasals and ascending
branches of premaxillfe longer ; teeth larger.

Measarevients. — Type: Total lengtli, 325; tail vertebrpe, 156; hind foot,
34. Skull of type : Greatest length, 41.3 ; basilar length of Hensel, 33 5 ;
zygomatic breadth, 22.2; length of nasalo, 16.5; interorbital breadth,
5.8; palatal length, 7.9; diastema, 11.2; upper molar series on alveolus,
8.3.

Specimens examined. — Two, from the type locality.

Liomys parviceps sp. nov.

Type from La Salada, 40 miles south of Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico.
Adult female, No. 126,477, U. 8. National Museum, Biological Surve}'
Collection, March 19, 1903, E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original
number 16,194.

Characters. — Size very small; color reddish; tail of moderate length.
^innlar io L. plantinarensis but less fulvous ; skull smaller; tail slightly
longer; hind foot shorter, 6- instead of 5-tuberculate.

Color. — Upper parts grizzled brownish fulvous ; under parts, fore and
hind feet, white; fulvous lateral line rather faint; ears edged with
whitish ; tail distinctly bicolor, brownish above, whitish below.

Shdl. — Smallest of the known species of the genus. Similar to that of
L. plant inareiisis, but smaller and flatter ; brainca.se less expanded ; inter-
parietal smaller; rostrum less decurved ; nasals more arched anteriorly,
notched posteriorly as in L. planlinarensis.

Measarement!<. — Type: Total length, 202 ; tail vertebrae, 110 ; hind foot,
24. Average of five adult males and females from the type locality:
Total length, 204 (197-214); tail vertebra, 105 (102-110); hind foot, 24
(24). Skull of type : Greatest length, 28.3 ; basilar length of Hensel, 20 ;
zygomatic breadth, 13; length of nasals, 11.5 ; interorbital breadth, 6.7;
interparietal, 3.2 x 8.3; upper molar series on alveolus, 4.2.

Specimens p. vammed. — Total number, 16, from the following localities:
La Salada, Michoacan (type locality), 11; Rio Balsas, Guerrero, 5.

Vol. XVII. pp. 83-90 April 9, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THE VEGETATIVE VIGOR OF HYBRIDS AND MUTA-
TIONS.*

BY O. F. COOK.

Under what has l)een termed a kinetic theory of evolution f it
has been held that the condition most favorable to evolutionarv
progre.ss is that found in natural species containing numerous
individuals, widely distributed and freely interbreeding. The
individual diversity of members of large assemblages of organ-
isms is greater than when interbreeding is confined to narrow
limits, but under persistent close breeding uniformity or " fixity "
of type is followed, eventually, by very pronounced and abrupt
variations, and by a decline of reproductive power.

On the other side of the evolutionary highway corresponding
phenomena abound. Interbreeding among the normally diverse
members of a species in nature strengthens the organism and
aids in distributing variations throughout the species, but when
individuals from small, close-bred groups are crossed their char-
acters may prove antagonistic, and not to be combined or aver-
aged in the offsi)ring, as discovered by Mendel. When still
more remote types are brought together the resulting hybrids
are often abnormally diverse, and may have characters possessed
by neither of the parents. Because pronounced variations are
thus obtainable both by narrow inbreeding and by wide cross-
breeding these extreme stages have been thought to have great

* Read before the Biological Society of Washington, November 28, 1903.
tScience, N. S., 13: 969, 1901 ; Popular Science Monthly, 63: 18, 1903.

10— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904 (83)

84 Cooh — Hybrids and Mutations.

evolutional^ significance, but the degenerative character of or-
ganisms which have suffered sucli abnormall}'^ abrupt changes
is rendered obvious ))y their inability to propagate their kind.
The partial or complete sterility, both of hybrids and of
" sports '' or " mutations," as the variations of inbred plants are
now called, has long l)een a matter of common knowledge among
breeders of })lants and animals, but current evolutionar}' theories
do not associate the two groups of phenomena as belonging to
corresponding sidepaths of the evolutionary thoroughfare. The
failure to recognize this relationship is to be explained partly
by the general carelessness in applying such terms as " hybrid "
to a great variety of evolutionary conditions,* and partl}^ b}' the
fact that in spite of their declining reproductive power, both
mutations and hybrids often show striking vegetative vigor.

ECONOMIC VALUE VERSUS REPRODUCTIVE FERTILITY.

To recognize and, if possible, to account for this paradox is of
practical as well as of theoretical importance, since the propa-
gator, like the biologist, commonl}^ reasons that the more rapid
and vigorous the growth of the young plant, the earlier and the
larger the harvest. Indeed, this calculation is generally correct,
since a large proportion of our domesticated species are not
valued for their reproductive efficiency, but for one or another
of their vegetative parts. Even in our horticultural crops, such
as apples, pears, cherries, plums, l)erries, oranges, i)ineapples, and
bananas, which we think of as being planted for their fruits, it
is not the seed itself which is utilized or desired, but the fleshy
pulp. The decline of reproductive fertility, or tendency toward
seedlessness, is not looked upon as a disadvantage, if the plant
can be propagated asexually, but often lends special value to a
new variety, particularly if correlated with vegetative vigor.

The great economic value of a seedless grape or orange need
not obscure, however, the obvious fact that the plant itself is
degenerate, and would have no prospect of self-i)erpetuation
under natural conditions.! Neither should the utility of some

* Popular Science Monthly, 63 : 225, 1903.

t Mr. Walter T. Swingle notes that in some of the asexualh' propagated
cacti of Arizona vegetative vigor might more than compensate for seed-
lessness, so that nearly sterile hybrids or mutations would have a distinct
advantage over the parental types.

Cook— Hybrids and Muialions. 85

degeiiemte phints prevent our appreciutinnj the worthlessness of
others, or keep us any longer from realizing that methods of
breeding calculated to increase the commercial importance of one
plant may be utterly destructive to another. A seedless cherry
might bring a fortune to its discoverer, but a vigorous and beau-
tiful seedless coffee tree found recently in Costa Rica is of use
oidy in adding emphasis to the fact that all the known variations
of this plant which have appeared in cultivation are less fertile
than the normal type of the species, and hence are described
pro[)erly as degenerative, in the original, pr.ictical sense of this
term, and in its evolutionary sense as well.

SELECTIVK EXPLANATION OF CULTURAL "IMPROVEMENT."

The evolutionary significance of the degeneracy of a large
proportion of the domestic varieties of plants and animals has
also been obscured by theories that their " improved " characters
have heen given to them by selection. It is true that the changes
have taken place along with a process of selection, but nobody
has furnished any tangible reason for believing that the selection
causes the changes or can cause them. Neither has it been shown
that the new conditions of growth are of much evolutionary
significance. The important and practical difference between
nature and domestication seems to be that the latter implies
narrow inbreeding and the artificial preservation of varieties
which in nature would either not appear at all or which would
not be able to survive.

The continued popularity of the selective theory and the con-
sequent disregard of the degenerative character of domestic
varieties are due, in large measure, to the fact that so many of
them possess a vegetative vigor as great or greater than that of
the wild type of the species. A sterile hybrid, the mule,* fur-
nishes a popular symbol of strength and hardiness, and scores
of similar instances might be enumerated. One of the most
striking is Burbank's hybrid walnut tree, which grows several
times as fast as either of its parents, but produces no fertile
seeds.

*An authentic instance of the fertility of a female mule was encoun-
tered last year in the vicinity of Tapachula, in the Soconusco district of
the State of Chiapas, Mexico. The colt was alive at birth and appar-
ently normal, but did not survive.

86 Cook — Hybrids and Mutations.

PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF VIGOR OF HYBRIDS.

A physiological explanation of the vigor of sterile hybrids
has been sought by supposing that the bodily energy whicli in
other plants or animals goes into reproductive parts and pro-
cesses here gives a reinforcement of growth, as often occurs after
castration. This idea might find some ai)plication with the
adult organism, but the unusual vigor is often apparent far in
advance of the reproductive stage, and even in very young indi-
viduals. A nursery of the coffee mutation called " Maragogii)e "
affords a striking contrast by the side of one planted with the
parent "Arabian" type, and a similar precocity of vegetative
vigor is found in many hybrids. The diminution of repro-
ductive efficiency is not, evidently, the only difference, and
further facts must be taken into consideration if we are to gain
a suggestion of how the body of an organism may gain in vigor
after the power of perpetuating the type has declined.

THE STIMULATION OF GROWTH BY CROSSING.

Tht

le general antithesis between growth and reproduction does
not suffice to explain the vigor of sterile hybrids, but by con-
sidering the cytological i)hase of these i)rocesses a somewhat
more promising clue may be found.

Growth consists, among the higher plants and animals, of a
long series of cell divisions, while reproduction requires, on the
contrary, a conjugation or union of cells. It has long been
su))posed that the chief result of fertilization is to stimulate the
cell divisions upon which the growth of the new individual de-
])ends,and that inbreeding produces defective organisms, because
this stimulation is inadequate. Darwin says, for example, that
'' crossing, by itself, does no good " unless the individuals crossed
differ somewhat in characteristics or conditions of growth.
Crosses between organisms of a moderate degree of diversity are
more vigorous and more fertile than if either of the parent stocks
is inbred, but it appears that the limit of fertility is reached
much sooner than that of vegetative vigor. This fact corre-
sponds with what has been learned from the microscopical
study of cells — that the processes of growth or cell division are
much simpler than those involved in reproduction b3Mneans of
the conjugation of cells. It might be supposed, therefore, that

Cook — Hybrids and }rutalions. 87

the vegetative vigor of" liybrids is the same phenomenon as the
vigor of more normal crosses in spite of their rei)roductive de-
cline.

KINETIC INTERPRETATION OK VIGOR.

Tt is not possible, however, to content ourselves with this
oi»inion as complete and final, because it does not take into ac-
count the vegetative vigor of mutations, or variations here sup-
posed to be induced by inbreeding, which has been thought to
weaken the vegetative as well as the reproductive energies of
the organism. Viewed from the standpoint of some of the cur-
rent theories of evolution, the association of the vegetative vigor
of mutations with that of normal crosses and hybrids is certainly
not obvious, but the difficulty disappears if we view the (pies-
tion from another standpoint and perceive that the additional
vigor may be interpreted in both cases as a phenomenon attend-
ing vital motion. Evolutional'}' progress is accomplished both by
new variations and by the combination of those already exist-
ing.^ Normal crosses and abnormal hybrids and mutations may
both be thought of as more vigorous than uniform inbred stocks
because the}' have moved into new positions in the field of de-
velopment. Variation and cross-fertilization serve the same
puri)Ose, and under normal conditions of interbreeding both re-
sult in increased vigor and prepotency. The important evolu-
tionary function of cross-fertilization is the mutual communica-
tion of variations. Continued variation, change, and diversity
are the general tendencies, not uniformity and stability of char-
acters. Organisms are not subject to simi)le inertia, but, like
bicycles and gyroscopes, maintain their equilibrium only when
in motion.

Plants often receive an increased impetus of growth by re-
moval to new soils, or by changes of the constituents of the soils
through what are significantly called " fertilizers." It is also
knoAvn that they sometimes respond notably to the presence of
small quantities of minerals not used by them, or even to those
directly injurious, just as arsenic, prussic acid, and other active
poisons serve in medicine as tonics. As a result of a similar
stimulation of growth by mineral salts applied to the eggs of
some of the lower animals. Professor Jacques Loeb was able to

* "

Stages of Vital Motion," Popular Science Monthly, 63: 14, 1903.

88 Cooh — Hybrids and Mutations.

induce a parthenogenetic develojmient which was widely re-
})orted two or three j^ears ago as "artificial fertilization.''

Cross-fertilization and self-fertility, like most terms, are rela-
tive. Many plants have been accounted self-fertile because they
can propagate without crossing for a few generations. Thus
Wallace has suggested that widely distributed plants are self-
fertile, the stimulation of new conditions serving, as it were, as
a substitute for crossing. This is doubtless true within limits,
but should not be taken to mean that complete autogamy is
maintained in this manner.* The effects of new substances and
new external conditions, while perhaps to be best understood
from the evolutionary standpoint, have not the evolutionary
significance often ascribed to them, since the increased vigor
and other modifications obtained are neither permanent nor
hereditary.

Perhaps for lack of a rational explanation of the known
benefits of change of descent or of external conditions, both
agriculture and medicine are still practiced largely on the
theory that there is some particular food, tonic, fertilizer, or
climatic treatment which is l)est for each plant, animal, or dis-
ease. When it is appreciated that even the best is best only
while it is recent or new, kinetic systems of farming, feeding,
and curing may be elaborated, which shall increase agricultural
))roductiveness and human health b}'' properly determined suc-
cessions or alternations of diets, tonics, climates, or soils. The
rotation of crops, the interchange of seed between different
regions, the application of fertilizers, and the breeding of new
varieties, more vigorous and resistant, are different methods of
attaining the same practical results, and the utility of the sev-
eral expedients ma}^ be found to rest on a single l)iological law.

The vegetative vigor of hybrids and mutations is not a
difficulty, then, in a kinetic theory of evolution, but affords
a strongl}'' corroborative series of phenomena. The defective
reproduction is the abnormal fact, and this appears to be defi-
nitely associated with a lack of normal interbreeding. The
organism may be prospered in its growth by any change not

*Mr. Swingle suggests also that the heteroecisiu of the parasitic rnst-
fungi may be a phenomenon of the same kind. Tlie diverse forms which
the same rust assumes on its ditierent hosts may he looked upon as a
further adaptive substitute for interbreeding.

Cook — Hybrids and Mutations. 89

too violent, and its vigor may be increased even b}' tlie degen-
erative variations wliich follow u})on the absence of normal inter-
breeding. When thus halted or hindered the vital mechanism
l)ut turns aside the further because it has lost the equilibrium
of normal motion.

It is not necessary to regard variation as abnormal, but the
variations vidiich appear under narrow inbreeding and wide
cross-breeding are abnormal in their amplitude, like fluctuations
of temperature in disease. That even comi)letely sterile muta-
tions and hybrids may enjoy exceptional vigor does not change
the fact of abnormalit}^ but shows merely that the evolutionary
disorder affects the reproductive rather than the vegetative parts.
Both in hybrids and in mutations the tendency to sterility some-
times appears so early that the plants do not produce flowers,
or there may be a progressive sterilization of the essential organs
of the flowers, as in the so-called " doubling " which has appeared
independently in so many mutations of cultivated plants.
Others may form apparentl}' normal blossoms in profusion, but
set no fruits ; fruits may develop without seeds ; seeds may
be produced which will not germinate, or seedlings maj^ grow,
but never mature. There are all possible stages from normal
fertilit}' to complete sterilit}^ as there are endless gradations
between normal shape and monstrous deformity.

The present interpretation of the facts has at least the merit
of simiilicit}^ since it permits us to suppose that the same evolu-
tionary vigor appears in normal variations and crosses, and in
abnormal mutations and hybrids, and that the same evolutionar}-
debility affects the two latter conditions. The vigor is due nei-
ther to sterility nor to selection, but to variation ; the sterility
is not explained by normal variation, nor by selection, except
as selection implies the absence of normal interbreeding, and
the consequent weakening of heredity.

Ph3'siolog3^ in the narrower sense, the science of nutrition and
other bodily functions, does not explain either the vigor or the
debility, but in the broader view evolution itself becomes a
ph3'siological process, since it aff"ects not merel}' the form and
structure, but determines also the quality and efficiency of the
organism, in quite as practical and definite a manner as do food-
supply and other external conditions.

Vol XVII. pp. 91-98 April 9, I9C4

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW PLANTS FROM NEVADA.

BY AVEN NELSON.

For two or three years past, Mr. F. Beveridge Kennedy, Pro-
fessor of Botany, Nevada State University, has been very in-
dustriously studying the flora of his state. While his attention
has been given to its economic aspects in particular, yet the her-
barium he is building up must add much to our knowledge of
its species. He has very kindly permitted me, from time to
time, to study many of these collections. Among the choice
thino:s secured there are several numbers that seem^ to be novel-
ties. Following are the diagnoses as I make out them out.
Unless otherwise stated the types are deposited in the Rocky
Mountain Herbarium.

Arabis pediceilata sp. nov.

Perennial from a thick woody or sub-fleshy root; the base of the stem
also perslstinf^ as a caudex; caudex thick (1-2 cm.), leafless but rounh
with the dense covering of tlie dead persistent petioles, in length from a
mere crown to nearly 1 dm. (according to the age of the plant); stems
one or more from the crown, lightly pubescent or nearly glabrous above,
stem proper or leaf-bearing portion but slightly surpassing the crown-
leaves; leaves canescent with a dense indumentof soft stellately branched
hairs; those of the crown large and numerous, narrowly oblong or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, often 1 dm. long, tapering into a much
11— Prog. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (91)

92 Nelson — N'evi Plaiits from Nevada.

shorter somewhat margined petiole; those of the stems small, oblong-
lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, sessile by an auricled base; inflorescence naked,
at length very open, 10-15 cm. long; pedicels spreading, at length at
right angles to the rachis, becoming 3 dm. or more iti length; pods sim-
ilarly spreading, as long as the pedicels, tapering into a beak-like style
one fourth as long as the pod, sessile on an enlarged receptacle, flattened
parallel to the partition, faintly 1-nerved; sepals oblong, erect, greenish
with scarious pink margins, half as long as the petals, the lateral pair
noticeably spurred at base, the other pair only slightly gibbous; petals
purple, broadlj^ spatulate, with nearly flat blade and cuneately tapered
to a short narrow claw; stamens free; stigma small, circular; seeds imma-
ture.

The generic position of the plant seems somewhat doubtful. I call it
an Arabis because of its duration, its branched pubescence, its gibbous
sepals, its nearly flat broad petals, its flat 1-nerved pods. But some of
these characters are also ascribed to some of the species of Streptantlius.
In fact this plant has somewhat the appearance of a Strepta7it7i,us es-
pecially in its beaked pods, sessile on an enlarged receptacle. In this
respect it reminds one of S. longirofitris Wats., but one may well ques-
tion if that species were not better left in Arabis where Dr. Watson
originally placed it. However, if that species remains a Streptanthus,
it, is possible that the species here described miist become Strejitanthns
pedicdbttus.

Founded upon Kennedy & True's No. 705, Hunter Creek Canyon (near
Reno, Nev.), May IG, 1903.

Viola senecta sp. nov.

Grizzly-white, with rather long, dense, tangled-hirsute pubescence;
stems short, slender, from a thickened branched root; leaves ovate, sub-
acute, more or less irregularly toothed, 1-3 cm. long, abruptly or
cuneately faltering into the rather long sl3nder nearly glabrous petiole;
stipules scarious, mostly entire, linear-lanceolate, somewhat ciliate-pu-
bescent; scapes shorter than the leaves; sepals laneeolate, about 5 mm.
long, sparsely ciliate; petals yellow, glabrous, obovate-spatvilate, 7-8
mm. long; the lower a little longer, with orbicular blade, abruptly in-
hexed at base, enclosing two anthers, scarcely at all spurred; connective
of anthers produced into a greenish ovate appendage.

This is probably V. prcemorsa in so far as Nevada specimens cited in
literature are concerned. It seems to have characters that demand its
separation. The type was collected by Prof. F. H. Hillman, "near
Peterson's Ranch'", Nev., April 20, 1895,

Mirabilis glutinosa sp. nov.

Stems several from a branched woody cavidex, 2-4 dm. high, more or
less branched from the base up, somewhat pubescent especially above.

Nelson — Neic Plants from Nevada. 93

the hairs flattened or crinkled and more or less glandular-glutinous;
leaves reuiform, orbicular or broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse at apex and
mostly broadly rounded, l-Il cm. long, short petioled or the uppermost
nearly sessile; involucre campanulate, 5-lobed, l-flowejred, short-pedun-
cled (3-12 mm.); its lobes short-ovate, subacute; pubescence of leaves
and flowers similar to that of the stems and peduncles: perianlh white,
campanuiate-funnelform, 10-12 mm. long, its very broad segments cleft
into two equal oval lobes; fruit fig-shaped, glabrous, somewhat siriate.

This species has usually been considered only a form of M. odiforriica
Gray. Dr. Coville in his Report upon the Death Valley E.xpedition
(Contrib Nat. Herb., 4:177) points out the fact that there are two forms
which may be distinct. It seems quite probable there are three forms,
as there seems to be no good reason for asserting that M. kvvu (Henth)
and M. califoriiica are the same. The former came from "Magdalena
Hay" and was described as glabrous and as having very unequal involu-
cral bracts. This may well be dilferent from M. ealiforniea in spite of
the fact that it apparently has escaped subsequent collection, It may
have happened, too, that the locality at which "H. M. Ship Sulphur"
secured the specimens is incorrectly given, as has often happened when
large quantities of material are secured in an important expedition.

As to the distinctne.ss of M. califonrica and the species now proposed
there can be no question. M. ghtthM^a may at once be known by its
subspherical obtuse leaves, its short rather obtuse involucral lobes, and
its white flowers. Apparently vez-y few of the flowers ever open but are
self-fertilized in the bud. On close examination of the involucre and
perianth attention is attracted to the large number of acicular hairs or
lines (raphides) in the epidermis both on the outside and inside of these
structures.

I take as the type L. N. Goodding's No. 907. from Karshaw, Meadow
Valley Wash, Nev., Jfay 27, 19J2. Wholly typical are the followinti';
Goodding, No- 778, St. George, Utah; G. H. True, No. 75S, Pyramid
Lake, Washoe Qo.^ Nev,

Sidalcea crenulata sp. nov.

Perennial from a thick woody root; stems few to several from the
crown, nearly simple, more or less decmmbent, 3-5 dm. high, green and
seemingly .glabrous but with some small scattered simple or forked
hairs-, leaves sparsely appressed pubescent, the hairs simple or forked;
the radical orbicuilar, 2-5 cm. broad, crenulately toothed, the teeth
somewhat paired, on petioles 3-5 times as long as the blade-, stem leaves
more deaply cleft and the uppermost paf'ted into linear divisions; stip-
lules linear, 7-10 mm. long, subglabrous as are also the petioles: raceme
slender and at length open; the rachis green, granular-glandular; bracts
Jinear, paired, 5-8 mm. Jong, pedicels at length equalling the calyx;
calyx cleft nearly to the base into lanceolate segments, about 6 mm.
long, minutely glandular-pubescent and with occasional longer forked

94 Nelson — JSTeto Plants from Nevada.

hairs; petals orbicular, emarginate and slightly erose-dentate, 12-15 mm.
long, with a short claw; stamineal column rather short; styles not sur-
passing the anthers; carpels smooth, easily splitting along the dorsal
line, deeply notched but not lacerate on the ventral side.

Rather too nearly allied to S. neo-mexiccma Gray but easily distin-
guished from it. ^\ neo-mexicana may always be known by its almost
hispid hirsuteness which is especially noticeable on the stems, petioles,
leaf-veins and calyx. The typical form of this species too is mostly
much larger, and often with a single stem from a conical root. It also
has a longer stamineal column from which the styles are noticeably
exserted.

Mr. Goodding's No. 1091, Juab, Utah, June 10, 1902, is taken as the
type. Nearly typical are the following by Prof. Kennedy; No. (573,
Simon's Creek, Elko Co., Nev., and No. 811, Stampede, same county.

Sidalcea nervata sp. nov.

Perennial; stems singly from the small woody root, usually somewhat
branched above, glabrous below, sparsely and minutely stellate-pubes-
cent above; leaves apparently glabrous but with short forked hairs
above and a minute stellate pubescence below, strongly nervosely veined
below; the basal long-petioled, orbicular, 6-8 cm. broad, 6-8 lobed, the
lobes with 2-3 broad teeth; becoming more deeply divided upwards, the
uppermost cleft to the base into linear lobes; stipules narrowly linear:
inflorescence densely stellate-pubescent, rather few-flowered; calyx
cleft below the middle, the lobes triangular-lanceolate; petals broadly
obovate, emarginate, about 2 cm. long, half as broad, pubescent on the
short united claws; carpels glabrous, distinctly rugose-reticulated on the
dorsal angles, slightly depressed.

A perfectly distinct species allied to S. oi'egana Gray from which its
relatively few, much larger flowers will at once distinguish it. It may
also be distinguished by its smaller calyx, less acuminate calyx-lobes,
short pedicels which are distinctly exceeded by the slender bracts. The
inflorescence never presents that crowded spicate appearance of S. ore-
gana with its numerous small flowers.

I take as the type my No. 4101, Evanston, Wyo., distributed some
years since as S. oregana. What seems to be the same is Prof. Kenne-
dy's No. 564, Little Lakes Canyon, Elko Co.. Nevada. Somewhat more
pubescent and probably showing its variation and distribution are Mr.
M. E. Jones's Nos. as follows; 5.597, Soldier Summit, Utah, distributed
as S. glaucescens; 6207, Salubria, Idaho, distributed as S. campestris.

Sphaeralcea parvifolia sp. nov.

Stems several or many from a rather large woody root, erect, rather
slender, only 2-4 dm. high, at first densely stellate-canescent but gradu-

Nelson — Neio Plants from Nevada. 'Jy

ally denuded and becoming bright green with only scattered stellate
hairs; leaves small, suborbicular with truncate or subcordate base, 1-2
cm. broad, irregularly crenulate, scarcely lobed, rather thick and slight-
ly rugose, densely stellate-canescent, ultimately more or less denuded
and greenish above; the thyrsoid raceme seemingly nearly naked, but
the (3-flowered) clusters axillary to the reduced leaves which above are
mere bracts; pedicels slender, variable, often longer than the calyx,
densely stellate-pubescent as is also the calyx and fruit; calyx about
6 mm. long, cleft below the middle, its lobes triangular-lanceolate:
petals rhomboid-obovate, inequilateral with oblique summit, scarcely
emarginate, about 12 mm. long; fruit slightly depressed, white with the
dense pubescence, only 5 mm. broad and not so high; carpels wholly
muticous, the back and rounded dorsal angles subcartilaginous and the
sides altogether smooth and membranous, 2-ovuled and often 2-seeded.

This was recently distributed as *S. ambif/ua but without any justifi-
cation it would seem. It is altogether a much smaller plant in every
way and the smooth-sided carpels would take it quite out of that section
of Gray's revision (Proc. Am. Acad., 22:292) and of the revision as ex-
tended by Dr. Robinson in Syn. Fl. ii:315. For equally good reasons it
cannot well go into the section with S. Emoryi with which it also has
some affinities.

Collected by L. N. Goodding at Calientis, Nevada, May 22, 1902, No.
916.

Sphaerostigma tortuosa sp. nov.

Perennial from the enlarged crowns of slender rhizomes; stems usual-
ly several from the crown, spreading or erect, glabrous, somewhat stri-
ate, 1 dm, (more or less) in length, the longer ones inclined to be naked
near the base; leaves entire, glabrous, narrowly oblong or linear-oblan-
ceolate, 1-3 cm. long, tapering into a slender petiole about as long as the
blade, numerous on the crowns and in the lower portion of the inflores-
cence; flowers numerous, crowded at the summit of the gradually elon-
gating raceme, usually also some among the crown leaves; calyx tube
obconic, about 4 mm. long, equalled by the lanceolate reflexed seg-
ments; petals white, broadly obovate, as long as the calyx-lobes; sta-
mens subequal, with oblong anthers, about as long as the petals and the
slender style; stigma small, capitate; capsule linear, 1 cm. or more in
length, angled Avith rounded cartilaginous ribs, strikingly contorted and
entangled in the leafy raceme and among the leaves of the crown; seeds
oblong, obtuse at apex and pointed at base.

This fine species was collected by Prof. P. B. Kennedy at Truckee
Pass, Virginia Mts., Washoe Co., Nevada, June 16, 1902.

Phacelia monosperma sp. nov.
Biennial; stem simple, erect, rather stout, 3-4 dm. high, appressed-

96 Nelson — JVeu^ Plants from Nevada.

puberulent with some longer scattered hairs; leaves pinnatifid or those
above nearly entire, oblong in outline, petioled, with short matted pu-
bescence and some longer scattered white hairs; inflorescence of nearly
straight, slightly divergent secund spikes, softly hispid, and giving the
whole plant the appearance of certain Asperifolm; sepals similar, linear-
oblong, in fruit 5-7 mm. long, hispid-ciliate; corolla campanulate, bare-
ly as long as the sejials, its rounded lobes shorter than its tube, color in
doubt, appendages narrow, somewhat united at the base of the filament:
stamens well exserted, the filaments sparsely long-bearded on the ex-
serted portion; the very slender style cleft to the middle; capsule ovate,
pointed, somewhat compressed, included; seed solitary (only one matur-
ing), conical-oblong, brown, beautifully retriculate-pitted, 2-3 mm.
long, slightly carinate ventrally.

In its solitary seed it resembles P. platyloba Gray, which is a some-
Avhat viscid heterosepalous annual; in its pubescence and some other
characters P. liupida Gray which is a diffusely branched annual.

The type was collected by Prof. F. H. Hillman, June 30, 1893, on
Alum Creek in the Sierra foothills.

Mertensla nevadensis sp. nov.

Perfectly glabrous throughout; roots large and ragged, the croAvn
clothed with the brown dead bases of the leafstalks of*former years;
stems 1-2 dm. high, slender, simple; crown leaves numerous, large for
the plant, oblong, obtuse or subacute, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, on
slender petioles nearly as long as the blade; stem leaves smaller, becom-
ing sessile and lanceolate above; inflorescence terminal, crowded; the
short pedicels slender; calyx about 4 mm. long, its entire lanceolate
segments about 3 mm. long; corolla tubular, its limb but slightly di-
lated, about 15 mm. long (tube 9 mm.; throat 4 mm.; the obtuse rounded
lobes only 2 mm.); stamens equal, inserted on the margin of the throat:
the filaments broader than the anthers and about as long; throat-crests
conspicuous, tipped with brown, broad and noticeably saccate; corolla
tube glabrous within but at the base a ring of 10 very minute paired
nectariferous pits, one pair on each of the 10 principal nerves of the
tube: stjde about equalling the stamens.

The only species that this seems comparable with is M. oUonrjifolia
Don. but to this it only bears some resemblance in its floral characters.
It differs from that species in its large elongated root; its larger (not
succulent) leaves; its fewer-flowered more open inflorescence.

Type collected by Messrs. Kennedy and True (No. 711) who report it
as common in Hunter Creek Canyon, near Reno, Nevada, May 16, 1903.

Pentstemon violaceus (Brand) Nelson.
Obscurely puberulent throughout; stems several from the scarcelv

Helson — N'eio Plants from Nevada. 97

woody branched crown, 1-2 dm. high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate,
2-3 cm. long; the upper sessile, the lower tapering into a slender petiole;
thyrsus narrow, obscurely glandular or viscid; calyx short, not more
than 2-3 mm. long; the sepals broadly oval or obovate, obtuse but some-
times with a small apiculation; corolla 12-15 mm. long, moderately and
gradually dilated, the limb very short and but slightly 2-lipped, its lobes
obtuse; anthers horse-shoe shaped, the low^er half of the cells remain-
ing closed and saccate, minutely denticulate-ciliate on the margins of
the dehiscence; the sterile filament glabrous and not dilated.

Most nearly- allied to F. RuezU Kegel but with broader leaves, narrower
inflorescence (not at all paniculate) and very different sepals and corolla.
l^h\siswQry T^vdhd>My Pentstemon RoezUviolaceusT. Q. Brand. I there-
fore use his varietal name and give the additional description as above.

Secured by Prof. Kennedy at Newcomb Lake, June S, 1901, No. 15.

Pentstemon Kennedy! sp.

nov.

Perennial from a somewhat woody branched root-like caudex, glab-
rous and inclining to glaucous, 2-4 dm. high; stems mostly simple and
singly from the crowns, erect; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate; the
basal tapering gradually into a slender petiole; the mid-stem sessile by
the narrowed base; the upper becoming linear and bract-like; inflores-
cence narrow; calyx about 1 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, scarious-mar-
gined below, the somewhat acuminate upper half tinged with purple:
corolla about 3 cm. long, somewhat ventricose, violet-blue (possibly va-
rying to purple); anthers glabrous, dehiscent from base to apex but not
confluent, slightly if at all divaricate; sterile filament glabrous and but
slightly dilated.

This is one more segregate from the P. glaher group. Difficult as it is
to say what are valid specific characters, it becomes almost necessary to
designate as distinct those forms which the collector and the amateur
refuse to unite. On the other hand it seems like folly, in most cases at
least, to separate forms upon details which require the compound micro-
scope for detection. A difference that is reasonably constant and suffi-
ciently characteristic to attract the attention of a trained observer in
the field cannot well be ignored. Usually, as in this case, less obvious
details will be found to confirm the field impressions. In separating
this form from P. glaher Pursh. it may tend to clearness to recall the
following characters of the latter:

Leaves oblong-lanceolate below to ovate-lanceolate above; sepals short,
not more than one-sixth as long as the corolla, orbicular-ovate, mostly
abruptly short-acuminate, noticeably erose on the scarious sides; anthers
more or less short-hirsute; the cells becoming divaricate or explanate:
sterile filament dilated, usually somewhat emarginate, stiffly short hir-
sute near the apex.

The excellent specimens that are taken as the type (No. 736) were
collected by Prof. Kennedy at Truckee Pass, Virginia Mts., Waslioe Co..
Nevada, June 6, 1903.

98 Nelson — New Plants from Nevada.

Lagophylla Hillmani sp. nov.

Annual, about 2 dm. high: stems slender, erect, simple or with a few
slender ascending or erect branches, sometimes branched from the base,
obscurely granular-glandular pubescent with a few scattered long white
hairs; leaves linear, thinly strigose and minutely scabrous; heads termin-
ating naked peduncles, rather large for the genus, 6-8 mm. high; in-
volucre strigose-hispid, some of the hairs tipped with black glands as
are also some of those on the peduncles; rays 5-6, light-yellow (?), the
lingule broadly oblong, 5-7 mm. long, cleft nearly to the middle into ob-
long obtuse lobes; disk flowers about 25, apparently all sterile; akene
narrowly oblong-obovate, closely enwrapped by the scarious, ciliate-pu-
bescent inflexed base of the involucral bracts, the upper half of which
is iilane and narrowly lanceolate; bracts between the ray and disk not
numerous.

Not very closely allied to any species known to the writer. In aspect
intermediate between Lagophylla and Layia but by reason of the rays,
the complete absence of pappus and the abortive disk achenes will have
to be considered a species of Lagophylla..

Collected by F. H. Hillman, between Truckee and Lake Tahoe, Sept.,
1894.

Vol. XVII. pp 99-100

April 9, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A DECADE OF NEW PLANT NAMES. \^^ i ,

BY AVEN NELSON.

Atriplex Serenana.

Atriplex l/rncteosa S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 9:115, 1874; not
A. hracteosa Trautv., Act. Hort. Petrop i»:117, 1870.

Atriplex Watsoni.

Atrij)lex decumbens S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., I2:275, 1877; not A.
decvmbens Roem. *.t Schult., Syst., 6:289.

Atriplex pacifica.

Atriplex microcarpu Deitr., Syn. PI., 5:580, 1852; not A. microcarpu
Waldst. & Kit., PL Rar. Hung., 3:278, t. 150, 1812.

Atriplex matamorencis.

Atriplex opponitifolia S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 9:118, 1874; not A.
oppositifolia D. C, Rapp., I:12, nor A. oppositifolia Will., Prosp., 21.
Exact dates not at hand but both publications earlier than Watson's.
Resides these there is A. patula oppoaitifolia Moq., Enum. Chenopod.
54, 1840.

Atriplex joaquinana.

Atriplex spicata S. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., 9:108, 1874; not^. spicata
Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med., 2:24, 1812.

12— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wa.sh. Vol. XVII, 1904. (99)

100 JVcl.^oii — A I)(<-<i<li' of iVrtr Pidvt Xd'mea.

Viola Kelloggii.

Viola pii7'pitr('(i Kellong, Proc. Cal. Acad. (II) l;55, 1873; not ]\ jxir-
pweaStev., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc, 29:310, 1856.

Castilleja exilis.

Castilleja stricta Rydb., Mem. N. Y. Bot. Uard., i;354, 1900; not V.
stricta D. C, Prodr., lO:534, 1846.

Pentstemon formosus.

Pentstemon pulchellv)i Greene, Pitt, 3:310, 1898; not P. jntlchelhifi Lindl.
Bot. Rpg. t. 1138.

Pentstemon superbus.

PenUtemon piniiceuH A. Gray, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., 113, 1859; not
P. ^?/7wVf«.s- Lilja., Linnam, 17:111, 1843.

Pedicularis Qrayi.

P. procera Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. (II) 34:251, 1862; not P. prorera
Adams, ex. Stev. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc, 6:33, 1823.

Vol. XVII, pp 101-102 April 9, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OV THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

<;enp:ral notes.

SONORELLA WOLCOTTIANA— A CORRECTION.

Owing to an oversight in proof reading of the description of Sonorelki
walroUinna. Proe. \V\o\. Soc. Wa.sh., Vol. XVI, pp. 103-104, June 25,
1903, the name appeared as above. The species was named in honor of
Mrs. H. L. T. Wollcott, the collector, and the name should read Sono-
rellfi woleottia7ia. — Paul Barttfrh.

THE SPECIES OF GEUM OCCURRING NEAR WASHINGTON.

Four species of Oeum are said by Ward (Bull. U. S. National Museum,
No. 22, p. 77, April 20, 1882) to occur in the neighborhood of Washing-
ton: O. album, G. Virginia iium, G. litrichnn, and G. verniiju. The third
of these proves to have been incorrectly recorded, as the specimen la-
beled Getm strictum in the Ward herbarium is unquestionably G. vir-
ginianum. Moreover, the locality where it was collected, Hunting
Creek, Fairfax Co., Virginia, with which I am thoroughly familiar, is
not a place where the northern plant, if found in this region at all,
would be likely to occur. The number of species in the local flora will,
however, remain unchanged, as Geum flavum, though not hitherto re-
corded, is common in Fairfax County. According to my observations,
during the past two summers, it seldom if ever grows in the damp,
heavily shaded locations often frequented by G. canadensc, and never in
the half-boggy thickets preferred by G. virginianvm, Gut usually occurs
in open dry woods. — Gerrit S. Afiller, Jr.

13— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vol. XVII. 1904. (loi)

102 General Notes.

SPELERPES PORPHYRITICUS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Mr. Edward S. Wilson caught in a cold mountain brook at Bridge-
water, N. H., in June, 1902, a specimen of this species. The brook
empties into Lake Pesquaney (New found lake), and where the animal
was caught is about seven hundred feet above sea level. I am not aware
that this species has been taken as far north. The specimen is now in
the collection of Camp Pe.squaney, Bridgwater, N. H., and was iden-
tified by Dr. Samuel Garman. — Itegiuald Heber Howe, Jr.

NANNORCHILUS, NEW NAME FOR HEMIURA, PREOCCUPIED.

In 1888, finding that Uropsila as used for a genus of Troglodytidae was
preoccupied, I proposed the name Ilemiurd as a substitute. This proves
also to have been used previously, so it becomes necessary to replace it
by another. The synonymy of the genus, to date, is follows.

Nannorchilus Ridgway.

Uropsila (not Uropsilus Edwards, 1872) Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 155. (Type, Troglodytes lencogatitra GouXA.)

Hemiura (not Heviinrns Rudolphi, 1809, nor Gervais, 1855) Ridgway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mhs., X, Aug. G, 1888, 511. (Substitute for
Uropsila Sclater and Salvin, preoccupied.)

NantiorcJdlus* Ridgway, nom. nov. (Type, Troglodytetilevrogastra Gould.)

— Robert liidgway.

A PREOCCUPIED CRAB NAME.

The name Melia used by Latreille in 1825, for a genus of crabs (Encyc.
Meth., X, 705), is preoccupied by Melia Billberg, 1820, a genus of am-
phipods (Enum. Insect.). I am obliged to Dr. Walter Faxon for verify-
ing this reference. Latreille's genus, which has for type the curious
anemone-grasping species, M. tesselata (Latr.), may be known as Lybia,
a name used by Milne Edwards in 1834 (Hist. Nat. Crust., I, 431) before
he was aware of Latreille's genus. — Mary J. Rathbun.

*Ndrroi, dwarf; op^i'/lo5, a wren.

Vol. XVII, pp. 103-110 May 18, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

fO:'

DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN NEW KABBITS FRO^M

^MEXICO.

BY E. \V. XKI.SOX.

T]\v Biological Sui'vcy Collection contains st'vcral liundi'cd
specimens of raltlnts from Mexico, inclnding representatives of
all the species known to occur in that conntry, outside of T^ower
California. Recent examination of tliis material shows that in
addition to the known species it contains the two strongly
marked new species and five new snhspecies whicli are di'scrilied
helow. I am indehted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the
Biological Survey, for the opportunity to study this material,
and to Mr. \'crnon Bailey for suggestions regarding the species
found along the houndary line, with which rect'ut study has
made him familiar. I am also under ohligations to ]\Ir. GerritS.
Miller, .Jr., As.sistant Curator of Mammals, U. S. National
]Museum, to Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of
Natural Historj^ and to ]\Ir. Outram Bangs, of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, for the use of material from the collections
in their charge for comparison.

Suhgenus Sylvilagus Gray.
Lepus insonus sp. nov.

O.MII.TE.MK RABBrr.

Ti//)!'. — Adult female, Xo. ]2(>,S78, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection, from Omilteme, Guerrero. Collected ]May-20, 190o, by E. AV.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 16,460.

1-4— Pkoc. Bioi.. S(jc. VVa.sh. Vol. XVII, 1904. (103)

104 Nelson — Seven New Bahhits.

Distribution. — Known onl}- from type localitj'.

General characters. — A dark, coarse-haired species with small shoit tail
belonging to same group as Lepus gablii and L. truei, bnt considerably larger,
with ears twice as large as in either of species named.

Description of type in .tjiring jiehige. — Top of head and back dark ochra-
ceous bufFy, approaching tawny ochraceous, heavily shaded and grizzled
witii black ; cheeks and sides of body and rump a little paler and grayer
than back; sides of nose and area about eyes dingy buffy grayish ; nape
dull dingy rusty rufous ; toj) of tail dull dark reddish brown ; under side of
tail dingy brownish bufly ; neck on sides and below dull dark buffy ; rest
of under parts white with bluish under fur showing through ; tops of fore
feet and under side of fore legs dingy whitish ; front and sides of fore legs
to shoulders tawny ochraceous; front of liind legs and tops of feet dingy
whitish ; rest of hind legs similar to sides but with a tawny ochraceous wash
becoming most marked about heels and sides of hind feet ; soles of feet
dark smoke brown ; ears on convex surface dark grizzled blackish brown,
a little more blackish along anterior border and at tip.

Skull clt'iraviers. — Skull practically indistinguishable from that of L. truei,
but apparenth' with slightly shorter, heavier jugal.

^feasllre)nentx. — External measurements of type (taken in flesh): Total
length, 430; tail vertebrte, 40 ; hind foot, 98 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), H2.

Cranial measurements of type: Occipito-nasal length, 75 ; basal length of
Hensel, 57; interorbital breadth, 17.5; parietal breadth, 26; length of
nasals, 31 .5 ; breadth of rostrum above front of base of premolar, 17 ; depth
of rostrum at same point, 15 ; greatest diameter of bullae, 9.

Specimejis ex<t m ined. — Two.

General notes. — Though obviously belonging in the same group as L. truei
and L. gabbi, the curiously dark color and strikingly larger ears at once dis-
tinguish the present species. The skull is decidedly larger than that of X.
gobbi, but is pi'actically indistinguishable from that of L. truei. Like truei,
the present well-markeil species lives in burrows in heavy forest, and is very
difficult to secure, owing to its mainly nocturnal habits and the heavy
undergrowth in its haunts.

'&'

Lepus versecrucis pacificus subsp. nov.

AC.APULCO COTTONTAIL.

Tg})e. — Adult male, No. 70,622, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection, from Acapulco, Guen-ero. Collected January 9, 1895, by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 7340.

Distribution. — Pacific Coast region of Guerrero and adjacent section of
Oaxaca.

General characters. — Externally much like typical venvrrvcis, but paler
and more buffy. Skull larger and more massive ; rostrum, especially,
deeper and heavier.

Descrijdion of type in utncorn winter pelage. — Uppei' parts, including top
and sides of head, back and sides of body, dingy creamy buff waslied and

Xclsoii — Scr<'ii Xciv Rabbits. . 105

grizzled by overlying blac'k on tips of long hairs, the black wash heaviest
on middle of back and [lalest on sides of body ; top of tail dull rnsty clay
color; nape rusty rn Tons ; front of forelegs and feet dingy butl'y sliading
l)ack into dull rusty liully on sidesof legs ; hind legs like flanks on outside
of thighs, l>ut shading back into dingy rusty buffy; line along front of
innd leg and top of foot white ; neck on sides and below deep butfy ; rest of
under ])arts white except for a dingy buify line on inguinal region ; ears
grizzled grayish l)rown on l)ase, gradually darkening to narrow black tips
on inner or convex surface.

Skull chiiractcrx. — Skull similar in general character to that of typical
rt'rivcruch but larger and more massive ; rostrum much deeper and heavier
in proportion; braincase narrower, more depressed and less abruptly de-
scending on jiosterior outline ; nasals nearly as broad anteriorly as at base ;
depth of rostrum from anterior base of molars nearly equals width above same
l)oint; jugals very heavy, with a deep groove ending anteriorly in a deep
pit ; bullai about same size as in true vcrxrrnch but proportionately smaller.

Mfasurcmenh. — External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 505 ; tail vertebne, 58; hind foot, 113 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 78.

Cranial measurements of type : Occipi to-nasal length, 86 ; basal length of
Hensel.Bo; interorbital width, 19.5; parietal width, 2(5.5; length of nasals,
;i9 ; width of nasals at base, Ifi.S; width of nasals near tip, 13; depth of
rostrum at anterior base of molars, 20 ; width of rostrum above same point,
19.5; greatest diameter of bullae, 11.

Generid notes. — This is slightly larger than true Lepus verxcrucis, which
ranges across all the intervening country between the eastern border of the
tableland and the range of the present form. Specimens from interior
Guerrero are referable to the typical form, with its smaller, lighter skull.
Considering the climatic and other physiographic differences between the
home of typical versecruds a,i\dL the present form, there is surprisingly little
difference in color.

Lepus floridanus connectens subsp. nov.

ALTA MIRA COTTONTAII,.

Tjipp. — Adult male, No. 63,6(>0, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection, from Chichicaxtle, Vera Cruz. Collected February 15, 1894,
by E. \V. Nelson and E. A. Goltlman. Original number 5849.

Distribution. —Tropical parts of eastern Mexico from southern Tamaulipas
throughout the coast lowlands to the Papaloapam River in central Vera
Cruz and along the east slope of the Cordillera of eastern San Luis Potosi,
eastern Puebla, and eastern Oaxaca south to Mt. Zempoaltepec.

General clairacters. — Externally much like typical L. floridanus, but larger
and pelage averaging a little paler. Skull longer, proportionately narrower;
bulUe smaller ; nasals longer and slenderer. Ears large.

Description nf ti/pe in faded winter pelage. — Top of head and back grizzled
creamy ochraceous bufFy, thinly washed with blackish by black tips to
longer hairs; sides of head, body, and rump distinctly grayer and less

ion ^ jyt'lsoii — Screii Xcii' Ti(il)hH^.

bufty ; top of tail dull reddisli brown ; nape bright rusty or light cinnamon-
rufous ; circumorbital area white ; neck on sides and l)elow (hill ochraceous
buffy ; front of fire legs and outside of hind legs cinnamon rufous; back
of fore legs and front of hind legs and top of hind feet white with a pale
bufFy suffusion on feet and toes ; ears narrowly edged with white ; convex
surface brownish gray on base gradually darkening to brownisli black to-
ward tip.

Skull characlcrx. — Longer and projiortionately narrower than in true
floridanns ; rostrum long with height equaling width at base; nasals long,
proportionately narrow and depressed at tip, giving upper surface of rostrum
a gently convex outline; braincase rather narrow and drawn out, giving a
more gently curving outline posteriorly than in typical Horlihinns ; jugal
with a strong groove ending anteriorly in a well-marked pit ; ]m\\se smaller
than in true foridanus but larger than in (iztecus ; general outline of skull
above less strongly convex than in fioridavnn and more as in aztecns and
russaius.

Measurements. — External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 442; tail vertebr;^, 68; hind foot, 97 ; ear from notch (from skin), ()8.

Cranial measurements of type: Occijoito-nasal length, 70; l)asal length
ofHensel, 57; interorbital width, 18; parietal width, 2() ; length of nasals,
35 ; width of nasals at base, 16; greatest diameter of bulhe, 10.

Specimens examined. — Forty-one.

General notes. — Speciipens in midsummer pelage from the humid basal
mountain slopes near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and elsewhere differ but little in
color from typical floridmius at tiie same season ; the legs are a little
browner and less reddish, and the head is more grayish* the ears are
nearly the same in size and color. Such specimens can only be distin-
guished by size and skull characters. From chnpmani their much laiger
size, darker colors, and tlie much larger and heavier skull readily distin-
guish them. From rns.tatn.'^, the nearest relative on the south, they may
be known by their paler colors, much larger ears, and broader and heavier
skull. Specimens fi-om the humid mountain slopes at Metlaltoyuca
(Puebla), Jico, near Jalapa (Vera Cruz), and Mt. Zempoaltepec (Oaxaca)
average rather larger and darker than those from the coast lowlands, but
the difference is too slight and inconstant to warrant more than passing
mention. Specimens from Mt. Zempoaltepec are intergrades between ro)i-
nectens and russatus, with ears approaching the latter, but their skull char-
acters place them with the former.
*.

Lepus floridanus chiapensis subsp. nov.

CHIAPAS COTTONTAIL.

•

Type. — Adult female, No. 75,953, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection, from San Cristobal, Chiapas. Collected September 28, 1895,
by E. AV. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 8483.

Distribution. — Interior of Chiapas and western Guatemala, from not over
2,500 feet above sea level up to the summits of the highlands at over 10,000
feet.

XcJ>ion — Snrn Nnr EaltJyifs. 107

General cJiaracterf^. — Similar to L. Jlnridonus azlccus, but larj^erand a little
darker, with rnfous on legs of a duller and darker shade. Skull larger, witli
rostrum strikingly broader and more depressed at tip.

Descrif)li(Hi of h/pe in frexJi irinier pelage. — Top of head and l)ack daik
gri/zled ochraceous bnffj' (with a slight reddish tinge) overlaid with a thin
blackish wash due to black tips of long hairs ; sides and rump distinctly
more grayish, lacking most of the reddish huffy of back ; nape rusty rufous,
darker posteriorly ; upper side of tail dark reddish l)rovvn, becoming black-
ish about tip; front and sides of fore legs cinnamon rufous; back and sides
of hind legs reddish chestnut ; back of fore legs and front of hind legs
and top of hind feet deep reddish huffy ; under side of body mainly deep
yellowish bufly (some other specimens liave ventral surface white) ; sides
of head with small 1)uffy whitish spots bacik of and just in front of eyes ;
rest of sides of head similar but a little paler than reddish buffy crown ;
ears with fine pale border on inner side ; externallj'' (on convex surface)
blackish brown from grizzled grayish brown base to tip.

.S7i((// charachrs. — Skull large and heavy ; longer than in aztecui^ and about
the same length as in i/ucaliiiiicus but not so massive as in that form ; ros-
trum very broad, especially at outer end, but depth of rostrum proj)ortion-
ately small ; outer end of nasals broad and much less depressed than in
azlec>i>t,thu< adding to massive appearance of rostrum viewed from above ;
superior outline of skull posteriorly gently curved, about as in aztecas, but
much straighter and more flattened anteriorly ; interorbital width narrow ;
jugal heavy, with a well-marked groove ending anteriorly in a deej) pit;
bnlhe about same size as in azlecnn but proportionately smaller.

Measitre)neiili<. — External measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 468; tail vertebrte, 55 ; hind foot, 97 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 60.

Cranial measurements of type : Occipito-nasal length, 80 ; basal length of
Hensel, 61 ; interorbital width, 1 8 ; parietal width, 2() ; length of nasals, 87 ;
width of nasals, 17 ; depth of rostrum at front base of molars, 15; width of
rostrum above same point, 19 ; greatest diameter of bullre, 10.

Spechnens exam ined. — Eleven.

General notes. — With the exception of being a little darker coloi'ed, espe-
cially the rufous on the legs, and its larger size, the Chiapas cottontail bears
externally a close resendilance to L. f. azfecus, but its well-marked skull
characters are sufficient to distinguisli the two. The broad flat rostrum is
a strong character which is very distinctive. So far as known, this is the
southernmost subspecies of Lepus florldanua. In general size the skull of
cliinpensis is nearest that of uncatnnicus, but the broader, flatter rostrum,
narrower braincase, and smaller bullte distinguish it.

Lepus arizonae goldmani subsp. nov.

SI N A I.O A C( )rTONT.\ 1 1,.

Tijpe. — Adult male, No. 96,81* U. S. National ]\Iuseum, Biological Survey
Collection, from Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Collected .Alarch 20, 1899, by
E. A. Goldman. Original number 13,588.

108 Nelson — Scren Xeiv Rabbits.

DistrlJtutinii. — Southern part of Soiiora (from the Rio Yaqiii) south at
least to CuHacan, central Sinaloa.

General c}i(iriirleri<. — Darker and more richl}' colored than t\'pical m-izonie,
witli the white and rufous areas on legs sharply contrasting. BulUe much
smaller.

Description of ti/pe in winter pelage. — Top of head and back creamy
ochraceous-ljufl" grizzled and washed with l)lack; sides of head and body
slightly paler, more pinkish bulfy, with ujuch less overlying black ; small
area on rump distinctly iron gray with scarcely a trace of butfy ; nape rusty
rufous ; top of tail dark brown grizzled with dull buffy ; neck, on sides and
below, pinkish bufi'; rest of under parts clear white; front and sides of
fore legs rusty ochraceous buff, becoming paler on front of legs and top of
feet ; back of fore legs clear white; sides and back of lower part of hind
legs and feet a little darker and more rusty rufous than fore legs ; line
along front of hind legs and top of feet white, sharply outlined, as on fore
legs, by rufous; inside of ears dingy gray; outside or convex surface finely
grizzled grayish, buffy brown shading into a narrow blackish border about
tips.

Sk)dl cliararters. — Skull generally similar to that of typical a.rlzonee, but
with rostrum broader and more inflated, or less tapering anteriorly and
decidedly smaller bullpe, which in shape and proportion to skull resemble
those of the floridanus group.

Measurements. — Extei'nal measurements of type (taken in flesh) : Total
length, 388; tail vertebrae, 56 ; hind foot, 87 ; ear from notch (from dried
skin), 66.

Cranial measurements of type : Occipito-nasal length, Oli ; Itasal length
of Hensel, o2; interorbital breadth, 17 ; parietal breadth, 24; length of
nasals, 27 ; greatest diameter of bullae, 11.

Specimens examined. — Fifteen.

Subgenus Macrotolagus Mearns.
Lepus festinus sp. no v.

HID.\LG<1 .TACK RABBIT.

Ti/pe No. 5.S,490, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. From Irolo, Hidalgo, Mexico. Collected March 31, 189o, by
E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 4522.

Geographic distribution. — Southeastern part of Mexican talileland in
southern and eastern Queretaro, throughout most of Hidalgo, extreme
northern part of State of Mexico (including valley of Mexico), Tlaxcala
and adjacent part of northern Puebla.

Specific characters. — In general appearance much like L. inerrlaml but
darker, with much larger ears, the latter with a large, well-marked black
spot at tip on convex side ; nape gray, paler than back ; skull smaller and
lighter than in merriami.

Ncl-^on — Seven yeiv Babbits. 109

Dc'^cripliou of type in vwter pelage. — Top of head dingy grizzled buffy ;
Inick liutty with a slii>h( tinge of dull reddinh brown, lieavily mottled and
grizzled with lAauk ; sides of body paler and giayer ; thighs and rump up to
median line iron gray; a heavy black band divides thegray of rump along
median line and covers top of tail ; under side of tail dingy gray ; sides of
iiead and neck dull buffy, palest on cheeks and darker with a slight tinge
of viuaceous on sides of neck ; under side of neck deep dull buffy; chin
and under side of lK)dy white; top of liind feet dingy white becoming
grayish on toes; top of fore legs dingy bufiy thinly grizzled with blackish;
ears finely grizzled yellowish gray on front half of convex surface, and
fiinged witli slightly yellowish white hairs on anterior edge; posterior
half of convex surface white, with a distinct lilack spot covering 35 mm. of
the tip and extending a dusky edge around border of anterior part of tip;
naj)e grizzled grayish without a trace of black patch characteristic of
L. tiin-ria))ii.

Skxll rlKirinii'n^. — Skull lighter and rather smaller than that of L. mer-
rianti, and practically indistinguishable from that of L. (c.riainis from
Chihuahua and the Texas boundary.

Measureinentit of t]ij)e [fnkcn in fie^h). — Total length, 575; tail vertebrae,
78 ; hind foot, 126; ear from notch (from dried skin), 138.

MeafturcmeniK of type i<kuJl. — Occipito-nasal length, 1)().5 ; basal length, 74 ;
length of nasals, 43 ; greatest interorbital breadth, 2(1.5 ; parietal breadth,
31 ; depth of rostrum at front base of premolars, 25 ; width of rostrum
above same point, 20 ; greatest diameter of bulhie, 14.

Specimens examined. — Nine.

General notes. — This species is apparently most closely related to L. mer-
riami asellus, from which its even larger ears and entire absence of black
patch on nape at once distinguish it. The nape is much like that of
L. teorianus, and the skull is a little smaller and lighter than that of merriami
and scarcel.y distinguishable from that of tcxiaims. The color of back and
general appearance of this animal is that of a dark-colored L. merriami with
extraordinarily large ears and no black nape patch. Its habitat is at the
southern border of that of L. m. ase/lns and widely sei)arated from that of
L. texianus.

Lepus merriami altamiree subsj). nov.

ALTA MIRA JACK KABBrr.

Type No. 93,691, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. From Alta INIira, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Collected May 16, 1898,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 12,365.

Geographic distribution. — Coastal plains in southern part of Tamaulipas,
extreme northern Vera Cruz, and eastern San Luis Potosi.

Zon((l distribution. — Arid tropical.

Subspecifc characters. — Similar to typical merriami in color, but under side
of neck deeper and clearer buffy, and black nape patch distinctly separated
into two parallel black stripes by a well-defined median band of yellowish

no Nehon—Seven Xew Rabbits.

often equalling black band^^ in width; skull larger and heavier, with longer
rostrum than in L. merrinmi.

Divcriptiou of fi/pe in raOier ivorn itprvKj pelage. — Top of head grizzled
grayish bulfy ; back dull creamy buffy grizzled and mottled with overlying
black tips to hairs ; sides of bfxly slightly paler buffy grizzled with grayish ;
thighs and sides of rump up nearly to median line of back rather pale iron
gray ; top of fore feet and legs diugy buffy ; top of liind feet white; top of
tail and narrow line extending forward along middle of rum]) black ; under
side of tail grayish white ; sides of head, witli sides and under part of neck,
bright buff, with some black grizzling on sides of head ; nape with a narrow
black band extending back from base of each ear with a median l)and of
buffy of equal width separating the two black Ijands; ear on front half of
convex surface grizzled yellowish buffy and bordered along edge by a
fringe of buffy hairs; posterior half of convex surface blackish at base and
shading into gfayish wliite on middle and pure white on terminal i)art,
which lacks any sign of a black margin or tip; posterior border of ear buffj^
on basal half; white along rest of margin (pure on convex side, shaded
with buffy on concave side) to near tip, which is buffy.

Shdl eharncters. — Skull nmch as in typical L. merrimni, but longer and
rather heavier, with longer and heavier rostrum.

Measuremenii'. (jf type {taken in.Jiesli). — Total length, (505 ; tail vertebrte, 96;
hind foot, 137 ; ear from notch (from, dried skin), 112.

MedSHfemenls of ti/pe Kkull. — Occipito-nasal length, 99; basal length, 77;
length of nasals, 44 ; greatest interorbital l)readth, 24 ; jxirietal breadth, 32;
depth of rostrum at front base of premolar, 26 ; width above same point, 26 ;
greatest diameter of bullae, 12.

Specimens examined. —Six.

General notes. — This form agrees with typical L. merriami in general ap-
pearance, but in five out of six specimens examined the black nape patch
is divided by a distinct yellow band. The under side of the nec\c is
much deeper buffy. and the tips of the ears on the convex side entirelj^
lack any trace of black in three specimens and have only a narrow black
edging in the three others examined. The larger skull Avith longer, heavier
rostrum is another character. It has a comparatively limited distribution,
and occupies the southernmost area occupied by the sjiecies along the Gulf
coast of Mexico, and probably does not range as far north as Victoria,
Tamaulipas.

Vol XVII, pp. 111-112. May 18. 1904.

PROCEEDINGS

OK THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NOTES ON TETRANEURIS LINEARIFOLIA.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Tetraneuris linearifolia (Hooker) Greene.

This species is certainly very variable, both as to its mode of growth and
tiie width of the leaves. How far these differences are racial it is hard
to say. The specimens seen are as follows :

TVxas.— Kerrvilie, Kerr Co. (Heller); "Texas" (Lindheimer, 267); "On
the Pierdenales" (Lindheimer) ; Leona (Wright); " Pecos, etc." (Wright);
Brazos (Lindheimer); Dallas (Elihu Hall) ; near New Braunfels (Lind-
heimer); Gillespie Co. (G. Jermy) ; Dallas (Reverchon) ; San Antonio
(E. H. Wilkinson) ; Dallas (B. F. Bush). The Lindheimer plants have
very narrow leaves, and are no doubt typical. The Heller plant from
Kerrville (Heller, 1619 ; hb. Mo. Botanical Garden) has larger heads (over
25 mm. diam. with rays, and about 12 without), dark olive-green almost
entirely glabrous foliage, some of the leaves as much as 5 mm. broad, and
strongly striate practically glabrous stems. The involucres and peduncles
beneath are covered with ochreous hair. The plant has a spreading bushy
growth, and is about 25 cm. high, counting the heads. This plant grows
in " rich and often shaded ground " (Heller, Bot. Expl. So. Tex., p. 109),
whereas Lindheimer's plant grows " in masses together on sandy pi-airies,
with thin soil " (Lindheimer, 648). Whether the Kerrville plant represents
a " form " or a true race, can not be certainly determined at present, but
the latter would seem rather probable, or Heller would have found both
states. It may be called var. latior (type. Heller's 1619).

0/.7a/ioma.— Hunts ville. Kingfisher Co. (Laura A. Blankinship). Small
plants; lowest leaves broad.

Kansas.— Sunmer Co. (Mark White). Bushy ; leaves narrow.

15— Pkoc. Bioi,. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII. 1904. (Ill)

112 Corkerell — Xote--< on Tetrancuris LI neari folia.

Tetraneuris linearifolia obiongifolia (Greene)

Tflraiieiiriit ohlovgifolia, Greene, Pittonia, iii, 209. (1S9S.)
I liave before me Palmer's No. 677, from the State of Nuevo Leon. The
heads are about 10 mm. l)road (exd. rays), the rays large and broad ; the
leaves are up to aboutoj mm. broad, and quite hairy; the achenes, pappus,
etc., are as in iinearifolui. I do not think this can well rank as a species.

Tetraneuris linearifolia dodgei subsp. nov.

About 25 cm. high, with several stems ; very hairy, the young leaves en-
veloped in loose tomentum ; heads (excl. rays) about 13 mm. broad ; radical
leaves pirrnatijicl ivilJi broad laln'al lobt's d'lver^ln^i at right angles fiom the
rather broad blade ; cauline leaves short and mostly quite narrow ; aristae
of pappus longer than in linearifolia or ahlongi folia. Monterey, Mexico,
" in tields, very common," May, 1891. (Chas. K. Dodge, 109 ; U. S. N. M.,
27,471.) The heads on long upright peduncles look like thof^e of ol)lo)igifolia,
but the foliage is quite different. This ought perhaps to be regarded as a
valid species, but I expect that intermediates between it and linearifolia
will be found.

Vol. XVII, pp. 113-1 14

May 18, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

T\\'(l XKW SUBSPECIES OF TPvOPICAL AMEPvICAN

TYRANT BIRDS.

BY OUTRAM BANGS.

Of the two tyrant birds here named as new suh.species, one is
a well-marked form of Serphophaga cinerea (Striekl.) from the
Santa Marta region of Colombia, formerly referred by me to
S. rint'ira (/riscd '[A\^xv. The otlier is the extreme northern form
of tlu' wide ranging Tddirosfrinn riiiciruiu (Linn.), from southern
Mexico . F( )rtimately the type locality of T. cinereu in — Surinam —
is well toward the southern end of the range of the species, and
extreme northern and southern .specimens when compared to-
gether are different enough. A long chain of intergrades, hoAV-
ever, through Central America and Panama completely connects
the two extreme races and it is no easy matter to say Avhich
name many of these should bear. Roughly speaking, specimens
from Hon<luras nortli may lie referred to the northern form and
those from Panama south to the southern.

Serphophaga cinerea cana snbsp. nov.

Ti/jx' from Cliirua, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, C()loiiil)ia, 7000 feet
altitude, adult male No. 6125, coll. of E. A. & 0. Banjos, collected March 17,
1S99, by \V. W. Brown, Jr.

Ch'irartern. — Most like S. chier f a grist'o, hut head dull brownish-black,
with very larj^e and consj)icuous pemi-concealed patcli of white on crown;
bac-k verj' pale smoke gray ; under parts nearly uniform grayish white —
Ifi— Phoc. Bioi,. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 190-1. (113)

114

Bangs — Tivo Neir Subs^icries of Tyrant Birds.

the breast and sides but little grayer than the throat and belly ; wing bars
and edging of tertials much paler gray-whitish.

S. civerea grisea of Costa Rica and Chiriqui has the head deep black, the
white patch on crown small, the back cinereous almost without brownish
tinge, the breast and sides dark gray — much darker than the throat and
belly — and the wing bars and edging of tertials dark gray.

S. cinerea cinerea from Peru and eastern Ecuador (type locality supposed
to be Chili) has the back much browner and slightly darker gray, and the
under parts much grayer.

MEASUREMKNTS.

No.

Sex.

C
>

1

02

=3

a. a;

o q

6125
6127
6128
6126

cJ^ad.
cTad.
? ad.
9 ad.

Chirua, 7000 feet

La Concepcion, 3000 feet.

li ti a ti

San Miguel, 7500 feet. *

56.

55.5

50.

51.

43.
40.5
39.5
41.

16.6
16.8
16.2
16.4

10.2
9.8
9.6

* All these places are in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.

Todirostrum cinereum finitimum subsp. nov.

Type from San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico, adult male No. 4148, coll.
of E. A. & 0. Bangs, collected March 7, 1890.

Cliuradc.rs. — Similar to true T. cineremn of Guiana and southeastern
Brazil, except in l)eing darker yellow below, lemon yellow or canary yellow
instead of sulphur yellow, and much darker above — the back dull, dark
olive-green with faint dusky striations, lacking the gniyish or cinereous
tinge of these parts in true T.cinpreum ; in the new form there is gray only
on the nape where the black of the cap fades into the green of the back
and here the gray is nuich darker than in true T. riverno)).

MEASUREMENTS.

"C •

,

eu a

(E U

bi)

^

o q

d

(1)

•-

ail.

ars

X s

1^

c»

^

H

w y

4148

c^ad.

Type

41.

32.

18.4

13.8

4147

^ad.

Topotype

41.

31.

18.2

4149

?ad.

((

40.5

31.5

18.

13.6

Vol. XVII, pp. 115-118 May 19, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ADDITIONS TO THE ORCHID FLORA OF FLORIDA.

BY OAKES AMES.

The oivhid Horas of pL'niu.sular P^lurida and of the \\ est Indies
are so similar in the genera and species common to both that it
is not surprising to find, among recent additions to the list of
Florida oreliids, species known to be natives of Cuba, Porto Rico,
and Jamaica. During November and December, 11)08, six
genera new to Florida, including seven species, were discovered
by a single collector in Dade County. Most of these were found
in abundance and, as careful comparisons showed, were iden-
tical witli genera and species known to come from Cul)a and
.Jamaica. One species proved new to science, but in February,
U)04, was discovered by myself in the Province of Pinar del Rio,
near the town of Artemisa, forty miles west of Havana. In
March, 11)01, while on the west coast of Florida about eighty
miles from tlie end of the Peninsula, I found among otlier
orchids three species up to that time unrecorded from the
United States, one of them belonging to a genus new to Florida.
Of all of them I had ct)llected specimens previously in different
parts of Cul)a, one frequently in Pinar del Rio province. At
the present time, with the exception of Epidendnim b tin pease
Lindl. and E. ronopsenm R. Br., there is no epiphytic orchid
known to occur in Florida which has not also been reported
from Cuba and other parts of Tropical America, while the same
may l)e said of many of the terrestrial species; a fact which

17— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. W.^Ml Voi, XVII. 1904. (115)

116 Ami's — Additions to Oirhiil Fiord of Florhhi .

shows quite plainly that the West Indies must lie reckoned with
to a large extent in the study of our semi-tropical orchid flora.
The following list contains six species hitherto unrecorded as
natives of the United States. Two of them, however, on account
of inadequate material are here reported on provisional, though
reasonably sure, determinations. One, Liparis elata, was re-
ceived in 1903 from Lee County, Florida, where it was collected
by the late James E. Layne. No data accompanied the speci-
mens, which were in a fresh state, one of them pushing up a
flower shoot that failed to reach maturity. The other species,
Pelexia setacea, was collected l)y Mr. A. A. Eaton in Dade County.
When received, Mr. Eaton's plants were partly frozen so that
the flowers ceased developing. Fn )m the liuds, however, analyses
were made that showed characters on wliich tlie following de-
termination is based. Of the remaining species, three were
collected by me on the west coast of Florida and one by
Mr. Eaton near Miami, on the east coast.

lonopsis utricularioides Lindl.

On low trees near pools of water. Found only in " Gobbler's Head,"
near Naples, Lee Count}', the flowers just opening. March 12(0. .1.).

Epidendrum strobiliferum Rdili. f.

On the lower limbs of Fersea carolinensit Nees., in " Palm Hammock,"
near Marco. Only one station ; the plants in fruit. March 19 (0. .4.).

Epidendrum anceps Jacq.

Common on deciduous trees, almost everywhere, not infrequently form-
ing the main epiphytic orchid flora round muddy " lakes " in cypress
swamps; Lee County, March 15-21 {0. A.).

Pelexia setacea Lindl.

In humus, in the dense shade of hammocks, fourteen miles south of
Cutler, Dade County, Dec. 10, 1903 {A. A. Eaton). My specimens agree per-
fectly with P. setacea, except for the spur, but the immaturity of mj' mate-
rial may well account for discrepancies in this respect, as the spur must
lengthen considerably as the flower develops.

Liparis elata Rchb. f
Lee County, July, 1903 (-/. E. Layne).

Amcf- — Additioit-'^ to Orchid Flora of Florida. 117

Sauroglossum cranichoides n. comb.

{Pelexia cranichoides Grisebach, Cat. Plant. Cubensium, 1866, p. 269 ;
SpirayUhfx storeri ChaiMiian, Flora of tbe Southern United States, 1897,
p. 488 ; Beadlea stori'n Small, Flora of the Southeastern United States, 1903,
p. 319.) — In hunnas in the deep shade of Breckell Hammock, near Miami,
DadeCounty,Dec.23-28,1903(.-1..4.i:;a/o)0. This is undoubtedly the species
described by A. W. Chajiman as Sjjiravlltes storeri in 1897, and later placed
by Dr. .1. K. Small in a new genus as Beadka storeri. Tracings of the floral
organs and of the plant, taken from the type material of Beadlea in the
herbarium of the New York Botanical Gardens, agree perfectly with the
specimens collected l)y Mr. Eaton and with Pelexia era7iichnidef< Grisebach.
Dr. Small described Beadlea as without callosities at the base of the lip, but
this was an oversight, as later investigations showed the presence of two
callosities, much the same as in Spiranthes. In referring the species in
question to J'elexia, A. H. R. Grisebach must have interpreted the char-
acters of that genus rather loosely, as the flowers on the plants which he
described lack the characteristic spur of Pelexia and do not agree with it
in several other important respects. The nearest affinity of Sauroglossum
cranichoides seems to be S. elatum (Rich.). From both species Sauro-
glossum elatum Lindl. is distinct, so that it seems best to revive the first
specific name of this plant, which would eliminate the likelihood of con-
fusion and give as a new combination Sauroglossum niiidum (Veil).

Vol. XVII. pp 119-120 June 9. 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

THREE NEW OR(HID SPECIES.
BY O.XKES AMES.

k

The three species of orclndaceous plants deseribt'd Ix'low liave
been for some time the cause of much perplexity, as I liave been
unal)le to refer them to species hitherto published. The Dm-
(Irdhimii was given to me l)}^ Mr. F. Sander, of St. Albans, Eng-
land, who received it from New Guinea, where it was collected
by Micholitz. The oidy information concerning the specimen
referred to tlie color of the Howers and to the probability of
there being a variety characterized by "purple" vi'ins on the
perianth. The two Epldeinh-inih^ were collected in ^h'xico l)y
Mr. C G. Pringle and are interesting additions to a complex
genus. To Mr. R. A. Rolfe, who kindly examined the speci-
mens and on tinding them worthy of specific rank described
them, I owe my lust thanks.

Dendrobium Micholitzii liolfe.

" Densely tufted ; pseudobulbs erect, slender at the base, somewhat
tliifkened upwards and quadrantrular, .3-4 inches long, dipliyllous at the
apex; leaves oblong or obvate-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, I4-2] inches
long; flowers terminal, several, from the axils of a cluster of imbricating
oblong bracts, creamy yellow with a greenish orange blotch on the lip,
sometimes with purple veins on the flower ; pedicels slender, 8-10 lines
long ; dorsal sepal oblong lanceolate, acute, 2h lines long ; lateral pair ti"i-
angular, acute, prolonged behind into a stout obtuse somewhat curved
mentum 42-6 lines long ; petals linear, acute, 2^ lines long; lip 0-6 lines
long, the basal part oblong and somewhat curved, the apex dilated into an
obovate obtuse limb, bearing a small oblong crest in the centre; column
stout, scarcely over h line long. — German New Guinea, Micholitz.

18-Proc. Biol. Soc. W.-\sh. Vol.. XVII, 1904. (119)

120 ^47»r.s- — Three New Oirhid Spen'es.

"An interesting addition to the small section Bolbndiiim, nWied to /).
piunihim Roxb., but far larger in all its parts, and the pseudobulbs dis-
tinctly quadrangular upwards, as in the Burmese I), gtuidravgulare Varish,
which, however, has smaller flowers and a proportionately shorter mentum.
The remaining species is the Philippine D. hymenantlmm Rchb. f." Type
in herbarium of the Ames Botanical Laboratory.

Epidendrum Pringlei Rolfe.

" Densely tufted; pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, 7-10 lines long, 1-2-leaved ;
leaves linear-oblong, subobtuse, coriaceous, 2-3 inches long; scapes slender,
erect, 22-4 inches long, 1-2-flowei'ed ; bracts ovate, apiculate, 1 line long;
pedicels 6-8 lines long ; sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, 5 lines long,
reflexed ; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, 5 lines long, reflexed ; lip free
from column, very shortly stalked, limb dilated into a transversely oblong
or suborbicular blade, about 5 lines long by 7 broad, thickened at the base
into a two or three-keeled callus from which three slender nerves extend
toward the apex ; column 2 lines long, broadly clavate. — Mexico, State of
Morelos, near Cuernavaca, on toi)s of mountains, at 8,000 ft. altitude ; C. G.
Pringle, May 12, 1898.

" A species of the Encijclium. section, nearly allied to E. haslatum Lindl.,
but more slender and smaller in all its parts. The sepals and petals are
somewhat fleshy, and appear to have been dusky brown in colour, while the
limb of the lip is membranaceous and white. Of known species it can onlj'
be compared with the one mentioned, but it is well characterised by its
very slender habit." Type in herbarium of the Ames Botanit-al Laboratory.

Epidendrum oaxacanum Rolfe.

" Stems erect, subterete, leafy, lij-2j ft. high ; leaves oblong, subobtuse,
coriaceous, 3-4 int-hes long, ^-1 inch broad ; inflorescences terminal and
axillary on the upper part of the stem, somewhat branched, aggregated
into a loose head 2.', -3 inches long, covered with lanceolate-oblong imbricat-
ing striate sheaths at the base ; bracts triangular-o\ate, acute or acuminate,
li-2 lines long; pedicels 5-7 lines long, slender; dorsal sei)al narrowly
spatulate-lanceolate, subobtuse, lateral pair rather broader, all more or less
convolute, 5-6 lines long; petals narrowly spatulate-linear, subobtuse, 5-6
lines long ; lip adnate to the column, limb three-lobed, 5 lines broad ; front
lobe ovate-oblong, obtuse, with three prominent erect keels ; side lobes
spreading, broadly oblong, obtuse, with about five thickened veins ; lobes
about 2 lines long; disc bearing a pair of broadly oblong crests near the
base of the side lobes; column clavate, 4 lines long. — Mexico; State of
Oaxaca, Sierra de San Filipe, at 7,500 ft. altitude ; C. G. Pringle, Nov. 19,
1894, n. 5830.

"An interesting addition to the small section Acropleuranihimn, charac-
terised by having both terminal and axillary inflorescences, of which E.
ezasperalum Rchb.f. and E. Wallisii Rchb. f. have hitherto been the known
representatives. It is very distinct from either and from the dried speci-
mens appears to have yellowish green flowers." Type in herbarium of the
Ames Botanical Laboratory.

Vol. XVII, pp. 121-122 June 9. 1904

PROCEEDINGS

i<V THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BLIND EEL,
OF THE (4ENUS AXGUILLA.

BY HUGH M. SMITH.

[Contribution from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.]

On July 31, 1902, during a cruise of the schooner Gmurpus
to the tile-fish grounds lying on the inner edge of the Gulf
Stream, the writer collected at the surface, 60 miles south of
Nomans Land, a small eel which represents a hitlierto un-
known species of AnguiUa, and is here diagnosed and figured.

Anguilla C£eca Smith, new sj^ecies.

Similar to the common eel, AiiguiUu chri.vjpu Rafinesque, l)ut with the
head and snout somewhat broader, the mandible longer and more project-
ing, the eyes completely covered by skin and the body uniformly black.
Body cylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly, the depth contained
2.7 times in length of head ; head about .12 total length ; mouth large,
lower jaw strongly projecting; teeth small, in a band in each jaw, a small
patch also on vomerine; anterior nostrils tubular, posterior nostrils simple
pits in front of eye ; a large pore on each side half-way between nostrils,
and a row of large pores on each side of lower jaw; branchial aperture
vertical, about length of base of pectoral, extending below base of pectoral;
pectoral fins well developed, .25 length of head ; dorsal origin posterior to
gill-opening a distance equal to 1.6 length of head ; anal origin posterior to
dorsal a distance equal to .66 length of head. Scales not evident. Skin
uniformly jet black ; fins dark reddish brown by transmitted light ; skin
•over eyes not appreciably thinner than elsewhere. Eyes about as large as
19— Proc. Bioi,. See. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (121)

122

Smith — A Neiv Species of Blind Eel.

those of common eel of same size and placed posterior to the angle of
the mouth, their position indicated by a slight elevation.

The type, B cm. long, has been deposited in the United States National
Museum, and is numbered 51,483 on the tish register.

From the foregoing description it will be seen that this species closely
resembles A. chrii^iipn. Comparing it with a specimen of the common eel
of the same size, of the i)ale, translucent ty{)e, taken from a tributary of
Casco Bay, Maine, May 13, 1903, the most striking differences, besides the
absence of functional eyes, are in the length of the lower jaw and the loca-
tion of the eyes posterior to the angle of the mouth, as shown in the ac-
companying figures of these two specimens.

Fig. 1. Comparison of type of An guilla cieca Smith (upper figure) with specimen of
AnguiUa chrisypa Rafinesque (lower figure) of same size.

Although this fish was found at the surface, in a locality where the water
was about 50 fathoms deep, it is evident that it is a bottom species, and
that the type was a stray.

Vol. XVII, pp. 123-126

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

FOUR NEW GRASSHOPPER MICE, GENUS ONYCHO]\IYS.

BY C. HART MERRIAM.

Among thr largo yeries of graysliopper luicL' in the eolk'C'tion
of the Biological Survey are four forms which appear to require
recognition hy name. Three of these belong to the small torridns
group; the fourth to the much larger leucogastrr group. The
new forms may lie known from the following descriptions:

Onychomys torridus tularensis subsp. iiov.

Type from Baker^field, Kern County, Calif. .Adult female. No. ffHsj
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. July 19, 1891.
A. K. Fisher. Orig. No. 792.

Characters. — Size small ; color pale drab gray, barely tinged with butfy.
Similar to 0. torridus longicaudus but much paler and without the ochraceous
suffusion. Compared with 0. rnrnona the difference is still more marked,
ramonu being a very dark form. The type specimen has just moulted the
hair of the face and head and as a result the new pelage on these parts is
darker than usual.

Range. — The Tulare basin from Huron and Alcalde south, and adjacent
Carrizo Plains on the west and Kern Valley on the east.

Measurements. — Average of 5 adults : Total length, 143 ; tail vertebrae,
50.5; hind foot, 21.

2t)— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (123)

124 Merridrii — Four JVt'ir Grasshopper Mice.

Onychomys torridus yakiensis subsp. nov.

Tape from Camoa, Rio Mayo, southern Sonora, Mexico. Adult female,
No. 95,855, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Colle(;tion. Oct. 28,
1898. E. A. Goldman. Orig. No. 13,158.

Charactevf!. — Color similar to that of Onychomys torridax ramona, but size
slightly larger (hind foot averaging 22.5 instead of 20.5). Median dorsal
area, from crown to base of tail, usually much darker than sides of V)ack.
Compared with torridus, longicaudus, and ramona, the molar teeth, particu-
larly the anterior molars, are broader and heavier, and the palate usually
ends posteriorly in a median projection — in torridus and ramona it is
concave.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 154; tail vertebrae, 53 ;
hind foot, 22. Average of 6 specimens from type region : Total length, 149;
tail vertebne, 53 ; hind foot, 22.5.

Remarks. — Onycimmjis i/akiensis has the dark head, large ears, and general
coloration of ramona, in which i-espects it difiers from typical torridus. Its
range appears to he western Sonora and northern Sinaloa, and may join
that of ramona around the head of the Gulf of California. The collection
of the Biological Survey contains 19 specimens of this form from Camoa
and Alamos, Sonora, and Sinaloa, Sinaloa. The series comprises both
pelages (grayish brown and dull fulvous) and various ages. The young
wiien half grown are dark gray like those of ramona; when nearly full
grown they are pale smoke gray, much paler than ramona of correspond-

Onychomys torridus canus subsp. nov.

Ti/jK' from San Juan Capistrano, Zacatecas, Mexico. Adult female,
No. 90,843, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Aug. 23,
1897. E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Orig. No. 11,574.

Characters. — Similar to torridus in general characters, but tail and ears
longer, and color drab gray or grayish clay-color instead of fulvous.

Measure)nerds. — Type specimen: Total length, 152; tail vertebrae, 55;
hind foot, 22. Average of 5 specimens from type locality : Total length,
150 ; tail, 54 ; hind foot, 22.

Remarks. — In addition to the Zacatecas specimens, others are at hand
from Rio Verde and Jesus Maria, San Luis Potosi.

Onychomys leucogaster albescens subsp. nov.

Type from Samalayuca, Chihuahua, Mexico. Adult female, No. 50,040,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Dec. 12, 1892.
C. P. Streator. Orig. No. 2399.

Ciiaracters. — Size large. Similar to 0. leucogaster pallescens from Hopi
Pueblos of Arizona, but much paler, and with cheeks and thighs snowy-

Mrrr/iini — Fi>i'r Xrir (Inisshopper Mire. 125

white. Upperparts buffy, deepest on niiiii) ; face from nose to eyes whitish,
faintly washed with buff; rJiccks, legft, and iJiii/hs miow-wJiilc like under-
])arts.

Skull, compared with that of /xiUi'.'troix, smaller and weaker, braincase
narrower, more rounded (less flattened on top) ; rostrum weaker; zygomata
much narrower and rounded off anteriorly, slightly spreading posteriorly.
[In iHillt'Kfcns as in Icucof/aster they stand out nuich farther and more
sqaarelj\ enclosing a nmch larger orbital fossa.]

Meamirements. — Type specimen: Total length, 160; tail vertebrae, '60;
hind foot, 23.

Remarks. — The type specimen, which is in fresh winter pelage, has long
soft fur and is the most beautiful mouse I have ever seen. With it are two
young-adults, not quite full grown, from the same locality. One of these
is like the type, only not quite so pale ; the other has the upperparts pale
smoke-gray slightly suffused with buffy.

Vol. XVII, pp. 127-128 June 9, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TWO NEW POCKET MICE OF THE GENUS
PEROGXATHUS.

BY WILFRED H. OSGOOD.

Several hundred specimens of pocket mice have been secured
by field parties of the Biological Survey since the publication of
the last revision of the genus Perognathus.^ Among these are
many which serve to increase the knowledge of the distribution
and relationships of the various species and subspecies. The
new material also indicates that two well-marked subspecies are
still unnamed. They may be knoAvn as follows:

Perognathus flavescens perniger subsp. nov.

Type from Vermilion, South Dakota. Young-adult female, No. 57,725,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Aug. 22, 1889.
G. S. Agersborg.

Charnderit. — Size, proportions, and skull much as in P. flavescens ; color
of upperparts chiefly intense black ; underparts chiefly ochraceous buff.

Color. — Median dorsal region intense black or brownish black to roots of
hairs; sides and head mixed black and ochraceous buff; ears brownish
black very narrowly edged with buffy ; inferior subauricular spot bright
buff, superior one nearly obsolete ; lateral line ochraceous buff, broad and
sharply contrasted ; underparts rich ochraceous buff except chin and a
narrow stripe on throat and breast, which are white; tail dusky above,
whitisli below, narrowly buffy Jon sides ; feet buffy, toes paler.

Skull. — As in P. Jiavescens.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 140; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot

(dry), 17.

* North American Fauna, No. 18, September 20, 1900.

21— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (127)

128 Osgood— Two New Pocket Mice.

Remarks. — The type of this subspecies has been in the collection of the
Biological Survey for a number of years. It has heretofore been doubtfully
referred to flavescnis on the assumption that its very dark color was due to
melanism or other abnormal condition. Apparently this is not the case,
for a second specimen from Vermilion, South Dakota, while quite immature,
shows the same dark color, and two adults from Verdigris, Nebraska, are
distinctly intermediate. One of these, collected April 23, 1903, by Merritt
Gary, has decidedly more dusky than is usual in flavescens, and has the
posterior half of the underparts almost entirely buff. The other, collected
by V. Bailey, June 1 1 , 1893, is more \\ke fi^ivescens in the color of the upper-
parts, but has the bufFy suffusion on the belly. The specimens from Ver-
milion, South Dakota, seem to rej^resent an extreme development of these
characters. Typical y/a(!eArf/is invariably has pure white underparts, and
exce])t in very high pelage is quite pale throughout. Its home is in the
sand hills of Nebraska, where conditions are decidedlj' different from those
in the more humid region inhabited by perniger.

Perognathus californicus ochrus subsp. nov.

Tf/;;f from Santiago Springs (16 miles southwest of McKittrick), Kern
County, California. Young-adult female. No. 130,348, U. S. National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection. July 30, 1903. Luther J.
Goldman.

CJiaraders. — Similar to P. calif oriiican dwpur, but decidedly paler.

Color. — Upperparts mixed pinkish buff and dusky, producing a general
effect varying from ecru drab to broccoli brown ; lateral line pale pinkish
buff; underparts creamy white; tail hair brown above, white below;
hands and feet white.

Sfcull.— As in P. c. dispar.

Measurements. — Average of 10 young-adult topotypes: Total length, 200
(190-216); tail vertebraj, 108.7 (100-119); hind foot, 25.

Remarks. — This pale form of P. californicus seems to be confined to the
region about the lower end of the San Joaquin Valley. The palest speci-
mens are those from localities nearest the bottom of the valley. Specimens
from Tehachapi and Old Fort Tejon show a slight approach to dispar, to
which they were formerly referred. A series from Three Rivers, Kern
County, is typical of dispar, which seems to indicate that the range of this
form is interrupted in the passes at the foot of the San Joaquin Valley by
the paler form ochrus. P. c. dispar is itself slightly paler than californicus,
but the principal reason for recognizing it is its larger size and cranial
characters. Should these cranial characters prove inconstant on the acqui-
sition of larger series of true californicus, dispar would fall as a synonym
of californicus. In any case the form here called ochrus would merit
recognition.

Specimens examined. — Total number, 65, from localities in California as
follows : Alcalde, 1 ; Carrizo Plains, 1 ; Cayama Valley, 3 ; Fort Tejon, 2 ;
25 miles above Kernville, 1 ; Onyx, 4 ; Painted Rock, 25 miles southeast of
Simmler, 1 ; San Emigdio, 4 ; San Emigdio Canyon, 5 ; Santiago Springs,
16 miles southwest of McKitti'ick, 36 ; Tehachapi, 2 ; Tejon Canyon, 5.

Vol. XVII, pp. 129-130 June 9, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

luj L

l-^

TWO NEW SQUIRRELS OF THE ABEBTI GROUP.
BY C. HART MEHRIAM.

]\Ir. John T. Stewart lias recently sent me two specimens of
a new squirrel collected hy him in the \n\\v forest on the Kailmh
Plateau in northern iVrizona. One of these, a female, was oh-
tained in August; the other, a male, in December. They agree
in essential characters and differ strikingly from the well known
Al)ert squirrel of the pine forest of the Arizona plateau south of
the Grand Canyon. JNIr. Stewart, while at work with a field
party of the U. S. Geological Survey on the north side of the
Grand Canyon, saw seven and obtained four of the new squir-
rels; he found them scarce and wild.

In addition to the aliove-mentioned species the Biological
Survey collection contains a number of specimens of a pale form
of the Abert squirrel from the south end of the Cimarron Moun-
tains in northeastern New^ Mexico, mainly from the neighbor-
hood of Hall Peak. Both of these are here described.

Sciurus kaibabensis i>p. nov.

Type from head of Bright Angel Creek, top of Kaibab Plateau, north side
of Grand Canyon of Colorado, Arizona. Adult male, No. 130,9S2, U.S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. December 1, UK):-}.
John T. Stewart.

Characters. — Similar in size and general characters to S. aberti, but under-
22— Pkoc. Bioi.. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII. 1904. (120)

130 Merriam — Tiro New Squirrels.

parts mainly blark instead of white, and tail mainly wJiite all over instead of
white on under side onl}\

Color. — Upperparts from nose to baseof tail dark grizzled gray, consider-
ably darker than in aherti ; back with a ferruginous dorsal area extending
from shoulders to rump, and sometimes reaching anteriorly to top of head
as in aberti; lower sides, upper part of fore legs, and thighs, mainly solid
black ; median parts below, from mouth to base of tail, black mixed with
gray; ears in summer blackish (in nft^Hi gray), in winter anterior fold gray,
tufts black ; tail white, except extreme base, which is gray, and an indis-
tinct streak along the middle of upper side, which is dark butfy gray,
ending in a subterminal blackish band ;> nose black; face (including
cheeks and sides of nose), fore feet, and toes finely mixed gray and black ;
hind feet in summer mainly gray, in winter mainly black.

Sciurus aberti mimus subsp. nov.

Tijpe from Hall Peak, at south end of Cimarron Mountains, northeastern
New Mexico. Adult female. No. 70,908, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. January 16, 189-5. C. M. Barber. Original No. CA.

Characters. — Similar to <S'. aberti, but gray of upperjmrts decidedly paler ;
red dorsal area usually obsolete or nearly so ; upper side of tail paler ; ear
tufts ]>ale fulvous, grizzled and tipped with black (instead of mainly black) ;
tail apparently shorter.

Measurements of type speclnieti. — Length, 485 ; tail vertebrae, 215 ; hind
foot, 70.

Vol. XVII. pp. 131-134 July 14. 1904.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

ILL.!

JACK RABBITS OF THE LEPUS CAMPESTRIS GROUP.

BY C. HART IMERRIAM.

The large while-tailed jack raliliit of the Xorthern Plains was
named Lepiix ra nijicstrls ])y Baehnian in ls;}7. The type speei-
iiieii came from the plains of the Saskatchewan. Two years
later (is;;!)) he deserihed, under the name Lcpns (otonsendi, a
elosel}^ related speeii's fi-om Walla Walla, on the plains of the
Cojumhia. \\'atei-honse, in 184S, nnited the tw'O, placing
tdiriisendl as a synonym under campestris. This course lias been
follow'ed by sul)sequent naturalists.

An examination of the jack raljbits of this group in the col-
lection of the U. S. Biological Survey show^s that toivnsendi is a
strongly marked form of the campestris group, and that another
form, heretofore unrecognized, l)ut here named siernf, inhabits
the Sierra Nevada of California. The three forms, with their
ranges so far as uoav known, may be defined as follows:

Lepus campestris Bachraan.

Lepus camppfitrla Bachinaii, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VII, Pt. 2,
349-352, 1837.

Type locality. — Plains of Saskatchewan.

Rnnge. — Northern Great Plains from Plains of Saskatchewan sonthward
to Kansas, and fn^ni Minnesota westward to tlie Rocky Mountains. From
23— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vul. XVII, 1904. (131)

132 Merriam — Jack Rabbits of the Lepus Campestris Group.

Green River Basin in southwestern Wyomino; the range spreads westerlj'
over eastern Idaho, northern Utah, and northeastern Nevada.

Charncters. — Upperparts yellowish gray ; thighs grayish, washed with
fulvous, becoming snow-white in early fall ; tip of ear margined anteriorly
by black, posteriorly marked by a broad squarish black patch changing
abruptly to the white below ; tail wholly snow-white, some specimens
showing a faint trace of a median dorsal line ; upper surface of fore leg and
fore foot ochraceous, sparingly sprinkled with black hairs ; eye surrounded
by a broad conspicuous white ring ; top of head and front of ears yellowish
gray or bufiy yellowdsh, varying to buffy fulvous ; ))ectoral collar buffy
yellowish.

Measurements. — Average of 5 specimens from Wyoming : Total length,
615 ; tail vertebra?, 92; hind foot, 152.

Lepus campestris townsendi Bachman.

Lepus townst'iidi Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, Pt. I,
90-94, 1839.

Type locallti/.—\Va\\a Walla, Washington.

Range. — Plains of the Columbia, in Oregon and Washington.

Characters. — Upperparts clear gray ; thiglis and hind legs deep graj' ; tip
of ear not bordered anteriorly by black, the black showing along the edge
only; posterior ear-patch narrow, forming only a border, which fades out
irregularly into gray below and on the inner side ; tail white, with a dis-
tinct gray median dorsal line or stripe ; top of fore leg and fore foot bufly
gray, strongly grizzled with black hairs ; white ring around eye not con-
spicuous, the part below the eye indistinct; top of head and front of ears
gray or only faintly tinged with pale butfy fulvous; pectoral collar buffy
gray.

Measurements.— Awerage of r> from plains of Columbia : Total length,
576; tail vertebrae, 81 ; hind foot, 147.

Lepus campestris sierrae subsp. nov.

Type from Hope Valley, Alpine County, California, altitude 7800 feet.
No. 67,863, female, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection.
September 9, 1894. F. Stephens. Original No. 1889.

Range. — In summer, the Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe southward to
south of Mono Lake ; in winter, adjacent sage-brush slopes on east side of
Sierra in Nevada and California.

Characters. — Size large ; hind foot exceedingly long (167 mm.) ; weight
of type specimen, 8]- lbs. Similar in general to townsendi, hut feet much
larger and ears broadly tipped with black on both sides, more broadly even
than in campestris, the black covering the tip of the anterior or upper fold
in front as well as l>ehind, and forming a large rectangular patch behind ;
back, thighs, and pectoral collar gray, as in townsendi; upper side of tail

Merriitin — Jnck Habbits of the Lrpiix Campestris Grovp. 133

with a conspicuous broad gray median band, tapering to a point and dis-
api^earing before reaching tip; white ring around eye broad and con-
spicuous above and behind the eye, narrow below posteriorly, disappearing
anteriorly ; upper lip and sides of nose, including patch at base of whiskers,
intense IniMy fulvous; pectoral collar and flanks gray, the gray of flanks
encroaching on belly ; top of fore legs grizzled bulTy fulvous ; wrists and
fore feet dirty yellowish white ; hind feet white.

Reinnrkif. — The latter jiart of September, 1900, John Muir and I, after
ascending Bloody Canyon to Mono Pass, came upon one of these large
hares among the INIurray and white bark pines on the west side about two
miles below the Pass, and near Dana Creek, which is one of the heads of
Tuolumne River. The Paiute Indians at Mono Lake showed me a number
of snow-white winter skins of this rabbit, and told me that in winter it
comes out of the mountains and inhabits the higher sage-brush slopes on
upper Rush Creek, from which locality the Biological Survey has recently
secured specimens, through the courtesy of AVill J. Farrington, of Mono
Lake. All of these specimens unfortunately are in the white winter pelage,
though most of them show some dark gray on the head and some pale
fulvous on the ears, nose, and fore feet. The ears are strongly washed
with pale fulvous. The ear-tips are black on both sides, but the black area
is not so large as in the specimen in summer pelage from Hope Valley.
In typical campestris also the black ear-tips are smaller in winter than in
summer.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 635 ; tail vertebrae, 112 ;
hind foot, 167.

Vol. XVII, pp. 135-138 July 14, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

UNRECOGNIZED JACK RABBITS OF THE LEPUS
TEXIANUS GROUP.

BY C. HART MERRIAM.

Till' UjianK^! gruup of jack I'aMdts comprises a iiunihrr of
species and subspecies inhabiting the western part of North
Aiiiri'ica from the State of Durango in Mexico north to South
Dakota and the Coknnbia River, and from middle Texas west
to tlic coast rt'gion of California. One of these, Lcpus tcrianus
(h'sciiiciilii ^learns, occupies the Colorado and INIohave deserts
and the desert region generally east of the High Sierra.

Another suV)species inhaljits the Plains of the Cohnnbia in
Oregon ami A\'ashington. It resembU'S (Jrserticola, but is nnich
darker, and may be distinguished l)y otlu'r characters pointed
out in the accompanying description. It is here named Lepus
te.ri(iiiii>i inilldiraUa.

In the intt'rior of California, west of the Sierra, three forms
occur:

(]) L("})iix ndifornicus Gray, ISoT. A large, highly-colored,
reddish In-own or fulvous species, inhalnting the coast region
fi-om San Diego northward, sjireading over the Sacramento
\'alley and foothills of i\w northern Sierra, and continuing over
Shasta Valley to the Rogue River and Willamette Valley in
Oregon. Type locality, San Antonio, Calif., doubtless the old
Mission of tliat name a few miles north of Jolon, Monterey
County.

24— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, l'J04. (135) '

136 Merriam — Unrecognized Jack Rabbits.

(2) Lcpus richardso^n Bachman, ISoO. A form reseml^ling
californicii.^^ but slightly smaller and much paler in color, lack-
ing the reddish suffusion, the general tone of the upperparts
being huffy grayish instead of reddish l)r(>\vn. This form in-
habits Salinas Valley and bordering ranges on both sides, fol-
lows the mountains around the south end of the Joaquin Valley,
and passes north in the footliills of the Sierra to about the
latitude of San Francisco. The type locality may l)e fixed in
Salinas Valley or the mountains close by on the west, probably
not far from Jolon. It was descril)ed by Bachman in 1839, but
was regarded by Waterhouse as the same as calif ornicus, and for
more than fifty years has lieen so considered.

(3) An exceedingly pallid form, inhal)i ting the hot south end
of the San Joaquin Valley. Tliis form seems to have escaped a
name, and is here described as Lepiis tidarensis.

The type specimens of both L. californicus and L. richardsoni
were collected by the botanist David Douglas in 1831, presum-
ably on his overland journey from Monterey to Santa Barl)ara.
In fact, Gray gives San Antonio as the locality for californicus.
This was doubtless the old Mission of San Antonio, situated in
the valley of the same name in the coast ranges west of Salinas
Valley, a few miles south of Santa Lucia Peak and a little north
of the present town of Jolon, Monterey County. Lejnis rirluird-
80 ni inhabits the same region, the western edge of its distriltution
joining the eastern edge of that of californicus along a line ex-
tending parallel to the coast from Jolon to San Luis 01)ispo.
The collection of the Biological Survey contains specimens of
richardsoni from Jolon, Paso Robles, and San Luis Oliispo, and
of ccdif ornicus from a few miles west of San Luis Obispo. As
Douglas states in a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker that he collected
in this region and visited the Santa Lucia Mountains in lat. 36°,
there is every reason to l)elieve that the type specimens of both
californicus and richardsoni were collected in the same general
neighborhood.

Lepus tularensis sp. nov.

Type from Alila (in bottom of San Joaquin Valley), Tulare Co., California.
No. 126,384, adult female, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec-
tion. October 25, 1900. Luther J. Goldman.

Merriam — Unrecognized Jiu-h R(iI>bif-'<. 137

Characters. — Similar in general to L. texianus deserticola, but usually paler
and more yellowish ; size rather small for the texiamnf group ; color pale
bufFy grayish with a yellowish tone; back only slightly grizzled with black
hairs; nape patch ivhilii^li ; face, particularly sides of face and neck, pale
bufFy yellowish or yellowish bufi', only slightly grizzled by dark hairs ;
pectoral collar pale yellowish ; black ear-tips not sharply defined below ;
thighs grayisli clay color; underparts white, with only a tinge of pale yel-
lowish huffy on the sides ; skull long and slender; frontalsand nasals very
narrow.

Measurements of type specimen. — Total length, 558 ; tail vertebrae, 84 ; hind
foot, 117.

Remarks. — Lepus tularensis is a pallid form inhabiting the hot Bakersfield-
Tulare Basin at the extreme south end of the San Joaquin Valley, whence
it extends over the adjacent Carrizo Plain on tlie west. In winter its
domain is invaded by the foothill species of the surrounding region, Lcpn-s
richardso)ii Bachman,both occurring at Alila, Bakersfield, and other points
not too far from the base of the hills.

Lepus texianus wallawalla subsp. nov.

Type from Touchet, Plains of Columbia, Washington. Adult female,
No. Iff If} U- S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Sept. 18,
1890. C. P. Streator. Original No. 271.

Characters. — In summer pelage similar to L. texianus deserticola, but
upperparts darker ; in fresh winter pelage similar to eremicus and richard-
soni. Skull and hind foot small as in deserticola and tularensis (contrasted
with the large-footed forms texianus, eremicus, and califomicus). Compared
with deserticola, the ears are shorter; hind foot slightly larger ; color of
upperparts decidedly darker, partly from much greater admixture of black
hairs and partly from a dull huffy fulvous suffusion. In fresh fall pelage
( middle October) wallawalla becomes strongly suffused with pale huffy
fulvous, most intense on sides, and the pectoral collar is still more deeply
fulvous. The top of head and sides of face remain grizzled gray (nearly
as gray as in richardsoni), but a broad ring around the eye and the sides
of the neck are pale fulvous, almost but not quite so pronounced as in
eremicus. The fronts of the ears are finely grizzled fulvous brown, darker
than in eremicus and less gray than in richardsoni and deserticola. In
summer pelage the fulvous suffusion is lost, the eye ring becomes nearly
white, the cheeks pale huffy gray with very little grizzling, and the
pectoral collar pale yellowish butfy.

Measurements of type specimen. — Total length, 555 ; tail vertebrae, 95 ; hind
foot, 126. Average of hind foot in 4 specimens, 127.

Vol. XVII, pp. 139-146 July 14, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN KANGAROO RATS OF
THE GENUS PERODIPUS.

BY C. HART MERRIAM.

Tlic Icangaroo rats, a group p'.^culiar to the arid parts of North
Ainrrica, arc represented l)y three genera — Dipodomys, Perodlpus,
and iWrmdipodops. The latter is very much more distinct from
the others than they are from each other. Dipodomys and
Microdipodops liave l:)een previously studied, and the species
have heen pul)lished, luit up to the present time only a l:)egin-
ning has heen made in working out the species of Perodipus.
A study of tlie rich collections of the Biological Survey leads
me to recognize nine new forms, which are here descrilsed. One
of these, named ingens, is a very large animal for a kangaroo
rat, equaling in size Dipodomiix xprrtabilis from Arizona and
New Mexico. It inhaliits the liot Carrizo Plain and adjacent
southern end of the San Joaquin Valley in California. Another
species, P. inicrops, from Lone Pine, Owens Valley, is the
smallest of the genus thus far discovered, being smaller even
than iirdi and columbianiii^.

A curious feature connected with the kangaroo rats of this

genus is that most of the species and subspecies may be arranged

in four groups according to size: The small onU group, the

slightly larger montanm group, the decidedly larger agills group,

25— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (139)

140 Merriam — Little Known Kangaroo Rats.

and ///(/t'/i.s, the largest of all. Another interesting feature is
that in many localities two species occur together, and in several
places three may l)e found within a distance of a few miles.
The various species appear to he liighly sensitive to climatic
conditions, and adhere very closely to definite zone positions.
As a result, it is not unconnnon in the (Ireat Basin region to
encounter two or three species in ascending from the hottom of
a desert valley to the adjacent mountain slopes. The great
majority of species helong to the Upper Sonoran zone, of which
some inhabit the upper part, some the lower. A few belong to
the Lower Sonoran and Transition zones respectively, and one
species — montanus of Baird — apparently enters the lower edge
of the Boreal.

Like the other kangaroo rats, the members of the genus
Perodlpus are primarily desert animals. A few species inhabit
the bare open deserts, but most of them live in the l)i'ushy
deserts, and at least two of the California species — sfrcaturi and
venustiis — live among the manzanita thickets of the mountain
slopes — a very curious place in which to find a kangaroo rat.
One of these species, venustus, inhabits the Santa Cruz Moun-
tains, and was also obtained l)y the Goldman ))rotliers and
myself on the very top of Santa lAicia Peak, in the coast ranges,
at an altitude of 6000 feet.

Note on Perodipus montanus Baird.

Dipodomys montanus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, p. .334, 1855.

Perodipus montanus of Baird is a well-marked species, a little larger than
ordi, but decidedly smaller than agilis, longipes, and richardsnni. It was
collected by F. Kreuzfeldt on Captain Beckwith's expedition, in San Luis
Valley, south central Colorado, near Old Fort Massacliusetts (now Fort
Garland), from which point the Biological Survey has obtained a large
series of topotypes. By a curious error, Dr. E. A. Mearns has identified
the species with Dipodomys elator Merriam of Texas ( Proc. Biol. Soc. W'asli.,
XIII, 167, Oct. 31, 1900). Fortunately, Baird's type specimen oi mania nvs
is still in existence, in the U. S. National Museum. Comparison of this
type with the above-mentioned series of topotypes shows them to be iden-
tical, and to differ widely from Dipodomys elator of Texas.

Doctor Mearns may have been misled by the fact that the fifth toe
(really the thumb) which distinguishes Perodipus from Dipodomys is not
apparent in the type specimen, for the reason that the hind feet were
skinned down to the toes and the bones removed. In all other respects it

Merriaiii — Lllllc Knoim Kangaroo Rats. 141

aprrees with the to]iotypes of monfaniti^. Externally it has the small ears
and relatively small, pale, crested tail of /*. itiontanu.s, ihua diflering widelj'
t'vom Dipodomyselalnr, which has larger ears and a long round tail ending
in a pure white brush about an inch in length, below which the upper and
under tail stripes are nearly black. The whitish tip in the type of ninutaims
is widely ditierent, and results from the wearing oil" or suppression of the
pale brownish wash which usually suffuses the tips of the hairs. Some of
the topotypes are in exactly the same condition and match the type
perfectly.

In comparing skulls of topotypes of P. montanus with those of D. elator,
it appeal's that montanus has weaker and narrower maxillary arches,
narrower nasals, narrower premaxill;^, and narrower rostrum as a whole,
and also differs in the enamel- face of the upper incisor teeth. In all of
these characters, the skull of Baird's type specimen, although not fully
adult and somewhat imperfect, agrees with the topotypes and departs from
I), elator. Furthermore, P. montamis came from the neighborhood of Fort
Garland at an altitude of nearly 8000 feet, in the upjjer part of the Transi-
tion zone, while D. elator came from Henrietta, Texas, at an altitude of less
than 1000 feet and in the Lower Sonoran zone.

Perodipus ranntanus may be known from the following description :

Characters. — Size medium or rather small ; tail rather short ; ears small ;
upperparts dull buffy ochraceous, abundantly lined on the head with tine
dark-tipped hairs ; the back in summer pelage shading toward clay-color,
})roduced by brownish tips to the hairs ; end of nose above the small white
tip indistinctly dusky ; patch at base of whiskers dusky ; upper or interior
fold of ear pale fulvous, with a dark spot near the tip, followed by a small
whitish point which comes over from the back side of the ear, which is
mainly white ; upper tail stripe pale brownish drab, normally continuous
to extreme tip ; under tail stripe narrowing toward tip, and often absent
beyond end of vertebrae.

Skull. — Intermediate in size between nrdi and ricltardsoni ; rostrum,
nasals, and premaxillte rather narrow ; bulke rather large for size of skull ;
maxillary arch rather weak and nairow, but with well-developed rounded
outer angle; supraoccipital and interjjarietal broad. The skull as a whole
closely resembles that of ordi, but is larger, th-e total length averaging about
38 mm. instead of 36. The maxillar}' arch is actually only a trifle larger
than in ordi, thus being relatively smaller.

Measuremerds. — Average of 40 specimens from type locality: Total
length, 250; tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot, 40.8.

Perodipus ingens sp. nov.

Ti^pe from Painted Rock, 20 miles southeast of Simmler, Carrizo Plain,
San Luis Obispo Co., California. Adult male. No. 128,805, U. S. National
Museum, Biological Survey Collection. August 6, 1903. Luther J. Gold-
man. Original No. 777.

142 Merriam — Little Kvoum Kangaroo Rats.

Characters. — Size huge, not only very much larger than the largest known
species of Perodipus, but equaling Dipodomys spedabilis. Skull about
double the bulk of the largest previously known Perodipm^, and relatively
heavy and massive. Color buffy ochraceous ; ui)per and lower tail bands
black, uniting at end of vertebrae, beyond which the pencil is white, super-
ficially washed with dusky (chiefly on upper surface). Ears relatively
small, actually not larger than in agilis.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 360; tail vertebrae, 191 ;
hind foot, 54. Average of 6 specimens: Total length, 350; tail vertebrje,
190; hind foot, 52. Skull of type : Total length, 48 mm. ; occipito-nasal
length, 45 ; basal length, 34 ; zygomatic breadth, 23.5 ; breadth across bullre,
30.5; breadth of frontals posteriorly, 17, behind lachrymals, 15; length of
nasals, 18.

Remarks. — Perodipus ingens so greatly exceeds in size all known species
of the genus that no comparison is necessary. Its range, so far as known,
is the Carrizo Plain and adjacent southwestern border of the San Joaquin
Valley. Specimens were collected by L. J. Goldman at three localities :
Carrizo Plain (8 miles east of Simmler), Painted Rock (20 miles southeast
of Simmler),and McKittrick (in western Kern County, about 35 miles west
of Bakersfield). Whether or not it spreads over suitable parts of the Kern-
Tulare basin remains to be ascertained.

Perodipus venustus sp. nov.

Type from Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Co., California. Adult male. No.
51,852, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. March 12,
1893. G. B. Badger. Original No. 46.

Range. — Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia Mountains, California.

Characters. — In size and general characters similar to P. agilis, but color
very much darker ; nose black, passing into black band at base of whiskers ;
top of head, back, and thigh patches dusky, finely grizzled with ochraceous,
the ochraceous becoming more distinct on sides; ears large and nearly
black, with the usual pale spots at base, and at top of fold ; ankle, sides of
heel, sole, and tail stripes nearly black ; hairs of rump forming a black
patch just in front of basal white ring of tail.

Skull. — Similar to that of agilis but slightly longer ; maxillary arch of
zygoma broader on outer side, with a pronounced outer angle (lacking in
agilis); jugal weaker; nasals slightly larger (both longer and broader);
premaxillae broader ; incisors heavier. Compared with P. tulnrensis, the
nasals and premaxillfe are broader, the outer angle of maxillary arch less
developed, the bulla3 more projecting posteriorly.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 339 ; tail vertebrae, 211 ;
hind foot, 46. Average of 14 from type locality: Total length, 316; tail
vertebrae, 191 ; hind foot, 45.3.

Mcrridni — Little Known KdiKjaroo J\<ltx. 143

Perodipus goldmani sp. nov.

Ttjpe from Salinas, mouth of Salinas Valley, Monterey Co., Calif Young-
adult male, No. 118,924, U. S. National Musuem, Biological Survey Collec-
tion. September 4, 1902. Luther .7. Goldman. Original No. 431.

Chitnict('r,'<. — Size large, nearly as large as ceiiu)<l(t><, but tail shorter and
eare smaller. Coloration intermediate between the paler agiiis and the
darker venustus. Upperparts finely mixed dusky and buffy ochraceous,
resulting in a drab-brown which covers the head and back, becoming
grizzled ochraceous on the liauks; dusky marks at base of whiskers and
on ankles large and conspicuous.

Skull. — Similar to that of tnlnrermis, but nasals and premaxillas broader.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 312; tail vertebrae, 185;
hind foot, 4(). Average of 8 from type locality: Total length, 313; tail
vertebras, 185 ; hind foot, 45.4.

Perodipus agiiis tularensis subsp. nov.

Type from Alila, Tulare Co., California. Adult female. No. 127,158, U. S.
National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. June 23, 1903. Luther
J. Goldman. Original No. 563.

Characters. — Externally like agiiis; tail slightly longer. Skull similar,
but maxillary arches more strongly developed, more broadly sjireading,
broader antero-posteriorly on outer side, and developing a prominent
recurved angle; pi-emaxillte longer on top of skull (alongside nasals), con-
stricting nasals more abruptly just behind anterior third ; sides of fronto-
parietal shield less parallel (approximating anteriorly). The skull resembles
that of pana)ninti)ms (with which it agrees in size), but differs strikingly in
the nasals, which are shorter, and anteriorly are broader and more abruptly
spreading. The supra-occipital is narrower than in panamintinus, allowing
the bullae to come nearer together. Externally panamintinus is much paler.
The skull of tularensis compared with that of venustus is slightly smaller,
nasals and i^remaxillaj narrower, outer angle of maxillary arch more
prominent, bullae less produced posteriorly.

Remarks. — Specimens are at hand from Alila and Tejon Canyon.

Measurements. — Type specimen : Total length, 308 ; tail vertebrae, 182 ;
hind foot, 41.

Perodipus montanus utahensis subsp. nov.

Type from Ogden, Utah. Adult male. No. 55, 115, U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection. July 15, 1893. Vernon Bailey. Original
No. 4085.

Characters. — Similar to montanus, but hind foot slightly smaller and
decidedly more slender ; upperparts less fulvous and more drab or clay

144 Merriam — Little Known Kangaroo Rats.

color ; ears darker, the anterior fold dusky except at extreme tip ; under
tail-stripe continuous to tip of pencil. *

Skull. — Like that of mnvldini^t, but frontals narrower anteriorly, and
tympanic capsule smaller (shorter), with the underpart weak anteriorly.

Measurements. — Type sj)ecimen : Total length, 260; tail vertebrpe, 150;
hind foot, 41. Average of 10 from tyjie locality: Total length, 260; tail
vei'tebrn?, 147 ; hind foot, 40.2.

Perodipus streatori simulans subsp. nov.

Ti/pe from Dulznra, San Diego Co., California. Adult female. No. fflfff,
U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. November 24, 1891.
C. H. Marsh. Original No. 255.

Chnracters. — Externally so similar to Mreatori that I have found no con-
stant difference except that the end of tail is not white. In spring (end
March) and early fall (August), and probably summer also, the color is
paler and more ochraceous than in late fall (October). In October speci-
mens the dusky of the back prevails over the tawny or pale fulvous tones.

Skull like that oi fttreatori, but maxillary arch of zygoma less spreading
laterally, and cranium less squarely rectangular. In a series of skulls of
streatori placed side by side the maxillaries almost touch ; in a correspond-
ing series of simulans they are separated by an interval of about 4 mm.

<Bome specimens (about 1 in 10) of this subspecies appear to be inter-
mediate between the genera Dipodomi/s and Perodipus, inasmuch as they
lack the hallux or the hallux has no claw, thus having only 4 claws instead
of 5.

Remarks. — This is a wide-ranging form. The Biological Survey collec-
tion contains specimens from Dulzura and Twin Oaks (near San Marcos)
in San Diego County, and thence northward at least to Mori-o in San Luis
Obispo County.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 280; tail vertebras, 165;
hind foot, 40. Average of 10 from type locality: Total length, 285 ; tail
vertebrpe, 172 ; hind foot, 41.

Average of 10 streatori from type locality (Carbondale, Mariposa County) :
Total length, 286; tail vertebrae, 175; hind foot, 42.

Perodipus cabezonae sp. nov.

Type from Cabezon, Colorado Desert, California. Adult female, No.
54,055, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. May 81,
1893. C. P. Streator. Original No. 2859.

Characters. — Size rather small (between ordi and panamintinus) ; ears
rather large; color buffy ochraceous. Externally most \i\iQpanammtinus,
but ear slightly larger ; hind foot shorter; nose paler (usual dark patch
obsolete) ; head and face more fulvous.

Merriditi — Little Kuoiru Kaixjdmn Rats. 145

Skiill. — Rather long and narrow ; sides of fronto-parietal shield approxi-
mating anteriorly; maxillary arches cojnpressed. Compared with pana-
mlnliuus and agilis the maxillary arches are much less spreading, their
outer margins slope more strongly backward, and the frontals are narrower
between lachrymals (more wedgeshape).

Measarcituntx. — Type sjiecimen (female): Total length, 275; tail verte-
brae, 162 ; hind foot, 42. Average of 8 from type locality: Total length,
282; tail vertebrae, 171 ; hind foot, 42.3.

Perodipus microps sp. nov.

Ti/pe from Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo Co., California. Adult male,
No. lift 1, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. Decem-
ber 22, 1890. E. W. Nelson. Original No. 138.

Cliaracters. — Size small, as in ordi and rolurnljidiins ; ears small and pale;
color pale buflFy ochraceous, much paler than ordi and columbianus.

Skidl. — Small and rather narrow, and very different from that of any
known species ; compared with ordi and columbianus, braincase narrower;
nasals narrower; premaxiila? broader; parietals (together) much more
acutely pointed posteriorly ; breadth of single parietal much less than
length (in ordi length and breadth subequal) , maxillary arch much weaker
and more slender, without external angle ; supraoccipital between bullae
narrower ; incisors thinner (anteroposteriorly) and more vertical (less in-
curved).

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 282; tail vertebrae, 165;
hind foot, 41. Average of 5 from type locality: Total length, 270; tail
vertebrae, 158 ; hind foot, 40.6.

Perodipus microps levipes subsp. nov.

Ti/pe from Perognathus Flat, Emigrant Gap, Panamint Mountains, Cali-
ifornia (altitude 5200 ft.) Adult male, No. IHH. U. S. National Museum,
Biological Survey Collection. April 16, 1891. Vernon Bailey. Original
No. 2668.

Characters. — Size small, little larger than microps from Lone Pine; ears
small ; color pale buffy ochraceous, as in ynicrops. Skull small, with large
posteriorly bulging bullae, and narrow, weak maxillary arches. Compared
with microps the hind foot and skull as a whole are larger ; bullae decidedly
larger ; parietals less acutely pointed posteriorly. From F. cabezon,v, which
has equally large bullae, it may be told at a glance by the small, narrow,
weak, and tapering maxillary arches, and by the very much smaller ears.

Measurements. — Type specimen: Total length, 288; tail vertebrae, 156;
hind foot, 43. Average of 10 : Total length, 289.5 ; tail vertebrte, 164 ; hind
foot, 42.4. Total length of skull 38, contrasted with 35 for microps.

Vol. XVII, pp. 147-150 October 6, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

■i '-J 1

DP:SCRIPTI0NS of new squirrels from MEXICO.

BY E. \V. NELSON.

In 1651 Hernandez recorded the presence of flying squirrels
in Mexico. The next record south of the United States was in
1861, when Tomes inchided it in his list of mammals taken V)y
Sah-in at Duenas, Guatemala (P. Z. S., 1861, p. 281). In
1892 I saw a pair of mounted specimens in the museum of the
State College at the city of San Luis Potosi. These were re-
corded as ha\'ing l)een taken near -lilitla, in San Luis Potosi.
During all of our sul)sequent work in ^Mexico, until tlie present
season, whenever in suitable country, l^oth Goldman and I have
kept a constant but unsuccessful lookout for these animals.
During April, 1904, while in the highlands of Chiapas, near
the Guatemala l)order, Goldman was fortunate enough to secure
a good pair of adult flying squirrels with skulls. In view of
the striking difl^erences between the Mexican and United States
species of Sciurus it was a great surprise to find this isolated repre-
sentative of Sciuroptervs very closely related to foi-ms found
in the United States.

Both the forms of Sciurus described below are smaller and
paler than their most closely-related subspecies occupying ad-
joining territory.

2G— Pkoc. Bioi.. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (147)

148 Nelson — Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico.
Sciuropterus volans goldmani subsp. nov.

MEXICAN FLYING SQUIRKEl,.

Type No. 182,833, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection. From 20 miles southeast of Teopisca, Ciiiapas, Mexico,
collected April 8, 1!)04, by E. A. Goldman. Original No. 16,667.

Geographic distribution. — Highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala.

Subspedfic cliamclers. — Much like.V. volana (jverctti, Imt top of nose white ;
postocular ai-e a much darker; and underside of flying membrane deep
ochraceous buff.

Deacriptioti. of type. — Top of head and upper parts of body nearly uniform
reddish brown, slightly more reddish than in Sciuropterus volans querceti;
upper surface of flying membrane blackish slate color ; top of tail cinnamon
brown ; tops of fore-feet dingy whitish ; tops of hind-feet dusky, toes dingy
whitish ; top and sides of nose, lower part of cheeks, and sides of neck to
back of ears whitish ; area between eye and ear dusky, shading down into
dingy grayish brown on cheeks and sides of head below ears ; supraloral
spot whitish ; underside of neck and bod}' white with a pale suffusion of
buft'; underside of flying membrane deep ochraceous buff; underside of
tail dingy buff'. Ears large and broad.

Mrasureme)its of type. — Total length, 2.')7; tail vertebiae, 1 12 ; hind foot, 30.

Skull cliaraclers. — Skull scai'cely distinguishable fiom that of *S'. volans
querceti.

Measurements of skull (f type. — Basalilar length of H ensei, 28 ; interorbital
width, 7.5; zygomatic width, 22 ; greatest width of braincase, 17.5 ; length
of nasals, 10.2; width of rostrum, 6; depth of rostrum, 7.

General notes. — This flying squirrel is so closely related to S. ro/«7/.s- that T
have felt constrained to consider it a subspecies although its range is com-
pletely isolated by some hundreds of miles of intervening desert countr}'
from its nearest relative to the north. The resemblance between the
Florida and Mexican flying squirrels is remarkably close ; the white top
to the nose, slightly more reddish uiiperparts, and rich fulvous on the
underside of the flying membrane are about the only characters that dis-
tinguish the Chiapas animal. The lack of conti-ast between the top of the
head and back, the dark postocular area, and the white nose separate it
from Texas specimens.

Sciurus poliopus senex subsp. nov.

MICHOACAN SQUIKUEI..

Type No. 126,208, adult female, U. S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. From La Salada, 40 miles south of Uruapan, southern
Michoacan, Mexico. Collected March 14, 1903, by E. W. Nelson and E.
A. Goldman. Original No. 16,127.

Geograpliic distribution. — Below 4,000 feet in the valley of the Balsas
River (and tiibutaries) in central and southern Michoacan and adjacent
parts of northwestern Guerrero.

Nelson — Desrriptionti of New Squirrels from Mexico. 14!)

Zonal (listrilnttioii. — Arid tropical.

Suhsperijir characters. — Most like Sciunis p. ncmoralis, but upperparts
paler or lighter gray, nuchal patcli more clearly defined yellowish ; rump
patch more obsolescent.

De.scriplioii of ti/pe. — Toj) of head iron-gray ; nape patch ochraceous
mixed with black ; rest of bacik pale grizzled gray with slight mixture of
ochraceous grizzling posteriorly, but not sufficient to form a rump patch ;
sides of body paler than back ; top of tail black with heavy wash of wdiite ;
tops of feet white; underparts of body white; median area on underside
of tail dull gray bordered with blackish ; outer edge of tail white.

Measurements of type. — Total length, 543 ; tail vertebrae, 275 ; hind foot, 69.

Skull characters. — Rostrum lieavier and braincase narrower than in S. p.
nemoralis, with braincase more abruptly constricted posteriorly and occipi-
tal diameter shorter.

General notes. — Compared with a similar series of typical >S'. p. nemoralis
(the most closely allied form) the i)resent subspecies is distinctly lighter
colored, the yellowish nape patch averages decidedly better defined, and
the rump patch is scarcely or not at all appreciable in most specimens and
poorly defined when present. In all except melanistic specimens the pale
grayish wash on the back and sides is underlaid with buffy or yellowish
similar in shade to the na^ie patch and varying in amount so that in some
specimens it is scarcely distinguishable, but it usually shows through the
overlying gray sufficiently to give a pale yellowish suffiision. As might be
supposed from the climatic differences the tail is decidedly slenderer or
less bushy than in nemoralis and the pelage much thinner and shorter
haired. Melanism sometimes occurs in this form, as attested Ijy one
specimen taken.

Sciurus poliopus perigrinator subsp. nov.

PUKBLA SQUIKREL.

Type No. 70,279, adult female, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey
Collection. From Piaxtla, Puebla, Mexico. Collected November 25, 1894,
by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 7104.

Geographic distribution. — Southern Puebla, northwestern Oaxacaand ad-
jacent parts of Guerrero.

Zonal distribution. — From upper Sonoran to arid tropical.

Subspjecific characters. — Most like Sciurus p. hernandezi but more brightly
colored ; rump and nape patches well marked ; underside of tail rusty red
almost as in typical poliopus.

DescrijAlon of type. — Top of nose and fore jaart of crown iron-gray ; back
part of crown and nape marked with a dark ochraceous buffy j)atch
mixed with black; rest of upperparts to rump light iron-gray, underlaid and
mixed with ochraceous; sides of body paler than back; rump with a
distinct ochraceous patch mixed w^ith black ; tops of feet white ; upper-
side of tail black with a strong wash of white and underlaid basal ly with
rusty ochraceous; underparts of body rich cream-buflF; underside of tail

150 Nelson — Descriptions of New Squirrels from Mexico.

with broad median area bright ochraceous bordered with black and edged
with white.

Meamirements of type. — Total length, 535; tail vertebrae, 273; hind f5ot, 69.

Slcnll (•hnraclers. — Skull smaller and lighter than in S. p. hernandezi ;
bullae smaller ; outer end of nasals broadened, producing an inflated tip.

Niimher of spccimm.s ernmiried. — Five.

General nohs. — The brighter colors of the nape and rump patches, the
paler back, the reddish color of basal parts of hairs on tail, and the buffy
underparts make a combination of characters which easily distinguish
this form from its allies. One of these five specimens before me has the
underparts pure white ; and a half-grown specimen has the underside of
the tail dull yellowish gray. The rump and nape patches while distinct
are scarcely darker than the underside of the tail.

Vol. XVII, pp. 151-152 October 6, 1 904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTICNS OF FOUR NEW BIRDS FRO:\r MEXICO,

BY E. W. NELSON.

The l)ir<ls described below were collected l)y Mr. E. A. Gold-
man during- the spring and summer of l!)04 while continuing
tlu' work of the Biological Survey in Mexico.

Porzana goldmani pp. nov.

MKXICAN YKI.I.OW R.\IL.

Tijpe No. 193,712, adult male, U.S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection. From Lerma, Mexico. Collected July 11, 1904, by E. A.
Goldman. Original No. 10,994.

Geograpliic didribution. — Known only from tj-pe locality in the Valley
of Toluca, Mexico.

Sjjecific chnrncters. — Generally similar to P. nnvehnracensh but darker,
the wings, flanks, and rump slaty blackish ; white markings on back in the
form of transverse spots; bill slenderer.

Description of type. — Superciliary stripe, sides of head and neck dark
bufFy mottled with narrow blackish edgings to feathers ; top of head and
nape blackisli obscurely streaked with narrow dingy buffy edges of
feathers ; middle of shoulders streaked equally with black and rather dark
buffy; sides of shoulders, scapulars and tertials mainly black edged with
dark buff"y ; the black middle of feathers marked with transverse oblong
wiiite spots (usually two on each feather) ; rump blackish with small
white spots; primaries dark slaty; secondaries dark grayish with white
areas as in novehoracensis ; wing coverts blackish with small rounded white
spots ; chin and throat pale dull buffy shading on lower neck and breast into
dark dull buffy with feathers on sides of breast tipped with dusky; belly
27— Pkoc. Biou Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (151)

152 Kelson — Descriptions of Fnvr Ncv Birdie from Mexico.

dull whitish ; pides of body, flunks, thighs, and crissum dull black with
spots and bars of white.
One specimen examined.

Empidonax fulvifrons fusciceps subsp. nov.

Type No. 193,71:^, adult mule, U.S. National JMuseum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection. From Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico. Collected March 29,
1904, by E. A. Goldman. Original No. 10,(525.

Geograpliic (llstrihution. — Highlands of Chiapas and adjacent parts of
Guatemala.

Suhspecific characifrf:. — In size and color of niiderparts like typical /m^cv-
frons ; upperparts darker; crown much darker and strongly contrasted
with buck.

Four specimens examined ; from Comitan, Teopisca, and Tenejapa,
Chiapas.

Arremenops superciliosus chiapensis subsp. nov.

Tifpc No. 193,714, adult male, U. S. National INIuseum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection. From San Bartolome, Chiapas, Mexico. Collected March
15, 1904, by E. A. Goldman. Original No. 10,5.S3.

Geographic dlstrihudon. — Valley of the Chiapas River, Chiapas.

Suhspecific characters. — Much like Arreynonnps s. samicJirasti but top of
head darker, the median stripe on crown darker and grayer ; back dark
green as in typical KnpercilinsuK ; distril)ution of huffy on underparts as in
fiumiclirasti but color of a deeper or more creamy shade; size as in
sumiclirasll.

Nine specimens examined. ^

Telmatodytes palustris tolucensis subsp. nov.

MEXICAN MAKSn WKEN.

Ti/pe No. 194,074, adult male, U. S. National Museum, Biological Sur-
vey Collection. From Lerma, Mexico. Collected July 5, 1904, by E. A.
Goldman. Original No. 10,950.

Geographic distribution. — Known only from Tulnca Valley, Mexico.

Suhspecific characters. — Size less than in palustris; black dorsal area
averages larger; rufous of back brighter; underjiarts much more reddish
buff-y.

Description of type (in worn breeding plumage). — Top of head blackish
with traces of a brown median line ; middle of back black with well defined
white shaft streaks; rump and upper tail coverts rich reddish br<iwn;
middle tail feathers dull grayish brown mottled with darker and indi-
stinctly barred with same basally; underparts dull dark reddish buffy
(including pectoral area) becoming dingy whitish on chin and throat and
middle of abdomen.

Measurements of type. — Wing, 51 ; tail, 40; culmen, 12; tarsus, 20.

Seven specimens examined, all from type locality.

Vol. XVII, pp. 153-156 October 6, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE ^^'

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON/..

'^

FOUR NEW BEARS FROM NORTH AMERICA.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.

Notwithstanding the large number of bears already known
from North America, four more appear to require recognition .
Three of these are from Alaska ; the fourth is a small form of
the Black Bear from the desert mountains of eastern Mexico.

Ursus eulophus sp. nov.

Tif]^e from Admiralty Island, ?outhea8tern Alaska. No. 81,102. Adult
male. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. 1896. Lieut.
G. T. Emmons.

Charncters. — Size large, equaling the Sitka bear; color said to be very
dark brown. Sagittal cre.st remarkably high anteriorly ; frontals extraor-
dinarily elevated posteriorly ; rather narrow interorbitally ; frontal shield
long and high and in a single flat plane sloping strongly upward from an-
terior third of nasals almost to fronto-parietal suture (not decurved poste-
riorly) ; braincase narrowed and compressed anteriorly, passing gradually
into sagittal crest ; rostrum rather narrow (as in h.orribiUs, as contrasted
with the broader sitkensis) ; maxillfe long, reaching back into frontals to
beyond plane of nasals ; interpterygoid fossa long and narrow ; molars
larger than in the grizzlies, fully as large as in i^itkenitifi ; lower carnassial
slender, especially anteriorly ; m^ narrower and less rectangular than in
sitkensis; last lower premolar smaller and thinner than in sitkensis ; incisors
small, as in horribilis (very nmch smaller than in sitkenm, particularly the
outer incisor).

28— Proc. Bioi,. Soc. W.iSH. V(M.. XVII, 1904. fl53)

#

154 Merriam — Four Neiv Bears from North America.

Ursus kenaiensis sp. nov.

Type from Cape Elizabeth, at extreme west end of Kenai Peninsula,
Alaska. No. 128,672. Adult female. U.S. National Museum, Biological
Survey Collection. 1903. C. A. Lambert.

Characters. — Size large ; skull broad, flat and remarkably massive, with
exceedingly broad rostrum, not constricted at base, but spreading broadly
into zygomata; zygomata broadly spreading; jugal very broad anteriorly ;
frontals depressed, flattened, low posteriorly ; postorbital processes large,
blunt, projecting horizontally outward from top of skull ; palate exceedingly
broad ; nasals large and broad ; anterior nares rather small. Canines
small (as in the grizzlies) ; incisors and molars large. From Ursus richard-
soni, apparently its nearest relative, it may be distinguished at a glance by
larger size, broader palate, and Ijy the form of the temporal ridges, which
do not turn abruptly inward behind the postorbital processes. From
kidderi and phseonyx it difiers in greater massiveness ; much broader ros-
trum, palate, and zygomata, and flatter frontals. Compared with kidderi
the skull as a whole is shorter and broader; the incisors and canines
of approximately the same size. Compared with phseonyx the skull is in
every way larger, broader, and far more massive ; the canines are approxi-.
mately the same size ; the incisors larger.

Ursus horribilis phaeonyx subsp. nov.

Type from Comet Creek (5 miles below head), a tributary of Forty Mile
Creek, near Eagle, Alaska. No. 133,231. Old female. U. S. National Mu-
seum, Biological Survey Collection. July 12, 1903. VV. H. Osgood. Orig-
inal No. 2684.

Characters. — Similar in general to U. horribilis, but claws shorter, more
strongly curved, and dark blue-black [in horribilis long, flattish, and
mainly white]. Ears rather short and densely luiired on both sides. Color
of skin dark brown.

Color. — Back and legs very dark brown, almost blackish brown ; tijis of
hairs on back where not worn off grizzled ; underparts and muzzle pale
brown.

Cranial and dental characters. — Skull similar to that of horribilis, but zy-
gomata more spreading, muzzle broader and shorter, especially broad ante-
riorly; canines heavier; incisors decidedly larger.

Measurements of longest (middle) claw of fore foot. — Over curve, 93 mm.;
from top of base to tip, 75 ; from bottom of base to tip, no.

Ursus americanus eremicus subsp. nov.

Type from Sierra Guadalupe, Coahuila, Mexico. No. 116,952. Adult
female. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection. April 21,
1902. E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 15,111.

Cranial characters of female. — Size and general characters as in amblyceps,
but frontals in the female depressed instead of elevated, the face line (in

Mcrr 1(1)1} — Four Netv Bears from North America. 155

profile) continuing from eiul of nose almost to parietals, thus bringing
highest part of cranium far bat;k over l^-aincase [in amblyceps the
highest part is over orbits, on plane of i)ostorbital processes] ; frontals
flat [in amblyceps strongly convex, the sides decurved] ; nasals smaller,
more wedge-shape, and straight or nearly straight [in amblyceps the ante-
rior third is strongly upturned] ; rostrum more slender anteriorly ; anterior
nares narrower ; occipitosi)henoid length shorter ; canines more slender ;
outer incisors decidedly smaller; upper molars slightly larger, more broadly
and squarely truncate anteriorly [in amblyceps more rounded and retreat-
ing on inner side]. Naked nose pad very long ; ears rather long.

Color. — Black, the woolly underfur very dark brown ; muzzle dark
brown in type specimen (old female), but light brown, almost yellowish
brown, in half-grown cub.

Measurements (type specimen).— Total length, 1,290 ; tail, 06; hind foot,
210.

Remarks.— 1 have not seen an adult male from Coahuila, but if the ani-
mal inhabiting the Davis Mountains, Texas, is the same, the old female
has a remarkable skull, the nose strongly pugged, the frontals rising ab-
ruptly much higher than in amblyceps.

Vol. XVII, pp 157-158 October 6, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW COYOTE FROiAI SOUTHERN MEXICO.
BY C. HART MERRTAM.

Among the specimens recently collected by E. A. Goldman in
southern Chiapas, near the boundary of Guatemala, is an unde-
scribed species of Coyote. It is much larger than any heretofore
discovered in Mexico and may be known from the following
description :

Canis goldmani pp. nnv.

Type from San Vicente, Chiapas, Mexico, near Guatemala border. No.
133,204. Adult female. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec-
tion. April 25, 1904. E. A. Goldman. Original No. 16,725.

Characters.— ^\zQ large — largest of the INIexican species, larger than lestes
and equal to latrans except that the rostrum is not so long.

Color. — Muzzle, top of head, ears, and legs fulvous; face grizzled graj'ish
fulvous ; some black hairs in ears; back grizzled buffy gray and fulvous ;
underfur pale fulvous, much paler than in rigilis or ragatth.

Cranial c/tamdfns.— Muzzle rather broad ; postorbital processes strongly
developed; frontals deeply sulcate ; bullae very large, larger than in any
known species ; very broad and flattened on outer side ; teeth large, thf)se
of female about as large as in male cagottis, except lower carnassial, which
is decidedly smaller than in cagolUs.

Measurements (of type, adult female).— Total length, 1,220 ; tail vertebrae,
355 ; hind foot, 216.

29— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wa.sh. Vol. XVII, 1904. (157)

Vol, XVII, pp 159-160 October 6, 1904

PROCEEDINGS /q^

OF THE I ^

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

X>'''

A NEW SEA OTTER FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BY C. HART IMERRIAM.

The Biological Survey has recently secured from Geo. M.
McGuk'e, of Santa Barlmra, the skeleton of an adult male sea
otter killed July 2, 1904, on San Miguel Island, the most wes-
terly of the Santa Barbara or Channel Islands, California. Sea
otters were formerly aliundant on these islands, but are now
exceedingly rare and believed to be rapidly approaching ex-
tinction .

Comparison of the skull of this specimen with a series of
skulls from Bering Sea (the type locality of Ivtris) shows the
California animal to be a well-marked subspecies. It may be
known from the following description :

Latax lutris nereis subsp. nov.

Type from San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California. No.
133,508. Adult male. U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collec-
tion. July 2, 1904. Geo. M. McGuire.

Cranial, characters. — Skull large, broad, and high, with long and high
sagittal crest and swollen braincase. Compared with lutris the following
differences appear : Skull as a whole less flattened, braincase more swollen
and rounded, the sides (viewed from above) more convex and swollen,
especially behind the constriction ; anterior part of zygomata more broadly
and squarely expanded ; basioccipital forming an angle with basisphe-
, noid; coronoid processes sloping strongly backward ; sagittal crest much
higher and more decurved posteriorly ; inner cusp of large upper {premo-
lar (pm 3) elongated along anterior part of inner lobe (instead of conical)
and showing a tendency to subdivide into two parts ; 1st lower molar
broader and more broadly truncate posteriorly.

Tlie specimen in the flesh measured 0 feet in length.

30— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (159)

Vol. XVII, pp. 161-162 December 27, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF
AMERICAN CRABS.

BY MARY J. RATH BUN.

A number of crabs were lent some years ago to the U. S. Na-
tional jNInseum by the Zoological Museum at Copenhagen, for
the author's use in a monograph of American Brachyura. As
the completion of this pul)lieation is indefinitely postponed, the
new species, the types of which are in the Museum at Copen-
hagen, are briefly described here.

Uca oerstedi wp. nov.

Type. — Male, from a lot of 2 males, 1 female, from Punta Arenas, Costa
Rica ; Mr. Qilrsted, collector.

Surface uneven; a deep groove on outer side of gastric and cardiac regions
is continued anteriorly in a transverse groove behind orbits, and posteriorly
toward posterolateral angle ; a second longitudinal groove outside the first
divides branchial regions unequally.

Front at base one-sixth as wide as distance between antero-lateral angles,
gradually narrowing to a broadly rounded extremity. Antero-lateral angle
little more than a right-angle; anterior third of side margin directed back-
ward and a little outward ; the margin then turns abruptly inward at an
oblique angle and terminates above insertion of second pair of legs.

Larger palm coarsely tuberculate outside ; inside an oblique ridge runs
from lower margin to a point above middle, then turns at a prominent
right angle toward supero-distal end of palm, where it joins the proximal
of the two ridges parallel to base of dactylus.

31— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (161)

162 Descriptions of Three New Species of American Crabs.

Length of type, 12 ; width, 13.3 ; exorbital width, ILM mm.
Distinguished by deeply areolated carapace, strongly angulated side-
margins and narrow front from all other species of the l)road-fronted group.

Pinnaxodes meinerti sp. nov.

T'y/>('.— Male. Valparaiso, Chile ; Mr. Krijyer, collector.

Near P. hirtipcs Heller,* a specimen of which, from Port Otway,t is used
for comparison. Carapace of our species wider ; segments of legs shorter
and broader ; abdomen of male tapering from third to seventh segments,
sixth not constricted ; outer maxilliped of different form, merus joint taper-
ing rapidly to distal end.

Length of type, 6.8 ; width, 7.9 mm.

Lophopanopeus nicaraguensis sp. nov.

7)/;)^.— Male. Realejo, west coast of Nicaragua ; INIr. ffirsted, collector.

Carapace crossed by transverse lines of coarse granules, — on front, on
epigastric lobes, 2 on each protogastric region, one at widest part of meso-
gastric region ; on posterior branchial area a nearly longitudinal roM' of
very short granulated rugae which extend to posterior margin.

Front little more than 4 width of carapace, median notch V-shaped, lobes
most advanced near the notch, outer angles dentiform.

Antero-lateral teeth 5 (orbital included), thick, upturned, increasing in
size from tirst to fourth. From the second a crest extends to buccal angle ;
fourth and fifth cristate above.

Chelipeds very unequal. Granules of palm form transverse reticulating
lines ; tubercles form two rows above, and near wrist tend to make longi-
tudinal rows on outer surface. Fingers of large claw gaping, large basal
tooth on dactylus, thumb deflexed.

Superior crest of carpus of legs unevenly granulate.

Length of type, 8.7; width, 13 ; width of front, 3.5 mm.

The ornamentation of the surface, the prominence of the lateral teeth
and the absence of lobes from the carpal crests of the legs, distinguish this
species from others on the west coast of America.

* Reise No vara, Crust., p. 68, pi. VI, fig. 2, 1865.

t Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXI, p. 607, pi. XLIII, figs. 10 and 11, 1898.

Vol. XVII, pp. 163-164 December 27, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

A NEW COTTOID FISH FROM BERING SEA.
BY HUGH M. SMITH.

[Contribution from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.]

The steamer Albatross, while en route from Japan to America
in 1000, made a series of dredgings on the coast of Kamchatka
and about the Aleutian Islands. At one dredging station in
Bering Sea, 150 miles north of the Rat Islands, there was ob-
tained, on June 27, at a depth of 270 fathoms, a small sculpin
representing a new genus and species.

Thecopterus, new genus of CoUidse.

Similar to DasycoUiis Bean, but with the dorsal fins connected, the
branchial membranes joined to the isthmus, the preopercle with 3 spines,
and the head and body destitute of tubercles and cirri.

Body short, compressed, deep, tapering abruptly backward from the large
head; mouth moderate, terminal, the jaws equal; a band of villiform teeth
in each jaw and a patch of teeth on vomer ; three sharp preopercular spines ;
gill membranes united to isthmus ; no slit behind last branchial arch; dorsal
fins connected, the anterior incased in a fold of skin from which the tips of
the spines project, the posterior dorsal similar to anal, both partly concealed
by skin; ventrals small and short, the rays (apparently) 1,2; skin smooth,
scaleless, the lateral line prominent and continuous.

From Malacocottus Bean, this genus differs in having vomerine teeth, no
cutaneous filaments, connected dorsal fins, etc.

Thecopterus aleuticus, new species.

Head large, broad, little depressed, its length somewhat less than half
total length and slightly exceeding its greatest depth and breadth ; body
compi'essed, abruptly tapering from dorsal origin to caudal peduncle, the
depth of which equals three-fifths diameter of eye; greatest depth of body
about equal to length of head posterior to snout ; head with small asperities
but no ridges or tubercles ; snout broad, rounded, less than diameter of eye ;
eye large, one-third length of head ; interocular space much less than eye ;
32— Pkoc. Bioi.. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (163)

164

A New Cottoid Fish from Bering Sea.

mouth of moderate size, jaws about equal, maxillary extending to vertical
from anterior margin of pupil, mandible broadly U-shaped with diverging
rami ; a rather broad band of villiform teeth in each jaw, and a patch of
similar teeth on vomer ; upper angle of gill-cover rounded and projecting
across the lateral line ; the three preopercular spines enclosing a small
triangular space, the two posterior spines directed backward, the anterior
outward; gill-rakers short; gill-membranes narrowly joined to isthmus;
a continuous series of conspicuous lateral pores beginning under the first
dorsal spine and extending on caudal fin ; dorsal rays X -j- 14, the two
parts united by a membrane whose height equals half diameter of eye;
anterior dorsal rather high, its length about equal to eye and snout, the
spines encased in a smooth dermal sheath from which their tips project ;

Fig. i.— T/iecupterus aleulicus Smith, new genus and species,
soft dorsal longer and higher than spinous, the anterior rays more or less
concealed by skin ; anal fin with 1 1 rays, immediately under the soft dorsal
and similar to it ; caudal rounded, about half length of head ; pectorals
large, rounded, of 20 rays, extending beyond origin of anal ; ventrals very
short, the rays I, 2* ; anal opening considerably nearer to base of tail than
to end of snout.

Color. — Entire body minutely speckled with black ; a broad black band
across body between soft dorsal and anal fins, another black band behind
axil of pectoral ; several small dark areas on head, body, and fins.

Type specimen 40 millimetres long, from Albatross station 3785, in
Bering Sea 150 miles north of the Rat Islands, at a depth of 270 fathoms.

♦ Owing to the recent mislaying of the specimen, it is impossible to verify this rather
abnormal formula for the ventral rays as determined independently by the author and
the artist.

Vol. XVII, pp. 165-168 December 27, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

GENERAL NOTES.

GYROSTACHYS SIMPLEX IN VIRGINIA.

^laiiy years ago I found a lai-ge number of i)lants of this orchid near Foit
IMyer, Alexandria County, but the station has long been destroyed. On
September 28, 1904, I found three plants in a jiine wood in Fairfax County
above the Great Falls. The above seems to be the first record of this small
species for the State and the most southern.— ir/7^'«;/( Fahner.

ZOSTEROPS FLAA^SSIMA IMcGREGOR, PREOCCUPIED.

Dr. C. W. Richmond writes me that the above name employed by me
for the silver-eye of Cagayancillo Island, P. I., (Bulletin Piiilippine Museum,
No. 4) is preoccupied. Hartert used the same name for a species from Bi-
nongka Id.. Tukang-Besi group, southeast of Celebes (Novitates Zoologica?,
X, April 20, i!)0o, p. 2S)j. As the Philippine bird requires a new name, it
may be called Zosterops ricJtmond i .^—Richard C. McGregor, Manila, P. I.

A CORRECTION OF BARROWS' RECORD OF COCCYZUS PUMI-
LUS FROM CONCEPCION DEL URUGUAY.

In the Auk for 1884 (Vol. I, p. 28) W. B. Barrows notes the capture of
three cuckoos at Concepcion del Uruguay, one on December 11, oiie on
December :-30, and the third on January 22, 1880. The first two he refers
to Coccyzvs pumUiis Strickland (No. 117 of his list) and the last to Coccyzua
cinereus Vieillott (No. 119 of his list).

I have lately exanuned these skins, preserved in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, and find that they all belong to Coccyzus cinereus. The
December specimens are adults in perfectly characteristic plumage. The
January skin is a young bird in a i)lumage that differs from that of the
adult in the same manner that young of other species of Coccyzm differ
from their parents. In wing and tail measurements it agrees with the
33— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (165)

166 General Xotcs.

adults ; the bill, however, is much smaller. The tail has the general indis-
tinctness of marking peculiar to immature examples of Coccyzus; the wing
feathers are narrowly edged and tipped with rusty ; the throat and chest
are plain ashy ; the lower sides, tlanks and under tail coverts are strongly
washed with dull tawny-ochraceous. In one rather interesting point this
specimen is peculiar — the outer pair of rectrices fall 18 mm. short of the
other feathers, giving the tail a more fan-shaped and therefore more normal
appearance than in the adult, which has a square tail.

It would have been, perhaps, hardly worth while to make this correction
here had not Sclater, on Barrows' record alone, included Coccyzus pumiins
in his Argentine Ornithology (Vol. II, p. ?>9), remarking that "the species
was only previously known to occur in Venezuela and Colombia." In the
Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. XIX, 1891, p. 313, Shelley
includes in his synonymy, under Coccyzus pumUus, a reference to Barrows'
record, but does not allow that record to affect the distribution of the
species, the habitat of which is given as "The Island of Trinidad,* Vene-
zuela and Columbia." — Oulram Bangs.

ON A SUPPOSED CONTINENTAL SPECIMEN OF SOLENODON.

There is in the Museum of Comparative Zoloogy a specimen of Soleiiodon
that was sent in alcohol (entire and apparently fresh when immersed in the
spirits) from the Isthmus of Darien, in 1871, by the late Dr. G. A. Maack.
Twenty years later, on the strength of this specimen. Prof Samuel Garinan
in his review of Flower and Lydekker's " An Introduction to the Study of
Mammals Living and Extinct "f said: "We find SoUvodon restricted to
Cuba and Hayti though also found in Central America." This published
statement brought forth for a time no end of comment, and Professor
Garman defended himself by saying that there was the specimen and that
there could be no question of its genuineness. In time the controversy
died a natural death, and even Carman's statement that Solenodon occurs
in Central America is probably now forgotten- Fearing, however, that one
daj' the question was sure to be mooted again, I took the Solenodon out of its
jar, skinned it, removed the skull and compared it with all available
material. This I did with the utmost care, because li Solenodon. does still
occur on the continent — as does not seem altogether unreasonable in the
light of recent discoveries j — it surely must be different from either of the
island species with which we are familiar.

The specimen in question proved indistinguishable in any way from
Cuban examples, but, wishing another opinion than my own, I sent it to
Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., who agreed with me that it unquestionably belonged

* Neither L6otaud nor Chapman give this bird as found in Trinidad, and I therefore
doubt its occurrence there. See Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1894,
pp. 10-11, as to numerous birds wrongly attributed to the island.

t The Nation, No. 1381, Dec. 17, 1891, p. 477.

JThe discovery of a Capromys-like rodent in the mountains of Venezuela — Procap-
rumys geaji (Pousargues) — is not less astonishing, and much in the same line, as would
be the existence of a Solenodon on the continent.

General Xotes. 167

to the Cuban species — Solenodon cubanus Peters. In only one way is it
at all peculiar — its fore-claws are very long and sharp and obviously had
not been used in digging or scratcliing for insects for some time before its
deatli, at once suggesting its having been kept in confinement.

Tlie whole matter, therefore, of the continental record of Solenodon may
be disposed of for good in a few words. The specimen (No. 3223, Mus.
Comp. Zool.) is a perfectly characteristic example of the Cuban SoJenodoti ;
it was sent without comment or special data from the Isthmus of Darien
by a reliable naturalist, but it has certain appearances of having been kept
in confinement, and in all probability was brought alive from Cuba to
Darien, where Dr. Maack secured it either still living or soon after its death.
— Outram Bangs.

ON THE HABITS OF CAMBARUS UHLERI FAXON.

Oiinbanis nlderi, descril^ed by Faxon from a rather extensive series of
specimens sent him by Dr. Philip Uhler, is apparently confined to the
portion of INIaryland known popularly as the Eastern Shore. According
to Dr. Uhler and his collector, his specimens were found in ditches, even
in places where the water was decidedly brackish.

Two years ago in Somerset County, and last summer in Dorchester
County, I found the species rather abundant in burrows in low-lying
areas not far from the bay but always near ponds or ditches of fresh water.
In nearly every case the area selected was in dense pine woods.

The burrows were quite similar to those made by C. diogenefi, and, like
that species, C. uhleri erects a chimney over the mouth of its burrow. The
chimney is usually rather low and can not represent any considerable por-
tion of the earth removed from the hole, for in some cases this extended to
a depth of 4 or 5 feet. A single individual invariably occupied a burrow
and no communication between burrows was observed. In a lot of about
a dozen specimens collected near Crisfield, in September, 1903, both forms
of the male are represented ; it would therefore appear tliat the time of
ecdysis and transition from form II to form I must be in the late fall.
From inquiries I learned that in the spring the animals emerge from their
burrows and are common in ditches and small streams. This emergence,
like that of C. diogenes, is doubtless for the purpose of mating, which having
l)een accomplished, the crayfish returns to a burrow or digs a new one.
The color of all the specimens observed was a dirty greenish brown, the
tips of the cheljie alone being somewhat reddish. Dr. Uhler, in conversa-
tion, has reported that some of his specimens were Ijeautifully marked with
spots of golden yellow. Throughout the region mentioned the crayfish is
known as the " lobster."

C. uhleri is unquestionably an offshoot from the C. diogenes stock and has
probably reached its rather isolated range from the north. Tiie examina-
tion of an extensive series of specimens from localities lying farther to the
northward, but still on the Maryland-Virginia Peninsula, would be of
great interest and would doubtless throw some light on the post-glacial
distribution of our crayfishes. — W. P. May.

168 General Notes.

A NEW BOB-WHITE FROM THE UNITED STATES.

The advisability of naming this evident island race is perhaps somewhat
doubtful for various obvious reasons, but as the sole existing specimen rep-
resents the characters of what I believe to be a strongly marked, small,
non-migratory, alar degenerate race, I liave decided to describe it. The
Key West Bob-white is probably now extinct, though perhaps still rarely
to be found.

Through the kindness of ^Ir. William Brewster I have been able to
examine the only specimen as far as I know ever taken on Key West. The
specimen was taken by a native and secured by Mr. J. W. Atkins. It is a
male, original Scott coll.. No. 6,086, Brewster coll., 46,670, taken July 5, 1888.
Measurements taken in flesh as follows : Igth., 8i--j;; ext, 13]; wg.,3[f [81];
tar., r« ; [30] ; tail, 2 [51]. My measurements taken from skin : wg., 1)7 ;
tail, 44 ; tar., 30 ; bill depth, 11 ; nost., 9 ; bill Igth., 14. Mr. Scott records
the capture of this specimen and states that Mr. Atkins says that " Quail
seem oiH/o.s^ unknown to the inha))itants of Key West" and that the only
additional records he lias made there, are "one seen and another heard
on May 11, 1888; one seen on May 22, 1888.

In a letter received March 28, 1903, Mr. Atkins writes me that he has not
seen any Bob-whites on the island since 1888. The above specimen, he
says, was shot out of a covey of four. The remainder were he believes
shot by pot-huntei's who were " relentlessly pursuing them."

Colinus virginianus insulanus subsp. nov.

KEY WEST BOB-WHITE.

Ti/pe : No. 46,670, Coll. of Mr. William Brewster, male taken at Key West,
Florida, July 5, 1888. Geograpliicai Rdiige : Key West, Florida. Suhnpecific
Characters: Crown uniform dark fuscous, forehead showing more white.
Otherwise colored ]\kt\tiur!d<(niif^. Size decidedly smaller.

— Ileginiild Heher Hoar, Jr.

Vol. XVII, pp. 169-172 December 27, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

01' THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

SOME CHANGES IN CRUSTACEAN NOMENCLATURE.
BY MARY J. RATH BUN.

Tlu'lv ha8 recently coine into my hands, through the kinchiess
of Dr. Charles \V. Richmond, a copy of Fridericus Weber's

Nomenclator entomologicus secundum Entomologiam syste-
maticam ill. Fal)ricii adjectis spcciehus recens detectis et vari-
etatihus," published in Kiel (" Chilonii ") and Hamburg, 1795.
Under the Agonata or Crustacea, pp. 91-96, many of the genera
first described in J. C. Fabricius's " Supplementum Entomo-
logia^ Systematica^" 1798, are enumerated, and as they are
accompanied by lists of species most of which were previous}}'
known, the genera themselves must date from 1795 instead of
1798. This has already been brought out by Sherborn in his
"Index Animalium," 1902.

Both \A'eber and Fabricius had access to a manuscript by
Daldorf, \vh(» had made large collections of Crustacea in the
Orient and had classified them under a more elaborate system
than had yet appeared in print. Daldorf never published his
results, and unfortunately his two followers did not make similar
use of his manuscript. It follows that the earlier and little
known arrangement of ^^'eber must supersede the long accepted
one of Fabricius. In the majority of cases the composition of
genera is essentially the same by both authors. There are,
however, seven notable exceptions :

34— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1904. (169)

170 Some Chaiu/cs iv Crin^tarcan Nomcvrlatnri'.

1 . The Linn?ean genus Cancer is abandoned by Weber, and
among its dissevered parts we find the genus Alphens for that
group oi crabs whicli tliree years later Fabricius kept as typical
of Caneer. Alplu'ii>< Weber therefore may be considered a
synonym of Cancer, and, as it is a synonym, it can no longer
1)C employed foi' the macrnran giMUis which has so long served
as the type of the Alpheida".

2. The name Cravgon appears first in Weber attached to the
four species of shrimps whidi were later called Alpheus by
Fahricius, viz^,, (irams, tdiinihis^ rapax and inahiharieus ; all Vait
the last were noinliKi muhi at that time, and therefore malaharira
is the type of C;v///.(/o//. In place of Cranyoii Fabricius 1798, we
may use Crac/o Tjamarck,*type Crayo cnlt/aris {= Caiieer era nyoii
Linnams).

3. In Weber we find the genus H()iiiarii--<, which is usually
attril)uted to Milne EdAvards lS37.t As Weber used Alplien^
to include the typical crabs, abandoning (7a //rr/- altogether, so lie
used Jloiiiarus for the lol)ster, crayfish, and other typical species
of A-'^tdcii'^ Fabricius 177o and al)andoned Abacus altogether.
Instead of I'cgarding lloniarn^ Wel)er as a synonym of Antaeus
Fabricius, it is desirable to allow l)oth names to stand each with
the type later assigned to it, viz, Hoinaru^^ ga)innarus (Linmeus)'l
and Astaeus adaru.s (Linna-us).^ Tliis is in accordance with
Canon XXVI of the A. (). U. code, which follows an earlier and
similai' canon promulgated 1)y the British Association.

4. PartJtenope ^^\■l)cr 17'.).") contains six species, fornicata,
(I'lrajfa, lovgimana, regina, hir and dubla. Of these the second
and last three were lurwiiui inula at that date, levying for iiieata
and loiigi 111(1 ua the only valid species. Pa liJienojx' Fahricius has
up t(-) this time been limited according to the specification of its
type by Leach 1814, as horrida Linnaeus, a species included l»y
Weber not in Parfhruope Imt in a list of doul)tful species of
Cancer listed in his introduction. Strictly speaking, the lim-
itation of Parthenope took place at an earlier date than that of
Leach. In 1801 |i Lamarck formed the genus Maja by uniting
Inachus and Parthenope, giving the type of the latter group as

*Syst. Anim. sans Vert., 1.59, ISOl.

t Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 333, 1837.

X Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 333, 1837.

H'fttreille, Consid. sur les Crust., 422, 1810.

ilSyst. Anini. sans Vert, 154, ISOl.

Some ('lidiKji's ill Criisfdi-iitii y,(iiiiPiicl<ii nrr . \i\

{]u' ■^i-pec'wi^ Ion (/i nil I ml I.innn'us, for wliidi in iSlo* Leach forms
the yciuis LdiiihriiH. Ld iithriis {\\vvr{i)Yv is a synonym of Fdi'tlw-
11(11)1 W'v\n'\\ 'riic species /u^/'/vV/f^ liitlicrto rcg;i i'< !(■( 1 as type of
J'drflKiiiipi' needs ;i new p'nei'ie name, — Daldorfia.

La 1 na ivk t gives the type of the InacliU'i group as eriocheles
Lamarck [^ LI(ho<hs mdja (Linnaais)] , ])ut as this .species is not
included hy ^^'eher in the original species of fiiachus it can not
serve as tlu' type, which I'emains as hitlu'rto considered, /. <Jor-
scttciixis (Pennant) 1777 i^I. ■•^forpio Fahricius 1781).

A word as to tlu' genus Mdj(( Lamarck which was made to
include liKd'liiix^ J\iiiluidijir. According to that rule of nomeu-
clatm-e. " If a later name he so defined as to he equal in extent
to twi> or more previously puhlished genera, it mttst he cancelled
intoto,'' M(Ja must lapse. Mdiiuiid has recently been published
hy Stel)l)ing+ for the species vquiiiddo formerlj^ considered the
type of }fdjd : hut the reasons for the change have not yet been
puhlished.

•"). Enriidld W'ehei' has one species, llippd (Initdld Fal)ricius
17i)o, which is later S made the type of Corij-^tcs hy Latreille.
The species should l>e known as A\ rassiveldti iinx (Pennant)
1777. It is worthy of note that in the Kiel Musetun thcrt' is a
dried specimen of this species with the inscription '' Knri/dlc
ih'iitdtd F.''

(■). Llotcd Weher contains two species, dilartild -cxnd dnn /(/era,
new name for A--it(ir(is emrritiis Fahricius. In li)0()|| 1 showed
that the first of these species, ddarti/la, is the type of Hippa 1787 ;
and that decision is not altered in the light of earlier hut similar
removals of the various othei- species l)y \\'el)er in 17^15. The
second species of Itlofen, enwrifd, is therefore its type, hut this
species has l)ecn reckone(l the type of Kiiwritd (irono^'ius
1764 (not 176H) by Benedict.* and if this action l)e sustained,
Idotca ^^'el)er becomes a synonym of Einerita; it is obvious that in
any event Idotea is not availal)le for a genus of Isopods as defined
l)y Fahricius 17^)8. The inclusion of ddactjiUi and emeritus in
Idotea is referred to l)y Roux under Idotea in " Crustaces de la
Mediterranee,'^ 1828, but is there attributed to Daldorf.

* Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, 308 and 310, 1815.

tSyst. Anim. sans Vert., 154, 1801.

tSpolia Zeylanica, II, pt. V, p. 2, April, 1904.

gHist. Nat. Crust., Ill, 27, 1802.

II Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 301, 1900.

•{Bull. L'. S. Fish Comm. for 1900, vol. 2, p. 138.

172 Some Changes in Crustacean Nomenclature.

7. Ligia Weber has three species, inflexa, 3 caspitata, and
granaria; the first two are nomina nuda, the last is Cancer gra-
iKirius Herbst, which is the megalopa stage of an undetermined
crab. Ligia therefore may l)e considered a synonym of Cancer;
and the name can not be used for an Isopod.

In consequence of changes in genera, the following names of
families of Decapoda must also be changed: Alpheida^ to Cran-
gontda', Crangonida' to Cragonida", Corystida^ to Euryalidic.

Vol. XVII, pp. 173-180 December 27, 1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THK

BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

PLANT AE ANDRE WSEAE.
BY AVEN NELSON.

/-, '^''\S^

It is n souvct' of 110 little pleasure to find the number of those
who are interested in the " wild flowers " constantly increasing.
It is an added pleasure wlien the interest sliown is directed to
their preservation and pi'opagation, as well as to their collec-
tion and study. In Mr. D. M. Andrews, of Boulder, Colorado,
Rocky Mountain l»otany lias found an appreciative student who
approaches the sul)j('ct fr(»ni the practical as well as tlie theo-
retical point of view. It is true that Mr. Andrews' work has
a commercial side to it since he is engaged (and most success-
fully) in the introduction of native Colorado plants. But that
is merely estal)lishing here a condition for the study of our flora
that was practiced elsewhere under less favorable conditions in
the pioneer days of western exploration. To understand this
we need only recall how many of our liest known species were
described from plants grown in the English gardens from seeds
secured by tlie earliest collectors. For purposes of study Mr.
Andrews' plants are l)etter since, 1 icing grown in practically
their usual environment, they represent approximately normal
development.

I would call atti'ution to the fact that the course Mr. Andrews
is pursuing incidentall}^ furnishes the very best evidence of the val-
idity of species. It were well in this day of multiplied species, if
we might have many such tests as the folloAving examples illus-

35— Pkoc. Bioi,. Soc. Wash. Vol. XVII, 1901. (173)

174 Plantae Ainlrrwsme.

trate : I had inclined to the view that Dr. Greene's Lithmpermmn
albicans was merely a whiter and slenderer form of L. linerifo-
lium and I named some specimens in accordance with this view.
Mr. Andrews had these species growing in his gardens and
knew from their autimmal condition that tliey were different.
To satisfy me he sent me al)nndant material of each, and I am
now growing them in pots side l)y side. L. linerifoliiiin goes
into the winter Avith the next year's leaves well formed and con-
stituting fully developed rosettes on the summits of the short
hranched crowns of the roots. L. albirans, on the other hand,
possesses no evergreen leaves and the crowns of tiie less
liranched and deeper set roots are wholly naked. To see the
two begin their development from their autumnal condition was
completely convincing. One more example : The Colorado
Eustoma we have called E. Riix><c!Ji(iinnn . Mr. Andrews, noting
that this species was well known as an annual, recalled that the
Colorado specimens had not thus impressed him when he col-
lected them. To satisfy himself he visited again the Eii-stoma.
patch in the mountains. After examining some hundreds of
plants he found that not one had failed to develop, as a rosette,
the next year's crown leaves. Further evidence that the plant
is perennial, were it needed, he finds in the old stems that
occasionally persist on the crowns.

HaAdng l^een kindly permitted to examine some of Mr. An-
drews' choice collections I wish to repoi-t the following results
of my study. Knowing, as I do, the character of his work I
account it a privilege to extend to liiiii the recognition that
appears in this paper.

All types are deposited in the Rockj- Mountain Herl)arium.

Asplenium andrewsii sp. nov.

Rootstock short, wholly envelo].)ed in matted roots ; stipes naked, ebe-
neous below, becoming green above, from 2-10 cm. long, somewhat angled
or striate; lamina thinly herbaceous, deltoid-ovate or narrower, 3-10 cm.
long, somewhat narrower at its widest part, bipinnatifid, diminishing
nearly uniformly from base to tip ; pinnse lanceolate, the lower nearly at
right angles to the rauhis, the upper ascending, gradually diminishing and
passing into the pinnatifid tip, all rather closely approximate and subop-
posite or the lower more distant (1 cm. or more) and alternate; pinnules
3-12 mm. long, ovate, more or less cuneate at base, sharply incised but cut
not quite to the costa, sharply and somewhat incisely sei'rate ; the veins

I'laiifdc Avdrewseae. 175

rather iiu-onspicuous and but slightly divergent; sori short but nearly con-
necting to those in the successive lobes, so forming almost a continuous
sorns from base to apex of pinnule ; indusiuni straight, forced back and
tinalh' concealed by the sporangia.

Perhaps most nearly allied to .1. Bv(tdleyi D. C. Eaton but probably not
very closely even to this. Mr. Andrews writes of it as follows: "The most
interesting item on the list to me. I am sending a better specimen. It is
certainly indigenous and grows on the south face of a white sandstone
(alkaline) cliff extending along Boulder Creek for a inile or more, the ferns
growing in crevices abundantly for nearly the whole distance. It is grow-
ing with ClieihinthcK Feei, a specimen of which I send you. The sandstone
is porous and is not entirely dry."

Nemexia herbacea melica subsp. nov.

Green and glabrous throughout except for the slight scabrosity on the
veins on the lower face of the leaves ; leaves broadly ovate, subcordate at
base, subulate-apiculate at apex, thin, green above, pale and subglaucous
beneath, G-10 cm. long, 4-8 cm. broad, 7-nerved, the three central nerves
larger than the others ; petioles slender, 1-.3 cm. long ; peduncles of the stam-
inate flowers slender, striate, shorter than the subtending leaf, those of
the pistillate similar but stouter, also (even at maturity) shorter than the
subtending leaf; sepals oblong-linear, about 4 mm. long, longer than
the stamens ; berry blue-black at maturity, 7-8 mm. in diameter ; seeds 3 (in
berries examined), large and very hard.

I hesitate to propose this as more than a variety. It is a near relative of
Nemexia {SniUax) Jinbacea and is not readily separated from it by floral or
fruit characters. If it becomes a species, N. melica, it must be on the follow-
ing points : (1 ) Its habit: — Mr. Andrews writes of it as follows : " Strictly
erect where it can cling to small trees and bushes, growing straight through
and often out at ^he top, attaining a height of 2-3 m. Growing in the open,
as it frequently does after the thickets have been cleared away, it twists
al)out and becomes tangled." (2) Its very thin membraneous leaves. (3)
Its actually and relatively shorter peduncles. (4) The large size of its
sterile flowers. (5) The remarkably slender tendrils. (6) The sweet or
honey-scented flowers in contrast to the carrion-like odor of the other. It
furthermore is a good geographical species. True N. herbacea, widely dis-
tributed as it is, does not occur very near to the middle Rocky Mountains.

I take as type Mr. Andrews' specimens from Boulder Canon, — fruit in
1903, flowers (staminate and pistillate) in 1904. Dr. Francis Ranaley's No.
695, from the same locality, is the same.

Crataegus coloradensis sp. nov.

Leaves 4-5 cm. long, mostly broadly oval to orbicular in outline, some-
times a little narrower, or the upper half broadly triangular-acute; the

170 Phi'iUar Aiidrcwseae.

base rounded or somewhat cuneate, entire or minutely serrate ; the upper
half incisely and coarsely toothed with finer serrations on the teeth which
are slight!}' calloused but not glandular, scatteringly ciliate-pubescent
above, nearly glabrous beneath except on the midrib and primary veins
which are noticeably ciliate-pul)escent or hirsute, even at maturity ; nearly
full size when the flowers open; petioles moderately stout, short, rarely
more than one-fourth or one-third as long as the blade; bark of tlie
branches gray, irregularly furrowed and checked, with few rather large
lenticels ; the stoutish twigs glossy-brown (some of the young foliar twigs
slender and green) ; thorns rather few, often nearly wanting on some
branches, glossy Ijrown, very variable as to length (o-5 cm.), straight or
slightly decurved ; corymb many flowered (10-20) broad or flat-topped, the
pedicels hirsute-pubescent, rather slender, 1-3 cm. long; calyx tube very
short, hirsute, its narrow lobes cut into long slender nearly cylindrical
gland-tipped teetli ; petals orbicular, about 8 mm. in diameter, crenately
toothed ; stamens 10, about ^^ nun. long; styles stout, mostly three, rarely
2 or 4 ; the mature fruit large, 10-13 nun. in diameter, dark scarlet-red,
tipped with the persistent calyx-lobes and filaments, the pulp juicy and
well flavored, the 2-4 (mostly 3) nutlets rather large, slightly ridged on the
back.

Mr. Andrews writes as follows of this species: " Botli in flower and in
fruit it is the most beautiful of the thoi'us which are native in this part
of Colorado, and will compare favorably, I believe, with any American
species. The type locality is Gregory Canon, growing with CraUieguK
cerrouis. It is a low well-branched tree but rather more open than other
borts, about 10-12 feet tall, isolated specimens being very well rounded
and symmetiical."

I know of no western species to which this is closely allied. What is
probably the same thing (flowering specimens) was distributed by Cran-
dall from the foot-hills near Fort Collins, 1898, as C. coccinea macro niha.
Apparently from the same collection by Crandall is No. 4,151, Horsetooth
Gulch, May 28, 1808, distributed bj' the N. Y. Bot. Gard., unnamed. I
have it also from R. T. Young, of Boulder, in 1903, these specimens in
blossom and later ones with immature fruit ; again from the same collec-
tor in 1904, with nearly mature fruit. ]\Ir. Andrews' specimens, flowers
and matui'e fruit, are taken as the type.

Crataegus cerronis A. Nelson.

Crataegus cerronis A. Nels. Bot. (jaz. 34 : 370.

Since the above was published this species has been collected by L. N.
Goodding at Slater, Colo., 1903. Excellent specimens are also at hand from
Mr. Andrews. These specimens show some points that had to be omitted
from the original description, viz..: fruit black, mostly less than 1 cm. in
diameter, the amount of pulp small ; carpels usually dissimilar, some of
them being laterally flattened.

I'lduf'ic .\ii(h'('}r!<C(i('. 177

Eustoma andrewsii s]i. nov.

Perenuiul rR)iii short vertii-al seiniHeshv roots with a somewhat enlarsed
crown or oautlex ; tlie old strins occasional I \' persisting but apparently
nsnally separatintr from the crown by an articulation ; stems simple below,
more or less fasciculately branciied above, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves from
elliptic-oblong below to lanceolate and acute above, mostly 8-nerved, 2-4
cm. long; the next year's crown leaves appearing in the autumn as rosettes
which are persistent and evergreen ; i)eduncles ebracteate, 3-8 cm. long ;
calyx deeply cleft, less than half as long as the corolla, the slender acumi-
nations of its lobes being two-thirds of its length ; corolla a deep purple,
S-4 cm. long, its tube nearly one-third of its length, its lobes elliptic-obo-
vate; stamens short, the filanients rather thick, anthers sagittate, erect;
style stoutish, scarcely longer than the ovary and shorter than the mature
capsule.

My attention was recently called to this beautiful species by Mr. Andrews,
who pointed out some of the essential distinctions between this and E.
RnsKellianum (L.) Griseb. Its perennial character he tested in the field.
" Of several hundred plants not one had failed to produce the rosette of
leaves or buds for the next year's growth." Attention may also be called
to the smaller deep-purple corolla and the absence of peduncular bracts.

Secured near Boulder, Colo.. 1904. I have the same from I\Ir. C. S.
Crandall, " Meadow at LaPorte, altitude 5,500 ft., Aug. 21, 1805."

Pieurogyne fontana sp. nov.

Glabrous throughout ; stems slender, simjile or with a few narrower erect
branches, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves linear, mostly narrowly so, thin with dis-
tinct midrib and two faint lateral nerves, 20-25 mm. long, the lowest soon
deciduous and never rosulate ; flowers in a narrow somewhat panicled
raceme, having long, very slender pedicels, pentamerous ; bracts foliar ;
sepals green, linear, resembling the bracts but shorter, usually o-nerved
as are also the bracts ; corolla often surpassed by the sepals, its lobes
elliptic-oblong, sub-acute, about 5-nerved ; stamens half as long as the
corolla-lobes ; the anthers oblong; mature capsule translucent, numerously
ovuled, ultimately as long as the sepals.

It has been customary to call the Pieurogyne of the Rocky Mountains
P. rotuta. This, I think, is not justified. That species seems to skirt the
northern boundary of the continent, from Labrador and Greenland to
Alaska. I can find no mention of it in the Rocky Mountains. Rydberg
makes no mention of it in the Flora of Montana nor Howell in his Flora of
the Northwest. Macoun gives it the distribution in the British Provinces
previously indicated by Gray. There seems to be no good reason for the
statement " and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado." The Colorado
species which has passed as P. rotnta and which here characterized under
the name P.forilann seems to be closely circumscribed, being probably
confined to north central Colorado and the adjacent border of Wyoming.

178 Plnntae Andrewseae.

Differing in many minor points the most obvious difference is the
different arrangement of the leaves, P. fontana being relatively naked
below while in /'. rotala the leaves are crowded or 'even rosulate at base.

P. fnntann occurs infrequently in wet or springy grassy places in the
mountains. Collections at hand: J. II. Cowen, South Park, Colo., Aug.
18, 1895; D. M. Andrews, Boulder Co. (wet meadow, 8,000 ft), Colo., Sept.
(?), 1904 ; A. Nelson, Crow Creek, Aug. 27, 1003 (Type).

Mimulus minor sp. nov.

Perennial by slender creeping rootstocks, more or less stoloniferous (the
stolons short, leafy, slender and occasionally rooting in the mud) ; stems
slender, simple or sparingly branched above, nodes variable in length
(usually much longer than the leaves), only 1 or 2 dm. high ; leaves 2-5
pairs, enlarging upwards, short-petioled or nearly sessile, ovate, 3-5 nerved,
the largest rarely 2 cm. long, sparsely toothed ; flowers 1-several, um-
bellately terminal on very slender pedicels which are 1-3 cm. long; calyx
campanulate, about 1 cm. long, somewhat oblique, its teeth unecjual and
obtuse or subacute; corolla yellow, more or less purple dotted in the throat,
about twice as long as the calyx, bilabiate, the dense yellow beard on the
lower lip extending down the tube nearly to the insertion of the stamens ;
the upper lip lighly ciliate-hirsute along the veins.

The yellow species of Mimulun as is well known are extremely variable.
The knowledge of this fact has lead to cai-elessness in determination and a
" lumping " of species that does not seem to be conducive to clearness. The
species here described has, in recent years, passed as a depauperate M.
Langsdorfii Sims. This latter species is one of the largest, often attaining
a height of one meter. Its stems are large and fistulous ; its inflore.scence
racemiform, at length greatly elongated and often with a succession of
racemes from the leaf axils. The flowers are large and much more than
twice as long as the calyx. Its lower leaves are rather long-petioled,
coarsely toothed or often somewhat lyrate; the uppermost are always
connate-perfoliate atid the largest leaves are always well toward the base
of the stem. In fruit the teeth of the lower lip of the calyx are connivent
tending to close the orifice. M. minor like M. Lavgsdorfil is either glabrous
or puberulent, but the pubescence of the corolla in M. minor extends to the
veins of the upper lip, and its calyx remains open.

The following specimens are at hand, all from Colorado : D. M. Andrews,
8, near Boulder, 1904 (Type) ; K. K. McKenzie, 352, Breckenridge, 1901 ;
Rydberg and Vieeland, 5,058, Placer Gulch, 1900; W. W. Willard, 1,926,
Twin Lake, 1898 ; H. N. Wheeler, 312 and 372, near Boulder, 1901 ; Baker,
Earle and Tracy, 181, Bob Creek, 1898 ; Baker, 392, Gunnison Watershed,
1902.

Erigeron macranthus itiirus subsp. nov.

Leaves few, thick, glabrous, pale beneath ; root-leaves 4-6 cm. long,
elliptic, their petioles as long or longer than the blades, margined and ex-

Plantae Andrewseae. 179

panding below to a somewhat sheathing base; stem leaves 3-5 cm. long,
sessile and, like the root-leaves, elliptic and mostly obtuse ; the uppermost
ovate, acute ; heads few, the rays very numerous (more than 100) long and
very narrow ; the involucre and peduncles bi-ownish-i)urple, glabrous but
under a lens seen to be covered with a close beady glandulosity.

This may be specifically distinct but the distinguishing characters are
not readily stated. Its aspect is such as would not at once suggest E.
macrantlius. Its two or three large handsome heads, the relatively short
and few coriaceous leaves and the dark peduncles and involucres with
their glistening beady surface (under a good lens) suggests to one a plant
as strange as it is handsome.

Secured on a partially shaded mountain slope, Boulder County, by Mr.
Andrews, 1904.

Aster andrewsii sj). nov.

Forming patches or colonies of considerable extent Vjy means of the
creeping underground rootstocks ; stems nearly erect, rather slender, nearly
or quite simple, minutely granular-glandular, becoming glandular or viscid-
pubescent above, brownish and more or less tinged with purj)le, expecially
above, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves rather numerous, broadly linear, acute atai)ex
and slightly tapered at both ends, 3-5 dm. long, about 5 mm. broad, the
uppermost somewhat reduced, indistinctly 3-nerved, ciliateon the margins,
both faces sprinkled with minute nearly sessile glands ; heads usually sol-
itary-terminal, occasionally one or two greatly reduced and i)ossibly always
aborted heads appear in the uppermost axils ; involucre low-hemispherical,
about 15 mm. broad, half as high ; bracts in about 3 only moderately un-
equal rows, linear-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, the glandulosity like
that of the stem ; rays 20-30, a beautiful dark azure blue, linear-oblong,
about 15 mm. long and 2 mm. wide ; pappus a sordid white, the short
akenes pubescent.

No closely allied species is known to the writer. The type by Mr.
Andrews is from an open valley at about 9,500 ft. altitude, near Eldora,
Boulder County.

INDEX

New names are printed in heavy type

A

Aciculina demissa 9

Actpcopyramis 6, 7

AfjathiiVirgo . 7

Alpheidtc 172

Alpheus 170

Amathis 7

Aniaura Candida 13

Ames, Oakes. Additions to the orchid
flora of Florida 115-1 IS

Three new orchid species . llH-120

Amonra angnliferens 10

Annuilla caeca I'-'l

Animals at the St I. onis Exposition, A.

B. Bakfr x

Arabis pedicellata 91

Arrenieiiops chiapensis 152

Asmunda 9

Aspen tree, scars on viii. x

Asplcninm andrewsii 174

Astaciis astacns 170

Aster andrewsii 179

Atriplex braeteosa 99

deciimbens 99

joaquinana 99

matamorensis 99

microcarpa 99

oppnsitilblia 99

pacifica 99

serenana 99

spicata 99

watsoni 99

Autogamy, maintenance of 88

B

Bailey, V. A simple metliod of pre-
serving tracks ix

Baiomvs ... .... . 53, 76

Baker, A B. The exhibit of living
animals at the St. I.oins exposition x

Animals recently received by

the National Zoological Park frorh
.\bvssinia and South America . . xi

Baldra 9

archeri ... 9, 15

Ball, f '. K Exhibition of Lnmium am-
plexicaiile, showing cleistogamous
flowers ix

Bangs, Outram. Two new stibspecies of
tropical American tyrant birds 113-114

.\ correction of Barrow's record

of Cuccpzus pumtlus from Concep-
cion del I'rugnay ... 1 65

On a supposed continental spec-
imen of .sVj/e»odoH ... . . 166

Barbour. Thos. A New Batrachian
from Sarawak, Borneo . . .51-52

Bartsch, P Sunorella wolcottiana — a
correction 101

36 — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash

Bartsch, P. and Dall, W. H. Synopsis
of the genera, subgenera and sec-
tions of the family Pyramidellidse 1-16
Begonia, partlienogenesis in .... viii

Balsa 10

Bird music viii, x

Blue crab, natural history of .... viii

Brachystomia 13

Bush morning-glory ix

C

Callolongchaeus . . 5

Cambarus uhleri 167

Cancer 170

Canis goldmani 157

Careliopsis 8

styliformis 8

Caribou of Alaska viii

Castilleja exilis 100

stricta 100

Chemnitzia 7

communis 11

turrita 9

Chesnut, V. K. Death Gulch of the

Yellowstone Park vii

Chrysallida 11

casta 11

clausiliformis . ... ... 14

convexa 10

lacunata 11

photis 11

Cingulina 8

circinata • 8

Coccyzus cinereus 165

pumilus 165

Cockerell, T. D. A. Notes on Tetraneu-

ris litiearijolia 111-112

Colinus insulanus 168

Cook, O. F. An exogenous palm from
Guatemala .... . . vii

Natural selection in kinetic ev-
olution . viii

The Vegetative vigor of hy-
brids and mutations 83-90

Cormorants, fishing with xi

Corystes 171

Corystidse 172

Cossmanica 6

Coville. F. V. Desert plants as a source

of drinking water vii

Crago . 170

vulgaris 170

Cragonidse 172

Crangon 170

Crangonidse 172

Crassulacpse, revision of viii

Cratai'gus cerronis 176

coloradensis . . 175

Cross-fertilization 88

Crossing, stimulation of growth by . . 86

Vol.. XVII, 1904. (181)

182

The Biological Society of Washington.

Cultural improvement, explanation of 85

Curious plant from Mexico x

Cyclodostomia . 12

mutinensis 12

D

Daldorfia l''!

Dall, VV. H. The relations of the non-
marine mollusk fauna of Alaska . x

and Bartseh, i'. Synopsis of

the genera, subgenera and se(!-
tions of the family Pyramidellidie l-Kl
Death Gulch of Yellowstone I'ark . . . vii

Dendrobium micholitzii H'-'

Desert plants as a source of drinking

water vii

Diseobasis '■•

Doliella 12

Doubling in mutations 89

Dunkeria 8

paucilirata 8

Dwarf salmon of Japan xi

Earliest book on botany ... . . . xi

Economic value vs. reproductive fertil-
itv of hybrids and mutations . . 84

Egila" . . ". 11

Elodia elegans 9

Elodiamea 9 .

Emerita 171

Empidonaxfusciceps 152

Epidendrum auceps . . 116

oaxacanum 120

pringlei 120

strobilifernm .116

Erigeron mfrus . . 178

Eulimella 5,6

crassula . . 5

scillse 5

tenuis 8

Euryala 1/1

Euryalidse 1'72

Eustoma andrewsii 177

russellijinum . . 174

Evalea . 12

elegans 12

Evalina 12

americana 12, 16

Evans, W. H. An evident case of par-
thenogenesis in Brc/ovin . . viii
Evermann, B W. Exhibition of la-
bels used by Pacific coast salmon
canners vii

Exhibition of colored draw-
ings of Hawaiian fishes . . viii

Abundance of water fowl at

L. Maxinkuckee, Ind x

A trip to Mt Whitney . x

and Kendall, W. (\ An inter-

esting fish from the high moun-
tains of central Ecuador vu

Evolution, kinetic viii, SS

Exogenous palm vii

Q

Gas disease in fishes ix

Generic nomenclature x

Geum album 101

canadensis 101

flavnm 101

strictum 101

vernum 101

virginianum 101

Gilbert, G. K. Exhiliition of scars on

the bark of the aspen tree .... x
Gill, T. N. The segregation of fresh-
water fishes X

Goldman, E. A. Descriptions of five

new mammals from Mexico . . 79-82
Greene, E. L. A chapter in the evolu-
tion of generic nomenclature . . X

The earlist book on systematic

botany xi

Gyrostachys simplex 165

H

Haldra H

Haplomylomys 54, 75

Hay, W P. The life-history and eco-
iiomie iinportanceof the blue-crab viii

The habits of ra///bo)-(/.s «/(/«•(' . 167

Hares, rabbits and pikas, classification ix

Hawaiian fishes viii

Heida 13

Hemiura 162

Hippa 171

Homarus 170

gammarus 170

Howe, R. H Jr. Spelerpes porphyriti-
c(t,s in New Hampshire 102

■ A new bob-white from the

United States 168

Hybrids, fertility of 84

physiological explanation of
vigor of 86

I

Idotea 171

Inachus 170, 171

Insect-catching grass of Cuba .... ix
International congress, report on . . x

lotea 12

lole scitnla 12

lonopsis utricularioides 116

Iphiana *i

Ivara 11

turricula 11

Ividia 11

Jordaniella 13

K

Kendall, \V. G. and Evermann, B. W.
An interesting fish from the high
mountains of central Ecuador vii

Kinetic theory of evolution . . . viii, 83

Ferns, exhibition of viii

Fish from central Ecuador ...... vii

Fisher, A. K. The birds of Laysan Is-
land viii

Fishes, fresh water, segregation of . . x
Flora of western U. S. and Alaska . . x
Folinella ..... 10

Lagopliylla hillmani . .

l.ambrus

Lamium aniplexicanle
Lancea elongata . .

Lancella

Latrax nereis

98

171

ix

9

9

159

Index.

183

Laysan Island, birds of viii

LepiisaltamirjB lO'J

falilornit'us 13.)

cjunjiostris 131

chiapensis lOG

connectens 105

desertk'ola 13o

festinus 108

goldmani 107

insonus 103

pacificus 10-1

licliardsoni 13G

sierrsB 132

texiaiius 135

towiisendi 13'2

tularensis 130

wallawalla 137

Ligia 172

Lioniys parviceps f^2

Liostomla 14

l.iparis elata . . . . 116

Lithospermum albicans 174

hnearifolium 174

Longehii'us 4

Lophopanopeus nicaraguensis .... 162
Lucas. F. A. MuKtda pciinanti fossil in

Pennsylvania vii

Exhibition of flashlight photo-
graphs of living animals .... viil

I.ybia 102

Lyon, M.\V.,Jr. The classification of the

hares, rabbits and pikas ix

Lysacme 14 .

Lysoptyclius 19

lateralis 19

M

Maja

Mamala

Marlatt, C. L. Individual and specific
characters in minute insects as
shiiwn under the microscope . . .

Marsh, M. C. The gas disease in fishes

Maxon, W. R. Some Jamaican termite
nests

McGregor, R. C. Zoslerops flarlssiiiia
McGregor, preoccupied

Megadontomys

Melania campanelte ... ....

rufa

scalaris

Melia

Menestho 7

Merriani, C. H. Four new grasshop-
per mice, genus Onyrhouiys . . 123-

Two new squirrels " of the

Aberti group . . . . 129-

Jack rabbits oUhe Lepus emu -

pes^ris group . . 131-

Unrecognized jack rabbits of

the iepiis te.n'(t?i)(s group . . .135-

New and little known kan-
garoo rats of the genus Perodi-
pu!< 139-

Four new bears from North

America 1.53-

A new coyote from southern

Mexico . . " 157-

A new sea otter from southern

California .... 159-

170
171

IX

ix

IX

Mertensia nevadensis ....

Mexico, a winter trip to . . . .

Milda

Miller, G. S. .Ir. The species of Getim
occurring near Washington ...

Mimmulus minor

Mirabllis califoruica

glutinosa

1C5

53

7

8

8

102

,12

126

130

134

■13S

146

156

158

160

9()

vii

4

101

178

93

92

Mirabilis Ixvis 93

Miralda 11

Molliisk fauna of Alaska x

Monoptygma spirata 10

striata 6

styliformis 8

stylina 6

Moore, G. T. The fixation of atmos-
pheric nitrogen by bacteria .... ix

Mornuila 9

rissoina 9

Morris, E. L. The history and repro-
duction of the bush morning-glory . ix

Mt W'hituev, a trip to . ." . x

.Mule, fertility of 85

Muniiola 10

Murcliisonella 4

spectrum 4

Muscicapa cooperi 25

crinita . . 29

cristata 29

lawrencei . 42

Mustela peunanti vii

Mutations, fertility of 84

sterility of . " 84

Myiarchus 22

bang:si 45

boreus 31

brachyurus 40

cinerasceiis 33

crinitus 29

inquietus 38

lawrencei 42

magister . . 33

mexicanus 31

nigricaplUus 44

nigriceps 25, 49

nutting! 37

olivascens . 48

panamensis 29

pertinax 36

platyrhynchus 45

querulus . . 47

residuus 30

tresmariae . . 49

yucatanensis 41

Myonia 7

Myxa 13

exesa 13

N

Nannorchilus 102

Nectes obscurus 51

Nelson. Aveii. New plants from Ne-
vada 91-98

A decade of new plant

names . 99-100

Plantfe andrewsse . .173-180

Nelson, K. W. A winter trip to Mexico vii

Notes on the habits of two re-
markable fish from southern Mex-
ico ix

A revision of the North Amer-
ican mainland species of Myiar-
chus . . . 21-50

I lescriptions of seven new rab-
bits from Mexico 103-110

■ Descriptions of new squirrels

from Mexico 147-150

Descriptions of four new birds

from Mexico 151-152

Nemexia melica 175

Neotoma ferruguinea 79

isthmica 80

parvidens 81

picta 79

tropicalis 81

184

The Biological Society of Washington.

O

Obeliscus 2

ventricosus 4

Obtortio 14

Oceanida . 14

gradata 14

Oda 12

Odetta 12

callipyrga 12

elegans 12

Odostomia 4, 9, 13

americana 12, 16

callipyrga 12

couspicua 13

dolioformis 12

fenestrata 8

jeffreysiana 10

nitens 12

pilsbryi 10, 15

rissoidea 13

turricula 11

Odostomiella 10

Oldys, H. VV. The use of our musical
scale by birds viii

Some new bird songs .... x

Onychomys albescens 124

canus 124

tularensis 123

yakiensis 124

Onychopterus 42

Orina pinguicula 6

Orinella 6

Osgood, \V. H. The caribou of Alaska viii

Haplomylomys, a new subgenus

of Peromyscus 53-54

Thirty new mice of the genus

Peromyscus Irom Mexico and Gua-
temala 55-78

Two new pocket mice of the

genus Peiugnatlius 127-128

Otopleura 5

P

Palmer, Wm. Gyrostachys simplex in

Virginia 165

Parthenia armata 11

diadema 11

Parthenlna 10

Parthenope 170

Parus wollweberi . 26

Pedicularis gray! 100

proeera 100

Pelexia setacea 116

Pentstemon formosus 100

glaber . 97

kennedyi 97

pulchellus 100

puniceus lOO

roezli . . . 97

superbus 100

violaceus 96

Peristichia 9

toreta 9

Perodipuscabezonae 144

groldmani 143

ingens ... 141

levipes 145

microps 145

montanus 140

simulans 144

tularensis 143

utahensis 143

venustus 142

Perognathus perniger 127

ochrus 128

Peromyscus allex 76

allophylus 71

Peromyscus altilaneus 74

amplus 62

angelensis 69

badius 70

bullatus 63

castaneus 58

consobrinus 66

evides 64

eremicoides 60

ereinicus 54

fulvus 57

gentilis 61

goldmani 75

lophurus 72

melanocarpus 73

mesomeias 57

nigrescens 76

pectoralis 59

phsurus 75

polius 61

simulatus 72

simulus 6'!

teapensis 69

vicinior 68

xenurus 6"

zamelas 59

zamorse 65

zelotes 67

Pliacelia monosperma ....... 95

Pliarcidella 4

folinii 4

Pinnaxodes meinerti 162

Pitangus derbianus 26

Pleurogyne fontana 177

Pocket gophers, a study of vii

Porzana goldmani 151

Pseudurissolna 13

Ptycheulimella 7

Pyramidella 3, 4

auricoma 4

auris-cati 5

clandestiiia 6

cossmani 5

dodona 6. 14

jainaicensis 5

iiitidula 5

paumotensis 5

punctata 4

pyraniidata 7

subulata 5

Pyramidellida? ... 3

P'yrgisculus . . 8

Pyrgiscus 8

Pyrgolampros 7

mioperplicatulus 7

Pyrgolidium 8

roseum 8

Pyrgulina 11

Q

Quaking aspen, scars on viii, x

R

Rathbiui, M. J. A preoccupied crab
name 102

Descriptions of three new spe-
cies of American crabs . . . .161-162

Some changes in crustacean

nomenclature 169-172

Ridgway, Robt. Naitnorchilus, new
name for Hemiura, preoccupied . . 102

Rissoa doliatum 10

pyrrhacme 14

Rissoeliaeburnea 14

Rose, J. N. Revision of N. A. Crassul-
acea; viii

Index.

185

Rose, J. N. A very cvirious i)laiit from
Mexico X

s

Saccoina ^

Sulnssia 10

diriimta . . 10

Sauroglossuni craniclioides 117

Scaleijostoma i:>

earinata IM

Sceloponis couchii 17

merriami 17

variabilis 17

Schwaiz, K. A. The iuseca-calLhiuy

Ki'ass ol'Cuba ix

Sf'iuroptenis goldmani 14S

Si'iur\is kaibabensis 12il

mimus I'W

perigrinator 1-1'J

senex H*^

Seton. K. T. A study of the pocket
gophers, the fertilizers of the west . viii

— Scars on tlie qualjiiig aspen . . viii

Seed-bearing fern x

Seedless coftee tree 85

Self fertility 88

Serjxjphaga cana IIH

eiuerea 1115

Sidalcea crenulata 93

neo-mexieana 94

nervata 94

oregana . . 94

Smith. H. M. The Japanese dwarf sal-
mon and the tishing therefor with
cormorants xi

Description of a new species of

blind eel of the genus AnguiUa 121-122

A new cottoid fish from Beh-

ring Sea 163-164

Solenodon cubanus 167

Sonorella wolcottiana 101

Spelerpes porphyriticus 102

Sphaeralcea ambigua 94

parvifolia 94

Sphaerostignia tortuosa 95

Spica monterosatoi 8

Spiralinella 11

Spiroclimax 13

scalaris 13

Steele, E. S. The globose-headed La-

ciniarias ix

Stejneger, 1.. A new lizard from the
Kio Grande Valley, Texas . . . 17-20

Streptanthus pedicellatus 92

Stiles, C. W. On the meeting of the
international committee on zoolog-
ical nomenclature x

Stilifer tasmanica 13

Stomega 13

Strioturbonilla 7

alpina ... 7

Stylopsis 6

typica 6

Styloptygma 6

Sulcorinella 6

dodona 6, 14

Sulcoturbonilla 7

Syrnola . . G

caloosaensis 13

densistriata ... 6

gracillima 6

rubra 6

Syrnola striata 5

Syrnolina 6

T

Telmatodytes tolucensis 152

Termite nests . ix

Tetianeuiis dodgei 112

linearifolia Ill

oblongifolia 112

Thecopterus 163

aleuticus 163

Tiberia .... 5

Todirostruiii cinereum 113

finitimum 114

Tonatella turricula 7

Trabecula 10

Tragula 8

Triptychus 5

niveus 5

Trochus dolabratus 3, 4

TropsBus 5

Tuibo albuUis 12

Tuibo inlerstinctus 10

nivosa 13

plicata 4, 13

plicatulus 4

spiralis 11

Tnrboiiilla 3, 7

archer! 9, 15

elongata 9

plicatula 4, 7

typica 4. 7

Tyranriula cinerascens 25, 33

cooperi 25

mexieana 25, 31

U

Tea cerstedi 161

Ulfa 5

cossmani 5

Uropsila 102

Ursus eremicus 154

eulophus 153

kenaiensis 154

ph£eonyx lf)4

V

Vagna 5

Vigor, kinetic 87

Vilia 10

pilsbryi 10, 15

Viola kelloggii 100

pramorsa 92

purpurea 100

senecta 92

Visma 8

Voluspa 4

w

Water fowl at L. Maxinkuckee . . . . x
Waters. C. E. Exhibition of ferns . . viii
White, D. A new seed -bearing fern . . x
Wilcox, T. E. The flora of the west-
ern U. S. and Alaska x

z

Zosterops flavissima .165

richmondi 165

LI »R A !•

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