Caseaigman oer enter whe rears tear Sean aneneeeranat de A SP rs ‘2 s os ; ast gneaes EASE Ret ieee PROCEEDINGS OF THE California Academy of Sciences FOURTHSERIES VOL. XXX SAN FRANCISCO Published by the Academy 1960-1968 Re TA ty ie i ye ei a G A ee ri ey y cae tC . a4 HY ie No. No. No. No. No. 10. yuk CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX Wiccrns, IrA L. Investigations in the natural history of Baja California (4 plates). Published September 30, 1960 Keen, A. Myra, and ALLYN G. SMITH. West American species of the bivalved gastropod genus Berthelinia (1 plate, 33 figures). Published March 20, 1961 Hanna, G DaAttas, and LEo GEORGE HERTLEIN. Large terebras (Mollusca) from the Eastern Pacific (2 plates). PUMISHeG AU USE Io yy NOON Me. th bh yo tees eho SMITH, ALLYN G. Four species of chitons from the Pana- mic Province (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) (2 plates). Pub- lishedAupust: Si JOG. © Sel: Se a ee ol MACNEILL, C. Don. A preliminary report on the Hesper- iidae of Baja California (Lepidoptera). Published July Glee ey). ae eee Me Sere ee, CO SO Banks, RicHAarD C. A history of explorations for verte- brates on Cerralvo Island, Baja California. Published iittly Solin) LO O2 Ghee Abe tout Seek 21 ee i 2 LEvITON, ALAN E., and BENJAMIN H. Banta. Midwinter reconnaissance of the Herpetofauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico (11 figures). Published January DOM Oc ee es ee eee. ae a re ee CARTER, ANNETTA. The genus Alvordia (Compositae) of Baja California, Mexico (8 figures). Published January LO RLS Cpe ee Fe eS Soe ae ae, Kren, A. Myra. A quantitative analysis of Molluscan collections from Isla Espiritu Santo, Baja California, Mex- icon(4 figures). Publishedgyuly 1, 1964 2 = 4 Orr, ROBERT T., and RicHArD C. BANxks. Bats from Is- lands in the Gulf of California. Published December 31, UO, ee. 2, aN a a SY ee, EO, e LINDSAY, GEORGE E. Sea of Cortez Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, June 20—July 4, 1964 (3 plates, 23 figures). Published December 31, 1964 —__ PAGES 1-45 47-66 67—80 81-90 91-116 117-125 127-156 157-174 175-206 207-210 211-242 No. No. No. No. |W ale A @ 1S: lb: 1 13. 19. WiccIns, Ira L. New species of plants from Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico (5 plates). Published September 15, 1965 STAHNKE, HERBERT L. Observations on the type specimen of the scorpion Syntropis macrura Kraepelin (2 figures). Published’ Octohier229., 1905 2532) SERR 3 ot ee HERTLEIN, LEO GeorGE. Pliocene Fossils from Rancho El Refugio, Baja California, and Cerralvo Island, Mexico. (17 figures). Published November 20, 1966 HANNA, G DALLAS, and A. L. Briccer. Fossil Diatoms from Southern Baja California. (51 figures). Published movember.30, 1966... 4 eee eee LinpAyY, GEORGE E. The Gulf Islands Expedition of 1966. (23 figures). Published December 30, 1966 CuHuRCH, CLIFFORD C. Shallow water Foraminifera from Cape San Lucas, Lower California. (2 figures). Published February 25,1968) . eee Hanna, G Dattas, and ALLYN G. SmitH, The Diguet- Mabille land and freshwater mollusks of Baja California. (24 figures). Published September 30, 1968 _....._ HERTLEIN, Leo G. Three late Cenozoic Molluscan Fau- nules from Baja California, with a note on Diatomite from west of San Felipe (1 figure). Published September 30, WO GS. es Ses A ee = 243-256 257-263 265-284 285-308 309-355 357-380 381-399 401-405 407-436 436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Vol. XXX, No. 1, pp. 1-45, 4 plates September 30, 1960 INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA By IRA L. WIGGINS Stanford University INTRODUCTION The Belvedere Scientific Fund was established in San Francisco on May 13, 1959, to encourage research and make grants in the fields of natural sciences, and for publication of the findings from such activities. Nego- tiations between the California Academy of Sciences and the founders of the Belvedere Scientific Fund were begun in the spring of 1958 toward planning a long-range program of investigations in the natural history of Baja California. Since its founding in 1853 the California Academy of Sciences had sponsored many field expeditions to the peninsula and to its islands. Academy staff members, and others attached to the expeditions as specialists, had been affiliated with diverse fields of natural science. Scientific papers based on their collections and field observations con- stituted important portions of the Proceedings and, for a few years, of the Bulletin of the Academy. Continuation and revitalization of exploration and collecting activities in Baja California as an important aspect of the Academy’s research programs seemed both logical and desirable. By early autumn, 1958, a program of exploration and research had been formulated and a grant sufficient to implement the initial stages of the field 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROc. 4TH SER. work provided by the founders of the Belvedere Scientific Fund. Without this financial aid, the field work in Baja California would have been impossible. The Academy used part of the grant to purchase an International ‘‘Travelall’’ with four-wheel drive and extra low-speed gears for heavy work over difficult roads, to be used chiefly for field operations in Baja California. Plans were crystallized to send a small expedition the full length of the peninsula during December, 1958, and January, 1959. This expedition was considered a reconnaissance trip, with scientists from several disciplines participating. Tentative plans were made to stage subsequent field expeditions if results obtained on this trip indicated further work would be scientifically profit- able. Such later field work would include workers from the California Academy of Sciences and from other organizations as well. WINTER FIELD TRIP The first expedition under this program to reach the field was made up of only two scientists when it left San Francisco on December 3, 1958, owing to commitments that kept other keenly interested individuals at their regular duties. Mr. Alan E. Leviton, acting herpetologist at the Academy, was in charge of the expedition, and was accompanied by Mr. Hugh Leech, an entomologist on the Academy staff. The two men drove to San Diego, made final purchases of equipment and supplies, had a fewadjustments made to the car after the shake-down drive from San Francisco, and crossed the border into Baja California at Tijuana on December 6. Since Mr. Leviton was anxious to get into the southern part of the peninsula, where the her- petological fauna was of more interest to him than was that in the northern area, and Mr. Leech had the water beetles as his main interest, the two men drove south as rapidly as the condition of the roads permitted. They found the four-wheel drive vehicle equal to the heavy grades and very rough, rocky roads, but rarely were able to make as much as 100 miles in a long day’s driving. The new road recently cut through the Sierra de la Giganta between Loreto and the northern end of the Magdalena Plains eliminated some of the worst road between Canipole and La Purisima, but itself was quite rough and left much to be desired as a through highway. Leviton and Leech reached La Paz on December 15, placed part of their heavy load of gear in the house rented through the good offices of Mrs. Margaret Waters, and were at the airport to meet the plane on which Ira Wiggins flew to La Paz on December 16. Preparations to begin in- tensive field work in the Cape Region were begun at once. A violent storm of hurricane force, locally called a ‘‘chubasco,’’ had swept across the southeastern part of the Cape Region on August 8. Con- sequently, it was known that vegetation would be in excellent condition in VoL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 3 those areas where rainfall had soaked the countryside. Reports as to the western boundary of the rains were conflicting. A reconnaissance flight around the Cape by plane was arranged in order to check conditions and to plan field operations effectively. The party left the La Paz airport at 11:20 a.m. on the 17th, flew southward to Todos Santos, thence along the west coast to Cabo San Lucas, and landed at La Palmilla, near San Jose del Cabo. Observations from the air clearly showed that there had been heavy rain from Todos Santos southward, as evidenced by the water in most of the major arroyos leading from the Sierra de la Laguna and the Sierra de la Victoria westerly toward the sea. Therefore, favorable conditions for col- lecting plants existed in all parts of the Cape Region, and pools and running water in the arroyos promised at least a fair amount of collecting for Mr. Leech. The situation with regard to the herpetological collecting became clearer within a few minutes of the landing at La Palmilla, for Mr. Leviton located lively lizards and collected eleven, including representatives of Callisaurus, Urosaurus, and Cnemidophorus. After a brief inspection of some of the damage done to the buildings at La Palmilla by the chubasco, the plane took off and flew along the coast to the easterly point beyond San José del Cabo, swung northward to skirt the coast to Las Cruces, where it landed briefly and Leviton got a lizard, Wiggins found a score of plants in good collecting condition, but Leech was empty-handed. The group left Las Cruces at -5:00 p.m. and landed at La Paz fifteen minutes later. It was obvious that there was much more water than usual in the can- yons and arroyos at this time of the year on both the east and west flanks of the Sierras. Both Leech and Wiggins were pleased with the prospects. There was no doubt that reasonably good collecting could be found anywhere in the Cape Region for the botanists, and a number of promising localities ‘were available to the water-beetle specialist and herpetologist. Mr. Duncan Porter, a senior at Stanford University interested in carrying on work in botany after graduation, joined the field party on December 21, and remained in Baja California until January 1. Following the reconnais- sance flight around the Cape Region, the field party carried on field exploration and did routine collecting of plants, insects, herpetological specimens, and land snails (in the interests of Dr. G Dallas Hanna and Mr. Allyn Smith). Their routes radiated from La Paz, with one- or two-day trips taken to Rancho Rodriguez on the southwestern shore of Bahia de la Paz, Puerto Coyote, Bahia Pichilinque, El Sargento on the western shore of Bahia de la Ventana, Los Planes, Bahfa de los Muertos, south to about the vi- cinity of San Juan on the road between La Paz and-Todos Santos, to Arroyo Pozo Grande enroute to Las Cruces, and to the vicinity of San Pedro, ‘about eight miles south of Todos Santos. Collecting conditions varied 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. somewhat, and in general were better in the low, rolling hills between La Paz and Todos Santos than they were to the northwest of La Paz. Some ex- ceptional finds of herpetological material were made at Bahia de los Muertos and good water beetle collecting was found in the rivulets and pools in Arroyo Pozo Grande on the road to Las Cruces. On December 27, a second reconnaissance flight was made up the west coast of the peninsula as far as La Purisima. It gave added information about the condition of the vegetation along the Magdalena Plains and on the mesas around La Purisima. The plane left La Paz at 8:00 a.m. and headed for the southern end of Magdalena Bay in order that watch might be kept for whales that were early in making the annual southward migration to the sheltered lagoons and coves where they give birth to their young. As on the circuit of the Cape Region, extensive notes were taken on the general ap- pearance of the coastal area and the plains extending inland. Aside from the mangrove swamps that are characteristic features of the partially drowned coast along the islands of Magdalena and Santa Margarita and the adjacent peninsular coast, the vegetation showed little green, and it looked as though the chubasco had brought little, if any, rain to that side of the pen- insula north of the latitude of La Paz. A landing was made on an airstrip on the mesa about five miles from the village of La Purisima, and in about half an hour a car climbed the steep grade to the airstrip. Arrangements were made for all of the party except the copilot to ride to the village and to a fossil site nearby. Approximately two hours were spent selecting representative fossils from the Miocene beds about a mile up the arroyo from the village, and in scouring the adjacent slopes and arroyo banks for botanical and herpetological specimens, both of which were poorly represented. Fossil bones, that appeared to be those of a cetacean or possibly a few belonging to fish, occurred in certain horizons of the extensive exposures northeast of the village. These were difficult to obtain and few could be removed from the matrix with the limited tools available. Only a very small sampling of the fossils could be taken back to the plane. Photographs of the locality were made and a few minnows caught from the stream that flows past the village the year around. Considerable information was voluntereed by the driver of the truck and his associates relative to the village and its activities and trials. Upon returning to the plane the party flew easterly over San Ignacio, but did not land there, owing to the shortness of the time left during day- light. The return route led past Santa Rosalia, thence down the coast along the east side of the peninsula to La Paz. This route provided a good view of Mulege, the beautiful Bahfa de la Concepcion, and a glimpse at Loreto. Water could be seen standing in many of the ‘‘lagunas’’ in the higher parts of the Sierra de la Giganta, something which the pilots of Trans Mar planes VoL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 5 said they rarely see. Areas immediately adjacent to these lagunas were strikingly green. Indications were that the vegetation in such favored lo- calities would be much more luxuriant than one would find during a year of ordinary rainfall. On New Year’s Day, the three biologists flew to La Palmilla for a trip from that resort to Cabo San Lucas by car, without the necessity of making the long, slow drive from La Paz to San José del Cabo with the ‘‘Travel- all.’’ A driver and car from San Jose del Cabo were engaged, and a number of stops were made, both westbound en route to Cabo San Lucas and on the return trip, to collect plants, beetles, butterflies, and lizards. At one such stop Mr. Leech collected the second known specimen of a rare water beetle he had in his possession at the California Academy of Sciences. Although he had been skeptical about the authenticity of the locality from which the type specimen was supposed to have come, namely, near Cabo San Lucas, the capture of one more specimen from a muddy little pool beside the road verified the original data, and increased the total number of specimens known to exist in entomological depositories by 100 per cent! A few miles from the pool where Mr. Leech found the rare water beetle, several speci- mens of the attractive, red-flowered, liliaceous plant Behbria tenuiflora, endemic in the Cape Region, were collected. Word came from the California Academy of Sciences that Mr. Allyn C. Smith, Research Malacologist at the Academy, would be landing at La Paz the evening of January 3, but that Mr. Rose, who had expected to bolster the ranks of the botanists, could not come. All were pleasantly surprised, therefore, when Dr. Reid V. Moran, botanist at the San Diego Natural History Museum, got off the Trans Mar plane with Mr. Smith at 10:30 p.m. From January 4 through 10 the party of five — Leviton, Leech, Moran, Smith, and Wiggins — continued operations in the Cape Region, making one long trip from La Paz to San José del Cabo and return, camping out several nights while making the round trip, both ways being via El Triunfo, Santiago, and Miraflores. Again some very good collecting was enjoyed by each mem- ber of the party at one part or another of the area traversed. Mr. Smith made a particularly fine collection of minute land snails in the trash that had collected beside a small stream about one mile east of San José del Cabo. This finely crumbled, vegetable matter intermixed with silt and sand con- tained many minute shells, one of which was an undescribed species. Mr. Leviton collected a large specimen belonging to the genus Ctenosaurus just as camp was made on the evening of January 6. Later the same evening Mr. Smith found a colony of living land snails in a decaying stump. This snail usually is taken only as dead empty shells. His stroboscopic flash enabled him to get a good picture of the colony after dark. 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. The following quotation from Mr. Smith’s report summarizes the malaco- logical results obtained during this, and subsequent, collecting trips in 1959: ‘‘Collections were made at about 50 stations, mostly at low altitudes, there being no opportunities to get into the higher mountains. Many speci- mens of the various species of Bulimulus that are characteristic of the Cape Region of Baja California were taken, and despite the midwinter conditions good collections were made. Many snails were taken alive and in at least one instance one of the rarer species was collected alive for the first time, so far as known. Special efforts were devoted to obtaining as many as pos- sible of the smaller land snails by collecting and sorting stream ‘drift,’ which in some localities such as San José del Cabo and the Boca de la Sierra near Miraflores produced several new species, and a considerable number of new records for the Cape Region. Snails were also collected at a number of places north of La Paz by Dr. Wiggins and other members of the Expedition. “As a result of these efforts and earlier collecting on the islands ofthe Gulf there is now available perhaps the best representation of the land and fresh-water mollusks of the lower end of the Baja California Peninsula in existence. A report on them will be made in subsequent papers of the Ex- pedition series which will bring up to date the knowledge of the mollusk fauna of the region and will add to the Academy’s collections all or nearly all of the species taken by former Academy expeditions in the early 1890’s under the direction of Dr. Gustav Eisen and lost in the disastrous fire of 1906. ‘Some attention was given to collecting marine shells in the La Paz region in January. A good representation of the chitons of La Paz was taken. During a short visit in November, 1959, an excellent collection of small marine shells was collected by Dr. Myra Keen at Puerta Balandra Bay and other localities near La Paz that produced many new records for the Gulf of California including several finds of special scientific interest. It is ex- pected that a reporton this marine work will also be covered in a subsequent report.’’ The canyon in which the village of San Bartolo is situated provided in- teresting territory for the botanists, although neither Mr. Leech nor Mr. Leviton was happy owing to the paucity of water beetles and lizards. Dr. Moran found a stunted mistletoe, which appears to be Phoradendron digueti, parasitizing the cardon (Pachycereus pringlei), apparently the first record of this mistletoe attaching itself to a member of the cactus family. Wiggins left La Paz on January 10 to return to the Stanford campus. From that time until January 25 the field party consisted of Leviton, Leech, Moran, and Smith. These four continued to work various areas in the Cape Region, but spent most of the time on a trip entirely around the Cape. They Plate 1 (Upper) Sunrise on Isla San Francisquito. Photographed by Ira L. Wiggins (Lower) ‘Palo Adan’? (Fouguieria peninsularis) near Bahia de Los Angeles. Photographed by G.D. & M.M. Hanna PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 1 (WIGGINS) PLATE | ive Jee VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA u/ drove south from La Paz to Todos Santos, thence to Cabo San Lucas, east to San Josd del Cabo, and from there to La Paz. The exploration of the region between Todos Santos and Cabo San Lucas was particularly illum- inating, and helped to fill gaps in the coverage of the fauna and flora. During this circuit excellent collections of plants, snails, and herpetological specimens were made, and fair numbers of beetles were obtained by Mr. Leech. During one day, January 19, Allyn Smith found six species of Buli- mulus, and Leviton got representatives of eight genera of lizards and snakes. The following day Allyn Smith obtained the first collection of living specimens of Bulimulus montezumae taken during field work by this group, and Leech found exceptionally good collecting in a stream swarming with tadpoles and water beetles. During a visit to Arroyo Saltito Dr. Moran recollected Bouvardia alex- anderae at the type locality, and collected mature seed of the species for experimental work at the Botanical Garden of the University of California at Berkeley. On the same day, and near the type locality of B. alexanderae, Leviton got a specimen of a rare snake, Hypsiglena slevini, of interesting taxonomic status. On January 27 the ‘‘Travelall’’ was loaded on the S.S. Korrigan IV, for the voyage to Guaymas. After disembarking at Guaymas late in the afternoon of January 28, the four scientists drove to Nogales, Tucson, and San Diego. Dr. Moran remained there, and the other three continued to San Francisco, arriving at the California Academy of Sciences on January 31. This first trip into Baja California with support from the founders of the Belvedere Scientific Fund provided valuable firsthand information about field and living conditions in Baja California and produced important col- lections of specimens of plants, insects, mollusks, snakes, and lizards. Over 8,000 sheets of herbarium specimens were collected by the three botanists. Mr. Leviton got about 200 specimens of lizards, snakes, and toads, representing 21 genera. Leech obtained enough beetles and other in- sects to occupy him full time for over a year in sorting and classifying them. Mr. Smith’s collections of snails and the outstanding finds made by him were mentioned in the quotation from’his written report quoted above. In addition to herbarium specimens, the botanists obtained buds of several genera from which chromosome counts have been made. These cytological collections included some of Argemone and of Eschscholzia, genera belonging in the poppy family and in which Mr. Wallace Ernst, a graduate student at Stanford, has a special interest. Each member of the party took pictures of both general and special subjects. Selected transparencies from the film exposed have been catalogued and cross referenced as the nucleus of a film library on Baja California and are on deposit at the Academy. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. In view of the large series of specimens collected and the observations recorded, this trip, which was considered primarily one of reconnaissance, has produced substantial scientific information. Papers dealing with certain aspects of the field collections have been prepared for publication, and others are in progress. SPRING BOTANICAL FIELD TRIP Normal precipitation in the Cape Region brings some rain during Janu- ary and February, or in both months, almost every year. Winter rainfall stimulates growth among certain annual and perennial plants rarely found in shape to collect before March. Accordingly, on April 18 Dr. John H. Thomas left the Stanford campus with the “‘Travelall’’ to initiate the first late spring botanical collecting trip under the sponsorship of the California Academy of Sciences in continuation of the program begun in 1958. At San Diego he was joined by Dr. Reid V. Moran. They drove to Tucson, thence southward to Mazatlan, where they obtained passagé on the motor vessel Viosca, and sailed for La Paz on April 25. After landing at La Paz on the 27th they collected in various parts of the Cape Region adjacent to La Paz until May 4. On that date Mr. Donald Patterson, a member of the California Academy of Sciences interested in moths and butterflies, joined them for a pack trip into the Sierra de la Victoria. They engaged pack animals and guides at the village of Caduafo, situated near the eastern foot of the Sierra de la Victoria. Dr. Thomas wrote as follows about the pack trip and the conditions of the vegetation: ‘‘Very few plants were in flower except in the immediate vicinity of stream beds. We camped at two different places, but spent most of our time at an aban- doned ranch known as Potrero el Almenta at an altitude of about 3,400 feet. We returned to Caduafio on May 12 and to La Paz the following day. The cost of mules and/or burros at Caduafio was five pesos per animal per day and the charge per man was. 15 pesos per day. The Castros were very pleasant people and we enjoyed having them as guides and packers despite their inexperience with our kind of equipment.’’ Even though the Sierra de la Victoria was unusually dry that spring, the men got sufficient specimens to make the pack trip worthwhile. Mr. Patterson found the skippers (small, rapidly flying butterflies) inhabiting the arroyos and higher canyons just as difficult to catch as those that had given Mr. Leech considerable trouble in December and January at lower elevations. Mr. Patterson left La Paz by plane early on May 15, and later the same day Drs. Thomas and Moran started toward the Sierra de la Laguna. At VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 9 Rancho la Burrera they arranged for guides, pack mules, and saddle animals to take them and their collecting gear to the meadows that now mark the areas occupied by intermittent lakes said to have occurred in depressions among the higher peaks and ridges of the Sierra de la Laguna about a cen- tury ago. The pack trip from Rancho la Burrera to La Laguna required six hours and was made with the help of three guides, four pack mules, and a saddle mule each for Drs. Moran and Thomas. The Sierra de la Laguna, like Sierra de la Victoria, was abnormally dry for that season, but diligent work along the stream beds and in shaded canyons yielded enough botanical material to keep them fully occupied for several days. On May 19 they returned to La Paz, and packed their equipment and supplies for the return trip up the length of the peninsula. On the morning of May 21 they headed north. Instead of driving over the paved highway from La Paz to Kilometer 212 near the north end of the Magdalena Plains, they used the older, now nearly abandoned roads. In this manner they were able to reach several localities on the Pacific Coast west of the Magdalena Plains, and the estuaries and embayments protected by the islands of Santa Margarita and Magdalena. At La Purisima, approximately one day’s drive north of the end of paved road, they turned inland and followed an abominable road to Canipole, thence northward along the western shore of Bahfa de la Concepcidn to Santa Rosalfa. As they neared Santa Rosalfa they discovered that the yoke supporting the rear of the engine had broken from one side of the frame and threatened to allow the motor to fall from the car. Twisting and strains caused while crossing rocky fords in the Arroyo de la Purisima and by the rough road around Bahfa de la Concepcidn had placed too much stress on the cross member. A welder in Santa Rosalia repaired and reintorced the yoke. Henceforth it caused no trouble. During the whole journey northward, Moran and Thomas collected along stream courses and arroyos, but in many areas the desert provided little for their presses. While in the field the two botanists collected 525 numbers of herbarium specimens, taking sets of 8 sheets of each number whenever material was sufficient. When the herbarium specimens were ordered up for labeling and distribution, it was found that they had over 3,000 sheets. Re- presentative specimens have been set aside for shipment to the University of Mexico, or to such institution in Mexico as is designated by the Depart- ment of Agriculture and Public Works. Other sets will be divided among the California Academy of Sciences, the San Diego Natural History Museum, and Stanford University. Any specimens in excess of those needed to fill these claims will be distributed to selected herbaria on an exchange basis. In addition to the herbarium specimens, Dr. Moran collected about 100 living succulent plants for cultivation at the San Diego Natural History 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROc. 4TH SER. Museum, and 25 others that he sent to Dr. Helia Bravo in Mexico City before he left La Paz. Dr. Moran obtained, also, about a dozen collections of Dudleya, a genus in the Crassulaceae, in which he has been keenly in- terested for a number of years. Several of the dudleyas were taken at type localities. Dr. Thomas collected 25 wood samples from shrubs and trees, one set of which was turned over to Dr. Virginia M. Page, Research Associate in the Department of Geology at Stanford University. Another set was sent to the United States National Herbarium. Drs. Thomas and Moran placed many samples of plant material for morphological and cytological study in preservatives, most of it to ge to Dr. I. W. Bailey (Harvard), Dr. C. H. Uhl (Cornell), Dr. Lincoln Constance (University of California), Mr. Wallace Ernst (Stanford), and to one or two others who had made special requests for material. They also made small collections of mollusks, insects, reptiles, and amphibians. The zoological specimens have been turned over to the appropriate curators at the Califor- nia Academy of Sciences. Mr. Patterson was well satisfied with his collection of lepidopterans. Most of these insects were taken in the Sierra de la Victoria, west of Caduano. He caught 210 specimens, representing 28 species. The skippers were of particular interest in that they showed considerable local variation. Mr. Patterson’s collections will be made available to the Academy after they are labeled. To supplement the herbarium specimens, series of kodachrome trans- parencies were made. The photographic record included excellent slides showing such rare plants as Nolina beldingii, Erythea brandegeei, Populus monticola, an exquisite member of the Lobelia family, Heterotoma aurita, and the fragile beauty of a freshly opened blossom of one of the passion flowers (Passiflora) native in the Cape Region. Their most prized herpeto- logical specimen was Trimorphodon lyrophanes (Lyre Snake), a small rare snake endemic to the Cape Region. é RECONNAISSANCE TRIP TO BAHIA DE LOS ANGELES Before Thomas and Moran had reached the International Boundary, a re- connaissance trip to Bahfa de los Angeles and vicinity was made from May 15 through May 19. The flight from Oakland airport to Bahia de los Angeles was made quickly and comfortably, with a stop at El Centro for gasoline, another at Mexicali airport for the usual inspection by Mexican Immigration and Custom officials, and to file a flight plan with the authorities at the airport. The plane landed at Bahfa de los Angeles at 1:15 p.m. after an in- teresting flight along the northwestern part of the Gulf. A particularly good VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 11 view of Isla de la Guarda was obtained as the pilot brought the plane down from about 7,000 to only 750 feet above sea level while flying past the southern end of the island. Raza Island was circled several times in order to determine whether the bird population on that rookery was up to normal. The rest of the afternoon of the 15th was spent in exploring the larger canyon leading westward just back of the village, and in collecting such plant specimens as were in satisfactory condition. An early breakfast permitted the group to leave the resort operated by Sr. Antero Diaz at 7:30 a.m. on the 16th with, Sr. Difaz’s son, Sammy, and one of his employees, a chap called ‘“‘Jackie,’’ driving the two cars that were to take the field party to Misidn San Borja for a two-day trip. Several stops to collect specimens and to take photographs were made on the drive to San Borja. A detour to Agua Amarga, a bitterly mineralized spring, per- mitted Wiggins to collect specimens known from no other locality in the general area. Dr. Hanna had been looking for land snails as he climbed the canyon at Bahia de los Angeles but without success, so he was pleased to find empty shells of Micrarionta peninsularis at three different localities, and at least one mature, living animal in a crevice in rocks a few hundred yards from camp the evening of the 16th, about two miles north of Mision San Borja. One small lizard, Phyllodactylus tuberculatus, was obtained at the same site. Botanical collections on the 16th totaled 49 separate collections, with the quantity in each collection varying from barely sufficient for a single herbarium sheet to enough for eight or ten sheets. Since camp had been made late in the afternoon the day before, there were plants still uncollected the morning of the 17th, so the cars remained at camp while Dorothy and Ira Wiggins inserted plants between sheets of paper and the others walked ahead about two miles. Everyone had an op- portunity to observe one of the factors that makes it possible for lichens and Tillandsia plants to grow in profusion on many of the shrubs in the central part of the peninsula, in spite of the absence of rain for protracted periods. There was a heavy dew during the night, but brilliant sunshine soon dried most of it by the time breakfast was completed. At about 8:00 a.m. a heavy bank of fog rolled up the arroyo from the west, completely blanketing the area and shutting off the direct rays of the sun as though a curtain had been drawn. Within minutes the shrubs and trees around camp were dripping with water condensed from the fog. Such fog banks are char- acteristic of the region, although they do not always extend so far to the east. The return to Bahfa de los Angeles was over the same road followed the day before only because there is no other road between San Borja and “La Bahfa.’’? At one of the seven collecting stops made on the return 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. drive, Dr. Hanna enlisted the help of all members of the party to roll rocks from the side of a small hill in search of more land snails. This procedure was encouragingly productive, yielding several living snails and a number of empty shells. Nine or ten brief stops for photography were made in addi- tion to those for collecting plants and snails. Lunch stop was in the scanty shade of an ‘‘Elephant Tree’’ covered with tiny, pink flowers but totally leafless. The two cars arrived at the Diaz motel at 1:10 p.m. and the remainder of the afternoon was spent putting specimens in press and, from 3:00 P.M. until 5:00 p.m., in collecting shells and plants along the sand spit north- east of the resort. Botanical specimens for the day numbered 27 separate collections, one of the most interesting being specimens of the mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, found along the southeasterly shore of the bay. Fine series of several marine snails were obtained by Dr. and Mrs. Hanna during their walk around the sand spit, and they took photographs of general features of the country and close-up pictures of selected flowers during the course of the day. At 7:00 o’clock on the morning of the 18th, six of the party left the village in two small boats, with the intention of visiting Smith Island, but were forced by strong winds and heavy seas to put into a sheltered cove near the southern end of Isla de la Ventana. The party was divided into three groups so as to cover the island as thoroughly as possible in an effort to determine the condition of the plants and the density of the animal pop- ulation. Two complete traverses of the island were made. Even the careful search thus made revealed only 15 species of flowering plants in condition to collect, and not a trace of land snails was found. One lizard, Uta stans- buriana elegans, was captured, and several partial skeletons of a much larger lizard were found in some of the arroyos, but no big lizards were seen alive. At one place, about a mile from the landing, Dr. Hanna found striking geological features, an unusual contact between the underlying granites and the volcanic cap rock. At 12:30 the group re-embarked and ran down wind to the cove con- taining the mangrove colony and explored the vicinity for specimens. Nine species of plants in reasonably good condition were found before a shift in wind made return to the village advisable. This trip, which terminated at Oakland airport at 1:45 p.m. on May 19, had been partly to determine the facilities and airport conditions at Bahfa de los Angeles, which were found adequate. Comparison of the vegetation at the end of a winter during which there had been scanty rainfall (1959) with the plant cover produced by a season of more than average annual VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 13 rainfall (1935) showed that not only the total precipitation but its seasonal distribution is important in the responses of plant and animal life. Few land birds were seen on the trip to San Borja, and the plants collected were much smaller than the same species obtained in February, 1935. Many other plants that were common to abundant on the earlier visit were completely lacking in 1959. Land snails also reflected the harshness of conditions obtaining in the spring of 1959. Even at the localities where shells were found, few living specimens could be obtained, either because they have been reduced in actual numbers or because those that survived the dry conditions had re- treated so deeply into the crevices among the rocks that they were beyond reach. SEPTEMBER RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT News reports on September 10, 1959, told of a violent storm that swept up the Gulf of California, veered to the west, and buffeted the towns and countryside of Baja California along the Gulf coast from the general vicinity of La Paz almost to San Felipe. Winds of high velocity were accompanied by downpours of rain, and flash floods of unprecedented ferocity took heavy toll of property and caused a loss of life that was, for a part of the country sparsely populated, quite high. Summer rains are expected each year in the southern part of the peninsula, and heavy storms of hurricane violence, locally known as chubascos, occur at irregular intervals. Such a storm was not anticipated in 1959, for one had devastated parts of the Cape Region in August, 1958. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy rainstorms in the late summer in two successive years indicated that extraordinary vegetational growth would occur in the autumn of 1959. A reconnaissance trip by plane was arranged to get a general idea of the extent to which the precipitation had spread westward past the divide of the principal ranges, and how far to the north its effect would be prominent on the westerly slopes of the foot- hills of the Sierra Calamajue, Sierra Calmalli, and Sierra de la Giganta. This flight was accomplished on September 26 through 28. The plane left the Mexicali airport at 12:45 p.m. and landed at Bahfa de los Angeles at about 2:00 p.m. Although only two weeks had passed since the rains, a faint sheen of green was becoming visible on the hills, particularly along the arroyos leading easterly to the Gulf of California, about two-thirds of the way from the fishing village of San Felipe to Bahia de los Angeles. This green wash could be detected from an altitude of 7,000 to 9,000 feet. On the southward flight from Mexicali to Bahfa de los Angeles, several patches of the dinoflagellates that cause ‘‘red tide’’ were seen, some of them extending a distance of a mile or more in an irregularly sinuous 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. pattern more or less parallel to the shore. All such ‘‘blooms’’ of this or- ganism seen were from three to ten miles off shore. These organisms are microscopic in size but reproduce at a terrific rate under favorable con- ditions, and become so numerous that toxic substances in their bodies may kill thousands of fish in the area where the dinoflagellates are most numerous. At Bahia de los Angeles two cars again were rented from Antero Diaz, for a drive around the southern arm of the bay and south toward the old ore dump, to determine how effective the rains had been in initiating growth in the perennial plants and in bringing up seeds of annuals. All shrubs, trees, and perennial herbaceous plants were in excellent condition, although in- sufficient time had elapsed to allow the production of flowers on any save a very few of the shrubs. Thousands of seedlings were present, many no more than 2 or 3 mm. high, and it was the close stand of millions of such seedlings that gave the green tint to the countryside when viewed from the air. After the foray south of the village, the party rode westward toward Punta Prieta about ten miles in order to see the stage of development of plants in that area. The same conditions obtained west of Bahia de los Angeles that had been found south of the village. Idria and Fouquieria trees were swollen with an abundant supply of water, and had put out a full crop of leaves. Elephant Trees (Pachycormus veatchit), Torote (Bursera microphylla), Palo Verde (Cercidium microphyllum), Candelilla (Pedilanthus macrocar pus), and many small shrubs were beginning to put out leaves or start new growth. Cactus plants were turgid, the ribs of the cardon trees being low and rounded owing to the large quantities of water stored in their tissues. Take-off the morning of the 27th was delayed only slightly by the jocal workmen who refueled the plane for the flight to La Paz. From Bahia de los Angeles the course led slightly west of south, skirting San Ignacio, Good visibility made it possible to see both the Gulf and the Pacific, and the Tres Virgenes stood out commandingly just north of Santa Rosalia during an hour or more of the flight. At San Ignacio one could see that a great many date palms had been destroyed by the torrents that had swept down the arroyo. The landing field looked too soft for a landing, so the pilot set a course for Mulege. Santa Rosalfa was visible for a few minutes, from an altitude of about 8,000 feet, but too far to the left to permit recog- nition of damage that occurred there. The course then led over the Gulf just north of Mulege, and one could see that here also the date palms had suffered extensive damage from wind and high water. The part of town built on low ground along the banks of the estero had been almost demolished. Plate 2 (Upper) ‘‘Granadito’’ (Passiflora palmert) near Miraflores. Photographed by Reid Moran (Lower) ‘‘Flor de San Miguel’’ (Antigonon leptopus) near La Paz. Photographed by G.D. & M.M: Hanna PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 1 (WIGGINS) PLATE 2 VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 15 Between Mulege and the south end of Bahfa de la Concepcion, again there was evidence of the destruction done by walls of water, tumbling rocks, trees, and debris that had swept down the canyons and arroyos. Where arroyos entered the bay, fans of rubble extended farther into the water than they had previously, and where roads had crossed mouths of arroyos there was no trace of a thoroughfare. It would take much work to reopen a route to wheeled traffic. A landing was made at Loreto, where high-water marks in the trees and and shrubs along the runway were three to five feet above the runway’s sur- face. Great heaps of silt and gravel had been cleared from the landing strip only recently. Several cars came from the village to meet the plane, and the entire group drove into town to get firsthand information about the disaster and to see the destroyed, damaged, and water-stained buildings. The toll in physical damage had been staggering. Three hundred fifty of Loreto’s 450 houses had been completely destroyed or severely damaged. Virtually every house in town had been flooded to depths varying from a few inches to several feet. The flood roaring down the canyon behind the village spread to make a river three kilometers wide, and one elderly gentleman said the water separating his house from the church was shoulder deep when he waded to the church to take refuge within its stone walls. Thousands of date palm, coconut, orange, mango, fig, and shade trees had been blown down, snapped off, or washed completely away. Trees that had been overturned by the wind, but still had their roots in place, were being lifted upright and guyed in place. There were many accounts of the terror that struck when inhabitants felt the fury of the storm. Despite the harrowing experiences, the death toll had been low. One old man who refused to leave his hut had been drowned. No other lives had been lost. People said Loreto really had been lucky as far as loss of life among its inhabitants was con- cerned, but that the floods had been much worse at San Ignacio and La Purisima, where the dead were reputed to have numbered nearly a score at each of these places. The Sportsman’s Club at Loreto had several buildings unroofed, the fences partially destroyed, and many fine trees broken off or blown down. The flight from Loreto to La Palmilla was routine, but when the party landed at this attractive resort it was scarcely prepared for the higher temperatures experienced when the door of the plane was opened. The strip there had not been damaged by the storm, or if damage had occurred it had been repaired, for the strip was reasonably smooth and Sr. Rodriguez’s small plane was on the parking apron. A car arrived from the resort a hal f- mile away, and part of the group drove down to the buildings to talk with Sr. Rodriguez and to see what havoc had been wrought by the chubasco. There had been extensive damage in August, 1958, when the wind had 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROc. 4TH SER. attained such velocities that it beat reinforcing steel, standing vertically 10-12 feet above the concrete of a partially constructed building, to an angle of about 40 degrees. The vegetation along the airstrip was in virtually full flower, with gorgeous festoons of Antigonon leptopus hanging from the upper branches of the larger trees. Several species of Boerhaavia made a pink mist, and many less spectacular annuals and perennials were in flower. The display was beautiful, and a large folio was filled to overflowing in less than an hour. No herpetological specimens were obtained, for neither the equipment to make such collections nor preservatives for specimens was available. The flight back to La Paz required less than half an hour. The taxi driver said that neither the Guaycura nor the Los Cocos resorts were open at this time of the year. Quarters were obtained at Los Arcos, in artistic, two-unit cottages across the street from the main hotel and dining room. There was still time for Dr. Miller and Ira Wiggins to make a quick in- spection of the apartment the Academy had rented on the Malecon and into which Margaret Waters had arranged to have equipment moved from the place near the Plaza. Academy personnel had feared that the chubasco might have blown the roof from the apartment and left the place open to the elements. The damage had been minor; only a single panel of the metal roofing had been blown away. This panel was over the bathroom, in which nothing had been stored, so no supplies or equipment had suffered. The place was littered with leaves, broken branches from the trees outside, pieces of paper and a thick coat of silt that could have been swept in during the chubasco or partially deposited by wind after the rainstorm abated. Departure from La Paz was accomplished in good time on the morning of the 28th, and a course set directly for La Purisima, in an effort to see whether or not the precipitation had reached the coastal mesas in that vi- cinity. The light was better for getting a good view of the southern Sierra de la Giganta than it had been the afternoon before, and extensive areas in the “‘lagunas’’ among the higher peaks and mesas were seen to contain water. Some of these temporary lakes were several miles long; some of them appeared very muddy, and others contained clear water through which one could see grass and inundated bushes. The plane ‘‘buzzed’’ La Purisima several times before landing at the strip on the mesa. A brief examination of the mesa immediately adjacent to the strip showed that there had been some fain at that place either in con- junction with the chubasco or sometime in the late summer, for seedlings were present in small numbers, and such things as Fouquieria peninsularis, Jacquemontia abutiloides, Franseria bryantii, at least one species of Peri- tyle and one of Passiflora were in bloom. Maximowicziq plants were in VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 7 flower and some had nearly ripe fruits, so there probably had been some rain early in the summer. A few Mammillaria plants were beginning to flower, also. In about half an hour two cars came charging up the grade, with so many people in them that it would have been impossible to take the visiting party back to the village had any of the local people ridden back, too. No- one in the plane wanted to take time to make the round trip to the village, so a short conversation with the villagers revealed that the reports heard at Loreto about the number of deaths at La Purisima had been exaggerated — the La Purisima people said five had died there, four of them belonging to one family. However, property damage had been staggering, and apathetic hopelessness seemed to be the general attitude of those who drove to the landing strip. From La Purisima the course of flight was northwest over Scammon’s Lagoon, and a landing was made at Guerrero Negro on the salt field that looked uncertain from the air but was as hard and smooth as concrete when the wheels touched. The group was met by several of the officers of the company, Exportador del Sal, taken on a tour of the evaporating ponds, shown the huge salt-harvesting machine, special trucks and trailers, each of which hauled from 80 to 114 tons of salt at a load, the loading facilities on an arm of Guerrero Negro Lagoon, and returned to the company village for a delightful coffee break. Arrangements were made to use this base as a clearing point during subsequent trips, and to have the company truckers keep alert for possible breakdown of Academy vehicles operating in the Vizcaino Desert. Almost no plants were in condition to collect, but seed- lings promised abundant material later in the autumn. One objective of the reconnaissance flight had been to check possible landing strips for routine or emergency use on the peninsula. One strip con- sidered for such checking was at Laguna Manuela, about 15 miles north of Guerrero Negro. When the people at the salt company’s headquarters reported the strip at Laguna Manuela in good condition, a test landing was no longer necessary and the pilot preferred to use the time and fuel made available in by-passing Laguna Manuela to fly to Cedros Island. The flight to Cedros was less than one hour in length, and the landing made without incident, in spite of a terrific cloud of dust kicked up by the propwash and the wheels. Only a few minutes was spent at this airstrip, for the vicinity was ex- ceedingly dry. Almost no plants were present except along the upper strand where Salicornia and Allenrolfea made a narrow, irregular strip of grayish green. The landing at San Diego was made just after dark, so delay in getting United States medical, immigration, and quarantine officials to check the plane and its passengers had been anticipated, but clearance was 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. accomplished promptly. The flight had been eminently worth while, for it provided information about roads, and the limits of useful precipitation for bringing plant cover into favorable condition for collecting during a trip down the length of the peninsula scheduled for the autumn and to begin within two weeks. AUTUMN BOTANICAL EXPEDITION On October 10, 1959, a party of three — Ira L. Wiggins, Dorothy B. Wiggins, and John H. Thomas — departed from Palo Alto at 9:00 a.m. to drive the ‘‘Travelall’’ to San Diego, where final minor purchases were made, the vehicle was checked and serviced, and Mrs. Margaret Waters was added to the group to drive to La Paz. Originally the plans had called for Dr. and Mrs. Hanna to participate in the whole expedition, but pressing obligations at the California Academy of Sciences prevented them from doing so. Weakness in the design of a luggage rack on the roofof the ‘‘Travelall’’ necessitated rebuilding that piece of equipment, so the party did not get away from San Diego until the forenoon of October 13. Another delay oc- curred in Ensenada, where the local Immigration Officer was involved in political receptions for the governor-elect, and the Americans were unable to secure his aid in acquiring tourist permits until too late in the evening to permit further driving that day. Rooms were engaged at a motel on the out- skirts of Ensenada, and the party was up at 4:30 the following morning and on its way by 5:00 a.m. A lunch stop was made on the mesas a few miles north of EF] Rosario, a package from Dr. George Lindsay of San Diego for a family in the village was left with Seffora Espinosa, gasoline was pur- chased, and several more miles were put behind before camp was set up near a colony of Idria trees 15 miles southeast of El Rosario. During the stop for lunch, and again in the evening, swarms of gnats were particularly troublesome. These noxious midgets continued to pester members of the party throughout most of the trip to the Cape Region and much of the time spent in the field during the autumn. The first collecting on the autumn trip was done at the noon stop, October 14, between El Aguila and San Augustin. The arroyo at this point had carried some runoff earlier in the summer, and possibly a slight amount as a result of the chubasco, so there were several perennial herbs in flower. None of the annuals were large enough to collect, but they were numerous enough in swales and in the protection of steep banks to give promise of better collecting later in the fall. Progress southward was steady, although not particularly rapid. Col- lecting remained scanty past Catavifia, Laguna Chapala Seca, and Punta Prieta. There was a slight increase in the number and size of the plants in Plate 3 (Upper) ‘‘Biznaguita’’ (Mammillaria evermanniana) between La Paz and Los Planes. Photographed by G.D. & M.M. Hanna (Lower) ‘‘Biznaguita’’ (Mammillaria fraileana) near Isla Pichilinque. Photographed by Ira L. Wiggins PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 1 (WIGGINS) PLATE 3 VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 19 bud or flower as the route led southward. South of Punta Prieta some of the washes had carried sufficient runoff from the heavy rains in the hills to the east for the flood waters to approach the Pacific Ocean. Along such arroyos were narrow strips of verdure breaking the monotony of the dry, parched mesas and hills between which they ran. Some days no more than 15 or 20 collections could be made; on others, when several large arroyos that had carried heavy freshets were crossed, over 50 were taken. Each collection was made in sets of six to eight sheets when the material was ample, so the presses were kept filled and placed over a gasoline stove each night in order to insure rapid drying and good specimens. A normal day of operations began at about 6:00 a.m., with breakfast being prepared while Dr. Thomas and Ira Wiggins opened the press that had been over the heat the night before, removed the sheets that were dry, and put anything that had been held over from the previous night into the warm blotters and ventilators before strapping the presses up for the day. Break- fast finished, clean-up was begun immediately, the gear reloaded into the truck, and the expedition on the road, usually between 7:30 and 9:00 a.m. Driving was shared by Wiggins and Thomas, each doing about a two- hour stint at the wheel before the other took over. Sometimes an area to reconnoiter and collect in would be found within five minutes of getting under way; other days 10 or 15 miles might pass before a stop was made. Photographs were taken whenever a subject of sufficient interest or novelty was seen, and a complete log of all collecting stops, photographs, general condition of the country and the vegetation was kept. A portable, battery- operated, tape recorder was utilized through the day to record observations on the vegetation, and the geographic distribution of a species seen near its southern limit or when its northern boundaries were reached. The more spectacular features of the terrain were noted and briefly described on the recorder. A noontime break was taken each day, although not always promptly at noon, for it was found that a half-hour in which to eat a light lunch and rest in the sparse shade of a mesquite, Yucca, or Elephant Tree helped to reduce excessive weariness before the end of the day. A satis- factory camping siteusually was selected about 20 minutes to half an hour before sundown, in an opening in the shrubs, or on a stretch of desert pave- ment where the cars could be driven at least 100 yards from the road. The two women chose the spot they favored for their cots, usually about 30 to 40 yards apart, rolled out their sleeping bags, mentally marked the spot so they could find their beds after dark, which usually came quickly. John Thomas usually went a greater distance from the truck, and Wiggins slept beside the truck where he could also look at the stove under the plant presses once or twice during the night and pump up the pressure tank so the fire would burn until morning. 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. While Dorothy and Margaret prepared the evening meal, John and Ira again opened the presses, removed any specimens that were dry, and re- inserted those that needed still more heat, together with the ones collected during the day. When that chore was finished, dinner was ready and the heaviest meal of the day was consumed. A few minutes were usually devoted to writing up notes on the day’s operations, checking the mileage made, going over the car for any attention it might need, and all hands turned in early. It rarely was later than 9:00 p.m. when all were in their sleeping bags, and some evenings the camp was silent a full hour earlier. The salt works at Guerrero Negro were reached just after noon on October 20. Rather than arrive at mealtime, the car was driven part way toward the loading dock so collecting could be done on the salt marsh and shells obtained for the malacologists. Company headquarters were ap- proached in midafternoon and arrangements made with Mr. McClory to buy gasoline and call the San Francisco office on their short-wave radio. The call went through promptly and reception was good. The route from Guerrero Negro led almost due east, along a looping curve through the sandy Vizcaino Desert to El Arco, which was reached a short time after noon the second day from Guerrero Negro and thence along the main road to San Ignacio. At this desert oasis the devastation caused by the chubasco among the date palm groves, the vineyards, along the arroyo, and in the part of the village that had lain on low ground near the arroyo was appalling. The dam a half-mile or so above town, that had im- pounded the water for the villagers and orchardists, had been totally destroyed by the flood. Thousands of palm trees had been uprooted, snapped in two, or blown and washed over. Many of the wrecked trees had been carried down the arroyo for miles; others were still attached to the rocky sotl but were lying flat on the rocks. Debris was lodged against the up- stream side of many of the date palms that had withstood the ravages of the flood and in some instances was still piled to a height of 10 to 15 feet above the ground. These trees, with the trash still piled around their trunks, were growing along the margins of the arroyo. The center of the watercourse was 10 to 15 feet lower than the bases of the marginal trees, so the greatest depth of the rushing flood must have been 20 to 30 feet. It was a depressing sight and one could hardly blame some of the local inhabitants for having a defeatist attitude. Many, however, were busily engaged in clearing away the debris, straightening leaning trees, repairing damaged houses, fences, and irrigation ditches, and hauling boulders with which to rebuild the dam. It will be several years, at least, before the town of San Ignacio can erase the scars of the chubasco of September 9, 1959. At San Ignacio it also was learned that the reports about the death toll heard at Loreto in September had been grossly overdrawn. Inquiry here VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 21 elicited the information that only one person, a mentally retarded girl, had perished in the flood. All others had reached higher ground before the wall of water and its terrifying load of smashed trees, brush, sand, gravel, and boulders reached the area. The power of the flood was vividly attested by the presence of huge boulders, eight, ten, fifteen feet in diameter, strewn along the bed of the arroyo where none had been before. Each member of the party had hoped there might be word at San Ignacio that the road south via Mulege and Loreto had been opened to traffic since September 26. A couple of trucks had got to Santa Rosalia over a very bad road, but there was no possibility of driving beyond that town. The road between there and Mulege was still out and no-one expected the route around Bahia de la Concepcion to be passable for at least six weeks. The only road open ran southwest, on a route none in the party had taken previously. Fortunately, it proved much less difficult than it had been painted, and avoided the steep grades twisting down the eastern escarpment to Santa Rosalfa, the long stretches of rocky, bone-jarring road around Bahia de la Concepcidn, the one down the canyon from Canipole to La Purisima, and that across the lava-strewn mesa between Canipole and Comondu. The ‘‘Travelall’’ got through the sandy areas with no serious difficulty, although a Mexican’s truck had to be pulled out of an arroyo with the winch so traffic could get by. One unpleasant forenoon of driving slowly on a silt- floored valley before a tail wind had to be endured on the way inland from the salt flats between Salina Cuarenta and Rancho San José de Garcia. Here the silt had been churned into powder, the ruts were axle-deep, and the dust billowed around the car in clouds so dense that several times it was neces- sary to stop and let the wind carry away the dust. During the summer months when the sandy areas are very dry, the coastal route is probably difficult to traverse, but in October, 1959, the general condition of that road was better than that on the ‘‘main”’ road. In the vicinity of La Purisima the collecting conditions were less favorable than they had been 100 miles to the north, for rain on the mesas during the late summer had been very slight, or possibly lacking. It was apparent that the direct precipitation during the chubasco had not extended to the Pacific Coast at that latitude, and good growing conditions occurred only along the arroyos. One wash about eight miles south of Arroyo de la Purisima provided excellent collecting conditions. Shrubs, trees, vines, and herbs were in good condition, and a varied aggregation of plants kept John, Ira, and Dorothy busy much longer than had been anticipated, with the result that a camp site was selected very hurriedly, and not until too late to change was it discovered that camp, on the edge of a mesa, overlooked a small ranch where a tremendous herd of goats had stripped the ground bare 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. half a mile from the buildings. However, their activities seemed to stop near the foot of the bluff below. The road from La Purisima south to the northern end of the pavement had been graded, the roadbed divided into two strips separated by a line of cobblestones set into the clay, and, over considerable stretches, some cobbles set from side to side of the road. These cobbles were, apparently, covered with dirt when first laid, but most of the soil had been washed or blown away, so the rough surface hammers a car frightfully. The older roads, which consisted of nothing more than a clearing through the brush, and with a clay or sand base, were generally less trying to drive over and placed a less severe strain on the vehicle. On October 28, 60 miles were covered before lunch, and the paved high- way 212 kilometers from La Paz was reached half an hour later. Almost no stops were made between the beginning of the pavement and La Paz, and the apartment was reached at 7:30 P.M. The following three days were devoted mainly to organizing supplies and equipment in the apartment, having the vehicle serviced at the Inter- national Harvester agency in La Paz, and in purchasing various supplies for use in the field and at headquarters. Most of the 30th was spent in driving back along the paved highway about 45 miles to collect in several arroyos that had been seen on the trip south. The specimens obtained were not as numerous as had been anticipated. The rainfall had dropped off sharply west of the escarpment that bounds the plains on which La Paz stands, so the vegetation west of the divide was nearly at a standstill and very few shrubs or trees bore either flowers or fruits. SPECIAL FIELD PARTY In the afternoon of October 31 several more scientists arrived by plane to spend a few days on special projects centered near La Paz. The group included Dr. G Dallas Hanna, geologist, malacologist, and paleontologist at the Academy; Mrs. Hanna, a scientific illustrator who collaborates with her husband in photographic projects; Dr. Myra Keen, malacologist at Stan- ford University; Dr. Joseph Wood Krutch, naturalist and writer who was gathering material for a general and historical account of the natural history of Baja California; and Mr. Allyn Smith, Research Malacologist at the Academy. During their stay in the Cape Region members of this group col- lected specimens, took photographs, and secured notes at various localities several directions from La Paz. Their first excursion, on November 1, was to Isla Espiritu Santo, utilizing a landing craft operated by Richard Adcock, a young American living in La Paz. Dick landed first at Bahia San Gabriel, where extensive holding and rearing tanks for pearl oysters had been built VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 23 by a French company about the turn of the century, but which never had been operated at full capacity because the project was scuttled during the Mex- ican Revolutions of 1910-17. The hillsides nearby were covered with many species of plants in flower or fruit, including hundreds of the attractive, red-flowered Behria, not previously reported from the island. Dr. and Mrs. Hanna obtained excellent photographs of several of the plants at this stop, and Allyn Smith found land snail shells high on the ridge above the landing. Leaving Bahia San Gabriel, the skipper followed the western shore of Isla Espiritu Santo, which displays extraordinary horizons of volcanic ash, basaltic lava flow, and rhyolitic rocks in various shades of pink, buff, gray, black, umber, and red. He put in at Bahia Candelero, near the northwesterly point of the island, where the water was beautifully clear and the canyons leading back into the higher peaks promised good collecting for the bot- anists, the beach a mecca for the malacologists. High expectations as the LCP entered the cove were fully fulfilled ashore, for Dr. Keen obtained shells and worm tubes that are rare in collections, Allyn Smith found a few land snails on the ridges and in the canyon inland, and the botanists ob- tained over 50 different species of flowering plants in good condition. Mr. Smith even found a small night snake under a piece of driftwood, thereby contributing to the herpetological knowledge about the island. The larger of the canyons leading inland from Bahia Candelero had re- cently contained water in the tinajas only a few hundred yards from the beach, and it is possible that small pools still may have existed higher in its course. Beautiful specimens of a native fig (Ficus palmeri) as much as 70 feet tall, and with grotesquely branched and flattened roots, occupied a partially shaded portion of the gorge. Several members of the bean family, both shrubs and small trees, were present along the canyon’s walls or near its floor, and several were in flower or fruit. The bright, deep pink masses of flowers of Antigonon leptopus cascaded over many of the shrubs or formed attractive blankets where the vines enmeshed huge boulders. Large, golden yellow blooms of the morning-glory, Merremia aurea, were scattered along the canyon, but this plant rarely produces more than three or four flowers on any one day, and the blossoms wither by the end of the after- noon, so they rarely make an extensive display. At this beach Mr. Smith filled a collecting bag with beach drift to be sorted under a lens after the party got back to the Bay Region. Several extraordinary mollusks later were separated from this accumulation, one of them representing a marine snail not previously known from an American coast. Final research on several of the shells from the drift had not been completed when this report was being written. Special papers will present the results of the investigations on this lot at a later date. The discovery of these marine shells emphasizes the importance of studying comparatively 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. large quantities ofmaterial in a critical manner ifone is to reap the greatest possible benefits from opportunities to visit field localities. Separate papers will no doubt be published to report results in other fields of in- vestigation growing out of the few days spent in the Cape Region by this group of California scientists. On November 2 four members of the party spent the day with the ‘“‘Travelall’’ investigating a report that fossil fresh-water snails occurred in a limestone deposit about 35 miles south of La Paz. Dr. Krutch, Dr. Hanna, Allyn Smith, and Ira Wiggins made that reconnaissance trip, found a deposit of limestone that contained a few poorly preserved fresh-water snails and fragments of fossilized plant remains, and took a number of photographs of attractive plants and shrubs in full flower. Others, including Dr. Keen, Mrs. Wiggins, Mrs. Hanna, and Dr. Thomas, flew to La Palmilla, where a car was engaged to take them to Cabo San Lucas and back. While at the southernmost tip of the peninsula, Dr. Keen had an opportunity to see some of the marine mollusks and other sea life just under the lea of the Cape and to collect rare shells. This group returned to La Paz about dusk, and the two field parties compared notes during dinner at the Guaycura Motel that evening. The morning of November 3, again there were two field parties op- erating. The Hannas and Wigginses drove the ‘‘Travelall’’ part way to Los Planes in an attempt to get a reasonably good photographic coverage of the flowers and characteristic trees and shrubs in that part of the Sierra Cacachile. The others embarked in Dick Adcock’s El Crepzsculo to explore the shore of the peninsula east of La Paz. The latter group encountered rougher water than had been experienced on November 1, but was able to land at Balandra Bay and just northwest of Coyote Point. Near the latter locality a large limestone deposit, lying along the upper beach and un- covered by the storm on September 9, contained myriads of well-preserved fossil shells. Inadequate tools for removing the closely cemented material prevented collection of more than fragmentary pieces of the rock, but it was obvious that here was a deposit of great interest, and one that would yield rich dividends if studied intensively. Dr. and Mrs. Hanna obtained outstanding photographs of several flowers during the course of the day, one of which was a milkweed with delicate, brownish filaments three to five millimeters in length attached to the face of the corolla, and fluttering in the slightest breeze. Another splendid color transparency was of a Mammillaria in full fruit, with a ring of bright red, elongate fruits completely encircling the oblong, spine studded body of the plant. On the same little knoll where the fruiting Mammillaria grew, Dr. Hanna found both empty shells and living snails in fair numbers under the slabs of VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA WS: granitic rock. Three different species were represented among the shells obtained at this locality. Empty shells of land snails are numerous in most parts of the Cape Region, but the living animals are often hard to get, for they retreat far into the crevices among the rocks when drought sets in. FIELD OPERATIONS: MOSTLY BOTANICAL Everyone was up at 5:30 a.m. on November 4, had breakfast at 6:00, and the visiting scientists’ plane took off at 7:20, taking Dr. Thomas with them, for he had to return to his duties as Assistant Curator in the Dudley Herbarium at Stanford University. The departure of the larger group left only the two Wigginses operating in the field in the Cape Region, and they missed the others greatly. A number of collections of fruit of cacti, seeds of yuccas, and other botanical specimens needed attention, for if left in the paper bag containers mold would spoil much of the material. The next couple of days were spent in washing the seeds from the pulp of fruits, opening capsules and com- pleting the drying of the seeds, changing the presses and removing specimens, and generally getting things into shape so additional field collecting could be carried on in the Cape Region and in the Sierra de la Giganta. The morning of the 6th Ira and Dorothy left La Paz to accept an in- vitation from Mr. Rex Keller to visit the region around a mine in which he has an interest, located at El Valle Perdido, about 40 miles by road from La Paz. Numerous stops to collect were made en route to El Valle Perdido, so the Keller house on the bank of a large arroyo about a half-mile from the village was reached just a short time before sundown. A pleasant evening was spent talking with Mr. Keller and a visiting mining specialist, Arthur Johnson, whowas at El Valle Perdido to inspect the mine. The conversation with Mr. Keller paid good dividends, for his suggestions concerning the local environment helped the Wigginses find nearly 50 species of collectible material within a mile of the mine buildings the next forenoon. He also sug- gested an extension of the trip another five miles up the-arroyo past El Valle Perdido and over a low ridge, to a small ranch called La Junta. There had been a few small pools and an occasional seep in the large arroyo running past La Mina San Antonio (the mine Keller supervised), but no actively running water there. It was, therefore, amazing to encounter a small but beautiful stream of clear, rapidly running water in the sandy bed of the arroyo only two and one-half miles above the village! Marks on the sand showed that the flow of water fluctuated during day and night periods, with the surface water extending fully 200 yards farther down the arroyo in the early morning that it does toward the end of a warm afternoon. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROc. 4TH SER. An oak, Quercus brandegeei, occurs commonly along the arroyos be- tween Fl Valle Perdido and La Junta. Several had many shoots six to fifteen inches tall forming a dense carpet under the parent tree. At first glance these shoots appeared to be a huge crop of seedlings, but closer examination revealed that they are shoots from the roots of the tree, and are intricately intertangled three to six inches below the surface of the soil. Almost no true seedlings were found under such trees, although acoms were numerous on the branches and under one of the larger trees having these suckers growing from the roots. The acorns of some trees are reputed to be sweet and edible, and quantities are gathered each year and sold for human food in the La Paz markets. A short distance above the point where the rill was encountered, the road climbed a ridge, through a low pass, and dropped down the opposite side into another drainage system, where a much larger stream occupied a channel about 20 feet wide, with a flow four to five inches deep over its gravelly bed. Willow trees, many introduced guamuchil trees, shrubs of Baccharis, and Cryptostegia grandiflora were abundant along the stream. The next morning four different species of morning-glories (Ipomoaea and Merremia) were in flower within 200 yards of camp. Amazingly, no mos- quitoes were noticed during the evening or early morning hours nor had there been the usually abundant swarms of gnats. Hummingbirds were common along the stream and worked over the flowers of the morning-glories and those of a low shrub, Ruwellia californica, as soon as the sun came up. Sev- eral dozen small toads, so recently metamorphosed that some still had vestiges of tails, hopped upward toward granitic boulders along the banks of the arroyo, apparently looking for the protection of overhanging ledges and for moist holes under some of the rocks where they could burrow into the damp soil. Within an hour after the direct rays of the sun struck the bottom of the canyon, not a baby toad was in sight. Camp was broken in the middle of the forenoon, the car driven slowly back to El Valle Perdido, and many stops made to collect specimens that had not had their flowers open the afternoon before. Several specimens of Cnemodophorus, a large Sceloperus lizard, and one good-sized racer dead in the road where a passing vaquero had killed it just a few minutes earlier, were added to the herpetological collections. Fewer collecting stops were made between El Valle Perdido and La Paz, because field work at the altitudes between the mining village and La Paz had been reasonably thorough during December of 1958 and January of 1959. El Valle Perdido is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,500 feet above sea level, and the highest point between there and La Junta only about 150 feet higher. Trails lead from the vicinity of La Junta to the meadows among the higher peaks of the Sierra de la Laguna, so it would be Plate 4 (Upper) ‘‘Pitahayita’’ (Echinocereus brandegeei) near Punta San Lorenzo. Photographed by Ira L. Wiggins (Lower) ‘‘Biznaga’’ (Ferocactus peninsulae) near La Purisima. Photographed by Ira L. Wiggins PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 1 (WIGGINS) PLATE 4 nt. ‘« ea aval mh e ff . A or VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA OT possible to sample the vegetation and fauna of that range from the 1,500- foot level to over 5,000 feet above sea level in a few days with pack and saddle animals. On November 11 the Wigginses headed northwest from La Paz to at- tempt penetration of the Sierre de la Giganta. Several side roads leading toward the northeast and east were investigated in the course of covering the first 100 kilometers, but none of them extended far enough from the highway to further plans for getting into the higher hills and mountains. At Kilometer 100 is situated a small store and a building erected for government use when the highway was being built. A narrow, mainly un- graded, dirt road leads easterly at a sharp angle to the main highway, and Sr. Sabino, proprietor of the Guaycura Motel, had reported a beautiful oasis existed only four miles away, at Rancho San Hilario. Three miles from the highway, a small clump of fan palms attract attention, and although the arroyo was so dry that there were few plants to collect, fragments of fossil wood occurred as float along its bed. Diligent search revealed a few more pieces, but no log could be found in the slightly consolidated, olcanic ash along the banks of the ravine. The oasis itself lived up to the description given by Sr. Sabino, and one of the men at the ranch said that a little later in the fall there would be many ducks on the ponds that occur intermittently up and down the arroyo a distance of several miles. Collecting, however, was rather poor, because goats had harvested much of the vegetation in all directions from the rancho. Dorothy and Ira returned to the paved highway, drove north about 10 kilometers, again turned eastward, and by the end of the day had laboriously traversed rocky, rough roads to El Pilar. At this village another beautiful oasis is formed by a spring that flows steadily from beneath a thick layer of tuff and forms several attractive pools at the feet of date and fan palms. Camp was made just after sundown on a bench a couple of hundred yards from a large pond in the bottom of Arroyo Colorado, north of El Pilar. A site any nearer the water would have put one uncomfortably close to the local concentration of mosquitoes. The morning of the 13th was one of the most beautiful witnessed during the entire stay in Baja California. Rain had been threatening most of the previous day, and just before dawn a light shower occurred. The sun came up behind a huge jumble of clouds, and the play of colors was magnificent. Bright rays broke through a rift in the clouds at 6:05, and a double rainbow almost instantly appeared in the west and northwest, with a backdrop of deep purple clouds edged with rose, gold, and a faint tinge of green. The display was brief, but of sufficient duration to permit exposure of several frames of color film. 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PRoc. 4TH SER. Most of the forenoon was devoted to collecting the many interesting things growing along the moist bed of the arroyo and around the pond that stretched for a half-mile upstream. A vial was filled with beetles and other arthropods screened from the water, and several lizards and a small snake were obtained on the sandy slopes high enough above the bed of the arroyo to have escaped inundation during the high water of the chubasco. Thou- sands of snail shells, belonging to three genera, marked the upper edge of the drift zone. The only birds seen were two pairs of killdeers, a few cliff swallows, and one lone goose flying southwest just after daybreak. It flew high, uttering its lonely call at intervals of about five or six seconds. It was the only goose seen that far south. Progress the rest of the day was slow and the collecting was even slower, for the effects of the chubasco were almost absent from the lower foothills in that part of the peninsula. That evening’s camp was only two miles south of Rancho La Punta del Cerro and dogs, chickens, and burros could be heard from time to time throughout the night. A brief stop at La Punta del Cerro the next morning disclosed that the road no longer runs directly past the ranch, if it ever did, but is about a quarter of a mile east of the buildings, which are almost totally hidden from sight by trees lining the pools in the arroyo. Patches of corn, pumpkins, and beans occupy most of the arroyo’s lower benches, and orange, mango, and avocado trees form a dark green pattern beneath the graceful crowns of a few date palms. Three men were butchering goats at Rancho La Punta del Cerro and were only mildly interested in questions phrased in halting Spanish, so their answers were prefunctory and brief. They had returned to their tasks before the ‘‘Travelall’’ had been fully turned toward the main road. The numerous forks, lateral roads, and total lack of signs caused some inconvenience, but there were no serious delays nor overly long detours, and camp was set up on November 14 at the foot of an impressive remnant of a once large mesa. Much of the forenoon next day was spent exploring the mesa and the caves near its summit. About noon an abundance of Mar- silea was found growing at the water’s edge along an arroyo at Rancho Domicilio. Several ducks were frightened from a pond about a mile below Rancho La Presa, and that tranquil habitation was reached about the middle of the afternoon on November 15. Four and one-half days had been spent traveling 191 miles, the first 62 miles over good pavement! True, many stops had been made to collect, but usually each was for only a short time. The roughness of the ‘‘roads’’ had been the chief factor in reducing the rate of progress. Within the course of an hour arrangements had been made for a couple of saddle animals, pack burros, and a guide for the trip farther into the VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 29 Sierra on the following morning. The welcome extended by the people at the ranch was warm and friendly, with the elderly lady of the hacienda serving coffee and hot milk within ten minutes of the botanists’ arrival. Four days were spent in riding up the trail to Laguna Caquihui, col- lecting the plants still in good condition there, and returning to Rancho La Presa. The trail was a good one, in fact followed the general route of a road that had just been finished in August of 1959, then destroyed by a rush of water during the chubasco on September 9. In making the gradual ascent into the higher mountains, the trail passed the ruins of Mision de la Pasion, which lie on a rounded knoll removed only a little way from an arroyo tri- butary to Arroyo La Presa, and which Sr. Ruperto de la Tova claimed always contains water, even when the main arroyo is dry except for scat- tered tinajas and pools. Several ranches, mostly devoted to raising goats, occur at intervals along this trail, and an attractive cattle and horse ranch is situated at the northern end of Laguna Caquihui, the main laguna between Rancho La Presa and Los Dolores. The ‘“‘lagunas’’ in this part of the Sierra dela Giganta are intermittently dry as dust, and flooded to a depth of several inches to four or five feet. Several years may go by with no water in the lagunas; in others the rainfall is sufficient to fill them deeply enough to permit runoff for a short time. The valleys in which they occur are broad, with very gentle slopes around the periphery of the ponds or lakes, and some are as much as two miles in length and about one-third as wide. Many ducks were rafted in the center of the laguna, but kept too far from shore to permit Ruperto to shoot them. Ver- dure was abundant on the flats along the laguna, but the number of species was low. A very beautiful delicately hued, purplish morning-glory, tangles of a wild bean (Rhynchosia), a weedy member of the hollyhock family, and tremendous numbers of the clover-like plants of the water fern, Marsilea, were the most abundant plants around Laguna Caquihui. Patches of ragweed (Ambrosia) and one of its near relatives, (Franseria) were numerous but not in full bloom. Among the rocks surrounding the laguna, Ruperto found several plants of more than ordinary interest, among them a cactus that looks like dead twigs, Wilcoxia striata, and one plant of a still rarer cactus, Peniocereus johnstonii. Wilcoxia has a bundle of dahlia-like roots buried a few inches below the surface of the soil, and Peniocereus possesses a root that looks like a large sugar beet and may weigh several pounds. Such subsucculent roots help these peculiar plants to survive long, dry periods by storing water in their fibrous tissues. The spines of neither of these cacti are for- midable, and the stems are sometimes severely damaged by rabbits. Cattle avoid them, for their juice is very bitter. 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Ruperto said that the Laguna is only about 15 miles from Los Dolores, a cattle ranch and the site of one of the early missions on the gulf just west of Isla San José. However, the trail down the eastern escarpment of the Sierra de la Giganta is very steep, difficult, and in places dangerous, so Ruperto was unwilling to punish his burros and saddle horses by taking them down that trail and back up again. On the return trip to Rancho La Presa, the second known collection of a delicate little member of the Loasaceae, Sympetaleia tenella, was made. It had been found first by Ivan M. Johnston only a few miles farther north in 1921. Only a single plant was found in collectible condition by Johnston, and just one plant was found in Arroyo la Presa. The latter specimen, how- ever, was in full flower, whereas the one collected by Johnston had been past its prime and bore more fruits than flowers. This specimen from Arroyo La Presa provides adequate material for a fuller description of the endemic species. Sr. de la Tova suggested a day or two of rest at Rancho La Presa to provide opportunities to collect in the immediate vicinity, but inasmuch as the foothills had been covered with considerable thoroughness on the way in and supplies were beginning to run low, his invitation was regretfully de- clined. Better time was made going out than had been possible on the trip from the highway to La Presa, largely because the owner of the ranch at El Domicilio told about a road running directly from El Obispo to the pavement at Kilometer 126. Consequently La Paz was reached by 5:30 p.m., November 19, only 27 hours after the Wigginses left La Presa, in contrast with the four days needed to make the drive to the ranch. ECOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE On arrival at the La Paz headquarters November 19, Dorothy and Ira Wiggins learned that Dr. Paul B. Sears, world-renowned plant ecologist from Yale University, had arrived in La Paz that afternoon. While in California to deliver a series of lectures, Dr. Sears had expressed a desire to see the plant cover in the Cape Region, and the Belvedere Scientific Fund had ar- ranged for him to join the Wigginses for a brief examination of several vegetation types in the vicinity of La Paz. Because Dorothy and Ira were away from headquarters more than a week during their trip to the Sierra de la Giganta, Dr. Sears arrived an hour before they received the telegram in- forming them of his visit. Arrangements were made for a trip to Isla Espiritu during the forenoon of November 20, and the local field workers accompanied Dr. Sears to the island and showed him characteristic vegetation near La Paz following the boat trip. VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 31 After an early breakfast the party left the dock at La Paz aboard Dick Adcock’s barge at 6:20 a.m. on the 20th, and landed near the southern end of Isla Espiritu Santo at 8:20 a.m. Dorothy and Ira collected on the salt flats behind the beach ridge and on the nearby hills, and Dr. Sears took the opportunity to examine the ecological aspects of the salt flat and strand vegetation, which he found intriguingly different from salt marsh plant com- munities along the Atlantic coast of the United States. After the collecting had been completed and ecological notes recorded, Adcock moved the landing craft to one of his favorite skin-diving spots in a quiet cove a mile or so farther north. There, all who wished to attempt it observed marine life with face mask and snorkle. The water was beautifully clear, only slightly ruffled by a light breeze, and the opportunity to watch colorful tropical fish and myriads of invertebrates was a rare one. Among the animals seen were several groupers, a huge marine gar, beautiful gor- gonias, purplish and bluish corals, hydrozoans, starfish, an amazing variety of shellfish, sea cucumbers, at least one small shark, and three medium- sized rays. Mrs. Adcock’s brother, Victor, brought up two or three small pearl oysters, and Mrs. Adcock obtained one gorgeous cone shell, being careful to hold the animal so it could not reach her fingers with its ven- omous tooth. A good collection of marine invertebrates, including snails, bryozoans, sea urchins, starfish, and seaweeds was obtained. As the forenoon advanced, the snorkling members of the party were more and more frequently stung by jellyfish so tiny that they could be seen only as points of light when one looked obliquely through the water. Their stings were not serious, but the cumulative effects finally discouraged even the more rugged divers, and Adcock headed the barge for La Paz, arriving at the dock at 1:55 p.m. By 2:30 p.m., Dr. Sears was ready to look at the desert vegetation west of La Paz. He and Ira Wiggins drove westerly along the paved highway about 30 miles so Dr. Sears could see the sharp change that occurred at the crest of the low range of hills about 18 miles west of the city. The ground east of this crest received a good soaking during the rain accompanying the chubasco in September, whereas the more gently sloping terrain extending to the Pacific had almost no rainfall at that time. Apparently the up-rising air currents occasioned by the abrupt ascent of the escarpment forming the eastern face of the range had brought about precipitation of nearly all mois- ture in the masses of air moving ahead of the strong winds, and had heavily watered the area from the escarpment to the eastern side of the Cape. The winds blowing westerly beyond the escarpment carried little uncondensed moisture, so a very remarkable break in the limits of the rainfall allowed heavy growth of the annual and perennial vegetation on the La Paz plains and the adjacent steep slopes to the top of the ridge, but gave little 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. stimulus to the seeds and aestivating plants west of the crest. Only along a few of the canyons had there been some slight runoff, permitting growth of plants. East of the escarpment the Bursera and Cyrtocarpa trees were in full leaf and Jatropha cinerea was producing numerous flowers and fruits; west of this line, these trees were almost totally devoid of leaves and not a sign of flowers was to be found on the many shrubs of Jatropha. OTHER CAPE REGION LOCALITIES Following the departure of Dr. Sears on November 21, three days were devoted to drying specimens collected on the La Presa trip, making various arrangements with Mr. Adcock about a boat trip to Los Dolores early in December, and getting ready for a short trip in the ‘‘Travelall’’ to the vicinity of Balandra Bay to obtain, in addition to plant specimens, fossils from the coquina beds for Dr. Keen. Detailed notes covering the trip to Laguna Caquihui were written up, and the data on photographs carefully checked and organized. November 24 was unusual in that there was scarcely a vestige of breeze all day, so the water of the bay was mirrorlike and the gnats were viciously bothersome. On Wednesday, November 24, Dorothy and Ira left the apartment in La Paz to get a representative collection of the fossid shells seen near Coyote Point by Dr. Keen and Allyn Smith. Little had been learned about the road beyond Pichilingue by talking with local taxi drivers, but the road was unexpectedly good and the beach just east of Punta San Lorenzo was reached early in the afternoon. Several pictures of the yellow morning-glory (Merremia aurea), and the bright red flowers of Cochemia poselgeri, of an unidentified Echinocereus, and other attractive plants were made en route. Thanksgiving Day was a memorable one, for only the two botanists were on the entire stretch of beautiful beach extending three or four miles from Punta San Lorenzo to Punta Coyote. Two boats, one a turtle-fishing canoe and the other a service tug going to a buoy several miles off shore, passed during the forenoon, but no other craft was seen the whole day. There are several caves well up the side of Punta San Lorenzo, two of which showed definite evidence of having been used extensively for shelter and had deep deposits of shells, ash, and fragments of partially burned wood covering their floors. Jatropha palmeri, which possesses mean stinging hairs on the foliage and young twigs, and Coulterella capitata are both common on the point. Another botanical feature of more than usual interest is the presence of Behria tenuiflora, the red-flowered member of the lily family related to our common blue Brodiaeas of the California foothills and valleys, on the steep slopes of Punta San Lorenzo. Partially dried scraps of Tradescantia (a VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 33 member of the spiderwort family) were found along a small, dry waterway on the northeast slope of the point. There were insufficient materials available to make identification possible, but ripe capsules contained seeds that may grow, and furnish flowers with which determinations may be made later. The beach east of Punta San Lorenzo is made up of myriads of tiny fragments of shells. Almost no sand of inorganic origin is present. Inter- mixed with the fragments are many fresh shells bearing slight evidence of the grinding and churning effects of breakers, so the area would be of great interest to malacologists. Moderately deep water around the rocky point itself might produce a wealth of living shells through skin-divers’ activities, although favorable diving conditions might be found only during particularly mild weather. The coquina beds there are extensive, and contain a remarkably rich fauna, probably of Pliocene age. About 60 pounds of material was obtained from randomly selected parts of the beds exposed along a small channel cut through the inner beach by outflow during the chubasco. This exposure had been wholly covered by sand before the storm. A few months hence it could again be covered, if heavy wave action is not offset by eroding streams from the playa extending inland a mile or more from the beach. Sand dunes, occupying a strip from a few yards to a quarter of a mile wide along much of this beach, present opportunities for botanists and herpetologists. The distance from La Paz to Punta San Lorenzo 1s approximately 20 miles by road, and takes a little less than two hours to drive. The road is rough in spots, but can be negotiated by most stock cars if care 1s taken to avoid stumps, rocks partially hidden by weeds, and occasional abrupt gullies washed across the road since its construction. There was no ev- idence of appreciable traffic beyond Pichilinque, to which point trucks go regularly to load salt from the evaporating enclosures on the island. Ap- parently there had been only one other car at Punta San Lorenzo since the chubasco in September. November 27 through 29 was devoted to a trip to Las Cruces, with many collecting stops en route. Ecological notes were made in more than usual detail, on a ridge 11.5 miles from La Paz near the fork where the road leading to Puerto Mejia diverges from the one to Las Cruces. The detailed work was done at that site because there is a striking contrast between the fairly heavy vegetational cover on the southeasterly side of the ridge as compared with that on its northwesterly face. These notes, together with others taken in various parts of the Cape Region, are planned to furnish material for a separate ecological paper on the area. November 30 was spent packing the fossils for shipment to Dr. Keen, getting the food supplies for the boat trip to Los Dolores ready, and making final arrangements with Dick Adcock. . 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. On the first of December collecting was done while making a loop from La Paz to the westerly margin of the valleyin which Los Planes is located, thence southward along the road that connects with the main one from La Paz to El Triunfo, San Bartolo, and San José del Cabo, and back to La Paz. Comparatively few specimens were obtained but three different areas that appear to hold worth-while potentialities for future detailed inves- tigation were spotted. One was a deep canyon in granitic hills east of La Huerta and lying south of the road, about 22 miles from La Paz. Another was a larger, broader canyon with a wide, sandy floor situated north of the main road and about a mile farther east, and the third region was the arroyo and adjacent hills near the village of Tescalama four miles from the old mining village of San Antonio. A series of well kept, small ranches lined this arroyo, with neat fields in which corn, beans, tomatoes, and other vegetables were grown. A few small patches of sugar cane were seen, and several orchards containing mango, banana, and date palms attested to the reliability of the water sources. Many fan palms had been planted along some of the irrigation ditches, and provided leaves with which to thatch the roofs of the local houses or for sale in La Paz. A feature of the native vegetation near Tescalama was the heavy predominance of the Palo Blanco (Lysiloma candida) on the hills above the cultivated fields. It formed re- latively heavy stands, with no other accompanying trees attaining the height of the flat-topped Palo Blanco. BoAT TRIP TO Los DOLORES On December 3 two additional botanists, Miss Annetta Carter, Senior Herbarium Botanist at the University of California in Berkeley, and Mr. Wallace R. Ernst, an advanced graduate student in botany at Stanford University, arrived in La Paz to participate in a trip by boat to Los Dolores and to several peninsular and island localities. Dr. and Mrs. Krutch also joined the party in order to accumulate additional data toward a book on the general characteristics and natural history of Baja California. Most of the gear and supplies for the four-day trip to Los Dolores was loaded aboard Adcock’s boat during the afternoon, and everyone tried to get some rest between dinner and 11:30 p.m., the time set to drive to the dock for a midnight departure. El Crepusculo sailed promptly at midnight, in an almost complete calm, and with a brilliant display of luminescence in the water churned by the propeller and the hull of the boat. Occasionally a flying fish broke water, when the beams of flashlights were swept across its surface, and could be followed in its soaring flight until it again plunged into the bay. There were almost no clouds, so the stars were sparklingly brilliant. VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 35 The cruise north was smooth and the beach at Los Dolores was reached at about 8:45 a.m., December 4. Search was made up and down the coast for a mile or more to find a steeply sloping beach providing water deep enough to permit beaching the LCP adjacent to a suitable camp site. Failing to locate a suitable landing other than the one directly in front of the ranch, Adcock returned there and put the gear ashore so the cooks could prepare a belated breakfast. The remainder of the day was devoted to scouring the hills south of the ranch for collectible plants. The nonbotanical members of the party hiked inland about three or four miles to the tumbled rubble that constitutes the ruins of Mision de los Dolores. Collecting was unexpectedly good on the precipitous hillsides south of the ranch, and the botanists returned to camp barely in time for dinner with their folios crammed with an excellent representation of the native flora of the region. Ants of two kinds made themselves unwelcome at the beach camp: large, black ones stung viciously, and each person stung nursed a large, smarting, red welt at the site of each sting for two or-three days thereafter. The tiny ones, also black, showed a tremendous liking for cake frosting. The frosting was almost completely sacrificed to the ants, for the snowy whiteness of one cake was completely hidden by the thousands of minute, black bodies swarming over it. Everyone was awakened at the crack of dawn by an ominous increase in the murmur of the low breakers, and a few minutes later SF. Rodriguez, the owner of the ranch, arrived to say that a heavy wind was on its way. He insisted that gear must be stowed in the LCP as soon as possible or the breakers would be so high that it would be impossible to land the El Crepusculo or take a small boat through the surf. Breakfast preparations were speeded to the utmost, but with all the haste mustered it was im- possible to beach the landing craft. Gear, supplies, and passengers had to be transferred from beach to landing craft in a dugout canoe owned by Sr. Rodriguez and manned by him and two of his men. Dick Adcock cruised south about 10 miles to a sheltered cove. The group landed, with the thought that a move to another cove a little farther south would be made if this one did not provide good collecting. However, collecting was good, and an added incentive to stay more than three or four hours was furnished when a propeller blade was bent when it fouled the anchor chain. Adcock had to work several hours, submerged and wearing an aqualung, to repair the damage. The field workers scoured the hillsides and canyons within a mile of the camp, again obtaining excellent represen- tatives of the native flora hugging the steep slopes of the eastern escarp- ment. Ample collections of the rare endemic, Sympetaleia tenella, of which a single plant had been found in Arroyo de La Presa, were found in the 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. shade of a cliff having a large cave at its base, and many of the plants were growing inside the cave. The wind was still blowing stiffly the morning of December 6 when E/ Crepusculo left the cove to make the run across the channel to Isla San Jose. The crossing was uncomfortable until the boat hauled into the lea of island. A landing was made on a fine, sandy beach about a mile from the headquarters of the salt works, and collecting was good in a nearby arroyo. The botanists were kept so busy with the rich harvest that they delayed the planned departure by nearly an hour. At 3:00 p.m. on December 6 El Crepdsculo left Isla San José and by four o’clock had coasted down the east side of Isla San Francisco. Waves in the cove facing the southeast were too high to permit landing, so Adcock rounded the southern end of the island and landed in a protected embayment opening toward the southwest. Plans had already been made to stay there overnight and spend most of the next day on Isla Espiritu Santo or Isla Partida, so the three botanists began collecting on the salt flat separating the two coves and on the adjacent steep, rocky slopes. They returned to the camp at dark, and after a hasty meal tucked all of the afternoon’s take into presses. Loading gear into the El Crepuzsculo began before breakfast on the 7th, for Dick noted that the tide started running out shortly after daybreak. As it was, the craft settled on a rounded rock as the loading proceeded, and had to be rocked from side to side, with all hands in the water to their shoul- ders, to dislodge her. The delay was short, and by 8:20 a.m. the craft was headed for Isla Partida. A moderate sea was running in the open gulf but under the lea of a bird-covered rock just north of Isla Partida the waves were smaller, and flattened practically to a dead calm in a beautiful cove near the north end of the island. A narrow canyon ran inland from this cove, and a variety of flowering plants was found. One of the most interesting plants there was a colony of Fouquieria buragei, which differs from F. peninsularis mainly in having pale cream, more widely flaring flowers and puberulent twigs. This species had not been reported previously from Isla Partida. A gnarled tree of For- chammeria watsoni grew from a slight cleft in the rocky wall of the canyon, about 200 yards from the beach. Miss Carter noticed faintly visible outlines of letters carved in its trunk. Closer scrutiny showed that, although the bark had completely overgrown the original cuts, the letters, arranged: F. R. 1886 ENO 26. were still legible. Unless someone had carved another person’s initials and the date he had been at the spot, had died, or otherwise had done something VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 37 to warrant this humble type of commemoration, a person whose initials were ‘“F. R.’’ had carved them on the trunk of the Forchammeria tree on January 26, 1886! If the latter is the history of these initials, the tree had borne the marks of the visitor nearly 75 years. A photograph of the carving distinctly shows the letters and date. There are evidences of still earlier occupancy on this part of Isla Par- tida in caves and on the steep slopes below them across the canyon from the Forchammeria tree. Several large caves occur under the volcanic cap- rock at elevations of 150 to 200 feet above the sea, and about a quarter of a mile from the shore. Several caves show smoke stains on the roofs; others have been breached by seeping water and by spalling of the roof and show little or no evidence of fires. On the floors of some caves and strewn down the slopes below them were tons of shells of oysters, clams, conches, and lesser marine molluscs. Fish bones were present in considerable numbers, but owing to their greater susceptibility to disintegration under exposure there were fewer of them than of the shells. Many of the shells were of a huge, heavily-shelled oyster, with a valve eight to ten inches in length and nearly as wide. No living oysters of such proportions were seen in the cove, and one wonders if these ancient shell heaps contain remains of an oyster no longer existing in the waters around Isla Partida. No artifacts of ab- original character were found in or near the caves; only the heaps of shells. In the canyon below the caves was a tinaja containing perhaps 200 gallons of fresh water contaminated slightly by green algae and water striders, but with no evidence of water snails in or around it. Fig trees of moderate size were present, too, and might have been a small. source of ed- ible fruit for the Indians who once lived here, or visited the place periodic- ally to dive for the large oysters, clams, and conches with which they had littered the hillsides. At least four different kinds of lizards were seen along the canyon and on the rocks at its mouth. Representatives of the genera Sceloporus, Uta, Cnemodophorus, as well as a larger lizard that resembled a chuckwalla, were seen, but only a large fence lizard (Sceloporus) and one specimen of Uta were collected. The cruise down the west side of Isla Espiritu Santo and across the channel to La Paz was comfortable and interesting, for the late afternoon sun showed the many stratified layers of volcanic ash, lava flows, and basaltic caps to advantage, emphasizing the bright colors of the pink, greenish, and gray layers in contrast to the dull gray-black of the basalt. The sea was an indescribable blue, fairly calm, and constantly changing. 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. FINAL PHASES OF 1959 FIELD OPERATIONS Tuesday morning, December 8, Miss Carter stayed in La Paz, instead of going to Loreto to carry on field work there, because the landing strip at Loreto was too wet for use. There had been a brisk shower during the night, and the threatening clouds at La Paz indicated the approach of the front that had closed the Loreto airport. Dorothy Wiggins accompanied Dr. and Mrs. Krutch on the northbound plane, and Mr. Ernst remained with Ira to share the driving when field work for 1959 should be terminated a few days later. No field work was attempted on either the 8th or 9th, owing to the un- settled weather, but the showers provided an opportunity to give close attention to the presses and keep drying processes going steadily. Shortly before daylight on the 10th, the rain stopped, and Wally, Miss Carter, and Ira Wiggins drove to Arroyo Ledn, where Dorothy and Ira had seen the palm trees on an earlier trip. Rain was falling again by the time Arroyo Ledn was reached, so collecting activities had to be postponed. On December 11 all intermediate collecting sites between La Paz and Arroyo Ledn were ignored until the car was parked at the top of the trail leading to the bottom of the canyon. An amazing richness of botanical material was lining the steep slopes and cliffs flanking Arroyo Leén. Among the plants growing there was a fine colony of Bouvardia alexanderae, an attractive member of the Rubiaceae Miss Carter had described several years earlier from plants collected near El Saltito on the road between La Paz and Las Cruces. The site in Arroyo Ledn is the second one known for this species, and Miss Carter obtained a generous supply of seed for experimental pur- poses. Nearly 40 species were represented among the specimens collected in Arroyo Ledn in about three hours. There was another deep, intriguing canyon about a mile south of Arroyo Leon, but there was insufficient time to investigate it on the 11th. Vari- ation in the botanical composition of plant cover in canyons separated by a mile or less is often sufficient to make intensive work from ridge to ridge and canyon to canyon well worth the effort. Several localities in the vicinity of Arroyo Leon needed to be checked carefully to ascertain the extent of these variations. Mr. Ernst and Ira Wiggins spent December 12 packing specimens and equipment for the drive north, and at 3:00 p.m. on the 13th they left La Paz. Only one stop of consequence was made between La Paz and the end of the pavement at Kilometer 212. It was to search for more adequate fossil wood material near Rancho San Hilario. The search failed to locate the main log or logs, but approximately five pounds of small pieces were picked up along the bottom of the gulley. VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 39 An abortive attempt was made to drive through the Sierra de la Giganta from Santo Domingo to Loreto, but that route had to be abandoned about eight miles southwest of Misidn San Xavier. Damage to the road during the chubasco had not been repaired, and fords across the stream were too deep for even the “‘Travelall’’ to get through. La Purisima was entered on December 18, gasoline purchased, and the slow, northward journey continued. The road over the mesas and across canyons was rougher than it had been on the southbound trip for the rains on December 8 and 10 had made the tracks muddy, and trucks had cut deep ruts and chuckholes. The going was better in the broad valley running inland from the south end of Salina Cuarenta than it had been in October, because the rain had settled the powdery dust. It was necessary to drive over a torturing road skirting the lower slopes of basaltic talus the full length of Salina Cuarenta to avoid getting stuck in the mud. The road inland from the northern end of Salina Cuarenta had been al- most obliterated by the last rains. The erosion in this area had been severe. Some arroyos had carried five to eight feet of runoff, and pools two or three feet deep were still present in rocky parts of several arroyos twelve days after the rain ceased. The clear skies and daily breezes had done much to dry out the road, which was still soft in spots, but the thoroughfare still would have been difficult or impossible for most stock cars. However, none of the streams between Arroyo San Raymundo and San Ignacio con- tained running water, where the road crossed them, between December 18 and 21. As nearly as could be determined, the “Travelall’’ was the third car to make the trip between La Purisima and San Ignacio after the rains, and both trucks had very heavy going. Monday, December 21, camp was set up near Rancho Caracol, north of San Ignacio, and the next night about five miles south of Rancho Mesquital, where the glow from lights at the salt works an Laguna Guerrero Negro could be seen low on the horizon to the west. The 23rd, camp was made near a spot five miles north of Punta Prieta, where James I. McMurphy and Ira Wiggins had spent a night on their southbound trip in the early spring of 1931. During a brief stop at Punta Prieta for gasoline, Wally had asked a local patriarch if the threatening clouds would bring rain during the night. The old man assured him that there would be no rain that night, although there probably would be ‘‘a little rain’’ late the following day. At midnight rain began to fall. About an hour later it was apparent that it was not a passing shower, so camp was struck, the gear loaded, and the “Travelall”’ driven northward over muddy, slippery, rough road. The ranch at Laguna Chapala Seca was reached at daylight, gasoline obtained, and the advice of the owner to continue via the road to San Felipe instead of toward Catavifta and Rosario accepted. The old gentleman thought the 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. ‘‘Travelall’’ would have no trouble on the grades, and that San Felipe might be reached by dark that night. Contrary to the ranchero’s estimate, San Felipe was reached not the evening of the 24th, but after dark Christmas night! Rain and high wind hampered progress on the 24th, and good collecting in the southern San Felipe Desert prevented rapid travel on Christmas Day. The wealth of herbaceous growth, mostly of plants not yet in flower, augured well for a wonderful botanical display a month or six weeks later. Several areas be- tween Laguna Chapala Seca and San Felipe were noted that should be examined after the young plants matured. Mr. Ernst made collections of herbarium specimens and cytological material from two species of Esch- scholzia in the southern San Felipe Desert, an area from which such collections had not been obtained previously. Wally and Ira reached Stanford University late in the evening of December 26, with three plant presses filled with specimens collected be- tween Laguna Chapala Seca and San Felipe. In the interim between Decem- ber 8 and 24 a special field project sponsored by the Belvedere Scientific Fund had been completed. BOOJUM TREE PROJECT On the flight north on December 8, the plane landed at Bahia de Los Angeles to permit Dr. Krutch to await arrival of Lew Walker and Karl Embrey. These men drove a second ‘‘Travelall’’ southward along the gulf side of the peninsula from Mexicali to Bahia de los Angeles, were joined by Dr. Krutch, and the three then drove north to El Marmol to observe the Idria forest and to relocate and rephotograph several Idria tees Lew Walker had photographed ten years earlier. Ten trees had been photographed in 1949, and Lew was anxious to learn what changes had taken place in the size and shape of these peculiar trees. Mr. Walker had taken meticulous notes on the location of the trees, and his notes, aided by his remarkable memory for topographical features, made it possible for him to find all save one or two of the original ten. Unmis- takable changes had occurred in the decade between the two series of photographs, but changes in other vegetation, such as nearby Yucca and Creosote Bush plants, were much more marked than those in the Idria trees. The data obtained by this group are believed to be the first record of this type for the ‘‘Boojum Tree’’ or Idria, and constitute valuable information about the growth rate and longevity of this weird plant. After locating the selected Boojum Trees, the party returned to the road cutting across the mountains from Laguna Chapala Seca, drove to Bahia de San Luis Gonzaga, and then back to Tucson, Arizona. On this, as on other VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 41 trips, the ‘Travelall’’ stood up well and demonstrated its value and reli- ability as an exceptionally sturdy field vehicle. DINOSAUR SCOUTING TRIP Two graduate students in the Department of Paleontology at the Uni- versity of California, Frank H. Kilmer and Dale A. Russell, applied to the Belvedere Scientific Fund for support to make a preliminary field survey to an area in Baja California reputed to contain skeletal material of dinosaurs. Their objective was to determine the extent of the deposits, and the probable amount of fossil dinosaur and other vertebrate material present. They believed a preliminary survey would determine whether or not the area held enough promise, paleontologically, to warrant one or both of them basing work toward a Ph. D. thesis on the stratigraphy and paleontology of the region. Use of a second ‘‘Travelall’’ and financial aid were extended to Kilmer and Russell in mid-December, and the two men spent 29 days consulting specialists in southern California and doing field reconnaissance in Baja California. The field work, which extended into January, 1960, revealed enough fossil material to warrant extensive and detailed study of the sections under consideration. However, problems surrounding transportation and field support influenced both men to abandon the plan for doing inten- sive work in northern Baja California in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the Ph. D. degree, and the project was carried no farther. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS WEATHER AND COLLECTING ConpiTIONS. Weather conditions in Baja California are favorable for field work much of the year. During the summer months, particularly in August and September, torrential rains and winds of high velocity sometimes sweep the southern half of the peninsula. Heat is trying through the peninsula, except in the higher mountains, during the summer months. Gentle, intermittent rains fall during the late fall and winter, but their geographical distribution is spotty and unpredictable. Thunder- storms occur commonly during summer in the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Rain, in most cases, rarely hampers the field worker for more than a few days at a time, and often brings welcome respite from long periods of hot weather. Botanical collecting is good in the southern part of the peninsula fol- lowing the summer rains, and in the months of January, February, and March in the Cape Region following the winter rains. In the waist of the peninsula, botanical collecting is good after any rainy period, but rains are unpredict- able, both as to timing and amount, so it is highly desirable to correspond 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROc. 4TH SER. with people living in the region before one plans a field expedition. Such inquiries usually provide information about the condition of the vegetational cover. The herpetologist finds collecting discouragingly poor during the cooler months, and gets comparatively little between November and March in most parts of the peninsula. By the latter half of March the reptiles begin to move about, and from that time into autumn, activity is high, with both diurnal and nocturnal forms occurring in many habitats. The collections ob- tained during the unfavorable parts of the year, however, are of more than ordinary interest, for a trained ecologist gains valuable information from the list of animals not taken as well as from the ones captured during the winter months. Thus Dr. Leviton’s specimens taken in December and January supply information lacking in some earlier herpetological collections from the Cape Region. . Entomologists, ornithologists, and mammalogists have learned to ar- range their field operations at different times of the year, depending on the area to be explored. They find different groups of animals active in a particular area in different seasons. Ornithologists often time their work to coincide with the migration habits of the birds. Mr. Leech found an abundance of water beetles at the few spots where permanent water, or ponds of more than a few days’ duration, occurred. He could have extended the period of profitable collecting considerably had it been practical to penetrate canyons along the western flanks of the Sierra de la Giganta, for streams there flow the year around. During 1958-59 the precipitation was extraordinarily heavy in the southern half of Baja California. Consequently, biological collecting of all land and fresh-water organisms was remarkably good. There may not be another period with so much rainfall over such an extended period during the lifetime of any of the workers who got into the field from September, 1958, through 1959! It was a stroke of tremendous good fortune that the series of field trips outlined in this paper could be staged at this pro- pitious time. FIELD Equipment. The field equipment with which the various parties went into the field was good. Some minor details can be improved, and cer- tain things perhaps eliminated in order to reduce transportation problems. The vehicle used, an International Harvester ‘‘Travelall’’ of the ‘‘120’’ series, equipped with locking hubs on the front wheels and an all-wheel drive transmission, plus a sturdy winch mounted on the front bumper, was eminently suitable. It had sufficient power to pull over the steepest grades encountered; the four-wheel drive helped innumerable times in mud and soft sand. The winch was used mainly to pull other cars out of the road when they had broken down and blocked the road to other traffic. VoL. XXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 43 Some weaknesses in the frame and the metal parts of the body developed after the car had been driven over particularly rough, rocky terrain. The cross member under the rear of the engine broke in two near Santa Rosalia and had to be welded, as Dr. Thomas and Dr. Moran drove north in May of 1959. Overload springs are recommended if the field party is carrying supplies and gear for an extended stay. If a sixth tire is carried, it should be mounted on a rim. If gear is to be carried on the roof of the ‘“‘Travelall’’ a sturdy luggage platform must be constructed to fit the car. Commercial, ready-built ones are inadequate and break down almost as soon as rough road is encountered. A custom-built platform should be bolted to the top through the gutters above the doors only, not through the metal forming the top. The bearing surfaces of the cross members should be contoured to fit the curve of the top and cushioned with strips of leather or some wear-resistant gasket material. Most field workers, particularly those who need to use pack animals, will find it an advantage to have boxes of lightweight but sturdy con- struction built to fit into the back of the vehicle and properly proportioned to be tied to a pack saddle. Such boxes, made of plywood, fastened with screws and glue, should have hinged tops and a hasp to close the container. A strip screwed to each end, or ropes threaded through holes in the ends, might be helpful in securing the boxes to the pack. Larger storage boxes for extra supplies, and in which specimens can be stored after the supplies have been used, may be highly desirable. During most trips, tents have been unnecessary and if carried are usually excess baggage. One large tarpaulin, about 12 x 16 feet, and several smaller ones, about 6 x 8 feet or 8 x 10 feet, should be carried to protect personnel and gear against occasional showers, heavy dew, or unseasonable low temperatures. There is nearly always need, sometime during a trip, for extra rope and for iron wire. Gasket material to prevent leakage from water and gasoline cans should be carried. A new type of water-purifying tablet seems superior to those used pre- viously. This tablet frees iodine when placed in the drinking water, and normally each tablet effectively treats one quart of water. RESUME By the end of 1959 three major field expeditions had been put into the field, and seven reconnaissance or special emphasis trips of short duration completed. Nineteen scientists and their assistants carried on field work in Baja California under the auspices of the California Academy of Sciences and with support from the Belvedere Scientific Fund and its founders. The total number of man-days devoted to field investigations of the natural 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. history of Baja California during these expeditions is impressive. Approxi- mately 820 man-days were invested in the project by the scientists and their aides. This does not include time given to preparation for the expeditions or in organizing, naming, and studying the specimens collected. As a result of the field work, more than 20,000 sheets of herbarium specimens were collected, several hundred herpetological specimens ob- tained, critical insects, and valuable collections of water beetles had been obtained by Mr. Leech and Mr. Patterson, and valuable malacological speci- mens secured by Dr. Hanna, Dr. Keen, and Mr. Smith. Important information had been recorded bearing on the ecology of the peninsula, its geological and topographic features, and on the various segments of its natural history represented by the field operators. Several papers dealing with certain aspects of botany, malacology, ornithology, and herpetology had been pre- pared and awaited publication by the year’s end. The ‘‘Travelall’’ purchased in the fall of 1958 covered 17,270 miles between its purchase and the end of 1959. About 12,000 miles of this dis- tance was in Mexico, nearly 10,000 of them over unpaved roads. It went into the shops for checking and repairs at the end of each major trip, and was used in Baja California again in the early part of 1960. Its dependability placed it high in the esteem of those who drove, or rode in, it. Its riding qualities on rough road left something to be desired. During the field operations the scientists were blessed with excellent equipment and logistic support through the generous aid given by the Belve- dere Scientific Fund, by its founders, and by Dr. Robert C. Miller and members of the staff of the California Academy of Sciences. Sound advice and suggestions from scientists and others interested in the work, con- tributed greatly to the success of field operations. Their support is appreciated greatly by each participant in the field work. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER FIELD WORK By the end of 1959 the Cape Region of Baja California had been covered with sufficient frequency and thoroughness for the botanists, at least, to believe that, except for special groups of plants and for a few small areas, the point of diminishing returns had been reached. The same was true for the narrow strip through which the main north-south road from Tijuana to San José del Cabo is routed. The western slopes of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, and the immediate vicinity of several major towns, probably have been covered with reasonable thoroughness. The Magdalena Plains are well known, botanically, but the foothills lying to their east, the total length of The Sierra de la Giganta, the western part of the Desierto Vizcaino, the mountains between Santa Rosalfa and Bahia de los Angeles, the area near VOL. EXX) WIGGINS: NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA 45 the Pacific Coast from the latitude of Punta Prieta north to the proximity of El Rosario, and the mountains adjacent to the southern parts of the San Felipe Desert all need much more exploration. Not only are these areas poorly known botanically, but the fauna of much of the territory is incom- pletely known. Even the Sierra Juarez and the Sierra Pinal, lying between the northern end of the Sierra San Pedro Martir and the International Boun- dary, still need careful exploration. There is much yet to do on the islands in the Gulf of California, des- pite the several expeditions that have put collectors ashore on most of them during the past half century. Intensive, canyon to canyon and ridge to ridge exploration needs to be carried out on most of the islands of the Gulf, and those along the Pacific Coast of Baja California can, in the main, be given additional attention with profit. Much has been accomplished, but much remains to be done on the natural history of the region. Field work continued into 1960, and further expeditions are planned for later in that and in subsequent years. It is believed that three to four years devoted closely to the natural history of the peninsula will reveal the main patterns of the web of life as it exists there today. Interpretations of some of the puzzles will, no doubt, be available by the end of such a period. Others will still vex, intrigue, and delight natural scientists for generations to come. There will long be work for scientists to do in Baja California. The plates accompanying this report were prepared by the following members of the Academy: C. E. Crompton, M. C. Giles, G. D. Hanna and Margaret M. Hanna. The process used was developed by the Research Department of Eastman Kodak Company. ow $258 0) COREE are RY PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fourth Series Vol. XXX, No. 2, pp. 47-66, figs. 1-33, 1 plate March 20, 1961 WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE BIVALVED GASTROPOD GENUS BERTHELINIA BY A. MYRA KEEN Stanford University and ALLYN G. SMITH California Academy of Sciences INTRODUCTION So synonymous are the terms ‘“‘bivalves’’ and ‘‘pelecypods’’ in our minds that even the layman is disturbed by the phrase ‘“‘bivalved gastropod,’’ feel- ing it is somehow contradictory. The detection of these unorthodox snails by a Japanese zoologist, Dr. Siro Kawaguti, in 1959, was a dramatic moment in malacology. It was, however, the second of two noteworthy molluscan dis- coveries of recent years that have opened new windows toward the past and have modifiedthe standard classification. The first and major find, of course, was Neopilina, a limpet-like mollusk showing segmentation of its soft parts, which was dredged in very deep water off the west Central American coast (Lemche, 1957). Although such mollusks did not seem as newsworthy in the popular press as, say, the coelacanth (a fish supposedly extinct since Juras- sic time), Neopilina actually was more astonishing, for its ancestors left their last trace in the fossil record during mid-Paleozoic time. Recognition of a separate molluscan class, Monoplacophora, resulted. The bivalved gastropods turn out also to be living fossils, though not of such antiquity. No new major category must be erected, but several genera hitherto assumed to belong in Pelecypoda now must be shifted to Gastropoda, so that in effect a new definition of the dividing line between these two mol- luscan classes ts required. 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. The first report on the Japanese discovery appeared late in 1959; within the year since, a half-dozen papers on the subject have been published and more are in press. This literature has been summarized by Keen (1960b); a paper by Burn (1960b) appeared later. The present report covers west American occurrences of the bivalved gastropods, with a review of species elsewhere and an attempt at classifi- cation of the group as a whole. Dr. Kawaguti has already investigated the soft parts of the Japanese form and the developmental stages of the animals. A cursory examination of soft parts of our material reveals no evident dif- ferences and so we will confine our study to the shell alone, leaving for inter- ested zoologists a more detailed comparison of the two. The bivalved gastropods are mostly small, the shells ordinarily less than 10 mm. in maximum length, the animal itself being not much longer in its extended position. These snails feedon green algae ofthe genus Cauwlerpa. Both the tissues of the animal and the shell itself take on the same shade of green as the alga, making detection of the living animals in place very difficult. The left valve bears a spiral nucleus, which is retained through- out life. Within, there is a conspicuous subcircular central muscle scar. A thin periostracum covers both valves, which peels off readily if the valves are left in water after the animal dies. At the dorsal junction or hinge of the two valves the periostracum thickens and forms a crude ligament that is set into vague notches. The second valve is not a modified operculum, as one might hastily assume. Dr. Kawaguti (1960), who has kept several generations of the animals in his laboratory, shows that the second valve appears be- tween the third and seventh days of larval life as an area of calcification alongside the left marginof the aperture. Two separate lobes of shell material continue growth, held together by the periostracal layer. More than one author has, in the past, described species andgenera that we now see are related to the Japanese find. When single left valves were all that were known, the species were assigned to Gastropoda. Bivalvedness has been so taken for granted as the hallmark of Pelecypoda that no one has questioned the propriety of transferring these species and genera out of Gas- tropoda whenever matching valves came to light, although some comment would usually be made as to the remarkable resemblance of the shells to those of opisthobranchs. Without the evidence of soft parts, any other course would have been unthinkable. Thus, when the Japanese authors Kawaguti and Baba came to describe their find, they were not in a position to question the placement of such a group as Edenttellina, an Australian genus of sup- posed pelecypods, and they merely called attention to its superficial resem- blance to the genus Tamanovalva, which they proposed as new. Their de- scription sparked a fresh search for a living example of Edenttellina, which, when found, proved tobe a gastropod, as didalso a west American form. With this evidence, we can now infer that certain fossils with similar shell form, VOL. XXX) KEEN & SMITH: BERTHELINIA 49 supposedly pelecypods, classified hitherto in Galeommidae and Juliidae, actually belong in Opisthobranchiata, in a specialized division known as Sacoglossa, of which the genera Oxynoe and Lobiger have been the best- la Trinidad ta Rivers 8202 95/0 5 ips fie Plinta Colorado 2 Fare Ms a = \ Punta Arena 6 TROPIC OF CANCER -7-4 ey _/Punta Boca del Tule ¥ So ae J Punta Gord Scale |:500,000 SSS Ciatia San ivcas Cabd Falso Cabo San Lucas 0 8 6 42 0 10 20 30 40 MILES SoSTea=s ———— —————— 10864 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 KILOMETERS ISDSOS6 i i————s ———e Elevations are indicated in meters FIGURE 1. Map of Cape Region, Baja California Sur, Mexico (taken from Mexico Air Navi- gation Map, La Paz section, Geographic Branch, Military Intelligence Division, U.S.A., 1936, map number 3507-60 12-S and San Jose del Cabo section NF 12-North). GENERAL GEOGRAPHY The Cape region of Baja California, as defined here, is that region of the Peninsula south and southeast of a line extending from La Paz to Todos Santos (figure 1). While typical elements of the fauna and flora of the Cape region extend somewhat north of this line, into the Magdalena Plain and south- ern fringe of the Sierra Giganta, the Cape nevertheless forms a logical geo- graphical unit. Within the Cape there is a massif central, the Sierra de la Vic- toria, an old granitic mass, attaining a maximum elevation of about 6,300 feet. 130 TABLE l. STATION 1 2 3 4 nN 29 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Herpetological collecting stations in the Cape Region, Baja California, Mexico, December, 1958 - January, 1959. DATE 11 Dec. l7eDec: ee 19 Dec. 20 Dec. LOCALITY 7 miles N. of El Arco, along main road. La Palmilla, 5 miles SSW. of San Jose del Cabo. Las Cruces. 18.5 miles from junction of Los Planos road and La Paz airport road, 21 miles ESE. of La Paz. La Ventana. 8.8 miles by road from Los Planos, at junction of Bahia de los Muertos-Punta Arena de la Ventana roads. Bahia de los Muertos. 7.3 miles WNW. of Los Planos, along road to La Paz. La Paz. 4 miles E. of La Paz, along road to Las Cruces. 8.8 miles E. of La Paz, along road to Las Cruces. 9 miles E. of La Paz, along road to Las Cruces. 12.4 miles E. of La Paz, along road to Las Cruces. 39.5 miles S. of La Paz, along road to Todos Santos. 36.4 miles S. of La Paz, along road to Todos Santos. 2.8 miles SSE. of Todos Santos. Punta Lobos. 6.4 miles N. of Todos Santos, along road to La Paz. 15.1 miles N. of Todos Santos, along road to La Paz. 17.5 miles N. of Todos Santos, along road to La Paz (fig. 2), 21.6 miles N. of Todos Santos, along road to La Paz. 23.9 miles S. of La Paz, along road to Todos Santos. Arroyo de la Purissima, approximately 1 kilometer N. of La Purissima. 9.4 miles N. of LaPaz, along road to Bahia Pichilinque. 12.5 miles N. of La Paz, 0.9 miles from Bahia Pichilinquee 10.8 miles N. of La Paz, along road to Bahia Pichilinque. 10.2 miles N. of La Paz, along road to Bahia Pichilinque. El Coyote Beach, 16.4 miles NNE. of La Paz (fig. 3). Santa Victoria Ranch, 11.2 miles NNE. of La Paz. 5.8 miles NNE. of La Paz, along road to El Coyote. Rodreguiz Ranch, 19.2 miles WNW. of La Paz (fig.4&5). 10.3 miles WNW. of La Paz, along main road; 9.6 miles N. of Los Aripes. 1.6 miles E. of Cabo San Lucas. 3.4 miles NE. of Cabo San Lucas. 7.7 Miles NE. of Cabo San Lucas. VOL. XXX) TABLE 1. (CONTINUED) STATION 36 a7 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Sul 322 53 54 55 56 Di 58 Dy) 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 DATE ISjiant 3 Jan. 17 Jan. LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 131 LOCALITY 11.0 miles NE. of Cabo San Lucas. 13.1 miles WNW. of La Paz (3.5 miles N. of Los Aripes, along road to Rodreguiz Ranch). 10.2 miles WNW. of La Paz (0.6miles N. of Los Aripes, along road to Rodreguiz Ranch). 12.9 miles E. of La Paz, along road to Las Cruces (Arroyo de’ los Pozos) (fig. 6). 15.6 miles E. of La Paz, along road to Las Cruces. 24.9 miles SE. of La Paz, along road to San Antonio. 0.2 miles S. of Buenavista (Gulf side) 0.7 miles N. of Miraflores. 0.2 miles SSE. of San Jose del Cabo, onroad to La Playa (fig. 7), 1.3 miles N. of San Jose Viejo. 7.0 miles N. of Santa Anita. 0.6 miles S. of Miraflores. 1.1 miles SE. of San Bartolo. 1.5 miles NW. of San Bartolo. 12.1 miles NW. of San Bartolo. 6.0 miles No. of LaPaz, along road to Bahia Pichilinque. 5.3 miles NW. of Todos Santos, along road to La Pastura. 4.6 miles NW. of Todos Santos, along road to La Pastura. 2,8 miles NW. of Todos Santos, along road to La Pastura. Todos Santos. San Pedro(or Pedrito) Bay, 3.9 miles SE of Todos Santos. 4.9 miles SE. of Pescadero. 6.6 miles S. of Pescadero. 9.5 miles S. of Pescadero. 5.9 miles SE of Migrino (Arroyo Candelaria). 0.5 miles E. of school in Cabo San Lucas. 2.3 miles N. of Cabo San Lucas, along road to Todos Santos. 2.4 miles N. of Cabo San Lucas, along road to Todos Santos (fig. 8), Los Pozos, 11 miles N. of Cabo San Lucas. 0.9 miles S. of Cabo San Lucas, on hill behind cannery. 1.3 miles ENE. of Cabo San Lucas. 0.3 miles SW. of Cabo San Lucas (fig. 9), 5.4 miles ENE. of Cabo San Lucas, along road to San Jose del Cabo. 18 miles ENE. of Cabo San Lucas, along road to San Jose del Cabo. Boca de la Sierra (fig. 10), 1.6 - 2.6 miles ESE. of Boca de la Sierra, along road leading to main road (La Paz - San Jose del Cabo road). 132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. TABLE 1. (CONTINUED) STATION DATE LOCALITY ye 20 Jan. San Bartolo Arroyo, 1.3 miles SE. of San Bartolo. 73} 20-21 Jan. 1.3 miles N. of El Triumpho. 74 21 Jan. 8.3 miles N. of El Triumpho. 1S 23 Jan. 1.5 miles W. of El Saltito Ranch, above waterfall in El Saltito Arroyo, 19.5 miles E. of La Paz. (fig. 11), Surrounding this central highland is a broad sandy lowland dissected by num- erous arroyos. Geologically, the Cape Region highland is old, perhaps Jurassic, at least Cretaceous, in age. The surrounding lowlands have been subject to more recent marine transgressions. The general geology of the area has been re- viewed by Beal (1948). GENERAL ENVIRONMENT The climate of the Cape Region of Baja California Sur can be categor- ized as arid subtropical. The average diurnal temperature in the winter is about 20° C., the extremes range from 9° C. to 30° C. The temperature variation is somewhat less than in desert areas of the southwestern United States. That the general climate of southern Baja California is not subject to the extreme temperature variation common to areas on the mainland or to the north, is chiefly because of the so-called maritime effect of the Pacific Ocean on its western and southern borders and of the Gulf of California to the east. With specific reference to temperature, incidental observations were made of air and ground temperatures during December and January of 1958- 1959. In table II the data are summarized. These data are of interest for they Show clearly that while air temperature is low, ground temperature may be high enough to provide a source of radiant heat to warm ground dwelling animals, even relatively early in the morning. Precipitation during the winter months is scanty. Three days in the lat- ter part of December, 1958, there was a light mist-like rainfall, but otherwise it was dry. A few incidental relative humidity readings, taken during Decem- ber and January, are summarized in table III; they show that the relative hum- idity tends to be low. However, enough rain fell during the three days just men- tioned to form small puddles inthe arroyos toprovide breeding ponds for frogs and toads. During the early autumn, rain is frequently abundant fora few days andthe streams may flow freely. Much water sinks into the loosely compacted sandy channels of the arroyos and may be found close to the surface during the winter months. In one or two places water was found actually flowing in the arroyos, particularly at the Boca de la Sierra. Except in the irrigation ditches VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 133 at Todos Santos and San Jose del Cabo, a little water was found issuing from small springs at the Arroyo El Saltito and in the Arroyo San Bartolo. TABLE IJ. Irregular observations on air and ground temperatures during December and January, 1958 - 1959. AIR GROUND DATE TIME 4 TEMPERATURE IN TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES C. DEGREES C. Dec. 19 Noon 2A, ot Lye VOR Peeves... Dec. 20 8:00 (Cool) 20.5 Noon 26.3 BNlas; 3:00 27.8 37.0 Dec. 21 Noon 27.0 40.0 Dec. 23 10:45 25.3 29.0 2:30 Dey 270 3:00 Dome iC ee Dec. 24 2:00 M7 DAES Dec. 25 2:00 DAA ey 0 y\ hae i, tle bey Preto ae 4:45 DAA ed ee OP Seat Dec. 26 10:45 ee a) ey) Oe) Beene Noon 27.8 35.0 3:30 PAS ee FN eR) “ee Sendo 2:30 PAS =" BCE Dec. 29 10:30 2 Gala) wy Lo ev ee eo eee o Noon 27.8 waeee 2:00 ey a es ae een 3:30 ive pec yey ee oH lesore Dec. 30 11:00 24.4 31.0 2:00 WY S) 38.5 5:15 1720Cg 6.) te ccs Dec. 31 10:45 24.8 35.0 Jan. 1 9B5)5) 27.8 32.0 Noon 28.3 38.0 ? 3:00 23.3 36.0 Jan. 3 OBEY as eae eet 34.0 11:30 278 ee ee eee Jan. 4 Noon 25.0 31.5 2:45 DG Ty a POS ie ee esses Jan. 6 11:00 26.1 28.9 2:30 PAGS gH ns 7 4:00 DS ee Tso Jan. 8 12:15 205 ee eb cesinne AN Siesta ee eas 28.9 Jan. 9 9:00 27,2 23.0 9:45 24.1 33.0 Jan. 13 1:45 28.3 40.5 Van. 15 12:45 26.7 40.5 |) Bats IU Noon D72BN Sly EP Tees Cedtee, (J yee550 4) P. M. hours. indicated by bold face type. 134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. TABLE III. Irregular observations on relative humidity and barometric pressure taken in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, December, 1958 - January, 1959. TEMPERATURE BAROMETER IN DATE TIME HUMIDITY% INCHES HG 5) P. M. hours indicated by bold face type. GENERAL HERPETOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS A broad cross section of the amphibians and reptiles known to inhabit the lowlands of the Cape Region was obtained during the winter months. More juveniles than adults were collected. This is particularly true for species of Cnemidophorus, Phrynosoma, Callisaurus, Uta, and Masticophis, but not for Sceloporus, Ctenosaura, Phyllodactylus, Salvadora, Hypsiglena, Chilomenis- cus, ot Petrosaurus. The specimens of Sauromalus, Dipsosaurus, Phyllorhyn- chus, and Eridiphas were found under logs, rocks or in crevices in rocks and were not active. The earliest daily appearance of lizards was between 9:30 and 10:00 A.M. By this time ground temperature often reached 30° C. or above while air temperatures ranged from 24° to 26°C. Sceloporus, Uta, and Petrosaurus were most abundantly represented. Later in the day other animals appeared, usual- ly in early afternoon, including young individuals of Cnemidophorus, Phryno- soma, and Callisaurus, and large specimens of Ctenosaura. Examples of Hyp- siglena were found active under cover at mid-morning, and of Chilomeniscus in late afternoon. By 4 P.M., as sunset approached and air temperature and VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 1155 ground temperature began to drop most lizards disappeared. Only those belong- ing to the genus Sceloporus remained and some of these continued to bask on rocks until dusk (4:45 P.M.). Based on the observations recorded above it seems likely that the ani- mals received much heat from ground radiation rather than from the direct ex- posure to the incident rays of the sun. The smaller body mass of young anim- als allowed them to warm faster than the large adult animals of the same spe- ies, which accounts for the early appearance of the young. However, few ju- veniles were taken inthe late afternoon, while adults of Sceloporus and Cten- osaura were found active. Because ofthe smaller body mass compared to sur- face area in smaller individuals, body heat is radiated more rapidly than in adults and these younger animals are thus limited to morning and early after- noon activity during the winter months. In the course of the two winter months spent in the Cape Region, 345 an- imals were collected. These are reported on below; within the major systema- tic groupings the species are arranged alphabetically by genus. FIGURE 2. Station 20, approximately 15.1 miles north of Todos Santos, illustrating the effects of three days of light misty-rain on the roads. Coleonyx variegatus was found in this general environment hidden beneath rocks or fallen cacti debris. 136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. ACCOUNT OF SPECIES AMPHIBIA Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard. MATERIAL COLLECTED (22). Station 7 (CAS 91242); Station 14(CAS 91259); Station 20 (CAS 91271); Station 39 (CAS 91332-91334); Station 73 (CAS 91473- 91475); Station 74 (CAS 91488); Station 75 (CAS 91492-91496). REMARKS. Of the 22 specimens collected, 13 were found active onor around sand and rocks in wet arroyos, especially at the Arroyo de los Pozos, about 13 miles east of LaPaz, in early January; 2 were taken under dead car- don trees, and 5 were found burrowed into the sandy banks of El Saltito Arro- yo below the waterfall. Two other individuals were discovered within the soft, moist decaying pulp of a dead cardon log. There are no previous records for this species for the winter months from the Cape Region though Van Denburgh (1895b, p. 560) notes specimens taken as late as October, in 1890. Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, p. 54) state that the species was very common in the vicinity of San Antonio where they were heard calling late into the evening in the spring. Hyla regilla Baird and Girard. MATERIAL COLLECTED (4 adults and 2 lots of tadpoles). Station 23 (CAS 91277); Station 70 (CAS 91462); Station 72 (CAS 91468, tadpoles); Station 73 (CAS 91470, tadpoles; CAS 91471-91472, adults). REMARKS. Previously reported from the Cape Region by Yarrow (1882, p. 171), Van Denburgh (1895b, p. 557) and Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, p. 54) this species seems to be present wherever there is a supply of relatively permanent water. The 4 adults collected were found in the vegetation (grass and reeds) near streams and pools. Two specimens were seen under dead palm fronds along side an irrigation ditch at Todos Santos (January 13) but escaped. Tadpoles were taken on two occasions, at San Batolo and at El Triumpho in late January. REPTILIA AMPHISBAENIDS Bipes biporus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (1). Station 31 (Stanford University 21907). Remarks. A living specimen of this singular burrowing amphisbaenid lizard was obtained from underneath a dead cardon cactus, in slightly damp sand on the leeward side of the coastal sand dunes at Rodreguez Ranch, 19 miles northwest of La Paz. The animal was pink in life. It had no pattern and VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 137 a . Flt mw magertttreomney serine TW ae FIGURE 3. Station 28, El Coyote Beach, about 16 miles north-northeast of La Paz. The sand dunes were inhabited by Callisaurus and Uta. This is a fairly typical beach-sand dune environment along the east coast of the Cape region. no melanophores were evident. When first observed it was burrowing vertically into the sand. The animal was kept alive for several days in a large pot with a Shallow bed of sand. Under these conditions it burrowed into the sand by a “‘Swimming motion’”’ in which the head was moved from side to side, and for- ward, and the two front feet were actively moving a ‘‘sweeping movement,’’ apparently pushing sand backward as the animal progressed forward. In February of 1882 Belding obtained twelve specimens which formed the type series Cope had before him when he described the species. LIZARDS Callisaurus draconoides draconoides Blainville. MATERIAL COLLECTED (43). Station 2 (CAS 91209-91215); Station 7 (CAS 91227-91240); Station 8 (CAS 91245); Station 10 (CAS 91248); Station 28 (CAS 91299-91301); Station 31 (CAS 91308-91310); Station 33 (CAS 91321); Station 37 (CAS 91328); Station 39 (CAS 91366); Station 42 (CAS 91374); Station 53 138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. (CAS 91403-4); Stations 62 and 63 (CAS 91425-91430); Station 64 (CAS 91436); Station 66 (CAS 91441-91444); Station 70 (CAS 91455). REMARKS. Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, p. 57) remarked that this liz- ard inthe Cape Region ‘‘is a fairly common species, especially near the coast ... Here it was found inthe sandy areas back ofthe beaches...In the interior it frequented the hot sandy bottoms of the canyons and adjacent arroyos.’’ Of the 43 specimens collected in 1958-1959, 41 were found active on the ground, gen- erally between 11:00 A.M. and 2:30 P.M.; only 2 were found under cover of a log. All individuals were taken in sandy areas, either along beach dunes or in sandy arroyos. FIGURE 4. Station 31, Rodriguiz Ranch, approximately 19 miles west-northwest of LaPaz, leeward side of coastal dune. Arrow points to fallen cardon log (see figure 4) beneath which Bipes biporus was found. Cnemidophorus hyperythrus hyperythrus Cope MATERIAL COLLECTED (35). Station 2 (CAS 91216); Station 4 (CAS 91219- 91221); Station 5 (CAS 91223); Station 6 (CAS 91225); Station 21 (CAS 91272- 91274); Station 28 (CAS 91295-91298); Station 31 (CAS 91313); Station 34 (CAS VOL. XXX) DEVITON G BANTA: HERPETOFPAUNA 139 91418); Station 38 (CAS 91330); Station 45 (CAS 91379); Station 52 (CAS 91399); Station 62-63 (CAS 91424, 91431-35); Station 69 (CAS 91450-53); Station 74 (CAS 91479-91485); Station 75 (CAS 91499). REMARKS. A very abundant animal in the Cape Region during the winter months; all but 3 individuals were observed on the ground. Most of the speci- mens collected were taken early in the afternoon though a few were obtained late in the morning. Cnemidophorus tigris rubidus Cope. MATERIAL EXAMINED (1). Station 6 (CAS 91224). REMARKS. The single specimen of this species collected during the win- ter was a young adult taken just before 10:00 A.M. At this time the air tem- perature was about 25° C. Though no record of ground temperature was made, it must have been about 30° C. Within two hours, by noon time, ground tem- perature had reached 31.5° C., air temperature, 26.5° C. Coleonyx variegatus peninsularis Klauber. MATERIAL COLLECTED (5). Station 14 (CAS 91257); Station 15 (CAS 91260); Station 16 (CAS 91261); Station 18 (CAS 91265); Station 20 (CAS 91267). REMARKS. Klauber (1945) based his name for this population on three specimens, one each from the vicinity of La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, and along the trail between Loreto and Comondu. We find that ourspecimens agree closely with Klauber’s description. These 6 specimens were found beneath rocks or wood; the soil was composed of a very fine sandy loam. TABLE IV. Counts and measurements ( in mm.) for specimens of Coleonyx variegatus peninsularis. A - NUMBER SNOUT-VENT Bopy | TAIL GULARS TOUCH SPOTS IN BE LENGTH ING MENTALS TWEEN BANDS CAS 91257 . CAS 91260 6) Fourth and fifth bands joined. 7) Tail largely regenerated. 8) Tail broken. CAS 91261 CAS 91265 CAS 91267 140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Odes th . 7 ». be + wee ie Et FIGURE 5. Same as figure 3, but showing exposed ground and underside of cardon log be- neath which a specimen Bipes biporus was found. Arrow (lower center) points to small hole in ground into which the animal was burrowing when discovered. Ctenosaura hemilopha Cope MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 43 (CAS 91375); Station 49 (CAS 91391). REMARKS. Three specimens of this large lizard were collected (one was sent to the Secretaria de Agricultura, Mexico, D.F., before the writing of this report), though many others were seen. Of the three collected, one was taken on the ground, one on a large boulder, and one on the trunk of a tree. Others were seen clinging on the vertical granitic walls of the Arroyo San Bartolo as early as 9:00 A.M. (air temperature 21° C.; ground temperature, 23° C.) as well as inan area of large boulders between San Lucas and Todos Santos. It seems quite remarkable that so massive a beast as this could ven- ture forth so early in the day. Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis Van Denburgh. MATERIAL COLLECTED (1). Station 71 (CAS 91467). REMARKS. A Single juvenile was found under a small rock late in the VoL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 141 afternoon. It was not active. At the same time adult specimens of Sceloporus orcutti licki were collected on rocks where they were basking just before dusk. No desert iguanas were seen active on the ground during the entire trip. Though Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, p. 56), and Murray (1955, p. 35) emphasize the occurrence of this species in sandy terrain, particularly near the coast, our specimen was taken in an area of silt with scattered granitic rocks and boulders, a good distance from the coast. Petrosaurus thalassinus thalassinus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 49 (CAS 91390); Station 63 (CAS 91428). REMARKS. Both specimens collected were taken in the morning. CAS 91390, collected at 9:00 A.M. was found basking on the walls of San Bartolo arroyo along with half-grown individuals of Ctenosaura. The air temperature at that time was 21°C., the rock surface 23°C. Though only two specimens were captured, these animals were more abundant. Several were seen in the San Bartolo Arroyo, but they were very shy and excaped into crevices in the rocks as one approached. Linsdale (1932, p. 359) reports that the altitudinal range for this spe- cies is 800 to 5700 feet. The site of Station 63 could not have been more than 200 feet above sea level, though no accurate measurements were taken; we suspect that the animal may even come down to sea level in those places where appropriate habitats are to be found. Phrynosoma coronatum coronatum Blainville. MATERIAL COLLECTED (3). Station 45(CAS 91378); Station 67 (CAS 91448); Station 74 (CAS 91486). REMARKS. The three specimens collected were juveniles. They were all collected during the early afternoon, on days when the air temperature reached 26° to 28° C., and ground temperatures between 35° and 40° C. Ac- cording to Yarrow (1882b, p. 66) Belding collected three specimens at La Paz in February, 1882, and Van Denburgh (1895a, p. 118) noted that this lizard had been taken as late as November, in 1893, in the Cape Region. In the three specimens at hand, ventral spotting is widespread. There are three pair of dark dorsal blotches, each blotch bordered behind by white. The cephalic spines number 5+1+5; they are not curved. The dorsal scales are strongly spinose. Phyllodactylus unctus Cope. MATERIAL EXAMINED (34). Station 13 (CAS 91256); Station 14 (CAS 91258); Station 16 (CAS 91262); Station 17 (CAS 91264); Station 36 (CAS 142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. 91322); Station 39 (CAS 91342-91355); Station 40 (CAS 91370-91371); Station 50 (CAS 91395); Station 51 (CAS 91396-91398); Station 54 (CAS 91411); Sta- tion 51 (CAS 91400); Station 56 (CAS 91406-91407); Station 58 (CAS 91412); Station 65 (CAS 91439); Station 67 (CAS 91447); Station 75 (CAS 91497-91498). REMARKS. This species was the most common gecko obtained during the winter period. Of the 34 specimens collected, 15 were found under exfoliating slabs of granite, 14 were taken from under rocks, 3 were on the rocks, and 2 were found in or under decaying cardon logs. All were active at mid-day and all made strenuous efforts to escape capture. Previous midwinter records for this species include those of Van Denburgh (1895a, p. 88), who recorded 9 Specimens obtained by Gustav Eisen at San Jose del Cabo in January, 1893, and Yarrow (1882, p. 73) who reported on Belding’s specimens from La Paz, taken in February, 1882. One specimen, obtained under arock at Station 36, was placed in a cloth bag with an adult night snake, Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha; it later had to be re- moved from the snake’s stomach. FIGURE6. Station 39, Arroyo de Los Pozos, about 13 miles east of La Paz. Water was present immediately beneath the surface. Some can be seen in small pockets on the left. Young Bufo punctatus were especially abundant. On the low hills in the background, Phyllodactylus unctus was found’in abundance under exfoliating slabs of granitic rock. VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 143 d em, i ¥ = 4 ~ ¥- Li FIGURE 7. Station 44, 0.2 miles south-southeast of San Jose del Cabo. Irrigation ditch supplying water to fields. Hyla regilla may be found on occasion in or alongside these ditches. Phyllodactylus xanti xanti Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (5). Station 31 (CAS 91311); Station 62 (CAS 91423); Station 63 (CAS 91426-91427); Station 70 (CAS 91460). REMARKS. Recently Dixon (1960) showed that the name P. tuberculatus by which name this form has been known for years, must be applied to anoth- er population of Phyllodactylus entirely. He reinstated Cope’s old name P. xanti for the Cape Region population, the type locality of which is the ‘‘vicin- ity of Cabo San Lucas.’’ Of the 5 specimens obtained, 4 were found under rocks, 1, under a cardon log. Belding obtained 1 specimen at La Paz in February. Sauromalus australis Shaw. MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 39 (CAS 91368-91369). REMARKS. The two young Specimens collected were found squeezed into a fracture crevice in a very large boulder. Specimens of Phyllodactylus unc- tus were taken from under exfoliating slabs on the same boulder. No chuck- 144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PRoc. 4TH SER. wallas were observed to be active during this winter period. In February of 1882, Belding also obtained a specimen of this species in the vicinity of La Paz, but there is no indication in Yarrow’s note (1882, p. 51) whether the an- imal was active or not. Ventral counts for these two specimens are 124 and 157, the former be- ing considerably lower than that indicated by Shaw (1945) for the six spe- cimens forming the type series which he had before him (151-186, mean 163.5). Sceloporus magister zosteromus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (None). Record basedon one field observation late in the afternoon of December 31, 1958, 8 miles northwest of La Paz. A sing- le large individual was flushed out of some low bushes bordering a shallow, silty water course. The animal, an adult male, darted rapidly from under one bush into another and could not be found. Scelovorus orcutti licki Yan Denburgh. MATERIAL COLLECTED (22). Station 3(CAS 91218); Station 4 (CAS 91222); Station 13 (CAS 91255); Station 35(CAS 91319-91320); Station 39 (CAS 91367); Station 48 (CAS 91383-91387); Station 49 (CAS 91389); Station 67 (CAS 91445- 91446); Station 70 (CAS 91457-91458); Station 71 (CAS 91463-91466); Station 73 (CAS 91476); Station 74 (CAS 91487). REMARKS. Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, p. 61) and Murray (1955, p. 37) state that these animals are usually to be seen on boulders, though Mur- ray states the case a little too strongly when he says, ‘‘invariably...on boul- ders.’’ Of the 22 specimens collected 15 were taken off of rocks or boulders or were observed running about on the sides of large granitic outcroppings; however, 4 were on the ground when collected and not close to any boulders at the time, and 1 was found under a rock. Remarkably, though this is one of the really common lizards of the Cape Region, it did not show up in the mid-winter collections of Belding, Xantus, or others. Itis a very agile beast, however, and the few individuals that may have been about at that time probably darted into cracks and fissures in the rocks before they could be collected. Urosaurus nigricaudus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (33). Station 2(CAS 91217); Station 7 (CAS 91241); Station 9 (CAS 91246, 91324); Station 10 (CAS 91247); Station 12 (CAS 91250); Station 20 (CAS 91269); Station 21 (CAS 9175-91276); Station 30 (CAS 91303); Station 31 (CAS 91312); Station 33 (CAS 91316); Station 34 (CAS 91317); Sta- tion 46 (CAS 91381-91382); Station 47 (CAS 91376-7, 91380); Station 49 (CAS 91388); Station 50 (CAS 91392-91393); Station 52 (CAS 91402); Station 57 (CAS VoL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 145 91410); Station 61 (CAS 91420); Station 62 (CAS 91421-91422); Station 64 (CAS 91437); Station 68 (CAS 91449); Station 69 (CAS 91454); Station 70 (CAS 91456): Station 72 (CAS 91469); Station 74 (CAS 91489); Station 75 (CAS 91490-91491). REMARKS. This species was the most abundant and widely distributed of the several iguanid lizards encountered during the winter months. Ofthe 33 specimens collected, 19 were found active on the ground, 8 were on rocks, 2 were found inside of decaying cardon logs, 2 were in houses, 1 was on sand, 1, on a log, and 1, on a cactus stump about six feet above the ground. Many additional individuals were seen, mostly on the ground, but were not or could not be collected. The above observations are in marked contrast to those of Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, pp. 58-59) and Linsdale (1932, p. 361) who found these ani- mals most frequently off the ground, on low bushes or on stone or wooden fen- ces. Of course, their observations were made during the spring when air and ground temperatures were much higher and the animals might well seek a semi- arboreal habitat to help maintain a lower body temperature by moving away FIGURE 8. Station 63, about 2.4 miles north of Cabo San Lucas, looking toward the south- ern most tip of the Cape. Hidden by the undergrowth to the left of the road are some larger granitic boulders. Phyllodactylus xanti were taken from beneath exfoliating rock slabs. Petro- Saurus thalassinus was found here, too. 146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. from the very high ground radiation. Certainly these animals could not have kept warm during the winter months unless on the ground where they could ab- sorb ground radiation, for airtemperatures were too low and would have allow- ed for toorapid a transfer of heat from the animal to the air in an arboreal sit- uation. Belding collected 10 specimens of this species at La Paz in February of 1882. tae - : ee ¥ 0% a a ies eRe EG SI OE . ae na or .* . “ - > ae > ad snes AO aoe ae . _- _ o ra a, ete ae won, , ’ FIGURE 9. Station 67, hills immediately south of Cabo San Lucas, overlooking cannery (arrow). Phyllodactylus xanti, Phrynosoma coronatum, and Sceloporus orcutti were found in this environment. This is probably the type locality area of P. xanti, said to be in the vicinity of Cabo San Lucas, since it is the only environment in the immediate vicinity of either the present town, or of its earlier location, suitable for that lizard. Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow. MATERIAL COLLECTED (35). Station 6 (CAS 91226); Station 11 (CAS 91249); Station 13 (CAS 91251-91253); Station 16 (CAS 91263); Station 20 (CAS 91268); Station 24(CAS 91278); Station 25(CAS 91279-91280); Station 26 (CAS 91281); Station 27 (CAS 91282); Station 28 (CAS 91283-91284); Station 29 (CAS 91302); Station 31 (CAS 91304-91307); Station 32 (CAS 91314-91315); Station 38 (CAS 91331); Station 37 (CAS 91325-91327, 91329); Station 54 (CAS 91405); Station VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 147 Station 57 (CAS 91409); Station 59 (CAS 91413-91317); Station 63 (CAS 91429); Station 66 (CAS 91440). . REMARKS. In 1944, Cowles and Bogert stated that extensive observa- tions on southern California populations of Uta stansburiana indicated that these animals willnot remain active when the air temperature drops below 26° C., though in the late afternoons when the ground is relatively warm, they con- tinue to be active for atime. In the Cape Region, during the winter months, a few animals were Seen active at air temperatures of 24.1° to 24.7°C. At these airtemperatures, ground temperature would reach between 28° to 36°C., so if this forms the major source of radiant-heat energy for keeping the animals warm, it comes close to the limits given by Cowles and Bogert of 26°- 36°C. Thirty-five specimens were found; 14 on rocks, 11 on the ground, 4 on sand, 2 under rocks, and 2 under cardon logs. Van Denburgh and Slevin (1921, p. 59) stated that ‘‘This lizard, which generally is common in desert areas, was not found so in the Cape Region, and strange to day, was taken only at the sea-coast. None was seen in any ofthe interior country. All the specimens taken were found in brushy areas back ofthe beaches.’’ The collections made in the winter of 1958-1959 largely came from coastal areas; indeed, only one a wey ’ ca Bag ar te — m wo a RT OP an ee ‘2 ee eae | Bs Pe a . ea ite imme, is: la = ~~ eh nlitien lo wee FIGURE 10. Station 70, near the Boca de la Sierra. Permanent water flowing in the Arroyo Miraflores. One specimen of Natrix valida, was taken here. 148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. specimen, CAS 91268, was taken inthe ‘‘interior,’’ 17.5 miles north of Todos Santos. Belding secured 15 specimens at La Paz in February, 1882. SNAKES Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 7(CAS 91244); Station 52 (CAS 91401). REMARKS. The specimen found at Bahia de los Muertos (Station 7), tak- en from under a board on the sandy beach, was very active and made strenu- ous efforts to espace. CAS 91401 was found dead on the ground at 10:40 A.M. in a sandy arroyo just south of La Pastura. It had been dead for only a short time before being picked up. It seemed likely that it was caught out in the open when the sun came up and died as a result of excessive heat, for it was quite warm, though no temperature records were made at the time. TABLE V. Counts and measurements for specimens of Chilomeniscus cinctus. CAS 91244 CAS 91401 Sex female Ventrals 118 Subcaudals px7 Dorsal body bands 28 Tail bands 5 Dorsal scale rows 14-13-13 In CAS 91244 there is a wide creamy white interspace, 3 to 4 scale rows in width, between the tenth and eleventh dorsal bands, with dark mark- ings on several scales. CAS 91401 has a conspicuously narrowed head; the dorsal bands become narrower toward mid-body, then widen and become nar- rower again near the anus. Chilomeniscus stramineus stramineus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 70 (CAS 91461). REMARKS. Two specimens were obtained by Belding in the vicinity of La Paz in February, 1882. The solitary specimen botained during the winter of 1958-1959 was found in a very dry rocky area in the immediate vicinity of a water-filled reservoir which forms the water supply for Miraflores. This specimen, a male, has 106 ventrals and 33 subcaudals. It is 83 mm. in snout- vent length, witha tail of 34mm. Its color pattern is typical of the subspecies. VoL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 149 Eridiphas slevini (Tanner). MATERIAL COLLECTED (1). Station 75 (CAS 86093). REMARKS. Leviton and Tanner (1960) proposed the nominal genus Eri- diphas to accommodate Hypsiglena slevini, a species described by Tanner, in 1946, based on a single young specimen collected some years earlier in the vicinity of Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico by J. R. Slevin. They were led to question the generic affinities of that species when they examined a second specimen, an adult female, that was taken in January, 1959, a few miles from La Paz. More recently, a third specimen was turned up on Ceralvo Island (Etheridge, 1961; Soule, 1961), which agrees closely with the material already at hand. Based on available material we find no reason to question the conclusions reached by Leviton and Tanner. The individual taken in 1959 was found beneath a small rock resting on slightly damp sand alongside a trickle of water above the waterfall in El Salt- ito Arroyo. It was not especially active. Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (7). Station 12 (CAS 91254); Station 36 (CAS 91323); Station 39 (CAS 91372); Station 56 (CAS 91408); Station 59 (CAS 91418); Sta- tion 60 (CAS 91419); Station 65 (CAS 91438). REMARKS. Of the several specimens collected, four were found beneath rocks or boards (the latter on a sandy beach), one was under a log, one was ina decaying log, and CAS 91408 was found dead on the ground ina dry, rocky area. Alllocalities at which these animals were found are near the coast, and all but one of the specimens collected were active when uncovered. TABLE VI. Counts and measurements (in mm.) of specimens of Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha, female female is: 174 179 Subcaudals 45 48 Snout-vent length 275 350 Tail length 46 oe Body blotches 69 56 Tail blotches Dal ? BP 9) Some blotches on posterior portion of body fused together. 150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. FIGURE 11. Station 75. El Saltito Arroyo, near water falls. Though only a trickle of water was flowing from a small spring, the dense growth clearly indicates underground water was available. Eridiphas slevini was taken in this general area. Also, Bup punctatus adults were quite common, but all were found burrowed into the sandy banks of the arroyo channel. Masticophis flagellum piceus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 7(CAS 91243); Station 74 (CAS 91478). REMARKS. Three individuals of this snake were seen, but only 2 were collected. Of the 3, 2 young, 1 red phase and 1 black phase, were seen late in the afternoon; only 1 was taken. Both were very active on the leeward side of sand dunes, 1 at Station 7, at Bahia de los Muertos, 1 at Station 57, 4.9 miles southeast of Pescadero. The large specimen, taken at Station 74, was found coiled up inside of a dead cardon log, the cavity of which had de- cayed. It was lethargic and made no attempt to move away when its shelter was torn apart. Belding obtained three specimens in the winder of 1882, but whether they were taken while moving about or were found in hiding is not known. Natrix valida celaeno Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (1). Station 70 (CAS 91459). VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 151 REMARKS. Previously recorded as being active during the winter months by Yarrow (1882, p. 133) for 5 specimens obtained by Belding in February, 1882, near La Paz and, by Van Denburgh (1895a, p. 153) for a specimen taken in November, 1893, it is evident that relatively few individuals are about during those months compared to their abundance during the spring and autumn. The 1 specimen collected in 1958-1959 was found in a concrete irriga- tion ditch leading from the Miraflores reservoir through the village of Boca de la Sierra. It is an adult male 515 mm. in snout-vent length, with a tail length of 175 mm. It has 145 ventrals. 79 subcaudals and 19 scale rows at midbody. Narrow, light lateral stripes are visible, but are not conspicuous. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus decurtatus Cope. MATERIAL COLLECTED (1). Station 20 (CAS 91270). REMARKS. Mr. Hugh Leech found the specimen reported on here under a dead cardon log which was lying on the compacted sandy soil of an arroyo channel. It is an adult male (snout-vent length 330 mm., tail length 58 mm.). There are 21 rectangular dorsal blotches, two pairs of which, though quite distinct, are obviously fragments of a single pair. There are 5 caudal blotch- es. The margins of all blotches are darker than their centers. It has 157 ven- trals, 36 subcaudals, and dorsal scales in 21-19-17 rows. Salvadora hexalepis klauberi Bogert. MATERIAL COLLECTED (3). Station 1(CAS 91208); Station 19(CAS 91266); Station 41 (CAS 91373). REMARKS. Two of the three specimens collected were found dead onthe road, the third was taken crossing the road. All were found early in the morn- ing and were very active. Two other individuals were seen during this winter per- iod, both very active, but disappeared into dense bushes along side the road. TABLE VII. Counts and measurements (in mm.) for specimens of Salvadora h. klauberi. CAS 91208 CAS 91266 CAS 91373 Sex female female Ventrals 205 196 Subcaudals .. (10 90 Dorsal scale rows 21-17-15 21-17-15 Upper labials 10-10 9-9. Lower labials ?-11 dat Snout-vent length 640 538 Tail length ele 195 10) Tail damaged. 152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Tantilla planiceps Blainville. MATERIAL COLLECTED (2). Station 50 (CAS 91394); Station 73 (CAS 91477). REMARKS. Van Denburgh (1896, p. 1008) reported on one ofthese snakes collected at San Jose del Cabo in November of 1895. Both of the specimens obtained in January, 1959, were found by digging into rocky banks along the Arroyo San Bartolo and near Triumpho. The head in CAS 91394 is light char- coal black, and there is a conspicuous creamy white collar, one scale row wide, on the neck separating the head color from that of the body. The total length of CAS 91477 is 252 mm.; this is greater than that recorded by Blan- chard (1938, p. 371) for this species. Though the ventral counts fall within the range given by Blanchard (134-140), the subcaudal count of CAS 91477 of 48 is lower than the range cited by Hartweg (1944, p. 3) of 56-60. We believe that T. planiceps is more closely allied to T. eiseni of southern California than has been previously suspected. TABLE VIII. Counts and measurements (in mm.) of specimens of CAS 91394 Tantilla planiceps. CAS 91477 Sex male Ventrals 140 Subcaudals 48 Dorsal scale rows 15 Snout-vent length Tail length CHECK LIST OF KNOWN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES INHABITING THE CAPE REGION, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO AMPHIBIANS FROGS Bufonidae Bufo punctatus Baird and Girard Hylidae Hyla regilla Baird and Girard Pelobatidae Scaphiopus couchii Baird VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 153 REP EMVES AMPHISBAENIDS Amphisbaenidae Bipes biporus Cope LIZARDS Anguidae Gerrhonotus paucicarinatus Fitch Gekkonidae Coleonyx variegatus peninsularis Klauber Phyllodactylus unctus (Cope) Phyllodactylus xanti Cope Iguanidae Callisaurus draconoides draconoides Blainville Crotophytus wislizeni copei Yarrow Ctenosaura hemilopha Cope Dipsosaurus dorsalis lucasensis Van Denburgh Petrosaurus thalassinus thalassinus (Cope) Phrynosoma coronatum coronatum (Blainville) Sauromalus australis Shaw Sceloporus magister zosteromus Cope Sceloporus orcutti licki Van Denburgh Urosdaurus nigricaudus (Cope) Uta stansburiana elegans Yarrow Scincidae Eumeces lagunensis (Van Denburgh) Teiidae Cnemidophorus hyperythrus hyperythrus Cope Cnemidophorus maximus Cope Cnemidophorus tigris rubidus Cope Xantusiidae Xantusia gilberti Van Denburgh SNAKES Boidae Lichanura trivirgata Cope Colubridae Arizona elegans pacata Klauber Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope Chilomeniscus strdmineus stramineus Cope Elaphe rosaliae (Mocquard) Eridiphas slevini(Tanner) Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorbyncha Cope Lampropeltis getulus conjuncta Cope 154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Lampropeltis nitida Van Denburgh Masticophis flagellum piceus (Cope) Natrix valida celaeno Cope Phyllorhynchus decurtatus decurtatus (Cope) Pituophis vertebralis (Blainville) Salvadora hexalepis klauberi Bogert Tantilla planiceps (Blainville) Trimorphodon lyrophanes (Cope) Crotalidae Crotalus enyo enyo (Cope) Crotalus mitchellii mitchellit (Cope) Crotalus ruber lucasensis Van Denburgh Leptotyphlopidae Leptotyphlops humilis slevini Klauber TURTLES Emydidae Pseudemys scripta nebulosa (Van Denburgh) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For providing the opportunity to visit the Cape Region of Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico during the winter of 1958-1959, the senior author wishes to express his sincere thanks to the Belvedere Scientific Fund and to its presi- dent, Mr. Kenneth K. Bechtel, Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Dr. Reid Moran, Mr. Duncan Porter, Mr. Hugh B. Leech, and Mr. Allyn G. Smith all participated actively in collecting amphibians and reptiles during the expedition, and their efforts were gratefully appreciated. The senior author also wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of the late Ing. Luis Macias Arellano, Director General, Departmento de Conserva- cion dela Fauna Silva, Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Mexico, D.F., in providing necessary collecting permits and for his patience in awaiting publication of this report in fulfillment of conditions of said permit. Lastly, and again tothe Belvedere Scientific Fund, the authors must ex- press their appreciation for providing a grant forthe publication of this report. VOL. XXX) LEVITON & BANTA: HERPETOFAUNA 155 LITERATURE CITED BEAL, CARL H. 1949, Reconnaissance of the geology and oil possibilities of Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico. Geological Society of America, Memoir 31. 1-138 pp. BLANCHARD, FRANK N. 1938. Snakes of the genus Tantilla in the United States. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, vol. 20, pp. 369-376. COWLES, RAYMOND B., AND CHARLES M. BOGERT 1944. A preliminary study of the thermal requirements of desert reptiles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 82, pp. 265-296. ETHERIDGE, RICHARD 1961. Additions to the herpetological fauna of Isla Cerralvo in the Gulf of of California, Mexico. Herpetologica, vol. 17, pp. 57-60. HARTWEG, NORMAN 1944, Remarks on some Mexican snakes of the genus Tantilla. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, no. 486, 9 pp. KLAUBER, LAURENCE M. 1945. The geckos ofthe genus Coleonyx with descriptions of new subspe- ies. Transactions ofthe San Diego Natural History Society, vol. 10, pp. 135-216. LEVITON, ALAN E., AND WILMER W. TANNER 1960. The generic allocation of Hypsiglena slevini Tanner (Serpentes: Col- ubridae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Scien- GES nO 2/5 apps LINSDALE, JEAN M. 1932. Amphibians and reptiles from Lower California. University of Cali- fornia, Publications in Zoology, vol. 38, pp. 345-386. MuRRAY, KEITH F. 1955. Herpetological collections from Baja California. Herpetologica, vol. 11, pp. 33-48. SHAW, CHARLES E. 1945. The chuckwallas, genus Sauromalus. Transactions of the San Diego Natural History Society, vol. 10, pp. 269-306. SOULE, MICHAEL E. 1961. Eridiphas slevini (Tanner) on Cerralvo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Herpetologica, vol. 17, p. 61. TANNER, WILMER W. 1946. A taxonomic study of the genus Hypsiglena. The Great Basin Na- turalist, vol.5, pp. 25-92. (The issue of The Great Basin Natural- ist containing this paper, though dated December 29, 1944, did not appear until September, 1946.) VAN DENBURGH, JOHN 1895. Review of the herpetology of Lower California. Part I. Reptiles. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Ser. 2, vol. 5, pp- 77-163, pls. 4-14. 156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. 1895b. A review ofthe herpetology of Lower California. Part II. Batrachians. Proceedings ofthe California Academy of Sciences, Ser. 2, vol. 5, pp. 556-561. 1896. Additional notes on the herpetology of Lower California. Proceed- ings of the California Academy of Sciences, Ser. 2, vol. 5, pp. 1004-1008. VAN DENBURGH, JOHN, AND JOSEPH R. SLEVIN 1921. A list of the amphibians and reptiles of the Peninsula of Lower Cal- ifornia, withnotes onthe species inthe collection of the Academy. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Ser. 4, vol. li, pp-: 49-72. WIGGINS, IRA L. 1960. Investigations inthe natural history of BajaCalifornia. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Ser. 4, vol. 30, pp. 1-45, 4 pls. YARROW, HARRY C. 1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with catalogue of specimens in U. S. National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, no. 24, ii + 249 pp. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 8, pp. 157-174, figs. 1-8. January 10, 1964 THE GENUS ALVORDIA (COMPOSITAE) OF A BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO By Annetta Carter Herbarium of the University of California Berkeley, California INTRODUCTION The genus Alvordia Brandegee, endemic to Baja California, Mexico, has been interpreted as consisting of two taxa described by T. S. Brandegee before the turn of the century and one described by S. F. Blake in 1917. It is herein augmented by a fourth taxon found to occur on some of the islands of the Gulf of California. Evaluation of this newly recognized taxon brought to light a nomenclatural inadvertence involving the two taxa of the Cape Region, which, unfortunately, necessitates the changes which follow. The species upon which Alvordia was based, A. glomerata Brandegee (1889), occurs in the south-central part of the peninsula of Baja California. The other two previously described taxa (A. fruticosa Brandegee and A. an- gusta Blake) are confined to the tip of the peninsula, the ‘‘Cape Region.’’ Blake (1917) found that Brandegee’s concept of A. fruticosa actually encompassed two taxa, an ovate-leaved shrub and a lanceolate- to linear-lan- ceolate-leaved one. Because Brandegee had not cited a type when describing A. fruticosa, Blake designated as lectotype for this species, an ovate-leaved Specimen seen by Brandegee (Anthony 339, San José del Cabo, in 1890) and then described the linear-lanceolate-leaved taxon as A. angusta. Unfortunate- ly, the exigencies of war must have prevented Blake from consulting the Bran- degee collections at the University of California. Had he done so, he would 158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. have found that Brandegee had designated a type specimen for A. fruticosa and that, contrary to Blake’s assumption, it represented the linear-lanceolate- leaved taxon, not the ovate-leaved one. Therefore Blake’s appropriately de- scriptive name, A. angusta, must be referred to synonymy under A. fruticosa, and another name must be provided for the ovate-leaved taxon. This is done in the following treatment, wherein it is described as A. Brandegeei. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT Alvordia T.S. BRANDEGEE, 1889, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 174. Frutescent, many-stemmed, up to 2.5 m. tall. Leaves entire or some in- conspicuously irregularly toothed, densely to sparsely strigillose, opposite below, the reduced upper ones alternate. Inflorescence of aggregated terminal glomerules, the subtending bracts often simulating phyllaries, the glomerules bearing (1-) 2 to 5 involucres; phyllaries (3-) 4 to 5 (6), graduate, slightly to strongly navicular; receptacular bracts subtending all flowers, those subtend- ing disk flowers enfolding the achenes; ray flowers, when present, 1 to 3, neutral, the limb yellow, the pappus of 3 to 4 inconspicuous awns; disk flow- ers fertile, 1 to 3 (-4), the corolla yellow; anthers loosely joined, 2-2.8 mm. long, inconspicuously auriculate at base, the sterile apical appendage 0.6- 1.0 mm. long and bearing subsessile glands on the cupped abaxial surface; style slender with linear stigma lobes; achenes slightly flattened or obscurely quadrangular, narrowly obconic, the pappus of 15 to 20 unequal, lanceolate, hispid awns, 2 or 3 of them longer than the others. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF Alvordia Phyllaries strigillose abaxially, ciliate-margined, at least the outer brownish- or greenish-yellow, with the corky-thickened navicular keel strongly arcuate; ray flowers present, usually conspicuous; disk flowers 3 (occasionally 1 or 4) to a head; pappus 1 equalling or longer than the achenes. ................ 1. A. glomerata Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1.6 to 3.3 times as long as wide; achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, equalling the pappus in ‘Vengthi< 204 54 26 2 Se dlas Slee oe Re oe la. A. glomerata var. glomerata Leaves oval to ovate or obovate, obtuse (except for San Marcos Island specimens which have both acute and obtuse leaves on a plant), 1.4 to 2.4 times as long as wide; achenes 2.5-2.8 mm. long, shorter than the pappus........... lb. A. glomerata var. insularis 1. Measurements based on longest pappus awns. VOL. XXX) CARTER: THE GENUS ALVORDIA 159 Phyllaries glabrous abaxially, finely ciliolate-margined, straw- colored, the navicular keel straight or slightly curved; ray flowers lacking (except for occasional inconspicuous ones in A. Brandegeet); pappus shorter than (or sometimes equalling) the achenes. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, 3.4 to 6.4 times as long as wide; inflorescence 3-4 cm. in diameter; disk flowers: (occasionally 2)to alhead. . 2.530... ebb ee. 2. A. fruticosa Leaves ovate, acute, 1.5 to 2.2 times as long as wide; inflor- escence 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter; disk flowers 2 (occa Stonallyoleon 3) tO ahead. «feos waa eels -1- ep is Sen aoe 3. A. Brandegeei 1. Alvordia glomerata BRANDEGEE, 1889, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.2, vol. 2, p. 174. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate; inflorescence 1.5-3 cm. in diameter; involucres enclosing (2-) 3 (-4) disk flowers and 1 to 3 sterile ray flowers; phyllaries greenish- or brownish-yellow, strigillose abaxially, the margins ciliate, the outer 2 phyllaries navicular with the strongly arcuate keel broadly corky-thickened; receptacular bracts subtending all flowers, those of the disk flowers strongly enfolding the achenes; an aborted flower and 2 to 3 hispid bristles borne at the center of the receptacle. la. Alvordia glomerata BRANDEGEE var. glomerata. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute (21-) 30-70 mm. long, 10-25 (-38) mm. wide, 1.6 to 3.3 (mean 2.59) times as long as wide; the often sessile glomerules bearing 5 to 7 involucres 6-9 mm. long and 2.6-4.6 mm. wide with a mean length to width ratio of 1.87; phyllaries and receptacular bracts 7-10 (-12), the outer phyllaries conspicuously strigose abaxially, the margins ir- regularly ciliate; limb of the ray flowers 5-6 mm. long, the sterile achenes 4 mm. long, the pappus awns 3 or 4, 0.4-1.0 mm. long; disk corollas 6-7 mm. long, the lobes 1.0-1.8 mm. long, the anthers 2.8 mm. long with sterile tips 0.8 mm. long, the pollen (including spines) 28.4-48.8 (mean 40.17) microns in diameter; achenes (3-) 3.5-4 mm. long, the pappus 3.5-4 mm. long; receptacu- lar bristles 2 to 3, 8 mm. long; chromosome number, n=60 (Carter 4458, 4483). This species, upon which the genus is based, is the most widespread ofthe taxa, extending from Latitude 24°35’ N. (where it was collected on Isla Partida, the only ‘‘non-peninsular’’ locality) northward to Latitude 28°N. (Cal- malli). In the Sierra de la Giganta it occurs at elevations from 600-1050 m. and is often abundant on north-facing slopes. Its distribution is undoubtedly more continuous than would appear from reference tothe distribution map (fig- ure 1). Almost no field work has been carried on in the mountainous areas be- tween the currently known localities for A. glomerata. One would like to know, 160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. A meee A Q El Arco Be aa cor A. glomerata A var. insularis A. fruticosa ipae A. Brandegeei San José del Cabo 114° Pai FIGURE 1. Distribution of Alvordia in Baja California. however, if there is a gradual descent in altitudinal range of the plants from north to south in the Sierra Giganta. The Isla Partida and Mision Dolores col- lections, made at much lower altitudes than those inthe northern Sierra Gigan- ta, display characters that show close relationship to A. Brandegeei which occurs on coastal bluffs of the.Cape Region. Type. Baja California, Mexico: Comondu, 16 February 1889, Brandegee (UC, no. 84277; duplicates US, GH). OTHER COLLECTIONS. Arroyo Calmalli, January-March, 1898, Purpus 59 (UC, US2); Purgatorio Grade, 7 March 1935, Wiggins 7934 (UC, US, DS); Sierra 2. The abbreviations for herbaria are those cited by Lanjouw and Stafleu, 1959. VoL. XXX) CARTER: THE GENUS ALVORDIA 161 de la Giganta: Cerro de Naucajoa, 25 November 1962, Carter 4483, 44933, Ar- royo Hondo, north slope of Cerro Giganta, 14 December 1938, Gentry 4136 (UC, GH), Cafion de las Palmas, west side of Cerro Giganta, 22 April 1955, Carter & Ferris 3432 (UC, US, SD), Los Encinos, 28 March 1960, Carter & Ferris 4032, Upper ‘‘aguaje’’, Arroyo del Carrizo near San Javier, 15 March 1960, Carter & Ferris 3815, headwaters of Cafion Gabilan, 18 November 1962, Carter 4458, 4459, 4467, Cafion de Tiojo, La Victoria, 22 March 1960, Carter & Ferris 3943, Pilén de las Parras, 14 March 1961, Carter & Sharsmith 4032, La Es- peranza, 20 April 1962, Carter 4405, peak south of Portezuela de Peloteado, 10 October 1963, Carter & Medellin-Leal 4676, Mision Dolores, 4 December 1959, Wiggins, Carter & Ernst 252 (DS); Isla Partida, 7 December 1959, Wig- gins, Carter & Ernst 426 (DS). FIGURE 2. Achenes of Alvordia; a, A. fruticosa (Carter & Chisaki 3610); b, A. Brande- geei (Carter, Alexander & Kellogg 2273); c, A. glomerata (Carter & Ferris 3815); d, A. glomer- ata var. insularis (Carter & Ferris 3744). 1b. Alvordia glomerata var. insularis, var. nov. A var. glomerata foliis ovatis obtusis longitudine 4 cm. haud excedenti- bus, involucri bracteis minus strigillosis valdius ciliatus ac acheniis minori- bus (2.5-2.8 mm. longis) quam pappo (eo 2.8-4 mm. longo) brevioribus discedit. 3. All Carter & Carter etal. collections herein undesignated as to institution will be widely distributed. 162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Leaves oval to ovate (or obovate), obtuse or sometimes cuspidate (ex- cept on specimens from San Marcos Island which have most of the leaves acute), 14-37 (52) mm. long, 8-19 (30) mm. wide, 1.4 to 2.4 (mean 1.94) times as long as wide; involucres 5-7 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide with a mean length to width ratio of 1.91; phyllaries and receptacular bracts 8 to 10, the outer phyl- laries only slightly strigillose abaxially, strongly ciliate-margined; limb of the ray flowers 4-5 mm. long, the sterile achenes 3 mm. long, the pappus awns 1 to 4, 0.4-2 mm. long; disk corolla 6 mm. long, the lobes 0.8 mm. long; an- thers 2.4 mm. long with sterile tips 0.4-0.8 mm. long; pollen (including spines), 34.6-42 (mean 38.5) microns in diameter; achenes 2.5-2.8 mm. long, the pappus 2.8-4 mm. long; receptacular bristles 2 to 3, 5-6 mm. long. The variety A. g. insularis has been collected on islands on the penin- sular side of the Gulf of California from latitudes 25° 39’ N. to 27° 15’ N. Type. Baja California, Mexico: broad arroyo inland from Puerto Balan- dra, Isla Carmen, 11 March 1960, Carter & Ferris 3744 (UC no. 1,245,032). OTHER COLLECTIONS. San Marcos Island, 29 March 1962, Moran 9000 (SD, UC); Carmen Island: 1-7 November, 1890, Palmer 827 (GH, US, UC), 4 April 1962, Moran 9142(SD, UC); CatalinaIsland, 9 April 1962, Moran 9350 (SD, UC). 2. Alvordia fruticosa BRANDEGEE,1899, Erythea, vol. 7, p. 5. Alvordia angusta Blake, 1917, Contrib. Gray Herb., vol. 52, p. 42. A. fru- ticosa var. angusta Wiggins, 1950, Contrib. Dudley Herb., vol. 4, p. 26. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute, (30) 40-115 mm. long, 6- 32 mm. wide, 3.4 to 6.4 (mean 4.27) times as long as wide; inflorescence 3-4 cm. in diameter (often spherical in outline in pressed material) the numerous 1- (2) flowered heads in short-peduncled glomerules; involucres (4) 5.2-7 mm. long, 1.2-2.2 mm. wide; with a mean length to width ratio of 3.45; phyllaries and receptacular bracts (3-) 4-6, straw-yellow, glabrous except for the ciliolate margins, the outer twonavicular withastraight or slightly arcuate narrow keel; ray flowers lacking; receptacular bract slightly enfolding the disk achene; disk corolla 5-6 mm. long, the lobes 1.2-2 mm. long; anthers 2.4-2.6 mm. long with sterile tips 0.8-1 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, the pappus awns 1-2.5 mm. long; sterile bristles in center of receptacle lacking. Pollen size, 37.8-50.4 (mean 42.9) microns (including spines). Chromosome count, n=30 (Car ter 4445). Collections to date indicate that A. fruticosa is confined to the lower western slopes of the Cape Region mountains and coastal mesas in the vicin- ity of Todos Santos and a short distance southward. The 1902 Brandegee col- lection labeled simply ‘‘Cape Region’’ may be assumed to be from this area inasmuch as the Brandegee itinerary (Moran, 1952) shows him to have been in the vicinity of Todos Santos in November of that year. VOL. XXX) CARTER: THE GENUS ALVORDIA 163 Type. Baja California, Mexico: San Jacinto, 23 October 1893, Brandegee (UC no. 84275). OTHER COLLECTIONS. Cape Region, November 1902, Brandegee (US); To- dos Santos, 29 January 1890, Brandegee 311 (UC, US4, GH4), type of A. an- gusta Blake), 14 February 1928, Marcus Jones 24105 (SD); southern edge of Todos Santos, 8 November 1962, Carter 4444 & 4445, 11 miles south of Todos Santos, 25 March 1935, Whitehead 872 (DS); foothills west side of Cape Re- gion mountains about 3.2 km. northwest of Rancho San Jacinto, 12 November 1955, Carter & Chisaki 3610 (UC, DS, US, SD); 16 miles south of Todos San- tos, 24 March 1935, Shreve 7225 (US, DS, GH). 3. Alvordia Brandegeei, sp. nov. (Figure 3.) Planta perennis basi suffrutescens foliis ovatis acutis vel aliquando obtusis longitudine 1.5-2.2 (2.7)-plo quam latitudine, involucris flosulos duos (interdum unum vel tres) ac aliquando florem unicum radialem depauperatum cingentibus, phyllaribus 5-7 (9) stramineis marginibus ciliolatis exceptis gla- bris, eis daubus extimis navicularibus utraque carina crassiuscula leviter ar- cuata instructa, flosculis 5 mm. longis, polline diametro 29.9-39.4 microns, achenis 1-2.4 mm. longis, chromosomi numero =15. Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate-acute (occasionally obtuse ) 14-47 mm. long, 8-22 mm. wide, 1.5 to 2.2 (mean 2.27) times as long as wide; inflor- escence 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter (not spherical in outline in pressed material), the short-peduncled glomerules bearing 2 to 5 involucres 5.4-6.2 mm. long, 2- 3 mm. wide with a mean length to width ratio of 2.24; involucres usually en- closing 2, or sometimes 1 or 3, disk flowers and occasionally 1 poorly-devel- oped ray flower; phyllaries and receptacular bracts 5-7 (9), straw-yellow, glab- rous except for the ciliolate margins, the outer 2 slightly navicular with a thickened narrow keel; a single inconspicuous ray flower occasionally pres- ent; receptacular bracts slightly enfolding disk achenes; disk corolla 5 mm. long, the lobes (1.4-) 2 mm. long, the anthers 2-2.8 mm. long with sterile tips 0.4-0.6 (0.8) mm. long; pollen (including spines) 29.9-39.4 (mean 33.7) microns indiameter; achenes 2.4-3 mm. long, the pappus 1-2.4 mm. long;sterile bristles in center of receptacle lacking; chromosome number, n=15 (Carter 4442). This ovate-leaved taxon appears to be confined to the tip of the Cape Region, extending from near Cabo San Lucas east to San José del Cabo and north along the Gulf coast to Punta Frailes. This is the taxon which Blake misinterpreted as representing Brandegee’s 4. fruticosa. 4. The date of 29 January 1889 given onthe US and GH specimens is in error. (Neither of these labels is in Brandegee’s handwriting.) Brandegee was at the coastal Magdalena Plain local- ities of Boca de Santo Domingo and Boca de las Animas on that date (Moran, 1952). His first trip to the Cape Region was in January and February of 1890. 164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. TYPE OF ; -vordia srandereei Carter yr pus FLORA ; LOWER CALIFORNIA. | Mvrorchia | 8. oe FIGURE 3. Type of Alvordia Brandegeei Carter. VOL. XXX) GARTER? THE;/GENUS ALVORDIA 165 TyPrE. Baja California, Mexico: San José del Cabo, Baja California, Mexico, 9 September 1890, 7. S.Brandegee 31la (UC, no. 84274). OTHER COLLECTIONS. Cape Region: November 1902, Brandegee (UC, US); Punta Frailes, 16 February 1940, Dawson 1114 (US); San José del Cabo: 29 September 1893, Brandegee (US), March-June (April 23) 1897, Anthony 339 (de- signated by Blake as lectotype of A. fruticosa Brandegee, UC, DS, US, GH), March 1890, Grabendorfer (UC); January-March 1901, Purpus 346 (UC), Purpus 499 (UC, US), 29 October 1941, Gander 9730 (CAS, SD), 17 February 1940, Dawson 1172 (US); 4.5 km. westerly from La Palmilla, 18 January 1959, Moran 7072 (DS, SD); 4(5) miles east of Cabo San Lucas, 26 March 1935, Shreve 7263 (UC, DS); 9.6 km. east of Cabo San Lucas, 4 November 1962, Carter 4442, 8 miles east of village of Cabo San Lucas, 1 January 1959, Wiggins 14651 (UC, DS); 11.5 km. east of Cabo San Lucas, 18 December 1947, Carter, Alexander & Kellogg 2273 (UC, US, DS). DISCUSSION The members of the genus Alvordia (placed in the Engler and Prantl system between the two large helianthoid genera Viguiera and Helianthus) exhibit a wide range of the characters, considered, by those concermed with theories of evolution inthe Compositae, as phylogenetically significant (Cron- quist, 1955). The plants range from those bearing flower-head clusters having no ray flowers through those with inconspicuous sterile rays to those with ob- vious sterile ray flowers, and from those with involucres bearing a single disk (and noray) flower to those bearing three to four disk flowers plus the sterile rays. The simpler arrangements are found in the Cape Region plants. The phyl- laries inthe Cape Region taxa, especially in A. fruticosa, tend towarda paired arrangement, while inthe other taxa a spiral arrangement is more evident. The earlier workers considered that there were no receptacular bracts present in the Cape Region plants, but that these structures occurred in the northern A. glomerata. In describing A. fruticosa, Brandegee (1899) stated, ‘‘If this spe- cies from the Cape had been the one first collected, its relationship would have been somewhat doubtful on account of the absence of receptacular bracts.”’ In order to resolve the question of absence or presence of receptacular bracts and establish criteria for differentiation between phyllaries and recep- tacular bracts in Alvordia, dissections were made of the flower-heads of all four taxa. Measurements of the length of the phyllaries and bracts served to bring to light sequential relationships which aid in differentiating these struc- tures as well as in separating the taxa. The phyllaries are graduated, both in length and indegree of navicular- ness (figure 4, a, b, c). In the northern A. glomerata and its variety, the in- crease in length between the phyllaries is in gradual steps (figures 4, c; 5). (PROC. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 166 VOL. XXX) CARTER: THE GENUS ALVORDIA 167 In the two Cape Region taxa, A. fruticosa and A. Brandegeei, however, there is a noticeable length gap between the first two phyllaries and the remainder of these structures (figure 5). In addition the phyllaries are straw-color and not strongly navicular in outline in the Cape Region plants while in A. glom- erata and its variety they are brownish- or greenish-yellow and more strongly navicula1. It is undoubtedly these points of similarity between A. fruticosa and A. Brandegeei that have caused previous investigators toconsider A. Bran- degeeii tobe more closely related to A. fruticosa than to the northern A. glom- erata. On the other hand, even though the outer two phyllaries of A. Brande- geei are much shorter than those succeeding, they are tending towards the strongly graduated sequence found in A. glomerata, while those of A. fruti- cosa are subequal (figure 5). As for the distinction between phyllaries and receptacular bracts, it was found that in all taxa the bracts subtending the flowers are shorter (oc- casionally sub-equal in A. fruticosa and A. Brandegeei) than the ultimate bract of those not subtending a flower (figure 5). Moreover, the bracts sub- tending the flowers are more membranous than the preceding structures and are not navicular nor are they saccate at the apex, but instead taper to a point which tends to be erose (figure 4, a, b, c). Although the transition from the phyllaries tothe bracts subtending the flowers is gradual, the relations of position and length, in addition to slight differences in morphology, serve to justify designation of all those structures subtending flowers (whether they be sterile ray flowers or fertile disk flowers) as receptacular bracts and to desig- nate all others as phyllaries. Therefore, all taxa in Alvordia may be considered to have flower-heads bearing at least one receptacular bract. How many of the phyllaries may be considered ‘‘navicular’’ is subject to interpretation. The term as defined by Lindley (1848) aptly describes the first two or three strongly arcuate and keeled phyllaries of A. glomerata. In A. fruticosa, however, the keel of the first two phyllaries is straight (or only slightly arcuate) and in A. Brandegeei it is slightly arcuate. In all ofthe taxa (figure 4, a, b, c) as one examines the head progressively inward, the phyllar- ies are seen to become gradually less prominently keeled and less strongly arcuate until they resemble a flat-bottomed boat with saccate apices. These inner phyllaries might be described as shallowly navicular. Heretofore, the two Cape Region taxa have been considered more close- ly related to each other than to the northern A. glomerata. The present: inves- tigation indicates that A. fruticosa of the Cape Region is the most distinct taxon in the genus and that the other Cape Region taxon, A. Brandegeei, is more closely related to A. glomerata than had been realized. As to the pres- FIGURE 4. Components of flower heads in Alvordia showing the transition from phyllaries to receptacular bracts: series a, A. fruticosa (Carter 4444, 4445); series b, A. Brandegeei (Grab- endorfer in 1890); series c, A. glomerata (Carter 4483). 168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. 6.5 - L 6.0 - 55 ie wo = o r 4 io L = Ey Ft = r E sol 45+ iL 40 123450D Pos 45 D. 12345RD | 2° 3°4aRIo! A. fruticosa A. Brandegeei A. glomerata A.glomerata , var. insularis D=| D=2-3 RD=3-8 RD=4-5 FIGURE 5. Histograms representing the relative lengths of phyllaries and receptacular bracts in Alvordia. Columns 1] to5 represent the successive phyllaries; column R represents the bracts subtending the ray flowers, and column D represents the bracts subtending the disk flow- ers. (The histograms represent only that portion of the structures in excess of 4 mm. in length. The exceptional number of ray or disk flowers is not included.) See discussion in text. ence or absence of sterile ray flowers, for instance, in A. fruticosa there are none; in A. Brandegeei (previously considered to have none), there is an oc- casional inconspicuous sterile ray flower; in A. glomerata,rays are always present and conspicuous in plants ofthe middle and northern part ofits known range, but inthe two southernmost collections (at Isla Partida and Mision Do- lores, rays are inconspicuous, few or sometimes lacking. Inother characters, too, the southernmost collections of 4. glomerata approach those of A. Bran- degeei, e.g., the relative length of the pappus and the achene (figure 2) and the ratio of leaf-length to width. Although there is a wide geographic gap be- tween the northernmost known locality for A. Brandegeei (figure 1) and the southernmost one of 4A. glomerata, the southernmost A. glomerata plants are clearly transitional between the more northern members of that taxon and A. Brandegeei. (Graphic representation of certain characters in the four taxa is given figures 6 and 7.) VOL. XXX) CARTER: THE GENUS ALVORDIA 169 Leaves vary tremendously in size in this group of plants. Those of 4. glomerata may be anywhere from 30 to 70 mm. in length and those of 4. fruti- cosa from 30 to 115 mm. Conversion of the length and width measurements to length/width ratio, demonstrates that the leaves of each taxon do fall within A. glomerata o var. insularis © s A. fruticosa — Ss = S A. Brandegeei See SSese ‘Oo ® we} iS =) z 4BeDOmD2e 4, 56) 5.8960) "G2 (64> (66) 48° 70 72 74 76 (78) 80) (8:2) 84) 186 A Involucre length in mm. 10 ” a o =) a) > c 2 i °o = { 2 5 = / ae! Pe Sera pemslige Ol ©) Ye) FISSURELLACEA Diodora inaequalis (Sowerby) 2 2 2 Diodora saturnalis (Carpenter) Hemitoma hermosa Lowe 1 3 ft Wwwre Lucapinella new species? LITTORINACEA Lacuna species 5 RISSOACEA Alleorus deprellus Strong 1 1 Alvania species 10 | 16 of 7 Amphithalamus species 1 Barleeia species 15) 45 Cyclostremiscus tricarinatus 1 (C. B. Adams) Rissoella species 3 Rissoina species 7 1 Solariorbis (Hapalorbis) liriope 3 Bartsch Solariorbis (Hapalorbis) seminudus 1 (C. B. Adams) Teinostoma species i Vitrinella species 1 ARCHITECTONICACEA Architectonica nobilis Roding 1 2 Heliacus bicanaliculatus 1 (Valenciennes) Heliacus species 2 al i) VOL. XXX) MOLLUSKS FROM ISLA ESPIRITU SANTO 199 List 4. (Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) SPECIES DEPTH IN FATHOMS Da [wifes ne CERITHIACEA Alaba supralirata (Carpenter) 15 Alaba species Zeeel'S Alabina diomedeae Bartsch 3 Cerithiopsis species 105 1d Cerithium gemmatum (Hinds) 1! Caecum species 5 6 2 Elephantanellum species 2 Elephantulum species 1 1 Fartulum cf. F. laeve (C. B. Adams) 15 Metaxia convexa (Carpenter) 3 9 Metaxia species 1 Modulus catenulatus (Philippi) 6 4 Modulus cerodes (A. Adams) 7 4 2 Seila assimilata (C. B. Adams) 3 1 1 Triphora species 2 5 8 9 Turritella mariana Dall SLE) BBY I Turritella nodulosa King and Broderip 3 9 Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) i indentatus (Carpenter) Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) 1 indentatus variety Vermetus (Thylacodus) species 1 EPITONIACEA Epitonium (Asperiscala) walkerianum y) Hertlein and Strong Epitonium (Nitidiscala) wurtsbaughi il Hertlein and Strong Epitonium species 1 Scalina ferminiana (Dall) 1 EULIMACEA Balcis species (possibly Eulima) 1 Balcis species 1 5 4 Niso excolpa Bartsch 4 200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. List 4. (Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) DEPTH IN FATHOMS SPECIES HIPPONICACEA Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus) 1 # Hipponix grayanus Menke *30 2 CALYPTRAEACEA Calyptraea conica Broderip 8 Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip | Tso Cheilea cepacea (Broderip) 1 ih Crepidula aculeata (Gmelin) 20 Crepidula arenata Broderip) 1 1 4 Crepidula excavata (Broderip) 3 ‘i Crepidula striolata Menke 3 # Crucibulum concameratum Reeve 3 Crucibulum scutellatum (Wood) 1 1 i: 2 Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby) 1 Z 1 1 LAMELLARIACEA Erato columbella Menke yi CYPRAEACEA Trivia californiana (Gray) 1 Trivia sanguinea (Sowerby) i! 2 STROMBACEA Strombus gracilior Sowerby 33 8 Strombus granulatus Swainson 6 2, Weed 5 1 NITICACEA Natica grayi Philippi 1 Natica idiopoma Pilsbry and Lowe 1 2 Natica (Stigmaulax) broderipiana Récluz 1 Polinices bifasciatus (Gray) 1 | Polinices uber (Valenciennes) *1Q5) *34: | 14 4 3 Polinices species 2 Sinum debile (Gould) 1 1 ATLANTACEA # Atlanta species 1 - | TONNACEA Colubraria siphonata (Reeve) | 1 Cymatium gibbosum (Broderip) 1 VOL. XXX) MOLLUSKS FROM ISLA ESPIRITU SANTO 01 List 4. (Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) SPECIES DEPTH IN FATHOMS TONNACEA (Continued) Cymatium tigrinum (Broderip) if Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby) 1 MURICACEA #Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip) 1 Morula lugubris (C. B. Adams) 1 1 Murex recurvirostris Broderip 6 Ocenebra parva (E.A. Smith) 1 Pterynotus centrifuga (Hinds) 3 BUCCINACEA Anachis coronata (Sowerby) fi Anachis coronata hannana it Hertlein and Strong ? Strombina carmencita Lowe 4 y) Strombina maculosa (Sowerby) *15 | *66 | *70 | *39 Cantharus pallidus (Broderip 2 3 and Sowerby Engina reevei Tryon D Engina solida (Dall) 1 1 4 # Metula amosi Vanatta 1 Phos veraguensis Hinds Nassarius angulicostis (Pilsbry *3 20 3 and Lowe) Nassarius gallegosi Hertlein 1 2 i and Strong Nassarius versicolor (C. B. Adams) if 5 6 Nassarius (Arcularia) tiarula (Kiener) +2 Nassarius cf. Nassarius mendicus i (Gould) Nassarius, ? new species # Fusinus irregularis (Grabau) 1 9) # Fusinus panamensis Dall il Fusinus species ll Pe uwW sp VOLUTACEA Cancellaria buccinoides Sowerby 1 Marginella californica Tomlin iz. 1 1 2 202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. List 4. (Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) SPECIES DEPTH IN FATHOMS Marginella (Cypraeolina) species 3 Marginella (Cystiscus ) species if Marginella (Gibberulina) species 1 4 Oliva spicata (Roding) ¥IS | 273.2, 432 3 Olivella alba (Matrat in Sowerby) Olivella dama (Wood) Olivella gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby) Olivella tergina (Duclos) 1 VOLUTACEA (Continued) RP WwW Ww MITRACEA Mitra crenata Broderip 4 6 Mitra dolorosa Dall 2 Mitra mexicana Dall 2 Mitra (Tiara) hindsii Reeve 5 Tae | la Mitra (Tiara) sulcata Sowerby 1 Ww CONACEA Clathrodrillia alcestis Dall 3 Clathrodrillia haliplexa Dall Clathrodrillia pilsbryi Lowe 1 1 Clathurella candida (Hinds) 4 Clathurella cf. Clathurella serrata Carpenter Clathurella rava (Hinds) Clathurella species # Clavus acapulcanus (Lowe) # Clavus alcmene (Dall) Clavus asaedai (Hertlein and Strong) # Clavus melea (Dall) # Clavus pilsbryi (Bartsch) 2 # Clavus plicatellus (Dall) 2 # Clavus pudicus (Hinds) 1 # Clavus roseolus (Hertlein and 1 1 Strong) # Clavus turveri (Hertlein and Strong) 1 i Clavus species 4 Z —" - ee NO pwnd VOL. XXX) MOLLUSKS FROM ISLA ESPiRITU SANTO 203 List 4. (Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) SPECIES DEPTH IN FATHOMS CONACEA (Continued) Crassispira ericana Hertlein and Strong 2 Crassispira cf. Crassispira incrassata (Sowerby) 1 Crassispira martinensis Dall 1 Crassispira tepocana Dall 1 Gemmula hindsiana Berry l # Mangelia cyrene (Dall) 1 1 Mangelia occata (Hinds) 1 Mangelia trichodes (Dall) 1 3 2 2 Mangelia species 1 4 1 1 Pleuroliria oxytropis (Sowerby) 1 1 Pleuroliria oxytropis albicarinata 1 5 | tS (Sowerby) Pleuroliria picta (Reeve) =) 9 # Syntomodrillia cybele Pilsbry 1 and Lowe Tenaturris burchi (Hertlein and Strong) 2 1 1 Tenaturris verdensis (Dall) 2 Turricula libya Dall 2 Turricula nigricans Dall 1 Turridae, undetermined; possibly new genus, new species 3 3 # Conus bartschi Hanna and Strong i Conus gradatus Wood 2 Js Conus recurvus Broderip 1 Conus scalaris Valenciennes 1 4 6 Terebra ?albocincta (Carpenter) . i Terebra armillata Hinds 1 3 Terebra intertincta Hinds 1 # Terebra lingualis Hinds : # Terebra panamensis Dall 3 Terebra specillata Hinds 2 Terebra variegata Gray 6 Terebra species 1 204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. List 4. Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) SPECIES DEPTH IN FATHOMS 10-18 | 14-25 | 30-50 PYRAMIDELLACEA Odostomia (Miralda) exarata Carpenter 2 Odostomia (Miralda) species 2 Odostomia (Scalenostoma) dotella 1 Dall and Bartsch Odostomia species i! Pyramidella adamsi Carpenter 3 1 2 Pyramidella auricoma Dall 1 2 Pyramidella (Voluspa) new species 2 Triptychus new species 1 Turbonilla (Careliopsis) stenogyra 1 Dall and Bartsch Turbonilla (Careliopsis) species 2 Turbonilla (Mormula) coyotensis i 4 iL Hanna and Strong Turbonilla species 5 3 1 15 BULLACEA # Atys casta Carpenter ) Atys chimera Baker and Hanna il Bulla punctulata A. Adams 12 9 5 Bulla species 5 Haminoea angelensis 2 Baker and Hanna Haminoea species 1 ?Sulcoretusa species 2 Volvulella species 1 SCAPHANDRACEA Acteocina angustior Baker and Hanna 3 6 i Cylichnella species 5 9 PTEROPODA Cavolina trispinosa Lesueur i Cavolina species 1 Clio species 1 VOL. XXX) MOL LUSKS FROM ISLA ESPIRITU SANTO 205 List 4. (Continued) NO. OF SPECIMENS (STATIONS GROUPED) Scr IN As, | 13 | 312 | 10-18 10-18 14-25 List 5. Polyplacophora (Chitons) from Isla Espiritu Santo and Isla Partida, Baja California, Mexico. SPECIES SIPHONARIACEA # Siphonaria brannani Stearns Williamia peltoides (Carpenter) UMBRACULACEA Umbraculum ovale (Carpenter) ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Ischnochiton (Radsiella) tridentatus Pilsbry - Abundant. Lepidozona serrata (Carpenter) - Fairly common. Stenoplax mariposa Dall - Fairly common. CHAETOPLEURIDAE Chaetopleura lurida (Sowerby) - Common. CHITONIDAE Chiton virgulatus Sowerby - Common. ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Acanthochitona exquisita (Pilsbry). The above list is based on specimens inthe collection of the California Academy of Sciences. More intense collecting in the area would undoubtedly add more species to it. 206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. REFERENCED CITED KEEN, A. MYRA, AND ALLYN G. SMITH 1961. West American species of the bivalved gastropod genus Berthelinia. California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 47-66, figs. 1-33, 1 col. plate. KEEN, A. MYRA 1963. Marine molluscan genera of western North America. Stanford University Press, pp. 1-126, 447 figs. SLEVIN, JOSEPH R. 1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of Cali- fornia in 1921: General account.. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, vol. 12, no. 6, pp,55-72, 1 map. STEINBERG, JOAN E. 1963. Notes on the Opisthobranchs of the west coast of North America. II. The Order Cephalaspidea. The Veliger, vol.5, no.3, pp. 114-117. TAYLOR, DWIGHT W., AND N. F. SOHL 1962. An outline of gastropod classification. Malacologia, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7-32, 2 figs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 10, pp. 207-210. December 31, 1964 BATS FROM ISLANDS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA BY ROBERT T. ORR Curator of Birds and Mammals California Academy of Sciences and RICHARD C. BANKS Curator of Birds and Mammals San Diego Natural History Museum The Gulf of California is rich in islands, a number of which are inhab- ited by land mammals. Fifteen species and 39 subspecies of insular terres- trial mammals are currently recognized as occurring here. Records for aerial mammals from these islands, nevertheless, are exceedingly few, except for Pizonyx vivesi. Through the generosity of the Belvedere Scientific Fund of San Francis- co, Mr. Roy E. Marquardt of Van Nuys, California, and Mr. Richard Adcock of LaPaz, Baja California, Mexico, the authors along with nine other scientists had an opportunity from June 20 to July 1, 1964, to visit a number of islands Situated in the Gulf of California between Loreto and LaPaz. Mr. Adcock pro- vided his boat, the Marisla, for transportation. Several newinsular records for bats were secured on this trip, which induced us to summarize briefly the in- formation available to date onthe distribution of members of the order Chirop- 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. tera on islands in the Gulf. Permission to collect scientific specimens was granted by Dr. Rodolfo Hernandez Corzo, Direccién General de la Fauna Sil- vestre, Mexico City. FISH-EATING BAT (Pizonyx vivesi). This is one of the most distinctive endemic species of the Baja California region (see Orr, 1960). The type local- ity given by Menegaux (1901) is ‘‘Ilot du Cardonal au Islo, parti de 1’Archipel Salsi puedes.’’ This locality is considered to be Isla Partida which is just southeast of Isla Angel de la Guarda. Reeder and Norris (1954) summarized the known localities from which this species had been recorded up to the year 1951. Included were records of specimens from eight islands as follows: Isla Partida, Isla Tiburon, Isla Pescadora, Isla San Jorge, Isla Pond, Isla Encan- tada, Isla Granito, Isla Patos, in addition to those from localities along the coast of Sonora and both the gulf and Pacific coasts of BajaCalifornia. They also included a sightrecord from IslaSanPedroNolasco. All localities listed are north of 27° 30' N. Lindsay (1962, p.32) later recorded this species from Isla Cayo which is just west of the southern tip of Isla San José at approxi- mately 24° 53' N. (for further details see Banks, 1946b). When the writers visited Isla Cayo on June 28, 1964, bats of this spe- cies were located in three separate crevices on this islet. Five individuals were collected by members of the expedition. One of these, a slightly more than half-grown male probably not much more than one month in age, is now in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Three are in the San Diego Natural History Museum, and one has beenselected for deposit with the Direccién General de la Fauna Silvestre in Mexico City. On June 29 and again on June 30, 1964, one of us (Orr) found a colony of these bats still farther south on Los Islotes, a group of rocks at about 24° 37'N., one-half mile north of Isla Partida (not to be confused with Isla Partida, the type locality for Pi- zonyx vivesi, at 28° 54' N.). They were located by their characteristic vocal utterances as well as the presence of reddishdroppings beneath their daytime retreat. The crevice in which they were situated, however, was inaccessible. We were later informed by Dr. and Mrs. T. Eric Reynolds of Piedmont, Cali- fornia, that they had observed Pizonyx vivesi on Cerralvo Island in the spring of 1964. WESTERN PIPISTRELLE (Pipistrellus hesperus australis ). Townsend (1912, p. 127) recorded a female of this species taken on Ceralbo [=Cerralvo! Island on April 19,1911, although this was apparently overlooked by Hatfield (1936) in his revision of the species. Several additional specimens were collected on this island from 1960 to 1962 (see Banks, 1964c). The species was also reported from Monserrate Island by Banks (1964a) on the basis of two speci- mens collected on May 10, 1963. VoL. XXX) ORR & BANKS: GULF OF CALIFORNIA ISLAND BATS 209 On April 20, 1962, a female was obtained on IslaEspirituSanto by Chris Parrish (Lindsay, 1962, p.37). The specimen, of which the skull was lost, is in San Diego Natural History Museum. The species had not previously been reported from this island. On the evening of June 25, 1964, we collected four individuals of this species between sundown and dark atthe south end of IslaCatalina. Anadult male and an adult female were saved as studyskins and are now in the col- lection of the California Academy of Sciences. The other two, one of which was a male, were sobadly shot that they were discarded. This is the first rec- ord of this species for this island. On the evening of June 26, 1964, two adult females were secured at Ar- royo Aguada on the northeast side of Isla San José and on the following eve- ning three more females were secured on the shore of Amortajada Bay at the southend of this island. These are the first specimens of Pipistrellus hesper- us tobe recorded from Isla San José. Four of these (three study skins and one skull only) are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences and one is in the collection of the San Diego Natural History Museum. All of the insular specimens of Pipistrellus hesperis examined from Isla Monserrate, Isla Santa Catalina, Isla San José, Isla Espiritu Santo and Isla Cerralvo appear referable to the race australis. BIG BROWN BAT (Eptesicus fuscus penninsulae). As noted by Banks (1964b), a female of this species was secured on Cerralvo Island on May 27, 1962. On the evening of June 27, 1964, one of us (Orr) secured another female at Amortajada Bay on the south end of San Jose Island. As far as known these are the only records for this species from islands in the Gulf of California. Both specimens (now inthe collection ofthe California Academy of Sciences) are small in size and dark in color. As noted by Engles (1936, p. 658), the progressive decrease in size in Hptesicus fuscus and the tendency toward tich coloration down through the peninsula ‘‘provides a means of recognizing the race peninsulae.”’ TOWNSEND’S BIG-EARED BAT (Plecotus townsendii pallescens). A single specimen of this bat (now in the San Diego Natural History Museum) was se- cured by Banks on Santa CatalinaIsland onthe evening of June 24,1964. This is the first record for this species from an island in the Gulf of California as well as the most southern record for the BajaCalifornia region published to date. It is tentatively assigned to the race pallescens. 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. LITERATURE CITED BANKS, R. C. 1964a. Birds and mammals of the voyage of the Gringa. Transactions ofthe San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 13, pp. 177-184. 1964b. Range extensions for three bats in Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 45, p. 489. 1964c. The mammals of Cerralvo Island, Baja California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. (In press) ENGLES, W. L. 1936. Distribution oftheraces ofthe brown bat (Eptesicus) in western North America. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 17, pp. 653-660. HATFIELD, D. M. 1936. A revision of the Pipistrellus hesperus group of bats. Journal of Mam- malogy, vol. 17, pp. 257-262. LINDSAY, G. E. 1962. The Belvedere Expedition to the Gulf of California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 13, pp. 1-44. MENEGAUX, M. A. 1901. Descriptions d’une variété et d’une espéce nouvelles de Chiropteres rapportées du Mexique par M. Diguet. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, ser. 1, vol. 7, pp. 321-327. ORR, R. T. 1960. (Symposium: The biogeography of Baja California and adjacent seas. | An analysis of the recent land mammals. Systematic Zoology, vol. 9, pp. 171-179. REEDER, W. G., AND K. S. NORRIS 1954. Distribution, type locality, and habits of the fish-eating bat, Pizonyx vivesi. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 35, pp. 81-87. TOWNSEND, C. H. 1912. Mammals collected in Lower California, with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural history, vol. 31, pp. 117- 130. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 11, pp. 211-242, figs. 1-23, 3 plates. December 31, 1964. SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES June 20 - July 4, 1964 By George E. Lindsay Director California Academy of Sciences The peninsula of Baja California and the Gulf of California are of par- ticular biological interest and have had the attention of scientists ofthe Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences since long before the start of this century. In 1888 Walter E. Bryant made a trans-peninsular collecting trip from Isla Magdalena and San Jorge to Loreto. This initiated a series of expeditions which accom- plished the basic biological exploration of the southern half of the peninsula and the outlying islands. Large and significant collections ofthe animals and plants were made by Bryant, Charles D. Hains, Gustav Eisen, Frank H. Vas- lit, T.S. Brandegee (who was independently associated with the Academy ex- peditions), and several others. Unfortunately those collections were destroyed by the fire which accompanied the San Francisco earthquake on April 18, 1906. In 1921 the Academy conducted a very productive expedition to the is- lands ofthe Gulf of California. Using a sixty-five foot gasoline schooner, the Silver Gate, a scientific complement of eight, under the leadership of Joseph 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. oo a“ LORETO '§ PUERTO ESCONDIDO W'ys LAS|GALERAS MONSERRATE 74 YSANTA CATALINA ‘Nw iW santa CRUZ 0 SAN DIEGO SEA O LAS ANIMAS C ORT Z “5, LOS ISLOTES Be, eN RARTIDA Figure 1. Route of the Sea of Cortez Expedition. MAP BY BOB OLSON. R. Slevin, spent 87 days in intensive field investigation. The resulting col- lections are an important part of the Baja California and Gulf of California material preserved at the Academy. This has been augmented by frequent but smaller collecting trips, many of the most recent of which were sponsored by the Belvedere Scientific Fund. Since 1914 more than 3,500 pages ofthe Acad- PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 11 (LINDSAY) PLATE 10 SLEET EE? iif : BS, oil A Members of the expedition, left to right: Mufioz, Jr., Markham, Chivers, Herald, Tsegeletos, Adcock, Powell, Banks, Parrish, Wiggins, Villalobos F., Orr, Parker, Sloan, Bandar, Fuller. The Marisla at Las Animas. VOL XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 213 emy’s Proceedings have been devoted to scientific accounts and reports of the biota of Baja California and islands of the west coast of Mexico. Field work inthe Gulf of California continues to be productive. The area is large and the islands are many. Modern diving techniques and equipment make possible the exploration of the fascinating submarine environment which earlier could only be inadequately sampled with dredges and other inefficient devices. On December 16, 1963, Richard M. Adcock of the La Paz Skin Diving Service invited the Academy to use his new diving vessel, the Marisla, for two weeks of biological investigations inthe southern part of the Gulf of Californ- ia. The invitation was accepted and an area of unusual interest, the chain of islands between Loreto and La Paz, was chosen for the operation. Because of other activities by Academy personnel and Adcock’s charter commitments, the period of June 20 to July 1 was selected for the trip. It was early decided to place some emphasis on marine work, both be- cause ofthe unique diving facilities offered by Adcock and because the Acad- emy needed toaugment its collection of marine invertebrates. Also, this served as an exploratory trip for possible sources of living fishes for the Steinhart Aquarium. But general collections of terrestrial organisms were made on most of the islands which were visited. The scientific party included: George E. Lindsay, Director, California Academy of Sciences, in charge. Ira L. Wiggins, Scientific Director, Belvedere Scientific Fund, botanist. Alejandro Villalobos F., Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, invertebrate zoologist. Robert T. Orr, California Academy of Sciences, mammalogist and orni- thologist. Earl S. Herald, California Academy of Sciences, ichthyologist. David C. Powell, California Academy of Sciences, aquatic biologist. Dustin Chivers, California Academy of Sciences, invertebrate zoologist. Raymond Bandar, California Academy of Sciences, assistant to Dr. Orr. Allan J. Sloan, San Diego Natural History Museum, herpetologist. Richard C. Banks, San Diego Natural History Museum, ornithologist and mammalogist. Chris Parrish, San Diego Natural History Museum, arachnologist. Bruce E. Marquardt, student collector, particularly of marine organisms. Francisco Munoz, Jr., student collector. A documentary film of the trip was made by the Television Department of the Academy. David Parker, director of the television series ‘‘Science-in- Action,’’ and Dana Fuller, cinematographer, were members of the expedition. George Tsegeletos, an experienced diving instructor and underwater camera- 214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. man from San Rafael, California, volunteered his services and was a very val- uable member of the party, both as cameraman and collector. Richard Adcock had three guests, Bruce Markham of Pocatello, Idaho, and Dr. and Mrs. Wright Cortner of Tucson, Arizona, all of whom participated in the expedition activities and made valuable collections for the biologists. It was first planned to be aboard the Marisla for two weeks, but the schedules of some ofthe biologists and Adcock’s commitments for his vessel reduced this to 11 days. In order to take full advantage of the time, Adcock suggested that he meet our party in Loreto and that the trip end in La Paz. Arrangements were made with Captain Francisco Munoz, of the Servicio Aereo Baja, to fly the Academy party from Tijuana to Loreto on June 20 and from La Paz to Tijuana on July 4. We met at the Tijuana International Airport at 0900 June 20. Villalobos had flown from Mexico City the previous day. Personnel from San Francisco drove or flew to San Diego. Members ofthe staff of the San Diego Natural His- tory Museum had assembled supplies and equipment and transported it to Ti- juana. They also drove our party from the San Diego airport to the Tijuana airport. The same help was provided onthe return trip, for which I express ap- preciation. LOG OF THE TRIP June 20, 1964. Tijuana to Puerto Escondido. We departed from the Tijuana International Airport in a Lockheed Lode- star at 1034. Captain Francisco Mufioz was the owner and pilot, and Victor Manuel Corral his co-pilot. Our15 passengers and their bulky collecting gear made a near-capacity load. The direct course to Loreto is 575 miles. As we flew southeast down the peninsula the San Diego Museum people, who are very familiar with this area, pointed out landmarks and interesting features to those who had not flown there before. At first we were over chaparral-covered hills, and could see the rugged crest of the Sierra de Juarez on our left and the seaport of Ensenada on our right. The country became more arid as we passed over the old mining town of El Alamo and Valle dela Trinidad, and we could see the north end of the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) to the east. Our route took us over the great range of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, which is an undulating forested plateau with an average elevation of more than 7,000 feet and one peak, La Encantada or Picacho del Diablo, which reaches 10,000 feet. Flying on, our course took us down the ‘‘backbone’’ of the peninsula. The mountains beneath us were arid but arroyo bottoms were sometimes lined with palm trees. The narrowness of the peninsula was apparent, with the islands of the Sea of Cor- tez visible on one side of the aircraft and the top of Isla Cedros rising above the Pacific fog on the other. We saw Bahia San Luis Gonzaga with its assort- VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 215 Figure 2. A chartered Lockheed Lodestar aircraft transported expedition per- sonell from Tijuana to Loreto, and La Paz to Tijuana. ment of brownislands, Bahia de los Angeles with Ballenas Strait and Isla An- gel de la Guarda in the background, the volcanic Tres Virgenes peak near San- ta Rosalia, the great expanse of Bahia Concepcion, and then the village of Loreto. We were happy to see the Marisla waiting as we ‘‘buzzed’’ the town to alert all four of its taxis to our need for their services at the airport. We landed at 1324. The airplane was unloaded and taxis transported people and equipment tothe dock, where Richard Adcock gave each of us a warm welcome and acold bottle of beer, and introduced us to his vessel. The Marisla is a houseboat built on a LCM hull. It is 60 feet long and has a 20-foot beam, and draws only three feet. Twin 671 GMC diesel engines provide a normal cruising speed of 10 knots. There are six double staterooms for guests, a galley, and owners’ and crews’ quarters in the cabin area. The pilot house, a large sundeck, and an open dining area are above. The Marisla 216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Figure 3. Baggage and equipment were unloaded in the landing strip at Loreto. proved to be comfortable and admirably suited to our island work. Its shallow draft, great maneuverability, and sturdy steel hull made it possible to use the craft inshore and next to rocks where conventional vessels could not have ventured. Adcock had a crew of six; three men to operate the boats and equip- ment and three girls for the galley and housekeeping chores. A 36-foot LCPR, equipped with a compressor for charging airtanks, and with other diving equipment, was used as a general utility boat. Its bow ramp facilitated landings, and when lowered into the water the ramp served as a diving stage. This boat was used constantly to transport personnel, service divers, make plankton hauls, and for other purposes. Loreto is a picturesque and historic spot, the place where Jesuit Juan Maria Salvatierra established the first permanent California mission in 1697. The massive stone mother mission with its recently reconstructed tower dom- inates the village of modest houses, most of which are concealed in groves of date palms. We visited the mission and did final shopping while waiting for the Captain of the Port to complete our authorization to sail. Departing from Loreto at 1750, we cruised south about 13 miles to the VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION PAV) little land-locked harbor of Puerto Escondido, where we arrived at dusk. The inner harbor is about a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. Its narrow en- trance is only 75 feet wide, with a depth of nine feet at high tide, and the ad- vantage ofthe Marisla’s shallow draft was demonstrated when Adcock cruised through without slowing, a thrilling experience. Collecting started immediately, the same day most of us had left San Francisco. Sloan, Parrish, and Bandar were ashore with a light, looking for snakes and scorpions--and followed by cameraman Fuller and director Parker. From the boat we heard shouts ashore, and occasionally the brilliant light of Fuller’s daylight floods indicated the chase was being filmed. Two Baja Cal- ifornia rattlesnakes; Crotalus enyo enyo, and seven scorpions, Hadrurus hir- sutus, and Vejovis spinigerus, were taken and their capture photographed. At the same time the launch took the divers to a rocky point off the outer harbor for night diving with lights. Many marine creatures, vertebrates and inverte- brates, come out only in the dark. For example, Dolabella californica, a large opisthobranch mollusk, was common but was usually seen only at night. Figure 4. Skipper Richard Adcock and the young ladies in charge of the galley watching Dick Banks prepare a study skin. 218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER Figure 5. An aerial view of Puerto Escondido, which was our anchorage the first night. June 2]. Puerto Escondido to Isla Danzante. Dawn revealed the beauty of our little ‘‘hidden harbor,’’ backed as it was by the towering red cliffs and crags of the rugged Sierra Giganta. The east side of the bay was lined with mangroves and the west side with mud flats, then with a green line of Allenrolfea occidentalis, Salicornia pacifica, and Laguncularia racemosa, which gave way to the spiny trees and cacti typi- cal of the Sonora Desert flora. Sloan, Banks, and Bandar were ashore at day- light. The divers were soon in, collecting and filming. Giant hatchet clams, or pinnas, Pinnarugosa, were collected for specimens and food. Some of these were fourteen inches long and were difficult to remove from the sand in which they were embedded. The mouth of the bay through which the tide raced was particularly rich in sea stars and other life, specimens of which were taken. PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. Xxx, NO. 11 (LINDSAY) PLATE 11 More than twenty-five species of starfish, sea urchins, and brittle stars were taken at Isla Danzante. VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 219 It was apparent that our Mexican colleague, Dr. Villalobos, had broad inter- ests as he divided his time between marine and landcollecting. At Puerto Es- condido he first dove, then was ashore with an insect net, and next was col- lecting swimming crabs from the sand beach and moments later other crabs from the mangroves. Dr. Villalobos was a most enthusiastic and learned biol- ogist and a fine companion. For several of our people this was the first visit to southern Baja Cali- fornia, and they prowled through the thickets of desert plants noting the birds and other inhabitants of an interesting area. At 1000 we had a short discussion of our general plans for the opera- tions of the following tendays. then departed from Puerto Escondido and made the three-mile run to the northwest side of Isla Danzante. We anchored in a beautiful little cove with our bow secured to shore and a stern anchor which snubbed the vessel just short of touching. Water was so clear that when the launch drifted in at our side it appeared to be suspended in the air. Divers were in the water immediately, and found this a most productive station for echinoderms. More than 25 species of starfish, sea urchins, and brittle stars were taken. Sorting trays filled with specimens covered more and more of the deck space of the Marisla. Isla Danzante is a rough little island, only three and a half miles long and less than 500 feet high, and from the air it looks like a giant lizard. It was dry and land collecting was poor. Orr, Banks, and Bandar trapped but caught only six spiny pocket mice, Perognathus spinatus seorsus. Parrish, Munoz, Marquardt, Sloan, and Lindsay collected after dark, finding only two scorpions, Centruroides exilicauda, some grasshoppers, camel crickets, and tubercular geckos. While waiting to be picked up on the beach we found iso- pods abundant and easy to capture, and bottled a large series of Ligyda occi- dentalis. No snakes have been reported from Isla Danzante, but Bandar found a fragment of a shed skin of a large snake while setting his traps. It was not collected at the time and he was unable to locate it the next day. A thirty-gallon aquarium was set up on the large table which served as -an-all-purpose laboratory. Fishes were captured and held for observation and eventual shipment to San Francisco. The fish were taken with small hand nets, with ‘‘slurp guns’’ which sucked them into a chamber, with dip nets around a light atnight, and withthe chemical, quinaldine, which anesthetized them when introduced into the water. At Danzante four curious gulf jawfish, Opisthognathus punctatus, blennies which live in holes inthe mud bottom with only their massive heads exposed, were taken, as were many other very color- ful and interesting species. The capture of the expedition’s only pipefish, Doryrhamphus melonopleura, which proved to be a record for this area, pleased Herald. 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. June 22. Isla Danzante to Isla Carmen. The launch was sent to Loreto forice andinstructed tomeet us at Bahia Marquer onthe southwest side of Isla Carmen. Mammals and birds were skinned and prepared, other specimens were sorted and preserved, and our laboratory table had full use as we cruised to Carmen. We arrived at Bahia Marquer at 1000, just as the launch pulled in from Loreto. Ashore there were tremendous deposits of fossils. While the marine bi- ologists were diving, the land party worked up a steep-sided canyon which cut through the fossil-bearing strata. An endemic barrel cactus, Ferocactus diguetit carmenensis, bore red flowers, and there were many little Wilcoxia striata plants, rare little cacti which had pencil-thin stems and dahlia-like tu- bers. A native cotton, Gossypium armourianum, with its striking sulphur col- ored flowers, each petal of which bore a spot of red atits base, was one of the few plants in blossom. Another was Pedilanthus macrocarpus, a milky-juiced Figure 6. The lowered lowramp ofthe launch made anexcellent diving platform. VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 221 Figure 7. Expedition members Sloan, Bandar, Parrish, Villalobos F., and Orr return from an island. succulent spurge with slipper-shaped red flowers. Fossils, a few plants, and some birds were collected ashore, and were prepared during the short run to the southern low-lying end ofthe island, where anchorage was made for the night. The launch took the divers to a deep area off the north end of Isla Dan- zante, while the shore party worked the fossiliferous limestone flats of Isla Carmen. Pectens, rock oysters, and many types of gastropods were the most common fossils. Parrish collected nine specimens of four kinds of scorpions in decaying giant cactus; Hadrurus hirsutus, Broteas alleni, Vejovis spiniger- us, and Centruroides exilicauda. Orr observed or collected ash-throated fly- catchers, black-throated sparrows, ladder-backed woodpeckers, verdins, blue- gray gnatcatchers, white-winged doves, cardinals, oyster catchers, and Wil- son’s plovers. A large school of dolphins, Lagenorhynchus sp., passed during the afternoon. The island was very warm and all hands took to the water as soon as they got back tothe beach. The divers returned from Danzante with a big cab- rillo which Adcock had speared at a depth of 125 feet, and which was cooked for supper. Afterdark, Sloan captured a spotted night snake of the genus Hyp- siglena. 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. June 23. Isla Carmen to Las Galeras and Isla Monserrate. Trapping was poor and only one white-footed mouse, Peromyscus erem- icus carmeni, and two spiny pocket mice, Perognathus spinatus occultus, were caught--but one of Bandar’s mousetraps held a large scorpion, Hadrurus hir- sutus! About 0900 the Marisla was moved back to the northeast end of Isla Danzante, which the divers had found profitable the previous evening. The is- land ended abruptly in huge undersea cliffs. Tsegeletos filmed the colorful fishes and a large green moray eel, while Fuller recorded ‘‘Sally Lightfoot’’ and other crabs. The great variety and beauty of the fishes and other marine animals, and of the marinescapes themselves, were in remarkable contrast to the ster- ile and forbidding cliffs above. Some of the divers worked the depths as two- man teams while others explored the fissures in the barely submerged rocks with only snorkel equipment. It was a fantastic place. Among the common star- fish were Acanthaster ellissi, Mithrodia bradleyi, Othilia tenuispina, and Or- easter occidentalis. Ophiocoma aethiops and Ophiocoma occidentalis were abundant serpent stars. But two brilliant purple starfish were the rare Leiaster teres, which in 1941 was known from only three specimens. The genus has only six species, and L. teres is the only one from the eastern Pacific. Col- orful bumpheads and parrot fish, and snakeeels which looked like kingsnakes, 20] _ ‘ | PHOTO BY BRUCE MARKHAM Figure 8. A bottle-nosed dolphin jumping clear of the water near Las Galeras. VOL XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 223 and little fish which looked like jewels against the brown algae and sargasso weed, held the attention of photographers and divers until we reluctantly de- parted toward Isla Monserrate at 1300, lunching enroute. We stopped at two rocks, Las Galeras, anchoring the Marisla in the shallow channel between. Frigate birds were soaring overhead as Wiggins, Sloan, Bandar, and Lindsay explored the eastern rock, which is seventy feet high, and Orr, Banks, and Parrish, accompanied by Parker and Fuller for film coverage, went to the low- er western one. These were barren and desolate islets which in season are active bird rookeries. The divers found the area of little interest, but did cap- ture a rare slipper lobster, Evibacus princeps, of the family Scyllaridae, as well as spiny lobsters, Panulirus inflatus. As the launch picked up the shore party from West Galeras, a large school of jumping, bottle-nosed dolphins, Tursiops, passed--and the chase was on! The beautiful animals were in a particularly playful mood and jumped high out of the water, landing with great splashes on either side of the launch. It was a wonderul display of animal vigor. We anchored off sand dunes at the north end of Isla Monserrate. The film crew again photographed Sloan and Parrish collecting rattlesnakes at night. Bandar bagged five specimens of Crotalus ruber. Ghost crabs, Ocypode sp., and land hermit crabs, Coenobita sp., wandered about springing mousetraps and startling biologists. Banks caught a pocket mouse by hand. June 24. Isla Monserrate to Isla Santa Catalina. A very brisk wind rose during the night and some equipment was lost overboard. The anchors were readjusted, and by morning the wind had abated and the sea was againcalm. Theterrestrial collectors were ashore early. Five traps held hermit crabs, but four specimens of Perognathus and one of Pero- myscus were caught. Banks took the first speckled rattlesnake, Crotalus mit- chelli, to be recorded from Monserrate, and the second king snake, the first having been collected by Curtis Croulet and Sloan in April, 1964. Banks and Wiggins each picked up a racer, Masticophis flagellum. The divers did general collecting until everybody was aboard and we departed on the 15-mile run to Isla Santa Catalina at 1030. Finback whales were observed in the distance. During the crossing Dick Adcock and Dr. Cortner lectured onthe use of SCUBA equipment and the physiology of diving. Isla Santa Catalina is about seven and one-half miles long, two miles wide, and is 1543 feet high. Its orientation is north and south. It is precipi- tous but good anchorages are to be found in coves. We went to the north end ofthe island, cruising close tothe rocks to observe California sealions which were sunning themselves. Villalobos, Wiggins, Sloan, Parrish, Fuller, Parker, and Lindsay were put ashore at a cobble spit on the northeast side of the is- land at 1230. Parrish found scorpion collecting exceHent, getting nine speci- 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. mens of three genera, Broteas, Vejovis, and Centruroides, from one decaying cardon. Spectacular giant barrel cacti, Ferocactus diguetii diguetii, some of which were more than ten feet tall, were photographed. Isla Catalina is the type locality of this largest of barrel cacti, which is endemic to a few Gulf islands. The clean and chiccardons, Pachycereus pringlei, were nearly spine- less and carried quantities of large, bristly golden-colored fruit which looked like chestnut burrs. Some of these were split open, the rind curling back to reveal bright red flesh and glistening black seeds which were esteemed by white-winged doves and Gila woodpeckers. Figure 9. Expedition members Wiggins, Villalobos F., Parrish, Sloan, Parker, Lindsay, and Fuller on Isla Santa Catalina. By this time the divers were eagerly wading into the problems of fish identification. Although Herald had worked at many places in the Indo-Pacific, and Powell had worked in the upper Gulf, neither was familiar withthe fauna of the entire Gulf, and its numerous endemic species. Tentative identifica- tions were made of all fishes as they were brought aboard and tested for ‘‘aquar- ium toughness’’ in the shipboard tank. While our land party was ashore, the Marisla returned the divers to the north end of the island to explore among the large rocks. Pelicans and brown boobies were abundant. The Marisla stayed in a cove on the northwest corner of the island until the shore party was picked up at 1430, then moved south a short distance to an anchorage where an arroyo gave access tothe interior. A pod of perhaps fifty bottle-nosed dolphins escorted us on the way. PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XxX, NO. 1] (LINDSAY) PLATE 12 | Fruit of the cardon cactus, Pachycereus pringlei. VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 225 Figure 10. Chris Parrish found nine scorpions ofthree genera, Broteus, Vejovis, and Centruroides, in one decayed cardon cactus. Sloan was particularly interested in collecting Crotalus catalinensis, the ‘‘rattleless rattlesnake,’’ which is endemic tothis island. Only four speci- mens were known, the holotype taken by Frank Cliff on the Orca cruise in 1953, two specimens taken on the Belvedere Expedition of the San Diego Na- tural History Museum in 1962, and one living specimen which Sloan collected while cruising with the Gringa in April, 1964. Bandar, Sloan, and Banks col- lected three more during the evening, as well as one specimen of Hypsiglena torquata, a spotted night snake taken on Isla Santa Catalina only once before. Banks shot a big-eared bat, Plecotus townsendii, for the first record from a Gulf island. Parrish found scorpion collecting good at the junction of the ar- royo with the rocky hillside encountering those of Broteas under rocks and representatives of Centruroides exilicauda our running around. June 25. Isla Santa Catalina. Sloan collected five additional ‘‘rattleless rattlesnakes’’! The first was found by Banks, coiled next to one of his mousetraps, where it was photo- graphed by Wiggins. Sloan saw the second one under a Pithecellobium bush, and he than collected three more in a pile of brush under a large Bursera tree. 226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. ee ne ee axes : Was +> > i ate a *y < — Fea ea i Mn f it ae “hort ae = ON Sa % u vm“ * Neer wT. aoe ~ o” Sloan used a hand cultivator for searching through brush piles. It is an excel- lent tool. Lindsay picked up a second specimen of Hypsiglena. Three shed skins of Crotalus catalinensis were found under one bush. Sloan and Wiggins collected a long series of a live, endemic land snail, Bulimulus johnstonii, which was abundant under loose rocks and on the underside of logs. Isla Santa Catalina has a fairly heavy vegetation cover. The cardon cactus, Pachycereus pringlei, barrel cactus, Ferocactus diguetii, sweet pita- haya, Lemaireocereus thurberi, senita, Lophocereus schottii, and sour pita- haya, Machaerocereus gummosus, form natural cactus gardens. Other typical plants are ironwood, Olneya tesota, palo verdes, Cercidium microphyllum and Cercidium sp.,copals, Bursera microphilla and B. rhoifolia, jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis, and Beleperone californica. Near the beach the succulent Abronia maritima bore deepcrimson flowers, and inthe lower arroyos the desert poppy, VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 227 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN DIEGO - R. VAN NOSTRAND. Figure 12. A ‘‘rattleless rattlesnake,’’? Crotalus catalinensis, which JohnSloan collected on Isla Santa Catalina. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SAN DIEGO - R. VAN NOSTRAND. Figure 13. The vestigial rattle of the ‘‘rattleless rattlesnake.”’ Argemone sp., was also in blossom. Diving was excellent. A school of bottle-nose dolphins came into our cove. Two divers with cameras swam to join them, but the dolphins withdrew. 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4 TH SER. " —_ ae Ane an cniatias aera re —— a iis. node “He: tee Figure 14. Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F. examining a giantbarrel cactus, Fero- cactus diguetii diguetii, at its type locality, Isla Santa Catalina. Cardons, Pachycer- eus pringlei, in the background. The divers speared a large garropa and the sequence was filmed, then the fish was broiled over charcoal for lunch. This was a prolific spot for large fishes - amber jack, yellow tail, groupers to 300 pounds, golden cabrillo, and many others. Near the rocks there were many species of reef fish, parrot fish, wrasses, and others. In the bottom at intermediate depths were ‘‘forests’’ of burrowing eels which live inholes inthe sand with only their heads and a few inches of their bodies exposed - all looking in the same direction. As a diver approached they sank out of sight, to reappear as soon as he passed. All at- tempts to anesthetize or dig out specimens were unsuccessful. The same ex- perience was encountered later at Cabo San Lucas, and the reason is that this VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 229 eel, whose exact identity is unknown at the moment, undoubtedly belongs to the pointed-tail ophichthid family, most of whose members can swim faster backwards in the sand than we less well endowed human beings can swim for- wards. Dr. William Beebe, one of the first divers in the gulf area, described these phalanxes as ‘‘gardens of eels’’ in his volume on the Zaca Venture (1938). The Aquarium staff is currently working on an eel-dredge that will sneak up on these wary beasts faster than any skindiver; so if all goes well, Steinhart will eventually have this elusive eel on display for the first time. Night collecting was most interesting at Isla Santa Catalina. Many inverte- brates, as well as suchfish as squirrel fish, were noted at night only. One of the spectacular nocturnal invertebrates was the giant worm-like sea cucumber, Euapta godeffroyi, which was common and sometimes more than five feet long and three to four inches in diameter! A large nocturnal opisthobranch, Dola- bella californica, was also collected. We cruised down the west side ofthe island in the afternoon, anchoring for the night in a beautiful cove near the southernend. A metal meteorological tower seemed incongruous in that deserted region. There was also an aban- doned shark fisherman’s camp, with primitive shelters, turtle carapaces filled with salt, dried shark skins, and many carcasses of hammerhead and bonito sharks. Bandar caught another specimen of Crotalus catalinensis, making a total of nine of a rare reptile of which only four had previously been known. Parrish caught 30 scorpions in twohours, 16 of which were taken from one de- caying cardon. Four western pipistrel bats, Pipistrellus hesperus, were shot at dusk. During the night the marine biologists collected in the littoral zone at low tide. June 26. Isla Santa Catalina to Isla Santa Cruz and Isla San José. The land party was ashore at 0600 and found only empty traps. Fuller and Parker filmed Sloan capturing a rattlesnake, and with Herald recorded the deserted shark camp. We were underway on the 20 mile run to Isla Santa Cruz at 0745. After breakfast the biologists prepared specimens and wrote up field notes. We arrived at Isla Santa Cruz at 1130, and anchored for an hour at the northwest end. Wiggins and Lindsay worked onshore while the others dove or swam. There were many fish and several interesting nudibranchs, two of which are apparently undescribed. We passed Isla San Diego without stopping. Tsegeletos’ new Bolex cam- era froze, and since it was our only underwater camera capable of fulfilling our requirements, we had decided to accelerate our schedule and try to have one flown from La Paz to Isla San José. Adcock contacted a yacht at La Paz by radio and attempted to make the arrangements. We arrived at Arroyo Aguada, on the northeast side of Isla San José, at 1645. 230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Parrish and Sloan captured two specimens of Crotalus ruber atthe edge of a broad sandy arroyo which ran inland from the beach. Bandar captured one of Crotalus mitchelli, and Lindsay took a leafnose snake, Phyllorhynchus de- curtatus, for an island record. Wiggins followed a fresh snake track to find a freshly dead example of the endemic brushrabbit, Sylvilagus mansuetus, which the reptile had apparently killed and was unable to swallow. The rabbit’s skull was preserved, and additional specimens were taken. At dusk two bats, Pipistrellus hesperus, were shot by Orr and Parrish. Bandar spent the night on shore. The divers found a good place to collect lobsters and got 16, most of which were broiled for dinner. Lobster shells thrown into the water attracted many four- to six-foot-long sharks, some of which were hooked but not landed. Villalobos headed a group which collected with dip nets around the night light and many small crustaceans were preserved. Figure 15. Fuller photographing squids, Sthenoteuthis bartramii, which Chivers and Powell had just netted near Las Animas. Bandar looks on. VoL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 231 Figure 16. A young brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, on Las Animas. June 27. Isla San José to Las Animas and Isla San Jose. At daybreak a school ofactive pilot whales passed just off the bow and were silhouetted against the red sky of pre-sunrise as they rose high out of the water. Pelicans dove repeatedly. Wiggins and Mufioz were ashore early collecting fossils from the cliffs and bluffs north of the landing beach. Some of the fossil strata were 20 feet thick and contained pectens, rock oysters, some sand dollars, and sea biscuits. Orr, Banks, Bandar, and Sloan took care of their traps and hunted for two and one-half hours before breakfast. We departed for Las Animas at 0900 and the 11-mile run did not give sufficient time for most of the biologists to prepare their specimens. Nearing 232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Las Animas we saw a red swirl of disturbed water which contained a mass of squid, several of which were netted. The cephalopods appeared to be breed- ing and were being fed upon by fish. Their remarkable color changes from red to mottled to white and back again were photographed, and the animals were later identified as Sthenoteuthis bartramii. Although it has been taken from the mid-Pacific and has a wide distribution, it has apparently never been re- ported from the Gulf of California. Las Animas is a group of whitewashed rocks, the largest of which is a few hundred yards long and ninety feet high. It is a rookery for pelicans and brown boobies, and abandoned nests and ambulatory checks indicated heavy use by the birds. We anchored in a beautiful cove after circling the rocks to observe California sea lions, but only eight animals were seen, five of which were adult males and three were subadult or females. Parrish and Wiggins found Vejovis and Centruroides scorpions and two lizards, Phyllodactylus xan- ti and Urosaurus microscutatus. A large finback whale surfaced near the islet and a marlin was observed jumping time after time. A huge school of ‘‘pargo lisa’? or red snapper worked by the rocks, turning the water red. An adult bull sea lion swam by a school of several kinds of fishes with complete indiffer- ence, and in turn was ignored by the fish. Figure 17. Bruce Marquardt and Francisco ‘‘Kiko’’ Munoz watching Bob Orr pin- ning down mammal specimens. VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 233 The divers reported the area was extremely rich in fishes and inverte- brates and the water was crystal clear. George Tsegeletos regretted that his camera was inoperable. A short-spined but very toxic urchin, Toxopneustes roseus, ‘‘bit’’ Dr. Villalobos in the palm of his hand, apparently with a single pedicellaria but it caused him considerable pain and his hand became discol- ored. We took two turns around Las Animas for a final look at the sea lions and departed for the southwest side of Isla San Jose, where we anchored a short distance south of the mouth ofthe lagoon at Bahia Amortajada. Orr, Wig- gins, Sloan, Banks, Bandar, Parrish, and Lindsay went ashore about one-half mile north of the lagoon at 1800 to set traps and collect. Parrish caught a huge scorpion, Hadrurus hirsutus, 6-5/8 inches long. This was a new record for the island and also presented Parrish with problems in its capture, because its tail was longer than his forceps and the animal was larger than his vials. Jets of vemon were ejected as it stabbed at the stick with which he held the animal down. Finally it was backed into a vial and secured. This specimen was nearly as large as those of Pandinus imperator of Africa, the largest scor- pion, which reaches 7-1/4 inches. Reptile collecting was good. Red rattlesnakes, Crotalus ruber, and sev- eral racers, Masticophis flagellum, were taken, as were geckos. Bandar also collected two beach skulls of false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, the seventh and eighth records from the eastern Pacific Ocean. As usual, bats appeared and were hunted just at dusk. They are diffi- cult targets for 22-caliber shot pistols. A fusilade of pistol shots, punctuated by an occasional blast ofashotgun, netted a big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, and two representatives of Pipistrellus hesperus, new records for the island. Biting gnats, ‘‘no-see-ums’’ or ‘‘jejenes,’’ were bad before the shore party was picked up at 2030, and were worse on the boat. Everybody had a miserable night and Tsegeletos and Parrish were ill as a result of the bites the next day. Reaction time varied with the individuals. Francisco Mufioz be- came covered with lumps five days later. June 28, Isla San José to Isla Cayo, Isla San Francisco, Isla Partida, and La Paz. We were up with the ‘‘jejenes’’ early. Orr, Banks and Bandar made a hurried trip ashore to pick up their traps, which contained a fair catch. We moved out to Isla Cayo, a rocky ridge about one-quarter mile long and 40 feet high, where the capture of fish-eating bats, Pizonyx vivesi, was filmed. The bats were found in crevices in cliffs over the water. A great number of purple martins, Progne subis, swooped about the cliffs and some were collected by Sloan for Banks, who found that the behavior of the birds and the gonadal con- dition of the males suggested that they were nesting, but this was not con- 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Figure 18. Wright Cortner, Bruce Markham, and George Tsegeletos repairing their diving suits. firmed. Martins are birds of montane forests or palm oases in Baja California and nest in holes in trees. Thus their presence on this tiny, treeless, guano- covered rock was surprising. We moved south past Isla Coyote and its picturesque cluster of houses belonging to alarge family of fishermen, then anchored for twohours in a beau- tiful cove at the southwest corner of Isla San Francisco. The usual collect- ing was carried on, then we cruised to and circled Los Islotes for Orr to re- connoiter the sea-lion herd he was to study later, and left Bandar and the launch in a cove on IslaPartida. Our efforts to arrange for the air delivery of a cam- era having failed, we proceeded to La Paz, arriving at 2100. George Tsegeletos and Lindsay contacted Mr. William Curry who very generously loaned us his Bolex camera which fitted Tsegeletos’ underwater camera box. The Marisla was watered and ice and coke were brought aboard. The biologists visited the town. VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 235 June 29. La Paz to Isla Partida. We departed La Paz at 0200. The wind was up and the seas were rough, so we cruised up the sheltered east side of Isla Espiritu Santo and Isla Par- tida, to round the north end and anchor at 0615. Bandar came aboard with six mice, Perognathus and Peromyscus, three of which he caught in a single trap beside his sleeping bag. Orr was taken to Los Islotes, three rocky islets about one-half mile off the northern end of Isla Partida, to study the colony of sealions there. Wiggins, Banks, and Parrish climbed an arroyo on Isla Par- tida to a large dry lake which was bordered with cliffs and Ficus palmeri, For- chammeria watsonii, and Lysiloma candida. They shot a ‘‘black’’ jack rabbit, Lepus insularis, for which islas Partida and adjacent Espiritu Santo are fam- ous among mammalogists. Most of the biologists did marine collecting or un- derwater photography. In the afternoon we cruised south along Isla Partida, looking for an an- chorage from which a shore party could have easy access to the interior of the island. We passed up several attractive coves for one reason or another, and finally stopped forthe night in a picturesque little bight in Isla Espiritu Santo, which Adcock called Bahia Cafion. Actually, it was a little box canyon with black basalt cliffs capped with red rhyolite. There were many caves, some of which were explored by Wiggins, who found metates, bones of small mammals and fish, and other evidences of human occupation. There were bat droppings and an accumulation of butterfly and dragonfly wings among the stones on the floor, but no bats were observed. Wild figs, Ficus palmeri, and stunted cacti grew on the cliffs. The water was not clear, which disappointed the divers, and the land collecting was poor. Banks used a predator call on shore, because Adcock had seen a ring-tailed cat, Bassariscus astutus, at the end ofthe cove - but the lure did not work. June 30. Isla Espiritu Santo to Isla Partida, Los Islotes, and Espiritu Santo. The launch took Orr and Fuller back to Los Islotes to study and film the sea lion colony, and carried divers to work the north end of Isla Partida. The Marisla stopped at Bahia Candelero. Dr. Villalobos wanted to find Ber- thelinia chloris, a small bivalved gastropod that is associated with the sea- weeds of the genus Caulerpa, which had been collected at that spot before by Adcock. Two species of Caulerpa, C. sertularioies and C. racemosa, were found, but no representatives of Berthelinia. There is a walled well or spring of fairly fresh water at the mouth of an arroyo behind the beach. Sloan had noticed that a pool below the spring held fish in April, so he collected sever- al for Herald. They were an eleotrid species, Dormitator latifrons mexicanus, which are known to frequent brackish water. Sloan and Wiggins used snares 236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. to capture sevén handsome turquoise-colored banded rock lizards, Uta thalas- sina. The walls of the canyon were of red rhyolite, and there were large cliff faces and caves, some shaded by wild fig trees. The lizards were quite tame, sitting on the vertical walls and watching us, or sometimes creeping or even darting away. Wiggins also collected a fine specimen of Cnemidophorus maxi- mus. The Marisla cruised to the north end of Isla Partida to meet the launch, which had picked up Orr and Fuller from Los Islotes. There Orr had noted fish- eating bats, purple martins, and made important observations of the large col- ony of California sea lions which inhabits the islet. At 1400 we started cruis- ing down the eastside oftheisland. At one point westopped and George Tseg- eletos, Bruce Markham, Wright Cortner, and Richard Adcock made a deep dive to 190 or 200 feet, bringing up magnificent gorgonians, a basket star, and a Figure 19. ain Sloan holding a banded rock lizard, Uta thalassina, which he noosed at Bahia Candelero. VoL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 237 Figure 20. Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F. examining a gorgonian which the divers collected at a depth of 190 feet. large bass. We anchored for the night at La Bonanza, a large sandy-beached cove on the southeast side of Espiritu Santo. Sloan and Bandar went ashore for night collecting. This chronicle would be remiss if mention were not made of Internation- al Pufferfish Day -- so declared by the divers in order that all underwater ef- forts could be directed tothe capture ofthe elusive but attractive puffers. The usual reaction of these fishes to removal from the water is to blow up so that they are at least twice their normal size. Pufferfish do well in aquaria and concentrated efforts with small underwater collecting nets were made in order to accumulate sufficient numbers for shipment later to Steinhart Aquarium. July 1. Isla Espiritu Santo to La Paz. After the usual morning activities of shore collecting, some motion pic- ture filming, and diving, we departed for La Paz. All personnel were busy 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. packing equipment and collections. We arrived at La Paz at 1200. Sloan and Wiggins arranged to return to San Diego and San Francisco via an Aeronaves de Mexico flight that evening. Bruce Markham flew Bruce Marquardt and Dr. and Mrs. Wright Cortner to Tucson in his Aerocommander. He also took three carboys containing 61 living fish, representing 16 species, for shipment from Arizona to Steinhart Aquarium. The remaining members of the party offloaded their equipment and moved into Hotel La Perla. Figure 21. Earl S. Herald. July 2. La Paz to Cabo San Lucas. Dr. Villalobos returned to Mexico City by air after arranging for the air shipment of his several boxes of specimens. Herald, Powell, and Tsegeletos flew to Cabo San Lucas to sample the fish fauna there. Chivers was to have accompanied them but was ill and stayed in LaPaz. Orr, Lindsay, Banks, Bandar, Mufioz, Fuller, and Parrish took two VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 239 hae er “pe i. med. y" * Figure 22. Ira L. Wiggins. taxis to Cabo San Lucas, driving through El Triunfo, San Antonio, San Bartolo, and stopping for lunch at Buena Vista, where we found Ted Hobson of the Uni- versity of California at Los Angeles. He was investigating the behavior of groupers. In the afternoon we drove on to the village of Santiago, where we purchased a skin and skull ofa mountain lion, Felis concolorimprocera, which had recently been killed in the Sierra Victoria. We arrived at Cabo San Lucas and met the rest of our party at the new and comfortable hotel Hacienda Cabo San Lucas. There we were pleased to find Charles M. Bogert and William E. Old of the American Museum of Natural History. At the Cape the divers fell in with a new breed of marine geologists -- these were thoroughly aquatic types from the Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego. Under Dr. Robert Dill, they were surveying the changes in the bot- tom topography and effects of underwater erosion. With their help as guides, the Academy divers quickly found the best diving spots and were amazed at the large schools of fishes which were mostly of the tropical Indo-Pacific fauna and not of the endemic Gulf fauna. An observation record of the long-nosed but- 240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. “ Figure 23. Cabo San Lucas. terfly fish, Forcipiger longirostris, proved to be a new record for the Gulf. On the second day of diving a cold water mass moved into the Cape area with the surface temperatures dropping to62 degrees, and below the therm- ocline 20 feet down, it was even colder. Of course, every aquarist known that tropical fishes cannot live at such temperatures -- and yet there they were -- alive and healthy. Steinhart Aquarium rules have now been rewritten! July 3. Cabo San Lucas to La Paz. The overland group departed from Cabo San Lucas at 1000 and drove up the west coast road to La Paz, where we arrived at 1600. The air party returned the same afternoon. Francisco Mufioz and Victor Manuel Corral arrived from Tijuana and met us at the hotel in the evening. July 4. La Paz to San Diego. Hundreds of pounds of equipment and luggage was transported tothe La Paz airport in taxis, and Captain Mufioz’s ingenuity was taxed to get it all aboard his Lodestar. We took off at 0835 and flew up the Sea of Cortez, so VOL. XXX) LINDSAY: SEA OF CORTEZ EXPEDITION 241 the islands and areas in which we had worked could be photographed. Arriving at Tijuana atnoon, we were met by John Sloan withthe San Diego Natural His- tory Museum carryall. It was July 4 and the International Border Station at San Ysidro was crowded, but the courteous officials quickly inspected the few liv- ing plants we were importing and cleared our entry into the United States. Specimens were left at the San Diego Natural History Museum for truck ship- ment to San Francisco, and personnel boarded their plane for San Francisco. The Sea of Cortez Expedition was over. ACCOMPLISHMENTS This was a short trip with only 11 days of actual collecting activity, most of which was highly selective. Those 11 days were productive in new information about the Sea of Cortez. For example, the marine invertebrate specialists, Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F., Dustin Chivers, Bruce Marquardt, and other collectors took more than 500 samples representing more than 250 species. Dr. Villalobos also collected land invertebrates and plants for his colleagues in Mexico. Dr. Herald and David Powell ran 13 observation stations for fish, using both snorkeling and SCUBA gear. Again, many other biologists assisted the ichthyologists. Preserved specimens were returned to the Department of Ich- thyology to aid infinal species determination ofthe fishes sent alive from La Paz. Twenty-four ofthe 61 living fish died enroute because of a serious error of the airline carrier which allowed the shipment to remain on its San Fran- cisco dock for five critical hours. The survey of fishes at Cabo San Lucas showed a tremendous variety of kinds which would be of interest tothe Aquar- ium, and this area will be a practical source of living specimens and an area for study. Important new mammalian records were obtained by Dr. Orr and Dr. Banks. There were extensions of ranges and the first records of bats on several is- lands. Valuable behavioral and life-history studies of California sea lions will be continued and correlated with similar studies on the Galapagos Islands off Ecuador and Afio Nuevo Island near San Francisco. Few birds were col- lected but many were observed, and interesting new records will be published. The snakes and lizards collected were especially significant because of Allan J.Sloan’s current study ofthe herpetofauna of the islands of the Gulf of California. There were new records and possibly new taxa discovered, and new material for venom studies at the Academy and by Dr. Findlay Russell at Loma Linda University and the San Diego Zoo. Chris Parrish is studying the scorpion fauna ofthe southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, with particular emphasis on the islands of the Gulf of California and Baja California. This expedition provided an oppor- tunity for him to make further ecological observations and collect, with the 242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. aid of his companions, 147 specimens, several of which were new records and possibly new taxa. Other terrestrial invertebrates were collected, particularly by Dr. Villalobos and Raymond Bandar, and were sent to specialists who are investigating the various groups. Dr. Wiggins found botanical collecting poor because of extremely dry conditions onthe islands. Still, he obtained new information not revealed dur- ing his previous field work, or that of I.M. Johnston and Reid Moran, in the same area. Dr. Wiggins did much general collecting, sampling fossil deposits, getting reptiles, and was a very heavy contributor to the scorpion survey. The opportunity to work the Sea of Cortez with the cooperation and in- terest of his fellow biologists in the same or other fields was of value to ev- ery one of the participants. A scientific investigation of this sort is indeed a cooperative effort, and the spirit and interest on our little trip was exception- ally fine. We were very fortunate that Dr. Alejandro Villalobos, our friend and Mexican colleague, was with us. And the opportunity to associate with biolo- gists working in the field was excellent for our two teen-age participants, Bruce Marquardt, who is particularly interested in marine work, and Francisco Mufioz. These youths were a real asset and their hard work and enthusiasm added to the whole results. Mr. Bruce Markham of Pocatello, Idaho, a Sustain- ing Member of the Academy, and Dr. and Mrs. Wright Cortner of Tucson, Ari- zona, were guests of Mr. Adcock, and aided the work of the biologists. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Belvedere Scientific Fund provided a grant of $3,000 for logistic expenses of the Sea of Cortez Expedition. Mr. Roy E. Marquardt gave $2,000 which was used for the charter of the Marisla. Mr. Richard M. Adcock reduced his normal charter rates as a gift tothe Academy. The Expedition Fund of the California Academy of Sciences, and some of the participants, covered the other expenses of the trip. The salaries of scientific personnel were paid by their respective insti- tutions. Chris Parrish’s scorpion investigations have grant support from the American Association forthe Advancement of Science andthe California Acad- emy of Sciences. Marine investigations were under permits granted by Biol. Rodolfo Ra- mirez Granados of the Direccion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas, de la Secretaria de Industria y Comercio. C. Dr. Enrique Beltran, Subsecretario de Agricultura y Ganaderia, personally arranged for permits to collect plants and for additional courtesies from his offices. C.Dr. Rodolfo Hernandez Cor- zo, Director General de Caza de la Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganaderia, is- sued the permits to take land animals. The generous and interested coopera- tion and help of the above gentlemen, officials of the Government of Mexico, is greatly appreciated. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 12, PP. 243-256, 5 plates. September 15, 1965. NEW SPECIES OF PLANTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO BY IRA L. WIGGINS Professor of Biology, Emeritus Stanford University Five new species of flowering plants native in Baja California are de- scribed inthis paper. The first three were collected during field trips financed by the Belvedere Scientific Fund, through the generosity of its founder and president, Mr. K. K. Bechtel. One of the other two, a species of Encelia, was collected by Dr. Peter H. Raven, who provided me with field notes and his personal evaluation of the taxon and permitted me to study and describe it. The new species of Tan- acetum was collected nearly twenty years ago while on a field trip into the Sierra San Pedro Martir with Dr. Albert M. Vollmer, who financed the expedi- tion and personally helped with the chores of collecting and pressing speci- mens during our stay in the field. It is a real pleasure to acknowledge the help extended by these gentlemen and to thank them, individually and collec- tively, for their interest, aid, and encouragement. The types of the species here described are deposited in the Dudley Herbarium at Stanford University, California. 244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. Dalea bechtelii Wiggins, sp. nov. (Plate 13, figures 1-9.) Planta annua, erecta vel 2-6 ramis ascendentibus, 1-3.5 dm. alta, in- florescentibus exceptis glaber leviter glaucaque; ramis teretibus, gracilibus, 0.5-1.5 mm. diametro; foliis imparipinnatis, 2.5-4 mm. latis, 2-6 cm. longis, foliolis 21-41, lateralibus oppositis, orbicularibus vel late obovatis, integris vel apice emarginatis, 1-2 mm. longis, crassis, foliolo terminali libri, lanceo- lato, 2-5 mm. longo, apice acuto, basi rotundato; stipulis subulatis, 1.5-2.5 mm. longis, fragilibus, caducis; inflorescentibus terminalibus spiciformibus, sub fructu 1-6 cm. longis, 6-8 mm. diametro, dense hirsutis, bracteis lanceo- lato-ovatis, 1-1.5 mm. longis, inter glabris, extus hirsutis et 6-10 glandulos ellipticos ferens; calyce 5-lobata, lobis anguste lanceolatis vix 4mm. longis, attenuatis, extus hirsutis glandulosisque; petalis caeruleis, caducis, vexilo flabelliformi, 2 mm. longo, basi tubo staminum inserto; petalis alarum carin- arumque circa apice tubo staminum insertis; staminibus 9, equalibus; fructu 2.5-3 mm. longo, parce hirsuto glandulosisque; semine solitario. Slender, ascending to erect annual1-3.5dm. tall, glabrous, slightly glab- brous, slightly glaucous; stems 0.5-1.2 mm. in diameter, often somewhat zig- zag, internodes 1-3.5 cm. long; flowering scape to 1 dm. long; leaves lance- linear in outline, pinnately compound, 2.5-4 mm. wide, 2-6 cm. long; petiole slender, 5-25 mm. long; leaflets 10-20 pairs, plus a longer, lanceolate, term- inal one, lateral leaflets orbicular to broadly obovate; 1-2 mm. long, entire or faintly emarginate, glabrous, subsessile; terminal leaflet linear-lanceolate, 2-5 mm. long, acute; rachis bearing a circular, subpunctate, dark reddish to nearly black gland between each of the lower 3-8 pairs of lateral leaflets; stipules narrowly subulate, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, reddish to brownish, fragile; inflorescence a dense, spike-like raceme 1-6 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in diameter, with many crowded flowers, each flower axillary to a narrowly lance-ovate, caducous, green, densely hirsutulous bract 1-1.5 mm. long, its margins beset with several reddish, subulate, gland-tipped teeth; pedicels yellowish, about 0.5 mm. long; calyx about 4 mm. long, equally and deeply 5-lobed, the lobes linear-lanceolate, hirsute externally, with 6-10 elliptic to linear yellowish glands more or less paired between the costa and the margins of each lobe, toothed like the bracts; corollas blue near tips of petals, whitish or cream PEATE 13 Figures 1-9. Dalea bechtelii, sp. nov. Figure. 1. Habit of plant, X 4% Figure 2. Calyx, split and spread out, X 10. Figure 3. Staminal tube, ovary, and banner, X 10. Figure 4. Banner, X 25. Figure 5. Bract, adaxial surface, X10. Figure 6. Bract, abaxial surface, X10. Figure 7. Flower, with calyx removed, X 10. Figure 8. Wing petal, X 25. Figure 9. Keel petal, X 25. PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 12 (WIGGINS) PLATE 13 246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. near the base; banner flabelliform, inserted at base of staminal tube, its claw about 1.5 mm. long, blade 1.2-1.4 mm. wide, about 1 mm. long, with 8-12 cir- cular to oblong glands evenly distributed across the lower one-half of the blade; wings and keel petals inserted near apex of staminal tube, short-clawed, blue, gland-dotted; stamens 9 (rarely 10), nearly equal, curved upward around style; legume 1-seeded, indehiscent, about 2.5-3 mm. long, sparingly hirsute, gland-dotted near both dorsal and ventral sutures; seeds brownish, smooth and shining, 1.2-1.5 mm. long. HOLoTyPE. On rocky slopes at Santispaquis Cove, Bahia de la Concep- ci6n, Territorio del Sur, Baja California, Mexico, Ira L. Wiggins and Dorothy B. Wiggins, 17,985, 18 October, 1962 (Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, No. 508,795). In the keys in the Flora of the Sonoran Desert this species would key out to Thornbera pringlei, but that species is perennial, has much more con- spicuously glandular-punctate leaflets, and larger flowers. Dalea bechtelii, furthermore, has considerably smaller leaflets and much smaller bracts than one finds in T. pringlei. It is agreat pleasure to name this beautiful little Dalea in honor of Mr. Kenneth K. Bechtel, whose interest in the plants and birds of Baja Cali- fornia has leadhim tosupport a number of field expeditions intothe peninsula, and to finance publication ofthe results of many papers dealing with the area’s biota. Euphorbia taluticola Wiggins, sp. nov. (Plate 14, figures 1-17.) Planta annua, repens, tota pilis albidis puberulentibus; caulibus ram- ulisque gracilibus, 0.6-1.5mm. diametro, 5-25 cm. longis; internodiis 0.5-3 cm. longis; stipulis interpetiolaribus, minutis; foliis anisomeris, oblongis rotunda- tisve, rubro-maculatis, cum petiolo vix 0.4 mm. longo; cyathiis subsolitariis, ob internodi a abbreviata sub apices sat congestis, anguste, campanulatis vix 1.5 mm. longis, albidis puberulentibus; glandulis 4, reniformibus, 0.3-0.4 mm. latis, purpurescentibus vel nigrescentibus, exappendiculatis; staminibus 8-32; ovario rotundato-ovato, 1.2-1.8 mm. longo, hispidulo, deflexo, albicante; capsula 1.8-2 mm. longa, tota puberulenta; semine carinato-ovoideo, 0.8 mm. longo, maturo pallide brunneo-rubicundo, facie quisque cum 3-4 foveis minutis. Prostrate annual from a slender taproot 5-20 cm. long; branches 5-25 cm. long, 0.6-1.5 mm. in diameter, branching at most of the nodes; internodes to 3 cm. long; stipules lance-acicular, about 0.5 mm. long, obscured by white, coarse, subappressed hairs; petioles very short, mostly 0.2-0.4 mm. long, rarely to 1 mm. long; leaf blades subfleshy, broadly oblong, 2.5-4 (6) mm. wide, 3-8 (12) mm. long, markedly reddish purple and bearing a median spot VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: PLANTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 247 and several to many small, dark reddish to liver-colored spots on the upper, or both surfaces, moderately puberulent with subappressed, white, obliquely curved hairs 0.2-0.3 mm. long; base of blade asymmetrical; cyathia usually solitary, each on a short, stoutish peduncle, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long at anthesis, densely appressed-puberulent with shining, white, relatively coarse hairs similar to those on the leaves, but more closely crowded; glands 4, nar- rowly reniform, about 0.4 mm. wide, without appendages, very dark purple to nearly black, often slightly crateriform, ovary ovoid, 1.2-1.8 mm. long, densely white-puberulent, conspicuous, early exserted, bent downward sharply on a pedicel slightly exceeding the cyathium; stamens in 2-4 groups of 4-8 in each group, about equaling or barely exceeding the lip of the cyathium, 1-3 narrowly lanceolate bracts 0.6-0.8 mm. long inserted at base of each group of stamens; capsule ovoid, about 2 mm. long, reddish, pubescent; seeds ovoid, about 0.8 mm. long, acute at the apex, obscurely triangular in cross section, with 3-4 rows of shallow pits encircling each seed, the testa reddish brown, micro- scopically pappilate, not becoming gelatinous when wetted. HOLotyPe. Talus slope about 1 mile east of Punta San Ignacio, east of Punta San Ignacio, east shore of Bahia de la Concepcién, Territorio- del Sur, Baja California, Mexico, Ira L. Wiggins and Dorothy B. Wiggins, 18,036, 19 October 1962 (Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, No. 508,796). Similar to Euphorbia petrina §. Watson, but differing from that species in its larger, oblong instead of ovate leaves (Compare plate II, figure 1 with figures 5-6); in the coarser, simply curved instead of crinkly hairs (plate II, figures 1, 3, 4); in the absence of appendages on the involucral glands (some glands in S. petrina bear small appendages; see plate II, figures 15-16); in the larger number of stamens in each group and in the whole cyathium in EF. talu- ticola; and in the absence of gelatinous sheaths around the seeds when wet in E. taluticola (plate II, figure 2) in comparison withthe conspicuous gelatinous sheath developed when seeds of EF. petrina are moistened (plate II, figures 12, 13). The peculiar color and spotting on the leaves of EF. taluticola is striking, although probably of little or no significance in this group of species. Cynanchum mulegensis Wiggins, sp. nov. (Plate 15, figures 1-11.) Suffrutex volubilis gracilis, caulibus 0.5-2 mm. crassis, tamdiu 5 m. longis pallido-viridibus vel purpurescentibus pallido-glaucisque; ramis novel- lis 0.5mm. crassis, parce hirsuto-puberulentibus mox glabris; foliis oppositis, linearibus, deflexis, 0.5-2 mm. latis, 2-5cm. longis, parce hirsutis mox glab- ris, cum odore injucundo; floribus solitariis, vel 2-3 in pedunculo brevi, pedi- celis gracilibus, 1.5-3 mm. longis, sub fructu 2-5 mm. longis; calyce 5-lobato, lobis ovatis, acutis vel breve attenuatis; lobis corollae lanceolatis, 1-1.5 mm. PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 12 (WIGGINS) PLATE 14 VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: PLANTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 249 latis, 4-5.5 mm. longis, virido-luteis, margine virido-brunneis, toto glabris; corona 5-lobata, lobis subcarnosis, erectis, albido-luteis vix 2 mm. altis; ap- pendicibus staminum incurvis ovatis, 0.2 mm. latis longisque, hyalinis; corp- atro-purpurascentibus; folliculis fusiformibus, 6-8 mm. crassis, 8-22 cm. lon- gis, pallide viridibus, brunneo-purpurascentibus maculatis, glabris; semini- bus 1.5-2 mm. latis, 6-7 mm. longis; coma argenteo-alba, ca. 3 cm. longa. A slender, twining vine forming dense masses over rocks and shrubs; stems to 5 m. long, dying back almost to the ground in unfavorable seasons; branches 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, pale green to purplish, faintly glaucous, sparsely hirsutulous when young but soon glabrate; internodes 3-6 cm. long; leaves opposite, linear, 0.5-2 mm. wide, 2-5 cm. long, sparsely hirsutulous, soon glabrate, slightly to strongly deflexed, all herbage with a strong, un- pleasant odor when crushed; flowers solitary or sometimes 2-3 on anaxillary peduncle, the latter about 1 mm. long, subtended by a linear-lanceolate bract about as long as the peduncle; pedicels slender, 1.5-3 mm. long at anthesis, 2-5 mm. long in fruit; calyx shallowly cup-shaped, 5-lobed, 2-3 mm. in diam- eter, the lobes ovate, acute to short-attenuate, 1-1.5 mm. long, sparsely ap- pressed-hirsutulous, soon glabrate; corolla lobes ascending-spreading, lance- olate, 1-1.5 mm. wide, 4-5.5 mm. long, pale yellow, tinged along margins and on outer surface with greenish brown, glabrous; corona 5-lobed, subfleshy, erect, yellowish, about 2 mm. high, one-fourth as wide; anthers united into a conical columella about 1.5 mm. in diameter at the base, 1.8-2 mm. high; ap- pendages alternating with the corpusculi, incurved over the columella, ovate, about 0.2 mm. wide, slightly longer than wide, hyaline; corpusculi erect, dark purple to black, attached to pollinia by translators attached about one-third of the distance from base to apex of corpusculum, slanting downward slightly to the broadly obloid pollinia; follicles slenderly fusiform, 5-6 mm. in diam- eter, 8-12 cm. long, pale green, irregularly maculate with purple or brownish purple, glabrous; seeds strongly flattened, 6-7 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, trun- cate; coma silvery white, silky, about 3 cm. long. PLATE 14 Figures 1-17. Euphorbia taluticola, sp. nov., and Euphorbia petrina S. Watson. Figures 1-3; 6,7. Euphorbia taluticola. Figure 1. Flowering branch, dorsal sur- face, X 5. Figure 2. Seed, X 50. Figure 3. Cyathium with young fruit, X10. Figure 6. Staminate flowers, X25. Figure 7. Hairs from surface of leaf, X50. Figures 4, 5; 8-17. Euphorbia petrina. Figure 4. Cyathium withovary and stamen, x 10. Figure 5. Flowering branch, dorsal surface, X5. Figure 8. Leaf, X714. Figure 9. Hairs from surface of leaf, X 50. Figure 10. Involucre split to show stamens, X 25. Figure 11. Cyathium and 1 stamen, X 25. Figures 12-14. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of seed, with gelatinous coat that develops when moistened, X 25. Figures 15, 16. Glands and appendages, X 30. Figure 17. Part of involucre of cyathium and stam- inate floret, X 25. PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 12 (WIGGINS) PLATE 15 PEATE 15 Figures 1-11. Cynanchum mulegensis, sp. nov. Figure 1. Flower, X 5. Figure 2. Habit of plant, X14. Figure 3. Corona detached from rest of flower, X 10. Figure 4. Pollinia and translators, X 50. Figure 5. Interior | of flower with nearer corona lobes turned downward, X 10. Figure 6. Segment of colu-| mella and appendage, dorsal view, X 25. Figure 7. Segment of columella and appen- dage, lateral view, X25. Figure 8. Seed and coma, X14. Figure 9. Seed without coma, xX 5. Figure 10. Representative leaves, X 14%. Figure 11. Mature follicle, x ¥. VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: PLANTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 251. HOLOTYPE. On shrubs and clambering over rocks just below lighthouse, at mouth of Estero Mulegé, Territorio del Sur, Baja California, Mexico, /ra L. Wiggins and Dorothy B. Wiggins, 18,085, 21 October 1962 (Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, No. 508,797). This is unlike any other Cynanchum known to me. A few years agol would have placed it in Metastelma, but since Woodson and Holm have invest- igated a number of the milkweeds and combined several groups once consid- ered distinct genera, I defer to their judgement and place it in Cynanchum. Cynanchum mulegensis is unusual inhaving completely glabrous corolla lobes, in the size of the flowers, which are considerably larger than most of those in the old Metastelma group, and inthe very narrow, strongly deflexed leaves. It seems appropriate to name it for the pleasant Mexican village near which the type collection was made. Encelia ravenii Wiggins, sp. nov. (Plate 16, figures 1-6.) Frutex rotundatus, 2-6 dm. altus, ramis procumbentibus 2-6 dm. longis ad apicem dense foliatis, ramis novellis dense lanato-tomentosis; foliis num- erosis, petiolis gracilibus, 1-1.5cm. longis, lamina ovata, 1-3cm. lata, 2-4.5 cm. longa, trinervia, acuta, basi late cuneata vel rotundata, margine integra, min- ute albido-pubescenti, maturata minute puncticulato-glandulosa; pedunculo 1.2 -2mm.crassa, basi glabra sub capitula glanduloso-puberulenti, 1-2.5dm. alto; capitulis ad apicem ramorum solitariis; involucro 1.5-2.5 cm. diametro, 10-12 mm. alto; phyllaribus 3-4 seriatis, 1-2 mm. latis, lanceolato-attenuatis, valde curvatis, marginibus basi dense stipitato-glandularibus, parce pilosis, exter- ioribus 5-7 mm. longis, intermediis gradatim imbricatis, intimis 12-15 mm. long- is, apice acutis velattenuatis, omnibus margine leviter ciliatis; paleis recep- taculis numerosis, naviculatis, 1.5-2 mm. latis, 7-8 mm. longis, carina gland- uloso-puberulenti; floribus ligulatis 15-20, ligulis albis, 5-6 mm. latis, 2-2.5 cm. longis, apice vadose trifidis, intus glabris, extus lamina tubique parce stipitato-glandularibus, tubo 3.5-4 mm. longo; seminibus florum ligulatorum abortivis; floribus discoideis numerosis, actinomorphis, flavis, tubo 1.2-1.5 mm. longo, lobis ovalis, acutis, atroflavis; achaenia brunnei vel fusca, ob- longo-ovata, 1.5-2.5mm. lata, 5-6 mm. longa, marginibus valde hispidis, pilis erectis; pappi nullo. Low, rounded semishrub 2-6 dm. tall, with spreading to procumbent bran- ches 2-6 dm. long, cinereous with closely appressed, dense puberulence of simple, white hairs; tips of branches turned upward, each terminated by a sim- ple scape 1-2.5dm. tall;.leaves numerous, crowded near tips of branches, peti- oles slender, 1-1.5 cm. long, blades broadly ovate, 1-3 cm. wide, 2-4.5 cm. long, broadly cuneate at the base, acute at the apex, prominently 3-nerved, PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 12 (WIGGINS) PLATE 16 VOL. XXX) WIGGINS: PLANTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 745) minutely and densely appressed-puberulent, whitish on both surfaces, numer- ous small, globular, golden-yellow glands showing through puberulence in age; scapes 1.2-2 mm. in diameter, finely glandular-puberulent on the upper one- fourth to one-third, glabrate or nearly so below, stramineous to reddish in youth; involucres low-hemispherical, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter at anthesis, 10- 12 mm. deep; involucral bracts dark green, in 3-4 series, narrowly lanceolate- attenuate, 1-2 mm. wide, outermost 5-7 mm. long, progressively longer, inner- most 12-15 mm. long, strongly curved, their margins ciliate-pubescent near the base, densely glandular with sessile to stipitate glands, and with a few coarse, whitish hairs scattered near base; ray florets about 15-20, ligules spreading, white to pale cream, 5-6 mm. wide, 2-2.5 cm. long, 10-nerved, ir- regularly and shallowly trifid at the apex, glabrous onthe inner surface, sparse- ly stipitate-glandular on the outer surface and along the veins of the slender tube, the latter 3.5-4 mm. long; ray achenes abortive, triangular in cross sec- tion, 2-3 mm. long, closely hirsute on the angles, hirsutulous along midline of outer face, glabrous on inner face; chaffy bracts subtending disk florets naviculate, 7-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide from back to front, slightly attenu- ate above, glabrous onthe lateral faces, glandular-puberulent on terminal part of keel, yellowish; disk florets many, tube 1.2-1.5 mm. long, broadening abrupt- ly into the tubular throat, this 3-4.5 mm. long, pale cream; corolla lobes of disk florets 5, ovate, acute, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, deep yellow, spreading only slightly at anthesis, markedly thicker than tissue of throat, microscopically papillate along the edges; tips of anthers cartilaginous, erect, narrowly triang- ular-ovate, acute, dark yellow; style branches narrowly oblanceolate, about 1.5mm. long, sparsely hispidulous with stiff, blunt hairs along the inner face, stipitate-glandular elsewhere; achenes very thin, pale yellowish brown at ma- turity, oblong-obovate, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, 5-6 mm. long, with a fringe of upward- PEATE 16 Figures 1-17. Encelia ravenii, sp. nov. and other species. Figures 1-6. Encelia ravenii. Figure 1. Ray floret, X 214. Figure 2. Disc floret, X5. Figure 3. Receptacularbract, partially enclosing achene, X5. Figure 4. Leaf, X 1. Figure 5. Disc corolla split and spread open(anthers removed, but filaments in place). X 5. Figure 6. Hairs from abaxial surface of ligule, X 50. Figures 7-8. Encelia virginensis var. actonii. Figure 7. Receptacular bract, <5. Figure 8. Disc floret, X 5. Figures 9-11. Encelia californica. Figure 9. Disc floret, X 5. Figure 10. Ray floret, X 5. Figure 11. Receptacular bract, X 5. Figures 12-17. Encelia farinosa. Figure 12. Disc floret, X 5. Figure 13. Leaf, xX 1. Figures 14, 17. Ray florets, X 24%. Figure 15. Receptacular bract, X 5. Figure 16. Achene, X 5. 254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. ly pointing stiff hairs along each margin, faces sparsely beset with slender hairs near the mid line; pappus none. HOLOTYPE. Rocky wash 16.5 miles north of San Felipe, Baja California del Norte, Mexico, Peter H. Raven, 14,788, 22 February 1960 (Dudley Herbar- ium, Stanford University, 508,798). Encelia ravenii is similar in habit to F. californica, but its leaves are larger and more densely white-puberulent than those of FE. californica. It is distinctive in its dense, procumbent habit, the crowding of the leaves at or near the tips of the branches; in having white rays (which turn cream in dry- ing) that at 2-2.5 cm. long (fully twice as long as average rays in FE. farinosa ---compare plate 16, figure 1, with figures 14,17); in having stipitate glands intermingled with glandless hairs on the abaxial surface of the ligules of the ray florets. It differs from F. californica further in having non-branching scapes, each of which bears a solitary head, and in having yellow instead of purplish disk florets. It resembles FE. virginensis subsp. actonii in the 1-headed scapes, but differs from that taxon in having more silvery leaves, slightly larger, more acute receptacular bracts, and considerably longer and more slender disk flor- ets and achenes. (compare plate 16, figure 2 with figure 8). Tanacetum martirensis Wiggins, sp. nov. (Plate 17, figures 1-12.) Herba perennis, radice simplice vel ramoso, ramulis paucis vel numero- Sis, prostratis, 1-5 cm. longis; foliis ad apice ramulis brevis congestis, flab- elliformibus, 1.2-4 cm. longis, prope apicem utroque 1-5 lobatis, lobis oblong- is, 1-2 mm. latis, 1.5-8 mm. longis, cinereo-hispidulis; capitula discoidea ad apice rami solitaria; involucro 7-12 mm. diametro, 5-7 mm. alto, late campan- ulato; phyllaribus 3-4 seriatis, 1.4-2.2 mm. latis, 4-6 mm. longis, apice rotun- datis vel acutis, externis dorso viridibus vel brunneis, parce vel dense hirsu- tulosis, glandularibus, intimis basi glabris eglandularibusque; corolla 4.5-5 mm. longa, faucibus 1.2-1.4 mm. diametro, parce irregulariter glandularibus, tubo gracile, lobis atro-flavis; achaenia ca. 2 mm. longa, leviter 5-costata, rubro-brunnea, glabra; pappo nullo. PLATE 17 Figures 1-12. Tanacetum martirensis, sp. nov. Figure 1. Habit of plant, X 4. Figure 2. Representative leaves, X 14%. Figure 3. Upper part of style and stigma lobes, X 25. Figure 4. Stigma lobes, X 50. Figure 5. Disc floret (stippled halo represents gelatinous sheath when moistened), X 10. Figures 6, 9. Achenes, X25. Figure 7. Anther tube, split and flattened, X 25. Figure 8. Tip of corolla lobes, X 50. Figure 10. Outer surface of exterior involucral bract, X 10. Fig- ure 11. Lateral view of same, X 10. Figure 12. Outer surface of interior involucral bract, X 10. PLATE 17 (WIGGINS) PROC. CALIF. ACAD. SCI., 4TH SERIES, VOL. XXX, NO. 12 ’ re, bras 5 4 I SE ESS rious We B) ( 5 x ( \ re 256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Small perennial herb from a stout, slightly branched or simple taproot, which given rise to several to many prostrate-spreading branches, each of these bearing a cluster of canescent, pinnately lobed leaves, each plant form- ing a cushion 5-10 cm. indiameter, and made up of several vegetative rosettes; leaves flabelliform in outline, 1.2-4 cm. long, lobed into 3-8 oblanceolate or oblong divisions 1-2mm. wide, 1.5-8 mm. long, all lobes onthe upper one- third or one-half of the leaf, canescent with relatively coarse, simple hairs 1 mm. long or less; scapes borne singly from 1-several rosettes, erect, slen- der, 5-10cm. tall, bearing alternate, simple, oblanceolate leaves 5-15 mm. long, apex of scape sparsely canescent to nearly glabrate in age; flowering heads hemispherical, 5-7 mm. high, 7-12 mm. wide at anthesis; involucral bracts in 3-4 series, imbricated, 4-6 mm. long, 1-4-2.2 mm. wide, greenish to brownish along midrib, broadly fringed with thin, hyaline, silvery to roseate wings, these erosulate and sparsely ciliate along the margins, otherwise nearly glab- rous, or the thicker, middle partsparsely to moderately pubescent with crinkly hairs and beset with sessile or subsessile glands, glabrous and eglandular below on the inner bracts; receptacle naked; ray flowers very few or lacking, when present differing from the disk florets only in having 3-4 instead of 5 teeth, pistillate and fertile; disk florets orange, 4.5-5mm. tall (including ach- ene) 1.2-1.4 mm. in diameter at anthesis, bearing scattered, subsessile, glob- ose glands on tube and in irregular patches at bases of corolla lobes; tube slender, about twice as long as the funnelform throat, lobes bright orange; an- ther tube slender, about 1.2 mm. long, the apical appendages acute, horny; style branches about twice as broad as thick, 0.2mm. wide, 0.5mm. long, trun- cate, tips bearing short, blunt papillae; achenes ofdisk florets obovoid, about 2mm. long, faintly 5-ribbed, smooth and glabrous, dark reddish-brown, with an obscurely toothed ring at the apex, producing a thick, transparent, gelatinous sheath nearly as wide as the diameter ofthe achene when wetted; pappus none. Ho.LotyPe. At summit of rim justnorth of Picachode la Encantada, over- looking San Felipe Desert, altitude 9,200 feet, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California del Norte, Mexico, Ira L. Wiggins, 11,277, 18 October 1946 (Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, No. 321,859). The monocephalic scapes arising from nearly flat rosettes suggests Tanacetum simplex A. Nelson, (Sphaeromeria simplex Rydberg), but the divid- ed leaf blades and broader involucral bracts readily separate it from the Wyom- ing species. Tanacetum martirensis resembles T. compactum Hall (Chamarte- misia compacta Rydberg), but the epappose achenes and smaller disk florets separate our plant from 7. compactum, which occurs in the Charleston Moun- tains, Nevada. The gelatinous sheath around the moistened achene suggests a relationship with 7. potentilloides A. Gray (Vesicaria potentilloides Ryd- berg), but our plant has simple, unbranched flowering scapes, and a disk flor- et that is totally different in several minute structural characteristics from those of T. potentilloides. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 13, pp. 257-263, 2 figs. October 29, 1965 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TYPE SPECIMEN OF THE SCORPION SYNTROPIS MACRURA KRAEPELIN BY HERBERT L. STAHNKE Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona In his original description of Syntropis macrura, Kraepelin states that ‘fas yet only a male isknown.’’ This statement, sixty-four years later, is still true since no other specimens have beentaken of this unusual scorpion. This lack of additional material is apparently due to two conditions: the specimen represents a species of a small population and a very limited distribution; conditions not uncommon in the order scorpionida. These could have been subverted, however, if adequate collection data were available. Unfortunately, all we know is that L. Diguet was the collector and the locality ‘‘Lower Cali- fornia.’’? Kraepelin described the species in1900. A copy of the original Ger- man description of the genus and a translation of it follow. Gattung Syntropis n. g. Diese neue Gattung der Vejoviden schliesst sich in ihren Merk- malen eng an die Gattung Vejovis C. Koch an, unterscheidet sich aber von ihr in auffallender Weise dadurch, dass statt der zwei un- 258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. teren Medialkiele im ersten bis vierten Caudal segment nur ein einz- iger, unpaarer Mediankiel vorhanden ist, wie bei den Urodacinen und Hemiscorpioninen. Die Endtarsen der Beine mit grossem Gehstachel, die Unterkante mit einer Reihe kurzer Dornchen. Unterrand des be- weglichen Mandibularfingers zahnlos. Palpenfinger auf der Schneide mit einer Langsreihe kaum unterbrochener Kornchen, daneben innen- seits sechs Seitenkérnchen. Mittellamellen derKamme zu vielen, zum Teil perlschnurartig gerundet wie die Fulcren. Sternum fast so lang wie breit. Oberarm und Unterarm des Maxillarpalpus mit scharfen, gekérnten Randkielen, Unterarm in der Mitte der Vorderflache eben- falls mit gekornter Langscrista. Genus Syntropis n.g. ‘“‘This new genus of vejovid agreed closely in its characteristics to the genus Vejovis C. Koch, but it differs in a remarkable way from it in this way, that instead of the two inferior median keels on the first to the fourth caudal segments there is only a single, unpaired median keel, as in the case of the Urodacinen and Hemiscorpioninen. The terminal tarsal joint of the leg with a row of short small spines. The inferior edge of the movable mandibular finger toothless. The cutting edge of the palp fingers with a long almost unbroken row of small granules, six small side granules beside it on the innerside. The middle lamella of the pectines are numerous, part of which are bead-like as are the fulcra. Sternum almost as long as wide. Upperarm and forearm of pedipalps with sharp, granulated marginal keels. The middle of the forearm anterior surface likewise with granulated longitudinal keels.’’ The original description of the species (Kraepelin, 1900, pp. 16-17) follows: Syntropis macrura n. sp. Bisher nur d bekannt. Truncus und Cauda rostfarben, die Mit- ten der Abdominalsegmente etwas dunkler; Maxillarpalpen am Grunde gelbrot, dann rostrot, die Finger fast braunrot; Beine gelbrot. Cephalothorax grob buckelkornig, die Gegend um den Augenhugel feinkérnig, Stirn schwach gekornt. Abdomen oberseits ausserst fein chagriniert, dazu auf den Seiten mit groberen Hockerkornchen. Bauch- seite des Abdomens glatt, letztes Segment jederseits mit einem et- was kornigen Langskiel. Cauda lang, schlank und dunn, uber dop- pelt so lang wie der Truncus, das funfte Segment etwa siebenmal so lang wie dick. Caudalkiele alle deutlich entwickelt, der untere Med- iankiel im funften und vierten Segment reihenkornig, im dritten und zweiten Segment glatt, scharf gratig, im ersten Segment glatt, wulstig gerundet; die unteren Lateralkiele im den vorderen Segmenten fein sagekornig, in den hinteren deutlicher perlkérnig; obere Lateralkiele gleich den Dorsalkielen reihenkdrnig, die Dorsalkiele ohne starken Enddorn, ein unterbrochen korniger Nebenkiel im ersten Caudalseg- ment entwickelt, im zweiten nur durch zwei Kornchen am Ende ange- VOL. XXX) STAHNKE: SYNTROPIS MACRURA 73533) deutet. Caudalflachen glatt, matt, auch im funften Segment. Blase lang walzig, fein gekornt, allmahlich in den kurzen Stachel uberge- hend. Ober- und Unterarm des Maxillarpalpus mit gekornten Rand- kielen, die Flachen glatt, nur der Oberarm unterseits in der Grund- halfte mit fast gereihten KoOrnchen in der Mittellinie, und der Unter- arm auf der Vorderflache mit Mediancrista. Hand gerundet, schlank, schmal, mit gekornten Aussenrandkiel, sonst fast kiellos, fast glatt, nur am Innenrande etwas kornelig; ebenso die ‘aussere Unterflache mit schwacher Kornchenlangsreihe. Finger mit schwachem Lobus; mit sechs inneren Seitenkornchen, fast doppelt so lang wie de Hin- terhand. (Beweglicher Finger: Hinterhand: Dicke der Hand = 11,2: 6,5:3.) Schenkel der Beine feiner und grober gekornelt, dorsal und aussenseits oben eine schwache, ventral eine starkere Kornchencrista. Kamme ausserst lang und schlank, fast mit halber Lange die Coxen des vierten Beines Uberragend; Mittellamellen etwa 20, Fulcra perl- schnurformig; Kammzahne 29.--Lange 94 mm. (Truncus: Cauda = 28:66); Funftes Caudalsegment 17 mm., Blase mit Stachel 11,5 mm., Dicke der Blase 2,5 mm. Unter-Kalifornien. --Bisher nue ein J im Pariser Museum (L. Diguet ded.). A translation of the above follows: Syntropis macrura n. sp. *fAs yet only the male is known. The trunk and cauda are rust colored, the middle of the abdominal segments is somewhat darker; the pedipalps are yellowish red at the base, then rust red, the fingers are almost brownish red; the legs are yellowish red. ‘‘Cephalothorax densely, coarsely granulated, the region around the ocular tubercle is finely granulated, anterior portion weakly granular. Dorsum of abdomen very finely shagreened, in addition on the sides are thicker, tub- erculated granuled. The ventral surface of the abdomen smooth with a some- what granulated longitudinal keel on each side of the last segment. Cauda long, slender and thin, over twice as long as the trunk, the fifth segment is nearly seventimes as long as thick. The caudal keels are all well developed, the inferior median keel on segments IV and V bears a row of granules, on segments II and III smooth, acutely ridged, on the first segment smooth, with a rounded swelling; the inferior lateral keels on the anterior segments with fine, serrate granules but distinctly bead-shaped granules on posterior ones; the superior lateral keels like the dorsal keels bear a row of granules, the dorsal keels are without large terminal spine; an intermittently granulated lateral keel developed on the first caudal segment, in the second segment in- dicated only by two granules at the end. Caudal surface smooth, flat, even in the fifth segment. Ampulla long and cylindrical, finely granulated, changing gradually into the short aculeus. Upper and forearm of the pedipalps have granulated marginal keels, surface smooth, only interior surface of upperarm in the basal half with almost continuous rows of granules on median line, and 260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROC. 4TH SER. the forearm anterior surface with median keels. Hand rounded, slender, small with granulated exterior marginal keel, otherwise almost without keels, nearly smooth, only somewhat granular on inner margin; likewise the outer inferior surface with weak, longitudinal rows of little granules. Finger with weak lobe, with six inner, lateral granules, almost twice as long as the back hand. (Mov- able finger: back hand: thickness of the hand = 11.2:6.5:3.). Femur of the legs is thinner and more coarsely granulated, dorsal and exterior sides have above a weak, ventrally a stronger granulated keel. Pectines very long and slender, almost surpassing the coxa ofthe fourth leg on account of its length: about 20 middle lamellae, the fulcra are moniliformed; 29 pectinal teeth. -- Length is 94 mm. (trunk: cauda = 28: 66); the fifth caudal segment is 17 mm., ampulla plus aculeus 11.5 mm., the thickness of ampulla 2.5 mm. ‘‘Lower-California. -- As yet only one male in the Paris Museum (L. DIGUES ded.).’’ a en eft Sy t risk MaACruUrea es IE Figure 1. Note the long, slender pectines and the single, ventral median keel on segments I and II; all other known vejovids have two on segments I through IV. DISCUSSION In 1961, while in Paris, the writer examined the type specimen in the Laboratoire Zoologie, Museum Nationale D’Histoire Naturelle. At this time it was more of a dark straw color and not a ‘‘rust color’’ as Kraepelin states; a VOL. XXX) STAHNKE: SYNTROPIS MACRURA 261 change very likely produced by the preservative. The specimen is 97.95 mm. long which is the sum of the lengths of the non-telescoping, scleritized parts of the trunk and cauda. The sternum is distinctly vejovid in form (fig. 1) as are also the presence of an interior and exterior pedal spur. However, the un- usual length of the caudal segments and the extremely long and slender pedi- palps are out of character for this family (fig. 2). The most unusual character- istic, as Kraepelin mentioned, is the presence of a single ventral median keel on caudal segments I (fig. 1) through IV. This cristate condition is found only in the Urodacinae (Scorpionidae), an exclusive Australian group and in the Hemiscorpioninae, found only in Arabia. In the latter group, the male tel- son is also very similar in shape to that of S. macrura. The inferior surface of the second tarsomeres has a median row of short, thick spines which become increasingly longer and are arranged in a Y-configuration distally similar to that found on Paruroctonus (Vejovid). Three lateral eyes are present. The granules of the cutting edge of the pedipalp fixed finger are in a continuous row and serrate. Both fixed and movable fingers are terminated with a large, claw-like granule and their tips are capped with an elongate, whitish spot. The stigmata are slit-like. The seventh sternite bears two distinct lateral keels which extend throughout approximately the median half of the segment. The crests of the anal arch are not strongly developed. The proximal one bears confluent granules while the distal one is agranular. Measurements in millimeters: motalelseng thee -scciec accesses 97.95 Appendages (Cont'd) (CECE Raastoon acon enaoadee 67.50 ENecr RES Fa bVa heya eS es See ae al 30.35 Garapacerca.n-scsessece. 8.75 Patella Baz 1.9 Pre-abdomen............ 21.60 IBS: Bo be Caudal segments: Leg IV: NUMBER LENGTH WIDTH pes an 1.6 BS a ae soa: a Il 10.1 3.0 + tibia 9.0 IV sins DEF V 16.5 Qad Sternum 1.8 eS Telson 10.9 Appendages: Aculeus 2-33 Pedipalp: Ampulla 8.57 2.40 Tibia 17.4 Thickness 2.50 Hand 7.8 2-5 Genital plate 1.5 2.4 Movable Basal piece 1.5 2.0 finger Lies Pectinal teeth 29/29 262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PROoc. 4TH SER. Figure 2. Note unusually long, slender pedipalps, caudal segments and telson. The above measurements indicate unusual proportions for a vejovid. The only other North American vejovids approaching these proportions are those ofthe genus Paruroctonus. The comparative ratios, withthose of a male Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke given in parentheses, are as follows: Cauda/ trunk, 2.23 (2.19); caudalsegmentIL/W, 2.11 (1.42) (1), caudal segment IV L/W, 4.93 (2.96); caudal segment V L/W, 7.17 (4.80); movable finger of pedipalp, L/hand width, 4.52 (1.84). The unusual morphology of this species raises a number of questions to which the potential collector should be alert. The first of these is the pos- sible variance in its behavior from that of the more commonly known vejovids which are often referred to as ‘‘ground’’ scorpions. This is in contrast to the slender buthids (genera Centruroides and Tityus) called ‘‘bark’’ scorpions. Ground scorpions hiding under objects show a positive geotropism and are efficient active burrowers. Bark scorpions most frequently seem to be nega- tively geotropic and cling to the underside of objects under which they are concealed. If. S. macrura reacted in a similar manner the potential collector should be careful in turning over objects so as not to contact a specimen in- advertently. One would hardly expect the fragile looking S. macrura to be an efficient and active burrower, but would expect it to behave like a buthid. The stouter and more robust vejovids, whether at rest or moving about, generally carry the cauda curled over their back. In contrast, the slender bu- thids generally curl the cauda to one side while at rest but have a tendency to drag the cauda while traveling. One would hardly expect S$. macrura to be- have like a vejovid. (1) Vejovids generally have caudal segment I width as greater than the length. VOL. XXX) STAHNKE: SYNTROPIS MACRURA 263 Part of the defensive behavior of the vejovids, especially those of the genus Hadrurus and Paruroctonus, is to go through a threatening strutting re- action. At this time the preabdomen (mesasoma) and cauda (metasoma) are stiffened and held quite vertical to the substrate. The very slender buthids, on the other hand, have more of a tendency to give a flicking thrust and flee. The behavior of S$. macrura and whether or not it will attempt to sting defen- Sively is unknown. No known vejovid has a venom sufficiently potent to be lethal to man through the natural sting except in relatively rare occurrences of hypersensi- tivity to scorpion venom. All scorpions known to have a lethal venom are bu- thids. The toxicity of the venom of S. macrura is unknown but those who seek this species should be wary. This project was supported principally by National Science Foundation Grant No. G 13305. REFERENCE KRAEPELIN, K. 1900. Ueber eininge neue Gliederspinnen. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete die Naturwissenschaften, vol. 16, pp. 1-17. = =< —~= = + 7 = 2s o:-peryet o a a Se a 3 : s sea amie ae | - ¥ » PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 14, pp. 265-284, figs. 1-17 November 30, 1966. PLIOCENE FOSSILS FROM RANCHO EL REFUGIO, BAJA CALIFORNIA, AND CERRALVO ISLAND, MEXICO BY LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology California Academy of Sciences INTRODUCTION Sedimentary deposits along the east coast of Baja California as well as on many of the islands in the Gulf of California are abundantly fossilif- erous. Studies of fossils from that area have yielded information concerning the age and distribution of the strata enclosing them as well as information concerning the paleobiology of the organisms represented. The occurrence of fossil bearing strata on Rancho El Refugio, about 17 kilometers southeast of Santiago, Baja California, Sur, came to the atten- tion of Mr. Victor J. Bergeron, a member of the Board of Trustees of the California Academy of Sciences. His interest in the locality was aroused and later he generously furnished his airplane and other logistic support for an expedition to that area by Academy personnel. Mr. Cesar Osuna Peralta, Mayor of Santiago, and Mr. Walter R. Heyneman of Sonoma, California, had previously visited this locality on Rancho El Refugio and communicated with the writer concerning a collectionof fossils which they had assembled there. The field party was composed of Dr. George Lindsay, Director; Dr. Robert T. Orr, Associate Director; Dr. G Dallas Hanna, Curator of the De- 266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. partment of Geology, all of the staff of the California Academy of Sciences; and Dr. J. Wyatt Durham, Department of Paleontology, University of Cali- fornia. The party left San Francisco, California, April 23 and returned April 26, 1965. A general account of this expedition was published by Lindsay (1965). On April 24, Mr. Harry (‘‘Bing’’) Crosby and Mr. Cesar Osuna Peralta took the party to Rancho El Refugio where fossils were collected at four localities. On April 25, Drs. Lindsay, Orr, Hanna, and Durham, investigated the strata at Ruffo’s Ranch on the west coast of Cerralvo Island where inverte- brate fossils were known to occur. This trip was made possible through the generosity of Mr. Crosby, who furnished his yacht True Love for transporta- tion to that area. The field work and the fossils collected during this expedition add considerably to the knowledge of the stratigraphic succession of the beds and their age. This work also furnished information for a basis of compari- son with the results of similar earlier studies made in the southern portion of the Gulf of California region. Two subspecies in the fauna are described as new in the present paper. All specimens illustrated in this paper are in the collection of type specimens in the Department of Geology in the California Academy of Sci- ences. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer here expresses his appreciation to Dr.G Dallas Hanna and to Dr. J. Wyatt Durham for the privilege of studying and preparing a report on the present collection and for making available their field notes. Photo- graphs usedto illustrate the fossils were prepared by Mr. Maurice Giles. RANCHO EL REFUGIO Rancho El Refugio was visited by geologists of the Marland Oil Com- pany in 1920 or 1921 (see anonymous, 1924, p. 33; Beal, 1948, p. 81) who made observations on the geology of that region where strata of Pliocene age were reported (Beal, p. 117) to occur to an elevation of 1400 feet. They collected various invertebrate fossils which were reported by Hertlein (1925) and by Beal (1948). More recently (1964) Mr. Walter R. Heyneman, accompan- ied by Mr. Cesar Osuna Peralta, visited the area containing fossiliferous strata on Rancho El Refugio. The fossils collected at that time were gen- erously donated to the California Academy of Sciences. These are indica- ted in the present list of fossils under Locality 38849 (CAS). According to Dr. Durham, the strata in the vicinity of the ranch house dip 20° to 25° SE., strike N. 30° E. This dip prevails for a considerable VOL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 267 distance over the ranch and the section apparently is several thousand feet thick. In the vicinity of the ranch the sequence is composed of silty beds, poorly sorted sandstone and gravelly and cobbly sandstone, mostly not well sorted. Sands vary from fine to coarse, sometimes white but otherwise the color is gray, grayish green, yellow, and brown. Fossils are scattered throughout the sequence. Concretions of various shapes, to a length of two feet, are present. Fossil whale bones occur abundantly. Durham mentioned that the localities visited by the field party were apparently in the same area where fossils reported by Beal were collected. He mentioned, however, that ‘‘according to Beal’s map (1948), if our dis- tances and directions are correct, we collected fossils in sediments which he mapped as ‘Ysidro sandstone’ (Miocene), but in his text (1948, p. 66) he notes that fossils reported by Hertlein were from localities (not shown on the map) in an area mapped as Salada, about 4 kilometers northwest of the Ysidro-Salada contact. Hither the distance estimated from the ranch to the localities is wrong or the contact is not correctly located on the map.”’ The following information concerning the localities where fossils were collected is taken from field notes furnished by Dr. J. W. Durham. Locality 39411 (CAS). On ridgetop, about 200 meters east of the ranch house. Fossils from silty and sandy beds, strike N, 30° E., dip 20-25° SE, Locality 39412 (CAS). Along the trail about 100 meters to the south- east, fossils from similar beds + 100 feet higher stratigraphically Locality 39413 (CAS). Along the trail about 200 meters to the south- east, higher stratigraphically, gravelly beds with abundant oysters. Slight- ly lower topographically than the preceding locality. An apparent uncon- formity visible on side of hill 250-300 meters to the west, with overlying nearly flat gravels. Locality 39414 (CAS). From bottom of arroyo about 200 meters north- east of Locality 39411 (CAS). Similar strata, but slightly lower stratigraph- ically. The entire sequence is thick, poorly bedded, and poorly sorted, com- posed of silts, sands, gravels, and pebble conglomerates. Marine shells and occasional whale bones are scattered higher and thither onthe surface. Only shells such as oysters and pectens (with MgCog in shell) are well preserved; others are usually leached. Locality 39415(CAS). From outcrops along north bank of main arroyo, on return trip to Santiago, said to be about 8 kilometers southeast of the village. Here outcrops of diatomite +100 feet thick, with silty interbeds ov- verlie other silts. Quite low dipping generally to the southeast, these beds are believed to be stratigraphically below the beds at Rancho El Refugio. The following list represents the identified fossil fauna collected by Hanna and Durhan, also those reported from that area by Hertlein and Beal and those collected by Heyneman. 268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. TaBLeE 1. List of Fossils from Rancho El Refugio LOCALITIES BRACHIOPODA Glottidia cf. G. audebarti Broderip..... ECHINOIDEA ?Centrostephanus species .........-. PELECYPODA AMUSIUM'SPCCIOS*. 6. oo ee ee gs Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny ........ ATINaTSPEGIOS ys cunts «is ecce seer maces Chione cf. C. californiensis Broderip.. . Chlamys mediacoStata grewingki Hertlein, new subspecies ........ Chlamys (Aequipecten) cf. C. (A.) palmeri Da ee Pare aa whic e ass ts Stee Stes Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis EwK. Jordan and: Hertleim’ -2 ...' 2. .-. Chlamys (Argopecten) calli Hertlein... Chlamys (Argopecten) circularis DOWOELDY oly wee seal een c coetarers: dvgrs os Chlamys (Leptopecten) latiaurata Conrad Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa NOWGEDY) oe cis gies 2 cece ee waene rs Chlamys (Pacifipecten) tumbezensis GeOrneny. srs aes es ete wo lee aes [UGINASDECICS’ (5s. wt eis See es Ostrea californica osunal Hertlein, new subspecies ........ Ostrea fisher Dall’ oe ies 2s We we es Ostrea megodon Hanley .........-. Ostrea palmula Carpenter (as O mexicana Sowerby by Hertlein and Beal) ..... Pecten (Pecten) aletes Hertlein...... Pecten (Pecten) cf. P.(P. ) lunaris BGERY" “ernie se ete coer a eee ees are Pecten (Pecten) species ....... ae Pecten (Euvola) keepi Arnold........ Pecten (Euvola) refugioensis Hertlein . . ?Placamanomia SPeCCiGS = 2... 5 <= + = Spondylus princeps Broderip ........ Teredo SPeCCICS)... eos. a a se he ee VoL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 269 TABLE 1. List of Fossils from Rancho El] Refugio : LOCALITIES (Continued). SSS a gem ope es AL wer eA) Ss GASTROPODS Calyptraca Species 0. ee ls bare wee x Crepidula cf. C. arenata Broderip ..... x Ficus cf. F. ventricosus Swainson..... SEIT SRSDECICS 30/5. Aa isos) ve ee x Malea ringens Swainson <=. .< <4 20s. x MITE XESPECIES 2+) S\ece 2S) 28. 3) Ne. S14 : x Oliva spicata Roding in Bolten ...... x Strombus cf. S. granulatus Swainson .... x SUGMEUS SPECIES seit) o [ehegersters als! Stead x MDEHORSDE CICS ae isjcsstc cane! Pave. die Se x Turritella cf. T. gonostoma MANONCICHNCS 46.5 ccs 6 oe e403 6 x ARTHROPODA GEOCANGINIGAE < oF Sass cbe sah ends lsat x SHARK TEETH Carcharodon arnold? Jordan «ds... i. x Hemipristis heteropleurus Agassiz .... x AG archanhinus SPCCICS S% vais. %i sd <)e is x WMAP PAW peace ati 0) aeahals eireNccndlha wo wk x WiOODMEUNeRcn ciate cc at Sk a ect eB ee ah arr are x This list contains 29 species of which 19 are positively identified and 10 are provisionally identified. In addition to there there are 13 forms identi- fied only as to genus, one as to family, and two of general classification. Of the 29 species, 20 are living inthe adjacent warm, shallow waters in the Gulf of California and 9 are extinct. All these species except two, Chlamys (Argopecten) cf. C. (A.) palmeri and Pecten cf. P. (P.) lunaris have been reported previously from strata of Pliocene age. Study of the present assemblage leads the writer to the opinion that the age is Pliocene, probably middle Pliocene. ISLA CERRALVO Fossils from the west side of CerralvoIsland at El Mostrador (Ruffo’s Ranch) have been reported by several authors including Hanna and Hertlein (1927), Hertlein (1957), Emerson (1960), and Emerson and Hertlein (1964). 270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Collections were assembled by Hanna and Durham from outcrops in sea cliffs tothe north and to the south of ‘‘Farallones Blancos.’’ According to Durham ‘‘the total length of outcrops of sediments along the beach is per- haps a mile. These sediments appear to be small inliers dipping toward the interior of the island where, perhaps, they may be bounded by two faults. A terrace face is present at an elevation of 20 to 25 feet. ‘‘The island as a whole appears to be composed of granites and meta- morphics overlain by volcanics with an inlier of sediments inthe vicinity of ‘Farallones Blancos.” However, the sediments may continue on into the is- land underneath some of the volcanics. ‘‘The oldest beds south of the arroyo at Ruffo’s Ranch, are exposed at the mouth ofthe arroyo. ...The totalthickness ofthe section investigated is approximately 550 feet.’’ The following are localities where fossils were collected by Hanna and Durham. Locality 39405 (CAS). 250 feet above base of section. Locality 39406 (CAS). 170 feet above base of section. Locality 39407 (CAS). 160 feet above base of section. Locality 39408 (CAS). 125 feet above base of section. Locality 39409 (CAS). 85 feet above base of section. Locality 39409A (CAS). Same beds as Locality 39409 (CAS) +100 yards to the north. Locality 39410 (CAS), The distance is uncertain but probably 300 to 400 yards north of the arroyo near the base of the sedimentary sequence. The strike is N. 20° E., the dip 15° SE., near base of conglomerates. Some sandy and silty beds are present but the sequence is predominantly cobble- boulder conglomerate for some distance. Occasional beds of Pocillopora, algae, and echinoids are present. ‘‘The outcrop ends at the next (to north) small arroyo, the beds dip- ping steeply to the southeast. Metamorphics occur to the north, dipping steeply to the northwest. Faulting may exist along the contact.’’ (Durham.) In addition to the species collected by Hanna and Durham, those re- ported earlier fromthat area are indicated in the left hand column inthe list. Fourteen species and subspecies are recorded in this list. Of these nine are positively identified and five are only provisionally identified. Three other forms are identified only as to genus and two as to phylum. Nine of the 14 species and subspecies are Recent and five are extinct. All of these have been reported previously from strata of Pliocene age. Judg- ing from the known occurrence of the forms represented in this faunule and their associated fauna elsewhere, a middle Pliocene age can be assigned to this assemblage. This is in agreement withthe opinion expressed by Em- erson and Hertlein (1964, p. 347) who studied a faunule from the same area. VoL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA QT LOCALITIES BRYOZOA Conopeum commensale Kirkpatrick BMOBMCACIAAL: Sada lewd rone soe." a Svs 8 x ECHINOIDEA Clypeaster bowersi Weaver .......... x Clypeaster cf. C. speciosus Verrill..... x Ciypeaster SPeCIeS «0.6 6 = Ga.s aise ane x MEOMARSICECICS§ Us <5 a 1clansee ees, 6 eae os x x x PELECYPODA Ostrea angelica Rochebrune.......... se Ostrea aff. O. heermanni Conrad....... x Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) vogdesi TOON GL. ns sG eet Seo eee ee x x Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis EK. K. Jordan ANCA CECI ne muon eaeaeesece elses sae: eae x x Chlamys (Argopecten) revellei Durham Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa Sowerby . | x x Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa RapeTMedia, CONTAC Ys 52.5 cth~ 6's S06 ae x xX x x GASTROPODA Turritella marcosensis Durham ....... x CIRRIPEDIA Balanus tintinnabulum californicus EAS DRVa PAR Res. cuteness ae aie. ek tre, ae Balanus trigonus Darwin i025. 5.0%... FAAS SPCCIOS Hs spins a ee sha eee se ee x * COELENTERATA Colonial stony coral of undetermined SONEMCcAMAMILY? Sher ates clos wt ee ws Bees x Fzar Ola SPCClOS PH. yf Stoate Seca ee x PociloporasSpeCiéss 4b: f se ee ae x ROMECSESDEGIOS! © y.5 Rpeere etal ah Oe OS x ALGAE Walicareoustaleaetwad i ee PS ees aoe alee x The general composition of this assemblage is similar to that now living in warm, shallow waters in the same region. 272 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FiGuRE 1. View of westshore of Isla Cerralvo at El Mostrador (Ruffo’s Ranch). The white stratum is composed of calcareous algae of Pliocene age. (Photograph by G Dallas Hanna.) DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. (Figures 2,3, 4,5, 6, 8, 9.) Ostrea cf. O. californica Marcou, EMERSON AND HERTLEIN, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, no. 17, pp. 337, 353, 354, 1964. °*Northwest side of Isla Salsipuedes.’’ Also ‘‘Concepcion Peninsula, Concepcion Bay, Baja Californ- ia.’* Pliocene. DESCRIPTION. Shell, a left valve, elongated, longer than wide, thick with uneven, wavy growth laminae; exterior flattish, lacking ornamentation; interior with a shallow body cavity; ligamental pit rather wide, concave, elongate, the laminae of growth form a nearly straight line across the pit; muscle impression on the type specimen indistinct, apparently at about one third the length of the shell from the ventral margin. Dimensions: Length (apex lacking), 393mm., maximum width, 140 mm., maximumthickness, 84mm. Right valve, a paratype, ventral portion lacking; a raised, convex ridge corresponds to the ligamental pit of the opposite valve. Dimensions: length (ventral portion lacking), 238mm., maximum width, 133mm., maximum thickness, 53 mm. VOL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 213 HoLotyPE, left valve, no. 12823 and paratype, a right valve, no. 12822, California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geology Type Collection, from Locality 38855 (CAS), from the southwest end of Concepcion Peninsula, Baja California; C. C. McFall, collector, March, 1964; Pliocene. Comments. This elongate oyster was reported by Emerson and Hert- lein from Salsipuedes Island and fromthe southeast end of Concepcion Pen- insula, Baja California (1964, p. 354, footnote), under the name of Ostrea cf. O. californica Marcou. Specimens from Rancho El Refugio, Baja Cali- fornia, are believed to be identical. One lower and three upper valves were collected at Locality 39413 (CAS). One thick lower valve, rectangular in outline, was taken at Locality 39411 (CAS). Similar variation in the shape and thickness of the shells of various individuals of Ostrea puelchana d’Or- bigny from the late Miocene of Trinidad was illustrated by Maury (Bull. Amer- Paleos, vol. 10, no. 42, p. 239 (79), pl. 21 (10), figs. 1, 2: pl. 22 (11), figs. ieeeplcs (le), figs. 9, 10; 1925). The type specimen of the new subspecies described here was collected by Dr. C.C. McFall from strata on Concepcion Peninsula at Concepcion Bay on the east coast of Baja California. It is selected as holotype because the state of preservation is better than that of specimens from other localities. According to Dr. McFall (oral communication), banks composed of the shells of this oyster occur in the strata on Concepcion Peninsula. The associated fauna of Pliocene age includes Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa Sowerby, Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis E. K. Jordan and Hertlein, Ostrea heermanni Conrad, Hanetia cf. H. pallida Broderip and Sowerby, Turritella cf. T. im- perialis Hanna. The dorsal half of two specimens about 130 mm. long, from Locality 39413 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, closely resemble specimens of O. californ- ica Marcou [Geology of North America, p. 32, pl. 5, figs. 2, 2a, 1858. From ‘‘near Carrizo Creek;’’ Imperial County, California; see also Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Fourth Ser., vol. 14, no. 18, p. 468, pl. 26, figs. 4,5,6,7, 1926 (as O. iridescens)| from Locality 692 (CAS), Alverson Canyon, Imper- ial County, California, differing only in the larger and thicker shell. One lower valve from Rancho El Refugio is recessed under the hinge, but others are not. Similar variability can be observed among specimens of O. californ- Ica. None of the valves of Ostrea californica observed by me are as large and thick nor is the ligamental pit and corresponding ligamentalridge on the Opposite valve as large as those on valves from Concepcion Peninsula or on those from Rancho El Refugio. However, the similarities in shell charac- ters between the fossils from Baja California and those from Imperial Coun- ty California, are such that it seems best to adopt a conservative course and describe the peninsular form as a subspecies of O. californica. 274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Some of the large valves from Baja California bear a general resem- blance to Ostrea bourgeoisii Rémond as illustrated by Clark (Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol., vol. 8, no. 22, p. 447, pl. 43, 1915) from strata of late Miocene age in central California. The present specimens differ from Rémond’s species in their much more elongate, narrower outline, and broad- er ligamental pit. This subspecies is named for Mr. Cesar Osuna Peralta, Mayor of San- tiago, Baja California, Sur. Pecten (Kuvola) refugioensis Hertlein. (Figures 16, 17.) Pecten (Pecten) refugioensis HERTLEIN, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Fourth Ser., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 5, fig. 9, July 21,1925. HANNA AND HERTLEIN, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Fourth Ser., vol. 16, no. 6, p. 142. Punta Santa An- tonita, Baja California; Pliocene. Pecten (Euvola) refugioensis Hertlein, DuRHAM, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 48, pt.2, p. 61, pl. 6, fig. 3, 1950. Punta Santa Antonita, Baja California; middle Pliocene. Pecten refugioensis Hertlein, Linpsay, Pacific Discovery, vol. 18, no.6, p.20, il- lustr. (p. 21), 1965. Rancho El Refugio. Type Locatity. ‘‘Rancho Refugio, north of San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.’’ ‘‘Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene.’’ Rance. Middle Pliocene. OcCURRENCE IN Baja CALIFORNIA. Localities 38849; 39411; 39412(CAS), Rancho El Refugio; Locality 795 (CAS), Punta Santa Antonita. Comments. The present collection, assembled from three localities, contains about 25 valves, mostly left ones, in various degrees of preserva- tion. The largest is a left valve collected by Walter Heyneman from Local- ity 38849 (CAS), which is 88 mm. high and 95 mm. long (slightly imperfect on one end). The smallest is a left valve 29 mm. high and 27.6 mm. long. The largest right valve in the collection is a fragment 75 mm. high. The shell of this species differs from that of Pecten (Euvola) keepi Arnold usually inthe lack of radial ribbing on the ventral half of the valves or if ribbing is present it is much more weakly developed. FicurE 2. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. Holotype no. 12823 (CAS), from Locality 38855 (CAS), Concepcion Peninsula, Concepcion Bay, Baja California; Pliocene. Length 393 mm. View of the exterior of a lower valve. FicurE 3. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. View of the interior of the specimen shown in figure 2. 27D FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA HERTLEIN VOL. -XXX) 276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Chlamys mediacostata grewingki Hertlein, new subspecies. (Figure 12.) DESCRIPTION. Shell, a right vaive, higher thanlong, nearly equilateral, gently convex; with about 17 or18 low, rounded, radial ribs widest at the middle ofthe ventral margin and separated by interspaces narrower than the ribs; surfaces of theribs withtraces of concentric imbricating lines of growth which loop upward; each interspace on the ventral half of the shell with a well developed riblet; the ears are imperfectly preserved but the direction of the lines of growth on the posterior ear indicate a nearly squarely trun- cated posterior margin, a well developed notch is present under the remnant of the anterior ear. No sculpture is visible on the ears; if originally pres- ent, it has been eroded. Dimensions: length 34.2 mm., height 39.6 mm., apical angle 81.5°. Ho.orype. A right valve, no. 12812, California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geology Type Collection from Locality 39413 (CAS), along the trail about 200 meters tothe southeast from Locality 39412 (CAS), south- east of the ranch house, Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; G D. Hanna and J. W. Durham, collectors; Pliocene. Comments. The shell of this new subspecies bears a decided resem- blance to Pecten mediacostatus Hanna (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., FourthSer., vol. 14, no. 18, p. 472, pl. 22, fig. 6; pl. 24, fig. 2, 1926; see also Durham, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 43, pt. 2, p. 65, pl. 7, fig. 4, 1950), which was originally described from ‘‘Alverson Canon on the south side of Coyote Mountain, Imperial County, California, in the Pliocene coral reef about mid- way up the canyon.’’ It differs from that species in the less numerous ribs (17 or 18 rather than 23 or 24) and in the narrower apical angle. All the specimens of C. mediacostata in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, many rather imperfectly preserved, have more numerous ribs than the present specimen. Durham mentioned a specimen with 24 ribs from the San Marcos formation on San Marcos Island in the Gulf of California. A species described from strata of Pliocene age in Florida, Pecten (Lyropec- ten) tamiamiensis Mansfield (U.S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 170-D, p. 47, pl. 16, figs. 4,6, 1932),69mm. long and 74 mm. high, with 23 ribs, is quite similar to C. mediacostata. Ficure 4. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. Hypotype no. 12820 (CAS), from Locality 39413 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Plio- cene. Length (incomplete) 273 mm. View of the exterior of a lower valve. FiGurE 5. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. Hypotype no. 12821 (CAS), from Locality 39411 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Plio- cene. Length 224 mm. View of the exterior of a somewhat rectangular lower valve. FIGURE 6. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. View of the interior of the specimen shown in figure 5. VoL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA ZT 278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. In view ofthe fact that only a single valve is represented in the pres- ent collection and its decided similarity to C. medicostata, it seems best to describe it as a subspecies of that species. Similar species of late Tertiary age have been described from the Car- ibbean region. Pecten interlineatus Gabb (see Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 411, pl. 45, fig. 3, 1922), from strata of Miocene age in Santo Domingo, 23 mm. long and 24.7 mm. high, was described as possessing 15 to 16 radial ribs and the posterior ear is said to be sculp- tured with coarse riblets. A subspecies, Pecten interlineatus aidei (Willi- ston MS.) Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleo., vol. 13, no. 49, p. 29, pl. 15, figs. 6, 9, 1927) from beds of Miocene age in Venezuela is said to be similar to but about twice as large as the type specimen of P. interlineatus. A geologically earlier member of this group of pectens is Pecten cro- cus Cooke (Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publication no. 291, p. 135, pl. 9, figs. 2a, 2b; pl. 11, fig. 9, 1919), 36 mm. long and 39 mm. high, from the is- land of Anguilla in the West Indies which was described as possessing 22 ribs. The age was given as Oligocene. This subspecies is named for Constantin Grewingk, author of an early report containing observations onthe geology of portions ofthe Gulf of Cali- fornia region. Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis E.K. Jordan and Hertlein. (Figure 15.) Pecten (Plagioctenium) abietis E. K. JorDAN and HERTLEIN, Proc. Calif.Sci., Fourth Ser:, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 214, pl. 23, figs. 1,3, 7, April 26, 1926: Aequipecten abietis E.K. Jordan and Hertlein, DurHAM, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 48, pt. 2, p. 62, pl. 10, figs. 4, 7; pl. 11, fig. 4, 1950. Various localities in the Gulf of California region, lower, middle, and upper Pliocene. Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis E.K. Jordan and Hertlein, EMeRson and HERTLEIN, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 18, no. 17, pp. 349, 354, figs. 4 a-e, 1964. Early to middle Pliocene (with synonymy). Type Loca.ity. **Arroyo Hondo, Maria Madre Island, Mexico; upper Pliocene.”’ FicurE 7. Ostrea megodon Hanley. Hypotype no. 12814 (CAS), from Locality 39411 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Pliocene. Length 50.2 mm. View of the exterior of a lower valve. Ficure 8. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. View of the interior of the specimen shown in figure 4. Thick layers of shell material of this specimen are visible on the left side of this illustration. Ficure 9. Ostrea californica osunai Hertlein, new subspecies. Paratype no. 12822 (CAS), from Locality 38855 (CAS), from Concepcion Peninsula, Concepcion Bay, Baja California; Pliocene. Length (incomplete), 238 mm. View of the interior of an upper valve. VoL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 279 280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. RANGE. Pliocene. OcCURRENCE IN Baja CaLirornia. Numerous localities in the Gulf of California region. Localities 39406, 39408, 39409a (CAS), Cerralvo Island; Locality 39413 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio. Also Tres Marias Islands. ComMents. The radial ribs of this species are triangular to subtriang- ular in cross-section, especially in the early stage of growth. These are separated by narrow interspaces and the sides of the ribs and the inter- Spaces are covered with a dense fringe of coneentric lamellae. This species is characteristic of strata of Pliocene age in the Gulf of California region and in the Tres Marias Islands. Chlamys (Argopecten) revellei Durham. (Figure 10.) Aequipecten revellei DuRHAM, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 43, pt.2, pt. 63, pl. 9, figs. 3, 6, 9, August 10, 1950. Chlamys revellei Durham, EMERSON AND HERTLEIN, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, no. 17, pp. 345, 346, 349, 1964. Isla San Jose; Isla Cerralvo. Pliocene. FicurE 10. Chlamys (Argopecten) revellei Durham. Hypotype no. 12819(CAS), from Locality 39408 (CAS), CerralvolIsland, Baja California; Pliocene. Height 53.3 mm. View of the exterior of a right valve. Figure ll. Turritella marcosensis Durham. Plastohypotype no. 12815 (CAS), from Locality 839405 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Pliocene. Length 36 mm. FicurE 12. Chlamys mediacostata grewingki Hertlein, new subspecies. Holo- type no. 12812 (CAS), from Locality 39413 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja Califor- nia; Pliocene. Height 39.6 mm. View of the exterior of a right valve. FicurE 13. Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa Sowerby. Hypotype no. 12824 (CAS), from Locality 39408 (CAS), Cerralvo Island, Baja California; Pliocene. Height 77 mm. View of the exterior of a right valve. Ficure 14. Turritella marcosensis Durham. Plastohypotype no. 12816 (CAS), from Locality 39405 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Pliocene. Length 21 mm. Ficure 15. Chlamys (Argopecten) abietis E.K. Jordan and Hertlein. Hypotype no. 12813 (CAS), from Locality 39406 (CAS), Cerralvo Island, Baja California; Pliocene. Height 60.3 mm. View of the exterior of a right valve. FicurE 16. Pecten (Euvola) refugioensis Hertlein. Hypotype no. 12768 (CAS), from Locality 39413 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Pliocene. Height 55.3 mm. View of the exterior of a left valve. FicureE 17. Pecten (Euvola) refugioensis Hertlein. Hypotype no. 12772 (CAS), from Locality 39412 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio, Baja California; Pliocene. Height 32 mm. View of the exterior of a right valve. VoL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 281 282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Type Locality. Locality A3566 (Univ. Calif.), ‘‘Middle Pliocene, Monserrate Island. From pecten bed in calcareous ‘sandstone’ overlying algal sandstone which is in fault contact with breccia. On east side of southern tip of island.’’ Rance. Middle Pliocene. OccuRRENCE IN Baja CALirorniA. Isla Monserrate; Isla San José; Isla Cerralvo. ComMENtTs. One well preserved specimen of this species, 58.2 mm. long and 53.3 mm. high, is present in the collection from Locality 39408 (CAS), Cerralvo Island. This species is very ‘similar tothe species described as Pecten (Pla- gioctenium) subdolus Hertlein (1925, p. 20, pl. 5, figs. 2, 4, 7) from the San Diego formation of Pliocene age, at Pacific Beach, San Diego, California. It differs from that species chiefly in the more circular outline and in that the hinge line (41 mm. long) is longer in proportion to the length of the valves. Turritella marcosensis Durham. (Figures 11, 14.) Turritella marcosensis DuRHAM, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 48, pt. II, p. 122, pl. 28, fig. 3, August 10, 1950. Type LocaLity. Locality A3576. ‘‘Lower Pliocene, San Marcos form- ation San Marcos Island. On east side of island in northeast corner of out- crop of gypsum beds. From cliff in mesalike hill. In grey calcareous algal sandstone some 150-200 feet stratigraphically higher than gypsum. Over- lies conglomerate and is overlain by a conglomerate containing pebbles of eranite.’’ Rance. Early Pliocene (Durham); middle Pliocene. OccURRENCE IN Baja CALtrorniA. San Marcos Island; Locality 39405 (CAS), Rancho El Refugio. Comments. Two impressions of a Turritella, 21 mm. and 36 mm. long respectively, agree in general characters with those on a cast of the holo- type of Turritella marcosensis in the collections ofthe California Academy of Sciences. One of these fossils represents an earlier portion of the shell than does the type specimen ofthat species. The position ofthe two carinas on the anterior portion of the whorls and the fine spiral ribbing are so simi- lar to those of T. marcosensis that the present specimens are assigned to that species. This species, as mentioned by Durham, bears a resemblance to a spe- cimen of Turritella vanvlecki teglandae Merriam (see Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 26, no. 1, p. 126, pl. 37, fig. 4, 1941), from strata of VoL. XXX) HERTLEIN: FOSSILS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 283 Pliocene age near Newhall, California. The apical angle of the present Specimens is decidedly less than that of the fossil from California. REFERENCES ANONY MOUS 1924. Informe sobre la exploracion geoldgica de la Baja California, por la Marland Oil Company of Mexico. Boletin del Petroleo, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 417-453, pls. 1, 4-12, 14-22, 26-46, June; vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 14-53, pls. 77-92, 1 map, July. Bran. ©. H. 1948. Reconnaissance of the geology and oil possibilities of Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico. Geological Society of America, Memoir no. 31, pp. I-X, 1-138, pls. 1-11, December 1. DuRHAM, J. W. 1950. 1940 E. W. Scripps Cruise to the Gulf of California. Part II. Mega- scopic Paleontology and Marine Stratigraphy. Geological Society of America, Memoir 43, pp. I-VIII, 1-216, pls. 1-47, tables 1-10, Aug- ust 10. EMERSON, W. K. 1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedi- tion to western Mexico. II. Pleistocene Invertebrates from Ceralvo Island. American Museum Novitates, no. 1995, pp. 1-6, 1 fig.(map), March 29. EMERSON, W. K., AND L. G. HERTLEIN. 1964. Invertebrate megafossils of the Belvedere Expedition to the Gulf of California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural His- tory, vol. 13, no. 17, pp. 333-368, figs. 1-6, December 30. HANNA, G D., anp L. G. HERTLEIN 1927. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of Cal- fornia in 1921. VI. Geology and Paleontology. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 137-157, pl. 5, April 22. HERTLEIN, L. G. 1925. Pectens from the Tertiary of Lower California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-35, pls. 1-6, July 21. 1931. Additional Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils from Lower California. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 365-367, December. 1957. Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils from the southern portion of the Gulf of California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 56, pt. 2, May-August, pp. 57-75, pl. 13, issued August 31. 284 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. KRuUCKOW, TH. 1957. Die stratigraphische und Palaogeographische Bedeutung der Mio- zanen Elasmobranchier-Fauna von Baja California, Mexico. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte, Abteilung B: Geologie-Palaontologie, Jahrgang 1957, Heft 10, pp. 444-449, October. LINDSAY. Ge Ex 1965, A fossil hunt. Pacific Discovery, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 18-24, 138 illus- trations, November-December. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 15, pp. 285-308, figs. 1-51. November 30, 1966. FOSSIL DIATOMS FROM SOUTHERN BAJA CALIFORNIA BY G DALLAS HANNA Curator Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences and A. L. BRIGGER Research Associate California Academy of Sciences In April, 1965, Mr. Victor J. Bergeron of San Francisco put his air- plane and pilot, Edward Osborn, at the disposal of a party fromthe Californ- ia Academy of Sciences to investigate a deposit of fossils in southern Baja California, Mexico. Some bones and shells from the locality had attracted Mr. Bergeron’s attention on an earlier visit. The field party consisted of Drs. George E. Lindsay, J. Wyatt Durham, Robert T. Orr, Harry (‘‘Bing’’) Crosby, and the senior author of the present article. Mr. Crosby knew the country well from previous visits and acted as guide along with Sr. Cesar Osuna Peralta, Mayor of Santiago. The nearest landing field to the fossil- bearing deposits at Rancho El Refugio was at Santiago. This Rancho is about 15 kilometers south. On the way back to Santiago from there, some exposures on the right- hand side of the road, about eight kilometers south of Santiago, attracted at- tention. Upon hand lens inspection it was at once obvious that the fine 286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. grained pale buff shales contained considerable numbers of fossil diatoms and it is upon these that the present paper is based. The mollusks at Rancho 1 Refugio occur in sands and silts believed to be Pliocene in age. The diatom-bearing marine shales, however, are Mio- cene, believed tobe approximately equivalent in age tothe late part of that period, known as the Delmontian stage in California. The nearest equivalent strata known in Mexico are the diatomites exposed in Arroyo Hondo, Maria Madre Island of the Tres Marias group (Hanna, 1926). There are some diatom- bearing shales near Purissima, Baja California, but it is believed from the meager evidence available that they are considerably older. A general account of the trip to Santiago has been published by Dr. Lindsay (1965). Actinoptychus splendens (Shadbolt). (Figures 1, 4.) Actinophaenia splendens SnApBoLT, 1854. Trans. Micr. Soc. London, n.s., vol. 2, . 16. Heres eics splendens (Shadbolt), RALFs in Pritchard, 1861, p. 840. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 158, 1890, figs.3,15,16. HusTEepT, Kieselalgen, vol. 7, pt. 3, 1929, p. 478, fig. 265. Shadbolt’s name seems to be the first of a long series which have been assigned to various forms of this extremely variable species. It is a wide- spread living form (if the interpretation be a broad one) and is also abun- dant in most marine Miocene deposits of fossil diatoms. Actinoptychus gruendleri Schmidt. (Figures 2,3,5.) Actinoptychus gruendleri Scumipt, Atlas Diat., pl. 1, 1874, fig. 22. ‘*Monterey.’’ [Miocene.| Actinoptychus stella Scumipt, Atlas Diat., pl. 90, 1886, figs. 1, 2; pl.132, 1888, figa2s. Peete gallegosi HANNA AND GRANT, 1926, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, no. 2, p. 120, pl. 11, fig. 6. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. Many specific and varietal names have been given to the various forms this plastic species has taken during past geologic periods. Some of these names have acquired wide usage in diatom literature. Actinoptychus gruendleri seems to have been the earliest and it has page priority over any of the others illustrated by Schmidt. Most of the names can be found in Mill’s Index to the genera and species of Diatomaceae, but in the early his- tory of the subject, there is confusion due to the idea that species could be separated on the basis of the number of sectors into which the disk is divi- ded. The illustration on plate 132 (fig. 23) of the Atlas was stated by Schmidt: ‘‘probably to be attached to A. stellaA.S. Grunow determined this VoL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 287 form as A. moronensis (Grev.) Grunow var.’’! Omphalopelta moronensis was described in 1866 by Greville (p. 122), and if Grunow was correct, this name mustreplace A. gruendleri and many others. Acomparison of Greville’s figure of ‘‘A. moronensis’’ is not entirely convincing, and we do not have any material available from Moron. Perhaps ifGreville’s slideis still intact, this group of diatoms can be put in better order. His drawing is not very satisfactory and he commented on the difficulty in showing the sculpture correctly. Azpeitia (Diat. Espanola, 1911), in his extended work on diatoms of Spanish deposits, listed both A. gruendleri and A. moronensis from Moron thus implying that the two species may be separately recognized. Greville stated that his ‘‘A. moronensis’’ might be compared to Om- phalopelta versicolor Ehrenberg (1844, p. 270), an unfigured species, which Mills (Index, Diat., 1934, p. 1255) considered to be equivalent to ‘‘ Actinop- tychus gruendleri.’’ In our opinion Omphalopelta versicolor is a nomen nu- dum. The specimen shown in our figure 5 has a very wide border zone marked with fine decussating lines of dots. This has not been seen by us before and may represent some one of the named forms of A. gruendleri or perhaps an unnamed one. Stictodiscus hardmanianus Greville. (Figure 6.) Stictodiscus hardmanianus GREVILLE, 1865. Trans. Micr. Soc. London, n.s., vol. 13, p. 98, pl. 8, fig. 4. ScumipT, Atlas Diat.,1882, pl. 74, fig. 8. The frustules of this species are much more delicate than those of Stictodiscus californicus. This feature is not evident in illustrations and therefore there may be confusion in some cases. Mills (Index, Diat. 1935, p. 1496) questioned the 1927 illustration of the upper Eocene diatom, which one of us studied (Hanna, 1927, p. 121). Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg. (Figure 7.) Coscinodiscus radiatus EHRENBERG, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1839, p. 148. EHREN- BERG, Mikrog. 1854, pl. 35A, 17, fig. 6; pl. 39, 3, fig. 17. Diatoms of this general form are often referred to Coscinodiscus ra- diatus. There are numerous other names of later date available; however, most of these differ by minor variation. Specimens are very common in the Baja California material. 1 E. V. Preston, Explanatory Comments on A. Schmidt’s Atlas of the Science of Dia- toms. Translated from the German. {Unpublished manuscript in the library of the California Academy of Sciences, extending to plate 152.] 288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Coscinodiscus floridulus Schmidt. (Figure 8.) Coscinodiscus floridulus ScuminT, Atlas Diat.,pl. 113, 1888, fig. 16. ‘*Santa Monica.”’ California. The specimens from Santiago, Baja California, agree in most details with the original figure. Schmidt’s figure and his material came from the old collection with the locality ‘‘Santa Monica.’’ It now seems certain that ma- terial actually came from a short distance southeast of Redondo, California, the age of which is upper Miocene, the Delmontian stage of students of Foraminifera, Coscinodiscus kurzii Grunow. (Figure 9.) Coscinodiscus kurzii GruNnow in Schmidt, Atlas Diat., pl. 113, 1888, fig. 17. Lou- MAN, 1988. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Ppr. 189C, pl. 20, fig. 1; pl. 21, fig. 2. Ket- tleman Hills, California. Pliocene. The specimens we have examined agree almost entirely with the ori- ginal figure in Schmidt’s Atlas, even to the enlarged areolae in the center. The original locality is given simply as ‘‘Elephant Point,’’ which Schmidt identified at times elsewhere in the Atlas as being in ‘*Bengal.”” Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg. (Figures 10, 11.) Coscinodiscus lineatus EHRENBERG, 1838, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 129[1840]. EHRENBERG, Mikrog. 1854, pl. 18, fig. 33; pl. 22, fig.6a-b; pl. 835A, group 16, fig. 7. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., 1874, pl. 1, figs. 26-82. WoLLe, Diat. N. Amer. 1894, pl. 87, fig. 10. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 139, pl. 15, fig. 6. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. FicurE 1. Actinoptychus splendens Shadboldt. Hypotype no. 3657 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.1240 mm. FiGurE 2. Actinoptychus gruendleriSchmidt. Hypotype no. 3658 (CAS). Di- ameter 0.160 mm. FiGuRE 3. Actinoptychus gruendleri Schmidt. Hypotype no. 3659 (CAS). Diam- eter 0.1696 mm. FicurE 4, Actinoptychus splendens Shadboldt. Hypotype no. 3660 (CAS). Di- ameter 0.10 mm. Figure 5. Actinoptychus gruendleri Schmidt. Hypotype no. 3661 (CAS). Diam- eter, 0.1512 mm. FiGurE 6. Stictodiscus hardmanianus Greville. Hypotype no. 3662 (CAS). Di- ameter 0.0572 mm. Specimens represented by figures 1-6 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eight kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collec- tion of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. VoL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 289 290 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. This very common species is readily recognized by the regular spac- ing of the surface markings in a 60-degree pattern. There is much variation, especially in the border where there may actually be a series of very low projections. A form usually put in another genus has actual spines on the margin and also on the surface of the disk. Coscinodiscus evermanni Hanna and Grant. (Figures 12, 13.) Coscinodiscus evermanni HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no.2, p.137, pl. 15, fig.3. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. The sharply raised zone near the border sets this diatom apart from any other which we have found in the literature. The nearest one it seems to resemble is Craspedodiscus klavsdenii Gruendler (Schmidt Atlas Diat., pl. 184, 1893, fig. 5, ‘‘Mors.’’) which, however, has much finer areolae. The structure of the diatom is best shown in a cross section such as that given in the Maria Madre Island paper cited above. Stictodiscus californicus Greville. (Figures 14, 16.) Stictodiscus californicus GREVILLE, 1861. Trans. Micr. Soc. London, n.s., vol. 9, p. 79, pl. 10, fig. 1, Monterey, fossil. Scumipt, Atlas Diat., pl. 74, 1882, figs. 4, 5. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 167, pl. 20, fig. 12. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. Linpsay, Pacific Discovery, vol. 18, no. 6, 1965, p. 22. The species is common in many California deposits of upper Miocene age and was abundant in the heavy fraction of the Santiago, Baja California collection. FiGuRE 7. Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3663 (CAS). Diam- eter, 0.1452 mm. FicurE 8. Coscinodiscus kurzii Grunow. Hypotype no. 3664 (CAS). Diameter, 0.1232 mm. FicurE 9. Coscinodiscus floridulus Schmidt. Hypotype no. 3665 (CAS). Diam- eter 0.1172 mm. FicurE 10. Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3666 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.1068 mm. Figure 11. Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3667 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.0942 mm. Figure 12. Coscinodiscus evermanni Hanna and Grant. Hypotype no. 3668 (CAS). Diameter, 0.1648 mm. FicurE 13. Coscinodiscus evermanni Hanna and Grant. Hypotype no. 3669 (CAS). Diameter 0.1704 mm. Specimens represented by figures 7-13 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eight kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collec- tion of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. 291 HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS VoL. XXX) 292 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey. (Figures 15, 17.) Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey, var. antiquua Cox, in Kain and Schultze, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 16, no. 8, 1889, p. 209. WoLLe, Diat. N. Amer., 1894, pl. 77, fig. 8. Eupodiscus antiquus Cox, HANNA, 1932. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 190. Middle Miocene, Sharktooth Hill, California. The difficulties inherent in the unscrambling of names inthis group were pointed out to a certain extent in the Sharktooth Hill paper in 1932. The border zone in the material from there was much heavier than in the present specimens and as illustrated in most figures. However, this hardly seems to warrant Separation at this time. As pointed out by Hendey (1954, p. 540, footnotes 1 and 2), the International Botanical Congress at Stockholm, July, 1952, p. 71, conserved the genus name Eupodiscus in the manner in which Rattray (Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1888, p. 909) used it. Auliscus sculptus (W. Smith). (Figure 18.) Eupodiscus sculptus W. Smitu, Syn. British Diat., vol. 1, 1858, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 42. Auliscus sculptus (W. Smith), RALFs in Pritchard, 1861, p. 845, pl. 6, fig. 3. Auliscus coelatus BAILey, 1854. Smithsonian Cont. Knowl., vol. 7, p. 6, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4. ScumMipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 32, 1875, fig. 15. Monterey, fossil. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2; p. 129 empleo, fig. 8. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. Figure 14, Stictodiscus californicus Greville. Hypotype no. 3670 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.1728 mm. Figure 15. Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey. Hypotype no.3671 (CAS). Diameter, 0.1424 mm. FicurE 16. Stictodiscus californicus Greville. Hypotype no. 3672 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.1400 mm. FicurE 17. Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey. Hypotype no.3673 (CAS), Diameter, 0.1488 mm. FicurE 18. Auliscus sculptus (W. Smith), Ralfs in Pritchard. Hypotype no. 38674 (CAS). Diameter, 0.0744 mm. FicurE 19, Auliscus pruinosus Bailey. Hypotype no. 3675 (CAS). Diameter, 0.090 mm. FicurE 20. Auliscus pruinosus Bailey. Hypotype no. 3676 (CAS). Diameter, 0.1164 mm. Specimens represented by figures 14-20 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eight kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collection of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. VOL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 298 jy 4 o@ ob AY on yee ve co ‘of ec ©0000C0G 4 a ° 294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Although there are many species of Auliscus in west American de- posits of diatomite, this is one ofthe most distinct and least variable. There is much confusion among the records inthe literature between diatoms iden- tified as A. coelatus and those called A. sculptus. The latter was described in 1853 and therefore has priority over Bailey’s name. Hendey (1964, pp. 98-99) pointed out that the two names apply to the same species after he had examined Bailey’s type slide and we agree fully that the later name should be reduced to synonymy. Auliscus pruinosus Bailey. (Figures 19, 20.) Auliscus pruinosus BAILEy, 1854. Smithsonian Cont. Knowl., vol. 7, p.5, pl.1, figs. 5-8. ScumipT, Atlas Diat.,pl. 31, 1875, figs. 6, 7, 11, 18-15; pl. 82, 1875, fig. 5, pl. 108, 1886, fig. 10. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 180, pl. 18, fig. 10. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. This is a common species at the Santiago, Baja California, locality. It is found in many west American deposits of upper Miocene age. Aulacodiscus scaber Ralfs. (Figure 21.) Aulacodiscus scaber RALFs, in Pritchard, Infusoria, ed. 4, 1861, p. 844. SCHMIDT, Atlas Diat., pl. 33, 1876, figs. 4-8. This diatom, and the two following, have been identified for us by Dr. Joseph Burke of Staten Island Museum. He has been engaged in a special FiGurE 21. Aulacodiscus scaber Ralfs. Hypotype no. 3677 (CAS). Diameter, 0.1244 mm. Figure 22. Aulacodiscus thumii Schmidt. Hypotype no. 3678(CAS). Diameter, 0.1244 mm. FiGuRE 23. Aulacodiscus margaritaceous Bailey. Hypotype no. 3679 (CAS). 0.1488 mm. Ficure 24. Cerataulus imperator Hanna and Grant. Hypotype no. 3680 (CAS). Major diameter, 0.1072 mm.; minor diameter, 0.100 mm. Figure 25. Surirella fastuosa Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3681 (CAS). Major di- ameter, 0.1368 mm.; minor diameter, 0.1100 mm. FIGURE 26. Campylodiscus hodgsonii W. Smith. Hypotype no. 3682 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.140 mm. FiGuRE 27. Campylodiscus kittonianus Greville. Hypotype no.3683 (CAS). Di- ameter, 0.0896 mm. Specimens represented by figures 21-27 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eight kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collection of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. VoL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 295 296 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. study of the species of this genus for some time and it appears that when this is completed the group will not be so difficult to interpret as it has been in the past. The original specimens came from ‘*Peruvian guano.”’ Aulacodiscus thumii Schmidt. (Figure 22.) Aulacodiscus thumii Scumint, Atlas Diat., pl. 102, 1886, fig. 8. There is some confusion over the application ofthe genus name Eupo- discus tothis and a fewother species whichare obviously not very different from Aulacodiscus. Boyer selected the species ‘‘argus’”’ as the genotype of Eupodiscus, but Hendey (1964, p. 97) placed that species in Aulacodiscus. The problem is entangled by some early ill-defined names resulting in large part from imperfections in the optics of microscopes of that early era. Aulacodiscus margaritaceous Ralfs. (Figure 23.) Aulacodiscus margaritaceous RALFs in Pritchard, Infusoria, ed. 4, 1861, p. 844. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 37, 1876, figs. 1-8. ‘*California.”’ Our specimens from Santiago, Baja California, agree very well with Ralfs’ description and Schmidt’s figures. Cerataulus imperator Hanna and Grant. (Figure 24.) Cerataulus imperator HANNA AND GRANT, 1926, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 134, pl. 14, fig. 9. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. Diatoms of this genus are so convex and the processes are so high that they are very difficult to photograph. This present species has the sur- face markings heavier than most others. It has been referred to C. ovalis Schmidt (Atlas Diat., pl. 115, 1888, figs. 5-7) (by Mann in letter) but that is a much finer sculptured diatom and intergrading specimens have not been found thus far. It may be suspected that they do occur, because Schmidt’s material was all recorded simply as from ‘‘Californien.’’ Surirella fastuosa Ehrenberg (7). (Figure 25.) Surirella fastuosa EuRENBERG, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1840, p. 214 [Mills]. EuREN- BERG, C.G., Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroskopischen Lebens in Sud-und Nord-Amerika. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1841 [1843], pl. 4, fig. 7. [This publi- cation is often cited in diatom literature simply as **Amer.’’.| Most species of this genus are very attractive diatoms and this speci- men, because of its simplicity, is especially so. However, if all of the pub- VoL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 297 lished figures which have been referred to it or some ofits ’*varieties’’ then it is one of the most protean of diatoms. Our specimen differs from any of the illustrations we have seen in that the marginal bars are very short, and except for the central spindle-shaped row of small dots, there are no appar- ent surface markings. This may be of sufficient difference to consider the only specimen we found in the Santiago material, a new species, but under the circumstances it seems best to defer such action until more evidence is available. The closest approach to any of the illustrations we have seen is that of Pantoc- sek (1898, pl. 38, fig. 530), which he named Surirella subfastuosa. Campylodiscus hodgsonii W. Smith. (Figure 26.) Campylodiscus hodgsonii W.Smitu, 1853, Syn. British Diat., vol.1, p. 29, pl. 6, fig. 538. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 53, 1877, fig. 5. WoLtLe, Diat. N. Amer., 1894, pl. 70, fig. 3. Campylodiscus imperialis GreviLLe, 1860. Trans. Micr. Soc. London, n.s., vol. 8, paocus pl. 1, fig, 0. ScuMiptT, Atlas Diat., pl. 17, 1875; fig. 20; pl. 52, 1877, fig. 7; pl. 58, 1877, figs. 6, 7. Campechy Bay, Mexico. Only a few specimens of this beautiful diatom were found in the San- tiago, Baja California, samples. Campylodiscus kittonianus Greville. (Figure 27.) Campylodiscus kittonianuS GREVILLE, Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. 8, n.s., 1860, p. 32, pl. 1, fig. 7. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 16, 1875, verb. ed. 1885, figs. 1G), Ade Our specimen from Santiago, Baja California, agrees very well with Schmidt’s figures. His specimens were supposed to have come from Samoa and Brazil and presumably were not fossils. Surirella patens Schmidt. (Figures 28, 29.) Surirella patens ScumiptT, Atlas Diat., pl.4, 1874 led. 20 1885], figs. 16, 17; pl. 56, 1877 [ed. 2 1886], figs. 10, 11. HANNA AND GRANT, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, 1926, p. 168, pl. 21, fig. 2. ‘*Maria Madre Island, Mexico:’ Upper Miocene. This is one of the earliest names which we have found for a large group of supposed species separated by very minute differences. One of these is S. hybrida (Grunow in Van Heurck, Syn. Diat. Belgique, pl. 73, 1881, fig. 18; Schmidt, Atlas Diat., pl. 358, 1925, figs. 1-7), which Van Heurck stated was one of numerous forms between S. lata, S. macraena, S. 298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. lorenziana, and S. patens. Of these, S. lata is the earliest and seems to be a good representative of the entire group. There are several other names in- volved inthe complex, but it may be as well to use S. patens until a compre- hensive study of them all can be made. In our search we kave been able to match our figure 28 fairly closely among Schmidt’s figures, but we have not found one to correspond with our figure 29 which has prominent markings across the central area. Stephanopyxis pediastriformis Forti. (Figures 30, 31, 32.) Stephanopyxis pediastriformis Forti, Cont. Diat. XI; Atti, Reale Instituto Veneto, p. 1310 (62). Forti, Cont. Diat. XIII; Atti del Reale Instituto Veneto du Sci- enze, Lettere ed Arti, Anno accademico 1912-1913, Tomo LXXIJ, pt. 2, 1918, pp. 1544-1546 (10-12) pl. 1, figs. 7, 12-17, 19-20. Middle Miocene, Marmorito, Italy. A species to which we are referring, the one described from the Mio- cene of Italy, is abundant in the material from the outcrop south of Santiago on the road to Rancho El Refugio, Baja California. It is with some hesita- tion that this is done although Forti’s figures are very good. They do not show the fine dots on the large areolae which are readily resolved on our specimens. There is considerable doubt as to whether these diatoms should be referred tothe genus Stephanopyxis, the type species of which is Pyxidicula (Stephanopyxis) aculeataEhrenberg (1844, p. 264; 1854, pl. 18, fig. 124), selected by Boyer (1927, p. 35), Ehrenberg’s 1854 figure, upon which the Figure 28. Surirella patens Schmidt. Hypotype no. 3684 (CAS). Length,0.1920 mm. Figure 29. Surirella patens Schmidt. Hypotype no. 3685 (CAS). Length, 0.1640 mm. FicurE. 30. Stephanodiscus pediastriformis Forti. Hypotype no. 3686 (CAS). Diameter, 0.0632 mm., abnormal specimen. FicgurE 31. Stephanodiscus pediastriformis Forti. Hypotype no. 3687 (CAS). Diameter, 0.0752 mm. FIGURE 32. Stephanodiscus pediastriformis Forti. Hypotype no. 3688 (CAS). Diameter, 0.060 mm. FicurE 33. Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich. Hypotype no. 3689(CAS). Length, 0.1656 mm. Figure 34. Triceratium tabellarium Brightwell. Hypotype no. 3690 (CAS). Length of one side 0.1584 mm. Specimens represented by figures 28-34 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eight kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collection of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. 299 HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS VoL. XXX) » im, UP ANAT l ami! » 4 300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. species and genus must be based, unless officially ruled otherwise, is not very satisfactory as Grunow pointed out (1884, pp. 34-40). Dictyopyxis, Peristephania, and Systephania are best considered to be synonyms although the first has priority of two pages over Stephanopyxis. For the present we consider figure 30 to represent an abnormal speci- men of S. pediastriformis. It may not be possible to separate these diatoms with the very large aerolae from those which have smaller markings. Several names are involved and until an analytic study of the entire genus is made it seems best to identify our specimens with well reproduced illustrations. Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich. (Figure 33.) Hemidiscus cuneiformis WALLICH, 1860. Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. 8, n.s., p. 42, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4. HusTEpT, 1930, Kieselalgen, vol. 7, pl. 5, p. 904, fig. 542, a-h, This is a fairly common diatom in the Santiago, Baja California, de- posit. It has received many names, but probably very few can be considered tobe distinguishable. Two, H. nivalis and H. simplicissimus, were described as new from the deposit on Maria Madre Island, Mexico, on the basis of sculpture and largely through lack of literature as well as comparative ma- terial. It seems likely that they would be better kept with H. cuneiformis. Triceratium tabellarium (Brightwell). (Figure 34.) Triceratium tabellarium BRIGHTWELL, 1856. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., p. 275, pl. 17, fig. 15. ScumiptT, Atlas Diat., pl. 77,1882, figs. 1,2. WoLLE, Diat. N. Amer., 1894, pl. 100, fig. 1. Biddulphia riedyi HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 182, pl. 14, fig. 6. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. If minor variation be overlooked, this is one of the most distinctive and common of the tricerati. There are several synonyms. The species is common in the sample studied. Oddly enough, no other species of this gen- us was found after a reasonable amount of search of well cleaned and segre- gated material. Navicula variolata Cleve. (Figures 35, 37.) Navicula variolata CLEVE, 1892. Le Diatomiste, vol. 1, p. 76, pl. 12, fig. 7. **Oama- ru,’’ New Zealand. Schmidt (pl. 174, 1892, fig. 26) illustrated a diatom under the name Navicula variolata Cleve and which was stated to have come from ‘‘Oamaru’”’ VoL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 301 [New Zealand]. Our specimens bear a close resemblance to that figure. Al- though it may be doubted that an upper Miocene Navicula in Baja California would be the same species as one from Oligocene or upper Eocene halfway around the world, we leave the identification that way for want of a better one. Navicula hennedyi Smith. (Figures 36, 38, 40, 42.) Navicula hennedyi Smitu, Syn, British Diat., vol. 2, 1856, p. 98. Scumipt, Atlas Diat., pl. 3, 1874, figs. 17, 18. We group under the name N. hennedyi diatoms having a general lyrate marking in the center which is more or less swollen. In N. lyra the width of this line is fairly uniform until near the ends. Navicula californica Greville. (Figure 39.) Navicula californica GREVILLE, New Phil. Journ., vol. 10, n.s., 1859, p. 29, pl. 4, fig.5. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl.3, 1874, fig.16. WoLLe, Diat. N. Amer., 1894, oll, ek, aes, w/e Navicula stippi HANNA AND GRANT, 1926, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 156, pl. 17, fig. 12. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. This species was described from material sent to England about the middle of the last century from the deposit at Monterey, California, It, and many other species were recorded from ‘*‘Monterey Stone’”’ and this has since been determined tobe very close tothe upper boundary of the Miocene. This part has been named the *‘Del Montian Stage’’ by Robert Kleinpell and was based upon a thorough study of Foraminifera. The species is not as common in the Baja California samples as are some of the other members of the gen- us. There are other synonyms besides the one listed above. Navicula spectabilis Gregory. (Figure 41.) Navicula spectabilis GreGory, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 21, pt. 4, 1857, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 10. Scumipt, Atlas Diat., pl. 3, 1874, figs. 20, 21. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 156, pl. 19, fig. 2. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. This is another of a group of Navicula, the members of which are far from uniform in shape or surface markings. This hasled to a very large num- ber of names both binomial and polynomial. The chief distinguishing fea- ture of the specimens which we have referred to the name consists of the central inward projecting of the lateral, heavily striated zones. 302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Navicula praetexta (Ehrenberg). (Figures 48, 44.) Pinnularia (Mononeis) praetexta EHRENBERG, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 62, 73. ff. Pinnularia praetexta EHRENBERG, Mikrogeol, 1854, pl. 19, fig. 28. ‘*Thon aus Aegina.”’ Greece. Navicula praetexta (Ehrenberg), GreGcory, 1857. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 21, pt. 4, pp. 9-12, pl. 1, fig. 11. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 15, no.2, p. 154, pl. 18, figs.10,11,12. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. In a long discussion of this species, Gregory was led to believe that the locality from which Ehrenberg’s material came, was the most ancient record of diatoms at that time. He considered the Aegina deposit to be Eo- cene or possibly Cretaceous and since his own specimens were living in the Firth of Clyde, he was inclined to believe that all diatom species were still living. Our specimens agree very well with Gregory’s figure. The spe- cies has been recorded many times from western North America. Navicula lyra Ehrenberg. (Figure 45.) Pinnularia lyra EHRENBERG, Monatsber, Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1845, p. 315. Navicula lyra (Ehrenberg), GREGoryY, 1857. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 21, pt. 4, p. 14, pl. 1, figs. 14, 14b. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 152, pl. 18, fig. 5. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. FicureE 35. Navicula variolata Cleve. Hypotype no. 3691 (CAS). Length,0.1300 mm. Figure 36. Navicula hennedyi Smith. Hypotype no. 3692 (CAS). Length,0.0844 mm. FicgurE 37. Navicula variolata Cleve. Hypotype no. 3693 (CAS). Length, 0.1240 mm. FicurE 38. Navicula hennedyi Smith. Hypotype no. 3694 (CAS). Length,0.1112 mm. FicurE 39. Navicula californica Greville. Hypotype no. 3695 (CAS). Length, 0.1065 mm. Ficure 40. Navicula hennedyi Smith. Hypotype no. 3696 (CAS). Length, 0.1392 mm. Ficure 41. Navicula spectabilis Gregory. Hypotype no. 3697 (CAS). Length, 0.1168 mm. Figure 42. Navicula hennedyi Smith. Hypotype no. 3698 (CAS). Length 0.1168 mm. Specimens represented by figures 35-42 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eight kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collection of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. 303 BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS HANNA & BRIGGER VoL XXX) Hi | | i — + anni why pe : nein x ; — ers gf cipiquasy ee RR . 304 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Many minor variations of this species have received names but it is believed that they serve no useful purpose except to show how many forms it may take. It was fairly common in the Baja California samples. Navicula clavata Gregory. (Figure 46.) Navicula clavata GREGORY, 1856. Trans. Micr. Soc. London, n.s., vol. 4, p.46, pl.5, fig. 17. ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 3, 1874, fig. 13; pl. 70, 1881, figs S0sspie 129, 1888, fig. 16. HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 140, pl. 17, fig. 7. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. Only a few specimens were found in the Santiago, Baja California, deposit which come close tothe figures cited above. Its characters place it between N. lyra and N. hennedyi as Mann (1907, p. 340) pointed out. If, as seems likely, the number of nominal species in this group of Navicula is reduced, then forms such as clavata will probably be placed in Navicula lyra. Diploneis crabro Ehrenberg. (Figures 47, 48.) Pinnularia (Diploneis) crabro EHRENBERG, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1844, p. 85. ‘*Thon aus Aegina.’’ Greece. Diploneis crabro EnRENBERG, Mikrogeologie, 1854, pl. 19, fig. 29, a, b, c. HENDEY, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. 71, 1951, p. 59, pl. 16, fig. 18. Figure 43. Navicula praetexta Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3699 (CAS). Length, 0.1580 mm. Figure 44. Navicula praetexta Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3700 (CAS). Length, 0.1256 mm. Ficure 45. Navicula lyra Ehrenberg. Hypotype no.3701(CAS). Length, 0.1360 mm. FicurE 46. Navicula clavata Gregory. Hypotype no. 3702 (CAS). Length, 0.0856 mm. Figure 47. Diploneis crabro Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3703 (CAS). Length, 0.170 mm. FicureE 48. Diploneis crabro Ehrenberg. Hypotype no. 3704 (CAS). Length, 0.1360 mm. FicurE 49. Diploneis densistriata Schmidt. Hypotype no.3705 (CAS). Length, 0.108 mm. Figure 50. Plagiogramma validum Greville. Hypotype no.3706(CAS). Length, 0-140 mm. FicurE 51. Plagiogramma tessellatum Greville. Hypotype no. 3707 (CAS). Length, 0.1720 mm. Specimens represented by figures 43-51 are from locality no. 39301 (CAS), eighc kilometers south of Santiago, Baja California, and are deposited in the type collection of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. 305 BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS HANNA & BRIGGER Voro XXX) © 98008 OF 0%! a * 89 G09 ose “coeds “eh Gone O° <_ SQ“ SATS heey bie Matias 306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. There is definite need for giving a broad interpretation to species such as this which pass through a multiplicity of minor variations all connected by intermediate individuals. Diploneis densistriata Schmidt. (Figure 49.) Navicula bombus var. densistriata ScumipT, Atlas Diat., pl. 13, 1875, figs. 11, 12. **California.’’ Navicula densistriata Schmidt, HANNA AND GRANT, 1926. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 150, pl. 17, figs. 8-10. Maria Madre Island, Mexico. There is certainly reason to doubt if the fineness ofthe surface mark- ings of Schmidt’s figures are sufficiently constant and distinct from what might be considered a typical specimen of Diploneis bombus. However, this may be, the specimens we found in the Baja California samples do not dif- fer greatly from those found in the deposit on Maria Madre Island. Plagiogramma validum Greville. (Figure 50.) Plagiogramma validum GREVILLE, 1859. Quart. Journ. Micro. Sci., vol. 7, p. 209, pl. 10, fig. 8. ‘California Guano.’’ WoLLE, Diat. N. Amer. 1894, pl. 45, figs. 8,9. California and Campechy Bay, Mexico. The hyaline area in the center of this species is rectangular, the sides are slightly smaller than in the species tessellatum which is also present in the Santiago deposit. Plagiogramma tessellatum Greville. (Figure 51.) Plagiogramma tessellatum GREVILLE, 1859. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 7, p. 208, pl. 10, fig. 7. ‘*California guano.’’ WoLLe, 1894. Diat. N.Amer., pl. 45, figs. ibe als) The central hyaline area of this species is usually nearly circular and the sides are not constricted above and below the center as in P. vali- dum. The species is rather common in the Santiago deposit. VoL. XXX) HANNA & BRIGGER: BAJA CALIFORNIA DIATOMS 307 REFERENCES AZPEITIA Moros, D. FLORENTINO 1911. La Diatomologia Espafiola en los Comienzos del Siglo XX. Associa- cion Espanola para el Progresso de las Ciencias. Congreso de Zar- agoza, tomo 4, seccion 8a, Ciencias Naturales, pt. 2, 320 pp., 12 pls. BoyYER, CHARLES S. 1927. Synopsis of North American Diatomaceae, pt. 1. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 78, 1926, Suppl., 583 pp. EHRENBERG, G. C. 1844. Monatsbericht Akademie Wissenschaft Berlin, pp. 264, 270. 1854. Mikrogeologie, pl. 18, fig. 124. GREVILLE, R. K. 1866. Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London, n.s., vol. 14, p. 122, pl. 11, fig. 14. GRUNowW, A. 1884. Die Diatomeen von Franz Josefs-Land. Denkschriften der Mathema- tisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 60 pp., 5 pls. HANNA, G DALLAS 1926. Expedition tothe Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, in 1925. General Re- port. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-118, 10 pls., 7 text figs. 1927. The lowest known Tertiary diatoms in California. Journal of Paleon- tology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 103-127, pls. 17-21. HANNA, G DALLAS, AND WM. M. GRANT 1926. Expedition tothe RevillagigedoIslands, Mexico, in 1925, II. Miocene marine diatoms from Maria Madre Island, Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser.4, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 115-193, pls. 11-21, 1 text fig. HENDEY, N. INGRAM 1954. A preliminary check-list of Birtish Marine diatoms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 33, pp. 537-560. 1964. An introductory account of the smaller algae of British coastal wa- ters, pt. 5, Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), XXII, pp. 317, 45 pls., 7 text figs. LINDSAY, GEORGE E. 1965. A fossil hunt. Pacific Discovery, vol.18, no.6, November-December 1965, pp. 18-24, 12 text figs. MANN, ALBERT 1907. [Albatross Diatoms.] Contributions from U.S. National Herbarium, vol. 10, pt. 5, VIII, pp. 220-419, pls. 44-54. MILLS, FREDERICK W. 1933-1935. An index tothe genera and species of the Diatomaceae and their synonyms. 1726 pp. 308 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. PANTOCSEK, J OSEF 1886-1905. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns, 3 pts. SCHMIDT, ADOLPH 1874-1959. Atlas der Diatomaceen-Kunde, 480 pls. VAN HEuRCK, HENRI 1880-1883. Synopsis des Diatomeés de Belgique, Atlas, 132 pls. Text 1885. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 16, pp. 309-355, figs. 1-23. December 30, 1966. THE GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 By George E. Lindsay Director California Academy of Sciences The Gulf Islands Expedition of 1966 was a joint venture by the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, and San Diego Natural History Museum, and the Instituto de Biologia of Mexico. Thirteen scientists from those institu- tions participated inthe 10-day cruise, 19-29 April, to 13 islands in central Gulf of California. The expedition was financed partly by a grant from the Belvedere Scientific Fund of San Francisco and partly from a National Sci- ence Foundation grant to the San Diego Natural History Museum. The biogeography of the islands of the Gulf of California, and the systematic classification of the organisms of that region, have long inter- ested scientists from the Academy and the Museum. Their most recent field work in that area includes the Belvedere Expedition of the Museum in 1962 (Lindsay, 1962) which visited 32 islands on a 43-day cruise; the Sea of Cortez Expedition of the Academy in 1964 (Lindsay, 1964; Orr, 1965), which worked the islands south of Loreto between 20 June and 4 July; and the Gulf of California Expedition in 1965 which from 9-20 August again concen- trated onthe southern area. In addition the personnel cf the Natural History Museum carry on continuing investigations of the biota and geology of the region near the Museum’s Vermilion Sea Field Station at Bahia de los An- geles, Baja California. (Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 310 aLLUVW oudad NVS @ visti \ \ Seanaceesceeee OZNAYOT NVS V'ISI VSaTex NVS aLUON © \ Banana visi OZNAYOT NVS VISI &), oat VZVU VISIO]. ‘ ‘ \ oe, ier 4 @ vaILuvd V'ISI pn3y piqvg 12) SOLVd V'ISI VINUYOAITVI qd O4ATODSD GLINVUS VISIT FiGuRE 1. Route of San Agustin II to northern Gulf of California islands shown on expedition-route chart. > MOe ts) Dison 19 vol. Pacific Discovery, (From Lindsay, (Drawn by D. Ludlow.) October, 1966.) VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 311 Having concentrated onthe southern Gulf of California during the pre- vious two summers, Academy personnel were anxious to survey the islands of the central portion. Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F., Chief of the Hydrobio- logy Section of the Instituto de Biologia, who participated in the two pre- vious trips, was also interested in exploring farther north. The San Diego Natural History Museum was approached and agreed to co-sponsor an expe- dition. An 85-foot motor vessel, San Agustin II, belonging to Mr. Antero Diaz, of Bahia de los Angeles, was chartered. Mr. Diaz has supplied his vessel for several biological cruises, and he and his crew were most plea- Sant, cooperative, and helpful. The scientific party included: George E. Lindsay, Director, California Academy of Sciences Richard P. Phillips, Director, San Diego Natural History Museum, geologist Alejandro Villalobos F., Chief, Seccidn de Hidrobiologfa, Instituto de Bio- logia, invertebrate zoologist Robert T. Orr, Associate Director, California Academy of Sciences, mammal- ogist and ornithologist Tom Tilton, Trustee of the California Academy of Sciences, observer Reid Moran, San Diego Natural History Museum, botanist Richard C. Banks, San Diego Natural History Museum, mammalogist and ornithologist Allan J. Sloan, San Diego Natural History Museum, herpetologist Dustin Chivers, California Academy of Sciences, invertebrate zoologist Virgilio Arenas F., Instituto de Biologia, assistant to Dr. Villalobos Raymond Bandar, California Academy of Sciences, assistant to Dr. Orr Ken Lucas, California Academy of Sciences, collector Luis Baptista, California Academy of Sciences, collector. It is felt that a brief narrative log and itinerary of this cruise may be of use to others who are interested in the Gulf of California. The scientific results of an expedition will appear, sooner or later, in diverse publications, and this is but a preliminary report. The islands visited were: Isla Angel de la Guarda, 19-22 April Isla San Pedro Martir, 25-26 April Isla Mejia. 19-21 April Isla San Esteban, 26-27 April Isla Granite, 20-21 April Isla San Lorenzo Sur, 27-28 April Isla Pond (Isla Vibora, Isla Estanque), Isla Salsipuedes, 28 April 22-23 April. Isla Raza, 28 April Isla Tiburon, 23-25 April Isla Partida Norte (Cardonosa), Isla Patos, 23 April 28 April Isla Turner, 24-25 April FiGurE 2. The 85-foot motor vessel, San Agustin II, was chartered for the expedition. (Photo by Tilton.) LOG OF THE EXPEDITION 19 April 1966. San Francisco, California to Puerto Refugio, Isla Angel de la Guarda, Baja California. Orr, Tilton, Chivers, and Bandar departed from San Francisco by air at 0700, and were met in San Diego by Phillips, Moran, Banks, and Sloan. At the Tijuana International Airport, they were joined by Villalobos and Ar- enas who had flown up from Mexico City. Victor Corral, one of the fine pi- lots that fly for the Servicio Aero Baja of Captain Francisco Munoz, took the party to Bahia de los Angeles, where they arrived at 1145. Gear brought down by the scientists and equipment from the Vermilion Sea Field Station, maintained at Bahia de los Angeles by the Natural History Museum, were loaded aboard the San Agustin II, which after lunch departed for the north end of Isla Angel de la Guarda. Eight large finback whales were sighted in the distance in Ballenas Channel, and a school of many hundreds of dol- phins, Delphinus bairdii, were about the boat for 15 or 20 minutes, swim- ming on either side of the bow, and often leaping clear of the water. The ship anchored between Isla Angel de la Guarda and Isla Mejia at dusk. VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 513 Isla Angel de la Guarda is 42 miles long, with a maximum width of about 10 miles. It is separated from Baja California by the Ballenas Chan- nel which is about 8 to 13 miles wide. Tidal currents may reach a velocity of 6 knots in the channel (Roden and Groves, 1959). This is a rugged island, with precipitous mountains which drop away into the sea, particularly on its west side. No permanent supply of fresh water is known on the island, but native palms (Erythea armata) in canyons on the east side may indicate possible sources. The island is not inhabited. There is a fine bay at the north end, Puerto Refugio, formed by an in- dentation between two headlands, with additional protection from three small islands, Isla Mejia, Isla Granite, and a smaller one, about % mile long, which has no name. Isla Mejia, which is at the northwest side of Puerto Refugio, is about 1% miles long, 1 mile wide, and 850 feet high. Isla Granite, which protects the harbor from the north, is about 1600 yards long, 300 yards wide, and 281 feet high. Banks and Bandar set smallmammal traps on Isla Mejia after dark, and Sloan looked for reptiles. There was considerable luminescence in the water, and many sizable luminescent organisms were noted. Figure 3. Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California. (Photo by Tilton.) 314 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Isla Granite FicurE 4. Detail of area showing north end of Isla Angel de la Guarda and adjacent islands. (Drawn by D. Ludlow.) 20 April 1966. Puerto Refugio. Moran landed about 5 miles south of Puerto Refugio and climbed a 1100-meter (3600 feet) peak, which is perhaps the highest on Isla Angel de la Guarda. The opportunity to study the plants on this peak was his most important objective on the trip, and the day’s work yielded seven additions to the known flora of the island. Perhaps the most interesting was Lepto- dactylon pungens ssp. hallii. He also saw Idria columnaris, which he had previously found on another high peak of the same island. Phillips studied the geology of the west side of Isla Angel dela Guar- da, about 12 miles from the north end. Here a ‘*younger’’ sequence of vol- canic flows, breccias, and sediments rest unconformably on massive ande- sitic and rhyolitic volcanics that make up the bulk of the mountains. A per- iod of faulting is marked by a zone of intense hydrothermal alteration and silicification. These silicified rocks are included among the clasts in gently dipping conglomerates and sandstones which are truncated by coastal ter- races which occur at an elevation of about 60 feet. VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 BS Orr, Banks, and Bandar landed on Isla Mejia to collect their traps be- fore breakfast and took specimens of Peromyscus guardia and Perognathus spinatus. Then Orr and Tilton spent the morning on Isla Granite observing pelicans and sea lions. There were several thousand pelicans, mostly in great aggregations on points of rocks and beaches. Many nests were built of twigs and other debris, on rocks or fallen cardon cacti on the steep west- ern Slope of the island. The nests usually contained from one to three eggs, or one or two newly hatched naked young which could be heard calling 50 to 100 feet away. The brooding or incubating adults were rather timid and flew when approached closer than 20 or 30 feet. Sloan was ashore on Isla Mejia at 0600 and took a good series of the endemic rock lizard (Petrosaurus slevini), as well as side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) and chuckwallas (Sauromalus hispidus). Villalobos and Arenas settled into their routine of the trip, which con- sisted of making plankton hauls with the small boat, intertidal collecting during periods of low water, processing their large collections, and frequent excursions ashore for nonmarine organisms. At Puerto Refugio, particularly, an intensive study of the intertidal ecological zonation was made, with col- lections of representative species of plants and animals, a full photographic record, and written descriptions. This area was later compared with the in- FIGURE 5. Puerto Refugio, Isla Angel de la Guarda. (Photo by Orr.) 316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. wn” FicurE 6. Robert T. Orr photographed ospreys on Isla Angel de la Guarda. (Photo by Tilton.) tertidal areas at Estero de la Vibora near the south end of Isla Angel de la Guarda, at Bahia Agua Dulce on Isla Tiburon, on Isla San Esteban, and on Isla Salsipuedes. Chivers made as complete a synoptic collection ofthe marine inverte- brates aS was possible, working inthe intertidal zone during low water, and diving. Orr, Tilton, and others assisted him from time to time. The speci- mens taken were of unusual interest, because they complemented the col- lections from the southern area which Chivers had made in the summers of 1964 and 1965. The unique physical factors of great tidal range, strong cur- rents, cold upwellings, and beach topography contribute to the development of quite different invertebrate assemblages from those found farther south. This northern area has many endemic species which were very poorly repre- sented or were entirely lacking in the Academy collections. Banks spent the morning onthe main island, observing birds, and col- lected a Vaux swift, a new record. Mockingbirds with young were particular- ly common and conspicuous. Banks also collected an endemic rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchelli angelensis), as did Bandar. Orr, Banks, and Bandar went to Isla Mejia in the late afternoon to set traps up one of the arroyos. VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 a7 21 April 1966. Puerto Refugio to the south end of Isla Angel de la Guarda. The mammalogists were ashore on Isla Mejia at daybreak, to collect their traps and catch. Banks found that one mouse, caught by its tail, had been swallowed by a snake up to the trap. Most of the party spent the morn- ing on the main island, at the south side of Puerto Refugio. Moran worked Isla Mejia as well, but having been there previously, found little of particu- lar interest. Orr and Tilton photographed an osprey nest, with the handicap of being the targets of disconcerting dives of the screaming parent birds, and recorded the unstable maiden flight and crash landing of one of the young ospreys. Phillips worked the geology of the west side of Puerto Refugio, and found an extensive section of the ‘*younger’’ volcanic sequence exposed, unconformably ontop of metamorphic basement. His careful search failed to reveal any fossils inthe volcanic sediments. Seacliffs cutting into fanglom- erate filled valleys, with no evidence of marine deposition, indicate recent subsidence of that area. Phillips also found a ‘‘long-dead’’ dolphin on the beach, and Diaz took Orr, Tilton, and Bandar to investigate. It was identified as Delphinus bairdii and the skull was collected. The anchor was lifted at 1250 and the party cruised along the east side of Angel de la Guarda. At 1500 a stop was made at a lagoon called Estero del Pulpito. Reddishegrets, elegant terns, and American oystercatch- ers were observed, and western gulls were nesting on the strand which sep- arates the lagoon from the beach. The nests contained one to three eggs. Moran reported that the plants he found were predried, and Banks picked up a sea lion mummy. Anchorage was made after dark in the broad Bahia Cardoncito, north and west of Isla Pond, which is also called Vibora and Estanque. Isla Pond is only about 1 mile long and 400 feet wide. After dinner, Bandar and Sloan went ashore on Isla Angel de la Guarda and collected a rattlesnake (Crotal- us ruber), and two leaf-nosed bats (Macrotus californicus). The crew caught a turtle. 22 April 1966. Isla Angel de la Guarda and Isla Pond (Vibora, Estanque). At 0650 Moran went ashore for a day on Angel dela Guarda. He walked west across the insular divide, climbed a low peak on the divide, and then followed a twisting arroyo southeasterly to the beach, arriving just before dark. He got two newplant records forthe island onthe barren-looking peak. Phillips, too, spent most of the day on the big island, making a geo- logical reconnaissance. He found a gently sloping surface rising from sea cliffs to at least 600 feet at the base of mountains some 2 miles inland. This surface is developed on coarse, well cemented conglomerate and sand- 318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Figure 7. Allan J. Sloan preserving a large rattlesnake, Crotalus mitchelli angelensis, from Isla Angel de la Guarda. (Photo by Lindsay.) VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 39 FiGuRE 8. Reid Moran was the expedition botanist. (Photo by Lindsay.) stone, with volcanic clasts. This grades into diorite-bearing conglomerate to the south. The land surface is stepped, which may represent faults, or terraces, aS are now developing in the major streams of the area. To the southeast, this surface is in contact and apparently intertongued with mar- ine beds containing oyster and pectenreefs that resemble the ‘*Imperial for- mation’’ fauna of Pliocene age. Most of the biologists spent the morning working Estero dela Vibora, a productive lagoon on Isla Pond, which provided some of the best interti- dal collecting of the whole trip. Numerous marine snails, chitons, an octo- pus with her eggs (Octopus digueti), and other marine invertebrates were taken. A large and delicious rock oyster (Ostrea angelica) was particularly abundant, and the biologists and crew gathered these for food. Later Orr, Tilton, and some ofthe crew fished forthe commissary, and caught garoupa and cabrilla. Banks spent the morning on Isla Pond but found few birds. He cap- tured one rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber ruber) and some fish-eating bats, which he exposed from looserocks while searching for cone-nose bugs (Triatoma). The preparation and preservation of bird and mammal specimens required many hours of monotonous work every day. The time required for the pre- paration of specimens is a limiting factor and one must collect selectively. 320 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FiGuRE 9. Phillips, Baptista, Lucas, Chivers, Sloan, and Orr on the foredeck of the San Agustin II, (Photo by Lindsay.) Bandar also worked Isla Pond, and found murrelet eggs under loose rocks while collecting bats and chuckwallas. Sloan was on the southern end of Isla Angel de la Guarda in the morning, and collected chuckwallas, gridiron- tailed, and whiptail lizards. The ship was moved to the south side of Isla Pond in late morning, and at 1215 was ‘‘buzzed’’ by the aircraft bringing Lindsay, Lucas, and Baptista to join the expedition. Delayed by Academy business until then, the three flew to San Diego at 0700 on 22 April. There they were met by Captain Mufioz, who took them to the Tijuana International Airport. Pilot Victor Corral flew them to Bahia de los Angeles in a Beechcraft B-18. En- route they saw six finback whales just north of Bahia San Luis Gonzaga. The pilot obligingly flew over Puerto Refugio and down the east side of Isla Angel de la Guarda, looking for the ship, which was located at Isla Pond. He then flew directly to Bahia de los Angeles. There were also fin- back whales in the mouth of that bay. Mrs. Diaz contacted the San Agustin II by radio, and at 1515 the biol- ogists departed in a speedboat for Isla Pond, where they boarded the San Agustin II at 1645. At dusk the ship was moved back to Bahia Cardoncito west of Isla Pond, and everybody went ashore on Angel de la Guarda for an oyster bake VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 | and turtle barbecue. The turtle had been cooked in its half shells before an open fire for several hours. The oysters were placed on glowing coals, then raked out, and served with a slice of lime. Some concern was felt for Moran, who had been gone all day, but he appeared an hour or so after dark, carrying a large endemic rattlesnake (Cro- talus mitchelli angelensis), which he had brought for Sloan. 23 April 1966. Isla Pond to Bahia Agua Dulce, Isla Tiburon, and Isla Patos. Banks was ashore onIslaPond at daylight to pick up his traps, which contained one peromyscus and one damaged perognathus, both of which were new records for the island. The peromyscus probably belongs to a new sub- species. The ship departed for Isla Tiburon at 0615. Isla Tiburdn is the largest island in the Gulf of California, having a length of about 29 miles and an average width of approximately 15 miles. There are two or more mountain ranges, with peaks nearly 4000 feet high. The island is separated from the mainland by a shallow channel, E1 Infer- nillo, only about a mile wide in some places. The plants and animals of Isla Tiburon are Sonoran in affinity, as would be expected. Isla Tiburdén has recently been declared a game preserve and put un- der the jurisdiction of the Patronato para la Conservacidn y Aprovechami- ento de la Fauna Silvestre en el Estado de Sonora. Unauthorized visits to or collecting on the island are strictly prohibited. Permission for our activ- ities was granted by Lic. Rene Martinez de Castro, President of the Patron- ato, on the condition that we first report to the Jefe de la Vigilancia at Ba- hia de Agua Dulce. Therefore we set course for the north end of the island. Enroute some common dolphins, a finback whale, many northern phal- aropes, 61 black petrels, and other animals were seen. Arriving at Bahiade Agua Dulce, Villalobos, Phillips, and Lindsay went ashore where they were met by an armed guard. Sr. Alfredo Topete, the Jefe de Viligancia, was not then in camp but was expected in the evening. Permission to proceed with collecting was given. Orr, Tilton, Lindsay, and Baptista decided to visit Isla Patos, four miles north of Tiburon, during the afternoon. This little island has one small granitic hill, 275 feet high, and considerable flat land. There were great masses of brown pelicans along the shoreline. Orr walked around the island and estimated there were between 50,000 and 100,000 of those birds, but found no sign of nesting. Several hundred elegant terns occupied one end of a beach andsome off-lying rocks, but were not nesting. Neither were several hundred Heermann’s gulls at the north end of the island, although 522 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FicureE 10. Bandar, Orr, Baptista, and Banks examining smallmammals which were trapped on Isla Tiburon. (Photo by Tilton.) they seemed to have definite territories. They dove at Orr when he ap- proached, as did some nesting western gulls. Baptista collected a fish-eat- ing bat (Pizonyx vivesi) from the tumbled walls of a rock building. Lindsay picked up an injured phalarope. Several pairs of Wilson’s plovers were nest- ing under a shrubby chenopod (Atriplex barclayana) which was almost the only kind of plant onthe island. There were also brown boobies, blue-footed boobies, Hudsonian curlews, ravens, white-crowned sparrows, rock wrens, a mourning dove, and a green and white Cessna 182 which had crashed two weeks earlier. The group returned to the ship at 1630. Most of the party spent the afternoon on Isla Tiburon. Bahia Agua Dulce is at the mouth of a broad valley which separates two north-south mountain ranges. Phillips found the western range composed of volcanic rocks, primarily dacites, andesites, and basalts, similar tothe **older”’ vol- canic sequence of Angel dela Guarda, with overlying ‘*younger’’ voleanics and associated sediments becoming prominent farther south. The eastern range is composed of quartz-diorite and intruded metamorphics. The north- ernmost point is white marble and intrusive quartz-diorite. Alteration and shearing are prominent, with silicification on the west side. The cliff cut in the fill of the broad valley between the ranges exposes marine beach de- VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 323 posits, probably of Pleistocene age, at the base of a 30-to 45-foot cliff. Moran had collected at Bahfa de Agua Dulce before, but most of the plants were lost in a fire. Although the vegetation was dry on the flats, he found a north slope which had interesting plants in good condition. His notes further state, ‘‘Although I don’t usually risk impalement on cacti by chasing lizards, I couldn’t resist a blue-green collared lizard and caught it twice.’’ Gila woodpeckers were common, feeding noisy young in nests dug into cardon and saguaro cacti. Banks saw apair of nesting red-tailed hawks, one of which was melanistic. Sloan collected reptiles, and inthe late afternoon Banks, Bandar, and Lucas set their small mammal traps. Villalobos, Arenas, and Chivers worked the intertidal area for invertebrate animals. Bandar and Lucas erected an insect flight trap, which they had bor- rowed for the trip from Paul Arnaud of the Academy’s Entomology Depart- ment. It was Arnaud’s own modification of a Malaise flight trap and was made of nylon netting and shaped like an umbrella tent. It was so construc- ted that vanes within it intercepted flying insects and led them into a kill- ing jar atits top. The simple trap was very effective, and many night-flying as well as day-flying insects were collected. 1 FicgurE 11. Sloan, Lucas, Lindsay, and Orr searching for reptiles at Ensenada de la Cruz, Isla Tiburon. (Photo by Tilton.) 324 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FiGurE 12. Finback whales were seen frequently. (Photo by Tilton.) 24 April 1966. Isla Tiburon. Banks, Bandar, and Lucas went ashore at 9500 to pick up their traps, and were accompanied by Orr, Chivers, Baptista, and Lindsay. They found they had taken representatives of Neotoma labigula, Peromyscus eremicus, Perognathus arenarius, and Dipodomys merriami. Villalobos and Arenas were ashore, and learned that Sr. Topete had arrived during the night. Phillips and Orr joined them and gave Sr. Topete a manifest ofthe scientific crew. Aftera friendly meeting the party boarded the ship and departed for the south end of Tiburdn at 0840. While sailing down the west coast, finback whales were seen, as well as large numbers of phalaropes, and numerous brown boobies and brown pel- icans. There were also many Craveri’s murrelets, some elegant terns, and a few blue-footed boobies. Anchorage was made at noon at Ensenada de la Cruz, on the south side of Isla Tiburon. A party of American tourists, with several outboard motorboats, were camped on shore. The tourists were puzzled by the ship and its crew’s activities. Phillips and Moran hikedinland. Bandar explored caves in cliffs, and VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 325 found human bones and charred woven matting which probably were ancient Seri Indian burials. Sloan captured a greenish rattlesnake (Crotalus molos- sus) in a cave, and Tilton caught a specimen of Coleonyx variegatus. Orr and Lucas set a trap line, then Lucas concentrated on scorpion collecting and found many under rocks and in wood rat nests. The endemic barrel cac- tus (Ferocactus wislizenii tiburonensis) was in full bloom. Phillips reported that the oldest rocks at Bahia de las Cruces are rhyolites and rhyolite tuffs, similar to the ‘‘older’’ volcanics to the north, but more acid. These are cut by glassy rhyolite and banded silica, indicat- ing acid igneous activity and extensive hot-springs deposition. He had sighted the same type of material from the ship on the northwest coast of the island. Overlying this is a section up to 50 yards thick, of reddish, med- ium indurated conglomerate with clasts of locally derived, rounded, volcan- ic rocks. No metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks were noted in the clasts. Fossiliferous light-yellow tuffaceous sandstone lies unconformably over the rhyolite at the beach, and may be equivalent to this conglomerate. Phillips caught a red racer (Masticophis flagellum) in a palo verde tree: During the afternoon several finback whales swam past the boat, most of them traveling westerly. One circled and came within 200 feet. Villalo- bos found great quantities of euphausid crustaceans during the night col- lecting, which may explain the presence of the giant whales so close to shore. Banks and Baptista had gone to Isla Turner to set traps early in the afternoon, and had not returned after dark. The second boat was sent tosee if they were in trouble, but it met them a few minutes out and all returned to the ship. Banks had captured a specimen of Crotalus atrox on Isla Turner. 25 April 1966. Isla Tiburon, Isla Turner, and Isla San Pedro Martir. At daylight Banks and Baptista returned tolsla Turner in a small boat, while Phillips, Bandar, and Lucas went ashore on Tiburon to check a geo- logic outcrop and to collect traps. As soon as they were aboard, the ship went to Isla Turner, where it anchored about half way down the west side. The small boats took the biologists to the east and more accessible side. Banks found that his traps contained specimens of Peromyscus collatus and a form of Perognathus, neither of which was represented in the Museum col- lection. | Isla Turner is only 1% mile long, 4% mile wide, and 550 feet high. None of our party had been there befcre, although it has frequently been visited by other biologists, particularly from the University of Arizona, who ap- proached from nearby Sonora. In fact Phillips found a ‘*snake stick,’’ a de- vice for handling live snakes which was made from the shaft of a golf club, 326 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. and two or three ‘‘museum special’’ mouse traps! Phillips caught a Sonora racer (Masticophis bilineatus) which made him the racer specialist of the expedition. Bandar took a rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). There were many birds on Turner. Baptista noticed a Costa humming- bird feeding at a cardon flower, verdins nesting in cactus, and three snowy egrets onthe shore. Lindsay took motion pictures of ash-throated flycatchers taking food to their young in a cardon. The island had acomparatively thick cover of vegetation, and Moran took such plants as were in any condition for collecting and as far as possible listed the others. Villalobos, Arenas, Chivers, Orr, and Tilton concentrated on intertidal zone collecting, and found it the richest station of the expedition. Phillips observed that the northern two-thirds of Isla Turner is com- posed of slates and banded quartzites, with some black marbles and thinly laminated and contorted anhydrites and marbles. These have been cut by rhyolite dikes. The southern third of the island is quartz-diorite. At 1100 the ship departed for Isla San Pedro Martir, which lies in the center of the Gulf about 20 miles south of Isla Turner, and anchored on its southeast side at 1330. San Pedro Martir is a small triangular island less than 1 mile long and about 1050 feet high. Except for a heavy cover of cardon cacti which, from a distance, gives the top of the island the appear- ance of a pinon forest, it has little of botanical interest. There are two kinds of lizards on the island, Uta palmeri and Cnemidophorus tigris mar- tyris, both of them endemic. The only snake found or reported is Crotalus atrox. There are no native land mammals, but there are introduced rats. Most ofthe biologists went ashore as soon asthe anchor was in place. Orr, Phillips, and Lindsay took a small boat around the island in order to take a census and study the sealion population, and to examine and sample the geology and petrology of the exposed sea cliffs. That was a beautiful trip. Most rock ledges and beaches were covered with sealions. A group of young ones raced along beside their boat, porpoising. When they stopped to take a rock sample, the sea lions waited, erect in the water, watching. There were thousands of pelicans, too, on the rocks along the water, Unlike noisy gulls and terns, a great flight of pelicans gets into theair with only a swishing of wings. San Pedro Martir was formerly a guano island, because it is a giant rookery for blue-footed and brown boobies. The guano was harvested before the turn of the century, and the company which had the guano concession made great efforts to provide facilities for collecting new supplies asit was deposited. Terraces were built forthe nesting birds, and parts of the island, with series of rock walls, look like Inca ruins. Blue-footed boobies were nesting everywhere, from sea cliff ledges over the water to the top of the island. It was impossible to walk without VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 327 disturbing the parent birds and their downy young, some of which stood their ground and pecked at the intruders. Of those that stayed, quite a few regurgitated their fish dinners. Higher on the island brown pelicans were nesting, and there were a few brown boobies with young. There were many annoying gnats which bothered the birds and biologists. Moran climbed to the summit, and finding no plants which he had not previously collected, claims to have taken a half-holiday, enjoyed the view, and made observations and notes about the cardon cacti. These are night- through-morning flowering cerei, and he found that matured buds placed in a paper bag opened well before those left onthe plant, which waited for night- fall. The Mexican biologists, too, gave up the ocean for land work that af- ternoon. Villalobos and Lucas caught a large specimen of Crotalus atrox in apelicannest area. Banks collected two tropic birds. These nested under huge rocks near the water, and soared high overhead, their long tail feathers streaming behind them. Finback whales were very close to the ship. One mother and calf had to turn to avoid running into the anchored vessel. They were magnificent as they rose to the surface and exhaled with a loud puff. Phillips, after circling the island inthe small boat and hiking over it, reported that itis composed of lavender andesites and associated sandstones FicurE 13. Tilton and Orr photographing blue-footed booby birds on Isla San Pedro Martir. (Photo by Lindsay.) 328 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FiGurE 14. Blue-footed booby bird on Isla San Pedro Martir. (Photo by Lindsay.) VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 329 and conglomerates. The steep sea cliffs reveal many unconformities, faults, and offsets of several hundred feet, and sudden changes of rock type later- ally. Although local dips tothe north were observed, the overall impression is of southerly dipping layers, offset and repeated by steep northerly dip- ping normal faults. The night was warm. With darkness, the gnats which had plagued everyone onthe island and aboard ship disappeared. The ship was anchored close to the beach, and the sea lions, which appeared to sleep most of the day, were very active and noisy. There was a constant roar which echoed from the cliffs. Sometime after midnight one of the crew turned the search- light on the animals, and they protested all the louder. 26 April 1966. Isla San Pedro Martir to Isla San Esteban. Banks, Bandar, Baptista, and Lucas were put ashore at 0600 to pick up the traps that they had set the night before. Trapping onthis island was particularly intense with the hope of disproving the report that there are no native land mammals on it. Only two specimens of Rattus rattus, probably introduced by the guano gatherers, were caught in the traps, and they were near the beach. Banks’ traps, which were highest on the land, had not been Sprung, but he caught a rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) while picking them up. « ~ Figure 15. This blue-footed booby stayed with her nest, although her more timid mate regurgitated his fish and departed. (Photo by Lindsay.) 330 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FicureE 16. Brownpelicans nested onIsla San Pedro Martir. (Photo by Lindsay.) Orr, Tilton, and Chivers were also ashore. Chivers collected in the water until driven ashore by a belligerent bull sea lion. All were aboard at 0845 and the run was made to Isla San Esteban, where anchorage was made off the mouth of a broad arroyo at the southeast side at 1145. San Esteban is about 4 miles long, north and south, and 3 miles wide and has a peak shown on charts to be 1772 feet high. It is an interesting island biologically, with several endemic animals. Phillips and others had previously worked a rich Pliocene fossil de- posit at the mouth of the arroyo, but he carefully resampled it, taking two types of echinoids, pectinids, coralline algae, and other material. He de- termined that the fossiliferous layer lies unconformably over the ‘‘older’’ volcanic rocks that make up the bulk of the island. After a spirited chase, Sloan, Lindsay, and Tilton captured two spiny- tailed iguanas (Ctenosaura hemilopha conspicuosa) which they found rest- ing high inan ironwoodtree. A blotched chuckwalla(Sauromalus varius) was also taken. These two kinds of giant lizards are much less common than formerly, when they could be observed in great numbers along the arroyo banks. A series of old reptile can-traps were found in the bottom of the large arroyo. These were five-gallon cans, with tops removed, sunk to their brims in the soil. Such traps are used by some biologists to collect speci- VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 331 mens. However, many of those which were found had been abandoned with- out having been filled with dirt, so were acting as perpetual booby traps for lizards for no purpose whatsoever. All that could be found were filled with soil. Lucas and Baptista collected some birds for Banks, concentrating on those that vary geographically, so that avifaunal relationships of the island could be re-examined. Lucas and Lindsay collected scorpions. Moran climb- ed to the peak near the northwest corner ofthe island, went down the north slope and to the west, crossed the divide into the head of the main arroyo, and got back to the beach at dusk. At the summit of the peak at about 1500 feet, both Moran and Phillips noted several semicircular to circular walls of loosely piled rock, built apparently by the Indians. These were about 2 or 3 feet high, each structure about 3 feet wide, the open ones facing al- ternately in opposite directions. Moran collected eight species of plants not previously listed for the island. Bandar and Lucas put up the insect trap, and Lucas and Lindsay col- lected scorpions. Villalobos, Chivers, and Arenas worked the intertidal zone. A reptile search after dark was unproductive, but Sloan took a beauti- ful tarantula (Aphonopelma sp.). FicurRE 17. Bandar with the nylon insect flight trap on Isla San Esteban. (Photo by Orr.) 55:2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PRoc. 4TH SER. Large flocks of eared grebes were around the anchored ship most of the afternoon. One group of about 125 amused the biologists who were watching them. The grebes would duck under the water almost simultaneous- ly; about % minute later they would all bob to the surface at some other place, and 4 or % minute later they would disappear again, as if on some Signal. FiGuRE 18. Marine invertebrate biologist Arenas examining jellyfish which he collected at Isla Salsipuedes. (Photo by Lindsay.) VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 353 27 April 1966. Isla San Esteban to Isla San Lorenzo Sur. A party went ashore at 0545 to pick up traps, and for low tide collect- ing. Lucas continued to hunt birds for Banks. The insect tent-trap was struck, and all returned to the ship at 0745. Orr and Bandar wanted to examine a long rock spit extending from the southwestern corner of the island, in the hope of finding bones of stranded cetaceans. The ship was anchored close tothe spit and general collections were made for an hour. Forty or 50 pairs of western gulls were nesting on the spit, their nests nothing more than a little seaweed in a hollow in the coarse gravel. American oystercatchers made no nest at all, and simply de- posited a single egg among the rocks. Three young Mexican fishermen with a large canoe had stayed with the ship during the night, and were towed to Isla San Lorenzo Sur, where they were cast off in order for them to continue on to Puerto San Francis- quito on the peninsula. The ship proceeded north up the Salsipuedes Chan- nel to near the center of the west side of Isla San Lorenzo Sur, where Phil- lips wanted to hike inland, and anchored at 1200 forthe afternoon and night. The Islas San Lorenzo are two islands, Norte and Sur, separated by a nar- row boat channel. Their combined length is 12% miles, and the southern is- land is 2 miles wide and 1590 feet high. With Isla Salsipuedes, which is a northern extension of an emergent mountain ridge, they form the east side of the Canal de Salsipuedes, which is notorious for its rapid tide flow. As has been previously reported, there are thick deposits of gypsum on the island. Phillips climbed to the top of the ridge, and his notes state **Metamorphic basement rocks, consisting of schists, hornfels, and gypsi- ferous marbles. This is unconformably overlain by ‘older’ volcanics, which are in turn unconformably overlain by ‘younger’ volcanics and associated sedimentary rocks, in part marine. The upper unconformity is locally marked by the development of a thick section of gypsum. This sequence is repeat- ed by faulting both north and south of here.’’ Moran crossed a low divide to the northeast side of the island. He collected four plants not previously recorded from the island. Sloan found an attractive and docile adult rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber) which lacked all but the proximal rattle segment. This was of particularinterest. In the even- ing, collecting with lights, Bandar found a kingsnake(Lampropeltis getulus), which is probably the only living specimen ever collected on a northern Gulf island. Chuckwallas (Sauromalus hispidus) were common. Large ones sunned themselves just outside of their burrows at the base of a cliff. Lucas picked one up while it was asleep in the sun on top of a cardon. These lizards often climb up trees and bushes while browsing. As was the case at many of the anchorages, a large nest with ospreys was on a cliff above the boat. 334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. It was hot on shore and several of the biologists bathed and swam, but the water was very cold. 28 April 1966. Isla San Lorenzo Sur, Isla Salsipuedes, Isla Raza, Isla Partida, and Bahia de los Angeles. The traps were collected at daylight and had good catches of Pero- myscus and Perognathus. The ship departed for Salsipuedes and anchored there at 0820, for 1% hours. There were several pairs of ospreys, and a pair of peregrine falcons flying about. Pelicans were nesting along the crest of the island, with western gulls standing by to steal their eggs or chicks. The departure for Isla Salsipuedes was at 1025. A large finback whale was inthe little cove and appeared to be within a very few feet of the rocky cliffs. Arriving at the southwest side of Isla Raza at 1115, everybody went ashore to observe and photograph the birds on this remarkable island. Isla Raza is about % mile long, % mile wide, and no more than 100 feet high. It is the principal nesting area for Heermann’s gulls and elegant terns. For many years egg collectors have come during the nesting season, to collect eggs by the canoe load, for the markets of Santa Rosalia and Guay- mas. In order to insure that the eggs were unincubated, the collectors de- FicurE 19. A valley on Isla Raza was covered with nesting Heermann’s gulls, and at one side was a densely packed colony of elegant terns. (Photo by Orr.) VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 355 Figure 20. The nests of Heermann’s gulls were quite evenly spaced, and oc- cupied most parts of Isla Raza. (Photo by Lindsay.) stroyed all that were there, and then gathered the fresh ones as they were laid. At first this was not serious, because there were many birds and com- paratively few egg collectors, who filled their canoes and left the island before the birds stopped laying. In recent years, however, more and more men came, and extended their collecting period through the whole season of ovulation. The bird population collapsed. Largely because of the interest of Lewis Wayne Walker, of the Ari- zona Sonora Desert Museum, attention was focused onthis catastrophe. The Belvedere Scientific Fund of San Francisco sponsored expeditions for Amer- ican biologists to investigate the situation, and then provided a substantial grant to encourage the Mexican Government to make a sanctuary of the is- land. This was done by Presidential decree on 30 May 1964. The scientists were anxious to find out what effect that protection was having. On shore they were met by Eduardo G. F. Arrington, a biolo- gist from Mexico City, and José L. Valazquez and Loreto Fuerte Amador, wardens, Who were resident during the nesting season. Sr. Arrington esti- mated there were 80,000 Heermann’s gulls, 40,000 elegant terns, and 7000 royal terns on the island at the time of our visit. His estimate is probably very conservative. 336 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. FiGuRE 21. Elegant terns occupied dense colonies, surrounded by Heermann’s gulls. (Photo by Lindsay.) The Heermann’s gulls were rather evenly spaced over all of the flat areas of the island. The main broad valley, several acres in extent, was populated by thousands of gulls, standing by their clutches of eggs, spaced about 3 feet apart. In the central portion of the island was a great mass of elegant terns, well over an acre in extent. They were much more closely packed than the gulls, and seemed nervous and were fluttering and giving erating cries. Near the edge of some parts of the colony were royal terns. If the terns were startled they rose as a body into the air, and the gulls walked in and began to eat theireggs. The terns settled inwaves, and the gulls retreated before them. It was a breathtaking sight. The headquarters of the wardens, a concrete building built with funds from the Belvedere Scientific Fund grant, which was administered through the National Audubon Society, was visited. Sr. Arrington said that no egg collectors had attempted to visit the island, and that the birds were making a remarkable recovery. There were several tern colonies, and the gulls were everywhere. This was a fitting climax for a very interesting trip. Departing from Isla Raza at 1345, the ship proceeded to Isla Partida, locally called Isla Cardonosa, which was the last island to be visited. This is the type locality of the fish-eating bat (Pizonyx vivesi), which had been seen or heard at nearly every one of the stops. It is also a nest- VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 5o7 ing place of both least and black petrels, which were of special interest to Baptista. Bats and black petrels were abundant in the loose rocks of the talus slopes ofthe island. Antero Diaz took Orr, Tilton, and Lindsay around a small outer islet, Lobera Partida, to observe sea lions. Brandt cormorants were also abundant on the islet. Phillips photographed a spectacularly developed columnar basalt ex- posure onthe southeast side of Partida, and collected specimens from what he thought might be a Pleistocene bed of fossil turritellas in a low central divide between the two higher parts of the island. The ship departed for Bahia de los Angeles at 1640, and arrived at 2000. All hands fell to, unloading gear. During this activity what was thought to be a yellow-bellied sea snake swam by, and Sloan tried to capture it from a small boat, but it escaped. The gear and collections were taken to the beach in small boats and then transported to the Vermilion Sea Field Station for sorting and packing. The last day had been very busy and many islands were visited, so Banks, Bandar, Lucas, and Baptista, who ordin- arily spent several hours skinning specimens every day, worked at that job most of the night. 29 April 1966. Bahia de los Angeles to San Francisco. After an early breakfast at Casa Diaz, Lindsay, Orr, Tilton, Villa- lobos, Lucas, Arenas, Bandar, and Baptista drove inland in the Museum Travelall in order to see the forest of cirios (Idria columnaris), and the other remarkable desert vegetation of the peninsula. The rest continued to pack their coflections and equipment. Francisco Mufioz arrived with his Lodestar at 1140, and everything was put aboard while the party had lunch. They departed at 1320, leaving Moran behind to do a little more botanical work and to drive the Travelall to San Diego, where he arrived 4 May. The plane landed at Tijuana International Airport at 1510, and was met by Museum personnel, who took the scientists to the San Diego Natural History Museum. Some of the San Francisco gear was left there for later pickup, and Phillips took Tilton, Orr, Lucas, Bandar, Baptista, and Lind- say to the airport. They arrived at the San Francisco International Airport at 1745. (Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 338 *zounyy JOTId pue ‘u01[L], ‘URIOW ‘syueg ‘eIstideg ‘uUROTS *Iepurg ‘SOgO[RIITA ‘Atspury ‘MO ‘sony ‘sdt[TIug ‘SIsATUO ‘SeUusIY W431 0} JJOT WOIY "6g [ldy uo ‘eIuIojI[eD eleg ‘salesuy SOT op Blue 1% 996T JO uoT}Ipedxq SpueIS] JIND sy} jo Jeuuosied oy, “77 ANNI VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 339 REPORTION THESGIENTIFIC RESUEES Even a very preliminary and necessarily superficial statement of the scientific results of the expedition may have a place in this narrative report in spite ofthe obvious disadvantage of attempting such a discussion before the material is worked up andthe appropriate scientific papers are published. The sponsors of the expedition, and the various Mexican officials and de- partments that issued the permits under which the collections were made, should have a preview of the results as soon as possible. Specific informa- tion and detailed reports will be published in due time. BOTANY Dr. Reid Moran, Curator of Botany, San Diego Natural History Museum, is an authority onthe flora of Baja California and the islands of the Gulf of California and off the west coast of Mexico. He served as botanist on the Sefton-Stanford Expedition tothe Gulf of California in 1952, and on the Bel- vedere Expedition in 1962. He has collected the plants of Isla Socorro, made many collecting trips to Isla Guadalupe, and spent many months inthe field in Baja California. The following is an abstract of Dr. Moran’s preliminary report: PLANT COLLECTIONS FROM THE NORTHERN GULF ISLANDS, APRIL, 1966 On the trip of April, 1966, to the northern islands of the Gulf of Cali- fornia, sponsored jointly by the California Academy of Sciences and the San Diego Natural History Museum, I made 180 numbered collections of plants. Having visited all these islands except Turner at least once, most of them twice, and Angel dela Guarda several times, I carried a list for eachisland and so avoided collecting the common plants at the same localities as be- fore. Despite comparatively few man days of collecting, the floras of these islands are now fairly well known, aside from summer annuals. For the small- er islands of Salsipuedes, Raza, and Partida, with comparatively small flor- as, the perennials and spring annuals probably are mostly known. But on the larger islands, collecting continues to yield new records, if at adecreas- ing rate. Our trip was too late for best collecting of spring annuals at low ele- vations, but it was timed better for plants of high north slopes. My best col- lecting was on a high peak near the north end of Angel de la Guarda and on a peak near the northeast corner of SanEsteban. My collections added nine species tothe known flora of Angel dela Guarda, bringing the total to about 197, and also included five species reported before but not collected. On 340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. San Esteban, my collections added eight species, bringing the total to 84. Since my list for Tiburdn is not up to date with the many recent collections of Richard Folger, additions to my list may not be significant. Apparently no one has collected summer annuals on any of these is- lands unless on Tiburon. It would be interesting to visit any of them, but particularly the larger ones, about a month after a good summer rain. Also, the larger ones need further exploration in spring following good winter rains. In particular, the higher peaks in the northern part of Angel de la Guarda are likely to yield further interesting additions to the flora. AFTER THE ISLANDS 29 April. After the rest of the expedition had headed for home, I spent sev- eral hours searching for flowers in a colony of Castela 3 miles north of the village of Los Angeles Bay. This shrub has been a puzzle to botanists for several years, Since complete flowering material to permit identification and proper description had not been collected before. Only a few plants had flowers, and there were mostly few per plant; but I found enough. 30 April. For several years I have wanted to collect on Cerro Santa Marta, in the Sierra San Borja southwest of Los Angeles Bay. In June, 1962, I climbed the 5000-foot summit nearest the Bay, but the round trip from sea level left little time for collecting there and none for the peaks beyond. So a two-day trip was necessary. At 0615 I started for the abandoned Santa Marta Mine at 3000 feet, with food and water for two days. After making camp, I collected locally and visited the Santa Marta spring, about 2 miles to the southwest, which had supplied water for the mine but was now dry. 1 May. Starting up the mountain at 0610,I visited each of the summits, col- lected many plants, started down at 1530, and reached the Station at 2030. Among the plants collected were four species which apparently have not previously been found south of the Sierra San Pedro Martir, as well as sev- eral that I found only once or twice before in Sierra San Borja. This was one of the most productive days of this season’s field work in Baja Cali- fornia. 2 May. After taking care of previous days’ collections, I went to El Term- inal to collect cytological and herbarium material for a man at Brigham Young University of what he supposes to be a new species of Erigonum. 3-4 May. I drove to San Diego, making a few collections and photographs en route. Reid Moran 10 May 1966 VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 341 ENTOMOLOGY While this expedition did not carry an entomologist, some collections of insects were made. The Arnaud version of a Malaise trap wasused when- ever possible by Raymond Bandar. This device caught a large number of nocturnal as well as diurnal insects. Bandar also did general insect col- lecting from time to time. Ken Lucas concentrated on scorpions and-other arachnids, taking 63 specimens of several species of three genera of scor- pions, and he also collected insects, as did Luis Baptista and other per- sonnel. Dr. Villalobos collected insects and other land arthropods for his col- leagues at the Instituto de Biologia. GEOLOGY Dr. Richard P. Phillips, Director of the San Diego Natural History Mu- seum, welcomed this opportunity to continue his studies of the geology of the islands ofthe north central Gulf of California. His remarks about specif ic areas which were visited on this trip are quoted in the body of the narra- tive report. His general statement concerning the geology of the region fol- lows: GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE GULF ISLANDS The oldest rocks exposed on these islands are metamorphic, of unde- termined age, including thinly laminated quartzite, anhydrite, and marble. This succession has been intruded by coarse-grained quartz-diorite. Uncon- formably over these crystalline basement rocks is a succession of volcanic flows, tuffs, and sandstones up to 1000 meters thick which constitute the bulk of the exposed rocks on the island. They may be divided into two se- quences; the ‘‘older’’ volcanics tend to be massive or poorly bedded, some- times showing flaggy parting, with complex internal structures, local un- conformities and minor faulting. Steep dips, probably initial, are noted lo- cally. These predominantly andesitic rocks are similar to the mid-Tertiary Comondu formation of the Baja California peninsula. The ‘‘younger’’ vol- canics and associated sediments are rhyolite, andesite, and basalt flows and tuffs interbedded with considerable amounts of sandstones, conglomer- ates, and breccias, and some mudstone. The sediments are predominantly derived from the associated volcanic rocks. These ‘*younger’’ volcanics are unconformable to the ‘‘older’’ volcanics, but may, in places be contem- poraneous with them. They may be equivalent to the San Marcos formation of Durham, of lower Pliocene age. Locally, all older rocks are unconform- ably overlain by a succession of sandstones, conglomerates, and fanglom- erates up to several hundreds of meters thick. On the basis of fossil re- 342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. mains, these appear tobe equivalent to the Imperial formation of California, and may be as young as upper Pliocene. Local uplifted Pleistocene beach deposits indicate a recent episode of emergence for some parts of some of the islands. Richard P, Phillips HERPETOLOGY Mr. Allan J.Sloan, Curator of Herpetology, San Diego Natural History Museum, was incharge ofthe reptile collecting on this expedition. He served as herpetologist on the Sea of Cortez Expedition in 1964, the ‘‘Gringa’’ ex- pedition earlier the same year, and has carried on extensive field work throughout the area. He recently published a review of the herpetofauna of the islands of the Gulf (in Soulé and Sloan, 1966). Other expeditionmembers assisted Sloan by collecting unusual reptiles which they found while carry- on their own activities. Mr. Raymond Bandar took some of the rarer reptiles for the Herpetology Department of the Academy, which were not represented on the expedition. The following is from Mr. Sloan’s report: HERPETOLOGICAL RESULTS A total of 166 specimens of reptiles and amphibians were collected on the islands and at Bahia delos Angeles. These specimens consisted of 9 frogs, 16 snakes, and 141 lizards. Emphasis was placed on securing those reptiles reported fromthe var- ious islands but not represented in our collections. The following were ob- tained and are new to the collection: Sauromalus hispidus Mejia Crotalus atrox Tiburon Masticophis flagellum Tiburon Crotalus molossus Tiburon Salvadora hexalepis Tiburdén Uta stansburiana Patos Significant additions to the collection include the following species, previously represented by one or only a very few specimens: Petrosaurus slevini Mejia Petrosaurus mearnsi Bahia de los Angeles Crotaphytus collaris Angel de la Guarda, Tiburon Crotalus ruber Angel de la Guarda, Pond, San Lorenzo Sur Sauromalus hispidus Pond, San Lorenzo Sur VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 343 Tiburon, San Esteban, San Lorenzo Sur, Salsipuedes Tiburon Turner, San Pedro Martir San Esteban San Esteban, San Lorenzo Sur, Salsipuedes San Esteban San Lorenzo Sur Cnemidophorus tigris Coleonyx variegatus Crotalus atrox Sauromalus varius Phyllodactylus xanti Ctenosaura hemilopha Uta stansburiana Two new island records were obtained: Masticophis bilineatus Turner Lampropeltis getulus San Lorenzo Sur (California Academy of Sciences). The racer occurs on nearby Isla Tiburon, and onthe Mexican mainland. The king snake is the only living specimen of its kind (as far as I know) ever collected on a northern Gulf island. Many colored pictures were taken to aid in studies currently in prog- ress onthe lizard genera Petrosaurus, Uta, Callisaurus, and Cnemidophorus. Several adult female chuckwallas (of three species) were secured and returned alive inthe hope that they will produce young at the San Diego Zoo. Mejia Petrosaurus slevini Uta stansburiana Sauromalus hispidus Angel de la Guarda Callisaurus draconoides Cnemidophorus tigris Crotaphytus collaris Sauromalus hispidus Crotalus mitchelli Crotalus ruber Pond Sauromalus hispidus Crotalus ruber Tiburon Callisaurus draconoides Cnemidophorus tigris Coleonyx variegatus List OF SPECIES OBTAINED Tiburon (Cont. ) Crotaphytus collaris Sauromalus obesus Masticophis flagellum Salvadora hexalepis Crotalus atrox Crotalus molossus Turner Masticophis bilineatus Crotalus atrox San Pedro Martir Uta palmeri Crotalus atrox San Esteban Cnemidophorus tigris Ctenosaura hemilopha Phyllodactylus xanti Sauromalus varius San Esteban (Cont. ) Uta stansburiana San Lorenzo Sur Cnemidophorus tigris Phyllodactylus xanti Sauromalus hispidus Uta stansburiana Crotalus ruber Salsipuedes Cnemidophorus tigris Phyllodactylus xanti Uta stansburiana Partida Norte Uta stansburiana Patos Uta stansburiana Allan J. Sloan 344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Dr. Alejandro Villalobos F., Jefe de la Seccidn de Hidrobiologia del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, has been a member of our mostrecent three expeditions tothe Gulf of California. Professor Virgilio Arenas F., Becario de la Seccion de Hidrobiologia, was Dr. Villalobos’ assistant on the present trip. They were interested in all aspects of marine biology and made large collections for their institution. Mr. Dustin Chivers, Technical Assistant, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, collected most of the marine in- vertebrate animals which were taken for the Academy. Mr. Chivers was also a member of the two previous expeditions which worked in the southern Gulf, and was pleased with this opportunity to obtain comparative material from the more northern area. Reports by Dr. Villalobos, Professor Arenas, and Mr. Chivers follow: INFORME DE NUESTRAS ACTIVIDADES DURANTE LA ExcuRSION AL NorTE DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA, ORGANIZADA POR LA CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Bayo La DirEccION DEL DR. GEORGE E. LINDSAY La oportunidad que se nos brindo amiembros del Instituto de Biologia para tomar parte en la expedicion de la California Academy of Sciences, or- ganzada para visitar entre el 19 y 29 de abril del ano en curso, diversas localidades de la parte norte del Golfo de California, nos permitio llevar al cabo colectas de animales marinos en las localidades que fuimos visitando a lo largo de nuestro itinerario. Durante los dias 19,20 y 21 deabril, en el puerto El Refugio, al norte de la Isla Angel de la Guarda, hicimos--desembarcos para examinar la zona litoral durante la baja mar. En la zona intercotidal (intertidal zone) hicimos colectas de diversos invertebrados marinos y pudimos observar una zona- cidn ecoldgica muy aparente en la que se ponfa de manifiesto una sucesion de Sargassum, Calpomenia, Lactuca con Balanus intercalados, después los Balanus solos y en la parte superior un baladnidos del género Tetraclita. Hicimos muestreos cuidadosos y tomamos notas y fotografias de la zona, para hacer un estudio posterior o para ilustracion dela catedra de Ecologia Marina. En la zona intercotidal de otras localidades pusimos el mismo in- terés, tales como Estero de la Vibora, al este dela Isla Angel dela Guarda; Agua Dulce, en el norte de la Isla Tiburén; en Isla San Esteban, Isla Sal- sipuedes, Isla Rasa, etc., en donde observamos aspectos semejantes. Las diferencias consistieron en falta o sustitucion de algunos miembros de las asociaciones. VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 345 En el curso de la expedicion hicimos rastreos de plancton y las mue- stras obtenidas presentan aspectos muy diversos, hay predominio de fito- plancton en las del norte de Angel de la Guarda y sur de la I. Tiburoén. La abundancia de zooplancton la pudimos apreciar en los muestreos nocturnos obtenidos en la parte sur de la I. Tiburdn, con gran predominio de Euphaus- iaceos (Crustacea Malacostraca), justificando con esto la presencia de ba- llenas que posiblemente buscaban este tipo de. alimento muy cerca de la costa. En la Isla Salsipuedes por el contrario, habia abundancia de Mysi- daceos (Crustacea Malacostraca). La colecta en la zona intercotidal aprovechando la baja mar, nos pro- dujo un interesante material de moluscos, equinodermos, crustaceos y otros invertebrados. Pusimos especial cuidado en la obtencién de Porcelanidos (Crustacea Anomura), para estudios futuros. La expedicion nos did ademas, la fortuna de poder apreciar en toda Su magnificencia, las agrupaciones de aves marinas, leones marinos, del- fines, ballenas y aves insulares. Este espectaculo, grandioso para un na- turalista, nos dejara un recuerdo imborrable. El material que hemos acumulado en nuestras colecciones, procedente del Golfo de California y colectado en las tres Ultihemos asistido, nos per- mitira en futuro cercano hacer estudios que contribuirdn al conocimiento de la Biologia de la region. Solo nos queda agradecer al Dr. George E. Lindsay las facilidades que periodicamente nos ofrece para formar parte de sus expediciones al Golfo de California. Alejandro Villalobos F. Virigilio Arenas F. del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México LISTS OF INVERTEBRATES COLLECTED The collections made on this trip to the north central islands of the Gulf of California augment the material obtained on the Sea of Cortez Ex- pedition in 1964, and another Academy trip in 1965, both of which were in the southern Gulf. The present collections are of unusual significance to this department, for the following reasons: 1. The more northern part of the Gulf has many endemic species and representatives of a number of them were collected. 2. Little marine collecting had hitherto been done in this region of the Gulf. Until 1961 only nine records of Molluscan collecting in the littoral zone have been reported from the general vicinity of our stations (McLean, 1961). 346 3. The unique physical factors (large tidalrange, strong currents, cold upwellings, beach topography, etc.) contribute to far different invertebrate CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. assemblages from those found farther south. 4. The department had few preserved invertebrate animals from the important Gulf islands which were visited on this trip. Although the tides were not favorable at a number of stations and the intertidal environment in many areas was poor, Some stations were extremely rich, and the total results of the trip were gratifying. A total of 486 lots from 19 stations have been processed and a few mixed lots remain to be sorted. A phylogenetic breakdown follows: ole co DD Porifera 23 6. Annelida 22 Coelenterata 8 7. Echinodermata 50 Sipunculoidea 5) 8. Arthropoda 100 Echiuroidea 5 9. Tunicata 12 Bryozoa 11 10. Mollusca 250 Total css 486 INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY COLLECTING STATIONS Isla Angel de la Guarda - Puerto Refugio, Isla Angel de la Guarda - northeast side of island. Isla Angel de la Guarda - east side. **Cardoncito’’ - near southwest end of Isla Angel de la Guarda. Isla Pond. Southeast end of Isla Angel de la Guarda, opposite Isla Pond. Isla Tiburon, north end; Bahia Agua Dulce. Same as D-41. Isla Turner - northeast side. San Pedro Martir - small islands of Tiburon. Southeast end of Isla San Esteban. Southwest end of Isla San Esteban. Isla San Lorenzo del Sur - southwest end. Isla Salsipuedes. Isla Raza - Lagoon on north side. Isla Raza - south side. Isla Partida. VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 347 CALIFORNIA Bahia Agua D-418 @ Dulg Isla -39 ... |Pond 8 pa TIBUR Isla 9 8 Partida D-48 D-47 Isla ¢ Rava D-47A Isla Salsipuedes {0 D-46 ON a Isla Q ie CALIFORNIA Se a 8 D-44 as Norte Esteban Isla San Lorenzo Sur D-4 Isla San Pedro Martir 2 D-43 FiGurRE 23. Chart showing collecting stations where marine invertebrates were taken. (Adapted from U. S. Hydrographic Office Chart No. 0620, July 17, 1963.) CHITONS Acanthochitona avicula (Carpenter, 1864), D-42, Isla Turner. Acanthochitona exquisita Pilsbry, 1893, D-42, Isla Turner; D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-46, Isla Salsipuedes. Basiliochiton lobium Berry, 1925, D-42, Isla Turner. Callistochiton gabbi Pilsbry, 1893, D-42, Isla Turner; D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Callistochiton infortunatus Pilsbry, 1893, D-42, Isla Turner; D-39, Isla Pond. Chaetopleura cf. C. mixta (Dall, 1919), D-42, Isla Turner; D-46, Isla Sal- sipuedes. Chiton virgulatus Sowerby, 1840, D-41A, Isla Tiburén; D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-42, Isla Turner; D-48, Isla Partida; D-46, Isla Salsipue- des. 348 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. Ischnochiton mariposa Dall, 1919, D-41A, Isla Tiburon; D-42, Isla Turner. Ischnochiton tridentatus Pilsbry, 1893, D-42A, Isla Tibur6én; D-42, Isla Tur- ner; D-48, Isla Partida; D-35, Isla Angel dela Guarda; D-39, Isla Pond. Lepidozona clathrata (Reeve, 1847), D-41A, Isla Tiburdn; D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-48, Isla Partida. Lepidozona serrata (Carpenter, 1864), D-41A, Isla Tiburén; D-42, Isla Turner. Leptochiton cf. L. rugatus Pilsbry, 1892, D-41A, Isla Tiburén; D-42, Isla Turner. Nuttallina crossota Berry, 1956, D-48, Isla Partida. Stenoplax conspicua sonorana Berry, 1956, D-41A, Isla Tiburén; D-42, Isla Turner. Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832), D-41A, Isla Tiburdn; D-42, Isla Turner. GASTROPODS Acanthina angelica I. Oldroyd, 1918, D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Acanthina muricata (Broderip, 1832), D-41A, Isla Tiburén. Acanthina tuberculata (Sowerby, 1835), D-42, Isla Turner. Acanthina tyrianthina Berry, 1957, D-35, Isla Angel dela Guarda; D-42, Isla Turner. Acmaea turveri Hertlein and Strong, 1951, D-44, Isla San Esteban. Anachis pygmaea (Sowerby, 1852), D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Aplysia cf. A. parvula Guilding in Mérch, 1863, D-44A, Isla San Esteban. Architectonica nobilis Roding, 1798, D-39, Isla Pond. Assiminea sp., D-42, Isla Turner; D-44A, Isla San Esteban. Berthella sp., D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Calliostoma angelenum Lowe, 1935, D-42, Isla Turner. Cerithidea mazatlanica Carpenter, 1856, D-41, Isla Tiburon; D-47, Isla Raza. Cerithium sculptum (Sowerby, 1824), D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Conus scalaris Valenciennes, 1832, D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Crepidula incurva (Broderip, 1834), D-41A, Isla Tiburon; D-42, Isla Turner. Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851, D-41A, Isla Tiburén; D-42, Isla Turner. Crucibulum spinosum (Sowerby, 1824), D-42, Isla Turner. Cypraea annettae Dall, 1909, D-39, Isla Pond; D-42, Isla Turner. Diodora inaequalis (Sowerby, 1835), D-39, Isla Pond, D-42, Isla Turner; D-44A, Isla San Esteban. VOL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 349 Diodora saturnalis (Carpenter, 1864). D-42, Isla Turner. Fissurella rugosa Sowerby, 1835, D-44A, Isla San Esteban. Glossodoris californiensis (Bergh, 1879), D-42, Isla Turner. Haminoea strongi Baker and Hanna, 1927, D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-44A, Isla San Esteban. Hipponix pilosus (Deshayes, 1832), D-42, Isla Turner. Jeffeysia sp., D-42, Isla Turner; D-44A, Isla San Esteban. Jenneria pustulata (Solander, 1786), D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Littorina pullata Carpenter, 1864, D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Mitra tristis Broderip, 1836, D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Mitrella lalage Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932, D-41A, Isla Tibur6n. Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791), D-48, Isla Partida. Morula ferruginosa (Reeve, 1846), D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Nerita funiculata Menke, 1861, D-47, Isla Raza. Nerita scabricosta Lamarck, 1822, D-41, Isla Tiburon. Nomaeopelta mesoleuca (Menke, 1851), D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Onchidiella binneyi (Stearns, 1893), D-41, Isla Tiburon. Parametaria dupontii (Kiener, 1849-1850), D-39, Isla Pond. Parametaria spi, D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Pyrene fuscata (Sowerby, 1832), D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Tegula cf. T. corvus (Philippi, 1849), D-39, Isla Pond; D-44A, Isla San Es- teban. Tegula globulus (Carpenter, 1856), D-41A, Isla Tibur6n. Tegula ligulata (Menke, 1850), D-39, Isla Pond. Tegula mariana Dall, 1919, D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-39, Isla Pond; D-42, Isla Turner. Tegula rugosa (A. Adams, 1853), D-41, Isla Tiburon. Terebra specillata Hinds, 1844, D-41, Isla Tibur6én. Thais biserialis (Blainville, 1832), D-45, Isla San Lorenzo del Sur. Thais triangularis (Blainville, 1832), D-45, Isla San Lorenzo del Sur. Tridachiella diomedea (Bergh, 1894), D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Trivia radians (Lamarck, 1810), D-39, Isla Pond. Trivia solandri (Sowerby, 1832), D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-42, Isla Turner. Turbo fluctuosus Wood, 1828, D-41, Isla Tiburén; Isla Turner. 350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. PELECYPODS Anomalocardia subimbricata tumens (Verrill, 1870), D-39, Isla Pond. Arca mutabilis (Sowerby, 1833), D-42, Isla Turner. Arcopsis solida (Sowerby, 1838), D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Barbatia reeveana (Orbigny, 1846), D-39, Isla Pond. Carditameria affinis (Sowerby, 1833), D-39, Isla Pond; D-41, Isla Tiburon; D-42, Isla Turner; D-46, Isla Salsipuedes. Chama squamuligera Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932, D-41A, Isla Tiburén. Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767), D-39, Isla Pond. Hormomya adamsiana (Dunker, 1887), D-35, Isla Angel de la Guarda; D-41A, Isla Tibur6n; D-46, Isla Salsipuedes. Isognomon chemnitzianus (Orbigny, 1853), D-39, Isla Pond; D-46, Isla Sal- sipuedes; D-47, Isla Raza. Isognomon janus Carpenter, 1856, D-39, Isla Pond; D-41A, Isla Tibur6én. Lima tetrica Gould, 1851, D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Lithophaga aristata (Dillwyn, 1817), D-36, Ista Angel de la Guarda. Lyonsia sp., D-42, Isla Turner. Modiolus capax (Conrad, 1837), D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Pododesmus cf. P. pernoides (Gray, 1853), D-39, Isla Pond. Protothaca grata (Say, 1831), D-41A, Isla Tiburon. Semele sp., D-41, Isla Tiburon. Thracia curta Conrad, 1837, D-42, Isla Turner. CEPHALOPODS Octopus cf. O. bimaculatus (Verrill, 1883), D-39, Isla Pond. Octopus digueti Perrier and Rochebrune, 1894, D-39, Isla Pond. Octopus sp., D-36, Isla Angel de la Guarda. Dustin Chivers ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY Dr. Richard C. Banks, then Curator of Birds and Mammals of the San Diego Natural History Museum and now with the United States Fish and Wild- life Service, has investigated the island fauna of the Gulf of California dur- ing the last six years, starting with a detailed study of the birds of Isla Cer- ralvo (Banks, 1963). He was a member of the Museum’s Belvedere Expedi- tion to all of the major islands in 1962, and visited the islands between San VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 351 Diego, California, and Isla Carmen while onthe research vessel Gringa, now Sea Quest, in 1968. He was with the Sea of Cortez Expedition in 1964. Dr. Banks’ informal report, which was not submitted for publication, is reproduced here: 19 April. Proceeded from San Diego to Tijuana to Bahia de los Angeles, to Puerto Refugio, between Islas Angel de la Guarda and Mejia. Set traps on Mejia after dark. Pocket mice were very abundant, and Sloan and I had four before returning to the boat. They were particularly common inthe weeds on flat ground, less so in the rocky canyons. 20 April. Had several other specimens of Perognathus in the traps, and one of Peromyscus. Spent the morning on Angel de la Guarda, observing birds and found two rattlesnakes. Mockingbirds, with young, were particu- larly common and conspicuous. There was a large flock of white-crowned sparrows, most apparently of the ‘‘leucophrys”’ rather than of the ‘‘gambelli’’ type. Collected a Vauz swift, a record for the island. Skinned in afternoon, until late, when I set traps again on Mejia. 21 April. Again had good supply of Perognathus specimens to skin, but none of Peromyscus. One mouse in the trap, caught only by tail, had been swal- lowed by a snake up to the trap. Spent a couple of hours on Angel in the morning. Moved south along Angel in early afternoon, stopping at a lagoon on east side, where I picked up a mummy of a sea lion and counted gull eggs in the nests. Anchored farther south at dark. Sloan and Bandar went ashore for snakes, and found bats (Macrotus) using chuckwalla burrows as night roosts. Collected two, which are island records. 22 April. Got to Isla Pond early in morning, and I spent until noon ashore there. Virtually no birds. Captured one rattler for Sloan, and dug in rocks for kissing bugs (Triatoma) for Ray Ryckman. Saved two specimens of Pi- zonyx, one skeleton and one alcoholic, which I found during the latter ac- tivity. Skinned during afternoon, going ashore late to set mouse traps. Pocket mouse signs were fairly abundant here, even though no mice were reported from the island. Turtle barbecue on beach. 23 April. Ashore early to pick up traps; had one peromyscus and one dam- aged perognathus. Both are new records for the island, and the peromyscus probably belongs to a new subspecies. Departed for Tiburon, going ashore on north end, Bahia Agua Dulce, in early afternoon. Gila woodpeckers com- mon, feeding young in nests in cardons. Cactus wrens also common. Saw red-tailed hawk paid at nest, one of adults was melanistic. Saw Citellus grammurus, but unable to obtain one. Found a series of caves which bats use at night, and a wild bee colony in one. Set traps just before dark, put- ting rat traps as well as mouse traps. 302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. 24 April. Got a late start from here although we went ashore to check traps in a hurry. Had six wood rats, one dipodomys, one perognathus, and one specimen of Peromyscus erentmicus. Went to south end of Tiburon, then took small boat to Isla Turner to trap. Caught a rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Saw abundant pocket mouse signs. 25 April. Picked up traps, finding specimens of Peromyscus collatus (new to museum collection) and three perognathus, probably belonging to P. pen- icillatus, not previously reported from the island. It is probably an unde- scribed form. No wood rats, unfortunately. Went back ashore after breakfast, but accomplished little. Departed for Isla San Pedro Martir. Arrived in early afternoon, but did not go to shore until late afternoon. Hiked to near the top of the island to set traps. Many blue-footed boobies nesting, and also some tropic birds. Collected three of the latter for special investigation-- adults as alcoholic and skeleton, a chick from one of them. The other had an egg. Took a dead baby pelican from a nest. 26 April. Had nothing in traps, but caught a rattler while checking them. Took some photos of boobies. Moved on to Isla SanEsteban. Hiked a good ways in mid-afternoon, but it was the wrong time of day for birds. Black- throated sparrows were carrying food to nestlings here, and one juvenile was collected. Set traps late in afternoon, mostly near large clumps of cac- tus on a slope. 27 April. Had two mice (Peromyscus stephani) and four small rats (Rattus) in my traps. One of the mice had a crushed skull. Got a total of about 13 birds here, with the help of Ken Lucas, concentrating on those that vary geographically, so that the avifaunal relationships of the island could be re-examined. Moved from here to Isla San Lorenzo Sur. Spent a little time ashore in late afternoon, setting a few traps. Went back ashore in the even- ing, to look for snakes, and took one mouse from traps. 28 April. Early in morning moved on up to Isla Salsipuedes, where a pair of peregrine falcons were flying about the anchorage. I spent a couple of hours roving around the south end of the island trying to find their nest, but only found a place where I thought they were keeping house. Found a raven nest. Moved from here to Raza, where we spent a couple of hours ashore looking at the Heermann gulls and elegant and royal terns. What a bird colony! The terns particularly were packed about as tightly as possible in the space they occupied. Whenever they flushed, the gulls were there to eat eggs, and they seemed to be selective about the eggs they took. From here we went on to Isla Partida, where Luis Baptista and I searched the rocks for fish-eating bats and petrels. We found a number of bats, and quite a few black petrels, the latter with eggs, but no least petrels. From here we returned to Bahia de los Angeles, arriving after dark; unloaded the boat, and prepared a few last remaining specimens. Vol. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 393 29 April. Spent the morning organizing gear and packing. About noon Sloan and I visited the springs forthe town, and he collected some frogs. I picked up a dead yellow bat next to one of the springs, the second specimen of this species in our collection and a good record for the area. Flew back to Tijuana in early afternoon, and arrived back at museum about 1630. Highlights of trip: Birdwise, the high spots were seeing the large flocks of migrant water birds-- Arctic loons, eared grebes, and northern phalaropes, and, of course, the nesting colenies of gulls, terns, and boobies. Getting the tropic birds was quite exciting, and may prove to be good material with which to review the relationships of this group. The Gila woodpeckers from Tiburon may help to clarify the validity of that race, which I have previous- ly questioned. The birds from Isla San Esteban should help in a reconsider- ation of the avifaunal relationships of that island--Van Rossem placed it with the Cape region, which is geographically improbable. From the mammal standpoint, the addition of Peromyscus collatus to the collection was nice. Similarly, the finding of pocket mice on Isla Tur- ner, pocket mice and Peromyscus guardia on Isla Pond, which have not been reported. The seeming absence of native rodents on Isla San Pedro Martir is interesting. Reports of rats and mice on Isla Raza is confirmed by speci- mens taken by a student there. There was what appeared to be a pocket mice sign on Isla Partida, but we had no chance to trap. I was disappointed in Peromyscus trapping--but I did succeed in getting alcoholic males of five populations (four species) to send to Michigan for study of the glans penis and relationships. A total of 79 specimens was obtained, all valuable. I consider the trip to have been very successful. Richard C. Banks The Academy’s Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy was repre- sented by its Chairman, Dr. Robert T. Orr, who was assisted by Raymond Bandar, Field Associate, and Luis Baptista, a graduate student at the Uni- versity of San Francisco. Effort was made to secure representative collec- tions of small mammals from all the islands where the San Augustin II an- chored overnight. Dr. Orr’s primary interest was to continue his population studies on the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California, which were begun in the summer of 1965. A report on this is planned for the near future. Studies were also made on cetaceans and marine birds. Mr. Bandar, in addition to collecting small mammals, participated actively in collecting reptiles for the Academy’s Department of Herpetology and for Steinhart Aquarium. Mr. Baptista also collected small mammals and assis- ted Dr. Banks in his work on birds. 354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 4TH SER. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Gulf Islands Expedition of 1966 was sponsored by the Belvedere Scientific Fund of San Francisco, and by the National Science Foundation through its support of the Vermilion Sea Field Station of the San Diego Na- tural History Museum. The scientific collections were made with the permission of various officers and officials of Mexico. The generous help and cooperation of the following gentlemen is particularly appreciated. Marine collections were made under permits signed by C. Biol. Rodolfo Ramirez Granados, Subdirec- tor of the Direccion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas, de la Secretar- ia de Industria y Comercio. C. Lic. Noe Palomares, Subsecretario de Agri- cultura y Ganaderia, personally arranged for permits to collect plants and for additional courtesies from his offices. C. Dr. Rodolfo Hernandez Corzo, Director General dela Fauna Silvestre dela Secretaria de Agricultura y Gan- aderia, issued the permits for taking land animals. Permission to land and collect on Isla Tiburon was granted by C. Lic. Rene Martinez de Castro, Presidente, and C. Ing. Luis Carlos Felix, Secretario, of the Patronato para la Conservacion y Aprovechamiento de la Fauna Silvestre en el Estado de Sonora. Specimens destined tothe San Diego Natural History Museum were tak- en under the appropriate permits granted to Dr. Richard P. Phillips, Dr. Rich- ard C. Banks, Dr. Reid Moran, and Mr. Allan J. Sloan. Specimens for the California Academy of Sciences were collected under the permits of its Di- rector, Dr. George E. Lindsay. LITERATURE CITED BANKS, RICHARD C. 1963. Birds of Cerralvo Island, Baja California. Condor, vol. 13, pp. 300- 312. LINDSAY, GEORGE E. 1962. The Belvedere Expedition to the Gulf of California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 18, pp. 1-44. 1964. Sea of Cortez Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences. Pro- ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th ser., vol. 30, pp. 211-242. 1966. The Gulf Island Expedition of 1966. Pacific Discovery, vol. 19, no. 5, September-October, pp. 2-11, 22 illustrations. McLEAN, J. H. 1961. Marine mollusks from Los Angeles Bay, Gulf of California. Transac- tions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 12, pp. 449- 476. VoL. XXX LINDSAY: GULF ISLANDS EXPEDITION OF 1966 355 ORR, ROBERT T. 1960. Symposium: The biogeography of Baja California and adjacent seas. An analysis of the Recent land mammals. Systematic Zoology, vol. 9, pp. 171-179. 1965. An expedition to the Sea of Cortez. Pacific Discovery, vol. 18, no. 4, July-August, pp. 9-14, 10 illustrations. Rosson, G. C. 1929. A monograph of the Recent Cephalopoda, Part I. British Museum, 236 pages. RODEN, G. I., AND G. W. GROVES 1959. Recent oceanographic investigations in the Gulf of California. Jour- nal of Marine Research, vol. 18, pp. 10-35. SOULE, MICHAEL, AND ALLAN J. SLOAN 1966, Biogeography and distribution of the reptiles and amphibians on is- lands in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 14, pp. 137-156. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 17, pp. 357-380; 2 figs. February 23, 1968 SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA FROM CAPE SAN LUCAS, LOWER CALIFORNIA By Clifford C. Church The Foraminfera described in this paper were secured from coarse sand and shell debris dredged in water from 2 to 8 fathoms deep off Cape San Lucas, Baja California. The collection was made by G D. Hanna and the late Eric K. Jordan during the cruise of the U.S.S. Ortolan on an expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, in 1925. The expedition was sponsored by Dr. Barton W. Evermann, then Director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, and was made possible through the cooperation of the Hon. Curtis D. Wilbur, Secretary of the Navy and his department. At the direction of the Secretary, the mine sweeper Ortolan was detached from the main fleet and placed at the disposal of the expedition authorities. The fauna is a shallow-water, open-ocean type, with a number of pelagic species included with the benthonics. The area is just within the northern limits of tropical waters which, however, do extend farther north within the Gulf of California. A shallow water foraminiferal fauna collected off the east shore of Maria Madre Island during the same expedition, is very similar to the Cape San Lucas fauna. This island is the largest of the Tres Marias Islands which lie 250 miles southeast of Cape San Lucas and about 60 miles west of the mainland of Mexico. Since 1930 many papers concerning the ecology of Foraminifera from the littoral zone outward into the deep basins in the gulf of California and north and south of Cape San Lucas, have appeared. These have been consulted and are listed in the bibliography. In this study I have made an earnest attempt to see and review all of the papers pertinent to this area and general environment and if any have been overlooked it is unintentional and no reflection on their worth. [357] i) Sec eer Marine Biological Laboratory LIBRARY | MAR 1 1968 | WOODS HOLE, MASS 358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H SER. Frcure 1 (a-c). Discorbis hannai Church, new species. Holotype no. 13034 (CAS). a, ventral view; b, apertural view; c, dorsal view. As an example, some excellent work has been done by graduate students in universities as theses for advanced degrees. These have not been referred to because of their general unavailability. Among the described foraminiferal faunas of this area, one from Carmen Island and vicinity, in the lower half of the Gulf, by M. L. Natland, closely resembles the Cape fauna. This fauna was extracted from sediments of Pliocene and Pleistocene age collected by Drs. C. A. Anderson and J. Wyatt Durham of the University of California in the 1940 FE. W. Scripps Cruise to the Gulf of California. Some of the species are also described or listed by Cushman and McCulloch (1939-1948). Other papers on the ecology of the area by O. L. Bandy, F. B. Phleger, J. J. Bradshaw, Frances L. Parker, T. Uchio, and O. L. Bandy and R. E. Arnal, have greatly extended our knowledge and understanding of the Foraminifera of the Gulf and coastal area. In Dr. Bandy’s (1961) paper, 17 separate foraminiferal faunas from nine biofacies are recognized and illus- trated. Dr. Phleger (1964), in a similar paper, described the variations of foraminiferal populations and he figured or listed a large number of species, many of which are represented in the more open ocean, shallow water fauna of the Cape. In this study I have been aided by the loan of comparative specimens, and suggestions on the identification of questionable species, by M. L. Natland of the Richfield Oil Corporation, Los Angeles, and by Frances L. Parker and Jean P. Hosmer of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. To these people I wish to express my thanks for their generous cooperation. For assistance in obtaining important papers relative to this study, I am indebted to Dr. G D. Hanna, California Academy of Sciences; Andrew W. Marianos, Humble Oil Company, Bakersfield, California; R. Stanley Beck, consultant at Bakersfield, and of the Standard Oil Company Laboratory, Oildale, California. For the excellent illustrations I am indebted to the accomplished illustrator of Foraminifera, Mrs. Margaret M. Hanna of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. VoL. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 359 oid Ficure 2 (a-c). Rosalina natlandi Church, new species. Holotype no. 13035 (CAS). a, ventral view; b, apertural view; c, dorsal view. The material which forms the basis of this report was studied many years ago. Species were picked out, slides were prepared, and tentative identifications were made. All of this, together with an introduction similar to the above, was sent to Dr. Joseph A. Cushman of Sharon, Massachusetts, with the under- standing that a joint paper would result. This was in accordance with a proce- dure he often followed. Dr. Cushman died before he was able to even acknowl- edge the receipt. The material was discovered by Miss Ruth Todd among his collections and papers after their receipt in Washington. It is through her interest that the present paper has resulted. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Family TEXTULARIIDAE Subfamily TEXTULARIINAE Genus Textularia Defrance in de Blainville Textularia agglutinans d’Orbigny. Textularia agglutinans d’Orbigny, Brady, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 363, pl. 43, figs. 1-3. CusuMman, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 2, 1911, p. 9, fig. 10. This species, which is common in the Cape San Lucas material, is as much as 1 mm. or more in length. Textularia agglutinans var. porrecta Brady. Textularia agglutinans var. porrecta BraApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 364, pl. 43, figs. 4a, b. The species of Textularia from Cape San Lucas which is referred to this variety may belong to another species as it is extremely small and not as 360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH SER. elongate as the one figured by Brady. However, not considering the internal structure, which is difficult to determine because of its small size, the test cor- responds in every way to the variety named. Textularia gramen d’Orbigny. Textularia gramen d’Orbigny, Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 365, pl. 43, figs. 9, 10. CusHMAN, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 2, 1911, p. 8, figs. 6-8. This is a highly variable form in the Cape San Lucas material and fairly abundant. Family ATAXOPHRAGMIIDAE Subfamily VALVULININAE Genus Goesella Cushman Goesella parva Cushman and McCulloch. Goesella parva CusHMAN and McCuttocn, 1939, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., Univ. South. Calif; vole6;enoy 1, pii98;epl. LO} figs 13, 14: The smallness of the test of this species renders it very inconspicuous in a fauna of larger forams and it might easily be overlooked. It is listed as occurring at a number of places along the coast of Baja California and Mexico. The type is from near Magdalena Bay, Mexico in 19 fathoms. Family TROCHAMMINIDAE Genus Trochammina Parker and Jones Trochammina inflata (Montagu). Trochammina inflata (Montagu), Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 338, pl. 41, figs. 4a-c. CusHMAN, 1910, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 1, p. 121, fig. 188. Several good specimens of this species were found but it could not be consid- ered common. Family LITUOLIDAE Genus Haplophragmoides Cushman Haplophragmoides canariensis (d’Orbigny). Nonionina canariensis D’ORBIGNY, 1839, Barker-Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries, vol. 2, pt. 2, Foraminiferes, p. 128, pl. 2, figs. 33, 34. Haplophragmium canariensis (d’Orbigny), SmwpaALy and Brapy, 1879, Cat. Brit. Rec. Foram., p. 4. Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 310, pl. 35, figs. 1-5. Haplophragmoides canariensis (d’Orbigny), CUSHMAN, 1910, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 71, pt. 1, p. 101, fig. 149. This is a very rare species in this fauna. VoL. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 361 Family MILIoLipAE Subfamily QUINQUELOCULININAE Genus Pyrgo Defrance Pyrgo denticulata (Brady). Biloculina ringens Lamarck var. denticulata BRrapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 143, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5. Biloculina denticulata CUSHMAN, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 80, pl. 33, fig. 1. Pyrgo denticulata CUSHMAN, 1929, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 6, p. 69, pl. 18, figs. 3, 4. This species is relatively scarce here but exhibits the distinguishing features of the species as figured by Cushman (1910-1917). Pyrgo subsphaerica d’Orbigny. Biloculina subsphaerica d’ORBIGNY, 1839, De la Sagra. Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, “Foraminif- eres,” p. 162, pl. 8, figs. 25-27. Pyrgo subsphaerica d@’Orbigny, CusHMAN, 1929, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 6, p. 68, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2. Among the few specimens of this species found there is considerable variation in size. Genus Triloculina d’Orbigny Triloculina inflata d’Orbigny. - Triloculina inflata d’ORBIGNY, 1836, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, Ser. 1, tome 7, p. 300. NATLAND, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 42, pt. 4, p. 10, pl. 3, figs. 11 a-c. Several specimens of this robust species were found. What appears to be a variation of the form has a sharp angle on one or both sides of the larger chamber and in a few, a similar angle on the side of the smaller chamber. Triloculina oblonga Montagu. Vermiculum oblongum Monvacu, 1803, Test. Brit., p. 522, pl. 14, fig. 9. Triloculina oblonga D’ORBIGNY, 1826, Sci. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, p. 300, no. 16, Modeles no. 95; in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pod. Cuba, 1839, “Foraminifeéres,” p. 175, pl. 10, figs. 3-5. Trioculina oblonga (Montagu), CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., Olea NON epee Ginpls4 ites 5anioe Coal: Triloculina circularis Bornemann. Triloculina circularis BORNEMANN, 1855, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., vol. 7, p. 349. CUSHMAN, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 67, pl. 25, fig. 4; pl. 26, fig. 1. Cusuman and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 15, pl. 4, figs. 4a, b,c. This is one of the less common species in this fauna. 362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER. Triloculina sidebottomi Martinotti. Miliolina subrotunda StweBotTtom, 1904, Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., vol. 6, no. 5, p. 8, text fig. 2, pl. 3, figs. 1-7. Sigmoilina sidebottomi MartiInottt, 1920, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vol. 59, pl. 2, fig. 29; text figs. 59-61. Triloculina sidebottomi (Martinotti), PARKER, PHLEGER, and Perirson, 1953, Cush. Found. Foram. Res. Spec. Pub. no. 2, p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 25-28. Only a few specimens of this species were found. Genus Quinqueloculina d’Orbigny Quinqueloculina agglutinata Cushman. Quinqueloculina agglutinata CUSHMAN, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 43, pl. 9, fig. 2. CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 9, pladediess 7a. ibisc: This is one of the rare species at this locality. Quinqueloculina seminula (Linnaeus). Quinqueloculina seminula (Linnaeus), CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 8a, b, c. This highly polished species appears to have a wide range along the Pacific Coast. It is one of the common species at Cape San Lucas. Quinqueloculina compta Cushman. Quinqueloculina compta CUSHMAN, 1947, Contrib. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 23, pt. 4, art. no. 302, p. 87, pl. 19, fig. 2a, b, c. PHLEGER, 1964, In Mem. 3, Am. Assoc. Petrl. Geol., Ed. by Van Andel and Shor, p. 383, pl. 1, fig. 17. This is one of the common species at Cape San Lucas and wherever it has been listed in the papers concerning the ecology of the Gulf of California Foraminifera it is listed as a very shallow-water form. What is probably the same species was figured by Bandy (1961). He listed it as 0. angulosa d’Orbigny. This is a highly variable species, ranging between the more elongate type as figured by Bandy to very short robust forms with most characters accentuated but retaining the dull, granular surface throughout its variations. Quinqueloculina lamarckiana d’Orbigny. Quinqueloculina lamarckiana b’ORBIGNY, 1839, in De la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, “Foraminiferes,’ p. 189, pl. 11, figs. 14, 15. CusHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 9a, b, c, and 10a, b, c. Not a common form here but well defined. Only the larger ones appear to be typical. VoL. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 363 Quinqueloculina flexuosa d’Orbigny. Quinqueloculina flexuosa D’ORBIGNY, 1839, Voy. Am. Merid., ‘“Foraminiferés,”’ p. 73, pl. 4, figs. 4-6. CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 3a, b, c. NATLAND, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. no. 43, pt. 4, Derepplesletiess Ga. bac: This is one of the commoner forms here and one which is fairly constant in character. Quinqueloculina costata d’Orbigny. Quinqueloculina costata d’Orbigny, CUSHMAN, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 49, pl. 15, fig. 1. CusHMAN 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington, vol. 17, publ. 311, p. 66, pl. 11, fig. 5. NATLAND, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, no. 43, pt. 4, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b, c. A common form at Cape San Lucas, many specimens were found. Quingueloculina catalinensis Natland. Quinqueloculina catalinensis NATLAND, 1938, Calif. Univ., Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Bull. Tech. Ser., vol. 4, no. 5, p. 142, pl. 4, fig. 3a, b, c. BAnpy, 1961, Micropaleo. vol. 7, no. 1, Palowpla2astauna 2 figss Zan bic. This is quite a common but highly variable species here. The more mature ones have 14 to 16 transverse, sinuous, ripple-like ridges or welts, some branching or discontinuous with many continuing over the usually acute angle of the test, rounding it off. This more highly ornamented type of the species might easily be considered a different species but the less ornate ones, which are associated with them, are like the typical Q. catalinensis. Quinqueloculina species. Test elongate, more than twice as long as broad, compressed, surface dull white, rough and pitted, short neck and phialine lip, aperture oval. A num- ber of specimens were found, most of them perfectly preserved. Subfamily NODOBACULARIINAE Genus Vertebralina d’Orbigny Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny. Vertebralina striata d’Orbigny, Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 187, pl. 12, figs. 14-16. Cusoman, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 38, pl. 22, figs. 3, 4. Of fairly common occurrence here at Cape San Lucas. Vertebralina insignis Brady. Vertebralina insignis Brady, Fuint, 1899, U. S. Nat. Mus., Rept., p. 302, pl. 47, fig. 4. Only a few of this species were found in the Cape San Lucas collection. 364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47TH SER. Subfamily TUBINELLINAE Rhumbler Genus Parrina Cushman Parrina bradyi (Millett). Nubecularia inflata Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 135, pl. 1, figs. 5-8. Parrina bradyi (Millett), CusHMAN, Contrib. Cush. Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 7, pt. 1, p. 20. This rather small form is variable in shape, number, and type of apertures. It is of the porcelaneous variety and quite abundant in the Cape San Lucas dredging. Subfamily MILIOLINAE Genus Hauerina d’Orbigny in De la Sagra Hauerina bradyi Cushman. Hauerina compressa Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 190, pl. 11, figs. 125, 13; Hauerina bradyi CUSHMAN, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 62, pl. 23, fig. 2. This is one of the more common forms at Cape San Lucas. Family SoRITIDAE Subfamily PENEROPLINAE Genus Spirolina Lamarck Spirolina arietina (Batsch). Nautilus (Lituus) arietinus BATScH (part), 1791, Conch. Seesandes, p. 4, pl. 6, fig. 15c. Peneroplis arietinus PARKER, JONES and Brapy, 1865, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 16, p: 26,sal. 1 digs 18. Peneroplis pertusus var. arietinus Woopwarp, 1893, The Observer, vol. 4, p. 77. CUSHMAN, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 88, pl. 36, fig. 2; 37, fig. 5. Spirolina arietinus (Batsch), CUSHMAN, 1930, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 43, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5. This species is fairly abundant here and quite variable in form. Subfamily SORITINAE Genus Amphisorus Ehrenberg Amphisorus hemprichii Ehrenberg. Amphisorus hemprichii EHRENBERG, 1838, Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 134, pl. 3, fig. 3. Orbitolites duplex CARPENTER, 1883, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, pt. 21, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 8-14; pl. 4, figs. 6-10; pl. 5, figs. 1-13. Amphisorus hemprichii Ehrenberg, CUSHMAN, 1930, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 7, p. 51, pl. 18, figs. 5-7. Of occasional occurrence here with a variety of growth stages. Vout. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 365 Family NONIONIDAE Schultze Subfamily NONIONINAE Genus Florilus de Montfort Florilus japonicus (Asano) var. mexicanus (Cushman and McCulloch). Pseudononion japonicum ASANO, 1936, Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, vol. 43 (512), p. 347, figs. a—c. Nonionella japonica (Asano) var. mexicana (CUSHMAN and McCuttocn), 1940, Allan Han- cock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 3, p. 160, pl. 17, fig. 10. This is one of the less common species found here. Florilus pizarrensis (Berry) var. basispinatus CUSHMAN and Moyer. Nonion pizarrense (Berry) var. basispinatum CUSHMAN and Mover, 1930, Contrib. Cush. Lab. Foram Res., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 54, pl. 7, figs. 18a, b. Not of common occurrence in this fauna. Genus Cushmanella Palmer and Bermudez Cushmanella primitiva Cushman and McCulloch. Cushmanella primitiva CUSHMAN and McCuttocn, 1940, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 3, p. 163, pl. 18, figs. 6-10. One of the rare species in this varied fauna. Genus Elphidium Montfort Elphidium articulatum (d’Orbigny). Elphidium articulatum (d’Orbigny), CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 21, pl. 5, figs. 10a, b. This is one of the common forms in the Cape San Lucas material. Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus). Polystomella crispa (Linnaeus), BrApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 736, pl. 110, figs. 6, 7. CusHMAN, 1914, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 32, pl. 18, fig. 1. Only a few individuals of this species were found. Superfamily BULIMINACEA Jones Family TuRRILINIDAE Cushman Subfamily TURRILININAE Cushman Genus Buliminella Cushman Buliminella parallela Cushman and Parker. Buliminella parallela CUSHMAN and ParKeEr, 1931, U.S. Nat. Mus., Proc., Washington, D.C., vol. 80, no. 2903, art. 3, p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 15. CusHman and McCuttocn, 1948, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 5, p. 239, pl. 29, figs. 7a, b, c. Only a few of this species were found here. 366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Genus Buliminoides Cushman Buliminoides williamsoniana CUSHMAN. Buliminoides williamsoniana Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 408, pl. 51, figs. 16, 17. Buliminoides williamsoniana CUSHMAN, 1911, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 2, p. 90, fig. 144 (text). This is a very rare species here. Family BULIMINIDAE Jones Subfamily PAVONININAE Eimer and Fickert Genus Reussella Galloway Reussella aequa Cushman and McCulloch. Reussella aequa CUSHMAN and McCuttocn, 1948, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 5, p. 251, pl. 31, figs. 7 a-d. This species occurs rather sparingly but is by no means rare. Genus Chrysalidinella Schubert Chrysalidinella spectabilis CusHMAN and McCuLtocu. Chrysalidinella spectabilis CUSHMAN and McCuttocn, 1948, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 5, p. 256, pl. 32, figs. 1-7. The vertical striations are very faint and not discernible on some specimens. It is a rare species here. Family UVIGERINIDAE Genus Trifarina Cushman Trifarina species. This small, variable species does not appear to have been described or it may be a varient of Angulogerina occidentalis (Cushman). Genus Siphogenerina Schlumberger Siphogenerina costata Schlumberger. Siphogenerina costata SCHLUMBERGER, 1883, Feuille. Jeunes Nat., ann. 13, p. 117, text fig. B (Recent Gulf of Gascony) = Uvigerina (Sagrina) raphanus. PARKER and JONES, 1865, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 155, p. 346, pl. 18, figs. 16, 17. Siphogenerina raphanus CUSHMAN, 1913, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 3, p. 108, pl. 46, figs. 1-5. Siphogenerina costata and S. raphanus have been placed in synonymy by Galloway, Cushman, and more recently, Bandy. This synonymy is discussed by Loeblich and Tappan in the Treatise (pt. C, Protista 2, vol. 2, p. C571) as follows, ‘““We examined the types of S. raphanus in the British Museum (Natural VoL. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 367 History), and regard it as distinct from S. costata. Siphogenerina is here re- garded as including only species which are triserial in the microspheric early stage and biserial in the megalospheric stage. As S. raphanus is biserial to uniserial in the microspheric form and only uniserial in the megalospheric stage it has been transferred to Rectobolivina.” Since the Cape San Lucas species is triserial, it would have to be considered as Siphogenerina but as S. raphanus is now classed as Rectobolivina our present species would more logically be called S. costata. Superfamily NoODOSARIACEA Family NoposARtIDAE Subfamily NODOSARIINAE Genus Dentalina Risso Dentalina communis (d’Orbigny). Nodosaria communis d’Orbigny, BRApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 5 pl. 62, figs. 21, 22. CusHMmaN, 1913, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 3, p. 54, pl. 28, figs. 1, 2. Very rare, only one perfect specimen found. Genus Lagena Walker and Jacob Lagena hexagona (Williamson). Lagena hexagona (Williamson), Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 472, pl. 58, figs. 32, 33. CusHMAN, 1913, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull., 71, pt. 3, p. 17, pl. 6, figs. 2, 3. This is one of the very rare forms in this fauna. Family GLANDULINIDAE Subfamily OOLININAE Genus Fissurina Reuss Fissurina lacunata (Burrows and Holland). Lagena castrensis BRADY, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 485, pl. 60, figs. 1, 2. Lagena orbignyana (Seguenza) var. lacunata (Burrows and Holland), CusHman, 1913, US. Nate Wiust, Bulle (il pte os paaoe ple ZO ties 1. Fissurina lacunata (Burrows and Holland), Parr, 1945, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n.s., vol. 56, p. 203. This very small form is most nearly like the variety figured by Cushman but differs from it in the surface pitting which is limited to the convex portion of either face, and in having more abbreviated tricarinate edges. In this variety the carinae are nothing more than raised edges, the neck only slightly expressed. This is a rare form in the Cape San Lucas dredgings and its small dimensions (.2 mm to .25 mm.) render it somewhat inconspicuous. 368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER. Family CASSIDULINIDAE Genus Cassidulina d’Orbigny Cassidulina species. This very small (.2 mm.) and transparent form is scattered very sparingly through the finer material. It could not be identified with any of the described species from this general area. Superfamily MILioLAcEea Subfamily CYCLOGYRINAE Genus Cyclogyra Wood Cyclogyra involvens (Reuss). Cornuspira involvens (Reuss), Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 200, pl. 11, figs. 1-3. Cusuman, 1917, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 6, p. 25, pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 2, fig. 2. Loeblich and Tappan have indicated in the Treatise (1964), that the genus Cyclogyra has precedence over Cornus pira. The specimens referred to here, while exhibiting the true characteristics of the species, are somewhat smaller than usual, ranging in size from .21 mm. to .27 mm. in diameter. Only a few were found. Superfamily SPrRILLINACEA Family SprRILLINIDAE Subfamily SPIRILLININAE Genus Spirillina Ehrenberg Spirillina denticulata Brady. Spirillina limbata var. denticulata BrApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 632, pl. 85, fig. 17. Spirillina denticulata Brady, Parr, 1950, Brit. Antarct. New Zealand Antarctic Res. Expend. 1929-31, Rept. Ser. B, vol. 5, pt. 6, p. 351. Not a common species here. Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg. Spirillina vivipara Ehrenberg, Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 630, pl. 85, figs. 1-5. CUSHMAN, 1915, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 5, 1915, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 1-2; in text, fig. 1. The few specimens of this species found in the Cape San Lucas dredgings are characteristically hyaline and porous. The larger one measures .3 mm. in diameter. VoL. XXX! CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 369 Family BOLOVINITIDAE Genus Brizalina Costa Brizalina paula (Cushman and Cahill). Bolivina paula Cushman and Cahill MS., CusHMaAN and Ponton, 1932, Florida State Geol. Surv., Bull. 9, p. 84, pl. 12, figs. 6a, b. CusHMAN and McCuttocn, 1942, Allan Hancock Exped., vol. 6, no. 4, p. 202, pl. 24, figs. 9-12. In this fauna there are a number of specimens which correspond to the figures in the Cushman and McCulloch paper but there are others which might more correctly be called B. striatula Cushman and it appears to be an intergrading series. Brizalina compacta (Sidebottom). Bolivina robusta Brady, var. compacta SIpDEBOTTOM, 1905, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc., vol. 49, no. 5, pl. 3, fig. 7. Bolivina compacta CUSHMAN, 1911, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 2, p. 36, text fig. 58. Bolivina compacta SiEBOTTOM, CUSHMAN, and McCuttocu, 1942, Allan Hancock Pac. Ex- ped., vol. 6, no. 4, p. 190, pl. 23, fig. 4. There are a number of specimens which are, with some hesitation, referred to this species but they are included with a few which appear to definitely belong here. Genus Bolivina d’Orbigny Bolivina pseudoplicata Heron-Allen and Earland. Bolivina pseudoplicata HrroN-ALLEN and EARLAND, 1930, Roy. Micros. Soc. Jour., London, pt. 1, ser. 3, vol. 50, p. 51, pl. 3, figs. 36-40. CusHmMaAn and McCuttocnu, 1942, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 4, p. 204, pl. 25, figs. 4-7. A few well preserved specimens of this species were found. Bolivina torqueta Cushman and McCulloch. Bolivina torqueata CUSHMAN and McCuttocn, 1942, Allan Hancock Pac. Exped., vol. 6, no. 4, p. 215, pl. 27, figs. 5, 6. A half dozen of this very distinctive species were found, all well preserved. The species was reported from a number of stations off the Mexican coast and the Galapagos Islands by the Allan Hancock Expedition. Family ANOMALINIDAE Subfamily ANOMALININAE Genus Hanzawaia Asano Hanzawaia nitidula (Bandy). Cibiocidena basiloba (Cushman) var. nitidula BANby, 1953, Jour. Paleo., vol. 27, no. 2, p. 178, pla 22 tig. 3: Hanzawaia nitidula (Bandy), 1961, Micropaleo., vol. 7, no. 1, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 2a, b, c. 370 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [PRoc. 4TH SER. This is one of the less common forms in this material. It was listed by Bandy as one of the characteristic species of the inner shelf biofacies. Family GLOBOROTALIIDAE Subfamily GLOBOROTALIINAE Genus Globorotalia Cushman Globorotalia menardii (d’Orbigny). Pulvinulina menardi (d’Orbigny), Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 690, pl. 103, figs. 1, 2. CUSHMAN, 1921, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 100, vol. 4, p. 333, pl. 6, figs. 1 a-c. Globorotalia menardii CUSHMAN, 1927, Bull. Scripps Inst. Ocean. Tech. Ser., vol. 1, p. 176. This is one of the more common and well defined species here and one that is generally wide spread in this tropical Pacific Coast area. Superfamily ROTALIACEA Family ROTALIIDAE Subfamily ROTALITINAE Genus Rotalia Lamarck Rotalia avalonensis Natland. Rotalia depressa NATLAND, 1938, Bull. Scripps Inst. Ocean. La Jolla, Calif., Tech. Ser., vol. 4, no. 5, p: 147, pl: 5, figs. 15a; ‘by ic. Rotalia avalonensis NATLAND, new name, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 43, 1940 E. W. Scripps Cruise Gulf Calif., pt. 4, p. 30, pl. 8, figs. 4 a-c. The small species which I have referred to the above name appears to be the same as that figured by Natland from the Carmen Island locality. Only a few were found at Cape San Lucas. Superfamily DiscoRBACEA Family DiscoRBIDAE Subfamily DISCORBINAE Genus Rosalina d’Orbigny Rosalina obtusa d’Orbigny (?). Rosalina obtusa D’ORBIGNY, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, ser. 1, vol. 7. Discorbis obtusa (dVOrbigny) (?), CusHMAN, 1931, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 8, p. 27, pl. 6, figs. 2a, b, c. This is one of the commoner forms found at the Cape. Vor. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 371 Genus Discorbis Lamarck Discorbis nitida (Williamson). Rosalina nitida WILLIAMson, 1858, Rec. Foram. Great Britain, p. 54, pl. 4, figs. 106-108. Rotalia nitida Brapvy, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 24, p. 474. Discorbina nitida Wricut, 1889, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 449. Discorbis nitida (Williamson), CusHMAN, 1931, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 8, p. 26, pl. 6, hese lak DG. Only a few of this species were found here. Discorbis hannae Church, new species. Test rotaliform, calcareous, perforate, plano-convex, coarsely perforate on dorsal, convex side, smooth, translucent and finely perforate on the flattened, ventral side, sutures directed back in gentle curves, slightly indented near the umbilicus, sutures on the dorsal side, narrow, dark lines flush with the surface and extending back at a steep angle of more than 50 degrees, outer edge acutely angled but rounded and only slightly thickened, no carina, seven chambers in the final whorl, all visible on the dorsal side, only those of the last formed whorl visible from the ventral side, the dorsal side elevated into a short, rounded, nipple- like cone somewhat thickened near the apex and projecting above the lower angled final whorl as a more steeply angled knob, color dark brown in top part of spire and fading to a pale brown in last whorl, aperture a low arch or slit at the base of the last formed chamber and extending from the periphery to the small umbilicus which is partially filled with a small depressed plug of dark, clear shell material, the inner points of the chambers project as thin, pointed teeth, partially concealing the opening and plug. Height of type .28 mm., breadth .25 mm., thickness .15 mm. Hootype no. 13034, California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geol- ogy Type Collection, from Locality 1309 (CAS), dredged from 28 fathoms off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. The generic designation of this species is somewhat doubtful as it has charac- ters common to both Discorbis and Rosalina. It is a fairly common species at Cape San Lucas. It is named in honor of Mrs. Margaret M. Hanna, illustrator of many Foraminifera. Discorbis species. A few specimens of this unidentified species were found. It has very coarse but few scattered pores over the dorsal chambers where the test is thick and rugose and practically none on the ventral side where the test wall is thinner and of clear shell material. The umbilical area is very slightly depressed and obscured by a thin over-growth. 372 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER. Discorbis rosea (d’Orbigny). Rotalia rosea D’ORBIGNY, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, p. 272, no. 7, Modeles, no. 35. CusH- MAN, 1931, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 8, p. 62, pl. 13, figs. 5 a—c. Truncatulina rosea (d’Orbigny), CUSHMAN, 1922, Publ. 311, Carnegie Inst., Washington, D.C., p. 46, pl. 14, figs. 3-5. Discorbina rosea (d’Orbigny), BARKER, 1960, “Taxonomic Notes,’ on Brady’s Challenger Report of 1884. Soc. Econ. Paleon. Min., Spec. Pub. no. 9, p. 198, pl. 96, fig. 1. Three good specimens were found and like those figured from the Atlantic Ocean by Cushman, they have numerous, short spines or tubercules over most of the highly domed dorsal side but more pronounced toward the base. All speci- mens have the delicate pink color characteristic of the species. Discorbis isabelleana d’Orbigny. Discorbis isabelleana d’Orbigny, CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stan- ford Univ., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 23, pl. 6, figs. 6; 7 a-c; 8 a—c. This is one of the less common species here. Genus Neoconorbina Hofker Neoconorbina concinna (Brady). Discorbina concinna Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 646, pl. 90, figs. 7,8. Tretomphalus concinnus (Brady), CUSHMAN, 1934, Contrib. Cushman Lab. Foram. Res., vol. 10, pt. 4, no. 149, p. 96, pl. 12, figs. 13-15. Rosalina concinna (Brady), BARKER, 1960, Spec. Publ. no. 9, Soc. Econ. Paleon, Min., Taxo- nomic Notes in Brady, Rep. Voy. Challenger, pl. 90, figs. 7, 8. This small species is quite common at Cape San Lucas. Neoconorbina rosacea (d’Orbigny). Rotalia rosacea pD’ORBIGNY, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, p. 273, no. 15; Modeles no. 15; Modeles no. 39. Discorbis rosacea Brapy, 1864, Trans. Linnean Soc. London. vol. 25, p. 473, no. 69; 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 644, pl. 87, fig. 1 (4 ?). Discorbis rosacea CUSHMAN, 1915, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 5, p. 13, figs. 13a, b, c (in text) . Neoconorbina terquemi (Rzehak). Rosalina orbicularis TERQUEM, 1876, Essai Class., Anim. Dunkerque, pt. 2, p. 166, pl. 9, figs. 4 a-b. Discorbina orbicularis (Terquem), BrApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 647, pl. 88, figs. 4-8. Discorbina terquemi RzZEHAK, new name, 1888, Geol. Reichsanst., Verh., Wien, p. 228. Discorbis orbicularis (Terquem), CUSHMAN, 1915, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 5, p. 16, text figs. 18 a-c, pl. 11, figs. 1 a-c. Vor. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 373 Rosalina terquemi (Rzehak), GRAHAM and Mimtante, 1959, Stanford Univ. Pub. Geol. Sci., vol. 6, no. 2, p. 98, pl. 14, figs. 13, 14a, b, c. Neoconorbina terquemi (Rzehak), BARKER, 1960, Taxonomic Notes on species figured by Brady, Challenger Rep. 1884, Soc. Econ. Paleon. Min., Spec. Rep. no. 9, p. 182, pl. 88, figs. 4-8. This is one of the commoner species found in the Cape San Lucas material as is Neoconorbina rosacea (d’Orbigny) and it requires careful examination to distinguish one from the other. Genus Tretomphalus Mobius Tretomphalus bulloides (d’Orbigny). Cymbalopora bulloides (d’Orbigny), Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 638, pl. 102, figs. 7-12; text figs. 20 a-c. Tretomphalus bulloides (d’Orbigny), CUSHMAN, 1915, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 5, p. 26, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4. This is one of the more common forms in the Cape San Lucas fauna. Rosalina natlandi Church, new species. Test rotaliform, plano-convex, calcareous, all chambers visible from the dorsal side, only those of the final whorl visible from the ventral side, dorsal side rounded into a low arch, ventral side concave in the umbilical area, six moderately inflated chambers on the final whorl, test uniformly thin, transparent, with very fine, uniformly distributed pores on both sides, all chambers equally inflated, the sutures moderately incised, gently curved on the dorsal side, less so on the ventral side, chambers enlarge rather rapidly and evenly, outer edge of test gently rounded without a carina or any noticeable thickening, aperture a low arch at the base of the last formed chamber about half way between the umbili- cus and the periphery of the test and extending into the umbilicus, a thin, trans- parent plate extending from the inner margin of each chamber into the umbilical opening but not so far as to close it, the secondary sutural openings are not fully developed. Dimensions: maximum diameter .35 mm.; thickness .18 mm. Ho.otyPE no. 13035, California Academy of Sciences, Department of Geol- ogy Type Collection, from Locality 1309 (CAS), dredged in from 2 to 8 fathoms off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. This species differs from Ammonia beccarii (Linné), to which it has been compared, in having fewer, broader and more inflated chambers, more deeply incised sutures with less apparent thickening on the dorsal side and without dendritic development on the ventral side, test more compressed and more con- cave on the ventral side, aperture open, without umbilical plug, pillars or gran- ules. This species is named in honor of Dr. M. L. Natland, author of many papers on the living and Tertiary Foraminifera of this area. 374 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Family ACERVULINIDAE Genus Acervulina Schultze Acervulina inhaerens Schultze. Acervulina inhaerens SCHULTZE, 1854, Organismus Polythal., p. 68, pl. 6, fig. 12. Gypsina inhaerens Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 718, pl. 102, figs. 1-6. Acervulina inhaerens SCHULTZE, GALLOWAY, and WISSLER, 1927, Jour. Paleo., vol. 1, no. 1, JOO roll alale aikery s. This encrusting species takes many shapes depending on the shape of the object to which it attaches itself. It is quite common at this locality. Family CyMBALOPORIDAE Genus Cymbaloporetta Cushman Cymbaloporetta squammosa (d’Orbigny). Rotalia squammosa D’ORBIGNY, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 7, p. 272, no. 8. Cymbaloporetta squammosa CUSHMAN, 1922, Carnegie Inst., Washington, D.C., Publ. 311, p. 41, pl. 6, figs. 4-6. A number of this species were found so it is not uncommon in the Cape San Lucas dredgings. Subfamily BAGGININAE Genus Cancris de Montfort Cancris aricula (Fichtel and Moll). Nautilus auricula var. A, FicHteLt and Mott, 1803, Test. Micr., p. 108, pl. 20, figs. a-c; var. B, pl. 20, figs. d-f. Cancris auricula (Fichtel and Moll), CusumMan, 1931, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 8, p. 72, pl. 15, figs. 1 a-c. NaTLanp, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 43, pt. 4, p. 32, pl. 8, figs. 7 a-C. This is one of the rare species in this fauna. Family GLABRATELLIDAE Genus Glabratella Dorreen Glabratella pulvinata (Brady). Discorbina pulvinata BRrapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 650, pl. 88, figs. 10 a-b. Discorbis pulvinata (Brady), CUSHMAN, 1915, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 5, p. 19, pl. 7, fig. 2- in text, tigw22. Cushman described this species as having a diameter of .28 mm., those from Cape San Lucas are about the same size, ranging from .24 mm. to .32 mm. in diameter. They are quite common here. Vor. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 375 Family CIBICIDIDAE Subfamily CIBICIDINAE Genus Cibicides de Montfort Cibicides mayori Cushman. Truncatulina mayori Cushman, 1924, Carnegie Inst. pub. 342, p. 39, pl. 12, figs. 3, 4. Only one specimen was found here. Cibicides conoideus Galloway and Wissler. Cibicides conoideus Galloway and Wissler, 1927, Jour. Paleo., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 63, pl. 10, figs. fay Ds iC. Only the small specimens from the type material compare with our present living examples. Cibicides concentrica (Cushman). Truncatulina concentrica CUSHMAN, 1918, U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 676, p. 64, pl. 21, fig. 3 a-c. Cibicides concentrica (CUSHMAN), 1931, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 104, pt. 8, p. 120, pl. 21, figs. 4, 5; plate 22, figs. 1, 2. This is a rare species in the Cape San Lucas fauna but the few found are well preserved. They are most like the one figured by Cushman on plate 21, in Bulletin 104 of the U.S. National Museum. Cibicides species. This is a rather large, coarsely perforate species of which only two specimens were found. It appears not to have been described. Genus Dyocibicides Cushman and Valentine Dyocibicides biserialis CUSHMAN and VALENTINE. Dyocibicides biserialis CUSHMAN and VALENTINE, 1930, Contrib. Dept. Geol. Stanford Univ., WOl, Ih, TO, Th, jos Sil, ol WO, atressy Gl, wa, Woy. Numerous good specimens of this highly variable species were found. Family HANTKENINIDAE Subfamily HASTIGERININAE Genus Hastigerina Thomson Hastigerina murrayi Thomson. Hastigerina murrayi THOMSON, 1876, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 24, p. 534. Bortt, LoeBLicH, and Tappan, 1957, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 215, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 1-4b. This is one of the less common species in the Cape San Lucas material. 376 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [| Proc. 47H SER. Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Subfamily GLOBIGERININAE Genus Globigerina d’Orbigny Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny. Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny, BrApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 593, pl. 77; pl. 79, figs. 3-7. CusuMman, 1914, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 5, pl. 2, figs. 7-9; pl. 9. This worldwide species is not a common form at this locality. Globigerina inflata d’Orbigny. Globigerina inflata d’Orbigny BraApy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 601, pl. 79, figs. 8-10. CusuMman, 1914, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 4-8. This species is classified as Globorotalia inflata (d’Orbigny) by Frances L. Parker (Jour. Paleo., 1964). It is quite rare in the Cape San Lucas fauna as only two were found and while they are not typical they have been referred to this species. Globigerina quinqueloba Natland. Globigerina quinqueloba NATLAND, 1938, Bull. Scripps Inst. Ocean., La Jolla, Tech. ser., vol. 4, no. 5, p. 149, pl. 6, figs. 7a, b, c. PARKER, 1964, Jour. Paleo., vol. 38, no. 4, p. 630, pli 1Ol; figs: 15, 116. This is one of the rarer species in this fauna. Globigerina conglomerata Schwager. Globigerina conglomerata SCHWAGER, 1866, Novara, Exped., Theil., pt. 2, p. 255, pl. 7, fig. 113. CusHMAN, 1927, Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanog., Tech. Ser., vol. 1, no. 10, p. 172. NATLAND, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 43, pt. 4, p. 36, pl. 10, figs. 1 a-c. Globigerina eggeri Rhumbler, BRANpDT, 1901, K. Nordischis Plankton, Lief. 1, Nr. 14, p. 19, ZO stte.2,0: Natland considered G. conglomerata and G. eggeri to be equivalent species. This is a fairly common species here and a number of the specimens have thin bullae covering the apertures on which younger specimens are attached as if budding off from the parent test. Others are normally open at the umbilicus but there are indications that such bullae may have been present and later resorbed. Genus Globigerinoides Cushman Globigerinoides conglobata (Brady). Globigerina conglobata Brapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 603, pl. 80, figs. 1-5; pl. 82, fig. 5. CusHman, 1914, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 10, pl. 3, figs. 3-5; pl. 10, figs. 1, 6. Globigerinoides conglobata (Brady), CUSHMAN, 1927, Bull. Scripps Inst. Ocean., Tech. Ser., Volol. nos 1051p. 173: VoL. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 377 This species, while quite common in the Cape San Lucas material, is much smaller than the usual occurrence and the final chambers are not so flattened as some of the larger specimens from other localities. Globigerinoides sacculiferus (Brady). Globigerina sacculifera BRrapy, 1884, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, p. 604, pl. 80, figs. 11-17. CusHMAN, 1914, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 71, pt. 4, p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 4-6; pl. 5, pl. 10, fig. 4. Globigerinoides sacculiferus (Brady), NATLAND, 1950, Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 43, pt. 4, p. 37, pl. 10, fig. 5a, b, c. Only two of this species were found in the material examined and they are of the smaller type with more restricted chambers and apertures. Family CAUCASINIDAE Subfamily FURSENKOININAE Genus Fursenkoina Loeblich and Tappan Fursenkoina species. Only one specimen of this genus was found and it is not complete. REFERENCES ASANO, KiyosHI 1950. Illustrated catalogue of Japanese Tertiary small Foraminifera. Parts 1-15, Pe- troleum Branch, Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Command for Allied Powers, Tokyo, Japan. BANpDy, ORVILLE L. 1944. Eocene Foraminifera from Cape Blanco, Oregon. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 366-377, pls. 60-62. 1952. The genotype of Siphogenerina. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 3, pt. 1, art. 48, pp. 17, 18. 1953. Ecology and paleoecology of some California Foraminifera. Part 1, The frequency distribution of recent Foraminifera off California. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 161-182. 1961. Distribution of Foraminifera, radiolaria and diatoms in sediments of the Gulf of California. Micropaleontology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-26, pls. 1-5. BANDY, ORVILLE L., and RoBErT E. ARNAL 1957. Distribution of Recent Foraminifera off the west coast of central America. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 2037— 2053, 3 figs. Barker, E. WRIGHT 1960. Taxonomic Notes on the species figured by H. B. Brady in the report on Foram- inifera dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76, with repro- ductions of Brady’s plates. Special Publication no. 9, Society Economic Paleon- tologists and Mineralogists, pls. 1-114. BERMUNDEZ, PEDRO J. 1949. Tertiary Smaller Foraminifera of the Dominican Republic. Special Publication no. 25, Cushman Laboratory Foraminiferal Research, pp. 1-322, pls. 1-26. 378 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 47H SER. BRADSHAW, JOHN S. 1959. Ecology of living planktonic Foraminifera in the North and Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Re- search, vol. 10, pt. 2, art. 126, pp. 25-64, pls. 6-8, 42 text figs. CuurcH, C. C. 1929. Some recent shallow water Foraminifera dredged near Santa Catalina Island, California. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 302-305, 3 text figs. Cor, W. Storrs 1931. The Pliocene and Pleistocene Foraminifera of Florida. Florida State Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 6, pp. 1-79, pls. 1-7. CorveELl, H. N., and R. W. MossMAn 1942. Foraminifera of the Charco Azul Formation, Pliocene, of Panama. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 233-246, pl. 36. Croucg, R. W. 1952. Significance of temperature on Foraminifera from deep basins off southern Cali- fornia coast. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 36, pp. 807-843. CusHMAN, J. A. 1910-1917. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. United States National Museum, Bulletin 71, pts. 1-6. 1918a. Some Pliocene and Miocene Foraminifera of the Coastal Plain of the United States, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 676, pp. 1-73, pls. 9-31. 1918b. The smaller Foraminifera of the Panama Canal Zone. United States National Museum, Bulletin 103, pp. 45-87, pls. 19-33. 1918c-1931. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. United States National Museum, Bulletin 104, pts. 1-8. 1921. Foraminifera of the Philippines and adjacent seas. United States National Mu- seum, Bulletin 100, vols. 1-4, pp. 1-608, pls. 1-100, text figs. 1-52. 1922. Shallow-water Foraminifera of the Tortuga region. Carnegie Institution, Wash- ington, D.C., publication 311 (Department Marine Biology Papers, vol. 17), pp. 1-85, pls. 1-14. 1924. Samoan Foraminifera. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C., Publication 342 (Department of Marine Biology Papers, vol. 21), pp. 1-75, pls. 1-25. 1926. Foraminifera of the genera Siphogenerina and Pavonina. Proceedings United States National Museum, no. 2597, vol. 67, art. 25, pp. 1-24, pls. 1-6. 1927. Recent Foraminifera from off the west coast of America. Bulletin Scripps Insti- tution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, Technical Series, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 119-188, pls. 1-6. 1930. Some Recent Foraminifera from off San Pedro, California. Contribution Cush- man Laboratory Foraminiferal Research, vol. 6, pt. 3, art. 93, pp. 49-62, pls. Ss: 1931. Parrina, a new generic name. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 7, pt. 1, art. 102, p. 20. 1932-1942. The Foraminifera of the Tropical Pacific collections of the “Albatross,” 1899-1900, United States National Museum, Bulletin 161, pts. 1, 2, 3. 1933. Some new Recent Foraminifera from the tropical Pacific. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 9, pt. 4, art. 137, pp. 77- 95, pls. 8-10. 1934. Notes on the genus Tretomphalus, with descriptions of some new species of a new Vor. XXX] CHURCH: CAPE SAN LUCAS SHALLOW WATER FORAMINIFERA 379 genus, Pyropilus. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminif- eral Research, vol. 10, pt. 4, art. 149, pp. 79-101, pls. 11-13. 1936. New genera and species of the families Vernewilinidae, and Valvulinidae and the subfamily Virgulininae. Special Publication no. 6, Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 71 pp., 8 pls. 1937. A monograph of the subfamily Virgulininae of the family Buliminidae. Special Publication no. 9, Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, XV + 228 pp., 24 pls. 1940. Foraminifera, their classification and economic use. 3rd ed., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 535 pp., 48 pls. 1947. New species and varieties of Foraminifera from off the Southeastern Coast of the United States. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, vol. 23, pt. 4, no. 302, pp. 86-92, pls. 18-20. CusHMAN, J. A., and Betty KELLETT 1929. Recent Foraminifera from the West Coast of South America. United States National Museum, Proceedings no. 2796, vol. 75, art. 25, pp. 1-16, pls. 1-5. CusHMAN, J. A., and Y. OzAwA 1929. Some species of fossil and Recent Polymorphinidae found in Japan. A Revision of Polymorphinidae. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, vol. 6, nos. Soho jos Sul, tol We, Whee, ASI 1930. A monograph of the foraminiferal family Polymorphinidae Recent and _ fossil. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, no. 2829, vol. 77, art. 6, pp. 1-185, pls. 1-40. CusHMAN, J. A., and W. W. VALENTINE 1930. Shallow-water Foraminifera from the Channel Islands of southern California. Contributions from the Department of Geology of Stanford University, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-51, pls. 1-10. CusHMAN, J. A., and F. L. PARKER 1931. Recent Foraminifera from the Atlantic Coast of South America. Proceedings United States National Museum, no. 2903, vol. 80, art. 3, pp. 1-24, pls. 1-4. CusHMan, J. A., and Geratp M. Ponton 1932. The Foraminifera of the Upper, Middle and Part of the Lower Miocene of Florida. Florida State Geological Survey, Bulletin no. 9, pp. 1-147, pls. 1-17, 1 chart. CusHMAN, J. A., and IRENE McCuLLocH 1939-1948. Allan Hancock Pacific expeditions, vol. 6, nos. 1-6, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. CusHMAN, J. A., and H. B. Gray 1946. A Foraminiferal Fauna from the Pliocene of Timms Point, California. Special Publication no. 19, Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, pp. 1-46, pls. 1-8. Ex.is, Brooks F., and ANGELINE R. MEssINA 1940. Catalogue of Foraminifera. Special publication, American Museum of Natural History, vols. 1-30, yearly supplements since. FLinT, JAMEs M. 1899. Recent Foraminifera, a descriptive catalogue of the specimens dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross.” United States National Museum, Report (1897), pp. 249-349, pls. 1-80. Gattoway, J. J. 1933. A manual of Foraminifera. James Furman Kemp Memorial Series, Publication no. 1, pp. xii + 483, 42 pls. 380 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [ Proc. 4TH SER. GALLoway, J. J., and STANLEY G. WISSLER 1927. Pleistocene Foraminifera from the Lomita Quarry, Palos Verdes Hills, California. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35-87, pls. 7-12, July. Correction of names, no. 3, p. 193, December. GRAHAM, J. J., and PrisciLta J. MILITANTE 1959. Recent Foraminifera from the Puerto Galera Area, northern Mindoro, Philippines. Stanford University Publications, Geological Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. iv + 170, pls. 1-19. Lorsiicu, A. L., Jr., and collaborators, HELEN Tappan, J. P. BECKMAN, Hans M. BOLtt, EuGcentA M. GALLITELLI, J. C. TROELSEN 1957. Studies in Foraminifera. United States National Museum, Bulletin 215, pp. 1-323, pls. 1-74. Lorsiicu, A. L., Jr., and HELEN TAPPAN 1964. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part C, Protista 2, chiefly ‘““Thecamoebians”’ and Foraminifera, vols. 1 and 2. University of Kansas Press and the Geological Society of America. NATLAND, MANLEY L. 1938. New species of Foraminifera from the west coast of North America and from the later Tertiary of the Los Angeles Basin. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 137-164, pls. 3-7. 1950. E. W. Scripps Cruise to the Gulf of California (1940). Pt. 4, Report on the Pleistocene and Pliocene Foraminifera. Geological Society of America, Memoir 43, pp. 1-52, pls. 1-11. PARKER, FRANCES L., F. B. PHLEGER, and J. F. PEtRSON 1953. Ecology of Foraminifera from San Antonio Bay and Environs, Southwest Texas. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication no. 2, pp. 1-75, pls. 1-4, 7 tables, 49 figs. PARKER, FRANCES L. 1964. Foraminifera from the experimental Mohole drilling near Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 617-636, pls. 97-102. PHLEGER, FRED B. 1960. Ecology and distribution of Recent Foraminifera. Johns Hopkins Press: Balti- more, Maryland. 1964. Patterns of living benthonic Foraminifera, Gulf of California. American Associa- tion Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 3, pp. 377-394. Marine Geology of the Gulf of California, a Symposium. Editors, T. H. Van Andel and G. G. Shor, Jr. SMITH, PATsy 1964. Ecology of benthonic species, Recent Foraminifera off Central America. United States Geological Survey, Prof. Paper 429-B, pp. B1-B55, pls. 1-7, text figs. 1-23, tables 1-8. Topp, RutTH 1957. Smaller Foraminifera: geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands, pt. 3, Paleontology. United States Geological Survey, Prof. Paper 280-H, pp. 265-320, pls. 64-93. UcHI0o, TAKAYASU 1960. Ecology of living Benthonis Foraminifera from the San Diego, California Area. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 5, pp. 1- 72, pls. 1-10. WALTON, W. R. 1955. Ecology of living benthonic Foraminifera, Todos Santos Bay, Baja California. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 952-1018, pls. 99-104, text figs. 24. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 18, pp. 381-399; 24 figs. September 30, 1968 THE DIGUET-MABILLE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF BAJA CALIFORNIA By G Dallas Hanna and Allyn G. Smith California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 In 1895, Jules Mabille published a rather large list of mollusks collected in the Gulf of California and on the peninsula of Baja California by Léon M. Diguet. The latter is known to have travelled extensively in that area and to have made collections in the fields of botany, zoology, and anthropology, as well as conchology. Because the results of Diguet’s work in Baja California are not well known we have included two of his published papers in our list of references at the end of this report. A rather complete list has been compiled by Barrett oa: 1967): The Mabille list contains the names of 134 marine species and subspecies of mollusks. In addition, there are names of 26 land and freshwater forms. Fight of the marine and 18 of the land and freshwater species were described as new. Not one was illustrated. Although the land and freshwater forms were described rather fully, the identification of Mabille’s species has given a great deal of trouble. This arises chiefly in most instances because no comparisons were made with species that already had been described and illustrated. When Dr. H. A. Pilsbry prepared the volume on the American Bulimulidae in the Manual of Conchology he com- mented on his inability to verify Mabille’s names; about all he attempted was to [381] ESE SES [ Marine Biological Laboratory ep i ie RA PR Y OCT 1 4 1968 WOODS HOLE —— 382 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [PRroc. 4TH SER. publish English translations of the original descriptions in French. When the senior author worked on the large collection brought back from Baja California as a result of the California Academy of Sciences’ 1921 Expedition to the Gulf of California the same difficulties were encountered; there were grave doubts whether some of the species that were then described as new (Hanna, 1923) were not actually some that Mabille had described previously. Therefore, when it became possible for the senior author and Mrs. Hanna to visit some European museums during the summer of 1966, arrangements were made in advance to work at the Paris Museum of Natural History August 2 to 4. Through the kindness of Dr. Edouard Fischer-Piette and Dr. H. Chevallier, the collection in question had been segregated in order that the specimens might be photographed. They were most courteously received by Dr. and Mrs. Bernard Salvat and Miss Anne Marie Testud of the Department of Malacology. As a result of this pleasant visit it is now possible to illustrate Mabille’s new land and freshwater species for the first time, which is the primary purpose of this report. In addition to the 18 new species of land and freshwater shells covered in Mabille’s list, there are eight named previously that were recognized and cor- rectly identified by him; these need not be considered further. Two species— Helix (Polygyra) solidens and H. (P.) triangularis (and var. minor)—are from Guaymas, Sonora, on the west Mexican mainland and not from Baja Cali- fornia. These are also illustrated. Unfortunately, the type lots of three species of Bulimulus could not be found among Diguet’s Baja California shells in the Paris Museum. These are Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) lapidovagus, B. (L.) dentifer, and B. (Thaumastus) digueti. Mabille’s published paper contains brief locality information, which helps some- what in placing the species. This is especially true of Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) dentifer recorded from Isla Tortuga, a volcanic island in the Gulf of California. A large series of specimens was collected on this island during the Academy’s 1921 Expedition and only a single species could be found. Some of these shells have been deposited in the Paris Museum for comparison in the event the original lot of B. dentifer is found later. Although Mabille did not publish designations of types with his descriptions, labels in his handwriting do have the word “type” or ‘‘types” on them, leaving no doubt that type lots are represented. Notes were made of this in each instance and measurements were made at the time the shells were photographed for a check with those included by Mabille in his descriptions. Without a direct comparison of pertinent type material in various museums with Mabille’s type specimens in the Paris Museum (N. H.), any attempt to determine the validity of his new names must be speculative; in most instances decisions must be based on subjective evidence. Although the opportunity for direct comparisons seems remote, we believe some contribution can and should be made now toward settling the confusion caused by Mabille’s new names by a VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 383 study of the photographs and an evaluation of these and other available informa- tion. Our opinions and conclusions, contained in the following systematic list, may be summarized as follows: Mabille, 1895 Planorbis mysarus Helix indigena Helix steganella Helix invecta Helix digueti Helix (Polygyra) solidens Helix (Polygyra) triangularis Helix (Polygyra) triangularis var. minor Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) lapidovagus B. (Leptobyrsus) dentifer & . (Leptobyrsus) subs pirifer wy . (Leptobyrsus) dismenicus & . (Scutalus) acholus & . (Scutalus) cosmicus es) . (Scutalus) cacotycus . (Thaumastus) digueti . (Globulus) recognitus wh Berendtia digueti Berendtia minorina Probable Equivalent Planorbella tumida (Pfeiffer, 1839) Micrarionta indigena (Mabille, 1895); syn. M. peninsularis (Pilsbry, 1916) Micrarionta lohrii (Gabb, 1868) Micrarionta lohrii (Gabb, 1868) A nomen inquirendum Polygyra anilis (Gabb, 1865) Polygyra behri (Gabb, 1865) Polygyra behri (Gabb, 1865) A nomen inquirendum Rabdotus (Leptobyrsus) dentifer (Ma- bille, 1895) Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) Mabille, 1895 Bulimulus (Hannarabdotus) beldingi Cooper, 1892 Bulimulus (Puritanina) acholus Ma- bille, 1895 Bulimulus (Puritanina) species inquir- endum Bulimulus (Hannarabdotus) excelsus (Gould, 1853) A nomen inquirendum Rabdotus (Rabdotus) sufflatus (Gould, 1859) Coelocentrum (Spartocentrum) digueti (Mabille, 1895) Coelocentrum (Spartocentrum) mino- rina (Mabille, 1895) subs pirifer Family PLANORBIDAE Planorbis mysarus Mabille. Planorbis mysarus MABILLE, 1895, pp. 63, 64. GERMAIN, 1921, p. 54. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower California (Diguet). Type Lot. Problematical. See remarks. 384 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER, There were no specimens in the Paris Museum collection under the name Planorbis mysarus Mabille. There were, however, other lots of Planorbis col- lected by Diguet in Baja California. We are indebted to Drs. Fischer-Piette and Chevallier for the following information: Diguet’s shells were studied and identified later by Germain (1921), who placed Mabille’s new species in the synonymy of Planorbis (Pierosoma) tumidus Pfeiffer, 1839. There are five lots, as follows: Lot 1. The label, in Germain’s handwriting, reads: “Planorbis voisins du tumidus Pfr., riviére de San Jose del Calvo |= Cabo]. Sud de la Basse Californie.” Lot 2. Germain’s label reads: ‘“‘Planorbis tumidus Pfr., Sud de la B. C.” Lot 3. A similar label reads: ‘“Planorbis tumidus Pfr., San Jose del Calvo.” Lot 4. The label reads: “P. tumidus Pfr.,—P. caribaeus d’Orb.—P. guate- malensis Clessin, S. Jose.” Lot 5. The label in Mabille’s handwriting reads: “Planorbis tenuis Phil., Basse Californie, Diguet, 1893”; an accompanying label by Germain reads: “Planorbis tumidus var. major.” One of these specimens has the following dimensions: maximum diameter, 23.2 mm.; height, 8.4 mm.; height of aperture, 9.1 mm. The largest, (fig. 24a-c), measures: maximum diameter, 23.9 mm.; aperture height, 9.3 mm. Lot 5 is perhaps the significant one. The name “var. major,” preoccupied at least once by Gassies, 1863 (see Germain, 1923, p. 148), appears only on a Ficure 1. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cosmicus Mabille. Lectotype. Length, 46.7 mm.; maxi- mum diameter, 25.7 mm. Ficure 2. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cosmicus Mabille. Paralectotype. Length, 50.3 mm.; maximum diameter, 29.7 mm. Ficure 3. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) dismenicus Mabille. Lectotype. Length, 31.3 mm. maximum diameter, 15.0 mm. Ficure 4. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) subspirifer Mabille. Lectotype. Length, 46.9 mm.; maximum diameter, 19.7 mm. Ficure 5. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cacotycus Mabille. Lectotype. Length, 58.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 26.4 mm. Ficure 6. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cacotycus Mabille. Paralectotype. Length, 53.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 24.9 mm. Ficure 7. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cacotycus Mabille. Paralectotype. Length, 48.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 23.8 mm. Ficure 8. Bulimulus (Scutalus) acholus Mabille. Lectotype. Length, 45.1 mm.; maxi- mum diameter, 25.0 mm. Figure 8a, entire shell. Figure 8b, enlarged portion of body whorl to show sculptural detail. Ficure 9. Bulimulus (Globulus) recognitus Mabille. Lectotype. Length, 24.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 16.4 mm. VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 385 386 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. museum label and thus has no taxonomic significance. These specimens (or others like them) possibly represent what Mabille used in describing Planorbis mysarus, although the dimensions he gave (maximum diameter, 28 mm.; mini- mum diameter, 20 mm.; height, 8 mm.) call for a much larger shell than the largest one of “var. major” in lot 5. Although Mabille’s P. mysarus evidently cannot be related to a particular specimen with any certainty, we follow Germain in relegating it to the synonymy of P. tumidus. Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE Helix indigena Mabille. (Figures 22, 23.) Helix indigena MABILLE, 1895, p. 64. Pitssry, 1916, p. 99. TYPE LOCALITY. Found above 800 meters on the peaks of the Sierra, through- out most of the central part of the Peninsula of California (Diguet). TyprE Lot. Nine specimens marked ‘‘Types” on the label. All except one subadult (fig. 22) are dead, bleached shells. The shell designated here as the lectotype (fig. 23) is fully adult measuring: maximum diameter, 19.4 mm.; height, 10.2 mm. The other eight shells become paralectotypes. Pilsbry (1916), stated that these shells evidently belonged to the group of Sonorella | = M1- crarionta| lohrii (Gabb). That H. indigena is different from H. lohrii is evident from an examination of Mabille’s type lot, supported by the accompanying illus- trations (figs. 22, 23). It is doubtless the same as Micrarionta peninsularis (Pilsbry, 1916) described and illustrated in the same paper. The senior author discussed M. peninsularis in some detail in a later report (Hanna, 1923, pp. 503, 504), placing the locality of the original specimens col- lected by Gabb as being about 30 miles south of the Mission San Borja in the foothills of the Sierra de Calmalli. This is the same general area where Diguet probably collected M. indigena. Two large series of these snails were collected in this same area by the junior author during a Vizcaino Desert Expedition of the California Academy in 1961, the station locations being 5 miles northwest and 1 mile south of Rancho Mesquital on the main road not far north of the southern border of Baja California del Norte, which is 28° N. latitude. The species was also collected by Hanna and Wiggins about a mile north of the Mission San Borja in 1959. Several named Baja California species of Micrarionta seem closely related to M. indigena. Although a determination of their validity is beyond the scope of this report, a list of them is included for the benefit of those interested in this desert group: VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 387 Name Type Locality Micrarionta inglesiana Berry, 1928 North slope of Red Rock, 3 miles from the sea and 2 mile from Hamilton Ranch, West of Santo Domingo (Berry) M.merrilli (Bartsch, 1904) Below San Quentin (Bartsch) M. evermanni Pilsbry, 1916 Bahia Tortuga (Hanna & Jordan) M. ellipsostoma (Pilsbry, 1894) San Juan del Norte (Gabb)? M. ultima (Pilsbry, 1916)? Sinaloa, Mexico (Gabb) While available evidence points to the fact that M. indigena and M. peninsu- laris are conspecific (Mabille’s name taking precedence over Pilsbry’s), this can be determined with finality only by a detailed comparison of the type speci- mens of both species. Helix steganella Mabille. (Figures 16a-c.) Helix steganella MABILLE, 1895, pp. 64, 65. PirsBry, 1916, pp. 98-100. TYPE LOCALITY. Same as for the preceding species (Diguet). TypE Lot. A single specimen, marked “Type” on the label, becomes the lectotype. It measures: maximum diameter, 24.0 mm.; minimum diameter, 19.0 mm.; height, 9.8 mm. There is no doubt that this species is the same as Micrarionta lohri (Gabb, 1867). According to Dr. Chevallier, an anonymous worker subsequently added the following note to the tray holding Mabille’s shell: “C’est Sonorella lohriu Gabb.” Pilsbry (1916) came to the same conclusion based on his analysis of Mabille’s description which he translated into English, and placed H. steganella in the synonymy of M. lohrii. Mabille evidently had more than one specimen; his measurements show ranges in diameter and height of shell. The dimensions of the lectotype lie within these ranges except for shell height, which is 9.8 mm., the range being stated as 7.5 to 8 mm., a relatively minor discrepancy. It seems likely from our present knowledge of the geographic range of VM. lohrii that Diguet must have collected his specimens in an area well over 100 miles south of the spot where he found M. indigena. Helix invecta Mabille. Helix invecta MaABiqeE, 1895, p. 65. Pitspry, 1916, p. 100. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower California (Mabille). Type Lot. A single dead shell marked “Type” on the label, which becomes 1 Gabb’s ‘“‘San Juan del Norte’”’ is on the east side of the peninsula about 20 miles north of Loreto. 2M. ultima was reported from the mainland where no species of Micrarionta of the M. indigena group have been collected subsequently. 388 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. the lectotype. It measures: maximum diameter, 22.3 mm.; height, 9.8 mm., which compares with Mabille’s dimensions of 21 mm. and 7 mm. respectively. Pilsbry (1916) allocated this species to his “Group of Sonorella lohrii” and said it ‘‘seems nearer to S. /ohrii than any other species I have seen.’’ His view is certainly correct. The unique type specimen is so little different from the lectotype of Micrarionta steganella that no illustration of it seems necessary. Helix invecta Mabille, therefore, becomes a synonym of Micrarionta lohrii (Gabb, 1868). Helix digueti Mabille. Helix digueti MABILLE, 1895, p. 65. Pirspry, 1916, p. 100. TYPE LOCALITY. Not stated by Mabille. Type Lot. Not found in the Paris Museum. Mabille’s description, rendered into English by Pilsbry (1916), gives little or no information that might help to recognize the species. It calls for a shell measuring 20.0 mm. to 20.5 mm. in maximum diameter and 8 mm. to 9 mm. in height. Pilsbry thought it might be allocated to his “group of Micrarionta lohrit” but the statement that the reflexion of the basal part of the peristome nearly covers the umbilicus places it more closely to M. indigena (Mabille, 1895), M. lohri having a large, wide-open umbilicus. Helix digueti, therefore, must remain a nomen inquirendum until Mabille’s type material can be found. Family PoLYGYRIDAE Helix (Polygyra) solidens Mabille. (Figure 21.) Helix (Polygyra) solidens MABILLE, 1895, pp. 65, 66. TYPE LocALitTy. South of the village of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (Mabille). Typer Lot. A single dead shell labeled ‘‘Type.”’ This becomes the lectotype. Measurements are: maximum diameter, 14.0 mm.; height, 5.7 mm. > Ficures 10,11. Berendtia digueti Mabille. Figure 10. Lectotype. Length, 32.5 mm.; maxi- mum diameter, 4.3 mm. Figure 11. Paralectotype. Length, 31.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 5.1 mm. Ficures 12, 13. Berendtia minorina Mabille. Figure 12. Lectotype. Length, 20.2 mm.; maximum diameter, 3.9 mm. Figure 13. Paralectotype. Length, 20.1 mm.; maximum diam- eter, 3.9 mm. Ficures 14, 15. Berendtia minorina Mabille. Two paralectotypes from a series of four specimens. Figure 14. Length, 15.5 mm.; maximum diameter (not including body whorl), 3.8 mm. Figure 15. Length, 20.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 4.0 mm. Ficures l6a-c. Helix steganella Mabille. Lectotype. Maximum diameter, 24.0 mm.; minimum diameter, 19.0 mm.; height, 9.8 mm. Figure 16a, dorsal; figure 16b, apertural; figure 16c, ventral view. WOT SexexG] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 389 390 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER, This species belongs to the typical section of the genus Polygyra, as now re- stricted. It has a simple, single, columellar tooth. The “anonymous worker” mentioned earlier identified this shell as Polygyra anilis (Gabb, 1865), which also has Guaymas as its type locality, and there seems to be no doubt that this identification is correct. Gabb gave the dimensions of P. anilis as being 0.55 inch in greatest diameter, with a height of 0.23 inch, or 14.0 mm. X 5.8 mm. Mabille’s shell is almost exactly this same size. The single columellar denticle distinguishes P. anilis from P. behri, which has a more complicated set of aper- tural denticles. Helix (Polygyra) triangularis Mabille. (Figures 17a-c.) TYPE LOCALITY. Sandy plains at the edge of the sea south of the village of Guaymas, Sonora (Diguet). TYPE Lot. Six specimens labeled “Types.” The largest one is designated as the lectotype; the remaining 5 as paralectotypes. Measurements of the lectotype are: maximum diameter, 17.5 mm.; minimum diameter, 14.9 mm.; height, 6.9 mm. These shells were identified as “H. behri Gabb” by the later ‘anonymous worker,” which can be accepted as correct, the type locality of Polygyra behri (Gabb, 1865) also being at Guaymas. Mabille’s shells compare well with speci- mens of P. behri in the Academy’s collection from coastal localities farther south on the Mexican mainland. Helix (Polygyra) triangularis minor Mabille. (Figures 18, 19, 20.) Helix (Polygyra) triangularis var. minor MABILLE, 1895, p. 66. TYPE LOCALITY. Same as for the preceding species. TYPE Lot. Two specimens labeled “‘Types.”’ An apertural view of the larger shell, selected as the lectotype, is shown in figure 18. It measures: maximum diameter, 14.2 mm.; minimum diameter, 11.9 mm.; height, 5.2 mm. The other shell becomes a paralectotype. Considering the amount of individual variation that may occur in species of this group of polygyrids, a difference of 3 to 4 mm. in maximum diameter is not unusual. As no other important differences are apparent in the sculpture or denticle configuration within the aperture, Mabille’s subspecies or ‘“‘variety” minor has no biological significance. Family BULIMULIDAE Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) lapidovagus Mabille. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) lapidovagus MABILLE, 1895, pp. 66, 67. PirsBry, 1898, vol. 11, p. 161. Hanna, 1923, p. 492. TYPE LOCALITY. Sierra de Cacachila, south of La Paz (Diguet). VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 391 TyprE Lot. Not found in the Paris Museum. The lack of type material of this species makes it practically impossible to determine whether the snails Diguet collected are new or whether they should be referred to a species already described. Pilsbry (1897) did not include it in his key to species in the subgenus Sonorina | = Leptobyrsus|, not knowing the details of the internal characters. Hanna (1923) included it in the group repre- sented by peninsular species B. spirifer, B. lamellifer, and others, including several endemic Gulf island species. Mabille’s mention of a ‘“‘columella obliquely straight, thickened, passing into a twisted, profoundly entering lamina” is not definitive enough to differentiate it from several other species. The Sierra de Cacachila, according to Gerhart and Gulick’s “Lower Cali- fornia Guidebook” (3rd ed., 1962, p. 175), is a barren range of mountains be- tween La Huerta (about 15 miles southeast of La Paz) and Los Planes, which reach an elevation of 2000 feet. So far as known, only Bulimulus sufflatus (Gould) and B. excelsus (Gould) have been collected in this general area. Mabille’s shell measurements call for a snail of fairly large size, 40 to 43 mm. in length, which approximates the length of B. excelsus. Until more specimens are collected in the Sierra de Cacachila, B. lapidovagus Mabille must remain as a nomen inquirendum. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) dentifer Mabille. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) dentifer MABILLe, 1895, p. 67. PitsBry, 1898, vol. 11, pp. 161, 162. Hanna, 1923, pp. 492-494, pl. 8, figs. 16-20 and text fig. 1 (genitalia and jaw). Rabdotus (Leptobyrsus) dentifer (Mabille). Emerson AND JACOBSON, 1964, pp. 319-321. TypE LocaLity. Volcanic island of La Tortuga, in the middle of the Gulf of California (Diguet). Type Lot. Not found in the Paris Museum. As already mentioned, this endemic island species can be identified readily from its locality; loss of the original shells collected by Diguet is unfortunate but not a serious calamity. In order to fix the species permanently for taxonomic purposes a series from over 1000 shells collected during the Academy’s 1921 Expedition to the Gulf of California is designated as the neotype lot, this being the next available authentic series from the type locality. California Academy of Sciences Geology Type Collection plesiotype no. 1048 is selected as the neotype (Hanna, 1923, pl. 8, fig. 16; nos. 1049-1052 become neoparatypes). No. 1048 includes the mounted radula; no. 1052 has genitalia and jaw preserved in alcohol. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) subspirifer Mabille. (Figure 4.) Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) subs pirifer MABILLE, 1895, p. 67. PirsBry, 1898, vol. 11, pp. 162, 163. Hanna, 1923, p. 492. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower California (Diguet). 392 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER, Tyrer Lot. A single shell, which becomes the lectotype. It measures: length, 46.9 mm.; maximum diameter, 19.7 mm. Mabille’s unique specimen has the general aspect of Bulimulus excelsus (Gould) although it is somewhat more slender in outline. As there seems to be no sure way of identifying it with any described species, B. subspirifer will stand as a valid species until similar snails can be collected in Baja California that will assist in a final determination of its validity. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) dismenicus Mabille. (Figure 3.) Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) dismenicus MABILLE, 1895, pp. 67, 68. Pitspry, 1898, vol. 11, p. 162. Hanna, 1923, p. 492. TYPE LOCALITY. Sierra de la Puna, Lower California, at 1800 meters eleva- tion (Diguet). Tyrer tot. A single specimen labeled “Type,” which therefore becomes the lectotype. It measures: length, 31.3 mm.; maximum diameter, 15.0 mm. This species, represented by Mabille’s single shell, agrees well with Bulimulus beldingi Cooper, 1892. We consider it to be a synonym of this latter species. The illustration of the lectotype of B. dismenicus (fig. 3) compares well with the illustration in the Manual of Conchology of B. beldingi (Pilsbry, 1898, vol. 11, pl. 25, tis. 56): The location of the Sierra de la Puna is not known to us; probably it is one of the subsidiary ranges of mountains either in the Sierra Laguna or the Sierra de la Victoria in the Cape Region of the Baja peninsula. Bulimulus beldingi be- longs to the group of B. inscendens W. G. Binney. Cooper reported it as having been collected near San Jose del Cabo, in the Sierra Laguna, and at Punta Arenas, the latter stated to be on the east coast of the peninsula at about latitude 25°30’ N., which is the present general location of Punta Marcial. > Ficures 17a-c. Helix (Polygyra) triangularis Mabille. Lectotype (largest of 6 speci- mens). Maximum diameter, 17.5 mm.; minimum diameter, 14.9 mm.; height, 6.9 mm. Figure 17a, ventral; figure 17b, dorsal; figure 17c, side view. Ficures 18, 19, 20. Helix (Polygyra) triangularis var. minor Mabille. Figure 18, apertural view of lectotype. Maximum diameter, 14.2 mm.; minimum diameter, 11.9 mm.; height, 5.2 mm. Figures 19, 20, ventral views of two paralectotypes. Ficure 21. Helix (Polygyra) solidens Mabille. Lectotype. Maximum diameter, 14.0 mm.; height, 5.7 mm. Ventral view. Ficures 22, 23. Helix indigena Mabille. Dorsal views of two of nine shells. Figure 22, lectotype. Maximum diameter, 19.4 mm.; height, 10.2 mm. Figure 23, paralectotype. Maxi- mum diameter, 16.8 mm.; height, 8.2 mm. Ficures 24a-c. Planorbis tumidus var. major Mabille. Largest shell of the series. Maxi- mum diameter, 23.9 mm.; aperture height, 9.3 mm. Figure 24a, ventral; figure 24b, dorsal; figure 24c, apertural view. VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 393 394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER, Bulimulus (Scutalus) acholus Mabille. (Figures 8a, 8b.) Bulimulus (Scutalus) acholus MaBiLLE, 1895, p. 68. Pirspry, 1897, vol. 11, pp. 143, 144. HAnna, 1923, p. 486. JACOBSON, 1958, p. 10. TypE LocaLity. Mountains of Lower California, in company with B. monte- zuma (Diguet). Type Lot. A single shell, which becomes the lectotype. Dimensions are: length, 45.1 mm.; maximum diameter, 25.0 mm. The granular sculpture of this species places it in the group of Bulimulus montezuma Dall, 1893, the type species of subgenus Puritanina Jacobson, 1958. Bulimulus harribaueri Jacobson, 1958, has the finer sculpture of B. acholus but the latter is a somewhat more slender, smaller shell. On the basis of present evidence Mabille’s species may be accepted as valid until a sounder decision can be made from additional material showing the extent of individual variation of the three species so far assigned to the subgenus Puritanina. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cosmicus Mabille. (Figures 1, 2.) Bulimulus (Scutalus) cosmicus MAsBitie, 1895, p. 68. Pirspry, 1897, vol. 11, p. 144. Hawna, 1923, p. 486. JAcoBsON, 1958, p. 10. TYPE LOCALITY. Sierra of the south [end] of the peninsula of Lower Cali- fornia (Diguet). TypE Lot. Three specimens. The selected lectotype (fig. 1) is the best pre- served and measures: length, 46.7 mm.; maximum diameter, 25.7 mm. One of the two paralectotypes (fig. 2) measures: length, 50.3 mm.; maximum diameter, 29.7 mm. Bulimulus cosmicus is closely related to B. montezuma Dall, a fact recognized by both Pilsbry and Jacobson. The sculpture is more finely granular than on this species or B. harribauri Jacobson, 1958. According to Mabille, Diguet also col- lected B. montezuma, reporting it from ‘‘all of the southern sierra of the penin- sula, and, in particular, near the Rancho San Bartolo.” Thus Mabille had at least three forms for comparison, including his B. acholus. There is considerable variation in the shells of snails that have been identi- fied as B. montezuma, and the possible occurrence of local races, including their ecology and the extent of their geographical ranges, is not yet well known. Much more collecting in the relatively inaccessible mountain areas of the Cape Region of Baja California needs to be done before the number of valid species and sub- species in the group can be determined with confidence. For this reason and because of the lack of a precise locality for B. cosmicus, together with Mabille’s failure to make a direct comparison between this and B. montezuma, his species may be allowed to stand until the availability of additional material dictates otherwise. VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 395 Bulimulus (Scutalus) cacotycus Mabille. (Figures 5, 6, 7.) Bulimulus (Scutalus) cacotycus MABILLE, 1895, p. 69. PirsBry, 1898, vol. 11, p. 150. HANNA, 1923, p. 502. TYPE LOcALITY. Sierras of the south{end]| of the peninsula (Diguet). TypE LoT. Three specimens, labeled “Type.” The one selected as the lecto- type (fig. 5), is a full-grown shell measuring: length, 58.0 mm.; maximum diam- eter, 26.4 mm. A full-grown paralectotype, (fig. 6), measures: 53.0 mm. X 24.9 mm. and the second, which is subadult, 48.5 mm. < 23.8 mm. The “anonymous worker” mentioned earlier has labeled these shells as Bulimulus excelsus (Gould, 1853), an identification that seems to be correct. Mabille’s shells show the characteristic waxen-white and brown streaks of Gould’s species; and while they are all somewhat larger than Gould’s type of B. excelsus they agree in size with specimens from the La Paz area in the Academy’s col- lection. Pilsbry’s inclusion of B. cacotycus in his “group of B. inscendens” now turns out to be incorrect. Bulimulus (Thaumastus) digueti Mabille. Bulimulus (Thaumastus) digueti MaBiLie, 1895, p. 69. Prirspry, 1898, vol. 11, pp. 148, 149. Hanna, 1923, p. 502. TYPE LOCALITY. Sierra de la Victoria (Diguet). Type Lot. Not found in the Paris Museum. Measurements of this species, as given by Mabille, are: length, 20 to 22 mm.; maximum diameter, 10 to 12 mm.; length of aperture (not including the peri- stome), 10 mm.; breadth, 7 mm. Inability to locate Mabille’s type shells leaves this species in the category of a nomen inquirendum. We suspect it was collected at a higher rather than lower elevation in the mountains. Several species of Bulimulus are found in these mountains, with which authentic specimens of B. digueti, if located, must be compared before its validity can be determined. Pilsbry and Hanna both include B. digueti in the “group of B. inscendens,” which comprises B. inscendens (W. G. Binney), B. xantusi (W. G. Binney), and B. beldingi Cooper, with some possible valid subspecies of B. inscendens. This is as far as one can probably go for the time being. Bulimulus (Globulus) recognitus Mabille. (Figure 9.) Bulimulus (Globulus) recognitus MABILie, 1895, pp. 69, 70. PirsBry, 1897, vol. 11, p. 137. Hanna, 1923, pp. 485, 486. TYPE LOCALITY. Lower California (Diguet). Type Lot. A single specimen, the lectotype, measuring: length, 24.0 mm.; maximum diameter, 16.4 mm. Authors who have commented on the taxonomic position of B. recognitus agreed that it was probably conspecific with B. sufflatus (Gould in Binney, 396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER, 1859), which is common in the La Paz area and elsewhere and which has been collected also on some of the islands of the Gulf of California. This view is con- firmed by inspection of the lectotype. Bulimulus recognitus Mabille therefore becomes a synonym of Rabdotus (Rabdotus) sufflatus (Gould). Use of the genus Rabdotus to cover this and other Baja California Bulimulidae is covered by Emerson and Jacobson (1964, p. 317). Family UrocopTiDAE Berendtia digueti Mabille. (Figures 10, 11.) Berendtia digueti MABILLE, 1895, p. 70. MABILLE, 1897, p. 79. Coelocentrum digueti (Mabille, 1895). PirsBry, 1900, pp. 550-552. Pritspry, 1902, vol. 15, pp. 51, 56, 57. EMERSON AND JACOBSON, 1964, p. 328. TYPE LOCALITY. San Zavier [Javier] plateau, about latitude 25° N.; col- lected among charcoal occurring in old Indian encampments (Diguet). TyprE Lot. Two specimens on a small blue card indicated as “Types”; two additional specimens. on another blue card (not illustrated). The selected lecto- type (fig. 10) measures: length, 32.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 4.3 mm. A paralectotype (fig. 11) measures: length, 31.5 mm.; maximum diameter, 5.1 mm. Coelocentrum digueti, and other species of the genus occurring in Baja Cali- fornia, belong to the subgenus Spartocentrum Dall, 1895, which takes precedence over the subgenus Teneritia Mabille, 1897. It differs from all other described species in the occurrence of interstitial striae between the closely spaced riblets on all of the later whorls. This feature, unfortunately, does not show up in the illustrations of two of Mabille’s shells from the type lot (figs. 10, 11). Ac- cording to Pilsbry, his C. minorinum gabbi has a shorter shell, fewer whorls, and scarcely any observable twist in the columella. Apparently no specimens refer- able to C. digueti have been collected since. Coelocentrum digueti can be accepted as a valid member of the Spartocen- trum group. The San Javier “plateau” on which the ruins of Mission San Javier are located, is nearer to 26° N. latitude than to 25° N., as given by Diguet. Some subsequent collector should be able to find the type locality without too much difficulty. Berendtia minorina Mabille. (Figures 12-15.) Berendtia minorina MABILLE, 1895, pp. 70, 71. MABILLE, 1897, p. 79. Coelocentrum minorinum (Mabille, 1895). Pirspry, 1900, p. 551. Pirssry, 1902, vol. 15, pp. 53, 54. EMERSON AND JACOBSON, 1964, p. 328. Type LocaLity. Plateaus above the Arroyo de la Purissima (Diguet). Type Lot. Four specimens on a blue card labeled “Types.” The best, a com- plete shell (fig. 12) is selected as the lectotype; it measures: length, 20.2 mm.; Vor. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 397 maximum diameter, 3.9 mm. A complete paralectotype (fig. 13) measures 20.1 mm. X 3.9mm. Both have about 17 whorls. The other two paralectotypes (figs. 14, 15) have lost their early whorls. The main Baja California “highway” forks about 8 miles West by South of Canipolé, the upper fork going eastward across the narrow waist of the peninsula about latitude 26°20’ N. and follows the Arroyo de la Purisima for about 32.5 miles to the village of La Purisima. The type locality of Coelocentrum minorinum must be somewhere along this road on the western slope of the mountains. Coelocentrum minorinum gabbi Pilsbry, 1900 (p. 551) was collected by Gabb in the “high mountains back of Mulegé,” which are on the eastern side of the peninsula approximately 40 miles to the north and east of the Arroyo de la Purisima. Until more is known about the variability of the various species of Coelocentrum in Baja California it will be possible only then to determine the status of C. minorinum. This also requires careful collecting at or near the type locality. REFERENCES BARRETT, ELLEN C. 1957, 1967. Baja California, 1535-1956. A bibliography of historical, geographical and scien- tific literature relating to the Peninsula of Baja California and to the adjacent islands in the Gulf of California and the Pacific Ocean. Book I. Bennett & Marshall, Los Angeles, California, 1957. 284 pages. Book II, 1536-1964. West- ernlore Press, Los Angeles, California, 1967. 250 pages. Bartscu, PAUL 1904. Notes on the genus Sonorella with description of new species. Smithsonian Miscel- laneous Collections, vol. 47, pt. 2, no. 1481, pp. 187-200, pls. 27-33. Washing- ton. October 10. Berry, S. STILLMAN 1928. A new land snail from Lower California with notes on other species. Journal of Entomology and Zoology (Pomona College), vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 73-83, pls. 1- 2. May. Coooper, JAMEs G. 1892. On land and fresh water Mollusca of Lower California—No. 2. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 207-217. October 6. DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY 1893. Land shells of the genus Bulimulus in Lower California, with descriptions of several new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 16, no. 958, pp. 639-647, pls. 71-72. November 23. 1896. Diagnoses of new mollusks from the survey of the Mexican Boundary. Proceed- ings of the United States National Museum, vol. 18, no. 1033, pp. 1-6. April 23. DicuEtT, LEON 1895. Note sur un exploration de la Basse-California par M. Diguet, charge d’une mis- sion par le Museum. Bulletin du Muséum D/’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, vol. 1, pp. 28-30. 1912. Territorio de la Baja California—Resefia Geographica y estadistica por Ledén Diguet. La Republica Mexicana, Libreria de la Viuda de Ch. Bouret, pp. 1- 40, many figs. in text, and fold-out map. 398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EMERSON, WILLIAM K., AnD Morris K. JACOBSON 1964. Terrestrial mollusks of the Belvedere Expedition to the Gulf of California. Trans- actions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 13, no. 16, pp. 315- 332, figs. 1-5. August 28. Gass, WILLIAM M. 1865. Description of three new species of Mexican land shells. American Journal of Conchology, vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 208, 209, pl. 19. Philadelphia. July 1. 1868. Description of new species of land shells from Lower California. American Jour- nal of Conchology, vol. 3, pt. 3, pp. 235-238, pl. 16. Philadelphia. January 2. 1869. Exploration of Lower California. Jn Browne, J. Ross, 1869, Resources of the Pacific Slope, a statistical and descriptive summary, Appendix, pp. 82-122. [Narrative of a transverse of the Baja California Peninsula from Cape San Lucas to San Diego, January 5—April 20, 1867.] GERMAIN, Louis 1921- 1924. Catalogue of the Planorbidae in the Indian Museum (Natural History), Calcutta. Records of the Indian Museum, vol. 21, pts. 1-4, pp. 1-210, pls. 1-4, text figs. 1-21. (Part I, pp. 1-80, figs. 1-17, December 12, 1921; Part II, pp. 81-128, September 14, 1922; Part III, pp. 129-194, figs. 18-21, February 28, 1923; Part IV, pp. 195-210, pls. I-IV, January, 1924.) Goutp, AucustTus A. 1853. Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California and the Pacific Coasts of Mexico and California. Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 374-408, pls. 14-16. October. Hanna, G DALLAS 1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921—Land and freshwater mollusks. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 12, no. 26, pp. 483-527, pls. 7-11. December 31. Jacogpson, Morris K. 1958. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico, 3. The terrestrial mollusks. American Museum Novitates, no. 1899, pp. 1-14, text figs. 1-2. New York, July 22. MABILLE, JULES 1895. Mollusques de la Basse Californie, recueillis par M. Diguet déterminés par M. Jules Mabille. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, ser. 8, vol. 7, 1894-1895, no. 2, pp. 54-76. Paris. 1897. Notitiae malacologicae. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique, ser. 8, vol. 9, pp. 78-102. Paris. Pirspry, Henry A. 1887. Helicidae, Vol. 1. Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 1-313, pls. 1-63. Philadelphia. 1894a. Helicidae, Vol. 7. Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 9, pp. 1-366, pls. 1-71. Philadelphia. 1894b. New forms of western Helices. Nautilus, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 81-82. November. 1897. New Lower California Bulimuli. Nautilus, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 102-103. January. 1897- 1898. American Bulimulidae: Bulimulus, Neopetraeus, Oxychona, and South American Drymaeus. Manual of Conchology, ser. 2, vol. 11, pp. 1-339, pls. 1-51. Phila- delphia. VoL. XXX] HANNA AND SMITH: BAJA CALIFORNIA MOLLUSKS 399 1900. Lower California species of Coelocentrum and Berendtia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. 52, pp. 550-555, text figs. 1-4. 1902- 1903. Urocoptidae. Manual of Conchology, Ser. 2, vol. 15, pp. 1-353, pls. 1-65. 1916. Helices of Lower California and Sinaloa. Nautilus, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 97-102, pl. 2, figs. 4-8 (in vol. 29, no. 2, opp. p. 18). January. ee a ¥s.2 : (43 Ue oe ee 7 4 ‘oe <—s Bt , > ' - ( i i. Se PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FOURTH SERIES Vol. XXX, No. 19, pp. 401-405; 1 fig. September 30, 1968 THREE LATE CENOZOIC MOLLUSCAN FAUNULES FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA, WITH A NOTE ON DIATOMITE FROM WEST OF SAN FELIPE By Leo G. Hertlein California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 Fossil mollusks of late Cenozoic age have been reported from various locali- ties in Baja California. In the present paper three faunules are reported from fossiliferous strata at localities not heretofore mentioned in the literature. The specimens forming the basis of the lists are in the collections of the Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences. A small collection of Pleistocene age was assembled by the late Walter R. Heyneman from strata exposed along the southwest coast of Baja California between Point Conejo and Arroyo Conejo. This locality is nearly straight west of La Paz on the east coast of the Peninsula. Locality 38742 (CAS). Strata exposed along the coast between Point Conejo and Arroyo Conejo, about Latitude 24°06’ North, west coast of Baja California, Sur, Mexico, Walter R. Heyneman collector, 1963. Pleistocene. PELECYPODA Anadara tuberculosa Sowerby Ostrea cf. O. angelica Rochebrune Ostrea cf. O. corteziensis Hertlein Ostrea iridescens Gray Ostrea megodon Hanley Chlamys (Argopecten) circularis Sowerby [401] nr , ‘ & Marina t f raior ; Ee | | Ec a A - j ' es RA Fe Y OCT 1 4 1968 WOODS HOLE, MASS Ee 402 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa Sowerby Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) vogdesi Arnold GASTROPODA Oliva spicata Roding in Bolten Polinices cf. P. reclusianus Deshayes CIRRIPEDIA Balanus (Balanus) species All except two of the mollusks in this list have been reported living in the subtropical waters along the west coast of Baja California, and all now live in the Gulf of California. The present assemblage may be considered to represent a faunule of late Pleistocene age. 115°00'W Ficure 1. Sketch map indicating approximate locations of collecting stations west of San Felipe, Baja California. Two collections of fossils of Pliocene age were assembled by W. Morlin Childers of El Centro, California. These fossils were collected from strata ex- posed about 15.5 to 18.5 miles west of San Felipe in the northeastern portion of the peninsula. According to Mr. Childers, the fossil-bearing strata are ex- posed in a pass where the road to Ensenada crosses and descends to San Felipe Dry Lake. The elevation of the pass is approximately 625 feet above sea level. The hill on the northwest side of the pass is shown on the San Felipe topographic sheet as 1112 feet in elevation, the hill on the southeast side of the pass is 882 feet in elevation. The strike of the strata is Northeast-Southwest except at the Southwest extremity where there are Northwest trending folds. The dip is variable up to 45° Northwest. Locality 39995 (CAS). About 15.5 miles west of San Felipe, Baja California, along the road to Ensenada, near the northeast end of the fossiliferous outcrop in about Latitude 31°02’00” North, Longitude 115°05’00’” West. W. Morlin Childers collector, August, 1966. Pliocene. Locality 40666 (CAS). About three miles southwest of Locality 39995 (CAS), along the strike of the same series of strata toward the southwest end of the Vot.XXX] HERTLEIN: CENOZOIC MOLLUSKS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 403 outcrop in approximately Latitude 31°01’00” North, Longitude 115°06’30” West. W. Morlin Childers collector, 1967. Pliocene. List oF FosstLs FROM WEST OF SAN FELIPE. 5 @: B 8 EE 2 Se ECHINOIDEA = : > Al assiaZG MO CrOUIGUIALE VAleNGlennes: se ene ee XK Cly peaster bowersi Weaver (W. M. Childers, written communication) x< x Gin peasteracion GaiGOnitZ 0 CNSiS Kew. eee eee ee ~~ »< (CUS RAESECP LOSER AN RO ee ee ee ee x x BRECORE. WERES VER Ee ee ae x x x PELECYPODA ANGRGACHTAD TOPCO SUGHIE, SIONCUE ON ee Ba icit x Chlamys (Argopecten) cf. C. (A.) abietis E. K. Jordan and Hertlein ___- < x Ghlamys (Chlamys) corteziana Durham 22 x x Osineuucin Ox angelica Rochebrune =e eee eee x OstrewucaliijornicamNiancoumes — 2 ee ees 2 ee eee x x Osizean@hcernvanns. Conrad ne de eS a < x SZ OsicoschuONuespentinda Conrady. 22 es ee x< x Pechen (sewale) Baca INSNOG = x x Pecign (Rackca) Ci, 125 (C23) Wig eras: Vea x GASTROPODA BONG. Cig 1B. fa@alcloaiaas VG oyi\7 ae x COMENOKUSACEMINGLUSPIRGEVE eee ee ee eee ee SK (COU SMES CICS ee ee oe eas oe ee Oe ee ee xk (Op Ce CaSpeCles hee se RAS A ee Pe eee x S< EOSCIQTAD PEGREA NS SONS AON? | eas ee x SK << BiGUs VEntriGosa SOweTbyi 2. ee ha SA ey x 4 Melongena patula Broderip and Sowerby x Olin: Srmcanias Weoyobayec aha Jexolherny Lax x AO UNIGESIRSP COLES et eee «BO rca ENE 8 a ee eee x x SOROS Oly So SOLOS SON, x 4 MUPPLLCLLORt Ht PD Cri@leSmil anil aiees eee ee ee ee eee ge x x SHARK TOOTH Garcharhiniusaleucdss Valenciennes ee eee x This list contains 26 species of which 16 are definitely identified, 7 are com- pared with known species, and 3 are identified only as to genus. Of these, 12 now live in the Gulf of California and 11 are extinct. Twenty-two have been reported from strata of Pliocene age in the Gulf of California region and 9 of these were originally described from the Imperial formation in Imperial County, California. A number of species in the present assemblage are characteristic of the Im- perial fauna and one may infer that the strata containing them were deposited 404 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. approximately contemporaneously with those of the Imperial formation in south- eastern California. Walker (1967, pp. 359, 361) recently reported strata bearing fossils of Pliocene age at three localities: on the west side of the Cocopah Mountains about 20 miles south of the United States-Mexico boundary; in arroyos which cross the coastal plain 35 to 40 miles south of San Felipe; and in the hills west of Gonzaga Bay. Localities 39995 and 40666 (CAS) are thus latitudinally nearly midway between the northernmost and southernmost localities reported by Walker. DIATOMITE Locality 39904 (CAS). Diatomite from about 15 miles west of San Felipe, Baja California, approximately in Latitude 31°03’ North and Longitude 115°04’ West, just northeast and adjacent to figure ‘58’? shown on road on San Felipe topographic sheet, Series F501, Sheet NH 11-3, edition 1-AMS. W. Morlin Childers collector, 1967. A sample of well preserved, soft, white diatomite was collected by W. Morlin Childers from about 15 miles west of San Felipe. This material was examined by Dr. G D. Hanna who furnished the following information. SPECIES OF DIATOMS FROM LocaLity 39904 (CAS) Actinocylus octonarius Ehrenberg Coscinodiscus nitidus Gregory Actinocyclus ralfsii (W. Smith) Coscinodiscus pacificus Grunow Actinoptychus senarius Ehrenberg Coscinodiscus stellaris Roger Amphora eulensteinit Grunow Diploneis ornata Schmidt Asterolampra flabellata (Greville) Eupodiscus californicus Grunow Aulacodiscus margaritaceus Ralts Grammatophora maxima Grunow Aulacodiscus thumii A. Schmidt Navicula campylodiscus Grunow Auliscus sculptus (W. Smith) Navicula densistriata Schmidt Bacteriastrum furcatum Shadboldt Navicula lyra Ehrenberg Biddulphia tuomeyii Bailey Nitzschia princeps Hanna and Grant Campylodiscus schmidti Grunow Plagiogramma antillarum Cleve Clavicula species Plagiogramma tessellatum Greville Cocconeis dirupta Gregory Stictodiscus californicus Greville Cocconeis sparsipunctata Brun Surirella patens Schmidt Corethron species Syndendrium diadema Ehrenberg Coscinodiscus apiculatus Ehrenberg Trachyneis aspera (Ehrenberg) Coscinodiscus kiitzingii Schmidt Xanthiopyxis species Coscinodiscus lineatus Ehrenberg The foregoing list contains 32 identified species and three others identified only as to genus. This however is only a small sampling of the flora. The stratigraphic relations of the diatomite are not personally known to me. Mr. Childers suggested that it may overlie beds containing fossil mollusks of Pliocene age. However, Dr. Edwin C. Allison (written communication to L. G. Hertlein, dated October 25, 1967) stated that the diatomite lies almost hori- Vot.XXX] HERTLEIN: CENOZOIC MOLLUSKS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA 405 zontally on the axis of an anticline. He further stated, ““The San Felipe diatomite lies beneath Encope tenuis-bearing strata and probably overlies some sort of volcanic sequence. . . The planktonic foraminifers of the diatomite are middle- upper Miocene (with Globorotalia acostaensis). The benthonic foraminifers of the diatomite also appear to be Miocene (Mohnian-Delmontian) though upper range limits of critical species are known only in California where cooling water and other changing conditions, rather than total extinction, may determine range tops.” The assemblage of species of diatoms in the present list is indicative of late Miocene age in comparison with assemblages of that age from southern Cali- fornia or from Rancho Refugio in Baja California del Sur. On the other hand the assemblage is not indicative of Pliocene age in comparison with diatom floras of that age in southern California. A few species such as Aulacodiscus margaritaceus, Diploneis ornata, and Plagiogramma antillarum, strongly suggest a late Miocene rather than Pliocene age. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer here expresses his appreciation of the opportunity to study the collections which became available through the generosity of W. Morlin Childers and the late Walter R. Heyneman. Dr. Edwin C. Allison, Department of Geology, San Diego State College, furnished information concerning the strati- graphic relationship of the fossil-bearing beds west of San Felipe. Dr. G Dallas Hanna, Department of Geology of the California Academy of Sciences, furnished helpful criticism concerning the manuscript and contributed the information concerning the diatomite, and Mrs. Lillian Dempster, Department of Ichthyology in the same institution, furnished information concerning the identification of the shark tooth mentioned in this paper. The line drawing of the sketch map reproduced in figure 1 was prepared by Mr. Hugo H. Hawkins. REFERENCES ANONYMOUS ?1959. San Felipe topographic Sheet, Baja California, Sonora. Series F501, Sheet NH 11-3, edition 1-AMS. EMERSON, W. K., AnD L. G. HERTLEIN 1964. Invertebrate megafossils of the Belvedere Expedition to the Gulf of California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 13, no. 17, pp. 333-368, figs. 1-6, December 30. Hanna, G D. 1926. Paleontology of Coyote Mountain, Imperial County, California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Fourth Series, vol. 16, no. 18, pp. 427-503, text fig. 1, pls. 20-29, March 23. WALKER, T. R. 1967. Formation of Red Beds in modern and ancient deserts. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 353-368, pls. 1 and 2, figs. 1-5 in text, March. Hee noo 22.41 — el {tnQeh o! j Ss b ails Fes roe ler etih - Pi . wir | : é a s ae al a Saal ' ; : 2 INDEX TO VOLUME XXX Fourth Series New names and principal reference in boldface type abietis, Aequipecten, 278 Chlamys (Argopecten), 268, 271, 273, 278, 280, 403 Pecten (Plagioctenium), 278 abreojosensis, Cerithiopsis, 187 Abronia maritima, 226 abutioloides, Jacquemontia, 16 Acanthaster ellissi, 222 Acanthina angelica, 348 muricata, 348 tuberculata, 348 tyrianthina, 348 Acanthochitona avicula, 347 exquisita, 205, 347 Acanthochitonidae, 205 acapulcanus, Clavus, 202 Acervulina, 374 inhaerens, 374 Acervulinidae, 374 acholus, Bulimulus, 394 Bulimulus (Scutalus), 383, 384, 394 Bulimulus (Puritanina), 383 Acmaea semirubida, 185, 197 strongiana, 185, 197 turveri, 348 acostaensis, Globorotalia, 405 Acteocina angustior, 189, 204 inculta, 189 Actinocylus octonarius, 404 ralfsii, 404 Actinophaenia splendens, 286, 288 Actinoptychus gallegosi, 286 gruendleri, 286, 287, 288 moronensis, 287 senarius, 404 splendens, 286 stella, 286 actonii, Encelia virginensis, 253, 254 aculeata, Crepidula, 187 Pyxidicyka (Stephanopyxis), 298 acuticostata, Liotia, 198 stearnsi, Liotia, 186, 198 adamsi, Pyramidella, 204 Pyramidella (Longchaeus), 188 adamsiana, Hormomya, 184, 350 aequa, Reussella, 366 Aequipecten abietis, 278 circularis, 180, 193 revellei, 280 (Aequipecten) palmeri, Chlamys, 268 aepynota, Odostomia (Miralda), 188 aethiops, Ophiocoma, 222 affinis californica, Cardita, 184 Cardita, 193 Carditamera, 350 Agassizia scrobiculata, 403 (Agathotoma) subdiaphana, Mangelia, 188 agglutinans porrecta, Textularia, 359 Textularia, 359 agglutinata, Quinqueloculina, 362 A History of Explorations for Vertebrates on Cerralvo Island, Baja California, by Richard C. Banks, 117-125 Alaba jeannettae, 186 supralirata, 186, 199 Alabina diomedeae, 199 alba, Olivella, 188, 202 albicarinata, Pleuroliria oxytropis, 203 ?albocincta, Terebra, 203 alcestis, Clathrodrillia, 202 alcmene, Clavus, 202 aletes, Pecten (Pecten), 268 alexanderae, Bouvardia, 7, 38 alderi, Barleeia, 186 Aligena cokeri, 194 alleni, Broteas, 221 Allenrolfea, 17 occidentalis, 218 Alleorus deprellus, 186, 198 alta, Diodora, 186 alternata, Barbatia, 192 Alvania lirata, 186 tumida, 186 Alvordia, 157, 158, 160, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169; 170) 1745 172,173 angusta, 157, 158, 162 brandegeei, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 [407] 408 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Alvordia (Compositae) of Baja California, Mexico, The genus, by Annetta Car- ter, 157-174 Alvordia fruticosa, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 fruticosa angusta, 162 glomerata, 157, 158, 159, 161, 167, 169, 170: 171, 172, 173 glomerata glomerata, 158, 159 glomerata insularis, 158, 160, 161, 162, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Ambrosia, 29 ambustus, Fusinus, 188 americanus, Modiolus, 192 Americardia biangulata, 185 amianta, Tellina (Moerella), 196 amosi, Metula, 201 Amphisorus, 364 hemprichii, 364: Amphispiza vilineata, 119 Amphithalamus, 61 stephensae, 61 Amphora eulensteinii, 404 amplectans, Teinostoma, 186 Amygdalum pallidulum, 192 Anachis coronata, 201 coronata hannana, 201 pygmaea, 348 Anadara concinna, 192 multicostata, 180, 184, 192, 403 reinharti, 192 tuberculosa, 401 angelensis, Crotalus mitchelli, 316, 318, 321 Haminoea, 189, 204 angelenum, Callistoma, 348 angelica, Acanthina, 348 Ostrea, 271, 319, 401, 403 angulicostis, Nassarius, 180, 201 Angulogerina occidentalis, 366 angulosa, Quinqueloculina, 362 angusta, Alvordia, 157, 158, 162 Alvordia fruticosa, 162 angustior, Acteocina, 189, 204 anilis, Polygyra, 383, 390 annettae, Cypraea, 348 Lophocardium, 195 Anodontia edentuloides, 194 Anomalinidae, 369 Anomalininae, 369 Anomalocardia subimbricata tumens, 350 [Proc. 4TH SER. Anomalomya, 51, 55 corrugata, 51, 56 (Anomalomya), Berthelinia, 56 Anomia peruviana, 193, 268 Anomiacea, 193 Antigonon leptopus, 14, 16, 23 antillarum, Plagiogramma, 404, 405 antiquatus, Hipponix, 200 antiquus, Eupodiscus, 292 apiculatus, Coscinodiscus, 404 Aplysia parvula, 348 Aplysiacea, 189 appressa, Crassispira, 188 approximata, Lucina (Parvilucina), 194 A Quantitative Analysis of Molluscan Col- lections from Isla Espiritu Santo, Baja California, Mexico, by A. Myra Keen, 175-206 Arca mutabilis, 192, 350 pacifica, 192 Arcacea, 184, 192 Architectonica nobilis, 198, 348 Architectonicacea, 186, 198 Arcopsis solida, 350 arctica, Hiatella, 350 (Arcularia) tiarula, Nassarius, 188, 201 Ardea herodias, 121 arenarius, Perognathus, 119, 324 siccus, Perognathus, 123 arenata, Crepidula, 200, 269 Arene, 197 rammata, 197 Argemone, 7 (Argopecten) abietis, 273, 278, 280, 403 calli, Chlamys, 268 circularis, Chlamys, 268, 401 palmeri, Chlamys, 269 revellei, Chlamys, 271, 280 aricula, Cancris, 374 arietina, Spirolina, 364: arietinus, Nautilus, 364 Peneroplis, 364 Peneroplis pertusus, 364 aristata, Lithophaga, 184, 350 Arizona elegans pacata, 153 armata, Erythea, 313 armillata, Terebra, 203 armourianum, Gossypium, 220 arnoldi, Carcharodon, 269 Chlamys, 268, 271, VoL. XXX] articulatum, Elphidium, 365 asaedai, Clavus, 202 Aspella pyramidalis, 201 aspera, Trachyneis, 404 (Asperiscala) walkerianum, Epitonium, 199 aspersa, Papyridea, 195 assimilata, Seila, 187, 199 Assiminea translucens, 186 Astartacea, 193 Asterolampra flabellata, 404 Asthenothaerus villosior, 197 astutus, Bassariscus, 235 Ataxyophragmiidae, 360 Atlantacea, 200 atratus, Coragyps, 121 Atrina tuberculosa, 184 Atriplex barclayana, 322 atrox, Crotalus, 325, 326, 327, 329, 342, 343, 352 attalia, Clavus, 188 Atys casta, 189, 204 chimera, 204 audebarti, Glottidia, 268 Aulacodiscus, 296 margaritaceous, 294, 296, 404, 405 scaber, 294 thumii, 294, 296, 404 Auliscus, 294 coelatus, 292, 294 pruinosus, 292, 294. sculptus, 292, 294, 404 aurea, Merremia, 23, 32 auricoma, Pyramidella, 204 Pyramidella (Voluspa), 188 auricula, Cancris, 374 Nautilus, 374 Auriparus flaviceps, 120 aurita, Heterotoma, 10 australis, Midorigai, 52 Pipistrellus hesperus, 208 Sauromalus, 143, 153 avalonensis, Rotalia, 370 avicula, Acanthochitona, 347 avius, Peromyscus eremicus, 119, 123 Baccharis, 26 Bacteriastrum furcatum, 404 Baggininae, 374 bairdii, Delphinus, 312, 317 Baja California, Mexico, New Species of INDEX 409 Plants from, by Ira L. Wiggins, 243- 256 bakhanstranum, Epitonium, 187 Balanus tintinnabulum californicus, 271 trigonus, 271 Banks, Richard C., A. History of Explora- tions for Vertebrates on Cerralvo Is- land, Baja California, 117-125 Banta, Benjamin H., see Leviton, Alan E. Barbatia alternata, 192 gradata, 184, 192 lurida, 192 reeveana, 192, 350 barclayana, Atriplex, 322 Barleeia alderi, 186 orcutti, 186 bartramii, Sthenoteuthis, 230 bartschi, Conus, 203 Basiliochiton lobium, 347 basiloba nitidula, Cibiocidena, 369 basispinatum, Nonion pizarrense, 365 basispinatus, Florilus pizarrensis, 365 Bassariscus astutus, 235 Basterotia peninsularis, 185, 194 Bats from Islands in the Gulf of California, by Robert T. Orr, and Richard C. Banks, 207-210 bechtelii, Dalea, 244, 246 behri, Helix, 390 Polygyra, 383, 390 Behria, 23 tenuiflora, 5, 32 belcheri, Trachycardium, 195 beldingi, Bulimulus, 392, 395 Bulimulus (Hannarabdotus), 383 beldingii, Nolina, 10 Beleperone californica, 226 (Bellucina) cancellaris, Lucina, 193 belvederica, Berthelinia, 61 Berthelinia chloris, 52, 54, 55, 56, 189 Berthelinia (Edenttellina) chloris, 51, 53, 58 Berendtia digueti, 383, 388, 395, 396 minorina, 383, 388, 396 Berthelinia, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 175, 235 belvederica, 61 chloris, 235 chloris belvederica, 52, 54, 55, 56, 189 chloris chloris, 53, 55 410 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES corallensis, 54 (Edenttellina) chloris belvederica, 51, 53, 58 (Edenttellina) chloris chloris, 52, 58 (Edenttellina) corallensis, 56 (Edenttellina) limax, 54 (Edenttellina) typica, 56 elegans, 50, 55, 56 elegans elata, 50, 56 elongata, 50 limax, 54, 55 schlumbergeri, 50 typica, 54 Bertheliniinae, 50, 52 biangulata, Americardia, 185 Trigoniocardia, 195 bicanaliculatus, Heliacus, 186, 198 bicarinata, Corbula, 185 Biddulphia riedyi, 300 tuomeyii, 404 bifasciata, Jeffreysia, 61 bifasciatus, Polinices, 200 bilineatus, Masticophis, 326, 343 Biloculina denticulata, 361 subsphaerica, 361 bimaculatus, Heterodonax, 185 Octopus, 350 binneyi, Onchidiella, 349 Bioculina ringens, 361 Bipes biporus, 136, 137, 140, 153 biporus, Bipes, 136, 137, 140, 153 biradiata, Corbula, 196 biserialis, Dyocibicides, 375 Thais, 349 Bittium cerralvoense, 187 Boerhaavia, 16 Bolivina, 369 compacta, 369 paula, 369 pseudoplicata, 369 torqueata, 369 Bolivinitidae, 369 bombus densistriata, Navicula, 306 Diploneis, 306 bourgeoisii, Ostrea, 274 Bouvardia alexanderae, 7, 38 bowersi, Clypeaster, 271, 403 bradleyi, Mithrodia, 222 bradyi, Hauerina, 364: Parrina, 364 [Proc. 4TH Serr. brandegeei, Alvordia, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Echinocerus, 26 Erythea, 10 Quercus, 26 brannani, Siphonaria, 205 Brigger, A. L., see Hanna, G Dallas Brizalina, 369 compacta, 369 paula, 369 striatula, 369 broderipiana, Natica (Stigmaulax) , 200 Broteas, 224 alleni, 221 Broteus, 225 bryantii, Franseria, 16 Buccinacea, 188, 201 buccinoides, Cancellaria, 201 Buccinum dimidiatum, 68 elongatum, 75 maculatum, 68 ornatum, 71, 72 subulatum, 68, 69, 79 taurinum, 79 Bufo punctatus, 123, 136, 142, 152 Buliminacea, 365 Buliminella, 365 parallela, 365 Buliminidae, 366, 390, 396 Buliminoides, 366 williamsoniana, 366 Bulimulus, 6, 7, 395 acholus, 394 beldingi, 392, 395 cacotycus, 395 cosmicus, 394 dentifer, 382 dismenicus, 392 excelsus, 391, 392, 395 (Globulus) recognitus, 383, 384, 395 (Hannarabdotus) beldingi, 383 (Hannarabdotus) excelsus, 383 harribaueri, 394 inscendens, 392, 395 johnstonii, 226 lamellifer, 391 lapidovagus, 391 (Leptobyrsus) dentifer, 382, 383, 391 (Leptobyrsus) dismenicus, 383, 384, 392 Vout. XXX] INDEX 411 (Leptobyrsus) lapidovagus, 382, 383, californiensis, Glossodoris, 349 390 Chione, 268 (Leptobyrsus) subspirifer, 383, 384,391, cacotycus, Bulimulus, 395 392 Bulimulus (Scutalus) , 383, 384, 395 montezuma, 7, 394 (Puritanina) acholus, 383 recognitus, 395 (Scutalus) acholus, 383, 384, 394 (Scutalus) cacotycus, 383, 384, 395 (Scutalus) cosmicus, 383, 384, 394 spirifer, 391 sufflatus, 391, 395, 396 (Thaumastus) digueti, 382, 383, 395 xantusi, 395 Bulla gouldiana, 403 punctulata, 179, 180, 189, 204 Bullacea, 189, 204 bulloides, Cymbalopora, 373 Globigerina, 376 Tretomphalus, 373 Bup punctatus, 150 buragei, Fouquieria, 36 burchi, Tenaturris, 203 burragei, Rissoina, 186 Bursera, 32, 225 microphylla, 14, 226 rhoifolia, 226 byroniana, Tegula, 198 California Academy of Sciences, June 20— July 4, 1964, Sea of Cortez Expedition of the, by George E. Lindsay, 211- 242 californiana, Trivia, 200 californianus, Zalophus, 353 californica, Beleperone, 226 Cardita affinis, 184 Dolabella, 189, 217, 229 Encelia, 253, 254 Gouldia, 195 Marginella, 188, 201 Navicula, 301, 302 Ostrea, 272, 273, 402 Osunai, Ostrea californica, 268, 272, 274, 275, 276; 278 Ruellia, 26 californicus, Balanus tintinnabulum, 271 Eupodiscus, 404 Macrotus, 317 Stictodiscus, 287, 290, 292, 404 Caecum, 187 caerulea, Polioptila, 120 calli, Chlamys (Argopecten), 268 Callisaurus, 3, 134, 343 draconoides, 343 draconoides draconoides, 122, 137, 153 Calliostoma angelenum, 348 Callistochiton gabbi, 347 infortunatus, 347 (Callucina) lampra, Lucina, 184, 193 Calyptraeacea, 187, 200 Calyptraea conica, 200 mamillaris, 180, 200 Campylodiscus hodgsonii, 294, 297 kittonianus, 294, 297 schmidtii, 404 campylodiscus, Navicula, 404 canariensis, Haplophragmium, 360 Haplophragmoides, 360 Nonionina, 360 Cancellaria buccinoides, 201 cancellaris, Lucina (Bellucina), 193 Cancris, 374 aricula, 374 auricula, 374 candida, Clathurella, 202 Lysiloma, 34, 235 canoa, Glycymeris tessellata, 192 Cantharus gemmatus, 403 pallidus, 188, 201 capax, Modiolus, 350 capitata, Coulterella, 32 caribaeus, Planorbis, 384 Carcharhinus leucas, 403 Carcharodon arnoldi, 269 Cardiacea, 185, 193, 195 Carditacea, 184 Cardita affinis, 193 affinis californica, 184 crassicostata, 193 megastropha, 193 Carditameia affinis, 350 (Careliopsis) stenogyra, Turbonilla, 204 carmencita, ?Strombina, 201 carmenensis, Ferocactus diguetii, 220 carmeni, Peromyscus eremicus, 222 412 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Carpodacus mexicanus, 119 carrizoensis, Clypeaster, 403 Carter, Annetta, The genus Alvorida (Com- positae) of Baja California, Mexico, 157-174 cassi, Cerithiopsis, 187 Cassidulina, 368 Cassidulinidae, 368 casta, Atys, 189, 204 castrensis, Lagena, 367 catalinensis, Crotalus, 225, 226, 227, 229 Quinqueloculina, 363 catenulatus, Modulus, 199 (Cavilinga) prolongata, Lucina, 184, 194 Cavolina trispinosa, 204 Caucasinidae, 377 Caulerpa, 48, 49, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 235 okamurai, 56 racemosa, 58, 235 racemosa turbinata, 56 sertularioides, 55, 58, 60, 235 celaeno, Natrix valida, 150, 154 centricosus, Ficus, 269 centrifuga, Pterynotus, 201 Centruroides, 224, 225, 232, 262 exilicauda, 219, 221, 225 cepacea, Cheilea, 187, 200 ceralbensis, Cnemidophorus, 122, 123 Verticaria (Cnemidophorus), 120 Cerataulus imperator, 294, 296 ovalis, 296 Cercidium microphyllum, 14, 226 Cerithiacea, 186, 199 Cerithidea mazatlanica, 348 Cerithiopsis abreojosensis, 187 cassi, 187 halia, 187 subgloriosa, 187 Cerithium gemmatum, 199 maculosum, 187 (Liocerithium) sculptum, 187 sculptum, 348 cerodes, Modulus, 199 cerralvensis, Crotalus enyo, 121, 123 cerralvoense, Bittium, 187 chacei, Orobitella, 194 Chaetopleura mixta, 347 lurida, 205 Chaetopleuridae, 205 chalcedonica, Mysella, 194 [Proc. 4TH SER. Chama squamuligera, 194, 350 Chamacea, 185, 194, 195 Chamartemisia compacta, 256 Cheilea cepacea, 187, 200 chemnitzianus, Isognomon, 184, 350 Chilomeniscus, 134 cinctus, 148, 153 savagei, 121, 123 stramineus stramineus, 148, 153 chimera, Atys, 204 chinensis, Simmondsia, 226 Chione californiensis, 268 compta, 195 mariae, 195 picta, 195 (Timoclea) picta, 185 undatella, 180, 195 chiquita, Ctena, 185, 194 Heliacus, 186 Chitonidae, 205 Chiton virgulatus, 205, 347 Chlamys (Aequipecten) palmeri, 268, 269 (Argopecten) abietis, 268, 271, 273, 278, 280, 403 (Argopecten) calli, 268 (Argopecten) circularis, 268, 401 (Argopecten) revellei, 271, 280 (Chlamys) corteziana, 403 (Chlamys) corteziana, Chlamys, 403 Chlamys (Leptopecten) latiaurata, 268 lowei, 193 mediacostata, 276, 278 mediacostata grewingki, 268, 276, 280 (Nodipecten) subnodosa, 268, 271, 273, 402 (Nodipecten) subnodosa intermedia, 271 (Pacifipecten) tumbezensis, 268 revellei, 280 chloris belvederica, Berthelinia, 52, 54, 55, 56, 189 belvederica, Berthelinia (Edenttellina), 51, 53, 58 Berthelinia, 235 Berthelinia chloris, 53, 55 Berthelinia (Edenttellina), chloris, 52, 58 chloris, Berthelinia, 53, 55 Berthelinia (Edenttelina) chloris, 52, 58 Scintilla? 51, 52, 63 Chrysalidinella, 366 spectabilis, 366 VoLt. XXX] Church, Clifford, C., Shallow water Foram- inifera from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, 357-380 Cibicides, 375 basiloba nitidula, 369 concentrica, 375 conoideus, 375 mayori, 375 Cibicididae, 375 Cibicidinae, 375 cinerea, Jatropha, 32 cinerascens, Myiarchus, 120 cinctus, Chilomenicus, 148, 153 circularis, Aequipecten, 180, 193 Chlamys (Argopecten), 268, 401 Triloculina, 361 Citellus grammurus, 351 clathrata, Lepidozona, 348 Clathrodrillia alcestis, 202 haliplexa, 202 pilsbryi, 202 Clathurella candida, 202 rava, 202 serrata, 202 clavata, Navicula, 304 Clavus acapulcanus, 202 alcmene, 202 asaedai, 202 attalia, 188 melea, 202 plicatellus, 202 pilsbyri, 202 pudicus, 202 roseolus, 202 turveri, 202 Clypeaster bowersi, 271, 403 carrizoensis, 403 deserti, 403 speciosus, 271 Cnemidophorus, 3, 5, 26, 37, 134, 343 ceralbensis, 122, 123 (Cnemidophorus) ceralbensis, Verticaria, 120 Cnemidophorus hyperythrus hyperythrus, 138, 153 maximus, 153, 236 tigris, 343 tigris martyris, 326 tigris rubidus, 139, 153 coarctata, Gregariella, 192 INDEX Cocconeis dirupta, 404 sparsipunctata, 404 Cochemia poselgeri, 32 Codakia distinguenda, 184, 194 coelatus, Auliscus, 292, 294 Coelocentrum, 397 digueti, 396 minorinum, 396, 397 minorinum gabbi, 396, 397 (Spartocentrum) digueti, 383 (Spartocentrum) minorina, 383 cokeri, Aligena, 194 Coleonyx variegatus, 135, 325, 343 variegatus peninsularis, 139, 153 collaris, Crotaphytus, 342, 343 collatus, Peromyscus, 325, 352, 353 Colubraria siphonata, 200 columbella, Erato, 200 columbianum, Solamen, 192 columnaris, Idria, 314, 337 commensale, Conopeum, 271 communis, Dentalina, 367 Nodosaria, 367 compacta, Bolivina, 369 Bolivina robusta, 369 Brizalina, 369 Chamartemisia, 256 compactum, Tanacetum, 256 compressa, Hauerina, 364 Mysella, 185 compta, Chione, 195 Quinqueloculina, 362 Conacea, 188, 202, 203 concameratum, Crucibulum, 200 concentrica, Cibicides, 375 Truncatulina, 375 concinna, Anadara, 192 Discorbina, 372 Neoconorbina, 372 Rosalina, 372 concinnus, Tretomphalus, 372 concolor improcera, Felis, 239 Condylocardia digueti, 184, 193 conglobata, Globigerinoides, 376 conglomerata, Globigerina, 376 conica, Calyptraea, 200 conjuncta, Lampropeltis getulus, 121, 153 Conopeum commensale, 271 consors, Trachycardium, 195 conspicua sonorana, Stenoplax, 348 414 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES conspicuosa, Ctenosaura hemilopha, 330 Conus bartschi, 203 gradatus, 203 recurvus, 203 scalaris, 203, 348 convexa, Metaxia, 187, 199 copei, Crotophytus wislizeni, 153 Coragyps atratus, 121 corallensis, Berthelinia, 54 Berthelinia (Edenttellina) , 56 Edenttellina, 51 corax, Corvus, 119 Corbula bicarinata, 185, 196 luteola, 196 nasuta, 196 speciosa, 179, 180, 196 Cornuspira, 368 involvens, 368 cornuta, Pandora, 197 coronata, Anachis, 201 hannana, Anachis, 201 coronatum, Phrynosoma, 141, 153 Phrynosoma, 146 Phrynosoma coronatus, 141, 153 corrugata, Anomalomya, 51, 56 Pseudochama, 195 corteziana, Chlamys (Chlamys), 403 corteziensis, Ostrea, 401 Corvus corax, 119 corvus, Tegula, 349 Coscinodiscus apiculatus, 404 evermanni, 290 floridulus, 288, 290 kurzii, 288 kutzingii, 404 lineatus, 288, 289, 404 nitidus, 404 pacificus, 404 radiatus, 287 stellaris, 404 cosmicus, Bulimulus, 394 Bulimulus (Scutalus), 383, 384, 394: costata, Quinqueloculina, 363 Siphogenerina, 366, 367 couchi, Scaphiopus, 122, 152 Coulterella capitata, 32 coyotensis, Turbonilla (Mormula), 204 crabro, Diploneis, 304 Pinnularia (Diploneis), 304 Craspedodiscus klavsdenii, 290 Crassatella gibbosa, 193 crassicostata, Cardita, 193 crassidens, Pseudorca, 233 Crassinella pacifica, 193 varians, 193 Crassispira appressa, 188 ericana, 203 incrassata, 203 martinensis, 203 nymphia, 188 tepocana, 203 crenata, Mitra, 202 Crenella divaricata, 192 Crepidula aculeata, 187, 200 arenata, 200, 269 excavata, 200 incurva, 348 striolata, 200, 348 crispa, Polystomella, 365 crispum, Elphidium, 365 cristulata, Tellidorella, 193 crossota, Nuttallina, 348 Crotalus atrox, 325, 326, 327, 329, 342, 343, 352 catalinensis, 225, 226, 227, 229 enyo cerralvensis, 121, 123 enyo enyo, 154, 217 mitchelli, 223, 230, 343 mitchelli angelensis, 316, 318, 321 mitchelli mitchelli, 121, 154 molossus, 325, 342, 343 ruber, 223, 230, 233, 317, 333, 342, 343 ruber lucasensis, 154 ruber ruber, 319 Crotaphytus collaris, 342, 343 Crotophytus wislizeni copei, 153 Cryptostegia grandiflora, 26 Crucibulum concameratum, 200 scutellatum, 200 spinosum, 200, 348 Ctena chiquita, 194 mexicana, 185, 194 Ctenosaura, 134, 135, 141 hemilopha, 120, 122, 140, 153, 343 hemilopha conspicuosa, 330 hemilopha insulana, 123 insulana, 120 Cumingia lamellosa, 185, 196 cumingii, Placunanomia, 193 Tellina (Tellinella), 185, 196 [Proc. 4TH Serr. VoL. XXX] INDEX 415 cuneiformis, Hemidiscus, 298, 300 Dentaliidae, 185, 197 curta, Thracia, 350 Dentalina, 367 Cushmanella, 365 communis, 367 primitiva, 365 Dentalium hancocki, 197 Cuspidaria dulcis, 197 inversum, 197 lanieri, 197 oerstedii, 197 Cyathodonta undulata, 185, 197 cybele, Syntomodrillia, 203 Cyclinella singleyi, 195 quadrangulare, 185, 197 semipolitum, 185, 197 splendidum, 185, 197 Cyclogyra, 368 tesseragonum, 197 involvens, 368 denticulata, Biloculina, 361 Cyclogyrinae, 368 Pyrgo, 361 Cyclopecten pernomus, 193 Spirillina, 368 Cycloseris elegans, 177 Spirillina limbata, 368 mexicana, 177 dentifer, Bulimulus, 382 cyclostoma, Tricolia, 61 Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus), 382, 383, Cyclostremiscus tricarinatus, 198 391 trigonatus, 186 Rabdotus (Leptobyrsus), 383, 391 Cymbalopora bulloides, 373 Cymbaloporetta, 374 squammosa, 374: Cymbaloporidae, 374 deprellus, Alleorus, 186, 198 depressa, Rotalia, 370 deserti, Clypeaster, 403 diadema, Syndendrium, 404 Cylichna defuncta, 189 Dictyopyxis, 300 Cymatium gibbosum, 187, 200 digueti, Berendtia, 383, 388, 395, 396 tigrinum, 201 Bulimulus, 395 Cynanchum, 251 Bulimulus (Thaumastus), 382, 383, 395 mulegensis, 247, 250, 251 Cypraea annettae, 348 Coelocentrum, 396 Coelocentrum (Spartocentrum), 383 Cypraeacea, 200 Condylocardia, 184, 193 cyrene, Mangelia, 203 Helix, 383, 388 Cyrtocarpa, 32 Octopus, 319, 350 (Cystiscus), Marginella, 188 Phoradendron, 6 polita, Marginella, 188 diguetii carmenensis, Ferocactus, 220 diguetii, Ferocactus, 224, 228 Dalea, 246 Ferocactus, 226 bechtelli, 244, 246 dama, Olivella, 188, 202 dane, Mangelia (Kurtziella), 188 debile, Sinum, 200 declivis, Nucula, 192 decurtatus decurtatus, Phyllorhynchus, 15], 154 Phyllorhynchus decurtatus, 151, 154 Phyllorhynchus, 230 defuncta, Cylichna, 189 Delphinus bairdii, 312, 317 Dendropoma, 178 densistriata, Diploneis, 304, 306 Navicula, 306, 404 Navicula bombus, 306 Ferocactus diguetii, 224, 228 dimidiata, Subula, 68 dimidiatum, Buccinum, 68 Diodora alta, 186 inaequalis, 198, 348 saturnalis, 186, 198, 349 diomedeae, Alabina, 199 Tridachiella, 349 Diplodonta inezensis, 194 obliqua, 194 sericata, 194 subquadrata, 179, 180, 194 Diploneis bombus, 306 crabro, 304 (Diploneis) crabro, Pinnularia, 304 416 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Diploneis densistriata, 304, 306 ornata, 404, 405 Dipodomys merriami, 324 Dipsosaurus, 134 dorsalis lucasanus, 120, 140, 153 dirputa, Cocconeis, 404 Discorbacea, 370 Discorbidae, 370 Discorbina concinna, 372 nitida, 371 terquemi, 372 Discorbinae, 370 Discorbis, 371 hannae, 358, 371 isabelleana, 372 nitida, 371 obtusa, 370 orbicularis, 372 pulvinata, 374 rosacea, 372 rosea, 372 disculus, Modulus, 187 dismenicus, Bulimulus, 392 Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus), 392 distinguenda, Codakia, 184, 194 ditropis, ?Solariorbis, 186 Divalinga eburnea, 184, 194 divaricata, Crenella, 192 divisa, Litiopa melanostoma, 187 Dormitator latifrons mexicanus, 235 dorsalis lucasanus, Dipsosaurus, 120, 1'53 Doryrhamphus melonopleura, 219 dotella, Odostoma (Scalenostoma), 204 Dolabella californica, 189, 217, 229 dolorosa, Mitra, 188, 202 draconoides, Callisaurus, 343 Callisaurus draconoides, 122, 137, 153 draconoides, Callisaurus, 122, 137, 153 dubiosa penicillata, Littorina, 186 Dudleya, 10 dulcis, Cuspidaria, 197 dumbauldi, Terebra, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78 duplex, Orbitolites, 364 dupontii, Parametaria, 188, 349 Dyocibicides biserialis, 375 383, 384, 140, eburnea, Divalinga, 184, 194 Solecardia, 194 [Proc. 4TH Serr. Echinocereus, 32 brandegeei, 26 Edenttellina, 48, 51, 52 (Edenttellina) chloris linia, 51, 53, 58 chloris chloris, Berthelinia, 52 Edenttellina corallensis, 51 (Edenttellina) corallensis, Berthelinia, 56 limax, Berthelinia, 54 Edenttellina typica, 51 (Edenttellina) typica, Berthelinia, 56 edentuloides, Anodontia, 194 eggeri, Globigerina, 376 elata, Berthelinia elegans, 50, 56 elegans, Berthelinia, 50, 55, 56 Cycloseris, 177 elata, Berthelinia, 50, 56 Thalasseus, 119 pacata, Arizona, 153 Uta stansburiana, 12, 146, 153 elena, Terebra (Terebra), 78 elenense, Laevicardium, 180, 185, 195 elenensis, Nucula, 192 ellipsostoma, Micrarionta, 387 (Elliptotellina) pacifica, Tellina, 196 ellissi, Acanthaster, 222 Ellobiacea, 189 elongatum, Buccinum, 75 Terebra, 77 Elphidium, 365 articulatum 365 crispum, 365 eiseni, Tantilla, 152 Encelia, 243 californica, 253, 254 farinosa, 253, 254 ravenii, 251, 253, 254 virginensis actonii, 253, 254 belvederica, Berthe- Encope tenuis, 403, 405 Engina reevei, 201 solida, 201 enyo cerralvensis, Crotalus, 121, 123 Crotalus enyo, 154, 217 enyo, Crotalus, 154, 217 Epitoniacea, 187, 199 Epitonium (Asperiscala) walkerianum, 199 bakhanstranum, 187 feldmanni, 79, 80 hexagonum, 187 (Nitidiscala) wurtsbaughi, 199 Vor. XXX | Eptesicus fuscus, 209, 233 fuscus penninsulae, 209 Erato columbella, 187, 200 eremicus avius, Peromyscus, 119, 123 carmeni, Peromyscus, 222 Peromyscus, 324, 352 ericana, Crassispira, 203 Eridiphas, 134, 149 slevini, 122, 149, 150, 153 Erigonum, 340 Erythea armata, 313 brandegeei, 10 Eschscholzia, 7, 40 Euapta godeffroyi, 229 eulensteinii, Amphora, 404 Eulima, 199 linearis, 187 mexicana, 187 Eulimacea, 187, 199 Eumeces lagunensis, 153 Eupodiscus, 292, 296 antiquus, 292 californicus, 404 radiatus, 292 sculptus, 292 Euphorbia petrina, 247 taluticola, 246, 247, 249 (Eurytellina) inaequistriata, Tellina, 196 (Euvola) keepi, Pecten, 274, 403 refugionensis, Pecten, 268, 274, 280 evermanni, Coscinodiscus, 290 Micrarionta, 387 evermanniana, Mammillaria, 18 Evibacus princeps, 223 exarata, Odostoma (Miralda), 204 excavata, Crepidula, 200 excelsus, Bulimulus, 391, 392, 395 Bulimulus (Hannarabdotus), 383 excolpa, Niso, 199 Rissoella, 186 exigua, Nucula, 192 exilicauda, Centruroides, 219, 221, 225 Explorations for vertebrates on Cerralvo Is- land, Baja California, A history of, by Richards C. Banks, 117-125 exquisita, Acanthochitona, 205, 347 Julia, 49 Falco sparverius, 119 farcimen, Fartulum, 187 INDEX 417 farinosa, Encelia, 253, 254 Fartulum farcimen, 187 Fartulum laeve, 199 laeve, Fartulum, 199 Fasciolaria princeps, 403 fastuosa, Surirella, 294, 296 feldmanni, Epitonium, 79, 80 Terebra, 79 Felis concolor improcera, 239 felix, Tellina (Moerella), 196 ferminiana, Scalina, 199 Ferocactus diguetii, 226 diguetii carmenensis, 220 diguetii diguetii, 224, 228 peninsulae, 26 wislizenii tiburonensis, 325 ferruginosa, Morula, 188, 349 Ficus palmeri, 23, 118, 235 ventricosa, 201, 403 ventricosus, 269 fisheri, Ostrea, 193, 268 Fissurellacea, 186, 198 Fissurella rugosa, 186, 349 Fissurina, 367 lacunata, 367 flabellata, Asterolampra, 404 flagellum, Masticophis, 223, 325, 342, 343 piceus, Masticophis, 121, 150, 154 flammea, Terebra, 75, 79, 80 Terebra (Paraterebra) , 79 flavescens, Semele, 185 flaviceps, Auriparus, 120 flexuosa, Quinqueloculina, 363 floridulus, Coscinodiscus, 288, 290 Florilus, 365 japonicus mexicanus, 365 pizarrensis basispinatus, 365 fluctuosus, Turbo, 349 Foraminifera from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, Shallow water, by Clif- ford C. Church, 357-380 Forchammeria, 37 watsoni, 36, 235 Forcipiger longirostris, 240 formosa, Terebra, 69 Terebra (Terebra), 70 Fossarus parcipictus, 187 Fossil Diatoms from Southern Baja Cali- fornia, by G Dallas Hanna, and A. L. Brigger, 285-308 418 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fouquieria, 14 buragei, 36 peninsularis, 6, 16, 36 fraileana, Mammillaria, 18 Franseria, 29 bryantii, 16 frazari, Haematopus ostralegus, 119 frizzelli, Pitar, 195 fruticosa, Alvordia, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 angusta, Alvordia, 162 funiculata, Knefastia, 188 Nerita, 186, 349 furactum, Bacteriastrum, 404 Fursenkoina, 377 Fursenkoininae, 377 fuscata, Pyrene, 349 fuscus, Eptesicus, 209, 233 penninsulae, Eptesicus, 209 Fusinus ambustus, 188 irregularis, 201 panamensis, 201 gabbi, Callistochiton, 347 Coelocentrum minorinum, 396, 397 Terebra, 72, 78 gallegosi, Actinoptychus, 286 Nassarius, 201 Teinostoma, 186 Gari regularis, 196 ?Gastrochaena ovata, 196 Gastropoda, 185, 197 gemmatum, Cerithium, 199 gemmatus, Cantharus, 403 Gemmula hindsiana, 203 Genus Berthelinia, West American species cf the bivalved gastropod, by A. Myra Keen, and Allyn G. Smith, 47-66 Gerrhonotus paucicarinatus, 153 getulus conjuncta, Lampropeltis, 121, 153 Lampropeltis, 333, 343 gibbosa, Crassatella, 193 gibbosum, Cymatium, 187, 200 gigantea, Glycymeris, 192 gilberti, Xantusia, 153 Glabratella, 374 pulvinata, 374 Glabratellidae, 374 Glandulinidae, 367 [Proc. 4TH SER. Globigerina, 376 bulloides, 376 conglobata, 376 eggeri, 376 inflata, 376 quinqueloba, 376 sacculifera, 377 Globigerinidae, 376 Globigerininae, 376 Globigerinoides, 376 conglobata, 376 sacculiferus, 377 Globorotalia, 370 acostaensis, 405 inflata, 376 menardii, 370 Globorotaliidae, 370 Globorotaliinae, 370 (Globulus) recognitus, Bulimulus, 383, 384, 395 globulus, Tegula, 186, 349 glomerata, Alvordia, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 Alvordia glomerata, 158, 159 glomerata, Alvordia, 158, 159 insularis, Alvordia, 158, 160, 161, 162, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Glossodoris californiensis, 349 Glottidia audebarti, 268 Glycymeris gigantea, 192 multicostata, 192 tessellata, 180, 192 tessellata canoa, 192 godeffroyi, Euapta, 229 Goesella parva, 360 gonostoma, Turritella, 269 Gossypium armourianum, 220 Gouldia californica, 195 gouldiana, Bulla, 403 gouldii, Lyonsia, 197 gracilior, Strombus, 180, 200 gracilis, Olivella, 202 gradata, Barbatia, 184, 192 gradatus, Conus, 203 gramen, Textularia, 360 Grammatophora maxima, 404 grammurus, Citellus, 351 grandaevus, Sator, 120, 122, 123 grandiflora, Cryptostegia, 26 granulata, Pandora, 197 VoL. XXX] granulatus, Strombus, 200, 269, 403 grata, Protothaca, 185, 195, 350 grayanus, Hipponix, 180, 200 grayi, Natica, 200 Gregariella coarctata, 192 grewingki, Chlamys mediacostata, 268, 276, 280 gruendleri, Actinoptychus, 286, 287, 288 guardia, Peromyscus, 315, 353 guatemalensis, Planorbis, 374 guaymasensis, Solecurtus, 196 gummosus, Machaerocereus, 226 Gypsina inhaerens, 374 Hadrurus, 263 hirsutus, 217, 221, 222, 223 Haematopus ostralegus frazari, 119 halia, Cerithiopsis, 187 haliaetus, Pandion, 119 Halimeda, 58, 60 haliplexa, Clathrodrillia, 202 hallii, Leptodactylon pungens, 314 Haminoea angelensis, 189, 204 strongi, 349 hancocki, Dentalium, 197 Hanetia pallida, 273 Hanna, G Dallas, and A. L. Brigger, Fossil Diatoms from Southern Baja Cali- fornia, 285-308 Hanna, G Dallas, and Leo George Hertlein, Large species of Terebra (Mollusca) from the Eastern Pacific, 67—80 Hanna, G Dallas, and Allyn G. Smith, The Diguet-Mabille land and freshwater mollusks of Baja California, 381-399 hannae, Discorbis, 358, 371 hannana, Anachis coronata, 201 (Hannarabdotus) beldingi, Bulimulus, 383 excelsus, Bulimulus, 383 Hantkeninidae, 375 Hanzawaia, 369 nitidula, 369 (Hapalorbis) liriope, Solariorbis, 198 seminudus, Solariorbis, 198 Haplophragmium canariensis, 360 Haplophragmoides, 360 canariensis, 360 hardmanianus, Stictodiscus, 287, 288 harribaueri, Bulimulus, 394 hastata, Pyramidella (Pharcidella), 188 INDEX 419 Hastigerina, 375 murrayi, 375 Hastigerininae, 375 Hauerina, 364 braydi, 364 compressa, 364 heermanni, Larus, 120 Ostrea, 271, 273, 403 Heliacus bicanaliculatus, 186, 198 chiquita, 186 mazatlanicus, 186 Helianthus, 165 Helix behri, 390 digueti, 383, 388 indigena, 383, 386, 387, 388, 392 invecta, 383, 387, 388 (Polygyra) minor, 382, 383 (Polygyra) solidens, 382, 383, 392 (Polygyra) triangularis, 382, 383, 390, 392 (Polygyra) 392 steganella, 383, 387, 388 Helminthoglyptidae, 386 Hemidiscus cuneiformis, 298, 300 nivalus, 300 simplicissimus, 300 hemilopha conspicuosa, Ctenosaura, 330 Ctenosaura, 120, 122, 140, 153, 343 insulana, Ctenosaura, 123 Hemipristis heteropleurus, 269 Hemiscorpioninen, 258 Hemitoma hermosa, 198 hemphilli, Lima, 193 hemprichii, Amphisorus, 364. hennedyi, Navicula, 301, 302, 304 hermosa, Hemitoma, 198 herodias, Ardea, 121 Herpetofauna of the Cape Region of Baja triangularis minor, 390, California, Mexico, Midwinter recon- naissance of the, by Alan E. Leviton and Benjamin H. Banta, 127-156 Hertlein, Leo George, see Hanna, G Dallas Hertlein, Leo George, Pliocene Fossils from Rancho El] Refugio, Baja California, and Cerralvo Island, Mexico, 265-284 Three late Cenozoic Molluscan Fau- nules from Baja California, with a note on Diatomite from west of San Felipe, 401-405 420 hesperus australis, Pipistrellus, 208 Pipistrellus, 120, 209, 229, 230, 233 Heterodonax bimaculatus, 185 heteropleurus, Hemipristis, 269 Heterotoma aurita, 10 hexagona, Lagena, 367 hexagonum, Epitonium, 187 hexalepis klauberi, Salvadora, 151, 154 Salvadora, 342, 343 Hiatella arctica, 350 hindsiana, Gemmula, 203 hindsii, Mitra (Tiara), 202 Hipponicacea, 187, 200 Hipponix antiquatus, 200 grayanus, 180, 200 pilosus, 187, 349 hirsutus, Hadrurus, 217, 221, 222, 233 hispidus, Sauromalus, 315, 333, 342, 3443 hodgsonii, Campylodiscus, 294, 297 Hormomya adamsiana, 184, 350 humilis selvini, Leptotyphlops, 154 hybrida, Surirella, 297 Hyla regilla, 136, 143, 152 hyperythrus, Cnemidophorus 138, 153 hyperythrus, Cnemiodphorus, 138, 153 Hypsiglena, 221, 134, 226 ochrorhyncha, 142 ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha, 153 slevini, 7, 149 torquata, 225 torquata ochrorhyncha, 149 hypvrythrus, idiopoma, Natica, 200 Idria, 14, 18, 40 columnaris, 314, 337 imperialis, Turritella, 273, 403 imperator, Cerataulus, 294, 296 Pandinus, 233 improcera, Felis concolor, 239 inaequalis, Diodora, 198, 348 inaequistriata, Tellina (Eurytellina), 196 incomparabilis, Terebra, 79, 80 incrassata, Crassispira, 203 inculta, Acteocina, 189 incurva, Crepidula, 348 indentatus, Petaloconchus (Macrophragma), 199 indigena, Helix, 383, 386, 387, 388, 392 Micrarionta, 383 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. inezana, Plicatula, 193 inezensis, Diplodonta, 194 inflata, Globigerina, 376 Globorotalia, 376 Nubecularia, 364 Triloculina, 361 Trochammina, 360 inflatus, Panulirus, 223 infortunatus, Callistochiton, 347 inglesiana, Micrarionta, 387 inhaerens, Acervulina, 374 Gypsina, 374 inscendens, Bulimulus, 392, 395 insignis, Terebra, 70 Vertebralina, 363 insulana, Ctenosaura, 120 Ctenosaura hemiolpha, 123 insularis, Alvordia glomerata, 158, 160, 161, 162, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 Lepus, 235 interlineatus, Pecten, 278 intermedia, Chlamys (Nodipecten) subnodosa, 271 intertincta, Terebra, 203 invecta, Helix, 383, 387, 388 inversum, Dentalium, 197 Investigations in the natural history of Baja California, by Ira L. Wiggins, 1-45 involvens, Cornuspira, 368 Cyclogyra, 368 Ipomoaea, 26 iridescens, Ostrea, 273, 401 irregularis, Fusinus, 201 isabelleana, Discorbis, 372 Ischnochiton mariposa, 348 (Radsiella) tridentatus, 205 tridentatus, 348 Ischnochitonidae, 205 Iselica pura, 188 isocardia, Ventricolaria, 195 Isognomon chemnitzianus, 184, 350 janus, 350 Jacquemontia abutioloides, 16 janus, Isognomon, 350 japonica mexicana, Nonionella, 365 japonicus mexicanus, Florilus, 365 Pseudononion, 365 Jatropha, 32 cinerea, 32 VoL. XXX] palmeri, 32 jeannettae, Alaba, 186 Jeffreysia bifasciata, 61 Jenneria pustulata, 349 johnstonii, Bulimulus, 226 Peniocereus, 29 Julia, 49, 61 exquisita, 49 thecaphora, 189 Juliacea, 189 Juliidae, 49 Juliinae, 49 Keen, A. Myra, A quantitative analysis of molluscan collections from Isla Es- piritu Santo, Baja California, Mexico, 175-206 Keen, A. Myra, and Allyn G. Smith, West American species of the bivalved gas- tropod genus Berthelinia, 47-66 keepi, Pecten (Euvola), 274, 403 Kellia suborbicularis, 194 kittonianus, Campylodiscus, 294, 297 klauberi, Salvadora hexalepis, 151, 154 klavsdenii, Craspedodiscus, 290 (Kurtziella) danaé, Mangelia, 188 Knefastia funiculata, 188 kurzii, Coscinodiscus, 288 kiitzingii, Coscinodiscus, 404 labigula, Neotoma, 324 lacunata, Fissurina, 367 Lagena orbignyana, 367 laeve, Fartulum, 199 Laevicardium elenense, 180, 185, 195 Lagena, 367 castrensis, 367 hexagona, 367 orbignyana lacunata, 367 Laguncularia racemosa, 218 lagunensis, Eumeces, 153 lalage, Mitrella, 61, 349 lamarckiana, Quinqueloculina, 362 Lamellariacea, 187, 200 lamellifer, Bulimulus, 391 lamellosa, Cumingia, 185, 196 lampra, Lucina (Callucina), 184, 193 Lampropeltis getulus, 333 getulus conjuncta, 121, 153 nitida, 154 INDEX 421 Land and Freshwater mollusks of Baja Cali- fornia, The Diguet-Mabille, by G Dallas Hanna, and Allyn G. Smith, 381-399 lanieri, Cuspidaria, 197 lapidovagus, Bulimulus, 391 Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus), 382, 383, 390 Large Terebras (Mollusca) from the East- ern Pacific, by G Dallas Hanna, and Leo George Hertlein, 67-80 Larus heermanni, 120 lata, Surirella, 297, 298 latiaurata, Chlamys (Leptopecten) , 268 latifrons mexicanus, Dormitator, 235 Leiasterteres, 222 Lemairoecereus thurberi, 226 Lepidozona clathrata, 348 serrata, 205, 348 (Leptobyrsus) dentifer, Bulimulus, 382, 383, 391 dentifer, Rabdotus, 383, 391 dismenicus, Bulimulus, 383, 384, 392 lapidovagus, Bulimulus, 382, 383, 390 (Leptobyrsus), Sonorina, 391 (Leptobyrsus) subspirifer, Bulimulus, 384, 391, 392 Leptochiton rugatus, 348 rugatus, (Leptochiton), 348 Leptodactylon pugens hallii, 314 Leptonacea, 185, 194 (Leptopecten) latiaurata, Chlamys, 268 leptopus, Antigonon, 14, 16, 23 Leptotyphlops humilis slevini, 154 Lepus insularis, 235 leucas, Carcharhinus, 403 383, leucocymoides, Lucina (Pleurolucina), 194 Leviton, Alan E., and Benjamin H. Banta, Midwinter reconnaissance of the Her- petofauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico, 127-156 liana, Lucina (Lucinisca), 194 libya, Turricula, 203 Lichanura trivirgata, 153 licki, Sceloporus orcutti, 141, 144, 153 ligulata, Tegula, 349 Ligyda occidentalis, 219 Lima hemphilli, 193 tetrica, 193, 350 limaciformis, Stenoplax, 348 422 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES limax, Berthelinia, 54, 55 Berthelinia (Edenttellina) , 54 Tamanovalva, 51 limbata denticulata, Spirillina, 368 Lindsay, George E., Sea of Cortez Expedi- tion of the California Academy of Sci- ences, June 20—July 4, 1964, 211-242 The Gulf Islands Expedition of 1966, 309-355 linearus, Eulima, 187 lineatus, Coscinodiscus, 288, 289, 404 lingualis, Terebra, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 203 Terebra (Subula), 70 Terebra (Terebra), 70 (Liocerithium) sculptum, Cerithium, 187 Liota acuticostata, 198 acuticostata stearnsi, 186, 198 lirata, Alvania, 186 liratus, Pedipes, 189 liriope, Solariorbis (Hapalorbis), 198 Lithophaga aristata, 184, 350 spatiosa, 184 Lithothamnion, 190 Litiopa melanostoma divisa, 187 Littorina dubiosa penicillata, 186 pullata, 349 Littorinacea, 186, 198 Lituolidae, 360 Lobiger, 49 lobium, Basiliochiton, 347 lohrii, Micrarionta, 383, 387, 388 Sonorella, 387, 388 Sonorella [Micrarionta], 386 (Longchaeus) adamsi, Pyramidella, 188 longirostris, Forcipiger, 240 Lophocardium annettae, 195 Lophocereus schottii, 226 lorenziana, Surirella, 297, 298 loroisi, Terebra, 72 loroisii, Terebra, 72 lowei, Chlamys, 193 Typhis (Tripterotyphis), 188 Lucapinella, 198 lucasanus, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, 120, 140, 153 Crotalus ruber, 154 Lucina (Callucina) lampra, 184, 193 (Cavilinga) prolongata, 184, 194 (Bellucina) cancellaris, 193 [Proc. 4TH SER. (Lucinisca) liana, 194 (Parvilucina) approximata, 194 (Parvilucina) mazatlanica, 184, 194 (Pleurolucina) leucocymoides, 194 (Pleurolucina) undatoides, 184, 194 Lucinacea, 184, 185, 193, 194 (Lucinisca) liana, Lucina, 194 Ludovicia, 50, 51 squamula, 50, 56, 58 lugubris, Morula, 201 lunaris, Pecten (Pecten), 268, 269, 403 lurida, Barbatia, 192 Chaetopleura, 205 luteola, Corbula, 196 Lyonsia gouldii, 197 lyra, Navicula, 301, 302, 304, 404 Lyropecten subnodosus, 193 (Lyropecten) tamiamiensis, Pecten, 276 Lyrophanes, Trimophodon, 10, 154 Lysiloma candida, 34, 235 Machaerocereus gummosus, 226 Macoma siliqua, 196 macraena, Surirella, 297 macrocarpus, Pedilanthus, 14, 220 (Macrophragma) indentatus, Petaloconchus, 199 macrophragma, Petaloconchus, 187 macrophragma, Petaloconchus (Macro- phragma), 187 macrospira, Terebra, 73 Macrotus, 351 californicus, 317 macrura, Syntropis, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263 maculata, Subula, 68 maculatum, Buccinum, 68 maculosa, Strombina, 179, 180, 188, 201 Terebra, 67, 68 maculosum, Cerithium, 187 magister zotheromus, Sceloporus, 144, 153 major, Planorbis tumidus, 384, 386, 392 Malea ringens, 269 Mammillaria, 17 evermanniana, 18 fraileana, 18 mamillaris, Calyptraea, 180, 200 Mangelia (Agathotoma) subdiaphana, 188 cyrene, 203 (?Kurtziella), 188 (Kurtiziella) danaé, 188 VoL. XXX] occata, 203 trichodes, 188, 203 mangle, Rhizophora, 12 mansuetus, Sylvilagus, 230 (Macrophragma) indentatus, Petaloconchus, 199 marcosensis, Turritella, 271, 280, 282 marella, Nuculana, 192 margaritaceus, Aulacodiscus, 294, 296, 404, 405 margaritaceus, Serpulorbis, 187 Marginella californica, 188, 201 (Cystiscus) , 188 (Cystiscus) polita, 188 mariae, Chione, 195 mariana, Tegula, 349 Turritella, 180, 199 mariposa, Ischnochiton, 348 Stenoplax, 205 maritima, Abronia, 226 Marsilea, 28, 29 martinensis, Crassispira, 203 Tanacetum, 254, 256 martyris, Cnemidophorus tigris, 326 Masticophis, 134 bilineatus, 326, 343 flagellum, 223, 325, 342, 343 flagellum piceus, 121, 150, 154 maxima, Grammatophora, 404 Maximowiczia, 16 maximus, Cnemidophorus, 153, 236 Maycea, 196 mayori, Cibicides, 375 Truncatulina, 375 mazatlanica, Cerithidea, 348 Lucina (Parvilucina), 184, 194 Pinctada, 184 mazatlanicus, Heliacus, 186 mearnsi, Petrosaurus, 342 mediacostata, Chlamys, 276, 278 grewingki, Chlamys, 268, 276, 280 mediacostatus, Pecten, 276 mediamericana, Semele, 196 Megapitaria squalida, 180, 185, 195 megastropha, Cardita, 193 megodon, Ostrea, 268, 278, 401 melanostoma divisa, Litiopa, 187 melea, Clavus, 202 Melongena patula, 403 melonopleura, Doryrhamphus, 219 INDEX 423 menardii, Globorotalia, 370 Pulvinulina, 370 mendicus, Nassarius, 201 (Merisca) meropsis, Tellina, 196 proclivis, Tellina, 196 reclusa, Tellina, 196 meropsis, Tellina (Merisca), 196 Merremia, 26 aurea, 23, 32 merriami, Dipodomys, 324 merrilli, Micrarionta, 387 mesaensis, Paruroctonus, 262 mesoleuca, Nomaeopelta, 349 Metastelma, 251 Metaxia convexa, 187, 199 Metula amosi, 201 mexicana, Ctena, 185, 194 Cycloseria, 177 Eulima, 187 Mitra, 202 Nonionella japonica, 365 Ostrea, 268 Rissoina, 186 Xylophaga, 196 mexicanus, Carpodacus, 119 Dormitator latifrons, 235 Florilus japonicus, 365 Micranellum, 187 Micrarionta, 386 ellipsostoma, 387 evermanni, 387 indigena, 383 inglesiana, 387 lohrii, 383, 387, 388 [ Micrarionta] lohrii, Sonorella, 386 Micrarionta merrilli, 387 peninsularis, 11, 383, 386, 387 steganella, 388 ultima, 387 microphylla, Bursera, 14, 226 microphyllum, Cercidium, 14, 226 microscutatus, Urosaurus, 232 Midorigai, 52 australis, 52 Midwinter reconnaissance of the Herpeto- fauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico, by Alan E. Levi- ton, and Benjamin H. Banta, 127-156 Miliolacea, 368 Miliolidae, 361 424 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Miliolina subrotunda, 362 Miliolinae, 364 Miltha xantusi, 194 minor, Helix (Polygyra), 382, 383 Helix (Polygyra) triangularis, 390, 392 minorina, Berendtia, 383, 388, 396 Coelocentrum (Spartocentrum), 383 minorinum, Coelocentrum, 396, 397 gabbi, Coelocentrum, 396, 397 (Miralda) aepynota, Odostomia, 188 exarata, Odostomia, 204 mitchelli angelensis, Crotalus, 316, 318, 321 Crotalus, 223, 230, 343 Crotalus mitchelli, 121, 154 mitchelli, Crotalus, 121, 154 Mithrodia bradleyi, 222 Mitra crenata, 202 dolorosa, 188, 202 mexicana, 202 (Tiara) hindsii, 202 (Tiara) sulcata, 202 tristis, 349 Mitracea, 188, 202 Mitrella lalage, 61, 349 ocellata, 188, 349 mixta, Chaetopleura, 341 Modiolus americanus, 192 capax, 350 modulus, 187, 189 catenulatus, 199 cerodes, 199 disculus, 187 (Moerella) aminata, Tellina, 196 felix, Tellina, 196 paziana, Tellina, 196 Tellina, 185, 196 Molluscan collections from Isla Espiritu Santo, Baja California, Mexico, A quantitative analysis of, by A. Myra Keen, 175-206 molossus, Crotalus, 325, 342, 343 (Mononeis) praetexta, Pinnularia, 302 montezuma, Bulimulus, 7, 394 monticola, Populus, 10 (Mormula) coyotensis, Turbonilla, 204 moronensis, Actinoptychus, 287 Omphalopelta, 287 Morula ferruginosa, 188, 349 lugubris, 201 mulegensis, Cynanchum, 247, 250, 251 [Proc. 47TH SER. multicostata, Anadara, 180, 184, 192, 403 Glycymeris, 192 Murex recurvirostris, 201 Muricacea, 188, 201 muricata, Acanthina, 348 muricatum, Vasum, 269 murrayi, Hastigerina, 375 mutabilis, Arca, 192, 350 Myacea, 185 Myiarchus cinerascens, 120 mysarus, Planorbis, 383, 384, 386 Mysella chalcedonica, 194 compressa, 185 Mytilacea, 184, 192 Myurella (Myurellina) ornata, 71 Myurellina ornata, 71 (Myurellina) ornata, Myurella, 71 Nassarius, 201 angulicostis, 180, 201 (Arcularia) tiarula, 188, 201 gallegosi, 201 mendicus, Nassarius, 201 Nassarius mendicus, 201 versicolor, 201 nasuta, Corbula, 196 Natica grayi, 200 idiopoma, 200 (Stigmaulax) broderipiana, 200 Naticacea, 187, 200 natlandi, Rosalina, 359, 373 Natrix valida, 147 valida celaeno, 150, 154 Natural history of Baja California, Investi- gations in the, by Ira L. Wiggins, 1-45 Nautilus arietinus, 364 auricula, 374 Navicula, 301, 304 bombus densistriata, 306 californica, 301, 302 campylodiscus, 404 clavata, 304. densistriata, 306, 404 hennedyi, 301, 302, 304 lyra, 301, 302, 304, 404 praetexta, 302, 304 spectabilis, 302 stippi, 301 variolata, 300, 302 nebulosa, Pseudemys scripta, 154 VoL. XXX] Nemocardium, 61 Nemocardium pazianum, 195 Neoconorbina, 372 concinna, 372 rosacea, 372, 373 terquemi, 372, 373 Neopilina, 47 Neotoma labigula, 324 Nerita funiculata, 186, 349 scabricosta, 186, 349 Neritacea, 186 newcombianus, Pitar, 195 New species of plants from Baja California, Mexico, by Ira L. Wiggins, 243-256 nigricans, Turricula, 203 nigricaudus, Urosaurus, 144, 153 Niso excolpa, 199 nitida, Discorbina, 371 Discorbis, 371 Lampropeltis, 154 Rosalina, 371 Rotalia, 371 (Nitidiscala) wurtsbaughi, Epitonium, 199 nitidula, Cibiocidena basiloba, 369 Hanzawaia, 369 nitidus, Coscinodiscus, 404 Nitzschia princeps, 404 nivalus, Hemidiscus, 300 nobilis, Architectonica, 198, 348 (Nodipecten) subnodosa, Chlamys, Pee SA OD subnodosa intermedia, Chlamys, 271 Nodobaculariinae, 363 Nodosaria communis, 367 Nodosariacea, 367 Nodosariidae, 367 Nodosariinae, 367 nodulosa, Turritella, 199 Nolina beldingii, 10 Nomaeopelta mesoleuca, 349 stanfordiana, 197 Nonion pizarrense basispinatum, 365 Nonionella japonica mexicana, 365 Nonionina canariensis, 360 Nonionidae, 365 Nonioninae, 365 268, Nubecularia inflata, 364 Nucinella subdola, 192 Nucula declivis, 192 elenensis, 192 INDEX 425 exigua, 192 schencki, 192 Nuculacea, 192 Nuculana marella, 192 Nuttallina crossota, 348 nymphia, Crassispira, 188 obesus, Sauromalus, 343 oblinga, Triloculina, 361 obliqua, Diplodonta, 194 oblongum, Vermiculum, 361 obsoletus, Salpinctes, 119 Observations on the type specimen of the scorpion Syntropsis macrura Kraepel- in, by Herbert L. Stahnke, 257-263 obtusa, Discorbis, 370 Rosalina, 370 occata, Mangelia, 203 occidentalis, Allenrolfea, 218 Angulogerina, 366 Ligyda, 219 Oreaster, 222 Pelecanus, 121, 231, 232 occultus, Perognathus spinatus, 222 ocellata, Mitrella, 188, 349 Ocenebra parva, 201 ochrorhyncha, Hypsiglena, 142 Hypsiglena ochrorchyncha, 153 Hypsiglena torquata, 149 ochrorchyncha, Hypsiglena, 153 octonarius, Actinocylus, 404 Octopus bimaculatus, 350 digueti, 319, 350 oculata, Terebra, 72 Odostomia (Miralda) aepynota, 188 (Miralda) exarata, 204 (Scalenostoma) dotella, 204 oerstedii, Dentalium, 197 okamurai, Caulerpa, 56 Oliva spicata, 179, 180, 188, 202, 269, 402, 403 Olivella alba, 188, 202 dama, 188, 202 gracilis, 202 tergina, 202 Olneya tesota, 226 Omphalopelta moronensis, 287 versicolor, 287 426 Onchidiella binneyi, 349 Oolininae, 367 Ophiocoma aethiops, 222 Opisthobranchia, 49 Opisthobranchiata, 184 Opisthognathus punctatus, 219 (Oppenheimopecten) vogdesi, 402 orbicularis, Discorbina, 372 Rosalina, 372 orbignyana lacunata, Lagena, 367 Orbitolites duplex, 364 orcutti, Barleeia, 186 licki, Sceloporus, 141, 144, 153 Sceloporus, 146 Oreaster occidentalis, 222 ornata, Diploneis, 404, 405 Myurella (Myurellina), 71 Myurellina, 71 Terebra, 69, 71, 72, 74 Terebra (Terebra), 71 Verticordia, 197 ornatum, Buccinum, 71, 72 Orobitella chacei, 194 stearnsii, 194 Orr, Robert T., and Richard C. Banks, Bats from islands in the Gulf of Califor- nia, 207-210 ostralegus frazari, Haematopus, 119 Ostrea angelica, 271, 319, 401, 403 bourgeoisii, 274 californica, 272, 273, 403 californica osunmai, 268, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278 corteziensis, 401 fisheri, 193 268 heermanni, 271, 273, 403 iridescens, 273, 401 megodon, 268, 278, 401 mexicana, 268 palmula, 268 puelchana, 273 vespertina, 403 Ostreacea, 193 osunai, Ostrea californica, 268, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278 Othilia tenuispina, 222 Pecten, ovale, Umbraculum, 205 ovalis, Cerataulus, 296 ovata, ?Castorchaena, 196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Oxynoe, 49, 55, 56, 58, 61 oxytropis albicarinata, Pleuroliria, 203 Pleuroliria, 203 pacata, Arizona elegans, 153 Pachycereus pringlei, 6, 118, 224, 226, 228 Pachycormus veatchii, 14 pachyzona, Terebra, 72 [ ?]Terebra, 72 pacifica, Arca, 192 Crassinella, 193 Salicornia, 218 Semele, 196 Tellina (Elliptotellina) , 196 pacificus, Coscinodiscus, 404 (Pacifipecten) tumbezensis, Chlamys, 268 pallescens, Plecotus townsendii, 209 pallida, Hanetia, 273 pallidulum, Amygdalum, 192 pallidus, Cantharus, 188, 201 palmeri, Chlamys (Aequipecten), 268, 269 Ficus, 23, 118, 235 Jatropha, 32 Passiflora, 14 Uta, 326, 343 palmula, Ostrea, 268 panamensis, Fusinus, 201 Pseudochama, 185, 195 Solemya, 184, 192 Terebra, 203 Pandinus imperator, 233 Pandion haliaetus, 119 Pandora cornuta, 197 granulata, 197 uncifera, 197 Pandoracea, 185, 197 Panulirus inflatus, 223 Papyridea aspersa, 195 parallella, Buliminella, 365 Parametaria dupontii, 188, 349 (Paraterebra) flammea, Terebra, 79 parcipictus, Fossarus, 187 Parrina, 364 bradyi, 364. Paruroctonus, 262, 263 mesaensis, 262 parva, Goesella, 360 Ocenebra, 201 (Parvilucina) approximata, Lucina, 194 mazatlanica, Lucina, 184, 194 VoL. XXX | parvula, Aplysia, 348 Passiflora, 10, 16 palmeri, 14 Patellacea, 185, 197 patens, Surirella, 297, 298, 404 patula, Melongena, 403 paucicarinatus, Gerrhonotus, 153 paula, Bolivina, 369 Brizalina, 369 Pavonininae, 366 paziana, Tellina (Moerella), 196 pazianum, Nemocardium, 195 (Pecten) aletes, Pecten, 268 Pecten (Euvola) keepi, 274, 403 (Euvola) refugioensis, 268, interlineatus, 278 (Pecten) lunaris, Pecten, 403 Pecten (Lyropecten) tamiamiensis, 276 mediacostatus, 276 INDEX 427 Peristephania, 300 pernoides, Pododesmus, 350 pernomus, Cyclopecten, 193 Perognathus, 119, 122, 223, 235, 325, 334, 351 arenarius, 119, 324 arenarius siccus, 123 penicillatus siccus, 119 spinatus, 315 spinatus occultus, 222 spinatus seorsus, 219 Peromyscus, 119, 122, 223, 235, 334, 351, 353 collatus, 325, 352, 353 eremicus, 324 280 eremicus avius, 119, 123 eremicus carmeni, 222 erentimicus, 352 guardia, 315, 353 penicillatus, 352 (Oppenheimopecten) vogdesi, 271, 402 stephani, 352 (Pecten) aletes, 268 (Pecten) lunaris, 268, 269, 403 (Plagioctenium) abietis, 278 (Plagioctenium) subdolus, 282 refugioensis, 274 (Pecten) refugioensis, Pecten, 274 Pecten sericeus, 193 vogdesi, 180, 193 Pectinacea, 193 pediastriformis, Stephanopyxis, 298, 300 Pedilanthus macrocarpus, 14, 220 Pedipes liratus, 189 Pelecanus occidentalis, 121, 231, 232 Pelecypoda, 184 peltoides, Williamia, 205 Peneroplinae, 364 Peneroplis arietinus, 364 pertusus arietinus, 364 penicillata, Littorina dubiosa, 186 Plicatula, 193 penicillatus siccus, Perognathus, 119 peninsularis, Basterotia, 185, 194 Coleonyx variegatus, 139, 153 Fouquieria, 6, 16, 26, 36 Micrarionta, 11, 383, 386, 387 Peniocereus, 29 johnstonii, 29 pennicillatus, Peromyscus, 352 penninsulae, Eptesicus fuscus, 209 perfragilis, Pitar, 195 pertusus arietinus, Peneroplis, 364 peruviana, Anomia, 193, 268 Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) indentatus, 199 (Macrophragma) macrophragma, 187 petrina, Euphorbia, 247 Petrosaurus, 134, 343 mearnsi, 342 slevini, 315, 342, 343 thalassinus, 145 thalassinus thalassinus, 141, 153 (Pharcidella) hastata, Pyramidella, 188 Pholadacea, 196 Phoradendron digueti, 6 Phos veraguensis, 201 Phrynosoma, 134 coronatum, 146 coronatum coronatum, 141, 153 Phyllodactylus, 134, 143 tuberculatis, 11, 143 unctus, 122, 141, 142, 143, 153 xanti, 143, 145, 146, 232, 343 xanti xanti, 143 (Phyllodina) pristiphora, Tellina, 196 Phyllorhynchus, 134 decurtatus, 230 decurtatus decurtatus, 151, 154 piceus, Masticophis flagellum, 121, 150, 154 picta, Chione, 195 Chione (Timoclea), 185 428 CALIFORNIA Pleuroliria, 203 (Pierosoma) tumidus, Planorbis, 384 pilosus, Hipponix, 187, 349 pilsbryi, Clathrodrillia, 202 Clavus, 202 Pinctada mazatlanica, 184 Pinna rugosa, 184, 218 Pinnularia (Diploneis) crabro, 304 (Mononeis) praetexta, 302 praetexta, 302 Pipistrellus, 122 hesperus australis, 120, 208, 209, 229, 230, 233 Pitar frizzelli, 195 newcombianus, 195 perfragilis, 195 pollicaris, 195 Pithecellobium, 225 Pituophis vertebralis, 154 pizarrense basispinatus, Nonion, 365 pizarrensis basispinatus, Florilus, 365 Pizonyx, 351 vivesi, 207, 208, 233, 322, 336 Placunanomia cumingil, 193 (Plagioctenium) abietis, Pecten, 278 subdolus, Pecten, 282 Plagiogramma antillarum, 404, 405 tessellatum, 304, 306, 404 validum, 304, 306 planiceps, Tantilla, 152, 154 Planorbella tumida, 383 Planorbidae, 383 Planorbis caribaeus, 384 guatemalensis, 384 mysarus, 383, 384, 386 (Pierosoma) tumidus, 384 tenuis, 384 tumidus, 384 tumidus major, 384, 386, 392 Plecotus townsendii, 225 townsendii pallescens, 209 Plectodon scaber, 197 Pleuroliria oxytropis, 203 oxytropis albicarinata, 203 picta, 203 (Pleurolucina) leucocymoides, Lucina, 194 undatoides, Lucina, 184, 194 Pleurotomariacea, 197 plicatellus, Clavus, 202 ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Plicatula inezana, 193 penicillata, 193 Pliocene fossils from Rancho El Refugio, Baja California, and Cerralvo Island, Mexico, by Leo George Hertlein, 265- 284 Pocillopora, 270 Pododesmus pernoides, 350 Polinices bifasciatus, 200 reclusianus, 402 uber, 180, 187, 200 Polioptila caerulea, 120 polita, Marginella (Cystiscus), 188 politus, Tagelus, 196 pollicaris, Pitar, 195 Polygyra, 390 anilis, 383, 390 behri, 383, 390 (Polygyra) minor, Helix, 382, 383 solidens, Helix, 382, 383, 388, 392 triangularis, Helix, 382, 383, 390, 392 triangularis minor, Helix, 390, 392 Polygyridae, 388 Polyplacophora, 183, 205 Polystomella crispa, 365 Populus monticola, 10 Poromyacea, 197 porrecta, Textularia agglutinas, 359 poselgeri, Cochemia, 32 potentilloides, Tanacetum, 256 Vesicaria, 256 praetexta, Navicula, 302, 304 Pinnularia (Mononeis) , 302 Prasina, 49 Prasinidae, 49 primitiva, Cushmanella, 365 princeps, Evibacus, 223 Fasciolaria, 403 Nitzschia, 404 Spondylus, 193, 268, 271 pringeli, Pachycereus, 6, 118, 224, 226, 228 Thornbera, 246 pristiphora, Tellina (Phyllodina), 196 proclivis, Tellina (Merisca), 196 Progne subis, 233 prolongata, Lucina (Cavilinga), 184, 194 Protothaca grata, 185, 195, 350 pruinosus, Auliscus, 292, 294 Pseudemys scripta nebulosa, 154 Pseudochama, 178 [Proc. 4TH SER. VoL. XXX] corrugata, 195 panamensis, 185, 195 saavedrai, 195 Pseudononion japonicum, 365 pseudoplicata, Bolivina, 369 Pseudorca crassidens, 233 Pteria sterna, 193 Pteriacea, 184, 193 Pteropoda, 204 Pterynotus centrifuga, 201 pudicus, Clavus, 202 puelchana, Ostrea, 273 puella, Transennella, 179, 180, 195 pugens hallii, Leptodactylon, 314 pullata, Littorina, 349 pulvinata, Discorbina, 374 Discorbis, 374 Glabratella, 374. Pulvinulina menardii, 370 punctatus, Bufo, 123, 136, 142, 152 Bup, 150 Opisthognathus, 219 punctulata, Bulla, 179, 180, 189, 204 pura, Iselica, 188 Puritanina, 394 (Puritanina) acholus, Bulimulus, 383 pustulata, Jenneria, 349 pygmaea, Anachis, 348 pyramidalis, Aspella, 201 Pyramidella adamsi, 204 auricoma, 204 (Longchaeus) adamsi, 188 (Pharcidella) hastata, 188 (Voluspa) , 204 (Voluspa) auricoma, 188 Pyramidellacea, 188, 204 Pyrene fuscata, 349 Pyrgo denticulata, 361 subsphaerica, 361 Pyrto, 361 Pyxidicyka (Stephanopyxis) aculeata, 298 quadrangulare, Dentalium, 185, 197 Quercus brandegeei, 26 quinqueloba, Globigerina, 376 Quinqueloculina, 362 agglutinata, 362 angulosa, 362 catalinensis, 363 compta, 362 INDEX 429 costata, 363 flexuosa, 363 lamarckiana, 362 seminula, 362 Quinqueloculininae, 361 Rabdotus, 396 (Leptobyrsus) dentifer, 383, 391 (Rabdotus) sufflatus, 383, 396 (Rabdotus) sufflatus, Rabdotus, 383, 396 racemosa, Caulerpa, 58, 235 Laguncularia, 218 turbinata, Caulerpa, 56 radians, Trivia, 349 radiatus, Coscinodiscus, 287 Eupodiscus, 292 (Radsiella) tridentatus, Ischnochiton, 205 ralfsii, Actinocyclus, 404 rammata, Arene, 197 raphanus, Siphogenerina, 366, 367 Uvigerina (Sagarina), 366 Rattus, 352 rattus, 329 rattus, Rattus, 329 rava, Clathurella, 202 ravenii, Encelia, 251, 253, 254 reclusa, Tellina (Merisca), 196 reclusianus, Polinices, 402 recognitus, Bulimulus, 395 Bulimulus (Globulus), 383, 384, 395 Rectobolivina, 367 recurvirostris, Murex, 201 recurvus, Conus, 203 reeveana, Barbatia, 192, 350 reevei, Engina, 201 refugioensis, Pecten, 274 Pecten (Euvola), 268, 274, 280 Pecten (Pecten), 274 regilla, Hyla, 136, 143, 152 regularis, Gari, 196 reinharti, Anadara, 192 Reussella, 366 aequa, 366 revellei, Aequipecten, 280 Chlamys, 280 Chlamys (Argopecten), 271, 280 Rhizophora mangle, 12 rhoifolia, Bursera, 226 Rhynchosia, 29 riedyi, Biddulphia, 300 430 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ringens, Biloculina, 361 Malea, 269 Rissoacea, 186, 198 Rissoella excolpa, 186 tumens, 186 Rissoina burragei, 186 mexicana, 186 stricta, 186 woodwardi, 186 robusta compacta, Bolivina, 369 Terebra, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 Terebra (Terebra), 73 rosacea, Discorbis, 372 Neoconorbina, 372, 373 Rotalia, 372 Rosalina, 370, 371 concinna, 372 natlandi, 359, 373 nitida, 371 obtusa, 370 orbicularis, 372 terquemi, 373 rosea, Discorbina, 372 Discorbis, 372 Rotalia, 372 Truncatulina, 372 roseolus, Clavus, 202 roseus, Toxopneustes, 233 Rotalia, 370 avalonensis, 370 depressa, 370 nitida, 371 rosacea, 372 rosea, 372 squammosa, 374 Rotaliacea, 370 Rotaliidae, 370 Rotaliinae, 370 ruber, Crotalus, 223, 230, 233, 317, 333, 342, 343 Crotalus ruber, 319 lucasensis, Crotalus, 154 ruber, Crotalus, 319 rubidus, Cnemidophorus tigris, 139, 153 Ruella californica, 26 rugatus, Leptochiton, 348 rugosa, Fissurella, 186, 349 Pinna, 184, 218 Tegula, 349 [Proc. 4TH SER. saavedrai, Pseudochama, 195 sacculifera, Globigerina, 377 sacculiferus, Globigerinoides, 377 Sacoglossa, 49 (Sagarina) raphanus, Uvigerina, 366 Salicornia, 17 pacifica, 218 Salpinctes obsoletus, 119 Salvadora, 134 hexalepis, 342, 343 hexalepis klauberi, 151, 154 sanguinea, Trivia, 200 Sator, 120 grandaevus, 120, 122, 123 saturnalis, Diodora, 186, 198, 349 Sauromalus, 134 australis, 143, 153 hispidus, 315, 333, 342, 343 obesus, 343 varius, 330, 343 savagei, Chilomeniscus, 121, 123 scaber, Aulacodiscus, 294 Plectodon, 197 scabricosta, Nerita, 186, 349 scalaris, Conus, 203, 348 (Scalenostoma) dotella, Odostomia, 204 Scalina ferminiana, 199 Scaphandracea, 189, 204 Scaphiopus couchi, 122, 152 Scaphopoda, 185, 197 Sceloperus, 26, 37, 134, 135 magister zosteromus, 144, 153 orcutti, 146 orcutti licki, 141, 144, 153 schencki, Nucula, 192 schlumbergeri, Berthelinia, 50 schmidtii, Campylodiscus, 404 schottii, Lophocereus, 226 Scintilla, 53 chloris, 51, 52, 63 scripta nebulosa, Pseudemys, 154 scrobiculata, Agassizia, 403 sculptum, Cerithium, 348 Cerithium (Liocerithium), 187 sculptus, Auliscus, 292, 294, 404 Eupodiscus, 292 (Scutalus) acholus, Bulimulus, 383, 384, 394 cacotycus, Bulimulus 383, 384, 395 cosmicus, Bulimulus, 383, 384, 394 scutellatum, Crucibulum, 200 VoL. XXX] Sea of Cortez Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, June 20-July 4, 1964, by George E. Lindsay, 211- 242 Seila assimilata, 187, 199 Semele flavescens, 185 mediamericana, 196 pacifica, 196 seminudus, Solariorbis (Hapalorbis), 198 seminula, Quinqueloculina, 362 semipolitum, Dentalium, 185, 197 semirubida, Acmaea, 185, 197 senarius, Actinoptychus, 404 Septifer zeteki, 184, 192 sericata, Diplodonta, 194 sericeus, Pecten, 193 serosus, Perognathus spinatus, 219 Serpulorbis margaritaceus, 187 serrata, Clathurella, 202 Lepidozona, 205, 348 sertularioides, Caulerpa, 55, 58, 60, 235 Shallow water Foraminifera from Cape San Lucas, Lower California, by Clifford C. Church, 357-380 siccus, Perognathus arenarius, 123 Perognathus penicillatus, 119 sidebottomi, Sigmoilina, 362 Triloculina, 362 Sigmoilina sidebottomi, 362 siliqua, Macoma, 196 Simmondsia chinensis, 226 simplex, Sphaeromeria, 256 Tanacetum, 256 simplicissimus, Hemidiscus, 300 singleyi, Cyclinella, 195 Sinum debile, 200 Siphogenerina, 366, 367 costata, 366, 367 raphanus, 366, 367 Siphonaria brannani, 205 Siphonariacea, 189, 205 siphonata, Colubraria, 200 slevini, Eridiphas, 122, 14.9, 150, 153 Hypsiglena, 7, 149 Leptotyphlops humilis, 154 Petrosaurus, 315, 342, 343 Smaragdinella thecaphora, 189 Smith, Allyn G., see Hanna, G Dallas Smith, Allyn G., see A. Myra Solamen columbianum, 192 Keen, INDEX 431 solandri, Trivia, 349 Solariella triplostephanus, 198 ?Solariorbis ditropis, 186 Solariorbis (Hapalorbis) liriope, 198 (Hapalorbis) seminudus, 198 Solecardia eburnea, 194 Solecurtus guaymasensis, 196 Solemya panamensis, 184, 192 Solemyacea, 184, 192 solida, Arcopsis, 350 Engina, 201 solidens, Helix (Polygyra), 382, 383, 388, 392 Soritidae, 364 Soritinae, 364 sonorana, Stenoplax conspicua, 348 Sonorella lohrii, 387, 388 [ Micrarionta] lohrii, 386 Sonorina [Leptobyrsus], 391 sororcula, Transennella, 195 sparsipunctata, Coccoenis, 404 Spartocentrum, 396 (Spartocentrum) digueti, Coelocentrum, 383 minorina, Coelocentrum, 383 sparverius, Falco, 119 spatiosa, Lithophaga, 184 specillata, Terebra, 203, 349 speciosa, Corbula, 179, 180, 196 speciosus, Clypeaster, 271 spectabilis, Chrysalidinella, 366 Navicula, 302 Sphaeromeria simplex, 256 spicata, Oliva, 179, 180, 188, 202, 269, 402, 403 spinatus occultus, Perognathus, 222 Perognathus, 315 seorsus, Perognathus, 219 spinigerus, Vejovis, 217, 221 spinosum, Crucibulum, 200, 348 spirifer, Bulimulus, 391 Spirillina, 368 denticulata, 368 limbata denticulata, 368 vivipara, 368 Spirillinacea, 368 Spirillinidae, 368 Spirillininae, 368 Spirolina, 364 arietina, 364 splendens, Actinophaenia, 286, 288 432 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Actinoptychus, 286 splendidum, Dentalium, 185, 197 Spondylus princeps, 193, 268, 271 squalida, Megapitaria, 180, 185, 195 squamiger, Turbo, 198 squammosa, Cymbaloporetta, 374: Rotalia, 374 squamula, Ludovicia, 50, 56, 58 squamuligera, Chama, 194, 350 stanfordiana, Nomaeopelta, 197 Stahnke, Herbert L., Observations on the type specimen of the scorpion Syn- tropis macrura Kraepelin, 257-263 stanburiana elegans, Uta, 12, 146, 153 Uta, 147, 315, 342, 343 stearnsi, Liotia acuticostata, 186, 198 stearnsii, Orobitella, 194 steganella, Helix, 383, 387, 388 Micrarionta, 388 stella, Actinoptychus, 286 stellaris, Coscinodiscus, 404 stellatus, Trimusculus, 189 stenogyra, Turbonilla (Careliopsis) , 204 Stenoplax conspicua sonorana, 348 limaciformis, 348 mariposa, 205 stephani, Peromyscus, 352 Stephanopyxis, 298, 300 (Stephanopyxis) aculeata, Pyxidickya, 298 Stephanopyxis pediastriformis, 293, 300 stephensae, Amphithalamus, 61 sterna, Pteria, 193 Sthenoteuthis bartramii, 230 Stictodiscus californicus, 287, 290, 292, 404 hardmanianus, 287, 288 (Stigmaulax) broderipiana, Natica, 200 stippi, Navicula, 301 stramineus, Chilomeniscus stramineus, 148, 153 stramineus, Chilomenicus, 148, 153 striata, Vertebralina, 363 Wilcoxia, 29, 220 striatula, Brizalina, 369 stricta, Rissoina, 186 strigata, Terebra, 68, 69, 75, 76 Terebra (Subula), 77 Terebra (Terebra), 77 striolata, Crepidula, 200, 348 Strombacea, 200 ?Strombina carmencita, 201 [Proc. 4TH SER. Strombina maculosa, 179, 180, 188, 201 Strombus gracilior, 180, 200 granulatus, 269, 403 strongi, Haminoea, 349 strongiana, Acmaea, 185, 197 subdiaphana, Mangelia (Agathotoma), 188 subdola, Nucinella, 192 subdolus, Pecten (Plagioctenium), 282 subfastuosa, Surirella, 297 subgloriosa, Cerithiopsis, 187 subimbricata tumens, Anomalocardia, 350 subis, Progne, 233 subnodosa, Chlamys (Nodipecten), 268, 271, 273, 402 intermedia, Chlamys (Nodipecten), 271 subnodosus, Lyropecten, 193 suborbicularis, Kellia, 194 subquadrata, Diplodonta, 179, 180, 194 subrotunda, Miliolina, 362 subsphaerica, Biloculina, 361 Pyrgo, 361 subspirifer, Bulimulus 384, 391, 392 Subula, 68 dimidiata, 68 (Subula) lingualis, Terebra, 70 Subula maculata, 68 (Subula) strigata, Terebra, 77 subulata, Terebra, 68, 79 subulatum, Buccinum, 68, 69, 79 sufflatus, Bulimulus, 391, 395, 396 Rabdotus (Rabdotus), 383, 396 sulcata, Mitra (Tiara), 202 supralirata, Alaba, 186, 199 Surirella fastuosa, 294, 296 hybrida, 297 lata, 297, 298 lorenziana, 297, 298 macraena, 297 patens, 297, 298, 404 subfastuosa, 297 (Leptobyrus), 383, Sylvilagus mansuetus, 230 Sympetaleia tenella, 30, 35 Syndendrium diadema, 404 Syntomodrillia cybele, 203 Syntropis, 257, 258 macrura, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263 Syntropis macrura Kraepelin, Observations on the type specimen of the scorpion, by Herbert L. Stahnke, 257-263 VoL. XXX] Systephania, 300 tabellarium, Triceratium, 298, 300 Tagelus politus, 196 taluticola, Euphorbia, 246, 247, 249 Tamanovalva, 48, 51, 52, 63 limax, 51 Tamanovalvacea, 49 Tamanovalvida, 49 tamiamiensis, Pecten (Lyropecten) , 276 Tanacetum, 243 compactum, 256 martirensis, 254, 256 potentilloides, 256 simplex, 256 Tantilla eiseni, 152 planiceps, 152, 154 tantilla, Transennella, 185, 195 taurinum, Buccinum, 79 Terebra, 79 teglandae, Turritella vanvlecki, 282 Tegula byroniana, 198 corvus, 349 globulus, 186, 349 mariana, 349 ligulata, 349 rugosa, 349 Teinostoma amplectans, 186 gallegosi, 186 Tellidorella cristulata, 193 Tellina (Eurytellina) inaequistriata, 196 (Elliptotellina) pacifica, 196 (Merisca) meropsis, 196 (Merisca) proclivis, 196 (Merisca) reclusa, 196 (Moerella) amianta, 196 (Moerella) felix, 196 (Moerella) paziana, 196 (Phyllodina) pristiphora, 196 (Tellinella) cumingii, 185, 196 (Tellinella) zacae, 196 Tellinacea, 196 (Tellinella) cumingii, Tellina, 185, 196 zacae, Tellina, 196 Tenaturris burchi, 203 verdensis, 203 tenella, Sympetaleia, 30, 35 Teneritia, 396 tenuiflora, Behria, 5, 32 INDEX tenuis, Encope, 403, 405 Planorbis, 384 tenuispina, Othilia, 222 tepocana, Crassispira, 203 Terebra, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 77, 79 Palbocincta, 203 armillata, 203 dumbauldi, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78 (Terebra) elena, Terebra, 78 Terebra elongatum, 77 feldmanni, 79 flammea, 75, 79, 80 formosa, 69 (Terebra) formosa, Terebra, 70 Terebra gabbi, 72, 78 incomparabilis, 79, 80 insignis, 70 intertincta, 203 433 hngualis, 6970; lyr 73s604, don tind 9, 203 (Terebra) lingualis, Terebra, 70 Terebra loroisi 72 loroisii, 72 macrospira, 73 maculosa, 67, 68 Terebra (Mollusca) from the Eastern Pa- cific, Large species of, by G Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein, 67— 80 Terebra oculata, 72 ornata, 69, 71, 72, 74 (Terebra) ornata, Terebra, 71 Terebra pachyzona, 75 [?]Terebra pachyzona, 72 Terebra panamensis, 203 (Paraterebra) flammea, 79 robusta, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 (Terebra) robusta, Terebra, 73 Terebra specillata, 203, 349 strigata, 68, 69, 75, 76 (Terebra) strigata, Terebra, 77 Terebra (Subula) lingualis, 70 (Subula) strigata, 77 subulata, 68, 79 taurinum, 79 (Terebra) elena, 78 (Terebra) formosa, 70 (Terebra) lingualis, 70 (Terebra) ornata, 71 434 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Terebra) robusta, 73 (Terebra) strigata, 77 texana, 80 variegata, 203 zebra, 77 Terebraria, 68 Terebrarius, 68 Terebrum, 68 tigreum, 68 tergina, Olivella, 202 terquemi, Discorbina 372 Noeconorbina, 372, 373 Rosalina, 373 testota, Olneya, 226 tessellata canoa, Glycymeris, 192 Glycymeris, 180, 192 tessellatum, Plagiogramma, 304, 306, 404 tesseragonum, Dentalium, 197 tetrica, Lima, 193, 350 texana, Terebra, 80 Textularia, 359 agglutinans, 359 agglutinans porrecta, 359 gramen, 360 Textulariidae, 359 Textulariinae, 359 Thais biserialis, 349 triangularis, 188, 349 Thalasseus elegans, 119 thalassina, Uta, 236 thalassinus, Petrosaurus, 145 Petrosaurus thalassinus, 141, 153 thalassinus, Petrosaurus, 141, 153 (Thaumasus) digueti, Bulimulus, 382, 383, 395 thecaphora, Julia, 189 Smaragdinella, 189 The Diguet-Mabille Land and Freshwater Mollusks of Baja California, by G Dallas Hanna and Allyn G. Smith, 381-399 The genus Alvordia (Compositae) of Baja California, Mexico, by Annetta Car- ter, 157-174 The Gulf Islands Expedition of 1966 by George E. Lindsay, 309-355 Thornbera pringlei, 246 Thracia curta, 350 Three late Cenozoic molluscan faunules from Baja California, with a note on dia- [Proc. 4TH SER. tomite from west of San Felipe, by Leo G. Hertlein, 401-405 thumii, Aulacodiscus, 294, 296, 404 thurberi, Lemaireocereus, 226 (Tiara) hindsii, Mitra, 202 sulcata, Mitra, 202 tiarula, Nassarius (Arcularia), 188, 201 tiburonensis, Ferocactus wislizenii, 325 tigerum, Terebrum, 68 tigrinum, Cymatium, 201 tigris, Cnemidophorus, 343 martyris, Cnemidophorus, 326 rubidus, Cnemidophorus, 139, 153 (Timoclea) picta, Chione, 185 tintinnabulum californicus, Balanus, 271 Tityus, 262 Tonnacea, 187, 200, 201 torquata, Hypsiglena, 225 ochrorhyncha, Hypsiglena, 149 torqueata, Bolivina, 369 townsendii pallescens, Plecotus, 209 Plecotus, 225 Toxopneustes roseus, 233 Trachycardium belcheri, 195 consors, 195 Trachyneis aspera, 404 Tradescantia, 32 trangularis, Helix (Polygyra), 382, 383, 390, 392 Transennella puella, 179, 180, 195 sororcula, 195 tantilla, 185, 195 translucens, Assiminea, 186 Tretomphalus, 373 concinnus, 372, 373 triangularis minor, Helix (Polygyra), 390, 392 Thais, 188, 349 Triatoma, 319, 351 tricarinatus, Cyclostremiscus, 198 trichodes, Mangelia, 188, 203 Tricolia cyclostoma, 61 typica, 198 Tridachiella diomedea, 349 tridentatus, Ischnochiton, 348 Ischnochiton (Radsiella) , 205 Trifarina, 366 trigonatus, Cyclostremiscus, 186 Trigoniocardia biangulata, 195 trigonus, Balanus, 271 VoL. XXX] Triloculina, 361 circularis, 361 inflata, 361 oblonga, 361 sidebottomi, 362 Triceratium tabellarium, 298, 300 Trimorphodon lyrophanes, 10, 154 Trimusculus stellatus, 189 triplostephanus, Solariella, 198 (Tripterotyphis) lowei, Typhis, 188 Triptychus, 204 trispinosa, Cavolina, 204 tristis, Mitra, 349 Trivia californiana, 200 radians, 349 sanguinea, 200 solandri, 349 trivirgata, Lichanura, 153 Trochacea, 186, 197, 198 Trochammina, 360 inflata, 360 Trochamminidae, 360 Truncatulina concentrica, 375 mayori, 375 rosea, 372 tuberculata, Acanthina, 348 tuberculatus, Phyllodactylus, 11, 143 tuberculosa, Atrina, 184, 401 Tubinellinae, 364 tumbezensis, Chlamys (Pacifipecten), tumens, Anomalocardia subimbricata, 350 Rissoella, 186 tumida, Alvania, 186 Planorbella, 383 tumidus major, Planorbis, 384, 386, 392 Planorbis, 384, 386 Planorbis (Pierosoma), 384 tuomeyii, Biddulpha, 404 turbinata, Caulerpa racemosa, 56 Turbo fluctuosus, 349 squamiger, 198 Turbonilla (Careliopsis) stenogyra, 204 (Mormula) coyotensis, 204 Turricula libya, 203 nigricans, 203 Turridae, 203 Turrilinidae, 365 Turrilininae, 365 Turritella, 190, 282 gonostoma, 269 INDEX imperialis, 273 marcosensis, 271, 280, 282 mariana, 180, 199 nodulosa, 199 vanvlecki teglandae, 282 turveri, Acmaea, 348 Clavus, 202 Typhis, 61 (Tripterotyphis) lowei, 188 typica, Berthelinia, 54 Berthelinia (Edenttellina) , 56 Edenttellina, 51 Tricolia, 198 tyrianthina, Acanthina, 348 uber, Polinices, 180, 187, 200 ultima, Micrarionta, 387 Umbraculacea, 205 Umbraculum ovale, 205 uncifera, Pandora, 197 unctus, Phyllodactylus, 122, 141, 142, 153 undatella, Chione, 180, 195 undatoides, Lucina (Pleurolucina), 184, undulata, Cyathodonta, 185, 197 Urocoptidae, 396 Urodacinen, 258 Urosaurus, 3 microscutatus, 232 nigricaudus, 144, 153 Uta, 37, 134, 343 palmeri, 326, 343 stansburiana, 147, 315, 342, 343 stansburiana elegans, 12, 146, 153 thalassina, 236 Uvigerina (Sagrina) raphanus, 366 Uvigerinidae, 366 valida celaeno, Natrix, 150, 154 Natrix, 147 validum, Plagiogramma, 304, 306 vanvlecki teglandae, Turritella, 282 Valvulininae, 360 varians, Crassinella, 193 variegata, Terebra, 203 variegatus, Coleonyx, 135, 325, 343 peninsularis, Coleonyx, 139, 153 variolata, Navicula, 300, 302 varius, Sauromalus, 330, 343 Vasum muricatum, 269 143, 194 436 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES veatchii, Pachycormus, 14 Vejovis, 224, 225, 232, 257, 258 spinigerus, 217, 221 Veneracea, 185, 195 Ventricolaria isocardia, 195 ventricosa, Ficus, 201, 403 veraguensis, Phos, 201 verdensis, Tenaturris, 203 Vermiculum oblongum, 361 versicolor, Nassarius, 201 Omphalopelta, 287 Vertebralina, 363 insignis, 363 striata, 363 vertebralis, Pituophis, 154 Verticaria (Cnemidophorus) ceralbensis, 120 Verticordia ornata, 197 Vesicaria potentilloides, 256 vespertina, Ostrea, 403 Viguiera, 162 vilineata, Amphispiza, 119 villosior, Asthenothaerus, 197 virginensis actonii, Encelia, 253, 254 virgulatus, Chiton, 205, 347 vivesi, Pizonyx, 207, 208, 233, 322, 336 vivipara, Spirillina, 368 vogdesi, Pecten, 180, 193 Pecten (Oppenheimopecten) , 271, 402 (Voluspa) auricoma, Pyramidella, 188 Pyramidella, 204 Volutacea, 188, 201, 202 [Proc. 4TH SER. walkerianum, Epitonium (Asperiscala), 199 watsoni, Forchammeria, 36 watsonii, Forchammeria, 235 West American species of the bivalved gas- tropod genus Berthelinia, by A. Myra Keen and Allyn G. Smith, 47-66 Wiggins, Ira L., Investigations in the natural history of Baja California, 1-45 New species of plants from Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico, 243-256 Wilcoxia, 29 striata, 29, 220 Williamia peltoides, 205 williamsoniana, Buliminoides, 366 wislizeni copei, Crotophytus, 153 wislizenii tiburonensis, Ferocactus, 325 woodwardi, Rissoina, 186 wurtsbaughi, Epitonium (Nitidiscala) , 199 xanti, Phyllodactylus, 143, 145, 146, 232, 343 Phyllodactylus xanti, 143 xanti, Phyllodactylus, 143 xantusi, Bulimulus, 395 Miltha, 194 Xantusia gilberti, 153 Xylophaga mexicana, 196 Yucca, 19, 40 zacae, Tellina (Tellinella), 196 Zalophus californianus, 353 zebra, Terebra, 77 zeteki, Septifer, 184, 192 zosteromus, Sceloporus magister, 144, 153 ERRATA Line 10 from top of page: for montezumae read montezuma. Line 5 from bottom of page: for splendidulum read splendidum. Line 12 from bottom of page: for M. (K.) dane, read M. (K.) danaé. Line 13 from bottom of page: for NITICACEA read NATICACEA. Line 1 in caption under figure: for Broteus read Broteas. for results of many papers read results im many Line 16 from bottom of page: for S. petrina read E. petrina. Line 13 from top of page: for (L. DIGUES ded.) read (L. DIGUET ded.). Line 10 from bottom of page: delete period (.) after word “If” at beginning of Rage Je Page 120. Line 20 from top of page: for hes peris read hesperus. Page 185. Page 188. Page 200. Page 209. Line 18 from top of page: for hes peris read hesperus. Page 225: Page 246. Line 18 from top of page: for agreat read a great. Line 21 from top of page: papers... Page 247. Page 260. Page 262. sentence. Page 358. Line 1 in caption under figures: Page 369. for Discorbis hannai read Discorbis hannae. Line 13 from bottom of page: for torqueta read torqueata. PROCEEDINGS OF THE California Academy of Sciences Vol. XXX, No. 1, pp. 1-45, 4 plates September 30, 1960 INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA By Antena ee ne s Marine Biologi wy IRA L. WIGGINS Sealy Laboratory Stanford University ot ab Bae | OK MASS. WOODS HOLE, SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1960 ’ } { : xy } 5 ‘ ‘ ¥ Tess ‘ ie : y ~ { 7 ’ ‘ >> \ Pi ‘ ‘ . - / j / - ( * ead | Wan , ’ \ A y \ ‘ - o k ‘ \ id oY a ers ' ! : » a) H - ; : i \-B ra SEB = . ’ \ ae We Ay , 5 a 5 \ 4 sf 0) ; - p } “ d ‘ y h 5 k i f \ 7 mR 1 i wi } ‘ 7 *~ 4 4 =: vs 1s fr ‘ 1 2 4p y { 7 mn N \ Aa 4 COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION ANT aN.) Dr. ROBERT C. MILLER, Chairman Dr. Epwarp L. eeccar Peltor ag \ ‘ Sf ‘ ~ f ’ 1 } en i, / * 7 ¥ \ a a Ne ~ | 4 ‘ a i 7 \ ) i SS j 7 ‘ x \ NM , a i ¥ \ v y f \ ps : ‘ mR i aN i ' j t f P it x er. Ay ae * ee. 7 i wh iv La s.? : : PP cates | me 2 7 Cae oll 2 ‘ uy iy j , 2 ¢ } 4 ‘ : sa. yt i lay A} eo ae : Avie ss‘ r : ve MBL/WHOI LIBRARY ll L FHS I | WH POL OOO LE OO ne eae > SA eee SE So carga mee emer ena Sev Ot Ae PR Ra, EIN - - “eur * —- ° A OE FS Oe eS fren Noni EOI ARE a OE OS ™ 4%