“ se ea ey 4 } 4 a * ABO Di ge i ahve ait Ta) yy ‘ « Pid ab oy 1 ¥% area base NY aie aes dD 4 *y ian ta yaa ‘ CORE Ke ek haw CA it 7 ae Avie CK be eke teh ’ epee woe ae ‘ 2 any ai PARE he oe CH CC Nad 6:4 #0 ik AO AS, We j “N i a Water tet € Lt CROMER RIK ] Sa alah oa 4 : ¥ CIE OD oo esa ye V Mnthrd ol aie Rn EUR ae ) een an MER ares CU aot Dh Paya ki 7 Sonia y seeecaae ‘ 4 DOOR pis DCR Ct kIT) ( ‘ SOO et ok ie NPAs ey tn 4X? iF, ay eg ra ' Cty uate ee oe a) ey Ad hay Fibs) ’ CO ets ’ ‘ io Hot 4 2? aet ‘d hn? 4 ‘ > 1 Us pi +: J Ort} og) eM a al) Nee Wu eveyn byee CLIC} ’ i : é a chet! ileal A Peat it VVaws ra ‘! 4) rete oe "VG ae tae fy ei Vea aa 8 ws Ne ue te) H COR a NRA / \ Wad tug ARK ed ; , Pen ’ hd C4 ys on Cater ary M if Hey SALA Cot acu Mane cy ee fy Na me Ya Os Nea’ ate MALS CO rt Moree A iY tS ” + Rae Arey z ms 4 i 4) tae $i NECA eN eat loaa ae « aad c ga a ee) Ry . ae Ag ahd ai ee 1p iP ) Ne DA) iy Ny Wet cs H ne ui hte Lert sth fs a Gin Ae Neto uf AAS A icheka ba Thy Cn i Dali Ae ‘ene Boe EA yoda N ies # i hau ro Vek g Hye i) Nh hy Ayr ; we fh, aN Vy es OC) Lay ik NASA na UH Gn Ou Mie Pa rin GA SOR ON 184 ‘ait . 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BAIRD. i SSS Se = qe Se ee SSS ahh PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY SOPH NC is. VOl%U NEE Vv. PART I. SAN FRANCISCO: 9 fe ee 7) PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEN CHS. AnnuaL MEETING, JANUARY 6TH, 1873. President in the Chair. Thirty-eight members present. Robert M. Brereton was elected a life member, and Theodore A. P. Brown, C. B. Morgan, P. Hatch, M.D., and 8. B. Boswell, were elected resident members. The President delivered his annual address, referring to the- progress and prospects of the Academy, and its claims to public: consideration. The Director of the Museum, Curator of Entomology, and: Librarian, submitted their annual reports, which were read and. accepted. The Treasurer presented his exhibit of the financial affairs of the Academy, of which the following is a summary: Amount re-- ceived from monthly dues and life memberships, to date, $2,702.35 5. the disbursements for the same time amount to $1,133.90; leaving, Proc, Cau, AcaD. Scr., Vou. V.—1. APRIL, 1873. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA a balance on hand, of $1,568.45. On motion, the report was ac- cepted and ordered filed. The annual election being now in order, the following gentlemen were elected officers of the Academy for the current year: PRESIDENT. GEORGE DAVIDSON. VICE-PRESIDENT : TREASURER : JOHN HEWSTON, Jr. ELISHA BROOKS. CORRESPONDING SECRETARY : RECORDING SECRETARY ¢ HENRY G. HANKS. CHARLES G. YALE. LIBRARIAN : DIRECTOR OF MUSEUM: C. N. ELLINWOOD, M.D. H. G. BLOOMER. TRUSTEES.* ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. OLIVER ELDRIDGE. THOMAS P. MADDEN. D. D. COLTON. Dr. Stout read a paper “ On the Chemistry of Great Fires,” referring more particularly to certain phenomena connected with the recent disastrous fire at Boston. ‘The views advanced by Dr. Stout elicited much discussion, Dr. Blake and others dissenting. ReeuLtaR Meerine, January 207TH, 1878. President in the Chair. Forty members present. J. P. Jones, A. A. Gansl, Tiburcio Parrott, and George T. Marye, Jr., were elected life members; and 8. P. Middleton, and Joe Beard: resident members; Montgomery P. Fletcher, and ‘Caspar Senin were elected corresponding members. Robt. E. C. Stearns was elected a life member, on recommenda- tion of the late Trustees, in recognition of services rendered to the Academy. * The President, Treasurer and Recording Secretary, are Trustees ex-officio. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 3 Donations to the Library: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of France, 1868-9. Bulletin Meteor., Mensuel de Observatoire de I’Université d’Upsal, Vol. I, Nos. 1-12. Vol. III, Nos. 7-12. Bulletin de l’Acad. Im- periale des Sciences de St. Petersburg, Tome XVII, Nos. 1, 2,3. Memoires de l’Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersburg, VII Serie, Tome XVII, Nos. 11,12. Tome XVIII, Nos. 1-6. Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles de la Société Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem, Tome VII, Livraisons 1, 2,3. Tome VI, Liv. 4and 5. Giebel’s Zeitschrift fur’ die Ge- sammten Naturwissenschaften, new series, Bandes I, II, III, 1V. Schriften aus Dem Gauzen Gebiete der Botanik herausgegeben vom Kaiserlichen Bot. Garten, Band II, Hft.1, St. Petersburg, 1853. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, Band XXIII, Hft.4. Band XXIV, Hft. 1-2. Ab handlungen, Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Ge- sellschaft, Vol. VIII, Parts I, Il. Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nurnberg, Band V. Memoires Royal Bot. Garten St. Peters- burg, Tome I, Part I. Acta Universitatis Lundensis 1868, Parts 1-3; also 1869, Parts 1-2; and 1870, Parts 1-2. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlish-Konig- lichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, Band XXII, Nos. 1-2. Verhandlungen der k.k. geol. Reichsanstalt, Nos. 1-7. Revista Med. Quirurgica de la Association Medica Bonaerense, Ano 9, No. 6. Catalogus Systematicus Bibliothecse Horti. Imp. Bot. Petropolitani. Sertum Petropolitanum seu Icones et descrip. plan- tarum, que in Horto Bot. Imp. Petropolitano, Fas. I-IV. Elfter Bericht, Offenbacher Vereins fur Naturkunde im Vereinsjahre, 1870-1871. | Sitzungs- Berichte der Natur-wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, Jahrgang, 1871-72. Animadversiones Botanique of the Acad. Petropolitani, p.p. 1-24, and p.p. 41-59. Hnumeratio Plantarum Novarum a Cl. Schrenck : Moscow, June, 1841, and October, 1842. Bericht uber die Sitzungen der Naturfor- schenden Gesellschaft zu Halle in Jahre, 1870, Jan. and Feb. Uebersicht der Aemter-Vertheilung und wissenschaftlichen Thatigkeit des Naturwiss. Vereins zu Hamburg Altona im Jahre, 1869-70. Bericht uber die Senkenbergische naturforsche Gesellschaft, 1870-1871. Die unseren Kulturpflanzen schadlichen Insekten, by Gustav Kunstler, Wien, 1871. R. Comitato Geologico d'Italia, Bolletino Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 1872. Die Grundlagen des-Vogelschutz-gesetzes von G. R. von Frauenfeld, Wien, 1871, Part I, July 1871; Part II, October 1871. Die Pflege der Jungen bei Theiren-Zwei Vor. von G. R. v. Frauenfeld, Wien, 1871. Proc. Philos. Soc., Glasgow, 1871-72. Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc., Vol. II, Part I, 1872. Belfast Nat. Field Club, 6th Report, 1868-9; 8th Rep., 1870-71 ; 9th Rep., 1871-72. Proc. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc., Nos. 1-8, Vol. VII, 1871; Nos. 1-3, Vol. VIII, 1872. Sitz der Kaiser-Akad. Wissen, Parts I and IT, III, IV and V, Vol. LXIV (2 sets), Wien, 1871. Monat. der Konig. Preuss. Akad. der Wissen du Berlin, Parts for April, May, June and July, 1872. Abhand-heraus von Naturwissen-schaftlichen Ver. zu Bremen, Parts I and II, Vol. III, 1872. Zeit. du Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellschaft, Part IV, Vol. XXIIL; Parts I and II, Vol. XXIV, Berlin, 1871. Die Uns. Kut- turpflanzen schiid. Insekten, Gustav Kiinstler, Wien, 1871. Ber. wiber der Senck. 4 PROCERDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Naturforschende Gesellschaft, 1870-71, Frankfort a. M. Abhand. der Natur- histor. Gesell. zu Nurnberg, Vol. V, Nurnberg 1872, Zeit. furdie Gesamm- ten Natur. New series, Vols. I and II, for 1870; III and 1V, for 1871. Berlin 1871. Shrift. der Kénig. Physikalisch-Pkonomischen Gesell. zu Ko6n- igsberg, Parts I and II, for 1871; Part I for 1872. Kd6nigsberg, 1872. Bul- letin Soc. Imp. des Natur de Moscow, Nos. I, and II-LV, for 1872, Moscow, 1872. Verhand. des Naturhist. Vereines der Preuss. Rhein, und Westph, 3d series, Part I, of 9th year, Bonn 1872. Mem. L’Acad. Sci. de St. Peters, 1st Series, Vol. XVIII, No.1. Arch. Néerland. Sci. Exact. et Natur, Parts 4and 5, Vol. VI, 1871; Parts 1, 2 and 3, Vol. VII, 1872; La Haye, 1871. Der Zool. Gart., Nos. 1-6, 1872, Frankfort, a. M., 1872. Bulletin Soc. Sci. Hist. et Natur. de L’Yonne, 25th and 26th Vols. for 1871, 1872. Denk. der Kaiser. Acad. der Wissen, Vol. XX XI, Wien, 1872. Abhand. Senck. Natur- Gesell., Parts I and II, Vol. VIII. Frankfort a. M., 1872. Jahr. Kaiser. Konig. Geol. Reich., Nos. for April, May, June, Vol. XXII, for 1872, Wien, 1872. Revista. Med. Quirurg, Assoc. Méd. Bonaerense, Buenos Aires, 1872. Verhand der K. K. Geol. Reich., No. 1, 1872, Vienna. Ber. ub die Sitz. der Natur. Gesell. zu Halle, for 1870, Halle. Uebersicht u. s. w. Natur- wissen. Vereins zu Hamburg — Altona, 1869, 1870. Die Pflege der Jungen- hei Thierén, Wien, 1871. Acta Univers. Lundensis; Philos., 1868; Mathew, 1868; Lund., 1868-9. Bulletin Météor, u. s. w. l’Univers, d’Upsal., Nos. 1-12, Vol. I, Upsal, 1871. Nova Acta. Reg. Soc. Scien. Upsal, Part 1, Vol. VIII, 1868-9 ; 3d Series, 1871. Upsal, 1871. Donations to the Museum: Specimen of Durangite, from Du- rango, Mexico, by Henry G. Hanks. Mr. Hanks, in presenting the above mineral, remarked that it was supposed to exist in considerable quantity in Durango; that heretofore it had been quite rare; it had no special value, and is prized only as a curious formation. Dr. Gibbons exhibited specimens of tape-worms engendered in the system of a child. These worms were of a peculiar form, and Dr. Gibbons supposed they were caused from raw meat having been fed to the child for some disease of the bowels. They were beef tape-worms ( 7’enia mediocanellata) ; the child recently began to discharge isolated worms presenting a notched joint at one end, and the other end rounded more like a head. On further exami- nation under the microscope, the head in one specimen was found to protrude half an inch. No description of the isolated creature was found in the books by Dr. Gibbons. It differs from the ordi- nary detached segments of tape-worm in the apparent possession of a head at the rounded extremity, approaching in this respect the ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 5 cysticircus, or imperfectly developed worm, as it is found in the animal tissues. It appears to hold a middle place between the cysticircus and perfect worm as found in the intestines. New Problems in Mensuration.* BY GEORGE DAVIDSON. 9. Given the diameter of a sphere, to find the diameters of any number of concentric shells and the central sphere having equal volumes with each other, into which the given sphere is divided. To divide it into n shells and the inner sphere, let d represent the diameter of the given sphere; z, y, z, etc., the diameters next interior; (w-1) and w the diameters of last shell and inner sphere ; then, = 3 as 3 aes (n—1) 4d ys = aye ete. n n Co ya 243 : anes ce n n 10. Given the diameters of a spherical shell, to find the diameters of any num- ber of concentric shells into which it is divided, they having equal volumes with each other. To divide it into p shells, let d’ represent the exterior diameter; d the inter- ior diameter; x, y, 2, etc., the diameters reckoned from d’ towards d; (w-1) and w the last two diameters; then, 3 = + (p—1) A? yg _ 2d + (p—2) W's : ; ete. z P (w-1)8 = (p= 2) eee : Pee an oe eles ry P 11. Given the diameters of a spherical shell, and having divided it into any number of concentric shells of equal volumes with each other, to find the diam- eters of the consecutive outer shells of equal volumes with the subdivided shell. Let d’,d; 2, y, ete., represent the quantities as before; p the number of shells into which the given shell is divided; n the required number of outer shells, and 0’, 0’’, o’’’, etc., the consecutive diameters of these shells ; then, 3 __ (m+ p) d’3 — nd8 0 12. Given the diameter of a spherical shell, and having divided it into any * In continuation of former problems ; vide Vol. IV, pp. 278, 290. Notr.— Please note the following typographical errors in said problems: Page 290, second line from bottom, for “72,” read “22.”; page 290, last line, for “ 2w,” read ‘ w2.” 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA number of concentric shells of equal volumes with each other, to find the diam- eters of the consecutive inner shells of equal volumes with the subdivided shell. Let d’, d; x, y, ete. and p, represent the quantities as before ; n the required number of inner shells, and 7’, 7’’, i’’’, etc , the consecutive diameters of these shells ; then, -38 (n+ p) d3 —nd’3 i) a mea abe HRSA) ol Dr. Stout submitted specimens of iron sands, such as he had ex- hibited at a previous meeting. A microscopic examination was made by the members, and a discussion as to the formation, depo- sition and occurrence of these sands, was participated in by Drs. Stout and Gibbons ; also by Prof. Davidson, who mentioned their occurrence in the neighborhood of the Chilchat River; and Mr. Dall, who spoke of samples of black sand from Alaska, sent to him some time ago for examination, which he was surprised to find con- tained hardly any magnetite. ReeutarR Meetine, Fepruary 3p, 1873. President in the Chair. William KE. Brown, Frederick H. Waterman, Rev. W. A. Scott, D.D., were elected resident members. Hon. C. E. DeLong, and Albert Bierstadt, were elected corre- sponding members. Donations to the Library: Report of the Medical Society of Cal- ifornia, for 1871-2. ‘Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 1871, Vol. IV; Fishes of New Zealand, etc., by F.W. Hutton, and Notes on the Edible Fishes of New Zealand, by James Hector, M. D., presented by Victor Hector. Proceed- ings Agassiz Institute of Sacramento, 1872. Donations to the Museum: A barbed instrument, made by the natives of Kotzebue Sound, from A. Honcharenko. Specimen of silver ore from the Raymond and Ely mines. Specimens of “ ce- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (\ ment” and ‘“bed-rock,” from the gravel of Long Cajion, near Michigan Bluff, Placer county, by Dr. J. M. Willey. Mr. Stearns read the following paper : Remarks on a New Alcyonoid Polyp, from Burrard’s Inlet. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. At a meeting of the Academy held on the 17th July, 1871 (see Proceedings, Vol. IV, page 180,) in referring to a donation to the Museum, made on the previous 5th of June, of what resembled a bundle “of dried willow switches” -from Burrard’s Inlet, our fellow member, Dr. Blake, regarded them, as I infer from the brief published abstract of his remarks, as pertaining to a new species of sponge. The exceedingly meagre data in our possession at present, preclude any positive conclusion as to the true position of these apparent “rods or switches of bone,” for on referring to our records I see that the specimens were sent “with no information accompanying them, except that they were ‘skeletons of some kind of fish!’” At the time of the donation, “It was thought by some to be the internal structure of a species of zoophyte, allied to Virgularia.” With the specimens alone, and without any knowledge of the fleshy or soft parts, and no particulars as to physiognomy or habit of the organization of which each of these switch-like forms is a part, we can only reason from analogy, and not with satisfactory definiteness. It is quite certain that they are not the back-bones, and quite unlikely that they are fin-bones of any species of fish ; as between zodphytes and sponges, to which latter Dr. Blake regards the specimens as allied, I am decidedly of the opinion, after an examination of the limited authorities at my command, that they belong to a species of zodphyte, and are included within some one of the groups of the Order of Aleyonoid Polyps. “The solid secretions of these polyps are of two kinds: Hither (1) internal and calcareous; or (2), epidermic, from the base of the polyp. ‘The latter make an axis to the stem or branch, which is either horny * * * * or calcareous. A few species have no solid secretions. All the species are incapable of locomotion on the base; yet there are some that sometimes occur floating in the open ocean.”* In the third division of the Aleyonoid Polyps, following Prof. Dana’s classi- fication, we have the “ Pennatula tribe,or PannaTuLAcEA. These are compound alcyonoids, that instead of being attached to rocks, or some firm support, have the base or lower extremity free from polyps and buried in the sand or mud of the sea-bottom, or else live a floating life in the ocean. Their forms are very various.” After referring to certain species of the Veretillide, their structure and beauty, other forms are mentioned belonging to the Pennatula tribe, some of * Dana; Coral and Coral Islands, pp. 80, 81. + Ibid., page 91. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA which, like the group Pennatulide, have a stout axis, with branches either side, arranged regularly in plume-like style, or a “very slender stem and very short lateral polyp-bearing pinnules or processes along it (the Virgularide) ; * %* * and some of these have a slender stem, and the polyps arranged along one side of it (the Pavonariadze) ; and still others a terminal cluster of polyps (the Umbellularide). The most of these species secrete a slender horny axis, and have slender cal- careous spicules among the tissues, somewhat like those of Gorgonide.’”’* This internal horny axis is also described as “ bony”} by other writers ; it is covered with a fleshy substance, of a consistence like that of the Actinia, which, being largely composed of water, leaves but little solid matter when dried, which is brushed off or crumbles away with very little handling. In the Pennatule, or Sea-pens, the central stalk or axis is of moderate length and the pinnze_ rather long, presenting the appearance of a feather ; or as La- marck said, “it seems, in fact, asif nature, in forming this compound animal, had endeavored to copy the external form of a bird’s feather.” “Tn some genera, Virgularia and Pavonaria, to which the name of “sea- rushes” has been given, the central stem is very much prolonged, some of them measuring between three and four feet in length. The polypiferous lobes are comparatively short.” % To either the sea-pens (Pennatulidz), or the Umbellate corals (Umbellulari- dee), I believe these specimens belong; and of the two groups indicated, I am inclined to place them in the latter ; said group is characterized by a “ Polyp- ary free, simple elongated, with the polyps at the summit; axis stony, inarticu- late, covered with a fleshy cortex ; polyps large, terminal, arranged in an um- bellate manner at the end of the polypary.’’} Figuier remarks that “ Les Ombellulaires ont une tres-longue tige, soutenue par un os de méme longueur et terminee au sommet seulement par un bouquet de polypes.”|| '« The physiological phenomena which the Pennatula present is extremely in- teresting, since it exhibits the example of a truly composite animal, that is, one in which animals, more or less in number, really perfect so far as comports with the grade of organization to which they belong, form part of a common living * * * body, serving as an intermedium for nutrition to all the individuals, so that they are all nourished together in a mediate manner by means of this common portion of which they form a part. The nutriment which favorable circumstances have placed within the reach of one individual, nourishes that individual first, and then, by extension, nour- ishes the common stem; and thus the other polypi, which constitute organic portions of it, receive their share.’’{] * Ibid, page 91. t Dallas, in ‘‘ Orr’s Circle of the Sciences.” § Dallas, Ibid. + Manual Nat. Hist. Travellers, page 357. || La Vie et les Mceurs des Animanx, Paris, 1866. 4] Cuvier; Mollusca and Radiata, by Griffith and Pidgeon. London, 1834. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9 Or in other words, the nutrition which is secured or received by an individual polyp, is diffused through and nourishes the whole. After a consideration of the subject, with the specimens before us, I think the analogies strongly favor a reference to one or the other of the groups I have indicated, instead of the fishes or sponges, to either of which I cannot perceive they hold the slightest relationship. From the coast of Greenland, Lamarck has described a species of Umbellul- aria (U. Groenlandica,) and we might perhaps, with some degree of reason, look for a related form upon the Pacific side, in some northern station where the physical conditions measurably correspond to those of the habitat of the north Atlantic species cited. It will be readily perceived, that before an accurate determination can be arrived at, the living forms, of which I believe these “ switches” are the central stalks or axes, must be studied in situ, as it is quite doubtful whether the fleshy portion can be preserved. Ata meeting of the Academy subsequent to the date of Dr. Blake’s remarks to which I have alluded, reference was made to a communication by Mr. Sclater, in the scientific weekly publication, “ Nature,” bearing upon this subject. After writing down the conclusions which I have just read, through the courtesy of Dr. Hewston, I was enabled to examine a file of that publication, and I find that Mr. Sclater read a paper before the British Association, at the Brighton meeting, August 20th, 1872,* in which he acknowledges the receipt of several specimens of these “switches,” from Captain Herd, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, with a statement from the Captain that, “These rods are the backbones of a sort of fish found in great abundance at Burraud’s Inlet, Wash- ington Territory, North-west America, whence they have been brought by two Captains in our service. These animals are shaped like a Gonger eel, but are quite transparent, their bodies being composed of a mass of jelly — they are about 8 inches in diameter. ‘The head is like a shark’s head: it is attached to the thick end of the rod — it has two eyes and a mouth placed low down. The backbone is also transparent in the living animal, but becomes hard when dried on the beach by the sun. These fishes swim about in shoals, along with the dog-fishes.” Other information was received by Mr. Sclater, of the same tenor. A. specimen of the switches was sent by Mr. Sclater to Prof. Kolliker, of Wurzburg, who had shortly before been engaged in monographing the Penna- tulidse ; and the latter gentleman, in reply, stated his belief, “ That the object you sent me * * * is indeed the axis of an unknown Pennatulide, ete.” “ Prof. Flower, Prof. Milne-Edwards of Paris, and several other Naturalists, who visited the rooms of the Zodlogical Society * * all said that the objects were new to them, and that they did not know what they were, but were mostly inclined to regard them as the axis of an unknown Pennatulide animal.’’} From the allusion (in the foot-note) in “ Nature” to Dr. Gray, and his refer- * See ‘‘ Nature,” Vol. VI, page 436. ft See ‘‘ Nature”’; also foot-note. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ence of one of these switches to a genus (Osteocella) made by him, I quote as follows from page 405, of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. IX, (Fourth Series). Dr. Gray refers to the Genus Osteocella as follows : “« Mr. Clifton, many years ago, sent * * * to the British Museum, the ‘ backbone taken out of the marine animal in bottle marked No.1. JI caught him, or it, swimming with great rapidity in shallow water.’ The bottle never reached the British Museum; but the backbone did; and I described it at the end of the ‘ Catalogue of Sea-Pens, or Pennatulide, in the British Museum,’ published in 1870, under the name of ‘Osteocella Cliftoni’; but considered it very _ doubtful its belonging to the Pennatulide.” The British Museum has lately received a very long, slender bone, 6414 inches long and 3-16 inch broad in its broadest part, which was sent to the Zoological Society by the Hudson Bay Company, and evidently came from the northern seas, probably from the west coast of America. Mr. Carter has kindly examined the Australian specimen sent by Mr. Clifton, and the one sent * * by the Hudson Bay Company * * * and finds them, under the microscope, “‘ present the same horny structure, viz., a fibrous trama, more or Jess charged with oval cells or spaces, quite unlike that of Gorgonia and Pennatula, which present a concentric mass of horny layers, charged more or less with calcareous crystalline concretions. It is evidently a second species of the same genus, Osteocella.” After a few lines, follows a description of the genus “ Osteocella, Gray, Cat. of Pennatulidee (1870), p. 40.” After describing the style, or axis, he refers to the animal (which neither he nor we have seen) in the following words: “ Animal or colony of animals free, marine ; otherwise unknown; most probably like the Pennatulide, but the style is harder, more calcareous and polished than any known style belonging to that group, which are generally square, sometimes cylindrical, but rarely fusi- form in the genus Virgularia; or, it may be the long conical bone of a form of deeapod cephalopod, which has not yet occurred to naturalists, as Mr. Clifton spoke of its being a free marine animal, and it has a cartilaginous apex like the cuttlefish. * * * * It is evident that there are two species of animal yielding this kind of bony substance : 1. Osteocella Cliftoni. Thick, about 11 inches long, tapering at each end. From Western Australia. 2. Osteocella septentrionalis. Long, slender, about 64 inches long, attenua- ted at the base, and very much attenuated and elongated at the other end. Northern Seas? Collected by the Hudson’s Bay Company.” This latter, undoubtedly refers to the same forms, of which we have numer- ous specimens in the Academy’s Museum, and which are referred to in this paper. Dr. Gray proceeds and says: “ Mr. Carter informs me that subsequent ex- amination of this axis with acid, ‘shows that it is similarly composed to that of Gorgonia, viz., of kerataceous fibre or substance, and calcareous crystalline matter like that of the stem of Osteocella Cliftoni, and the other Pennatulide, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. i which it most nearly resembles’; so that my original view as to the nature of this organ seems to be thus confirmed.” From what is herein quoted from Dr. Gray’s paper, it will be perceived, that while the microscopic examination showed it to be “ quite unlike that of Gor- gonia and Pennatula,” that Mr. Carter's subsequent examination of the second species referred to Osteocella, “shows that it is similarly composed to that of Gorgonia, * * * and** * * like that of the stem of Osteocella Cliftoni, and the other Pennatulide,” ete. Dr. Gray’s paper implies a collision between the microscopic test and the ex- amination with acid ; and tie description of his genus contains a doubt as to which division of the animal kingdom Osteocel/a is related. With high regard for the justly distinguished naturalist, it must be admitted that his genus is quite indefinite, and could be construed to cover a wide range; but as he has attached it to the catalogue of Pennatulidze, it is perhaps fair to infer that in his mind the balance of reasoning tends in that direction ; as between the micro- scopic and the acid tests, the latter is of insignificant value. But returning to the “ switches,” I find that Mr. Sclater does not commit him- self, but with apparent consideration for the intelligence of the parties who sent him the specimens and their statement that they belonged to a species of fish, he only says that, “supposing * * * * that these objects are really derived from such an animal as is described and figured above, I can only suggest that they may be the hardened notochords of a low-organized fish, allied either to the Chimeeroids or to the Lampreys, in which the notochord is persistent throughout life. It is quite certain, I think, that they cannot be any part of the true ver- tebral column.” On page 432 of the same number of “ Nature,” appears an article relating to Mr. Sclater’s paper, from Mr. H. N. Moseley, who, after what appears to have been a rather careful examination of the authorities upon the groups to which he thinks it belongs, as well as upon its microscopical structure, expresses an endorsement of Prof. Kolliker’s opinion, and closes by saying: “In the mean time I cannot but conclude that Mr. Sclater has been misinformed, and that we are very unlikely ever to see that marvellous fish in the flesh.” Again: in “ Nature,” of October 24th, 1872,* Mr. J. W. Dawson, Principal of the McGill College, at Montreal, writes that, presuming that the “ disputed organism * * is specifically identical with a specimen from Frazer River * * presented * * forthe Museum of the University * * *. Tat once recognised it as the axis of a Virgularia, or some similar creature * * * *, Isubmitted it to Prof. Verrill, of Yale College, who had no doubt as to its nature;” and Mr. Whiteaves?of Montreal, noticed it in his report, “as an undescribed Pennatulid.” Then follows Dr. Blake, in “ Nature,” (of November 28th, 1872)+ to which previous reference has been made by me, as it is a part of this Academy’s pro- ceedings, in which, as the result of a microscopic investigation, he says: “ An * Vol. VI, No. 156. t Vol. VII, page 161. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA examjnation of the specimens * * enables me to refer them to the Protozoa class, Spongide, or sponges”; and he concludes by saying : “ Its generic relations will, I think, be with Hyalonema and Kuplectella, both sponges of the Pacific.” The foregoing is all that I find relating to the “switches,” prior to my re- marks as above; I was not aware, at the time, that anything bad appeared on the subject, other than the remarks of Dr. Blake, and that of Mr. Sclater’s article, to which Dr. Blake referred. Mr. Sclater’s article I had not read, but had casually glanced at the drawing of the so-called fish. But having expended so much time prior to an examination of the files of “ Nature,” I considered it a matter of sufficient interest to warrant a review of the subject, and present the same to the Academy. As to what these animal “switches” belong to, it will be seen that Dr. Blake, whose examination of their substance microscopically appears to have been quite thorough, places them with the sponges.» Mr. Sclater does not commit himself, but conditionally refers them to the fishes. Dr. Gray described (it) them as a new species of Osteocella, whatever that may be, (perhaps a Pennatu- lil) while Professors Kolliker, Flower, Milne-Edwards, Mr..Mosely, Principal Dawson, Prof. Verrill, Mr. Whiteaves, Mr. Dall and myself, regard them as belonging to a species of Alcyonoid polyp, related or pertaining to the group Pennatulide. On reviewing the above, it will be noticed that the various parties who pre- sented the specimens, both of the Burrard’s Inlet forms and that from West Australia, state that they are bones of, or belong to fishes, implying that they are a part of free-swimming animals; while some species of the Pennatulacea “live a floating life in the ocean,” it is not unlikely that others may not be con- stantly stationary, or, if I may use the word, are not planted, all of the time ; and while floating might be mistaken for fishes, more especially if numerous specimens were seen moving in the water, coincident with the presence of a school of fishes. In conclusion, I would state my belief that the much-discussed switches are a species of Umbellularia, for which Dr. Gray’s specific name might be adopted, and attached to the specimens from Burrard’s Inlet, in the Academy’s collection. Mr. Dall presented the following description of new species of Cetacea, belonging to the West Coast of North America: Descriptions of Three New Species of Cetacea, from the Coast of California.* BY W. H. DALL, U. S. COAST SURVEY. Delphinus Bairdii, . 8. Back, posterior sides, fins and flukes, black. Anterior sides gray, with two narrow white lateral stripes. A white lanceolate belly patch. Dorsal falcate ; * Printed in advance, Jan. 29th, 1873. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 13 beak slender, elongated. Length, six feet seven to nine inches. Length of skull, 18.76 in.; length of beak before the notches, 11.9 in.; height of skull at vertex, 6 in.; greatest breadth at zygomatic process of squamosals, 6.95 in. ; breadth between maxillary notches, 3.4 in.; ditto at middle of beak, 2 in. Teeth, */., the anterior six on each side very small, not projecting above the gums. ‘I'wo female specimens, Cape Arguello, California, Scammon, 1872 ; of which one entire skeleton has been forwarded to the National Museum at Washington. This species belongs to the restricted genus Delphinus of Gray, and is pecul- iar from its extremely attenuated beak and very deep channels on each side of the palate behind. The superior aspect of the skull resembles that of Clymenia microps, Gray. It differs from all the described species of the genus in color and osteological characters, and will be fully described in the forthcoming mon- ograph of the Pacific Cetacea, by Capt. C. M. Scammon, U.S. R M., to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of describing this and the following species. It is dedicated, by request of Capt. Scammon, to Prof. S. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution. Tursiops Gilli, n. 8. Dull black, lighter on the belly. Dorsal low, falcate. Teeth, '¥/o2. Mon- terey, California. Lower jaw: length from end of beak to condyles, 16.8 in. ; do. to end of coronoid process, 15.8 in.; do. to end of tooth line, 9.3 in. ; length of symphysis, 2 in. ; width between outer edges of condyles, 9.75 in.; between two posterior teeth, 3.5 in.; height of ramus at coronoid process, 4.4 in. The material for identification of this species is unfortunately very small, being only the lower jaw, and outlines of the animal, drawn by Capt. Scammon. It does not appear to have been described, and the only other species of the genus des- cribed from the Pacific is the T. catalania, Gray, from N. W. Australia, which is described as being lead colored. It is dedicated, by desire of Capt. Scam- mon, to Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution, whose memoirs on the Cetacea and Pinnipedia of the Pacific are already classical. Grampus Stearnsti, n. s. Colors dark, but variable: the anterior portion of the body white, and the sides of the body more or less mottled with gray. Dorsal high, and slightly faleate. Animal 12 or 15 feet long; teeth § or 3. Coast of California. Two lower jaws of this animal are in my hands for examination, and but that no Grampus has been described from the Pacific, I should hesitate about ap- plying a specific name to them. Gray has, indeed, catalogued a Grampus (?) sakamata (!) from Japan, based on a Japanese account quoted by Schlegel, but the genus is by no means certain; the descriptions are conflicting, and the species rests on no scientific basis. The jaws referred to are attributed by Cap- tain Scammon to his “ white-headed grampus,” and measure, from the end of the beak to the condyles, 17.5 in.; ditto to coronoid process, 16.2 in. ; height of ramus at coronoid process, 5 in.; length of symphysis, 2 in.; height of gonys, 2 in.; width between outer corners of condyles, 14 in.; ditto at inferior dental 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA foramen, 7 in. Teeth in one specimen three, and in the other four on each side near the tip, pointed, solid, shaped like an orange seed, and extending forward and outward. Fuller descriptions of this and the last species will be given in the work referred to. The present species is dedicated, by Capt. Scammon’s wish, to Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, of San Francisco, well known for his researches in Natural History. Remarks on the Auriferous Gravel Deposits in Placer County. BY J. M. WILLEY, M. D. Having had occasion, in August last, to visit the celebrated mining region which centres in Forest Hill, I went with expectation of finding confirmation of the usual theory concerning the formation of this gravel deposit. It is hardly necessary to say, that the gravel beds of the central counties of California are supposed to present sufficient evidence of the existence of a system of large but extinct rivers; and that the course of these ancient rivers is be- lieved to have been oblique, and often at right angles to that of the present streams, and to their tributaries, flowing through the various canons which have their sources on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range. Although it is possible that such a mode of explanation may account for even so widely spread a deposit of gold-bearing gravel as exists in Placer and adjoining counties, I think there are certain features in this deposit difficult to reconcile with the theory of the ancient river system, and that a closer study of the subject reveals a problem of a very complicated, though interesting nature. The first thing that arrests the attention, after looking at the large excava- tions which hydraulic power has worn in the gravel banks, in some places leav- ing precipices from one to two hundred feet deep, is the profusion of boulders of pure quartz, which cover the worked-out portions of the ground. ‘These boulders lie on the bed rock, in some places many feet in depth. At Forest Hill and Michigan Bluffs, the eye is dazzled in the sun-light reflected from heaps of rounded quartz, some masses of which will measure several cubic yards. ‘The smaller boulders are in general washed away; but I looked with surprise at one portion of an unworked bank at Michigan Bluffs, observing that it was com- posed almost entirely of quartz fragments, froma pebble size upward, all having the usual rounded or ovoid form. There will be little doubt, I think, that we have here the origin of the gold which occurs so plentifully in connection with the gravel of this section of country, but the question remains as to how the attrition has been performed which liberates it. . What tremendous powers have, in the first place, dislocated from their orig- inal casings the gold-bearing quartz ledges, and in the next, ground, to so perfect a smoothness and rotundity, the hardest specimens of white, blue, and rose-colored quartz fragments ? Mere fluvial action, however violent, will account not at all for the first con- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 15 dition, even if it does for the second. Granite, in the Placer county gravel beds, occurs only in boulders associated with the quartz, and that sparingly, the bed rock being universally a slate ; and in this respect, the difference between the placer diggings of Idaho Territory and those of central California, is very remarkable. In Idaho, the bed rock is everywhere granite; and the ledges which have supplied the gold are often distinctly traceable, good diggings being found below them, as in Granite Gulch, near Placerville, and none at all above. To what, then, shall we refer the disruption, in California, of that primitive relationship of rocks, which we find still remaining in Idaho? Perhaps voleanic action may account for it; and in connection with this view I wish to present to the notice of the Society a specimen of the peculiar sub- stance called cement. This substance occurs very abundantly in distinct, and sometimes alternate, stratification with the gravel, in most of the Placer county mines; in fact, in all of them which I had opportunity of visiting. It does not, so far as I could see, mix with the gravel, but is often of a depth and hardness as seriously to embarrass the operations of the miner. Being entirely barren, it has sometimes to be blasted with powder or nitro-glycerine, before the hydraulic stream will act upon it, and then adds greatly to the cost of hydraulic operations. As will be observed, it is a grayish white, and so homogeneous, apparently, in its nature, that the miners generally, though very ignorantly, call it pipe- clay. Although this whitish color is the usual tint, I have observed it in some situations to be of various shades of brown. Now, is this substance a volcanic ash, and if not, what is it? I think the answer to this question carries with it a solution of much of the difficulty in accounting for the condition of things in central California. Ad- mitting that this cement is a true product of volcanic eruption, the large extent of surface covered by it and its frequent great depth, would lead us to infer an enormous amount of volcanic activity, perhaps in connection with the elevation of the neighboring peaks of the Sierra Nevada range. Mr. Hanks kindly afforded me a microscopic examination of the present speci- men, and it appears to resolve itself into the three elements of granite—quartz, mica and feldspar. ‘This is not an unusual condition of volcanic ash, and if my impression is correct, it is, with the addition of sulphur, exactly the analysis of the ash ejected in the recent eruption of Vesuvius. But even considering it as settled that cement is a volcanic ash, solidified by time and pressure, we have still two things to account for; one, the almost total disappearance-of the granite, the other the levigation of the quartz. After due consideration of the effects of prolonged action of the surf on both salt and fresh water beaches, in the production of such gravel and boulders as we see in Placer county—as I doubt whether the ancient river system can be taken into the question, or is so clearly traceable—there is one other mode of explanation of most, if not all the phenomena alluded to, which I think deserves attention. I refer to the grinding and comminuting power of glacial action. Of all the forces of nature which effect transformation of the surface of the 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA earth, the progress of glaciers is among the most potent. Every year brings new proofs of the extent and importance of the changes effected by glacial movement; and perhaps investigation may show that there was a time in which, from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range proceeded icy masses, of a magnitude and weight sufficient to have crushed out and destroyed the original relationships of rock over which they traveled; and to have had much to do with, if they were not the principal cause of, the disrupted and almost chaotic state of the earth’s surface in Placer county. Dr. Kellogg called the attention of the Academy to the follow- ing new species of plants, specimens of which he exhibited. Descriptions of new Plants from the Pacific States. BY A. KELLOGG, M. D. Lupinus palustris, Kellogg. Stem stout, annual, fistulous (cotyledons thick, large, connate and persistent), striate by the decurrent nerves from the base of the leaves, 3 to 8 inches, or more, in height, often subsequently branching 3 to 6 inches more beyond the main axis and its elongated terminal spike ; long, soft, silky, pubescent, or sub- glabrous, with barely very minute villi ; peduncles stout, as long, or often longer than the leaves (3 to 5 inches), rachis somewhat longer still; leaves loosely clustered toward the top; petioles long, rather robust, base expanded and strongly clasping the stem, the 3 prominent nerves decurrent, stipules subulate, hirsute, 14 to 14 an inch long, leaflets 6 to 10, obovate-oblong, obtuse, mucron- ate, retuse, narrowed at the base, glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, 14 to 1g the length of the petiole; spike 6 to 12 inches; flowers large, violet-blue, pinkish, or verging to white, pedicellate, subverticellate or verticellate, some- what scarious bracts persistent, subulate, the setaceous acumination extending _ to about half the length of the lower lip, subscarious calyx bracteolate or ebracteo- late hirsute, about half the length of the somewhat ciliated keel, slightly sac- cate ; upper lip 2-toothed, lower herbaceous lip mostly 2-toothed, seldom sub-en- tire ; wings very broad, obtuse, with a rhomboidal outline ; petals equal. Legumes very appressed, (silvery ?) hirsute, compressed, an inch or more in length, about 8-seeded. Collected by Kellogg and Bloomer on the San Joaquin River, April 7th, 1869. Differs from Menziesii—a 2-seeded species,— whereas this has 8 or more ; also one var. (deep purple-blue flower), has very distinct bracteoles. No variety of L. polyphyllus— with 13 to 15 leaflets, short, caducous bracts and ebracteolate calyx—3 to 5-feet stem, etc., and if we mistake not, perennial root, will allow it to be placed under that name. LL. latzfolius also has a perennial root, smooth stem, bracts longer than the flowers, ebracteolate calyx, entire lips and glabrous keel, ete. Lupinus Menziesii, var. aurea, Kellogg. Collected by Kellogg and Samuel Brannan, Jr., in Deer Valley, near Anti- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 17 och, San Joaquin River, April 22d, 1869; chiefly differing from the accepted description of the species—if we include also L. densiflorus—in the 2-toothed lower lip, relative length of leaves, and the entire scarious tube of the calyx, ete. Stem fistulous, branching from near the axil summit, leaflets about 10, one- third the length of the petiole, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, stipules and bracts scarious, setaceously long acuminate, persistent; calyx-tube scarious, upper-lip 2-toothed, deflexed, somewhat saccate; vexillum short, rounded out- line, pubescent on the back at the base, and along the claw above. Legumes hirsute, minute, 2-seeded. Calystegia villosa, Kellogg. Bracted Bindweed or Cloak-cup Morning Glory. Root perennial, horizontal, rhizomoid, and fibrously sub-rooting, at intervals from the main crown; stem oblique or erect, or occasionally twining from right to left, hoary, velvety-villous throughout, 4 inches to 2 feet high; leaves mostly reniform-cordate, hastate-saggittate, (circumscription somewhat triangular,) open sinus, very deep, lobes broad, subrhombic, angular lobes acute, pointed apex abruptly acute, mucronate ; petioles mostly about equalling the length and breadth of the Jamina, about 3-nerved, the lateral nerves often forked above the sinus (or pseudo-5-nerved) : peduncles assurgent or erect, as long or longer than the petioles, terete, fistulous; bracts leafy, subcordate, (rarely subacute) acute or acuminate ; or ovate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 5-nerved, sub-entire (or rarely distinctly dentate), loosely appressed, covering the calyx, 14 to 24 the length of the flower, internal or proper calyx sepals very unequal, outer ovate- oblong, acuminate, foliaceous and villous, successively reduced, the 2 or 3 inner scarious, glabrous, ciliate, nerved and narrowed to linear, lanceolate, acumin- ate, tips only villous. Style and stamens equal, hirsute at the base. Stigmas 2, linear, oblong ; fila- ments of stamens glabrous, anthers oblong, creamy-white, introrse fixed by the base, etc. Ovary villous (in young state), ovoid, acute. Flowers white, with a tinge of cream. Abundant on hillsides at Cisco, C. P. R. R., 6,000 feet high on Sierra Ne- vada mountains; found by Kellogg and Brannan, June, 1870. This plant most nearly resembles the Span-long Bind-weed, Calystegia spith- amaa, but as we see that in the vicinity of San Francisco, it has not the leaf, bracts, calyx, or peduncles ; here they are in pairs, and the whole plant more naked. This also includes, probably, C. stans, C. acaulis and C. tomentosa ; it cannot be C. paradoza, for that has linear bracts, etc. Helianthus giganteus, var. insulus, Kellogg. Found on a recent visit to an island of the San Joaquin River, on Mr. Kim- ball’s farm, Webb’s Landing. Fall of 1872. Perennial root ; stem 6 to 10 feet high, loosely paniculate; branches purple, smooth, peduncles scabrous ; flowers 2 to 3 inches in expansion, (yellow through- Proc. Cau. AcaD. Sci., Vou. V.—2. Aprin, 1873; 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA out,) rays an inch or more in length, 12 to 20; leaves opposite below, alternate above, lanceolate, acuminate, entire or sub-entire, attenuate below, triplinerved and ciliate at the base, scabrous on both sides, subpetiolate. Involucral scales linear-sublanceolate, attenuate, about twice the length of the disk, squarrese spreading, scabrous, ciliate at the base, 3-nerved; chaff shorter than the ex- panded florets, linear-oblong, carinate, acute, commonly a short tooth on each side near the apex, striate, pubescent at the summit and on the back, chiefly above ; achenia of the disk with 3 to 4 (rarely 5), long, carinate-subulate, chaffy awns, laciniately fringed or finely toothed ; ray achenia, with 1-2 well developed awns, the remainder rudimentary. Lobes of the disk florets scabrously ciliate at the base; on the back somewhat lanose and appressed-hirsute, chiefly canes- cent at the junction with the tube. Receptacle convex, somewhat distinctly alveolate. There are strong grounds for considering this an entirely new species, rather than variety, but owing to the lateness of the season we prefer more ample investigations ; for the present it may rest here. ‘The parallels of other species will be given hereafter. Chionanthus fraxinifolius, Kelloge. A shrub 25 to 30 feet high, branches quadrangular, angles winged. Leaves oddly pinnate, leaflets opposite, in about 3 or 4 pairs, with a terminal odd one, (5 to 6 inches in length.) pinnules petiolate, about 14 the blade, which is ovate or oval, subacute, serrate, base entire and abruptly short-cuneate, often some- what oblique, the terminal leaflet obovate, obtuse, cuneate; leaf glabrous throughout, leaves opposite. Panicles drooping, peduncle laterally sub-com- pressed, numerously subdivided irregularly in alternate, opposite, verticillate, and fasiculate, or in ultimate pedicels of threes, ete., the rather minute oblong scarious bracteoles at the base of the slender pedicels mostly caducous ; glabrous throughout ; monosepalous calyx cup-shaped, sub-scarious, small, per- sistent, border-toothed, teeth 4 to 6 or more, obscurely-triangular acute or mucronate elevations, or notched and secondary pseudo-teeth ; stamens one to two, filaments short, opposite, alternating the petals, scarcely half the length of the anthers, or longer than the calyx (1-line), when dry, apparently twisted, co- hering with the petals at the somewhat expanded base into a partial or entire short ring or tube, anthers linear-oblong, subcordate base, introrse, cells later- ally dehiscent, fixed by the base ; petals oblong-oval, obtuse, claw 14 the blade, or if coalescent oblong or obovate, (14 to 1g an inch in length,) distinct or slightly cohering into a partial tube (in one instance only), and then deciduous with the stamens; style clavate, notched or slightly emarginate, stigma about ¥ longer than the filament, shorter than the anther or anthers; drupe fleshy, oval or sub-globular—ripe fruit not seen. Collected by Dr. William O. Ayres, at Borax Lake, about four years ago. The description is made from very imperfect fragments —a full and good set of specimens much desired. Although, in some points, this shrub fails to agree ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19 with the generic description, as it now stands, it is manifest that a slight re- vision only is required to welcome this remarkable discovery. If, from generic differences above indicated, and more ample means of investi- gation, this should be deemed of intermediate generic position between Chion- anthus and Forsythia, it should be entitled Ayrseia fraxinifolia. Dr. Ayres observes: ‘“ When young, a graceful and beautiful tree or shrub, as it grows older, it loses its beauty very much—becomes straggling and irreg- ular, never showing a straight symmetrical trunk ; 25 to 30 feet high.” Ree@uiar Meetine, Fesruary 17th, 1873. ~ President in the Chair. Forty-three members present. Gregory P. Hart was elected a resident member, and George C. Hickox and James Lick, life members. Donations te the Museum: Specimen of Hornblende containing 20 per cent. of magnetic iron from the Chilcat River, by George Davidson. Fossil bones of a species of Redent found in the drift of the Eureka Consolidated Minmg Company, Nevada, at a depth of 247 feet below the surface, near the top of the ore, and immedi- ately under the hanging rock, which is a limestone. Also, a speci- men of Silver ore from same mine, by G. T. Lawton. Sections of a pile taken from Greenwich Dock, showing the ravages of a marine crustacean (Limnoria ?) which has recently appeared in the harbor of San Francisco, by T. J. Arnold. Head and antlers of the black tail deer, from Utah, by C. B. Turrill. Fossil from the Arizona desert, also specimens of an Isopod crustacean, parasitic on the tomced and other fishes in the Bay, by J. P. Dameron. Mr. John Hewston, Jr., in announcing the gift of a valuable piece of land on Market street, read the following deed from our fellow member Mr. James Lick: Tuts InDENTURE, made and entered into this fifteenth day of February, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, by and between James Lick of the county of Santa Clara, State of California, party of the first part, and 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA the Carirornta ACADEMY oF SCIENCES, a corporation duly incorporated and acting under the laws of the State of California, having its principal place of business in the city and county of San Francisco, State aforesaid, party of the second part, WitnesseTH: That the said party of the first part, in considera- tion of the desire he has to promote the diffusion of science, and the prosperity and perpetuity of said party of the second part, hath given, granted and con- firmed, and by these presents doth give, grant and confirm unto the said party of the second part, and its successors, all that certain parcel of land situate in said city and county of San Francisco, State aforesaid, circumscribed by a line commencing at a point on the south-easterly line of Market Street, distant one- hundred and ninety-five feet south-westward from the southwesterly corner of Market and Fourth Streets, and running thence south-eastwardly and parallel with said Fourth Street, one hundred and ninety-five feet ; thence south-west- wardly, at an angle of forty-five degrees, to a point two hundred and seventy- five feet from said south-easterly line of Market Street, which last-mentioned point constitutes the south-westerly corner of the hundred-vara lot hereinafter mentioned ; thence north-westerly, and parallel with said Fourth Street, two hundred and seventy-five feet to said south-easterly line of Market Street; thence north-eastwardly and along said last mentioned line of Market Street, eighty feet to the point of commencement ; said parcel of land being a portion of that certain lot of land, laid down and commonly known upon the official map of said city of San Francisco, as Hundred-vara Lot No. One hundred and twenty- six: reserving and excepting, out of and from said granted premises, all build- ings, tenements and improvements of any of the tenants of said party of the first part, that now are, or may be situate thereon at the time when said party of the second part shall be entitled to the possession of said premises; and ex- cepting and reserving out of and from this grant and conveyance, the right to possess, use and occupy said premises for the period of two years from the date hereof, unless sooner determined, as hereinafter provided; which right of posses- sion, as aforesaid, said party of the first part hereby reserves unto himself, his heirs and assigns: To HAVE AND TO KOLD, all and singular the premises hereby given and granted unto said party of the second part and its successors, upon the following terms and conditions, nevertheless; which terms and conditions shall be binding and obligatory upon said party of the second part and its sue- cessors, that is to say : First — That said premises shall be used and devoted solely and exclusively for scientific purposes and for none other, and shall never be used for political or religious purposes. Seconp — That said premises shall never be incumbered by said party of the second part, or its successors; and shall never be allowed or suffered by said party of the second part, or its successors, to be sold for any taxes, assessments, or other charges, levied or placed, or suffered to be levied or placed thereon. Tnirp — That said premises shall never be alienated by said party of the second part, during the life of any of the existing members of said California Academy of Sciences. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. at Fourts — That said party of the second part shall never lease said premises or any part thereof, or any edifice or any part of any edifice, erected or to be erected thereon, and said party of the second part shall never permit or suffer any person to possess, use or occupy the whole or any part of said premises, or any edifice or any part of any edifice, erected or to be erected thereon, save for its own proper purposes. Firta — That said party of the second part shall erect, and forever maintain upon said premises, an edifice of the description hereinafter mentioned ; which shall cover all of said premises except that portion thereof hereinafter described, and devoted to the purposes of furnishing light and ventilation to said edifice. S1xta — That said party of the second part shall erect upon said premises, except that portion thereof hereinafter described, a substantial and elegant brick edifice, three stories in height, with a substantial granite front, faced with ap- propriate scientific emblems. The structure and design of the edifice shall be classic, and such as will readily distinguish it from buildings used for business or commercial purposes. The style of architecture of said edifice shall be chaste and appropriate, and the same style and order of architecture shall be preserved throughout, in its purity. Seventy — In order to render this gift and conveyance effectual, said party of the second part must, within two years from the date hereof, secure the neces- sary funds to commence and to complete said edifice ; and must commence the erection of this edifice and complete the same with all reasonable dispatch ; and as soon as said party of the second part shall secure the necessary amount of funds, at any time within said period of two years, upon thirty days’ written notice of that fact to said party of the first part, or his heirs or devisees, the said party of the second part shall be entitled to the possession of said premises, and the right of possession of said premises hereby reserved to said party of the first part shall thereupon cease and determine. The said party of the first part hereby reserves to himself and his heirs and assigns, the right to use, possess and occupy said premises, up to and until said party of the second part shall have secured the aforesaid necessary amount of funds, and until notified of that fact as aforesaid ; but said funds must be secured and the erection of said edifice be commenced, within a period of time not to exceed two years, as aforesaid. At least one apartment of said edifice shall be constructed suitably for, and devoted to the purposes of a Library ; another apartment thereof shall be con- structed suitably for, and devoted to the purposes of a Museum ; and a third apartment thereof sha!] be suitably constructed for, and devoted to the purposes of a Hall for Lectures. Ercuta — That the following portion of said premises shall never be built upon but shall forever be kept free and open, for the purpose of affording light and ventilation to said edifice; that is to say, that part of said premises circum- scribed by a line commencing at the south-westerly corner of said premises, run- ning thence north-westwardly and parallel with Fourth Street, fifty feet ; thence north-eastwardly and parallel with said Market Street, fifty feet ; thence run- ning at an angle of forty-five degrees to the point of commencement. 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Should said party of the second part, or its successors, violate or fail to fulfill any of the foregoing terms and conditions, then and immediately thereupon, the estate, and all interest given and conveyed, shall cease and determine; and the same, to wit: All interest and estate hereby given and conveyed, shall immedi- ately revert to, and revest in said party of the first part, his heirs and assigns, without any previous entry to assert such failure or breach. In Wirtyess Wuereor, said party of the first part hereunto sets his hand and seal, the day and year first herein above written. JAMES LICK. Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of SamurL Hermann. STATE OF CALIrorniA, City and County of San Francisco, } . On this fifteenth day of February, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, before me, Samuel Hermann, a Notary Public in and for the said city and county, duly commissioned and sworn, personally appeared J amus Licx, known to me to be the person whose name is subscribed to the within and foregoing document; and he, the said James Lick, acknowledged to me that he executed the same. In Wirness Wuereor, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal, the day and year in this certificate first above written. [SEAL. | SamMueL HERMANN. Notary Public. Recorded in the office of the County Recorder of the city and county of San Francisco, February 20th, a. p. 1873, at 15 min. past 3 p. m., in Liber 696 of Deeds, page 364. A. R. Hynes, County Recorder. The President remarked that he felt incompetent at the time to express the sense of the Academy in fitting terms. ‘The trustees, in considering the project of securing accommodations for the Aca- demy, had never thought of exceeding an expenditure of $25,000. But this site alone, as he had been assured by competent judges, exceeded in value $100,000. The Probable Periodicity of Rainfall. BY GEORGE DAVIDSON. Many attempts have been recently made to establish a periodicity of rainfall commensurate with the eleven-year period of the solar spots. In limited cases the law has appeared to prevail, but in cases as apparently reliable, the results have been adverse. In an extended series of observations of the rainfall in Kng- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. oS land, stretching through 150 years (British Association Report for 1866) no such maxima and minima could be deduced ; and in aseries of observations over various parts of the globe, gathered by G. J. Symons, in number 165 of Nature, the same want of law is manifest ; in fact, where maxima of rainfall should be expected, we find minima, and vice versa. These tables are, however, too limit- ed to deduce a general law therefrom. The materials are at hand for a much more comprehensive treatment of the problem. But if there is a law in such cases isochronous with the exhibition of the sun spots, it must be qualified by other variable functions than rainfall ; such as the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere, and the amount of aqueous vapor in the atmosphere, the direction and force of the winds, and the climatology, not only of the adjacent ocean, but of the sources of the great currents that cross the ocean. For example: if the rainfall of the western coast of Europe is as- sumed dependent upon the same causes which occasion the solar spots, the epochs of the maxima and minima rainfall would not coincide with those of the solar spots, because the precipitation of rain and the temperature of the seaboards of Ireland, Scotland, Norway, Iceland, Spitzenbergen, ete., depend upon the tem- perature of the Gulf Stream bathing those shores; and the waters of the Gulf of Mexico heated to a maximum at a given epoch would not reach the coast of Norway for possibly a year. 'The same is true of this coast ; the heated waters of the great Japan stream, at their point of departure near the island of. For- mosa, do not reach this coast for more than a year. Thus whilst these super- heated waters are delayed one year in reaching their destinations, the climatic conditions of the coasts of Norway and of California, supposed to be governed by a regular law, have been changed, and the problem is complicated and masked by these changes in the nearer effects of the climate of the adjacent continents ; and in the European case, of the Polar Basin. If there is a law of the rainfall, there will naturally be a similar law for the temperature and pressure of the air, and for the winds; but it must be compli- cated and masked by the influence of great ocean currents, so that the problem, instead of being simple as it first appears, is in reality very intricate. An attempt has been mide to give an eleven-year period to the cyclones in connection with the rainfall, but evidently upon insufficient data, for Mr. Mel- drum only claims that a supposed periodicity has been made out. Lockyer (Nature, No, 163) in discussing Mr. Meldrum’s records and others at Madras and the Cape of Good Hope, sees in them indications of a periodicity, but his discussion is merely tentative from insufficient materials, and is not satisfactory. The same eleven-year period has been assigned to the seasons of great freshets in California ; but we need, what we cannot obtain, absolute observations over extended areas, and not mere reports, to aid in its establishment. The state- ment was common in the West that the greatest freshets occur on the great riv- ers of the Western States about every ten years. I have had placed in graphical order the rainfall at San Francisco for twenty- three years, from Mr. Thomas Tennent’s observations, aud exhihit it to show 24 PROCEFDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA that we cannot, from it alone, predicate any periodicity. Even the well marked short period of comparatively little rainfall and of clear weather during each of our wet seasons, is masked in the averages of monthly rainfall in these years by its not occurring at any well defined epoch. But its existence is well marked and established in the illustration of the monthly rainfall from 1849 to the present. [In the graphical illustration of the rainfall at San Francisco, the vertical black lines shown in fig. 1 indicate the inches of rainfall each year. The aver- age annual volume of rainfall throughout twenty-three years, for each month from June to July is shown in fig. 2. The short dry period of each wet season is there shown to be marked. In fig. 3 the average monthly and annual volume of rainfall, for every month to the present year, is exhibited. This is on a scale of inches twice that of fig. 2. In this the break in the wet season of most of the years is plainly marked, but it does not occur with any regularity as to time. ] To arrive at a law of periodicity in atmospherical phenomena, will demand a comprehensive scheme of observations over a large extent of the earth and ocean; this scheme to involve all the conditions of atmospherical variations, and the local relations of each station to the whole, and be represented in graphical, rather than in numerical order. I believe in the law of periodicity of these phenomena, but it will be found an intricate problem, and is doubtless involved with such conditions as the lunar cycle of nineteen years, etc. Asstated in my paper last year, upon “ Suggestion of a Cosmical Cause for the great Climatic Changes upon the Earth,” we must expect abnormal exhibitions of these phenomena from the irregular exhibition of the materials burning upon the surface of the sun; but in a prolonged series of spectroscopic observations of solar phenomena, and observations of physical phenomena on the earth, we will eventually arrive at the law of their recur- rence. Dr. George Hewston called the attention of the Academy to a new species of Crustacean which had recently been detected in the bay, and which was exceedingly destructive to wood-work, more particu- larly the piling of the wharves along the water front of the city: specimens were exhibited under the microscope, by Dr. Hewstoa, who referred them to what are popularly known as “ gribbles,” or “ Limnoria”’ ; and to which he attached provisionally the name of Limnoria California. The following amendment to Sec. 2, Art. III of the Constitution having been presented to the Trustees as required by Article VII, was submitted to the Academy and unanimously adopted: sh eh ‘ai ” Aan A: i h v AVE a chy jewyitane a Beret ac dead i, Aad vi 1550 — aera eee) | 18. 44 35.26 23.87 5l 52 53 54 Ss N a bo a < © a nN : é ems a 205 95 gs g + Bs PEE E ER EEE EET co 2 5B 56.57.58 59 60 Gl 62 63 Gf 65 66 67 ¢ 34.92 . 21.35 69 19.31 71 14.10 34.71 1872 Fig. 1- Yearly Rainfall at San Francisco for 23 Years from 1849-72. Fig 3. Averad Pave! Ss ae e Monthly Rainfall for 23 Years 1849-72. HAT ji}! | i} | HAH 1| Fig 2-Monthly Rainfall at San Francisco,from 1849- 7 2 Lith. Britton & Rey, S.F. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. . 25 “¢ The Vice-President shall attend all meetings of the Trustees, and in case of the absence of the President shall preside at the same and be entitled to vote.” Notes on the Avi-fauna of the Aleutian Islands, from Una- lashka eastward.* BY W. H. DALL, U. S. COAST SURVEY. The following notes were taken during the year, from October, 1871, to Aug- ust, 1872, inclusive, while employed in a geographical reconnaissance among the Aleutian Islands, for the U.S. Coast Survey. The specimens have been deposited in the National Museum at Washington ; and I am under obligations to Prof. 8. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, for assistance in identifying the species. The nomenclature and arrangement adopted is that of the “ Birds of North America,” by Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, and the numbers affixed to the species are those of the catalogue of species which accompanies that work. The facts noted are an additional confirmation of the peculiarities of distribution noted by me in previous publications on the fauna and birds of Alaska; and the region visited is of peculiar interest, as being the portion of the West Coast where the Arctic Canadian fauna of the region north of the Alaskan Range, and the characteristic West Coast fauna which prevails south of that range, come together, and are toa certain extent intermingled. Among other things, I would call attention to the fact that the color of the eye in the same species of bird is not invariably the same, even in adults of the same sex, a point which has doubtless been previously noticed by ornithologists, and which my observations on several species confirm. I would remark that the region visited by my party was comprised between the Shumagins on the east and Unalashka on the west, among the islands. Tinnunculus sparverius, Lin. (13.) A specimen of this species was killed in Unalashka, in the fall of 1871, but was unfortunately destroyed before the skin could be preserved. It may be considered rare, as it was not noticed on any other occasion. Aquila canadensis, Lin. (39.) Obtained at Unga Island, in the spring of 1872, and very common through- out the islands, as far west as Unalashka. The remarks under the head of the next species will apply to this one also. The eye was orange-brown. A resi- dent. * Printed in advance, February 8th, 1873. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Halaetus leucocephalus, Sav. (43.) This species is exceedingly abundant throughout the islands, where it is found during the entire year. It builds on rocky cliffs, and is exceedingly miscellane- ous in its diet, subsisting in winter principally upon ducks and ptarmigan, and in summer upon the salmon which are found around the mouths of streams, in such great abundance that the eagles have little or no difficulty in obtaining a sufficiency of food. At one time, near asalmon run in Sanborn Harbor, Nagai, I counted seventeen eagles within a hundred yards. The eyes and feet are pale yellow, and there is a considerable variation in their plumage, some individuals being much darker than others. The young are hardly able to fly before the end of the season, though hatched early in the spring. The nest is usually composed of small sticks, with a lining of dry grass, and the same nest appears to be occupied for several successive seasons. Many of these eagles were found dead during the winter, without any signs of injury or wound, too fat to have starved to death, and with no weather cold enough to have affected them injur- iously. I have not been able to suggest any adequate explanation of the mystery. Brachyotus Cassini, Brewer. (52.) This species is not uncommon, and is a resident in Unalashka, and probably in the other islands. In those obtained, the iris was bright yellow. It builds in holes in the ground, usually on the side of a steep bank ; the hole is horizon- tal, and the inner end usually a little higher than the aperture; lined with dry grass and feathers. ‘Those which I examined did not exceed two feet in depth. There are no trees in Unalashka, and the species was often observed sitting on the ground near its burrow, and not unfrequently in the day-time. Nyctea nivea, Gray. (61.) I did not see this species living, but there were several skins or portions of skins in the village at Unalashka, used as ornaments. Mr. B. Bendel had one - in his house, which he had killed himself. It is reported to be a resident. Cinclus mexicanus, Bon. (164.) This bird is not uncommon near the small streams in the mountains of Una- lashka. It is a resident. The color of the feet varies from flesh to slate color ; the eye in fresh specimens appears to be of a light brown, but soon turns black after death. Its habits here are the same as on the Yukon, as far as I was able to observe them. Hirundo unalashkensis ? Gmelin. In June, 1872, a swallow was occasionally seen at Tiiuliuk, Unalashka, which was supposed at the time to be becolor, but may have been the above species. A summer visitor, and said to build. + Troglodytes hyemalis, var. alascensis, Baird. (273.) A resident. Abandant on the rocky cliffs of Amaknak Island, Unalashka, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. oF where it. is quite familiar and bold. It builds in the crevices of the rocks, but I was not able to find the nest. It has a cheerful and melodious note, and is, to some extent, gregarious ; three or four being usually seen together. It was not seen in the Shumagins, though it may occur there. Hye black. Leucosticte griseinucha, Bon. (323.) This is one of the most abundant small birds of the islands, and is especially common in Unalashka, where it is a resident. On the 24th of May we found a nest, situated in a crevice of a rocky bank on the shore of Captain’s Harbor, Unalashka. It was of grass, very neatly sewed together, and lined with fine grass and a few feathers. It contained five white eggs in a fresh condition, and was about twelve feet above the beach. The bird’s eye is black. It was most common on the grassy banks and rocky bluffs near the shore. I do not remem- ber ever having seen one on the higher hills or mountains. It is usually found singly, or in pairs. Plectrophanes nivalis, Lin. (325.) This is also a resident of Unalashka, and not uncommon, though shy and usu- ally confined to the mountains. It is only seen near the shore when the heav- jest snows of winter have entirely covered up the seeds and berries, and it is forced to find a subsistence on the beaches. It goes in large flocks, and builds on the mountains, though I did not obtain a nest. Hye black. Passerculus sandwichensis, Baird. (333.) When about five hundred and fifty miles from land (the Shumagins being nearest) in latitude 47° N., and longitude 152° 03’ W., one of these birds flew aboard, and being secured, lived several days in an extemporized cage. ‘This was on the 13th of September, 1871. The wind was moderate, from the N.W., but had been blowing harder. ‘The eye was black and the feet flesh color. It is a summer resident throughout the islands east of Unalashka, and was not uncommon there and in the Shumagins. Zonotrichia coronata, Baird. (34°7.) This bird was not uncommon in the Shumagins in summer, where it builds ; but I have not heard of it at Unalashka. The eye is dark brown. Our spe- cimens were obtained on Popoff Island, June 22, 1872. Melospiza insignts, Baird. This bird appears to be a resident of Unalashka, and is common at the Shu- magins. It is comparatively common at the former locality, and appears to frequent the low flats and beaches along shore, exclusively. I have never ob- served it far inland or at any great altitude. Eye black. Corvus carnivorus, Bartram. (423.) Abundant around all the villages, but seldom seen far away from the habita- 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA tions of man. It is half domesticated in its habits, and builds in April, on the rocky cliffs. Pica hudsonica, Bon. (432.) Abundant in the Shumagins, building in the alder bushes, and going as far west as they do, namely, to False or Isanotsky Pass, at the termination of Ali- aska Peninsula. It is not found in Unalashka, nor on the northern shore of the peninsula. It appears to be a resident, but may migrate in winter. Lagopus albus, Aud. (467.) A resident from the Shumagins to Unalashka, but more confined to the mountains, and except during incubation, much shyer than in the Yukon region. In Unalashka it generally retains a few brown feathers even in winter. The nest and eggs (9) were found at Popoff Island, Shumagins, June 20, 1872, the embryos being well developed. I made inquiries in regard to L. rtipestris, but could get no information, and do not think that species is found in the islands. Hematopus niger, Pallas. (513.) This bird is a summer visitor to the islands, and was seen both in Unalashka and the Shumagins. The eggs, partly incubated, were obtained on Range Island, Popoff Strait, Shumagins, June 23,1872. There were two in one nest and one in another, if nest it could be called, being simply a depression in the gravel of the beach without even a straw to soften its asperities. The birds are exceedingly wary, and kept entirely out of gunshot, but were fully recognized. They utter, when disturbed, a peculiar, low whistle; which, once heard, is likely to be remembered ; and they have a habit of standing on the beach or rocks a little way apart, and whistling to one another; one calling and the other answering; and keeping it up for half an hour at atime. It is one of the most peculiar birds of the region in its motions, having a grave, solemn and stilted gait, and bobbing its head up and down with every step. Tringa (Pelidna) maritima, Brunn. (528) Tris black. A resident. Abundant along shore throughout the year, in the islands from Unalashka to the Shumagins. Nest and eggs not observed. Tringa crassirostris, Temm. ~* Breeding abundantly at the Pribyloff Islands, though previously known only from Eastern China and Japan. (H. W. Elliott, coll.) Actodromus minutilla, Coues. (532.) Obtained at Popoff Island, June 20,1872. Eye black. Rather abundant along the beaches. Charadrius virginicus, Borck. (503.) This species was obtained June 22, 1872, at Popoff Island, Shumagins, the only instance when it was observed. Iris black. ; Limosa uropygialis, Gould. This species was obtained—a single individual—on the Chica Rocks, Aku- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. , 29 tan Pass, near Unalashka, June 2,1872. It was not observed on any other occasion. Iris black. Anser Gambelli, Hartl. (565.) This species is reported as occurring incidentally in spring and fall on the islands near Unalashka, which lie on its way to and from its northern breeding grounds. We obtained no specimens. Philacte canagica, Bann. - (573.) This species which has been reported from the Aleutian Islands, did not occur among our collections in the region visited. I was at some pains to make inquiries in regard to it, and it appeared to be unknown to the natives. Mr. B. Bendel, however, informs me that during some seasons it is very abundant on the Islands of Akhun and Unalashka, but not near the settlements. Anas boschas, Lin. (576.) This is one of the most abundant winter visitors among the ducks at Una- lashka. It occurred in plenty as early as October 12th, 1871, and was to be found from that time until the succeeding month of April, when it migrates northward. Nettion carolinensis, Baird. (579.) Plenty in winter, and is said to breed occasionally in Unalashka; though the greater number of individuals migrate northward about May lst. Querquedula discors, Steph. (521.) This species is doubtfully reported as occurring at Unalashka in winter. We saw nothing of it. Mareca penelope, Bon. (586.) Obtained at Unalashka, October 12th, 1871. Not uncommon among the ducks brought in by the native hunters of that locality. A winter visitor, mi- grating about May Ist. Bucephala americana, Baird. (593.) A winter visitor at Unalashka, migrating in the spring. Hye, pale yellow brown. Histrionicus torquatus, Bon. (596.) A winter visitor at Unalashka, and rather common. It remains later than most of the ducks ; and some individuals may remain and breed. Also, not rare at the Shumagins in summer. Harelda glacialis, Leach. (597.) Kye pale brown. A resident, and quite common; exhibiting great variety in coloration of plumage, as also observed on the Yukon. 30 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Polysticta Stelleri, Hyton. (598.) This is one of the commonest, as it is the most beautiful, of the ducks of Una- lashka. It is a resident there, and also at the Shumagins, where, however, it is much less frequently seen. Unalashka appears to be the metropolis of the spe- cies in Alaska. It is more or less gregarious in the winter season, and is to be found in small flocks, which are sometimes joined by individuals of Somateria spectabilis, but I have not noticed the Polysticta associating with any other species except the one mentioned. About the first of May, the pairing com- mences, and this duck is never seen with more than one companion during the breeding season. It also becomes very shy, and if the nest be visited by any one, it is forthwith abandoned—a habit I have not observed in any other duck. May 18, 1872, a nest was found on a flat portion of Amaknak Island, Una- lashka. It was built between two tussocks of dry grass, and the depression was carefully lined with the same material. Above the nest the standing grass was pressed together so as to entirely conceal it, and it would have escaped notice had not the bird flown out from under our feet. The nest contained one egg, of a pale, olivaceous cast. There was no down or feathers, though these might have been added later in the season, had the nest been undisturbed. The following variations in the color of the eye were noticed. Nov. 21, dark brown; Dee. 18, pale-brown; May 18, red-brown. The female has a very modest, brown plumage, not as much speckled as the females of the other eiders, and a bright blue spectrum on the wing. The bird was also observed in the Shumagins in March, and in the summer months. Lampronetta Fischeri, Brandt. (599.) This species was not killed at Unalashka, though it was observed on several occasions and reported by the natives, who distinguish perfectly the different species of eiders. It was quite rare and very shy, and but one or two individuals were observed at a time. It is a winter visitor, migrating early in May to the - breeding grounds on Norton Sound. Oidemia americana, Swains. (604.) Kye black. Not uncommon in winter, and migrating with the other ducks in the spring. Noticed at Unalashka and the Shumagins. Melanetta velvetina, Baird. (601.) Tris white. Killed Oct. 27th, 1871, at Unalashka, and noticed at intervals there during the winter. It was not seen at the Shumagins, though it may occur there. A winter visitor. Somateria spectabilis, Leach. (608) Kye varying from pale clay brown to light warm brown. Not uncommon among the winter ducks at Unalashka, but not observed in the Shumagins. Mergus americanus, Cassin. (611.) Several specimens were killed, Dec. 20, at Unalashka, in the outer bay, after a ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 31 norther. It does not come into the harbor, and cannot be considered as more than an accidental visitor, though reported to be common in winter near the Pribyloff Islands; not observed at the Shumagins. Hye dark. The specimens were so loaded with fat that only the heads could be preserved for identification. Graculus violaceus, Gray. (627.) Hye black. Common on the rocks in the outer bay at Unalashka, but seldom approaching the harbor. Gills, light flesh color below, passing into ashy gray above. ‘This species is found in large flocks, and is very inquisitive, flying round and round about the boat when employed in sounding, uttering a shrill ery at intervals. Seen also at the Shumagins, abundantly. A resident. Diomedea nigripes, Aud. (633a.) Full notes were given on this characteristic North Pacific species, in a paper on the birds of Alaska, published by Dr. Bannister and myself, some time since. It generally joins the vessel within one hundred miles of San Francisco, and on this voyage, as on several others, it left us in Lat. 53° N. Observing its flight, I noticed that its ordinary method of sustentation when there is a breeze, consists in rising against the wind and falling with it; this being sometimes kept up for hours with hardly a stroke of the wings. It rises only against the wind, except in rare cases, when its descending momentum is sufficient to raise it slightly for a short distance, or when the reflex eddy from a high surge is strong enough to give it a slight lift. It uses its strong webbed feet to some extent in balancing itself when turning with the wind; also by extending them downward at a right angle with the body, to check its course, especially when alighting on the water. Generally, when flying, they are stretched out behind with the webs extended, and assist the bird materially in guiding itself, the tail being shorter than the extended feet. It rises by extending its wings and run- ning against the wind over the water, until it is sufficiently raised above the water to use its wings without wetting them. Their eyesight is exceedingly acute; they can distinguish a discolored spot a yard across, in the water, from a distance of at least five miles, and even much further than our unaided eyes can see the bird itself. Its flight in calm weather consists of a series of five or six short, sharp strokes, at intervals of a second or more apart, followed by a short period of comparative quiet. They appear to subsist mainly on a pelagic crab (Pinnotheres sp.) and the refuse from vessels. They usually fly in flocks of six or eight, but often smaller, and on one occasion a solitary individ- ual followed the vessel for hundreds of miles without a companion. Another species, probably a Diomedea, larger than the nigr7pes, and with a large amount of white upon the plumage, spotted and streaked with brown, was observed on several occasions cast up dead and decomposed on the beaches of the island, but no fresh specimens were obtained. Thalassidroma furcata, Gould. (640.) This bird, though not observed anywhere at sea, was found on the Chica Rocks: in the Akutan Pass near Unalashka, breeding, June 2d, 1872. he eye Sz PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA is black. The nests were on the edge of a steep bank, near the shore, and ten or twelve feet above it. The nest was situated in a hole or excavation, extend- ing obliquely downward and backward from the face of the bank, and about a foot deep. It was composed only of a little dry grass or fine roots at the bot- tom. In two instances the parent bird was caught in the nest, alive. There was only one small white egg, perfectly fresh, though others might have been laid afterward had they remained undisturbed. The black T. Leachii, though often seen in the region south of Lat. 50° N., was not noticed by us in this region. Stercorarius sp. A species of Stercorar.us was observed on one occasion in the month of May at Unalashka, but specimens were not obtained, nor did the natives appear to be familiar with the bird, which was probably an accidental visitor. Larus glaucescens, Licht. (657.) This gull is a resident of the islands wherever I have been, and is by far the most abundant and prevalent species, others being only occasionally observed. The habit of this and other species in breeding on isolated rocks and small islands, is accounted for by the immunity thus gained from the ravages of foxes on the eggs and young brood. On the 2d of June, 1872, many eggs in a pretty fresh condition were obtained on the Chica Rocks and islets in the Akutan Pass. The eggs were very abundant, more than three being rarely found together, and were laid on almost any little depression of the ground, with little or no attempt at a lining. About the 18th of July, in the Shumagins, at Coal Harbor, on a peculiar high, round island, abundance of eggs were found, but most of them pretty well incubated. In this case, the island being covered with tall, rank grass, the nests were almost concealed; and, either from the dead grass naturally occurring in the depressions, or otherwise, all of them had more or less dry grass in and about them. The gulls built solely on the top of the highest part of the island, in the grass, and never on the lower portion, near the shore, nor on the shelves of the rocky and precipitous sides. It is a resident throughout the year. The young, in down, were obtained July 16th, and the iris of these specimens, as well as the beak and feet, was nearly black. The iris of the adult bird is a clear gray, the bill chrome yellow with a red patch anteriorly, and the feet flesh color. Rissa Kotzebui ? This species frequents the region about the peninsula of Aliaska at all seasons, but seldom comes into the harbors except in storms. A pair came into Iliuliuk harbor, Unalashka, whenever in the winter a severe gale was blowing outside, but they were never seen at any other time. They are quite different in appear- ance from the next species, and from R. brevirostris, which is common in the Pribyloff Islands. Rissa tridactyla, Bon. (672.) Iris of adult dark gray, bill lemon yellow, feet black; edges of eyelids, corners ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 33 of mouth and fauces, scarlet. Young in down: feet lead-color, bill and eyes black. The nest, eggs and young in down were all obtained about July 11th, 1872, at Round Island, Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagins. They were also common at Delaroff Harbor, Unga, and seen at Kadiak, but not at Una- lashka, or to the west of Unimak Pass. On entering Coal Harbor, Unga, we were at once struck with a peculiar white line which wound around the precipitous cliffs of Round Island, and was seen to be caused by the presence of birds; and as soon as an opportunity was afforded, I took a boat and went to the locality to examine it. The nests, in their position, were unlike anything I had ever seen before. At first it appeared as if they were fastened to the per- pendicular face of the rock, but on a close examination it appeared that two parallel strata of the metamorphic sandstone of the cliffs, being harder than the rest, had weathered out, standing out from the face of the cliff from one to four inches, more or less irregularly. The nests were built where these broken ledges afforded a partial support, though extending over more than half their width. The lines of nests exactly followed the winding projections of these ledges, everywhere, giving a very singular appearance to the cliff, especially when the white birds were sitting on them. The nests were built with dry grass, agglu- tinated together and to the rock in some unexplained manner; perhaps by a mucus secreted by the bird for the purpose. ‘I'he nests had a very shallow depression at the top, in which lay two eggs. The whole establishment had an intolerable odor of guano, and the nests were very filthy. The birds hardly moved at our approach; only those within a few yards leaving their posts. I reached up and took down two nests, one containing two young birds, and the other empty. Wind coming up, we were obliged to pull away, and the bird, which came back, lighted on the rock where her nest and young had been, with evident astonishment at the mysterious disappearance. After flying about a little, she again settled on the spot, and suddeniy making up her mind that foul play on the part of some other bird had taken place, she commenced a furious assault on her nearest neighbor. As we pulled away the little fellows began to be affected by the motion of the boat, and with the most ludicrous expression of nausea, imitating as closely as a bird could do the motions and expression of a sea-sick person, they very soon deposited their dinner on the edge of the nest. It was composed of small fishes or minnows, too much disorganized to be iden- tified. Hggs, in a moderately fresh condition, were obtained about the same time, but most of them were far advanced toward hatching. These birds are very curious, and scouts are always seen coming from a flock of them when a boat or other unusual object approaches. These scouts very soon return to the flock if not molested, and the whole flock then proceeds to investigate the phenomenon. They have a shrill, harsh cry, as well as a low whistle; the former being the usual expression when they are disturbed or alarmed, and the other to their young, or in communicating with each other. They leave the harbors after: the young are fully fledged, and are found off shore during the winter, except in. heavy storms. Proc. Cau. ACAD. Scr., Vou. V.—3, APRIL, 1873. 34 PROCERDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA At Delaroff Harbor, the nests were also attached to the sides of the bare rocks and pinnacles of scoriaceous lava, near the entrance. The irregularities which assist in supporting the nest are not disposed regularly, as at Coal Har- bor, and therefore the arrangement of the nests is less uniform. The slight ledges and projections being so small as to be invisible ata short distance, the nests appear to be fastened like swallow’s nests, to the perpendicular faces of the rocks, and present a remarkable and peculiar appearance. Sterna macrura, Naum. (690.) This beautiful little tern is abundant in the Shumagins, in some localities, and especially on a small island in Popoff Strait, called by us Range Island. Here a large number of eggs, mostly incubated, were obtained in the months of June and July. We did not notice it in Unalashka, nor were we fortunate enough to obtain the interesting species described by Prof. Baird from Kadiak, Sterna aleutica. Colymbus torquatus, Briinnich. (698.) One specimen seen dead on the beach of Simeonoff Island, the most eastern of the Shumagins, Sept. 2, 1872. Podiceps Cooperi, Bd. Eye with a narrow, pale yellow iris. Obtained through Mr. Bendel, at Unalashka, Dec. 14, 1871. Not common, but said to be a resident. Mormon cirrhata, Bon. (713.) Seen abundantly in Unalashka on the outer rocks and cliffs (where it breeds in inaccessible situations), but never in the harbor. A resident. Not seen at the Shumagins. _ Mormon corniculata, Naum. (713.) Rare at Unalashka; very common in the Shumagins, where it appears to fill the place of the last mentioned species. A resident. It breeds in holes and crevices in the cliffs of Round Island, Coal Harbor, Unga; and the eggs were obtained there, and the parent bird, though caught on them, managed to escape ; though well identified. The eggs were single, one in each nest, of a mottled, rusty color, with dark spots, though we had previously supposed them to be white. Phaleris (Thyleramphus) cristatella, Bon. (719.) Tris white. Abundant in very large flocks outside of Captain’s Bay, Una- llashka, but very rarely found inside the bay except during severe storms. A resident here and at the Shumagins. Uria californica, Bryant. With the preceding at Unalashka, but much lesscommon. Eye black. The ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 35 remarks under P. cristatella will apply, except that this species was not noticed at the Shumagins. Uria columba, Cas. (727.) This bird was not observed at Unalashka, but was very common at the Shu- magins. The eye of the adult is brown, that of the young in down, black. The feet of the young birds are also dark, and only assume the coral-red tint at maturity. It is an expert diver, very quick in its motions, and very hard to kill. The eggs were obtained June 24, 1872, at Popoff Island, Shumagins. They are two in number, and the nest is in a burrow or hole under rocks near the water’s edge. Several were caught alive on their nests at Coal Harbor, Unga. The young in down were obtained there, July 16,1872. All the eggs obtained were more or less developed. It is presumed to be a summer visitor. Brachyrhamphus Wrangelli, Br. (733.) Eye black. With P. cristatella, and quite common. Not recognized at the Shumagins, but probably abounds there. Synthiliborhamphus antiquus, Brandt. (736.) ; This species was obtained breeding, with the eggs, at the Chica Islets, Akutan Pass, near Unalashka, June 2d, 1872. They were caught sitting on their nests, which are in holes in the bank, similar to those of the petrels (7. furcata), pre- viously described. There were two eggs in a nest, and in several cases the male bird was sitting on the eggs. Not recognized elsewhere, though it may be abundant. Museum students can hardly realize the difficulty which lies in the way of obtaining the eggs, and even the birds of this family. The mormons build in most dangerous and usually inaccessible places, except when they happen to find an isolated rock or islet off the coast, which seems to promise protection, from its position. These islets are usually surrounded by breakers, and difficult of access except in unusually calm weather. There are few of the species which ever approach the more sheltered bays and harbors except when a severe gale drives them in, and then it is very difficult, even in the harbors, to go out shooting. For assistance in making my collections I am indebted to Mr. B. Bendel, Mr. B. G. MacIntyre, residents of Unalashka, and to Mr. M. W. Har- rington, Capt. W. G. Hall, Mr. A. R. Hodgkins and the other members of the party, for assistance in obtaining specimens. As all my work was done in the very scanty Jeisure afforded by a surveying party actively engaged in the field— the hours devoted to the preparation of specimens being usually stolen from sleep—the circumstances will excuse any paucity in the results. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA * Reautar Meetine, Marcu 8p, 18738. President in the Chair. Thirty-cight members present. John H. Carmany and Robert Robinson were elected resident members, and W. N. Lockington a corresponding member. Dr. Kellogg submitted the following: \ Descriptions of New Plants from the Pacific States. BY A. KELLOGG, M. D. Grindelia latifolia, Kellogg. Stem stout, perennial branching, glabrous; radicle leaves spatulate, very large, 6 to 10 inches in length, blade 244 to 314 inches in breadth, decurrent into a very narrow (1¢ to 14 of an inch) petiole, blade and petiole about equal, the latter suc- cessively shortening as the leaves ascend the stem, subcrenate serrate, obtuse on tips teeth with a callous mucro, margins scabrous, veins all decurrent nerved along the broadening midrib into the many-nerved winged petiole ; cauline leaves oblong, often somewhat oblique, broader and cordate at the base, clasping often beyond the stem, many-nerved, and strongly decurrent-nerved along the stout midrib, obtuse, margins crenate, with mostly truncate teeth; 3 to 6 inches in length and:3 broad, becoming ovoid-cordate, or cordate, serrate, above ; leaves of the branches also broad and obtuse, but successively diminished, serrate, clasping and more densely set, to the imbricated and clustered tips ; heads large, sessile or sub-sessile ; glandular and glutinous, involucre hid by a few broad, subacute, subtending, bractoid leaves; scales broadly linear acute, subulate pointed, but scarcely ap- pendaged. Five-awned; often inserted below the crown. ; The Academy is madaueen to the U.S. Coast Survey for this new acquisi- tion. Found by Mr. W. G. W. Harford, on the island of Santa Rosa. The plant is not liable to be mistaken for inuloides, as that is pubescent or hirsute- pubescent, and 1-3-awned, ete. G. robusta is more nearly allied; that has 2 (or more?) bristles — this, distinctly 5 — broadly leafy betow the base, the sub- ulate appendages obsolete—in both of those, conspicuously characteristic. Lupinus sellulus, Kelloge. . Stem suffrutescent, much branched from the base, subdecumbent, the ascend- ing stems 1 to 4 (rarely 6) inches in length, somewhat silvery-silky-pubescent throughout, chiefly below. Leaves numerous toward the base, size very varia- ble, petioles slender, 2 to 3 inches long, leaflets 7 to 8, usually 7, oblanceolate, acute, mucronate, narrowed at the base, silvery-satiny alike above and below, 24 to ¥% the length of the petiole ; spike 6 to 10 inches (including peduncle) , ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 37 rachis strict ; peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers numerous and small, purple blue, densely set, mostly scattered or subverticillate above, pedicels short ; bracts subulate, hirsute, twice the length of pedicels, extending to about half the length of the lower lip, persistent ; upper lip 2-cleft, 24 the length of the usually 2-toothed lower lip; wings glabrous, oblong, obtuse; keel acute, somewhat woolly ciliate, chiefly near the dark purple apex: vexillum shorter than the wings, equalling the keel, banner shading to a white centre. Legumes hirsute, 2-seeded. A very neat, symmetrical stool, of deep lilac blue spikes involved in dense clustered foliage of much beauty, with the aspect of an annual. Found at Donner Lake, summit of Sierra Nevada mountains, California, July 14th, 1870. This cannot be L. lepidus, for that is herbaceous, without bracteoles, nor do the lips agree. It would seem nearer L. meionanthus, Gray., found about the same altitude (7,000 feet), and near the same region; but that has obtuse leaf- let, and the calyx is without bracteoles — lips “nearly entire,” while these are for the most part conspicuously cleft or toothed — that with an inflexed keel, with a broad, obtuse apex, t/is is very sharp, and can only be said to be erect. L. Torreyiy has a red brown pubescence, and dense, long bracted racemes ; should it even eventually prove a variety. we have as yet no adequate descrip- tion of that species, to warrant the reference. Found near Lake Tahoe. In many respects it is closely allied to L. holocericus, found on the islands and gravel banks of the Wahlamet, by Nutt.; but the pods of that have 3 or 4 seeds, this, 1 to 2; in this, the lower lip we have never found “ entire,” but with 2 rather cleft teeth (and rarely 3). In the remarks upon this species, of Nutt. it is stated that the upper leaflets are as long as the leaf stem (petiole). Lupinus lacteus, Kellogg. Stem annual, fistulous, the elongated central peduncle from a mere depressed crown, mostly solitary, spike 4 to 8 inches long, lateral radicle branches 2 to 6 inches long, with secondary clusters of leaves and (when present) shorter spikes, soft pubescent throughout, with white hairs. Leaves mostly clustered at the base, petioles membraneously expanding toward insertion and conspicuously 3- nerved, stipules adnate, subulate ; leaflets 6 to 10, 4% to 1 inch in length, or about Vy the petiole, complicate-carinate, arcuate, spatulate, obtuse and slightly retuse, attenuate at base, sparsely appressed, pubescent above near the margins, glab- rous toward the midrib, silky-pubescent beneath, colored at the point of inser- tion. Flowers large, white, somewhat distant, verticillate, chiefly by sixes, ped- icels short, rather more than half the length of the persistent, subulate bracts ; calyx ebracteolate, hirsute, scarious chiefly above, upper lip 2-cleft (rarely en- tire), about 14 the length of the lower lip, lower lip straight, herbaceous, 2- toothed, about 14 of an inch long; vexillum glabrous on the back, ciliate at the marginal junction of the claw, face marked by a row of dark oblong spots along each side of the central fold, (rarely a few scattering dots,) banner, wings and keel about equal, wings oblong, obtuse, somewhat spatulate, about equal. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA margins ciliate at the base or origin of the claw; keel ciliate at the upper in- side margin toward the base, acute. Legume very hirsute, 2-seeded. In habit and general appearance this species resembles L. brevicaulis, but is rather more robust, the flowers much larger and not “ deep blue,” but quite white ; besides, the truncate upper lip is a peculiar distinguishing feature of that species — that has bracteoles on calyx, this none, ete. It is closely allied to L. Menziesii, but the relatively shorter pedicels, and much longer peti- oles, and both lips lacking the “entire” character and relative proportion, would strongly tend to exclude it; admitting L. densiflorus to be the same as L. Menziesii, “with variations,” it would then bring us a “dense,, sub- sessile spike,’ an emarginate upper lip, and 3-toothed lower one, with which to contend. If these and many more varieties prove ultimately to run into one, it is not our fault; as the literature now stands, we are obliged, in self-defence, to set it apart, when called upon for determinations. Specimens collected by Mr. S. Brannan, Jr., on Oak Creek hillsides, Kern county, 14 miles from Tejon Pass. Lupinus luteolus, Kellogg. Stem 1-2 feet high, suffruticose, glabrous below, bark light creamy hue, sat- iny fibrous; minutely pubescent above, upright, flexuous and numerously branched towards the top, forming a very symmetrical, rather wheel-shaped cone; clothed with minute villi of white hairs. . Leaflets about 8, oblanceolate, abruptly acute, attenuate at base, about 14 the length of the petiole, silky above and below ; stipules setaceous, 14 of an inch or more in length, adnate pubescent with longer hairs. Flowers light yellow, verticillate on short, stout pedicels, in a densely crowded spike 6 to 12 inches in length, the central termi- nal one straight and longest, those of the branches slightly incurved ; bracts persistent, subulate, silky pubescent, mostly somewhat reflexed with the points ascending, as long, or extended beyond the lower lip of the calyx; calyx-tube scarious, very short and widely gaping, 2-bracteolate, bracts setaceous, % the length of the upper lip ; upper lip ovate-lanceolate acute entire; lower lip herb- aceous, 3-toothed, slightly deflexed and sub-saccated at the junction of the scar- ious portion, hirsute throughout. Banner glabrous, wings broad and somewhat inflated, glabrous, with scarcely a few hairs on the margins at the base; keel acute villous on the margins above at the lower third. Legumes very villous, 2-seeded. Found on the Coast range of mountains, near Senal, Mendocino County, Cal., 1872. This species does not seem likely to be confounded with any other in Califor- nia. Few species in the genus have the entire upper lip. Donn describes L. Sa- binii (a yellow Lupin of similar habit) thus: But that is described by all authors accessible to me, as without bracteoles to the calyx. Hooker says that has ¥ acuminate” leaflets—yellow silkiness, and that the bracts are “ deciduous,” whereas, these are persistent ; nor has our plant the upper lip “ brfied,” as some describe it ; besides, this is 2-bracteolate, a fact that cannot be overlooked; nor ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 39 have these specimens “elongated ” pedicels, ete. It does not even rank in the same section. One of the most beautiful Lupins known to us. Stephanomeria (?) intermedia, Kellogg. Stems caulescent, one to four or more, froma fusiform perennial root (crowned by membranous relics of former radicle leaves), simple, or branches alternate, loosely erect, somewhat canescent pubescent, or puberulent, chiefly below; or sub-glabrous and glaucous, % to 1 foot high. Leaves variable; radicle ones lanceolate acute or acuminate, pinnatifid or laciniate toothed; lobes linear, acuminate ; or in one variety entire ; triplinerved or pseudo-triplinerved, blade decurrent into a long, slender winged petiole, 3-nerved at the base; cauline leaves at the lst and 2d bifurcations on short petioles, 4th sessile sub-acute or obtuse, and the last on the terminal peduncle—when present—often scale-like or bractoid; peduncles axillary and terminal, mostly naked, long and slender ; flowers large (for the genus) yellow, nodding before expansion ; involucre 14 to 34 of an inch in length, proper scales 7 to 9 in 2-series, herbaceous tips weak, waved acuminate, scarcely a little ciliate, membranaceous and finely nerved below ; the short: calyculate scales 6 to 11, in about 3 sub-series ; florets 9 to 20 or more; ligules about 14 an inch in length, or 14 of an inch longer than the exserted style and stamen-tube; achenia short truncate, scarce at all nar- rowed at the summit, glabrous, strize very minute or obsolete, color dark brown, pappus white, of 20 plumose bristles, slightly thickening below and expanded into a broad hyaline base. Two varieties are seen—one with more simple stem, smooth green and glau- cous hue, leaves entire, rather smaller heads, fewer scales, florets, ete., appears to be a form with little else than reduced number of parts. Found by Mr. S. Brannan, Jr., myself, and Prof. Bolander, at Cisco, June, 1870. It was pre- sumed to be Crepis glauca —by examination we find that it has neither the scabrous pappus, nor receptacle of crepis; but both the plumose pappus and favose or scrobiculate receptacle of Stephanomeria, although not agreeing in all points of the genus—as, e. g., the “ strongly 5-angled or 5-grooved achenia,”’ yet it is thought best to place a plant of such doubtful character provisionally _ here, in company with S. (?) chicoracea, (See Proceedings American Academy of Arts and Sciences, May 30th, 1865, p. 552-3 of Prof. Gray), not doubting that it will ultimately form a new genus, or serve to revise those already exist- ing. That it cannot be an Apargedium, as at present constituted, is evident, because it has not the “ barbellate-denticutate capillary bristles * * * scarcely thickened downwards and brownish.” This plant has also a proper stem, and not a “scape.” Pentstemon—Kingii var. glauca, Kellogg. Plant glaucous throughout, and puberulent, not glandular; leaves obscurely 3nerved and triplinerved above, mucronate apex recurved, decurrent winged petioles connate-clasping ; anthers quite entire on the margins. Found near the summit of Sierra Nevada Mts., July 10th, 1870. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Garrya Veatshii, Kellogg. Shrubby, leaves thick, coriaceous, oblong or sub-ovate acute, mucronate, mar- gins revolute, subentire, or obsoletely denticulate (?), upper surface sub-glab- rous, often slightly frosted, hoary with short stellar wool, or shining minutely shagreened surface ; beneath densely white lanose, 114 to 2 inches long, 44 to 34 of an inch broad, petioles short (1-7 to 1-8 the length of the blade). Young branches hoary. Fruit sessile on the rachis, in crowded, simple or compound racemes, densely lanuginous, 11g to 3 inches in length ; bracts subulate, apex elongated, but shorter than the fruit; male flowers not seen. Collected by the late Dr. John A. Veatch, on Cerros Island, about 1858 or ’9. The President announced to the Academy that the recent dona- tion of a valuable building site by James Lick had been promptly acknowledged by the Board of Trustees, and the following minute of proceedings, appropriately engrossed and framed, had been pre- sented personally to Mr. Lick, accompanied by a letter from the President : « At a special meeting of the Trustees of the California Academy of Sciences, held at their rooms February 18th, a pv. 1873, to take action upon the deed of property made by James Lick, of the county of Santa Clara, the following ex- pression of the sentiments of the Academy was adopted. “The unexpected and unsolicited gift of our fellow-member, James Lick, to the California Academy of Sciences, is so far beyond our sanguine expectations, that we cannot express to him in adequate words our heartfelt thanks for this maturely considered and munificent act. « Tt emulates the richest bequests of Europe and the United States for assist- ing the pursuit of knowledge, and places every devotee of science throughout the world, and for all time, under the deepest obligations to the donor. '«The California Academy of Sciences accepts the deed with its conditions, and every member will strive to prove by his unremitting efforts to fulfill them, that the desire of James Lick ‘to promote the diffusion of science’ is deeply appreciated. Having struggled unaided, but hopefully, for twenty years in the cause of science on this coast, the members of the Academy are inspired with renewed faith in their efforts, and believe there is an awakened thirst for scien- tific research and knowledge, which will prompt our citizeas to emulate the noble example of James Lick. «“ The Trustees in a body will wait upon our benefactor to present these senti- ments, and to offer the sincere thanks of the Academy for this exhibition of his munificent liberality, with the assurance of the personal efforts of every member to faithfully endeavor to carry out his wishes in the spirit in which they are made. “ George Davidson, President ; John Hewston, Jr., Vice-President ; Charles G. Yale, Secretary ; Elisha Brooks, Treasurer; Robert E. C. Stearns, Oliver Eldridge, Thos. P. Madden, David D. Colton, Trustees.” ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 41 The President, in remarking upon the subject of Mr. Lick’s gift to the Academy, mentioned the sum of $200,000 as being needed to erect a suitable building, and to maintain the same when com- pleted; and expressed the hope that the necessary amount can be obtained by the time specified in Mr. Lick’s deed. Dr. Hewston referred to a parasite in a Haliotis shell, from Pig- eon Point, which had a specimen of the officinal sponge attached to it. Prof. Davidson, in referring to a paper read at a previous meet- ing by Dr. Willey, on the gravels of Placer County, said that the writer thought that it was not the water alone that caused the gravel. Prof. Davidson thought that the occasional overflows of tu- faceous lava had blocked the river and caused new channels, which were again similarly blocked, and opened; or that glacial action had aided the water in causing such large deposits of “‘ cement” and partially worn gravel. A chemical analysis was needed to determine the nature of the ‘ cement.” Dr. Willey said he meant it was not by water alone, but spoke of the immense deposits, and could not see that the ancient river system was so clearly marked out as was supposed. He was ata loss to tell how the cement could be formed by the mere action of rivers. Mr. Hanks had examined the cement and found that it contained the elements of granite. A reason of its formation might be found in glacial action. Another point he noticed was, the total disappearance of everything but quartz in that part of the country. The cement may possibly represent the pulverized granite. Many forces had been at work. Prof. Davidson thought that if the cement should prove to be de- composed quartz, we could account for it by glacial action; but how can we account for the great abundance of rounded pebbles ? Prof. Whitney’s determinations of the elevations of the different gravel deposits above the American, and other rivers, had been plotted in sections, and exhibited an almost identical slope for the ancient river beds with that of the present beds of the American, and other rivers; although the positions of the last were from 1,200 to 1,500 feet below the former. The President, for Mr. F. E. Durand, read a paper (translation from the Archives Neérlandaises of Harlem, by H. Vogelsang and 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA H. Geissler) “‘ On the Nature of Liquids contained in some mineral substances.” A communication was received in reference to Manna and Honey- Dew, based upon the observations of Mr. John Applegarth, a farmer, long resident in the San Joaquin Valley. Specimens of honey- comb taken from the hives on his ranch near Woodbridge, were submitted. Mr. Applegarth being interested in subjects of this nature, has collected much information in regard to manna and honey-dew, which occurs at certain seasons in the region above- named. The appearance of manna is comparatively rare, as he mentions detecting it twice only—the fall of 1861 or 1862, and at the same season, 1872—both of these periods are coincident with and following summers of abundant verdure ; these fertile summers were consequent to wet seasons after long continued drouths. The manna was discovered early in the mornings of the first cool weather in the fall, and covers the foliage and fences somewhat like frost— in the form of small, roundish, whitish grains or particles, quite sweet to the taste, and altogether agreeing with the description in Exodus, and in the writings of Josephus, of the manna upon which the Israelites subsisted during their sojourn in the wilderness ; the honey-dew closely resembles that described by Josephus, even in- cluding the latter’s remarks on honey-dew, which he says Moses found on his hands, and so described its nature, on the occasion of its descent on the Jewish host. -The honey-dew never fails to come in the early fall, covering the leaves and foliage of shrubs and trees with a thick, viscid, sticky substance, which soils the clothes and adheres to the hands and face, in passing through the thickets; it is sweetish, of a ranker taste, and not so agreeable as the manna. The bees, however, busily collect both, and the comb-cells are found filled with both substances, at the close of the season. The honey-dew and manna, however, are never found in the same cells, but only in groups or patches (of cells), interspersed together in the combs. In this connection, the idea that prevails among the farmers as to the origin of the honey-dew is not without interest; they ac- count for it on the supposition that it arises from the sweet aroma of the countless wild-flowers which cover not only the plains, but ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 43 the hills and valleys of the adjacent mountains; said aroma being carried up by the rarified atmosphere, and condensed in the fall by the evening dews; the manna they think may be the pollen of flowers, and carried to the localities where it is found by the wind ; not considering the fact that the manna occurs whether there is wind or not; and that it is altogether different in its essential fea- tures, such as weight, solubility, etc. It seems impossible, when its abundance is considered, and the wide area over which it is spread, that it could be deposited or caused by insects, as is generally be- heved. Mr. Lorquin gave a description of a species of California vulture, recently captured by him. It differs from those described in the Pacific Railroad Reports and other works, having down upon its neck, instead of the neck being bare. The specimen measured nine feet ten inches, from tip to tip. ReeuLtaR Meetine, Marcu 177u, 1878. Vice-President in the Chair. Thirty members present. R. B. Irwin, J. H. Blumenberg, John J. Haley, A. B. Forbes, John F’. Miller, J. A. W. Lundborg, M.D., I. C. Woods, 8. D. Field, J. H. Smyth, O. P. Evans, W. A. Aldrich, Jacob Best, Michael Deering, A. W. Von Schmidt, Jourdan W. Roper, J. D. Howell and Laurence Kilgour were elected resident members. James |’. Boyd, Richard H. McDonald, M.D., Louis Sloss, William B. Hooper, F. Locan, F. E. Wilke, E. E. Eyre, Mark L. McDonald, Coll Dean, Horace L. Hill and E. J. De Sta. Marina were elected life members. W. Lindeman, Phil: D., Otto Finsch, Phil. D. of Bremen, Germany, and Alexander Willard, U. 8. Consul, Guaymas, Mexico, were elected corresponding members. Donations to Museum: Egg of Hmeu, from Australia, by W. N. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Fisher; specimen of a worm drawn from the pipes of the Spring Valley Water Company, by A. Gros. Mr. 8. C. Hastings stated, in correction of remarks made by him at a previous meeting, that he intended to say with emphasis, that he would unite with other gentlemen and be one of twenty, to raise the sum of $200,000 for building purposes, and that in pursuance of his proposition, he had placed his funds ($10,000) in the hands of one of the trustees on the terms proposed. Descriptions of New Plants from the Pacific States. BY A. KELLOGG, M.D. Hesperochiron latifolia, Kellogg. Root perennial, fusiform, fleshy, simple (or rarely subterraneously branched, 1-2 inches below the surface), leaves radicle, somewhat rosulate-clustered from the crown, ovate, obtuse, or ovate-oblong, sub-acute ; blade cuneate and decur- rent into a rather slender, slightly margined petiole, somewhat expanded at the base, 3 to 5-nerved, sub-glabrous, except near the hirsute and ciliate margins, and often along the petioles, more or less glandular above and below, or thrpugh- out, entire, or slightly repand sub-dentate, matured or fully developed petioles about as long as the blade (leaves 1 to 3 inches long, and 14 to 1 inch broad) ; peduncles or pseudo-scapes, numerous (1g to 2 inches long), shorter than the leaves, compressed or sub-ancipital, nerved, chiefly hirsute along the edges, naked, or a single (reduced petiolate linear-lanceolate) leaf attached near the base or on the lower third; calyx deeply 5-parted, united from the adherent neck of the capsule into a broadly obconic base, unequal in width; base ob- lique, imbricate, 1 to 3 outer much larger, (at least twice the width of the inner) ovate sub-obtuse ; 2 to 3 inner segments, oblong-ovate sub-acute, sub-pubescent on the back, united base often hirsute, pubescent within, nerved, margins, cil- liate, apex rather hispid; corolla large, broadly tubular-funnel-form or narrow- ly campanulate, border 5-lobed, lobes oblong-oval, often sub-acute (purplish- veined) ; corolla (sometimes somewhat irregular, but scarcely sub-labiate, whitish or pale bluish) longer than the calyx ; stamens 5, unequal, filaments flattened (purplish) longer than the style, attenuated upwards, glabrous above, hirsute at the base together with the base of the tube; anthers introrse, oval, etc. Styles two, united or confluent below, (deeply 2-parted?) stigmas de- pressed-capitate, often slightly hirsute, (rarely obtuse and glabrous, and _ still more rarely with a 3-lobed style) ; capsule ovoid, or ovoid-oblong acute, apex hirsute, base obscurely glandular-2-valved, 2-celled, loculicidally dehiscent 20 or more seeded, seeds obovate, somewhat angled, papillose, and slightly crested at the hilum. Found on the alluvial banks of the Yuba River, subject to annual overflows, damp, sandy and grassy plats at Cisco, C. P. R. R., Sierra Nevada Moun- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45 tains, at an aititude of 6,000 feet. Flowers sometimes purplish blue. June 19th, 1870, Kellogg. Our reasons for making a distinct species from H. Californicum are, that the flowers are much larger —stigmas capitate — distinct leaves — two-edged peduncle often leafy—glandular character throughout, and calyx segments 2 to 4 times the size of Watson’s species. Henchera rubescens—-Torr. var. glandulosa, Kellogg. Suffruticose base, scapes nearly naked or 1 to 3 subscarious hispid and cil- liate scales of about 3 subulate setaceous lobes, middle lobe longest, bracts mostly similar, uppermost simply setaceous, shorter than the pedicels, a few scattered glandular hairs below, stipitate glandular chiefly above ; leaves sparsely hirsute throughout, subcordate, subacute, slightly 5 to 7-lobed, unequally cut- dentate, setosely-mucronate, teeth acute; margin cilliate, petiole more hirsute with white spreading hairs, rather longer than the blades ; panicle narrow, loose- ly many-flowered, somewhat secund, (?) ; calyx obconically campanulate, lobes erect, about equal, subspatulate, oblong, obtuse, as long as the tube, densely stipitate-glandular (a few long white hairs intermixed) colored, petals very narrow, linear-lanceolate, recurved, unginculate by a long, very fine filliform claw, longer than the genitals, stamens and styles exserted, filaments subulate, anthers roundish (colored), styles divergent, about the length of the stamens, immature ovules smooth ? Collected on Stanford Peak, C. P. R. R., at an altitude of 10,000 feet— July 29th, 1870. Gnaphalium Nevadense, Kellogg 55° Stem perennial, from a creeping rhizome, erect or somewhat ascending by the leading floral shoot, cluster branched at the base, barren branches secondarily clustered about 1 inch from above the crown, arenose-sating throughout ; leaves below, and on the terminal tufts of barren branches spatulate, or sub- acute, mucronate 2—3-nerved, densely arachnoid-tomentose above and below, leaves of the secapoid or proper leading stem linear, acute, mucronate; 3 to 4 reduced bractoid leaflets at the base of the capitate crowded corymb ; heads subsessile or on short pedicels ; involucral scales oblong spatulate, obtuse, mostly lacerate-dentate, or sub-entire, exterior lanose-tomentose, somewhat herbaceous below ; interior oblong scarious pink-tinged ; pappus longer than the involucre and flowers, dense capillary very soft, white; achenia sub-glabrous, compressed. It is thought that it cannot be the common G. purpureum, as it has no “ ax- illary flowers,” nor leaves “tomentose” only underneath, nor are the leaves at all “undulate,” and by no means “ obtuse,” “green above,” “racemose,” or “ spicate ’—indeed, the achenia seems to be rather glabrous ; if so considered, the description requires much amendment. (nothera quadrilvulnera, var. hirsuta, Kellogg. Stem ascending, much branched above, shreddy fibrous bark splitting and exfoliating into thin papery lamina, short, somewhat appressed canescent pu- 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA bescent toward the top and branches ; leaves on very short petioles or subses- sile, entire (rarely dentate) ; calyx densely canescent hirsute; capsules very densely canescent hirsute, with rather long hairs; stigma purple, also the tips of the four shorter filaments. Found by Mr. W. G. W. Harford, at Petaluma, June 7th, 1870. Gilia capillare, Kellogg. Stem annual, subsetiform, 2 to 3 inches high, simple, erect, or branching and somewhat flexuous, stipitate-glandular throughout, slightly viscid; leaves linear- lanceolate entire, or incisely lobed, oftener filiform, opposite below, alternate above, about 1% to 1 inch long, 14 of a line wide. Flowers solitary, axillary and terminal, white ; pedicels very slender, short (or rarely twice the length of the calyx) funnel-form, nerved, 5-lobed, lobes ovate, subacute, entire; filaments slightly shorter than the limb, inserted at the sinuses, anthers roundish (verditer blue), stigmatic lobes closed (?); calyx lobes subulate, about equal the proper glandular tube of the corolla, or half the length of the flower, and scarcely longer than the obconic calyx tube. Capsule glabrous, ovate, 4-seeded (2 in each cell), seeds elliptic-oval, membranous-margined, without spiracles or muci- lage. Found at Cisco, C. P. R. R., Sierra Nevada mountains, July 6th, 1870. Hymenopappus Nevadensis, Kellogg. Root perennial, caudex thick and branching, crowns often produced from a half an inch to an inch or so; leaves clustered, and either radicle or subradicle, woolly-canescent, sparingly glandular, pinnatifid, rachis and _pet- iole alike in breadth, equal in length, lobes spatulate, sub-lobed, toothed or entire; scapes 1-2 inches high, short-canescent-pubescent and stipitate- glandular, naked or leafy at the base, 1-flowered ; heads large, cylindrical-cam- panulate, scales of involucre in 2-series, appressed, herbaceous, linear-oblanceo- late, or narrowing toward the base, subacute or obtuse, sub-canescent-pubescent and glandular on the back, margin ciliate with frosty hairs and stipitate glands, tips lanuginous tufted, (half an inch in length or) shorter than the (yellow) florets, 10-14; receptacle naked, scrobiculate ; achenia somewhat linear, com- pressed, sub-quadrangular, tapering to the base, striate, hirsute, apex not dilated, nor base constricted, (?¢ of an inch long), somewhat callous but no stipe, about 20; pappus scales 13, obtuse, somewhat spatulate, nerveless, equal, margins denticulate, chiefly toothed at the top, or emarginate with 2 conspicuous teeth, shorter than the achenia; florets of nearly uniform size, scarcely a little con- tracted below into the proper tube, sparsely hirsute and stipitate-glandular, 5-toothed, border revolute, teeth bearded on the back, branches of the style often unequal, revolute and with the stamens exsert, tipped with a short cone, obtuse, or one branch with a long, slender, filiform, hirsute acumination. This plant is at variance with this and the allied genera—as is too often the case—but so closely allied to Chenactis it seems a pity to exclude it, yet it has no rays ; and scales of the involucre only about half the required number; the receptacle also is not “ alveolate” but scrobiculate. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 47 The strange combination of a Chenactis stigmatic appendage on one branch of the style, and Hymenopappus on the other, of the self-same style, occurs so often that it is truly puzzling to the student. It should also be noted, that the pappus is scarcely more than half the length of the achenium. On the other hand, as H., the achenia should be turbinated and contracted into a stipe. It does not, therefore, exactly tally with the generic description of H.; besides, the scales of the involucre are not (white) or petaloid, but strict- ly herbaceous. Having indicated its characteristics, it may repose provisionally here. Macrorhynchus Harfordii, Kellogg. Scapes wooly when young, more or less deciduous with age, or dispersed in growth, naked, or an occasional leaf upon the scape, several from a perennial, fusiform root, 12 to 18 inches high, a single large yellow flower, ligules often purplish on the back ; fistulous, striate, subglabrous or sparsely pubescent, some- what woolly at the base and summit. Leaves oblanceolate, subacute or obtuse, nerved and pseudo-triplinerved or twice triplinerved, nerves decurrent along the broad midrib, tapering into a long, winged petiole, more or less pubescent, cili- ate more conspicuously near the base, pinnatifid, lobes short, remote, the very open sinuses often with a few intermediate teeth, about half the length of the scape—terminal lobe short, subacute or obtuse; scales of the involucre nerved, oblong-oblanceolate or sublanceolate, acute, entire, hirsute, and minutely gland- ular on the back, pubescent within above, outer herbaceous calyculate scales none, or rare; inner subscarious series linear lance-pointed, pubescent on the back toward the tip, margins and lower portion scarious, nerved, equalling the discoid pappus. Achenia obcompressed, lanceolate, apex acuminate, as long as the setiform beak, 8 or 9 obtuse ribs, deeply striate-sulcate, creamy white ; per- sistent capillary pappus somewhat tawny, as long or longer than the stipe, outer and inner seeds similar and alike fertile. Receptacle alveolate, naked. Found by Mr. W. G. W. Harford, at Petaluma, May 21st, 1870. If this be supposed to be allied to heterophyllus, it must be remembered that is an annual plant, of dwarf habit, with a scape scarcely longer than the leaves, with an achenia undulate winged, and 14 the length of the filiform beak ; a plant 4 or 5 inches high, slender, ete. Macrorhynchus angustifolius, Kellogg. Scape wooly-pubescent with articulated hairs, chiefly at the base and sum- mit, erect or ascending, from a perennial slenderly fusiform root, 10 to 12 inches high, head cylindraceous, (slightly expanding in the dawn of sunny days,) rachis and lobes somewhat linear-attennated, retrorsely-pinnatifid with deep broad rather uniform sinuses, lobes linear-lanceolate entire, commonly curved with an ascending sweep, lobes tipped with a (purplish) callous, or pseudo-gland, petioles slender, and like the base and summit of the scape wooly, mostly glab- rous above, terminal lobe long (2 to 3 inches, or longer than the petiole), linear- attenuated ; involucral scales acute, or sub-acute, the exterior foliaceous series short, half as long as the 2 or 3.inner sub-scarious series, lanceolate, or rarely 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, canescent ciliate with articulated hairs; interior linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 14 longer than the pappus, obscurely herbaceous above, about 1 inch in length; receptacle alveolate, naked; achenia oblong, obcompressed, cuneate, glabrous and obscurely ribbed, the upper broader end abruptly narrowed into a (purplish) beak, scarcely longer than the achenium (or about 1 line); pappus of soft finely attenuate hairs equal or unequal, outer series successively shorter, inner nearly 1g an inch in length; florets with a long filiform tube often Jonger than the ligule, hirsute chiefly at the point of expan- sion. Flowers yellow. Mature achenia not seen. Found at Cisco, C. P. R. B., Sierra Nevada Mts., at an altitude of about 6,000 feet, by Kellogg and 8. Brannan, Jr., May 19th, 1870. Probably most nearly allied to M. retrorsus, but in that the beak is “ more than thrice the length of the achenium,” or “ 34 of an inch long ”—a stouter plant than this every way. It also combines some of the characteristics of M. humilis ; but that has entirely “hirsute” scales which are also “ obtuse ”; and a beak ‘‘ more than twice as long as the achenium ”—or “ thrice,” which would make that species M. Lessingii ; but that is said to have a caducous pappus, etc., consimular scales, elongated ligules, ete. Calais gracililoba, Kellogg. Stems several from the same fusiform perennial root, branching, flexuous, puberulent and pearly-glandular throughout, few to many long axillary 1 flowered peduncles, with usually one or two simple linear-bractoid leaves, flowers nod- ding before expansion ; radicle leaves with a linear-lanceolate narrowed rachis, very openly pinnatifid, or sub-bipinnatifid, lobes long and _ slender, sub-filiform, these again irregularly seb-lobed, the terminal one much attenuated (3 to 4 inches long), membranous expanded base sheathing, (about 6 inches in length, lobes 2 to 4 inches long) ; cauline leaves similar, upper and terminal lobes re- latively longer; involucre cylindrical, scales in 3-series, bractoid scales ovate- acuminate 6——second or middle bractoid series 6, twice the length of the first or 2 to 3 lines, the proper involucral scales 8 to 12 in a double row, thrice tle length of the last, lanceolate oblong acuminate, 7 to 9-nerved, short pubescent on both surfaces, chiefly on the back above, hairs black, margins scarious, cil- liate ; all minutely glandular on the back; achenia, somewhat obtusely 10- ribed, very minutely scabrous, sub-villous near the crown, not at all rostrate, base short-attenuate terete (23 or 4); pappus of 9 to 20 or more minute lance- linear entire scarious chaff, plumose awned from between the minutely bifid or toothed apex——pappus longer than the achenia — plume 8 or 9 times longer than scarious chaffy portion, slightly united into an extremely narrow ring at the lowermost base, requiring a little force to detach them; receptacle alveo- late. Flowers pale yellow. Found near Cahto, Long Valley, on Dry Creek banks, May 27th, 1869, Mendocino Co., Cal. Probably a rare plant in that vicinity, as we have since searched diligently in order to obtain a supply for exchanges: it was recognized as new at the time, and then diligent search was made, but only three specimens obtained. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 49 Calycadenia plumosa, Kellogg. Stem annual, 2 to 3 feet high, bark creamy-white, villous and setose-scab- rously hispid, fastigiately panniculate at the top, heads small (14 of an inch in diameter) densely set on subracemose erect pseudo-simple branches, sub- sessile or sessile, subtended by numerous imbricated or crowded very minute leaves, or bractoid leaves (1 to 2 lines long), oblong or subspatulate, margins revolute, back margins, and apex above, hispid and glandular, a few large stipi- tate cup-shaped glands chiefly at the apex, always tipped with a similar gland. (The dry fragile proper cauline leaves at the base of the branches crumbled and lost.) Involucral scales (about 9), setose and scabrously hispid with white hairs, a few large cup-headed stipitate glands intermixed on the back mostly above; rays 7 to — (?), ligule broadly expanded, 3-lobed cuneate base atten- uate to a slender hirsute and glandular tube; gray achenia obovoid attenuate towards the substipitate incurved base, obcompressed and obscurely triangular, grooved longitudinally, or about 10-angled, hirsute in lines, or along upon the ridges, gibbous above on the back, or oblique at the apex ; chaff between the ray and disk flowers united nearly to the top into a 9-fold cup, acute hirsute on the back above, about 2 large stipitate cup-shaped glands at. the summit ; cen- tral disk achenia many (about 11) linear-oblong somewhat obcompressed, hir- sute, 7-nerved; pappus of about 20, rather strong plumose seta in a simple series, gradually thickening from apex to base and slightly adherent in a ring at the point of insertion; disk florets (yellow), tube glabrous, sparsely pubes~ cent above, 5-toothed ; teeth erect, acute, stipitate-glandular on the margins,. pistils included in the purplish stamen tube, or exsert, lobes erect spreading. Receptacle flattish (but at maturity the accessories are deciduous, leaving it free to inspection, and in drying becomes convex), areolate and pseudo-pitted, the achenia being imbedded in the densely vil/ous disk. Flowers yellow. A plant sent to us from Stockton, by Express—friend and collector unknown, being absent in Mendocino Co. at that time: have learned nothing further. Bahia cuneata, Kellogg. Stem suffrutescent, decumbent, with numerous annual erect shoots and final ascending apex, white arenose-tomentose, also somewhat floccose throughout... Leaves opposite, cuneate-oblong, lower somewhat trilobed, lobes mostly dentate, 3-nerved ; above and on the younger branches often simply tridentate, or more or less toothed at the top or upper third; uppermost alternate, base entire, tapering into a clasping petiole, rarely (1 or 2 in 200 or 30®) palmately tri- lobed below the panicle, segments acute, more densely white lanose beneath. Peduncles rarely naked, comparatively stout (or about the size of the stem), 1 to 4 inches in length, more subarachnoid, 2 to 4 times the length of the leaves ; involucre campanulate, scales in 2-series, ovate-oblong, acute or sub- acute, 8 or 9, equalling the rays, rays oblong-ovate, half an inch or more in length, orange yellow. Receptacle alveolate, not at all fimbrillate (margins of alveoli being quite entire) ; ray achenia minutely subvillous at the angles above, or subglabrous, scales of pappus about 5, very short, acute, finely and deeply Proc. Cau. Acab. Scr., VoL. V.—4. May, 1873. 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA laciniate toothed, its ligule cilliate at the base, glandular ; disk achenia very slightly villous npwards on the angles, chaff about 7 to 10, mostly acute, deeply laciniated, with very unequal sharp tecth, florets viscidly hirsute below, glandu- lar above. Found at Cisco, C. P. R. R., Sierra Nevada mountains, in January, 1870, by Kellogg and Brannan. This Bahia seems nearest allied to an unknown or not sufficiently verified species, described by Nuttall, the B. oppositifolia. We have not been able to ascertain whether this is an annual or perennial — this point of comparison, therefore, must be waived. In this specimen, out of several hundred leaves, we find only two “ palmately trilobed,” and in these, the lobes are not “ obtuse,” “ lignlate,” ete., but lanceolate, and the middle lobe of one, dentate, as in the normal foliage ; the peduncles are not “ filiform,” nor “ scarcely longer than the leaves,’ the involucre of our plant is not even cylindrical, much less “ oblong cylindrical,” nor are the rays “very short”; these heads are strictly campanu- late, as we approach the central and more perfect parts, the minute chaff of the seed is exceedingly lacerate and acute; finally, the plant has no special bitter- ness, to speak of. I have not been able to find any other species that so nearly approaches it as this, that would seem to require a further comparison. ‘Crepis occidentalis, var. subacaulis, Kellogg. Leaves chiefly radicle, about the length of the perennial scapoid stem (3 to 4 inches high), simple (?) hirsute with scattering hairs, and short canescent pu- ‘bescence, bearing a single head; leaves deeply pinnatifid, lobes toothed, points tipped with short, sharp, subspinous, corneous mucros, petioles about 14 the length of the blade, 14 cauline, the uppermost a sessile rudiment; inyolucre of 6 or 7 short, calyculate, appressed, lance-subulate scales, interior of 13 linear- lanceolate acuminate scales, margins scarious, nerved, canescent pubescent, tips hirsute ; receptacle subalveolate chiefly at the margin; achenia 9 to 10-ribbed, tapering about equally to both ends, scarcely a little constricted or subrostrate, base slightly callous, outer fertile achenia about equal to the pappus, inner cen- tral shorter. Found on the high peaks at Cisco, C. P. R. R., Sierra Nevada mountains, about 7,000 feet, June 27th, 1870, by Mr. S. Brannan, Jr., and myself. This may prove to be a var. of Nevadensis, mostly with fewer parts and de- pauperate influences, owing to habitat. Crepis occidentalis, var. Nevadensis, Kellogg. Stem perennial, dwarfish, branching, panniculate-corymbose, canescent-floccose ‘throughout ; radicle leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnatifid, deeply lobed, irregu- larly sub-lobed or toothed, teeth mucronate, consimilar rachis and petiole nerved, the margined petiole undulate near the expanded base, half the length of the blade (1-2 inches), cauline successively reduced. Involucre cylindrical, with a some- what swelled base, the very short calyculate series (7), subulate from a broad base; interior (13) proper scales linear-lanceolate acuminate, foliaceous with B ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 51 scarious margins, sub-ciliate, canescent-pubescent, scarcely equal to the pappus disk. Receptacle sub-alveolate, naked: achenia compressed, 9 to 10-ribbed, pappus scarcely a little thickened at the base, rigid, shorter than the acheniun ; achenia very minutely hirsutish and serrulate scabrous upwards, about 30, grad- - ually tapering upwards, but not rostrate. Flowers persistently yellow, floret tubes glandular, peduncles 3 to 5, 1-3 inches long, often with a minute bractoid leaflet, or sub-naked from the axils of leaves. Plant about a span high. Found at the summit of Sierra Nevada mountains, June 16th, 1870. Altitude 7,090 or 8,000 feet. This plant varies from the generic description of Crepis, for the inner proper scales are not in a simple series, but double ; this is unimportant compared with the receptacle, which is that of a Trozximon, being sub-alveolate; it agrees better with this in the rather rigid pappus, and decidedly in the large 5-crenated or lobed callous base; but then the pappus is not “longer,” but shorter than the achenium. Yet, with these discrepancies, having the branching habit, and persistent yellow flowers — granting some future revision of the generic descrip- tion —it is thought properly to belong to Crepis. Although closely allied to C. occidentalis, it differs in not having “ sessile cauline leaves” nor “ blackish hairs’; besides, C. occidentalis has not a “ striate achenia” as this has—the relative length of achenia and pappus is not sustained by our plant—some features are not wholly recognized in any allied genera or species—yet as this C. occidentalis is given a variable latitude, it is preferred to leave it here provisionally. Nama racemosa, Kellogg. Stem annual, 3 to 6 inches high, simple, erect, glabrous below, glaucous, pur- plish; branches opposite, decussate ; at the second internode duplicate branches from each axil; divisions above naked or alternate from the axils of the leaves, second internode enlarging above, ancipitally expanded at the base of the leaves or compressed, and with the branches decurrent winged; stem leaves opposite, lanceolate acute or subacute, fleshy or succulent, subentire or slightly uneven outline, subwinged petioles very short, amplexicaule connate at the base, 3- nerved, subpubescent and pulvurulent, margins minutely scabrous ciliate, first and second pairs alternating or decussate (rarely a few other rudiments of leaves in the axils) ; first or primary raceme of the stem and branches mostly naked or bractless, emerging from one line to an inch below and opposite the leaf, sim- ple (or branched ?), a solitary axillary or subaxillary flower, distant and some- times attached to the base of the common coiled peduncle, (1-2 inches long) flowers secund, pedicels short, or subsessile; calyx lobes unequal, sepals some- what dilated upwards, short hispid and stipitate glandular (as throughout most of the summit of the plant) capsule globular, sparsely hispid above, 2—4-seeded, 1-2 in each cell—rarely less than 4-seeded. Flowers tubular-campanulate, scarcely longer than the calyx, border 5-parted, lobes obovate, stamens somewhat unequal, and with the styles included. Flowers pale blue, verging to white. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Found by Kellogg and Brannan, at Cisco, Sierra Nevada mountains, July 6th, 1870. The plant occasionally (in robust specimens) is doubly branched from each axil of the lower pair of leaves; leaves 11g inches long to 2, and 1¢ an inch broad, repand subdentate. Rarely more than six inches in height. Hedeoma (?) purpurea, Kellogg. Stem about 1-2 feet in height, much branching from a ligneous base, quad- rangular with prominent, rounded or obtuse angles and sulcate sides, angles somewhat retrorsely hoary-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, subpubescent above, pubescent beneath, glandular punctate, the sharpened base 8-nerved and triplinerved above, margin ciliate; 1—2 inches in length, 14 to 1 an inch in breadth; peti- ole about 1-fifth the blade, hirsute ; peduncles axillary, opposite, length variable, as long as the petiole, pedicels subsessile or even sessile, 14 to 4% an inch in length, subdivided or mostly forked, bracts foliaceous linear lanceolate, hispid ; bracteoles setaceous, former 2-4, latter 2-5; pedicels fasciculate-corymbose, 20 to 30 on each side, or flowers 40 to 60 in a whorl, longer than the calyx, sub- hispid; calyx tubular, prismatic, not gibbous at the base, hispid and glandular, bilabiate, 13-nerved (rarely less or more), upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-toothed shorter, subulate from a triangular base, teeth hispid, throat naked; corolla bilabiate, upper lip flat, rather straight, 2-toothed or sublobed ; lower lip 3- lobed, flat, lance-linear about equal, spreading, hirsute and glandular on the back, throat and middle lobe somewhat bearded or villous, genitals subexsert, style sub-2-lobed, equal, stigmas sub-glabrous with scarcely a few hairs ; stamens, upper abortive pair often about equal, lower filaments always longest, being inserted lower, incurved at the apex. Flowers purple blue; calyx often colored. Found at Webb’s landing, on am island of the San Joaquin River, fall of 1872. A stout or robust species, much branched ; with the usual strong odor and carminative properties of the common Pennyroyal ; perhaps from a peren- nial root ; seeds ovate, truncate at the hilum; surface minutely thimble-pitted or superficially scrobiculate. This plant, it may be said, cannot belong to Hedeoma, for the throat of the calyx is not bearded. Nor can it be a Pogogyne, for that has the regular four- stamened character, and the tube of the corolla is naked inside. My own judg- ment is, that the genus Hedeoma should be so reconstructed as to receive this and some others; I therefore place it provisionally here, as indicated. It can- not be a Keithia, for although that has a naked throat in some species, it has not even a vestige of upper or posterior abortive stamens, as this has. Nor can it belong to Gardoquia, for similar reasons. In the new genus Poliomintha, Gray., the calyx still has the villous ring — this, none; that, like this plant, has a somewhat pilose throat of the corolla, but the stamens are not incurved—cells are spreading, and the sterile pair very short — seeds smooth, etc. There are often seen fragments of abortive anthers on the short pair of anthers of this plant. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ; 53 Heuchera Californica, Kellogg. Scapoid-panicle ascending from a perennial creeping rhizom, 1 to 2 feet high, 2 to 3-leaved, large (5 to 7-lobed) below ; fimbriate-bracted above on the rachis, floral top elongated, narrow, loose, lateral peduncles bi-ortrichotomous ; cymules very short ; plant hirsute, with long spreading glandular hairs through- out ; radicle petioles and base of the nerved and sulcatescape, rather hispid ; hairs somewhat fulvous, or dirty white. Leaves roundish-cordate 5 to 12 or more lobed, lobes short, obtusish, crenate-serrate, teeth abruptly acute, mucron- ate, margins minutely ciliate, sparsely appressed-hirsute above (with white hairs) ; hirsute beneath, chiefly along the veins ; the radicle leaves on long pe- tioles (3 to 6 inches), base short expanded, strongly nerved. and scarcely at all membranous (lamina about 2 to 3 inches broad) ; bracts fimbriate, very atten- uate filiform lobed (colored reddish) ; rachis, peduncles, pedicels, calyx and cap- sules, stipitate glandular; calyx colored (white), large, spreading, bell-form, nodding, segments ovate, sub-acute, somewhat unequal, ciliate with stipitate- glands; petals (white) filiform attenuate-acuminate (about equal, finer than filaments,) persistent ; filaments (8 to 10) unequal, anthers roundish; styles long, and with the stamens exserted; capules ovate-acumnate densely stipi- tate-glandular. Found by Kellogg and Brannan, on the San Gregorio Creek, San Mateo Co., Cal., May 2d, 1870. This species is not liable to be confounded with other allied forms; at least, with any of the naked scape species, as this plant has 3 large well-developed leaves of the scape on petioles, from 14 to about an inch in length ; besides, H. cylindrica, hirtiflora, or var. pilossima, H. bracteola, or H. rubescens, etc., have stamens and styles too short or included, or if not altogether naked, the rudimentary leaves are mere lacineze or abnormal leaves. It would be useless to draw parallels in details, where the special differences seem so numerous. Lagophylla minima, Kellogg. Stem annual, erect, simple, or sub-simple, densely hirsute with long spreading articulated hairs throughout, low and slender (4 to 6 inches) ; early radicle and lower cauline leaves spatulate-lanceolate, acute, decurrent into narrowly winged petioles, about as long as the blade, base clasping, very minutely and remotely cut-dentate, obscurely 3-nerved and tripli-nerved above, silvery shining, some- what appressed satiny-hirsute, lower leaves opposite ; upper alternate sub-sessile and sessile, linear-acute, apex callous, surface pappilose (cutis-anserina) rough- ened. Heads terminal (rarely a few axillary at the summit) short peduncled (or sub- sessile). Involucral leaves of the first series similar to, but reduced form of upper cauline, or pseudo-bractoid 5, spatulate-cuneate, flat, loosely erect, spread- ing, densely hirsute, chiefly so along the margins (hairs long and beautifully jointed), few large glands along the lamina above ; second series also of 5, ovate- lanceolate, infolding entirely the ray achenia; rays pale yellowish, 3-toothed, 3-nerved (indigo-purple) broadly fan-shaped; cuneate base somewhat abruptly 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA narrowed into a short pubescent tube; third series also 5, (the proper chaff) linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the cuneate base colored, somewhat scarious mar- gins ciliate villous on the back at the tips, slightly carinate, distinct, central florets about 5, staminate, and pistillate, abortive, 5-toothed, stamens purple, tip of filaments purpled below as if articuluted. Receptacle conic (?), fimbrillate (?), punctate, apex or centre hirsute (with a pencillate cluster of hairs), Pap- pus none. A small slender annual of micropoid similitude, with opposite dentate lower leaves, and remarkable jointed or articulated hairs, with the general aspect of a Filago, Calymandra or dwarfed forms of Gnaphalium. Found by Mr. 8. Brannan, Jr., at Oakville, Napa Co., Cal., May 2d, i870. This little plant will now enable us to arrange and separate true generic characteristics from the adventitious, reverting the partial and subordinate only to specific importance, e. g., “ perennial” (?), “glabrous,” “ sessile-heads,” “jinvolute margins,” etc., will only apply to L. ramossima of Oregon, but not to our plant—description provisionally well enough when one species of a new genus is known. The fact of an extra pseudo-series of involucral envelopes would do little violence to nature should others view them as merely bractoid. Trifolium pauciflorum (?) var. parvum, Kellogg. The following species or form does not well agree with the description; e. g.: The plant is by no means “ glabrous,” but hairy throughout, or nearly so; nor are the upper leaves “ lanceolate-linear acuminate,” nor “ distantly and minutely spinulose-serrulate,” nor involucre “ many-cleft,” but only 5 to 6— much less “12-16,” ete. Therefore we give the following description, as notes to further comparison ; to wit: Root perennial. Stem very slender, ascending or somewhat erect, much branching or spreading from the base, sparsely soft silky hairy nearly throughout, 4 to 6 inches high. Leaves very long petioled (6 to'7 times the length of leaflets), 2-3 inches ; leaflets obovate obtuse, or upper short acute, base cuneate, spinulose-serrate, often toothed at the apex, strongly pinnate veined, glabrous except the pubes- cent midrib beneath, short-petiolulate (1-line) ; blade 3 lines to half an inch long, 2 to 3 lines broad ; petioles very slender, about as long as the peduncles, peduncles axillary, filiform, hairy ; stipules lanceolate acuminate, from a rather broad base, lacineate-dentate or entire; zvolucre monophyllous, 5 to 6-cleft, lance pointed, spinulose-mucronate, 9-nerved at the membranaceous base of the cup, 1-2 florets, rarely more ; ca’yx ona short, hirsute pedicel (about 1 line), tube sparsely hirsute, membranous at base, pubescent, 10-nerved, (marginal nerves meeting at the axils of the teeth and confluent into the more obscure alternate nerve,) teeth lanceolate-subulate-pointed, upper pair shorter, or sub- equal ; corolla tube rather more than twice the length of the calyx, pubescent with long silky hairs ; banner large straight ovate limb longer than the narrow oblong wings. and both ochroleucus or whitish ; keel very short abruptly acute point, subincurved, deep purple or varying to indigo blue. Pzsti/ clavate, point incurved above, beak retrorse. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. = OD Damp, sandy or springy and somewhat half shady places; Cisco, altitude 6,000 feet, Sierra Nevada mountains. July 6th, 1870. Solidago elongata, var. microcephala, Kellogg. Stem subglabrous below, pubescent with white jointed or frosty hairs above, strict, somewhat obtusely angled by the decurrent strongly 3-nerved midrib of the expanded base of the leaves, 3 to 5 feet high-; racemose branches erect, at length somewhat recurved, and subsecund, forming a dense, large, broadly pyramidal panicle (6 by 8 inches or so,) leafy, with the reduced lance-linear leaves intermixed at the base. Middle and upper cauline lanceolate acute or subacuminate, cuneate base 3- nerved, sessile, subamplexicaule, strongly triplinerved above, these and midrib sharply prominent below ; lateral nerves of the base obscure finely reticulate veined, to the unaided eye, more manifest by transmitted light, subglabrous above and below, sparsely scabrous pubescent along the veins and midrib ; mar- gins densely incurved-ciliolate scabrous, doubly serrate, alternate or interrupted teeth long narrow, or lobe-toothed, teeth subulate pointed with a callous mucro, short apex and longer base entire, upper surface slightly shagreen roughened, racemose branches pubescent, pedicels minutely scabrous-pubescent, bracts and bracteoles filiform subulate ; heads very small, rays exsert but verging to invisi- ble; involucre scales 15 to 22 or more, exterior shorter subulate acute, interior linear subacute, minutely pubescent on the back, ciliate pubescent at the tip, scarious margins laciniated, colored (yellowish), often a few conspicuous teeth at the apex ; rays 15 to 16; disk florets 9 to 10, achenia pubescent, disk pappus about the length of the forests, or about twice as long as the achenia ; receptacle alveolate, naked. Found at Webb’s Landing, Island of San Joaquin River, late in fall of 1872. Triplinerve, section Solidago—As the relative number of parts, etc., are not given in descriptions of S. elongata and some of its allies, as S. serotina, S. Canadensis, S. gigantea, etc., it was deemed best to give ample details, if need be, for comparison or amendment. Although placed under S. elongata (Nutt.) it is by no means “ obscurely triplinerved,” for the triple nerves and midrib are conspicuously and sharply prominent beneath ; the expanding base of the mid- rib is strongly 3-nerved and thence decurrent along the stem ; heads remarkably small (little more than a line in diameter,) for such a large and vigorous plant ; involucral scales more than 20 (15 to 22); rays numerous, exsert but indis- tinct, except by careful inspection; or in general, the exceeding number of parts, though common to all, attain to the rank of distinctive characteristics where disparity is so great ; added to special points, it is thought to entitle it to the consideration, at least, of a variety. It is hoped some simpler and more generous revision may be adopted, which, will include all these in one, with due recognition of sub-species and varieties. Erigeron discoidea, Kellogg. Stem strict, sulcate-striate, hirsute-pubescent throughout, branches erect, 06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA densely racemose-paniculate into an oblong pyramidal top, leafy throughout, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves oblong-spatulate-cuneate, sessile or with a short winged petiole, obscurely triplinerved above, 3-nerved, decurrent parallel with the mid- rib at the base, sub-clasping, lower cauline pinnately-lobed, pinnatifid-toothed above, lobes and teeth subulate-mucronate with a callous point, margins pubes- cently-ciliate, hirsute below, pubescent above, upper leaves successively reduced to lance-linear, linear, and final filiform bracts; lamina thin, flaccid ; involucral scales in 2 to 3 series, linear-lanceolate acuminate very attenuate, hirsute on the back, inner series with scarious margins, minutely laciniate-toothed, shorter than the white pappus; rayless, nodding before expansion, at length erect; florets 4 to 5-toothed, tube filiform, throat and border campanulate, lobes lanceolate acute recurve-spreading, often stipitate-glandular, as also the tube ; stamens and style somewhat exsert, about as long as the pappus; achenia sparsely pubescent and glandular chiefly above, those of persistent florets, both pistiliform and Stameniferous but abortive, densely clothed with pappilose glands, short-stipi- tate callous base, or neck and base constricted compressed, oval-oblong slightly broader above, white scabrous pappus simple; receptacle scrobiculate, naked at length produced into sharpened points. , , Found on an island of the San Joaquin River, Webb’s Landing, late in autumn of 1872. At first it was thought to be a variety of E. Canadensis, but a more thorough examination seems to warrant a new species. Heads evidently hermaphrodite, the central florets masculine, this portion of the receptacle being simply areolate, the outer florets feminine and fertile; more closely allied to E. rivularis, D. C. Prod., vol. 5, p. 288. Mr. Dall read and submitted the following paper in behalf of the author : Note on the Scombrocottus salmoneus of Peters, and its identity with Anoplopoma fimbria.* BY THEODORE GILL, M. D. PH. D. The distinguished zoologist of Berlin, Dr. Wilhelm Peters, has recently pub- lished a communication on a supposed new generic type of “ Cataphracti,” from Vancouver’s Island, which he has named Scombrocottus salmoneus. This form was regarded as possessing the highest interest, on account of a combination of characters which allied it to the Scombroids, and thus corroborated Dr. Giin- ther’s views respecting the affinity between the Cataphracti and Scombroids of Cuvier. It was at once apparent, after a perusal of the good description, that the sup- posed new type was identical with the form first discovered and named by Pal- las, Gadus fimbria; and subsequently by Dr. Ayres, Anoplopoma merlangus. And it was with special interest that I also recalled the fact that both its for- mer describers had failed to perceive any resemblance to the Scombroids (they * Printed in advance, April 9, 1873. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57 equally failed, however, in detecting the relations to the Cataphracti), and both had believed they could perceive a resemblance to the Gadoids ;* this was the more noteworthy, as the later observer was ignorant of the labors of his prede- cessor ; and it was also with interest that I perceived that Dr. Peters had like- wise been struck with a resemblance of the same form to the trout ; naming the species S. salmoneus, and describing it as trout-like (Habitus forellenahnlich). Now it is evident from a study of the anatomy, that these several forms are very dissimilar in fundamental characters ; and most of them, at least, quite dis- tantly allied. A likeness which is so ambiguous as to mislead persons equally familiar with the external appearance of the several forms, and to lead to such dissimilar results, must be of very slight importance. At any rate, the affinities of the form in question (Anoplopoma fimbria) with the Cataphracti—and more especially the Chiridee—are evident from an examination of the external and in- ternal structure; and I am unable to appreciate the likeness which others have seen to the cods, the mackerels, or the trout. The synonomy of the species will now stand as follows : ANOPLOPOMA FIMBRIA, Gill, ex Pallas. Gadus fimbria, Pall. Zoog.—Ross. As., III, 200, 1831. Anoplopoma merlangus, Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. N. S., II, 27, 1859. Merlucius (?) [fimbria], Grd., Expl. P. R. R., VIII, Fishes, 141, 1858. Merlucius [ fimbria], d. sp., Gthr., Cat. Fishes, IV., 344, 1862. Anoplopoma [fimbria], G77, Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1863, 2477. Scombrocottus salmoneus, Pet., Monatsb. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, 569. Mr. Stearns read a paper, illustrated by drawings, on certain Xylophagous, or wood-eating animals, referring especially to the Teredines or ship worms, among the mollusks, Limnoria and Chelura (gribbles) among the crustaceans, which occupy marine stations, and the Termites or white-ants among the terrestrial Xylophaga. Mr. Stearns called the attention of the Academy to the importance of the cultivation of the Hucalyptus marginata, as the wood of this tree is exempt from the attacks of all the above species, and there- fore particularly adapted to structures of wood for marine positions. Descriptions of New Species of Mollusea from the Coast of Alaska, with notes on some rare forms.| BY W. H. DALL, U. S. COAST SURVEY. While the final description and thorough examination of the collections of marine invertebrates, made by me on the coast of our new Territory, are neces- sarily delayed, it seems desirable to put on record a few of the more striking * Dr. Ayres noticed the enlarged suborbitals, but referred the genus near to Stizostedion (Lucioperca Cuy.). } Printed in advance, April 9, 1873. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA facts, and to describe some of the more remarkable forms which have thus come under my notice. I have already given to the Academy preliminary descriptions of a few of the species which appear to have been hitherto unknown, and this paper contains additional material of the same kind, though my time has been so much engaged by other and more pressing duties, that a very large amount of work of this kind still remains unfinished. In the matter of distribution it has been pretty well demonstrated by our re- searches that three faunze come together and are more or less intermingled in the region between Unalashka and the Shumagins. 'The Shumagin group of islands, jutting out from the main land and deflecting the coast current more or less to the southward off shore, acts toward the Oregonian fauna (which I extend from Monterey to the Shumagins), as Cape Cod on the east coast of North America does to the fauna which characterizes the coasts of the Middle and Southern States. : In this group many of the characteristic animals of the Oregonian fauna, such as Mytilus californicus, Purpura lactuca, Amphissa corrugata, Mara var- degata and Petricola carditoides, attain their most western limit. The Arctic fauna which characterizes the shallow waters of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean, is well represented by forms of Astarte, Buccinum glaciale, cyaneum and ciliatum, Scalaria grénlandicum, Cardium islandicum, Lacuna vincta, several species of Bela, Admete and Odostomia, and many others which pass, in most cases, but little to the eastward. The typical Aleutian fauna, which was (up to the commencement of our researches in 1865) almost unknown, is character- ized here by such species as Pecten alaskensis, Drillia Kennicottii, Rictocyma mirabilis, Voluti Stearnsii, Magasella aleutica, Litorina alewlica, Acmea syba- ritica, peramabilis and Nacella rosea, Heliotropis harpa, and other forms described in this paper. Much remains to be done in tracing the course and characteris- tics of this fauna to the westward, which I hope during the coming season to elucidate to some extent. The following species possess peculiar interest as be- ing unlike the forms which would be expected in so high a latitude, and as an earnest of what may be looked for in future explorations. Cancellaria ( Trigonostoma) unalashkensis, n. 8. Pl. II, fig. 1. Shell slender, acute, of six whorls, with a minute, smooth, white nucleus and solid texture. Color whitish with traces of a nut-brown epidermis. Sculpture of strong revolving ribs, of which the posterior three are crossed by rather strong transverse riblets which rise into beaded nodules on the intersections. The whorls are turrited by the prominence of the posterior revolving rib, between which and the suture the transverse riblets are oblique and rather strong. Three of the revolving ridges are apparent on the upper whorls and seven on the last whorl. Aperture about two-fifths the whole length, white, with a pink throat, . and the outward lip somewhat thickened and internally grooved, corresponding with the external ridges, which are also apparent on the inner lip. Canal short, ‘straight, shallow and rather narrow. ‘T'wo or three plice on the columella. Animal whitish with no operculum. Lon., 0.75 in.; lat., 0.3 in.; defl. 35°. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 59 Habitat.—30 to 60 fathoms stony mud in Captain’s Harbor, Unalashka, Al- eutian Islands; three living specimens. Cancellaria modesta, Cpr., was also found here, but not in the deeper water. Cancellaria (Trigonostoma) circumeincta, n.s. Pl. H, fig. 2. Shell similar in form to the last, with six whorls, nucleus minute and nearly smooth ; thin and delicate ; whorls sculptured with strong revolving ridges, gen- erally subequal, but with a few more slender intercalary threads; turns gently rounded with a very slight tendency to tabulation toward the posterior third of the whorl; crossed by very faint transverse irregular riblets, which are most evident on the apical whorls and evanescent on the body whorl, and show a slight tendency to granulation at the intersections only on the first two or three whorls. Color rose pink, strongest on the ridges. Outer lip thin, delicate, the sculpture of the exterior showing through; inner lip not thickened ; columella white with two or three very faint plicee. Animal slate color. Canal short but deeper than in the last species. Lon., 0.82 in.; lat., 0.37 in.; defl., 40°. Habitat.—Popoff Strait, Shumagin Islands, in ten fathoms stony mud about the reefs. Sipho Hallii, n.s. FP. II, fig. 3. Shell fusiform, solid and heavy, of five and a half whorls, the last much the largest ; suture subcanaliculate, not deep, but very distinct ; whorls moderately convex, somewhat appressed toward the suture. Canal rather long, much re- curved; aperture elongate, acute behind; inner lip much thickened, white ; outer lip hardly thickened, posteriorly waved. Shell covered with a yellow- brown epidermis, with very faint revolving striw, crossing the slightly evident waved lines of growth. Lon., 1.7 in.; lat., 0.8 in.; lon. apert. 0.95 in.; defl. 45°. Habitat—Sanborn Harbor, Nagai; three dead specimens, with Paguri, found by Capt. W. G. Hall, sailing master of the U. 8. C. 8. Schr. Humboldt, to whom I am indebted for many valuable additions to our collections. This species is smaller and more solid than most of the genus, and does not resemble any of the east coast species closely enough to require a comparison. It has a little the aspect of a Cumpeloma, in some of its characters. Margarita vorticifera, n.s. Pi. II, fig. 4, a, 0, ¢. Shell depressed, with three flattened, rapidly expanding whorls, which have a tendency, in old individuals, to overhang the suture anterior to them. The upper surface is traversed by numerous slender, slightly elevated, revolving threads, which are crossed by faint lines of growth. Outer edge of whorls sub- carinate. The basal surface is less flattened, but similarly sculptured, except that the very wide and funnel-shaped umbilicus is destitute of revolving striz, and the lines of growth are here a little stronger. Aperture excessively oblique, with the anterior angle much produced ; lips hardly thickened, and but slightly interrupted at the junction with the body whorl. Nacre, salmon-color; exter- 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA nal surface pinkish white, brilliantly pearly where eroded. Lat. of largest speci- men, 0.85 in.; alt., 0.5 in.; defl. 88°. Habitat.—Iliuliuk Harbor, Captain’s Bay, Unalashka; and larger specimens in the Akutan Pass, from ten to sixty fathoms, on stony bottom. Not found in the Shumagins. This species is more flattened than any species except M. helicina, which it somewhat resembles in form, though more carinated, and otherwise widely dif- fering in character. It is not allied to any West American species known to me, though it may have relations in some Japanese form. It is a thin and light shell. Volutopsis Beringi, Midd., var. regularis, Dall. PI. II, fig. 6. Shell of four whorls, obtusely fusiform, and with the last whorl somewhat in- flated. Nucleus mammillated, whorls smooth, moderately convex, with a dis- tinct, though not channelled suture. Aperture eleven-seventeenths the length of the shell, elongate, produced in front, with the outer lip moderately thickened and the inner lip without callus. Canal almost straight; short, narrow. Lon., 1.8 in.; lat., 0.9 in.; defl. 65°. Color white, or light pinkish. Habitat.—Unalashka, to the Shumagins; rare. This form may be a distinct species, but I have preferred to indicate it as a variety, for the present. It dif- fers from the normal form in being smooth and regular, without the lumps or irregular ribs which are common in the V. Beringt; it is smaller in size, when adult, by one-half; it is never of the dark livid chestnut color which invariably characterizes V. Beringi. The outer lip is less patulous, the canal proportion- ately narrower, and the aperture shorter, compared with the whole length of the shell. Moreover, the specimens are remarkably uniform in their charac- ters, and the V. Beringi, though very variable as a whole, is equally constant in the differential characters alluded to. I have come to this conclusion only after a careful examination of over a hundred specimens of V. Beringi, and a good series of this form. The former is much more common in the localities alluded to. In Dunker’s portion of the Novitates Conchologica, pp. 1-7, 1858, and plates J and II, a number of species are described and figured as new, and stated to be from Sitka. The references to the plates are erroneous throughout, as pointed out by Dr. Carpenter, and the names on the plates do not always agree with those in the text. Of the six species described here, only one is new. As the paper is not accessible to most students, I here give the corrected synonymy of the suppositious species, none of which are found at Sitka. 1. Buccrnum GuactaEe, Stimpson. (Mon. Northern Buccinums.) | Tritonium carinatum, Dkr., p. 1, pl. 2, f. 3-4.= Tritonium angulosum, Meerch. (on plate.) Tritonium merchianum, Dkr., p. 2, pl: 2, f. 1-2. Tritonium rutilum, Meerch., p. 3, pl. 1, f. 5-6. Tritonium rombergi, Dkr., p. 4, pl. 2, f. 5-6. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61 All these varieties of the well known Buccinum glaczale, are beautifully and thoroughly connected by the really magnificent series of that species obtained by us during the season of 1871-2, in the Aleutian Islands. It belongs to the Arctic fauna. 2. Volutopsis Beringi (Midd..) A. Ad. Tritonium Beringi, Midd. Mal. Ros. p. 147, pl. iii, f. 5-6. 1849. (? Volutopsis norvegica, Chemn., N. HKuropean seas.) Neptunea castanea, Meerch., p. 7, pl. 1, f. 1-2.= Neptunea badia, Meerch. (on plate.) This species, if not identical with the European form, is a member of the typi- cal Aleutian fauna. 3. Chrysodomus (Heliotropis) harpa, Dall, ex Meerch. Neptunea harpa, Meerch., p. 2, pl. 1, f. 3-4. This is an Aleutian species, found from the Shumagins to Unalashka, but everywhere very rare. It belongs to a group characterized by thin sinistral shells, with mammillated apices ; an operculum very small when compared with the size of the animal ; solitary ovicapsules of hemispherical form, attached by the entire base, smooth above, and maturing only two or three individuals to each sac, although of much greater size than the ovicapsule of any other species of mollusk in the region ; and, probably, by dentition. This group may take the sub-generic name of Heliotropis. Our largest specimen exceeded six inches in length. Fus- us contrarius, of authors, of the North European seas, may also belong to this group. Buccinum Dalei, Sby., or a related form, was found by us at the Shumagins. Pleurotoma circinata, n.s. Pl. II, f. 5. Shell slender, elongate, covered with a brownish epidermis ; whorls six, with a single, sharp, narrow carina, about the middle of the whorl, in the upper whorls ; this carina does not interrupt the even rotundity of the whorls so as to produce any flattening of the latter, but appears as if it had been placed upon the equator of the whorl, after the latter had been completed. The posterior surface of the carina and that part of the whorls behind it, are destitute of any but the most microscopic revolving striz, though plainly marked by the deeply notched lines of growth. The anterior surface of carina and whorls isecovered with sharp, revolving grooves, with wider interspaces, being about twelve on the body whorl, between the posterior edge of the aperture and the carina. The notch is deep, and about one-third of the way from the carina to the suture. Aperture and canal long and narrow ; outer lips, before the carina, effuse. Nu- cleus, white. Lon. 3.0 in.; lat. 1.0 in.; defl. 42°. Habitat : Nateekin Bay, Captain’s Bay, Unalashka ; one specimen, dead on beach. This species was at first supposed by me to be the adult form of Drillia Ken- nicottii, Dall, but on comparison, I find them distinct, as the latter has nearly as many whorls in less than a third of the length, and the carina is duplicated 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA in the last whorl. The latter comes from the Shumagins. The present species is one of the peculiar species which combine to form the Aleutian fauna. Plate ii, fig. 7, represents Clathurella affinis, Dall, Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. VII., p. 102, 1871, a hitherto unfigured species from Cape St. Lucas, also from San Miguel Island, off the southern coast of California, where it was de- tected by Mr. Harford. ReeutaR Mertine, Aprit 7TH, 1878. President in the Chair. Thirty-five members present. Samuel F. Reynolds, Henry H. Haight, and Samuel C. Gray, were elected resident members. Donations to Library : Washington Zones, 1846-1849, from the U. S. Naval Observatory, 2 vols. Proc. de la Societie Malacologique de Belgique, pp. 83-98, 1872. Proc. Acad. Natural Sciences of Phila., 1873,pp. 1-40. On the Right Ascension of the Equatorial Fundamental Stars, etc., by Simon Newcomb, from U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C. Uber die Salzseen des Westli- chen Tibet, Allgemeiner topog. Erlanterung Hochasiens ; von Hermann Schla- gintweit—Sakunlunski. Supp. Cat. Lib. Co., of Phila., Jan. 1873. Sveriges Geologiska, Undersdkning, parts 42-45, with four charts from Bureau Géolo- gique de Suéde. Select Plants, eligible for Victorian industrial culture, etc., etc., by Mueller, presented by Edward Bosqui. Bull. of Mus. of Comp. Zoology, Vol. III, No. 6, Notes of an Ornithological Reconnoissance in Kansas, ete., by J. A. Allen. Vol. III, No. 5, Fossil Cephalopods of the Mus. Comp. Zool., by Alpheus Hyatt. Proceedings Boston Society Nat. His., Vol. XV, Part I, Jan.—Apl., 1872. Eng. and Mining Jour. Am. Jour. Science and Arts, Jan., Feb. and Mch., 1873. Am. Naturalist, Jan. and Feb., 1873. Am. Chemist, Dec. 1872. Overland Monthly, Mch., 1873. California Horticulturalist, Jan., Feb. and Mch., 1873. Monatsbericht der Konig. Preuss. Akad. der Wiss., zu Berlin, Aug., Sept., Oct., 1872. Review of Lyell’s Elements of Geology, by John B. Perry, pamph., 8vo., 1872. Monographie des Chrysomelides de l’Am- erique, par C. Stal, from the author. Forest Culture in its relation to Individual Pursuits, by F. Von Mueller, pamph., 8vo., 1871. Kingsborough’s Mexican Antiquities, 9 vols., imp. folio, half Turkey mcrocco, gilt, presented by George C. Hickox, Esq. Donations to the Museum: ‘Two species of Crustaceans, a large snake, barnacles ( Coronula), also specimen of land shells (Budi- mus pallidior, Sby.,) from George Davidson. Skull of Porpoise ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 63 (Lagenorhynchus albirostratus, Peale,) caught by Captain Marston on a voyage from Tahiti (Lat. 13 deg. N.) to San Francisco, pre- sented by the proprietors of the ‘‘ Daily Alta California.” Specimens of Lizard, Scorpions, Hermit-crab and Cuttle-fish (Decapod) from San José del Cabo, by U.S. Consul Gillespie. Branch of Man- grove covered with oysters ( Ostrea conchaphila) from Magdalena Bay, Lower California, by Samuel Hubbard. Specimen of Deer’s head, showing arrested development of the antlers, presented. by Mr. C. D. Cleveland, through Dr. Henry Gibbons. Specimens of Sea-mosses (Alg@) from San Pedro, presented by Capt. Jos. A. Wilson. Marine Shells from the Shumagin Islands, presented by W. Hz. Dall. Hchinoderms, Gorgonia, etc., from Mazatlan, pre- sented by Henry Edwards. Prof. Davidson remarked, in connection with the specimens pre- sented by him, that the smaller crustaceans were caught at night in Cape St. Lucas Bay, Lower California. the sea at the time being white with phosphorescence ; two individuals of this species would light up a bucket-full of water ; the phosphorescence was particularly vivid at each joint of their bodies ; the largest specimen, which is of a dif- ferent species, was taken from the stomach of a Boneta caught off the coast of Lower California, in about lat. 234°. The snake and the land shells were from San José del Cabo, and the specimen of Coronula were from the back of a green turtle from Mazatlan. The following, relating to the deer’s head presented by Mr. Cleveland, is taken from a note from that gentleman, which accom- panied his gift: “¢ The specimen I procured two miles from Tejon Pass, San Ber- nardino county. The deer was killed within a few miles of this lo- eality about one year ago, and on inspection was found to have been castrated, in what manner this was done it is impossible to say. The hunter who killed the animal and from whom I received the specimen asserts that it was an accident of combat. The physio- logical connection which exists between the testes and the develop- ment of the antlers is here * * set forth.’ * * The deer when killed was thought to be five or six years old. It suffered a rude castration doubtless about the time the horns commenced to grow and” as a result of the injury, “ we find the antlers in their present abortive stage of development.” | 64 PROCERDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Remarks on the Death of Prof. John Torrey. BY W. H. DALL. Prof. John Torrey, well known throughout the world for his attainments in botany and chemistry, the most eminent man of science in New York, and one of the most eminent in America, died in the city of New York on the tenth of March, at the age of seventy-seven. Born in New York in the year 1796, and connected, from his boyhood to the present time, with all persons or institutions in his native place, whose aims in- cluded the advancement of science and learning ; his earliest work was the pre- paration of a flora of Manhattan Island, especially the portion immediately about the suburbs of old New York, a region which he lived to see covered with stately structures of brick and stone. Taking his medical degree in 1818, he occupied his leisure in the preparation of botanical matter in relation to the Northern States of the Union, east of the the Mississippi River. His publications on this subject, during the six years succeeding, insured him a high rank among the more eminent students of botany. Shortly after his marriage in 1824, he was called to the professorship of chemistry at West Point; in 1827 he accepted the chair of chemistry and bot- any in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and a few years later a similar position at Princeton College. About the year 1853, at the ur- gent solicitation of the Secretary of the Treasury, he was prevuiled upon to take charge of the United States Assay Office, in which he labored up to the time of his death. During this period he was also a trustee of Columbia College, to which the medical school had been annexed, and to him the college owes, beside many years of earnest study and work, the priceless gift of his superb botanical collection and library. Up to the day before his death he was at his post, signing the daily reports of the Assay Office, and then calmly and peacefully passed away to his rest, so well earned. While devoting his days to chemistry, in which he attained a high rank, thus securing that maintenance for which most scientific students are obliged to struggle so painfully, Botany was the mistress of his heart, to which his leisure and his evenings were devoted, so that it is said that even a few weeks before his death, his light could be seen till nearly midnight in the herb- arium of Columbia College. His writings are to be found in the transactions of nearly every scientific as- sociation of America, and among them we may especially enumerate the Report on the plants collected by Dr. James, on Long’s Expedition, on the plants col- lected by Wright in Texas, and by Fremont in California, the Flora of the State of New York, and his unfinished Flora of North America; while his as- sistance had been secured in the preparation of the Manual of California Botany, now in press by the Geological Survey of this State. Dr. Torrey twice visited California, once in 1865 and more lately in 1872, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 65 and on both occasions was present at the meetings of this Academy, in whose welfare he took an earnest interest. While he was most widely known by the published results of his scientific re- searches, the most precious memory which he has left to those who were fortun- ate enough to know him personally, is that of a man simple in his tastes and manners, cordial and earnest in his efforts to assist all who might seek his aid or counsel, with the keenest sense of honor and justice, and with a tender, generous and open heart. No man was ever more widely beloved. No man had ever a juster claim to the esteem and affection of all who knew him, He has left be- hind him an enduring record of faithful, earnest and successful work, and a spot- less and honorable name. Mr. Dall moved that the Chair appoimt a committee to draw up suitable resolutions expressing the Academy’s sense of the loss which science and humanity have sustained in the death of Dr. Torrey, a copy to be forwarded by the Secretary to the family of the deceased. . Dr. Henry Gibbons also briefly alluded to the estimable character and important services of the deceased, and the loss which science and humanity had sustained by his death. The president appointed Messrs. Stearns, Dall and John Hewston, Jr., a3 a committee on resolutions, as suggested by Mr. Dall. Professor Davidson read a paper giving in detail the results of his examinations for determining the geographical position of the Transit of Venus Station at San José del Cabo, Lower California, occupied by the French Astronomer, M. Chappe d’Auteroche, in 1769. No information beyond the meagre details given in M. Cassini’s account could be obtained in Europe, although personal efforts had been made last season in Paris by Prof. J. HE. Hilgard of the Coast Survey. M. Chappe died from a prevailing epidemic soon after observing the transit of Venus, and one of his assistants also died, so that his note books were doubtless defective in detail, and no plans of the building or of the locality have been given in the pub- lished account. The evident accuracy of his observations of the phenomenon, and his known skill as an observer, warranted the present undertaking by the Coast Survey to render his results of practical value in the discussion of the sun’s parallax. In Cassini’s record it is incidentally mentioned that, “the Mission Proc. Cau. AcabD. Sci., VoL. VY-—5. May, 1873. 66 PROCERDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA of San José is situated about one league from the coast, upon a little river which empties into the Vermillion Sea,” p. 112 ; and also that the final latitude adopted, “‘established very accurately,” (although the two determinations differ 31”.5) was 23° 03’ 20’. In the detailed description of mounting the instruments, their position is placed within the walls of a “large granary”’ from which he removed the roof ; and “ pedestals of masonry ” were erected upon which to place the instruments. ‘The relation of this granary to the church is never referred to, nor when the church was built, its character, or even on which bank of the river. Upon my arrival at San José del Cabo, in March, I learned there had been no less than four buildings and locations of the church known by the above name, from the erection of the first in 1728 or 1730—for authorities differed even in the date of the foun- dation. Nor could the dates of the changes be ascertained, as ue records of the church had been carried away. The first was the ‘‘ Mission Viejo,” about five miles from the shore of the bay, and the location of whose site was visited. The present occupant of the house stated that he had found the found- ations of the church and granary thirty-five years ago, when he built the present houses. The second was the ‘“ Mission,” reported near the present cemetery and not half a mile from the bay. The third and fourth locations are identical and in the present town of San José del Cabo, erroneously designated as Salatea on the Eng- lish charts. (Salate is the rancho three miles westward of the town.) TI was satisfied that neither the first nor second locations was the Transit of Venus Station, both from a study of the ground and the latitudes. From the present priest, an uneducated Indian, but one item of value was gathered ; he pointed out the foundations of the third church and the traditional position of the granary always at- tached or adjacent thereto. Both were much smaller than the present edifice. Sifting this evidence and studying the topography of the site and the requirements of the problem, I became satisfied that the Venus Station was near the present church. I traced the old foundations to their limit on the north side of the church ; but the present church covers the greater part of them. The foundations of the old gran- ary lie to the southeast of the present sacristy, and between it and ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 67 the wall, which is twenty-four feet distant and on the line of the street, they have been covered with débris to bring the surface of the ground to the level of the top of the wall. I think it is safe to say that the position of M. Chappe’s instruments has been recovered within a space of twenty feet square. This has been referred to the southeast corner of the present church, which was included in the scheme of triangulation to connect it with the astronomical sta- tion near the present landing. The “Mission Viejo” and the cem- etery*were also included in the scheme. The geographical position of the astronomical station had been been determined under my directions by Mr. W. Eimbeck, of the U. S. Coast Survey, about a fortnight before my arrival. The longitude is determined by the transmission of twenty-four chrono- meters from and to San Diego, which had been connected with San Francisco by telegraph. The latitude was determined by the zenith telescope method of the Coast Survey. Thus after an interval of one hundred and four years, we have been able to make available the observations of one who gave his life a sacrifice to scientific pursuits. Of the position of Velasquez’s station for observing the same phenomenon at the “village of Santa Anna, a position which is not placed on the charts,” I could gather no clew whatever. In en- deavoring to reconcile the two disjointed remarks of Cassini (pp. 43 and 112), it would appear to have been at some rancho on the shores of Ceralvo Bay, about thirty leagues northward and eastward of San José del Cabo, following the coast line. A search of the archives at Madrid last season had failed to elicit any knowledge of Velasquez’s records or report. Mr. Stearns referred to the valuable and acceptable present of Mr. Hickox as an important acquisition te the Academy’s library, and on motion, a special vote of thanks was unanimously tendered to that gentleman for this very handsome gift. Mr. Guizkow read the following, describing a new process for the extraction of Boracic acid, and illustrating by a working model the method pursued by him. 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA A New Process for the Extraction of Boracic Acid. BY F. GUTZKOW. I beg to bring to the notice of the Academy a process for the working of Borate of lime, which, besides that I consider it to have some claims as to prac- ticability, presents also some scientific points, which may be sufficiently interest- ing to some of the members as to warrant me in drawing their attention thereto. The Academy has already been made aware before of the fact, that in the State of Nevada, lately, large masses of borate of lime have been discovered in different places in Churchill, Esmeralda and other counties. It is interesting, because boracic acid is by no means very profusely distributed on the earth’s surface, and borate of lime in particular has, until now, only been found near the celebrated nitrate of soda deposits of Iquiqui in South America. The min- eral found in Nevada is the same as the South American. It is not the true borate of lime, but the boronatrocalcite, a combination of borate of soda with borate of lime. An analysis made by myself gave, in round numbers : 42 Boracic acid, 8 Soda, 13 Lime, 37 Water. There appears to be some difference in the impurities found with it. In Ne- vada they appear to be principally clay, while in South America gypsum is always more or less found intermixed. Owing to those impurities, there have been experienced some difficulties in working the mineral in England and France; but still more has the expectation that the South American borate of lime would give a prolific source of borax been reduced by the circumstance, that the shipments from Iquiqui turned out to be of very unequal nature as to quality, which with the difficulty of ascertain- ing the true proportion of boracic acid by an easy assay, rather demoralized the market for the substance in question. zZ In this country the process used for working it consists in a kind of concen- trating operation, by which, with an enormous loss in substance, the borate of lime is freed from the impurities. Then it is boiled with a solution of carbonate of soda, and the solutions obtained worked for a crude borax, to be refined after- ward by recrystallization. This process has several important drawbacks. In the first place, the high price of soda on this coast interferes seriously. Al- though the State of Nevada possesses large deposits of crude soda, it becomes so dear by the high cost of transportation, that in this city it is about as ad- vantageous to employ the English sal-soda, which is, besides, a much purer ar- ticle. Furthermore, the decomposition of the borate of lime is not complete by soda, and the residue will always contain some undecomposed mineral, unless a very large quantity of water is used. As the borate of lime is not insoluble in water, it is possible to extract by water alone all traces of the mineral; but on ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 69 the large scale this is, of course, not feasible. In the third place, the clay mixed with the mineral, and the carbonate of lime formed by the soda, make the residue extremely bulky. It takes a long time to make it settle into a pulp of some reasonable thickness ; therefore several washings are required to wash the absorbed borax-solution out, thus yielding weak solutions which have to be worked up and concentrated. In view of these facts I thought it advisable to devise a better process than the one described. ; My process is based upon the volatilization of boracic acid by water vapors; a fact which nature itself proves, by furnishing in that way all the boracic acid manufactured in Tuscany. But by my own experiments I discovered that that volatilization can be made complete, that is, that a given quantity of boracic acid can be completely volatilized by steam alone. The plainest experiment which laid the foundation to my process is this: To melt in a platinum crucible some boracic acid into a glass, weigh the crucible with contents, and conduct steam by a brass tube into the crucible while the latter is heated to redness. By weighing from time to time, the progress of vol- atilization may be observed. After two hours continuing the experiment, more or less, the crucible will be found entirely empty. Other experiments by which I suspended a weighed platinum wire, on to which a pearl of boracic acid was molten, in an iron gas-pipe, and conducted steam of different temperature through that apparatus, showed that the speed of the volatilization is entirely depending on the temperature of the steam. Steam of 212° F., is not capable of removing more than traces, unless the reaction is allowed to continue for a very long time. If the gas pipe surrounding the boracic acid pearl is however, heated to redness, the volatilization is most rapid. The rather surprising fact that the steam of 212° F. has so little power for the purpose, caused me to experiment on some statements made by Henry Rose, the celebrated chemist to whom we are mostly indebted for our knowledge of the element Boron and its combinations. Rose states that it is not possible to concentrate a solution containing free boracic acid without loss of substance. I found this correct when the solution is evaporated in an open dish, but not so when the concentration takes place in a glass flask. On concentrating a quite concentrated solution of boracic acid in a glass flask over a moderate fire, I never could condense more boracic acid than the mechanical carrying off by the vapors would account for, that is a trace. In an open dish, however, in the progress of concentration, a ring of boracic acid separated on the dish, which boracic acid is heated much more than the solution and is exposed to the action of the steam rising from the liquid. In that case a volatilization takes place. Having found out that superheated steam is much more powerful in carrying off boracic acid than steam of 212° F., it was easy to conclude that the con- densation of the volatilized boracic acid could not present great difficulties. The boracic acid volatilized in the apparatus described before, that is, in a heated iron pipe, was found condensed in the colder portion of the pipe. By regulating the length and temperature of the pipe, the fact resulted that the steam could be deprived nearly entirely of its percentage in boracic acid. T0 _ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA From these facts the following process of working borate of lime suggested itself : a P . The borate of lime can be used as found on the borax marshes, or more or less purified if it has to be transported some distance. It is placed into a lead- lined, shallow pan, covered with half the weight of water, and allowed to stand for a day, or longer, in order to allow the lumps to dissolve. Then from one- quarter to one-half the weight of sulphuric acid is added and the whole well stirred into a stiff pulp, which is taken out and thrown in a heap. After some days the mess has become hard, as the gypsum formed commences te set. With this first operation the mass is ready for the sceond operation—the distilling with steam. It is done in an iron retort with an arrangement for heating it. An ordinary gas pipe, 12 feet by 11% feet, would answer very well. It ought to stand in an upright position, in order to facilitate the charging and discharg- ing, as also to cause an equal action of the steam. When the pipe is sufficiently heated that no condensation of steam can take place, steam is admitted. It be- comes superheated within the retort and carries along the boracic acid, leaving a porous mass of gypsum, ete., which, when the operation is continued sufficiently long, will be found entirely free from boracic acid. It has been mentioned be- fore that the rapidity of the action depends only on the heat employed. If the temperature of the retort is near the red heat, from one to two hours will suffice to finish the operation in the lower part of the retort. Ata temperature of only say 400° F., which is very easily reached within the retort, about four hours will be required. The details of the apparatus which allows a continuous working, and by with- drawing only half the contents every few hours, allows the mass to be exposed twice as long, that is dght hours, to the action of the steam, I will omit here. The steam which leaves the retort is highly charged with boracie acid. It can be made to absorb not less than the fourth part of its weight of the hydrated boracie acid. From the retort it passes into a brick or lead-lined wooden chamber where most of the hydrate of boracie acid will deposit. Thence it passes another chamber, or better, a long flue provided with some metal grating, before it escapes into the atmosphere. Also a worm condenser can be used, and with it a strong solution of boracic acid will result. It may also pass through a coil of lead or other metal, which utilizes the waste heat. There are numerous devices to remove, by partial condensing, the last traces of boracic acid if desired. : Most of the boracic acid is, however, found in the first chamber, as hydrate. BO, + 3 HO, and can be from time to time removed. It can be easily melted into a glass, taking care to condense the fumes during melting, and is then ab- solutely pure. In the state as found in the chamber, it may contain a little sulphuric acid, but by admixture of some coke or charcoal with the top layer in the retort, the sulphurous acid can be entirely converted into sulphurous gas, which escapes uncondensed from the chambers. There is no other substance present to interfere with the purity of the product obtained. In a mechanical way nothing can go over, as the mass within the retort gets all glazed over by boracie acid. \ ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 71 The advantages of the process are, that with very little labor in one single and short operation, the mineral can be exhausted. ‘There are no rich residues left to be worked over nor liquors to be concentrated, which makes the lixiviat- ing process so complicated. Besides, the boracic acid, and particularly the bor- acie acid glass, can bear the high cost of transportation from the borax marshes much better than the borax or the borate of lime. To bring one pound of borax from the marshes to the market, that is, New York or European ports, costs now from six to seven cents. ‘To transport the molten boracic acid, which gives three pounds of borax nearly, would reduce the cost for one pound of borax by two-thirds. {EGULAR Mretina, Aprit 21, 1873. President in the Chair, Forty members present. J. B. Cox, Frank F. Taylor, Charles B. Brigham and D. 8. Hutchinson were elected resident members. The name of Mr. 8. B. Boswell, elected resident member on the sixth of January, was transferred to the list of life members, he hay- ing paid the required fee. Donations to Library: Proceedings of Agassiz Institute, pp. 25- 48. Overland Monthly, May, 1875. Bacon & Company pre- sented a Hand-stamp. Donations to Museum: Fossil shells from Santa Rosa Island by W.G. Blunt. Tooth of Elephas from Scalchet Head, Puget Sound, also Elk horn wedge from same place, found near the preceding specimen, at the foot of a bluff 250 feet high, presented by J. 8. Lawson of U. 8. Coast Survey. Fossil mollusks from near Mount St. Helena, by Col. C. L. Bulkeley. Egg of a species of Fish, probably allied to the Rays, from Newport Bay, fourteen miles south of Anaheim, presented by Dr. David Taylor. Portion of tooth of Hlephas, supposed to have been found near Sitka, from L. W. Ransom. Specimen of saw of saw-fish from west coast of Mexico, presented by Adolph Hartman, through Mr. A. Cooper. Tooth of fossil Klephas from Santa Barbara Island, by W. G. Blunt. Fossil barnacles, found at foot of gravel bluff, forming west bank of Salinas River, in ‘I’. 21.8., R. 9 E., about sixty miles south of Salinas City, County of Monterey, from Michael Deering. (2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Notes on the Honey-Making Ant of Texas and New Mexico, Myrmecocystus Mexicanus of Westwood. BY HENRY EDWARDS. The natural history of this very curious species is so little known, that the preservation of every fact connected with its economy becomes a matter of con- siderable scientific importance, and the following observations, gleaned from Capt. W. B. Fleeson of this city, who has recently had an opportunity of studying the ants in their native haunts, may, it is hoped, be not without interest. The community appears to consist of three distinct kinds of ants, probably of two separate genera, whose offices in the general order of the nest would seem to be entirely apart from each other, and who perform the labor allotted to them without the least encroachment upon the duties of their fellows. The larger number of individuals consists of yellow worker ants of two kinds, one of which of a pale golden yellow color, about one-third of an inch in length, acts as nurses and feeders of the honey-making kind, who do not quit the interior of the nest, “their sole purpose being, apparently, to elaborate a kind of honey, which they are said to discharge into prepared receptacles, and which constitutes the food of the entire population. In these honey-secreting workers the abdo- men is distended into a large, globose, bladder-like form, about the size of a pea.” The third variety of ant is much larger, black in color, and with very formid- able mandibles. For the purpose of better understanding the doings of this strange community, we will designate them as follows : No. 1—Yellow workers; nurses and feeders. No. 2—Yellow workers ; honey makers. No. 3—Black workers; guards and purveyors. The site chosen for the nest is usually some sandy soil in the neighborhood of sbrubs and flowers, and the space occupied is about from four to five feet square. Unlike the nests of most other ants, however, the surface of the soil is usually undisturbed, and but for the presence of the insects themselves, presents a very different appearance from the ordinary communities, the ground having been subject to no disturbance, and not pulverized and rendered loose as is the case with the majority of species. The black workers (No. 3) surround the nest as guards or sentinels, and are always 1n a state of great activity. They form two lines of defence. moving dif- ferent ways, their march always being along three sides of a square, one column moving from the SE to the SW corners of the fortification, while the other proceeds in the opposite direction. In most of the nests examined by Captain Fleeson, the direction of the nest was usually towards the north; the east, west and northern sides being surrounded by the soldiers, while the southern portion was left open and undefended. In case of any enemy approaching the encamp- ment, a number of the guards leave their station in the line and sally forth to ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 73 face the intruder, raising themselves upon their hind tarsi, and moving their somewhat formidable mandibles to and fro as if in defiance of their foe. Spi- ders, wasps, beetles and other insects are, if they come too near to the hive, at- tacked by them in the most merciless manner, and the dead body of the van- quished is speedily removed from the neighborhood of the nest, the conquerers marching back to resume their places in the line of defence, their object in the destruction of other insects being the protection of their encampment, and not the obtaining of food. While one section of the black workers is thus en- gaged as sentinels, another and still more numerous division will be found busily employed in entering the quadrangle by a diagonal line bearing NH, and carrying in their mouths flowers and fragments of aromatic leaves which they deposit in the centre of the square. A reference to the accompanying sketch will give a more clear understanding of their course; the dotted line (a) repre- senting the path of this latter section, while the mound of flowers and leaves is marked (¢). If the line (a) be followed in a SW direction, it will be found to lead to the trees and shrubs upon which another division of the black workers is settled, engaged in biting off the petals and leaves to be collected and con- veyed to the nest by their assistants below. On the west side of the encamp- ment is a hele marked (d), leading down to the interior of the nest, which is probably chiefly intended for the introduction of air, as in case of any individu- als carrying their loads into it, they immediately emerge and bear them to the common heap, as if conscious of having been guilty of an error. A smaller hole near to the SE corner of the square, is the only other means by which the interior can be reached, and down this aperture, marked (b), the flowers gathered by the black workers are carried along the line (e), from the heap in the centre of the square, by a number of the smaller yellow workers (No. 1), who, with their weaker frames and less developed mouth organs, seem adapted for the gentler offices of nurses for the colony within. It is remarkable that no black ant is ever seen upon the line (e), and no yellow one ever approaches the line (a), each keeping his own separate station and following his given line of duty with a steadfastness. which is as wonderful as it is admirable. By remov- ing the soil to a depth of about three feet, and tracing the course of the galler- ies from the entrances (b) and (d), a small excavation is reached, across which is spread in the form of a spider's web, a net work of squares spun by the insects, the squares being about one-quarter inch across, and the ends of the web fastened firmly to the carth of the sides of the hollowed space which forms the bottom of the excavation. In each one of the squares, supported by the web, sits one of the honey-making workers, (No. 2), apparently in the condition of a prisoner, as it docs not appear that these creatures ever quit the nest. Indeed it would be difficult for them to,do so, as their abdomens are so swollen out by the honey which they contain, as to render locomotion a task of difficulty, if not to make it utterly impossible. ‘be workers, (No. 1), provide them with a constant supply of flowers and pollen, which, by a process analogous to that ofthe bee, they convert into honey. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA The fact that the remainder of the inhabitants feed on the supply thus obtained, though it is surmised, has not been established by actual observation : indeed, with reference to many of the habits of these creatures, we are at present left in total ignorance, it being a reasonable supposition that, in insects so remarkable in many of their habits, other interesting facts have yet to be brought to light respecting them. It would be of great value to learn the specific rank of the black workers (No. 3), and to know the sexes of the species forming the com- munity, their season and manner of pairing, and whether the honey-makers are themselves used as food, or if they excrete their saccharine fluid for the benefit DIAGRAM OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE NEST OF MYRMECOCYSTUS MEXICANUS. fh (a) Path of the flower gatherers. / (6) S. E. entrance to nest. 4 (c) Mound of flowers and leaves. / (a) W. entrance to nest. (e) Path of yellow nursing ants, 2; (fg) Track of soldiers. @----------------- “y= = - - = -- ---------- x Suapes in al ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. T5 of the inhabitants in general, and then proceed to distil more. I regret that at this time I am only able to bring before the notice of the Academy, specimens of the honey-makers (No. 2), the other members of the community, except from Captain Fleeson’s description, being quite unknown to me. It is, however, my hope that at a future meeting I may be enabled to exhibit the other varieties, and to give some more extended information upon this very interesting subject. The honey is much sought after by the Mexicans, who not only use it as a deli- cate article of food, but apply it to bruised and swollen limbs, ascribing to it great healing properties. The species is said to be very abundant in the neigh- bourhood of Santa Fé, New Mexico, in which district the observations of Capt. Fleeson were made. On the connection between the Atomic Weights of Substances and their Physiological Action. BY JAMES BLAKE, M. D. In a communication to the Academy of Sciences, of France, read February 10th, Messrs. Rabuteau and Ducondray state that the poisonous effects of metals is greater as their atomic weights increase. Having been engaged for many years in experimenting on the physiological effects of organic compounds, I find myself in possession of a number of facts bearing directly on this interest- ing question. Ina paper read before the Royal Society of England in 1841, I stated that isomorphous substances, when introduced directly into the blood, produce analogous physiological reactions. Since this time a widely extended series of experiments with these substances has confirmed the truth of this fact.* IT shall not now enter into a general review of the facts I have already pub- lished, but would state that when the different elements are grouped according to their isomorphous relations, I find, evidently, a close connection between their physiological action and relative atomic weights, and it is only with this restric- tion that the statement of Messrs. Rabuteau and Ducondray is even approxi- mately applicable. That no absolute connection exists between the atomic weight of a metal and its physiological action, is evident. For instance, the salts of potassium, the atomic weight of which is thirty-nine, are far more poi- sonous than the salts of ferrous oxide, the atomic weight of iron being 56, and the salts of beryllium with an atomic weight of 9.3 are more poisonous than the salts of silver, with an atomic weight of 108. As an example of the con- nection between the atomic weights and the poisonous qualities of a substance, - the accompanying table affords strong evidence that such a connection exists when the substanees belong to the same isomorphous group. The experiments were performed on rabbits, by injecting solutions of some salt of the metal directly into the jugular vein. * An account of many of these experiments is contained in the Reports of the British Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, from 1845 to 1850, and in 3d, 4th and 5th vols. of the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA * NAME OF SUBSTANCE. ATOMIC WEIGHT. QUANTITY FATAL, Lithium i 40 ers. Sodium 23 20 gers. Rubidium 65 6 grs. Cesium 133 9 grs, Thalium 204 3 ers. These substances all belong to the same isomorphous group, their distinctive physiological action being that they are all lung poisons, as they kill by the ac- tion they exert on the lungs, either by suddenly arresting the pulmonary circu- lation or by causing changes in the lung tissue which prevent the aeration of the blood. Having experimentally investigated the physiological action of most of the more important groups of inorganic compounds, comprising about forty of the different elements, I would bring forward a large amount of evidence, show- ing that to a certain extent a connection exists between the relative atomic weight of substances in the same isomorphous group and their physiological ac- tion, and this I propose to do on some future occasion. At present I will cite one more striking example furnished by the salts of iron. This metal, as is well known, furnishes two classes of salts, in one of which the molecule is bivalent, the atomic number being 56, in the other class the molecule becomes quadriva- lent, with a combining number of 112. Of the former class of salts, 30 or 40 grains can be introduced into the veins (in dogs) without destroying life, whilst 3 or 4 grains of the quadrivalent compounds are fatal. The extremely poison- ous effects of the metals of the platinum group with their high atomic weight, is another instance of the connection of atomic weight with physiological action. The above observations tend to confirm an opinion I expressed in a paper read at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1845, when I stated: “In considering the action of inorganic compounds on living beings, it is clear that our attention must not be directed exclusively to the chemical properties of these substances ; it must not be as acids or alkalies or salts that their action on living beings must be investigated, but as regards their isomorphous relations, or those properties which are evidently connected with the form they assume.” In our ordinary chemical reactions, the greater the atomic weight of a body the larger the quantity that must be used to form the different compounds into which it enters; whilst the above facts show that with certain restrictions the very reverse of this is the case in the reactions it produces in living beings. The above facts, together with those already published, justify the conclusion that, first : when introduced directly into the blood, each member of an isomor- phous group gives rise to analogous reactions, both on the tissues and on the blood, and second: that the intensity of these reactions isin some way connected with the relative atomic weight of the substance in the group :to which it be- longs. Exceptions undoubtedly present themselves to the above generalizations, nor is it at all surprising that in the present imperfect state of our knowledge as regards atomic physics, that such should be the case; but still, the number of instances in which a well marked connection is found between isomorphism, ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. reg atomic weight and physiological action, is so large, that that there can be no doubt that these molecular properties of inorganic elements are closely connected with their physiological action.* Mr. Stearns, after describing the general characteristics of the Nudibranchiata, submitted the following. Descriptions of a New Genus and two New Species of Nudi- branchiate Mollusks from the Coast of California. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. Genus LATERIBRANCHLA#A, Stearns. Animal like Triopa, with a single series of gills on each side, central or sub- central and opposite. Fie. I, (2). Fig. 2, 2). LATERIBRANCHIMA FESTIVA, Stearns, Fic. 1. Body slug-shaped, about one inch long ; of a translucent cream white color on back, ornamented with looped linear markings on each side, of an opaque chalky co gl Sane a es i ae *Norr.—In these experiments which were conducted to ascertain the general effects of the substances used, the quantities employed were usually injected in four or five doses, and therefore do not probably indicate the minimum doses that would be fatal. 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA white, and three irregular, ring-shaped markings of the same color, nearly equi- distant and along a central line on the back, also marked with a few inconspic- uous irregularly placed orange spots; cephalic tentacles short, clavate, stumpy, fringed at base, branchial orifices on each side, sub-central, with short arbores- cent plumes. Habitat—Point Pinos, near light house, Monterey, California, on the under side of granite boulders at extreme low tide; detected by Mr. Harford:and my- self in March, 1868. TRIOPIDA, Gray. TRIOPA, J ohnston. Tropa CARPENTERT, Stearns, Fic. 2. Animal slug-shaped ; anteriorly obtusely rounded, posteriorly pointed, some- what attenuated; cephalic tentacles clavate, upper part of same of an orange color, below white; gill plumes five, arborescent, resembling fern leaves, tipped with orange ; plumes and tentacles 1-16 inch in length ; the former situated in middle of the back somewhat posterior to centre. Six tentacular processes on each side, tipped with orange and 1-32 inch long ; also short tentacular processes in front of the head ; body one and one-half inches in length, translucent white, covered with fine papille of an orange color. Habitat—Monterey, at Point Pinos near the light house, on the under side of granite rocks at edge of laminarian zone, where the above was collected by Mr. W. G. W. Harford and myself in March, 1868. This species is named for my friend Dr. P. P. Carpenter of Montreal, whose thorough work in connection with the mollusca of W. North America has been of great service to investigators. The above descriptions, though somewhat meagre from lack of the proper in- struments for more careful diagnosis, are nevertheless adequate to a ready de- termination of both of the above well marked and elegant species. Descriptions of New Marine Mollusks from the West Coast of Worth America. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. Conus Datut, Stearns, Plate I, fig. 1. Shell conical, robust with a smooth surface faintly marked with incremental lines ; lower third portion of shell obscurely spirally ribbed and the spire ele- vated and indistinctly grooved on the top of each whorl ; body whorl and spire moderately convex, the latter with a distinct sutural line and a faint sulcation parallel to the same ; outer Jip simple, aperture linear, internally of a delicate rose-pink tinge ; surface of shell marked with irregular longitudinal stripes of reddish brown and sienna yellow, the former color predominating aud blending in more or less and glazing the yellow ; the longitudinal markings are interrupted by a seriés of four revolving bands (of which the two lowest are the widest.) composed of numerous whitish spots of irregular size and shape but generally small, rounded or angular ; occasionally whitish subangulate spots of larger size ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 79 ~ than those included in the bands occur between the same, and in line with the longitudinal markings. Dimensions of largest: Long. 2.35; lat. 1.22 inches. Another specimen measures: Long. 2.15; lat. 1.1 inches. Habitat.—Gulf of California, from whence specimens are occasionally brought to San Francisco on vessels in the Gulf trade. It is not common. Figure 70 in Sowby’s Conch. Illustr. without habitat, and named “ C. textile var.” resembles this species. Specimens are in my collection and in that of Mr. Fisher of San Francisco. This shell belongs to the group of so-called “ embroidered cones” of which C. textile is the most common illustration, and it might carelessly be mistaken for that species; in C. textile however the white (in cleaned specimens) is the dom- inant color, and the triangular blotches of white are large and sharply defined by a line of brown, and there is but little blending or coalescing of the brown and yellow lines, which are much sharper and more distinct as well as of a lighter shade and narrower than in C. Dalli. C. textile is of a clear whiteness interiorly, while the shell described herein has a delicate pinkish interior; in textile the spire is somewhat concave, in Dall: it is moderately convex ; and the latter in outline is a less graceful shell, and belongs to a widely separated zodlogical province. PTYCHATRACTUS OCCIDENTALIS, Stearns. P. occidentalis, Stearns, Prel. Descr. August 28, 1871. Shell elongated, fusiform, rather slender, whitish, traversed by narrow, revolv- ing, brownish threads and much wider intervening spaces ; suture distinct, spire tapering ; aperture oblong-oval, about half the length of the shell ; within white, polished ; canal short, nearly straight; columellar obliquely, not strongly pli- cated ; length about three-fourths of an inch. Habitat—Near the Island of Nagai, one of the Shumagin Islands, where it was hooked up attached to a rock from a depth of forty fathoms, by Captain Prime of the California Fishing fleet ; through the kindness of Mr. Harford to whom it was given, it is now in my cabinet. This shell in its general features resembles the North Atlantic P. ligatus of Mighel and Adams, vide Boston Jour. Natl. Hist., 1V, 1842, p. 51, pl. rv., fig. 17. Itisa more delicate shell than the Atlantic species, though my solitary specimen, judging by the thinness of the outer lip, is not quite mature. I re- egret that I am unable at present to furnish figures of this and the succeeding species, the specimens having inadvertently been mislaid. Fusus (Curysopomus ?) Harrorpi, Stearns. F. (C.) Harfordii, Stearns, Prel. Descr. August 28, 1871. Shell solid, elongate, regularly fusiform ; spire elevated, whorls six or seven, moderately convex, slightly flattened (in outline) above, with a groove or chan- nel following the suture; color, chocolate brown; surface marked by numeroas narrow revolving coste, which alternate in prominence on the body whorl, and longitudinally by fine incremental striae, and on the upper whorls by obtusely 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA rounded ribs of more or less prominence; aperture ovate, about one-half the length of the shell, polished, white and finely ribbed within; (the outer lip in perfect specimens is probably finely crenulated) ; canal short, nearly straight. Lon. 2.1; lat. .94 in. Number of specimens, three; two mature, dead, one junior, fresh. Habitat.—Coast of Mendocino County, near Big Spanish Flat, California, where it was detected by Mr. Harford. Though almost typically fusiform, except in the brevity of the canal, I am disposed to place it in Chrysodomus rather than with Fusus. Dr. Carpenter is inclined to believe that certain specimens collected at Monterey by the late Dr. C. A. Canfield and at Catalina Island by Dr. Cooper, are identical with the above. Iam of the opinion that it is rather a northern form, exceedingly local in its distribution and more nearly allied to some of the later fossils of the coast described by Mr. Gabb. Prevroroma (Driti1a) Monrereyensis, Stearns. Plate I, fig. 2. P. (D.) Montereyensis, Stearns. Prel. Descr. August 28, 1871. Shell small, rather solid, elongate, slender ; spire elevated, sub-acute ; whorls, seven to eight moderately rounded ; upper portion of larger volutions somewhat concavely angulated ; suture distinct ; color, dark purplish brown or black ; sur- face covered with rather coarse, inconspicuous, revolving coste, interrupted on the body whorl by rude incremental lines; middle of upper whorls and upper part of body whorl displaying fourteen to fifteen equidistant, longitudinal, no- dose, slightly oblique ribs, which are whitish in the specimen before me (being somewhat rubbed) on the larger whorls ; on the smaller volutions of the spire a puckering at and following the suture suggests a second indistinct series of no- dules ; aperture less than half the length of the shell ; canal short ; terminal por- tion of columella whitish, slightly twisted ; posterior sinus, rather broad rounded, and of moderate depth. Long. .67 in.; lat. .24 in. . Habitat.— Monterey, California, where the single specimen in my cabinet was collected by Mr. Harford and myself in March, 1868. The shell, in its general aspect, resembles the sombre colored species of the Gulf of California and Panama. In the cabinet of the Rev. J. Rowell is a specimen perhaps of this species, but not in sufficiently perfect condition to admit of certainty. Pievrotoma (Driti1a) Hemputiuiit, Stearns. Plate I, fig. 3. P. (D.) Hemphillii, Stearns, Prel. Deser. August 28, 1871. Shell small, smooth, slender, polished ; spire long, subacute, rounded at apex ; longitudinally marked with inconspicuous, oblique ribs, which are nearly obso- lete on the body whorl; number of whorls seven, with well defined sutural line, and just below it a parallel impressed thread-like line ; shell of an opaque dingy horn color ; incremental lines fine, marked in some specimens with dingy white ; mouth obliquely ovate, about one-third the length of the shell; labrum pro- duced, anteriorly somewhat thickened ; sinus sutural, deep, calloused ; columella thickened at base ; canal very short, somewhat produced and twisted ; one spee- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. : 81 imen shows obscure, revolving, impressed lines below the swell of the body whorl ; size quite uniform. Long. .26; lat. .09 inch. Habitat.—Todos los Santos Bay, Lower California, where several specimens were obtained by Mr. Hemphill, for whom I have named this well marked species. MURICIDEA SUBANGULATA, Stearns. Plate I, fig. 4. Shell small, abbreviated fusiform, dingy white and marked spirally by an in- conspicuous band formed of three reddish-brown lines more or less interrupted on the basal and the preceding volution; whorls five, angulated above and on the basal whorl rounded below the angle, with a shallow sulcation beneath ; surface covered with rounded and irregular costs, which are inconspicuous or obsolete on the upper whorls; longitudinally marked with from seven to nine irregular rounded ribs, which at the edge of the angle (which is somewhat car- inated) are broken into angular or pointed knobs or blunt spines; aperture ovate, angulated above and white within; the outer lip with five or six tuber- eles internally ; canal moderately prolonged, slightly curved and open in the two specimens before me. Dimensions of largest : Long. .89 ; lat. .41 inch. Habitat.—San Miguel Island, off the southern coast of California, where the specimens from which this description is made were obtained by Mr. W. G. W. Harford. : AsTyRIS VARIEGATA, Stearns. Plate I, fig. 5. Shell small, elongated, acutely conic, light rufous-brown or sienna-yellow un- der a thin brownish or greenish epidermis; with whitish median and sutural bands more or less interrupted ; in some specimens these bands are connected by waved lines of a darker brown; surface of shell when free from epidermis, smooth and shining, marked with delicate incremental lines, and on the lower portion of the body whorl with narrow grooves; apex rounded, whorls seven, convex ; suture well defined, aperture ovate, about one-third the length of the shell; outer lip simple, in some specimens a little thickened with small tubercles on the inner side. ¢ Dimensions: Long. .3; lat. .12 inch. Habitat.—San Diego, California, where numerous specimens were collected by Henry Hemphill, Esq. This beautiful species resembles some forms of Nifi- della and Truncaria ; it differs from Ast yris tuberosa, in the greater convexity of the whorls, and especially in being without the angularity or concavity which is displayed in the lower part of the body whorl in the Jatter species; it isa more delicate and graceful shell than either of the other forms of Astyiis found on the coast, many of which have been distributed as “ Amycla” or “ Columbella” gausapata, Californiana, carinata, and var. Hindsii. Puovas Pacirica, Stearns. Plate I, figs. 6, 6a, 6b, 6c. P. Pacifica, Stearns, Prel. Descr. August 28, 1871. Shell oblong, beaks two-fifths of length of shell from anterior end ; anterior end of valves triangular, pointed ; anterior dorsal edge of valves reflected and folded Proc. Cau. ACAD. Sci., Vou. V.—6. May, 1873. 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA down on the umbos; lower anterior margin curved, forming a large elliptic-ova} gape; posterir end of valves squarely rounded ; shell dull chalky white, sculp- tured in concentric lines, which anteriorly are laminated and posteriorly become extinct ; valves radiately ribbed, which also become obsolete at the posterior - end; at the intersection of the radiating and concentric lines the sculpture is pectinated ; an area below the umbos nearly or quite destitute of sculpture, which varies much in prominence in different specimens ; accessory plate sub- lanceolate and bent down on the beaks, anteriorly prolonged, but not wholly covering the ante-umbonal gape; figs. 6a, 6b, show the variation in the shape of the dorsal plate in different specimens; interior of valves white, enamelled ; internal rib short, curved and flattened. Largest specimen, two and six-tenths inches in length, and one and five-tenths inches in height. Habitat.— Alameda, San Francisco Bay, California, where in some places it is common in sandy mud between tide marks. Numerous specimens collected by Messrs. Harford, Hemphill, Drs. Kellogg and W. P. Gibbons. This shell is the West Coast analogue of the Atlantic P. truncata, Say, which it resembles ; it is however a much longer shell for its width, and the portion of the valves posterior to the beaks, very much longer than in Say’s species. Spec- imens of this species have been distributed as Zirphea crispata, which also is found upon the coast, though quite distinct from P. Pacifica, which latter comes within Mr. Tryon’s subgenus Cyrtopleura. According to the Messrs. Adams in the genus Pholas, there are two dorsal plates ; yet they have included in their list of the species under that genus, P. truncata, Say, which has only one. Dr. Kellogg read a description of a new species of native cotton found by Professor Davidson at San José del Cabo, Lower Califor- nia, lat. 23° 3’, a plant about four or five feet high, flowers bright straw yellow with purple centre, fruit not seen, and which may be called Gossypium Davidsonii, Kellogg. Also a new species of Convolvulace or Golden Morning Glory, Aniseia aurea, Kellogg ; a beautiful perennial twining vine, collected at the same locality with the preceding by Prof. Davidson in March, 1873. Descriptions of New Plants from the West Coast of America, BY A. KELLOGG, M. D. Gossypium Davidsonii, Kellogg. On the branches bark cinnamon brown, puberulent and sparsely stellate throughout, the extremities villous or short hirsute and somewhat stellate, with black spots and dark glands intermixed on twigs, petioles, leaves, peduncles and floral envelopes and flowers ; upper leaves roundish-cordate, entire, or sub-entire, (or with an occasional tooth, indicative of a pseudo 2 to 3-lobed disposition), acute, or abruptly acuminate, 5-palmate-nerved, densely velvety hirsute on both surfaces ; a single oval gland on the mid-rib beneath, petioles short (about half ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 83 the length of the blade). Peduncles short, not articulated, bracts minute, linear, opposite at the base of junction with the stem, early deciduous. Involucels 3-leaved, somewhat unequal, cordate, acute, cleft-dentate (7 to 10 teeth) or cleft-lobed towards the apex, 7-nerved or more; (% to 34 inch long and 1g inch wide), calyx cup-shaped, border repand-dentate or sub-5-toothed, dotted throughout with black glands mostly in parallel longitudinal lines, hirsute in lines (about 20) along the minute and somewhat obscure ridges, lobes of the style 3, coherent, stamens about midway below the stigmas. Flowers bright lemon yellow, with a purple spot at the base of each petal, petals oblique, purplish tinged on the outer margin above (owiny to exposure in the convolute state of xstivation), flower about 114 inches or so in expansion, Petals hirsute on the back, chiefly at the outer exposed margin and edge. Cap- sules not seen—and the specimen too fragmentary for fuller description. Closely allied to the Java cotton tree—a shrub about 5 feet high (G. Javant- cum=a sida of some authors) ; but that is “‘ quite smooth,” besides the long pe- duncles, ete. ; This closely approximates the Nankeen cotton of India or China, but this— the Gossypium religiosum—the sacred or religious cotton, differs from the Da- vidsonii in having 3 to 5-lobed leaves, and white flowers, instead of yellow and purple spotted—as the plant before us. In the absence of capsules and seeds, with only a single flower for external in- ‘ spection ; a question might arise whether this may not prove another species of the new genus Thurberia of Gray. It may be proper to say, the plant upon which that genus is founded is evidently of the tribe Hibiscee, having the pe- duncle articulated in the middle, which is not the case with this—of minor spe- cific import is its glabrous character—narrowly lanceolate entire involucels, of barely 3 or 4 lines in length, or twice the length of the cup-shaped truncate en- tire calyx, etc., hence we see no reason, as yet, for separating it from Gossypium as indicated. I take great satisfaction in dedicating this plant to the worthy President. of the Academy, as an act of justice to the discoverer, and in consideration of his : zeal to promote the cause of science by every opportunity and means in his: power. ‘These evidences are well known and multiply—and are, we trust, duly: appreciated—our admiration is enhanced by a knowledge of his arduous official’ duties, sufficient to excuse any one from further cares, who was less devoted | to the cause of science. Aniseia aurea, Kellogg. Stem perennial herbaceous twining, (from right to left, or against the sun); somewhat pentagonally striate, subglabrous, or slightly puberulent, (scarcely a. few scattering hairs) ; leaves alternate super-pedunculate, or the axils reversed, quinate-digitate, leaflets rhombic (rarely obovate) entire, subrepand, apex mu- cronate or sub-cuspidate, sessile or subsessile, long (14 to 1 inch, or twice the: length of the petiole, which is persistent while the leaflets are deciduous), sub- glabrous above, slightly rugose-pitted beneath, somewhat lighter green, and of. rather unequal size. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Pedunceles sub-axillary (by reversion ?), about equal the petioles, but stouter, articulated with the pedicel close below the flower, 2 or 3 very minute bracts or seales at or near the articulation ; calyx of 5 or 6 unequal sepals, outer lower (14 shorter than the 3 succeeding) sub-cordate-carinate at the base, flattened membranaceous above to the scarious mostly entire margin, oval-oblong, obtuse, sometimes apiculate, notched; the three succeeding a little broader and longer, more oval, inserted higher; the fifth scale or lobe narrower; the sixth inmost highest scale, hyaline, acute from a broad base, short (about 14 of an inch long, or 14 to 1% the length of the outer sepals . Flowers large, (3 inches or more in expansion) golden yellow, 5 broad strap- like bands of about equal width radiate the widely expanding funnel-form flower corolla, each band 5-nerved, the bell-shaped throat rather abruptly narrowed into a short purple tube; stamens 5, sub-equal, short, somewhat unequal fila- ments (purple almost to black) subulate, glabrous above, bearded at the extreme base, about half the length of the (yellow) anthers, which are fixed by the sub- cordate-bhastate base, introrse oblong gradually attenuate above, in the dry state twisted from left to right or contrary to the stem ; style short, glabrous (purple), stigma 2-lobed, stigmatic-lobes cerebriform-folded ; capsule with an annulate base, 2-celled, cells 2-seeded, seeds sub-angular or rounded on the back with two flatish faces, glabrous. Occasionally a small scale a little below and apart from the proper calyx is seen, not included in the six segments enumerated. A plant perhaps nearest allied to Spomea quinata, Br., a New Holland plant, but quite distinct, for in that the inner 2 calyx lobes are twice the length of the outer three, leaflets “lanceolate,” ete. J. pentaphylla has a lobed border, red and white flower, small rough exterior calyx lobes, ete. Found by Prof. Geo. Davidson, U. 8. Coast Survey, lat. 23° 03°, at San José del Cabo, Lower California, March, 1873. Mr. Hastings read a paper on pavements, and gave descriptions of the pavements in use in ancient and modern times. Dr. Stout exhibited specimens of the stone used in the construc- tion of the U. 8. Branch Mint in this city, and which was obtained at Vancouver Island ; the iron contained in the stone becomes oxy- dized after a brief exposure to the weather, and changes from a bluish gray to a dingy yellow; the two pieces submitted for the in- spection of the members were formerly in one piece, which was cut into two equal parts for the purposes of the experiment. Dr. Stout had experimented to see if the faulty color could be corrected, and the specimens before the Academy showed the result of his experi- ment. He had immersed the face of one of these pieces in sulphuric acid to a depth of an inch, and a comparison of the two pieces shows ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 85 that the process employed was successful ; it would involve great expense to apply it to the Mint building, but could be used econo- mically if applied to each separate dressed stone before being placed in the walls. Dr. Stout suggested that a collection of samples of building stone should be made for the Academy’s museum. Mr. Stearns, on behalf of the special committee appointed at the last meeting, submitted the following: Resolutions on the Death of Dr. John Torrey. Wuereas, the California Academy of Sciences has learned of the death of the eminent Doctor and Professor John Torrey, an honorary member and warm friend of this Academy, as well as personal friend of many of its members, and a distinguished scientist : it is Resolved—That the California Academy of Sciences hereby express the pro- foundest regret at the death of its esteemed friend and Jate member, Prof. John Torrey, and lament his loss, not alone in its public aspect, from his high scien- tific attainments, but for the purity of his private character and the many estim- able qualities which endeared him to his fellow-men. Resolved—That the California Academy of Sciences extend to the family of their deceased friend the warmest regard and sincerest sympathy. Resolved—That a copy of these resolutions be engrossed, and forwarded to the family of the deceased. Reeutar Meetine, May 5, 1873. President in the Chair. A. P. Moore and Wm. W. Hollister were elected life members, and QO. C. Pratt and Charles V. B. Keading were elected resident members. Donations to the Museum: The first shad (Alausa preestabilis, De Kay) caught in the waters of California was presented by the Board of Fish Commissioners of California, through 8. R. Throck- morton. Specimen of Orchilla from Magdalena Bay, presented by George Davidson. Specimens of Fishes, Crustaceans, Gorgonia, Sil- & &6 ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ver ore, ete., from the late Lieut. Hrasmus Dennison, through and in behalf of the messmates of the deceased, by Lieut. L. E. Chen- ery, iW. 1. IN Donations to the Library: Washington Astronom. and Meteorol. Observa- tions, 1870. Results of Washington Observations, 1853 to 1860. Memoir of the Founding and Progress of the U. 8. Naval Observatory, by Prof. J. E. Nourse. Report on the Difference of Longitude between Washington and St. Louis, by Wm. Harkness ; all of the above from the U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. American Naturalist, Vol. VII, Parts 3-4. Am. Jour. Science and Arts, Vol. V, No. 28. Catalogue of Photographs from the Collec- tions of the British Museum. A Contribution to the Icthyology of Alaska, by BE. D. Cope, Pamph. 8vo. Const. and By-Laws of Acad. Nat. Sciences of Minnesota. Monatsbericht der Kognig. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Nov. and Dee. 1872. Proe. Royal Geog. Society, Vol. XVI, No. 5, and Vol. XVII, No.1. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1873, Leipzig, Nos. land 2. Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VII, No. 1. Cosmos di Guido Cora, Vol. I, Part 1, Turin, 1873. Cal. Horticulturist, April, 1873, from J. H. Car- many & Co. Proce. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., Part 3, Oct.. Nov. and Dee., 1872; also Part 4, pp. 57-200. Eng. and Mining Jour., Vol. XV, Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. Additions to Library by purchase : Popular Science Monthly, No. XII, No. XII, 1873. Journal of Botany, London, Jan., Feb., March and April, 1873. Annals and Mag. of Nat. History, Jan., Feb., Mar. and April, 1873. Quart- erly Jour. of the Geolog. Society, Vol. XXIX, Part 1, London, Feb., 1873. Quarterly Jour. of Micro. Science, London, Jan. and Apl., 1873. Bulletin of Kssex Institute, Vol. 1V, Nos. 9-10, 1872. Nature, Jan. 2 to April 3, 1873. ‘In connection with the specimen of Shad presented this evening, Mr. Throckmorton said that on the 27th of June, 1871, this shad was three-quarters of an inch in length, and was put into the Sac- ramento River at Tehama, after making a trip across the continent. One of the first efforts of the Commissioners was to get shad from the eastern coast, because it was emphatically a food fish; and the desire was to ascertain whether it could be propagated on this coast with success. ‘The Commissioners opened correspondence with Mr. Seth Green on the subject. of bringing over the ova of the fish. He discouraged the Commissioners at once, from the fact that the shad is hatched in from thirty-six to forty-five hours. The Commission then tried to obtain a supply of water for trans- it of breeders, and the railroad companies were kind enough to give ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. hte yo them the use of a construction train for the purpose. Mr. Green said it was impossible to bring the adult fish across the continent, and it was useless to try. The Commissioners experimented on the last alternative. They sought from Mr. Green to ascertain whether it was possible for the young fish to live in fresh water instead of salt, long enough to cross the continent. They did not hear from Mr. Green for three months, and he stated that he had spent that time in experiments. He had hatched young fish, had kept them in glass jars, and had ascertained that life could be preserved for several weeks, and he could transport any number required. He brought on to this coast 15,000. They were hatched in the Hudson on Saturday night, they arrived here on Tuesday week, and at nine o’clock that night they were placed in the Sacramento above Tehama. Mr. Green examined the water there and pronounced the conditions favorable. He afterwards examined the mouth of the harbor and found the feed good on the coast. No fish were lost on the way except those removed from the water for experiments. Above Tehama last year an Indian caught a little fish, and no one could tell what it was. Mr. Throckmorton had not seen it. The first which had been presented was caught recently in a trap below Vallejo. It was a male and was not full grown. The fish would be at maturity next year, and they might be expected in the har- bor from the sea by the month of April. They would be full-sized breeding fish, and if a quarter of the 15,000 came back as breeding fish, they would be sufficient to stock our coast. Last year the Commissioners had sent Kast for 50,000 fish, but the very hot weather which prevailed broke up the arrangement. This year the Commissioners have made ample arrangements for a supply of Eastern fish. ‘They have now at Charlestown, New Hamp- shire, a full-sized car, which they have obtained from the Central Pacific Company. The car was being fitted up with all the appli- ances for the conveyance of a large consignment of fish ; which will consist of black bass, white perch, yellow perch, and glass-eyed perch, eels, cat-fish and lobsters; and when it arrived at the Hud- son River it would stop long enough to take in 100,000 shad. The car would arrive in California by the middle of June. From this consignment the Commissioners hoped to make a fair start in stock- 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ing this coast with food fishes. They had taken no account of fancy fishes, but had endeavored to spend the moderate appropria- tion of the State for some permanently useful purpose. The re- ports as to other shad having been caught, the Commissioners have not been able to authenticate. This season the Commissioners had brought across the continent a large number of white-fish eggs, and had succeeded in hatching about 25,000. They were now alive and well in Clear Lake, re- moved from all risk, having been placed there three weeks ago in a healthy condition. These fish had come from the northern lakes of New York. Dr. Stout exhibited specimens of Orchilla and of a liquid dye from the same, which he had prepared by a peculiar process, and exhib- ited specimens of goods which had been dyed with this preparation. Dr. Kellogg submitted specimens and descriptions of new plants, Lilium Bloomerianum var. ocellatum and Aniseta azurea. Descriptions of New Plants from the West Coast of America. BY A. KELLOGG, M. D. Lilium Bloomerianum var. ocellatum, Kellogg. Bulb purple, scales as in the original species, but the bulb often compound, 3 to 6 inches in diameter. Stems 1 to 5 from a single or compound conglobate bulb ; 5 to 7 or 8 feet high, sub-glabrous or slightly striguloid-scabrulose above, more or less purplish tinged : flowering at the summit only ; 3 to 8 blossoms on somewhat erect-spread- ing peduncles, 3 to 6 inches in length, bent down and shortly curved at an abrupt angle beneath the flower, rarely bracted, except at the base. Leaves in whirls of 5 to 10, sessile, lanceolate, 4 to 41 inches long, 34 to 1 inch in breadth, 5-nerved. glabrous above, lamina densely sub-discoid seabrulose beneath, and scabrous along the mid-rib below, margins waved scabrous, tips and upper margins usually purplish tinged. Flowers stiffly nodding. Cam- panulate, sepals many crested at the base chiefly on the inner series, 3 outer sepals plain above, at length more revolute than the inner series, claw 1-5th to 1-6th the blade ; inner sepals somewhat broader, claws much shorter, 1-9th to 1-10th the blade, or longer than the mountain form, a double folded medium elevation marks the face, and a truncate slightly grooved ridge along the back the entire length ; base reflexed, the upper 2-3ds gently recurved and aspiring aloft ; all the sepals at the margins above and apiculate tips papillose. Color light orange ground, studded with ocellate blotches as if spattered with a dark purple pigment that had spread and tinged an areola around the spots, the ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 89 lower third or base being spotted with more numerous darker or nearly black and clean well-defined dots ; stamens shorter than the style ; the curved ascend- ing style slightly streaked with broken purple lines, apex triangular-clavate, stigma undivided. There are two varieties of L. Bloomerianum found growing together in the interior; one with bold, distinct and well-defined dark dots and spots, with longer sepals more attenuated above; the other with ocellate or nipple-like blotches, being broader and of more continuously oblong form. The same distinction into masculine and feminine forms is observed among these maritime lilies. The Island lily has slightly scabrulose stems, and more discoidly-scabrulose under surface to the leaves, and are always scabrous along the mid-rib beneath ; - whereas the Sierra Mountain lilies are mostly glabrous—sometimes pubescent on both mid-rib and nerves, but never scabrous ; they also sport more leaves in the whorls, ete.; these also are broader, hence the greater number of nerves; the numerous flowers are usually (if not always) alternately distributed on longer and more divaricate peduncles. The slightly purplish scales of those of the mountains become very remarkably purple on the islands. The enormons gre- garious bulb, with its numerous stems, is a peculiar feature not observed in the thousands of specimens hitherto examined. Found by Mr. W. G. W. Harford, of U. 8. Coast Survey, on Santa Rosa Island, growing on the west side of deep sheltered ravines, trending nearly north and south, hence, only where they get the morning sun; but are shaded from the ardent meridian, or post-meridian heat, which burns the leaves and kills them out on opposite exposures of the same locality. They are found growing in loose gravelly detritus of sweet, freshly made soils, on the high and dry well- drained or leaching benches, or steeper declivities, where thus sheltered they thrive the best, mid fogs and fierce cold winds. We find no evidence of any proper description of this lily. The catalogue refers to scores of new lilies from this coast, among which is L. Humboldtiv. It is proper to say, this has been kindly figured and sent to me by Max Lichten, of Baden; but that drawing is certainly our L. pardalinum ; so far as our translation of the remarks of the author enables us to judge—together with the excellent painting — there can be no doubt as to the correctness of this conclu- sion. Aniseia azurea, Kellogg. Stem (perennial?) twining, terete, sub-striate, densely canescent-hirsute throughout. Leaves alternate, cordate, acute and acuminately mucronate, sil- very alike above and below, petioles short, or about half an inch long, or half the length and breadth of the blade (in full grown leaves), slightly decurrent, base 5-nerved, alternate veined above, margins sometimes slightly repand, and somewhat oblique. Long axillary peduncles spreading at a right or depending obtuse angle, rarely deflexed with a somewhat ascending sweep, 2 to 244 inches in length, terminated by a short cymule or condensed raceme. Calyx of 5 un- equal sepals, persistent, enveloping the capsule, 2 or 3 outer sepals much larger, ovate acuminate filiform-attenuate, 2 inner smaller, ovate-lanceolate filiform sub- 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ulate, sub-scarious below, chiefly the 3 outer with a rigid chartaceous concave glabrous central pitted portion, the flaccid herbaceous surrounding parts par- tially hirsute on the face, and altogether so on the back. Bracts, and intermixed bracteoles, similar, or subulate-filiform, 1 or 2 at the | base of each articulated pedicel, very hirsute, 14 to 14 an inch in length, or longer than the pedicels. Flowers small, tube very short, funnel-form border nearly entire, or emarginated, glabrous, (zstivation plicate) 34 to 1 inch expan- sion, bright blue, star bands whitish taper-pointed, genitals exsert. Stamens short, flattened filaments attenuated upwards, ciliate below, inserted into the base of the tube. Style 1, somewhat longer than the stamens, stigma 2-lobed, lobes ovate, flattened, spread at a right angle. Capsule conoidal sub-prismatic, 2-celled (perhaps at length becoming 1-celled?) 2 seeds in each cell, or 4-seeded, 2 to 4-valved, splitting also at the nerves as well as opening at the angles ; seeds roundish on the back and sub-plane on the face, smooth (?) [It is difficult to make out the character of the capsule to entire satisfaction, for want of the ma- ture fruit. ] As D. ©. gives the complanate stigma place in his description of Aniseia, — we place our plant here provisionally. Found by Prof. Geo. Davidson of U.S. Coast Survey, on his reeent (March, 1873) visit to San José del Cabo, near Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, in lat. 23° 03”. The Abrasions of the Continental Shores of N.W. America, and the supposed Ancient Sea Levels. BY GEORGE DAVIDSON. In continuing my examinations of the well marked benches or plateaus hor- dering the Pacific Coast northward of Cape San Lucas, I have been constrained to doubt their marking the ancient sea levels arising from an elevation of the coast line, or that they were the work of water alone. That some few of the smaller ones, which are composed of gravel, etc., were made by the action of water, and may mark ancient sea levels, I think may be admitted; but those that exhibit, on an extended scale, level plateaus of rock, which has every degree of inclination or contortion of stratification, and an infinite variety of texture, cannot have been so wrought. Other forces more powerful and more uniform and constant in action than water, shaped these flat-topped rocky benches or plateaus ; and those forces, if more than one, abraded the present continental line of our coast and the larger islands of the Santa Barbara Channel. The terraces may have been formed at the surface of the sea, or above it, but more likely beneath it, and subsequent elevation of the land brought them to their present positions. Much of the sharp outlines of this abrasion and terrace-forming has been ob- literated by subsequent causes; principally by water from precipitation, alter- nations of heat and cold, and the action of waves. ; ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 91 I will enumerate the principal examples which I gathered on my recent trip to Mexico, together with those which I have examined in past years, to the northward and southward of San Francisco, and offer some examples from my sketches and from photographs. Commencing at the southward I could, in my trip of last March, detect no lines of terraces or plateaus whatever at the extremity of the Peninsula of Lower California, if we except the peculiar form of the summits of two or three mountains to the eastward of San José del Cabo. Thence towards Magdalena Bay I had no view of the coast ; but on the island of San Margarita, and the great headland of Cape Lazaro, forming the ocean bulwark to Magdalena Bay, and reaching 2,500 feet elevation, I discovered no signs of terraces on the ocean or bay sides. Of the coast from Cape Lazaro to Cape Colnett, in latitude 319° north, I cannot speak, except of a long table ridge lying inland from Point Abreojos, in about latitude 27°. It had the same peculiar features as the mountains referred to near San José del Cabo. Northward of Cape Colnett I had very favorable opportunities to study the coast line, and made many views to illustrate the numerous and very marked examples of terraces that are cut and planed in the flank of the high rocky coast barrier. Vancouver has a view of the mesa or table forming Cape Col- nett, with the strata inclined at a large angle and the surface cut off quite level. The Point near Solitarios Rocks, in about lat. 31° 32’ is a well marked table of about 150 feet elevation, with a lower table towards the extremity of the point, visible when it bears H. 8. KE. Five miles southward of Point Grajero, about latitute 31° 35°, a deep, cafion- like valley opens upon the ocean, and exhibits numerous and very sharply marked rock terraces on both sides and at all elevations, reaching nearly a thou- sand feet. The cafion stretches well back into the mountains. _ The northernmost of the Todos Santos Islands, about latitude 31° 40’, and not laid down on recent charts, is itself a well marked, rocky, horizontal plateau, thinly covered with soil ; whilst the southern island has two terrace marks, the lower corresponding to the level of the top of the northern islet, another higher one, near the summit of the islet, about twice the height from the sea. Even a lower terrace line may be traced about 15 feet above the present sea level. When passing abreast the northern point of Todos Santos Bay, no less than four well marked terrace rocky points, projecting into the ocean, were sketched in the same view. Each point had other terraces of greater elevations rising inland ; whilst to the northward stood out the well known Table Mountain with its remarkable flat top, 2,244 feet above the sea, and having a breadth of 4,800 feet. On this single view no less than fourteen terrace markings are exhibited, including Table Mountain. The vicinity is the best marked {errace formation that I know of on the coast. ‘They are not made in soft soil, but appear as if a planing machine had cut them out of the solid rocks. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA The coast line just south of the boundary of California and Lower California exhibits a single terrace stretching some distance southward. Northward, between Point Loma and San Juan Capistrano, a broad table land of 100 to 300 feet elevation and many miles long, is familiar to all who have traversed that country by, stage ; at certain points there are, over the pla- . teau, gravel deposits of peculiar shape, for which I have in vain endeavored to find a cause in the movement of water. Their low rounding summits are about two feet above the general level, from twelve to twenty feet in extent, and lie contiguous to each other over occasional large areas, ceasing suddenly and giv- ing place to the very flat table. The fullest effect of their shape is seen at sun- rise, with the long shadows filling the intervening depressions. On passing San Pedro hill the lines of the terraces were peculiarly well marked by the brighter lines of gay flowers seen from seaward on their compar- atively level surfaces. The traces of these terraces are cut in rock, and are readily traced in the detailed topographical map by the Coast Survey. The view made by me shows five principal terraces which the contour sheet of topo- graphy indicates. The lowest terrace is about 65 feet above the sea; 2d, 140; 3d, 260; 4th, 360; 5th, 580; several smaller ones about 700 and 800, and other especially marked ones at 900, 1,000 and 1,200 feet. The hill itself is rounded, and at its highest point is 1,478 feet above the sea. The five principal terraces are on the southwest face, but the greater number on the northwest end of the hill. The “mesa” lying fifteen miles to the northwest of Point Vincente, is a capital , example of the flat terrace, and is reproduced on the coast line under the south- ern flank cf the Santa Monica range, at a point about twenty miles westward of Los Angeles. At the mouth of the Arroyo Santa Monica, the table, several miles in extent, has an elevation of about 90 feet, and terminates as a bold rocky bluff on the sea. Within this arroyo are several smaller terraces which may have been formed by water. Point Dume, lying about 25 miles W.N.W. from Point Vincente, is another well defined table, where a projecting spur from the mountains has been planed off for two or three miles, whilst towards the extremity a deeper grooving has been ploughed out and left the head as a dome-shaped point. At San Buenaventura, and hence toward Point Concepcion, we find numer- ous narrow rocky plateaus, but most markedly exhibited in the vicinity of Point Concepcion, where the bluff exhibits every inclination of stratification; but the top is flat and comparatively smooth. It is a counterpart of Point Dume, but more extended. Among the islands of the Santa Barbara Channel, San Clemente and San Nicolas are both long, comparatively flat topped mountains ; but the principal feature of the southern group is the remarkable parallelism of their longer axes, and also of the channels which have been cut through the group lying off the Santa Barbara shores ; and this parallelism is continued in the coast line of the Santa Lucia mountains, Mount Buchon, Point Arguello to Concepcion and San Pedro hills. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 93 Anacapa Island, lying in the throat of the Santa Barbara channel, and directly abreast the opening of the extensive valley of Santa Clara, consists of a very narrow five mile ridge of coarse dark gray sandstone ; two-thirds of the length, reckoned from the eastern extremity, has been planed off. The sides are per- pendicular, and the summit of the eastern part about 300 feet above the sea, whilst the western part rises to 930 feet in height, but the line of the level of the summit of the eastern parts is marked around the flanks of the western, not- withstanding the deep gulches, with almost vertical sides, which cut from the summit to the top of the bluff. On the northwestern flank of the Monte del Buchon, lying between San Luis Obispo Bay and Los Ksteros, although cut by deep gulches, there are three very plainly marked terraces, each of several hundred feet in height; no other point is more plainly marked. The seaward flanks of the Santa Lucia range, between San Simeon Bay and Monterey “Bay have occasional terrace markings, but the precipitous and high face of the mountains has apparently permitted less marked abrasions than at other points, or subsequent causes have obliterated them. This range contains the highest peaks along the immediate coast of California or Oregon, some of them reaching 5,700 feet elevation. At Santa Cruz Point, and hence to the northwestward, a pretty table bluff exists. Thence to San Francisco we have several examples of the flat-topped rocky terrace. Before reaching the Pescadero “the general formation of the im- mediate seaboard for twelve miles is that of a table land of three terraces, the lowest gradually sloping from the base of the second to the coast, which is ex- ceedingly rocky and forbidding.” But it is not necessary to multiply instances. Passing rapidly to the north- ward as far as Point Arena, in latitude 39°, I have examined the plateau at the lighthouse point, as well as the others towards Arena Cove, but I bring the former to your notice, because a photograph of the point exhibits the stratifica_ tion as almost perpendicular, and shows the present broken condition of the bluff and low water level, arising from the action of water and weather. The terrace at the Point is about 40 feet above the sea, covered with a very thin stratum of soil, and for a distance of half a mile a base line was measured by the Coast Survey with a difference of level on the plateau of about two feet; the same level is maintained among the timber. In this, as in most of the other cases I have mentioned, the rock appears to have been absolutely planed off, and that the different degrees of hardness of the stratifi- cation had no apparent influence upon the mechanical causes at work. Other ter- races near the cove reach over 200 feet elevation, and whilst the bluffs for miles exhibit every contortion of stratification and every degree of hardness, the sur- faces of the terraces are planed off. The shores of Mendocino Bay, Points Cabrillo, Delgado, Table Bluff, and Cape Orford tell the same story. The latter bears a marked resemblance to Points Concepcion and Dume. Three miles south of the Cape the terrace is a fine blue sandstone, full of fossil shells. Thence northward the signs are few. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ~ About Capes Mendocino and Fortunas are one or two slight indications of terraces as viewed from seaward, but northward of these Capes the climatic con- ditions of the seaboard change, and they appear to have acted more energeti- cally than to the southward. Nevertheless,as we approach the Strait of Fuca we have evidences of a single line of flat topped rocky terrace, from Point Grenville to Tatoosh Island. Destruction Island, in latitude 47° 41°, is one or two miles in extent, rccky, bold and flat-topped, about 75 feet above the sea. The bluff of the adjacent main shore possesses the same characteristics, as shown by the view on the Coast Survey chart. Off Cape Flattery, in latitude 48° 24’, lies Tatoosh Island, 108 feet high, bold, rocky, and flat-topped. Fuca’s Pillar and other rocks off the Cape have the same elevation. With the outer shores of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte’s Islands I am not familiar, but I have failed to find, among the views and descriptions of the old or recent navigators, any indications of terrace formation. Nor have I found’ them for certainty among the inner passages of the great archipelago extending from Olympia, in 47°, to the mouth of the Chilkaht in 59°, although I have discovered and measured the direction and depth of the markings of ice action among the islands of Washington Sound and the adjacent parts of Vancouver Island, both in the clean cut and very deep groovings, and in the presence of large numbers of huge erratic boulders. Of the topographical or geographical details of the shores of the Gulf of Al- aska, we know very little. La Perouse, in approaching the coast under Mt. St. Hlias, thus describes it: at the same time I must confess to receiving all his descriptions with a certain amount of reservation : “The mountains appeared to be at a little distance from the sea, which broke against the cliffs of a table land 300 or 400 yards high. ‘This plain, black as if burned by fire, was totally des- titute of verdure. * - As we advanced we perceived between us and the elevated plateau, low lands covered with trees which we took for islands. he table land serves as a base to vast mountains a few leagues within. Approaching the coast we saw to the eastward a low point covered with trees, which appeared to join the table land, and terminate at a short distance from a second chain of mountains.” Middleton Island, in the Gulf of Alaska, in latitude 59° 30’, is the only flat- topped rocky island mentioned or depicted by any of the navigators. It is about seven miles long, north and south, with a breadth of three miles. The surface of the island is comparatively low, quite level, and destitute of trees; the shores are craggy. Belcher says it does not exceed thirty feet in height, and has a very soft spougy soil over micaceous shale, interspersed with quartz dykes. The southern point of Kayak Island, in 59° 49’, is a high table rock, as des- cribed by Belcher. Long Island, off the harbor of St. Paul’s, Kadiak, and Chiniak Point are flat- topped and rocky, but not well marked. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95 Among the Aleutian Islands or along the Peninsula of Alaska, I saw no ter- race formations such as I have before described, and I fail to find amongst the navigators, up to 1855, views that indicate such features. To the far north, in the Behring ‘Strait, the English views represent the rocky Diomede Islands as bold, high and flat-topped, as well as the east cape of Asia. In all these instances, and in others not enumerated, we find a prevailing feature, regardless of the dip or direction of the stratification of the rocks. A nearly level surface of rock with a comparatively thin layer of soil thereon ; the plateaus sometimes miles in extent, bordering the coast line with jagged cliffs, which illustrate the action of water and weather. Above these plateaus are frequently others stretching inshore, and reaching elevations of certainly 1,200 feet, and probably more. Whilst the general plateau is level, or nearly so, there are numerous indica- tions that broad groovings have been made across them, as exhibited in the views of Points Dume, Concepcion and Orford, and across the ridge of Anacapa Island. And it is noticeable that these ploughings or groovings are across the points and across the islands, and run with the general trend of the Coast line. These prominent features are sufficient to satisfy us that more effective and more regular agencies were at work to form them than are at work on such a vast scale to-day. The upheaval of the continental shores by subterranean action can not pro- duce such terraces and plateaus ; if the shores of the Pacifie were to-day to be raised, say 200 feet, we know from the depths bordering it, that such results would not be one of the consequences. The action of water will not account for them. Whether by “continual dropping” or by storms, it first wears away the soft and more friable parts, leaving the harder; it destroys shores by undermining, and then grinding it leaves irregular jagged surfaces. These irregular surfaces, if upheaved above the level of the sea, would not wear away regularly by the weather ; the inequalities would in time be filled by. disintegrated material, but the surface of the rock would not bear the impress of a planing machine. We must be guided in great measure by experience, and judging by our knowl- edge of present local glacier action, I think we can appeal to the action of ice, moving slowly but surely, as a great planing or moulding machine ; its lines of movement perhaps controlled by masses and elevations of land not now existing as such, and by forces no longer acting on such a scale. We may suppose a great ice belt to have existed contiguous to the continent and moving parallel with it ; and existing at the same period with the ice sheet that covered the continent or the lower parts thereof. Some of thé mechanical effects of this belt may be those we see exhibited upon the islands and the general coast line; the effects of the latter in the gorges opening upon the shores in the interior valleys, and on the mountain flanks when at right angles to the coast line. All the groovings on Vancouver Island and the islands of Washington Sound, at the southern extremity of the Gulf of Georgia, point to the agency which causes them as moving southward, and if we accept an ice sheet over the con- 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA tinent, or a part thereof, and an ice belt contiguous to the continental shores, we can readily understand from the manner of the formation of glaciers that it moved as a great stream, or, more likely, in currents, from the north ; probably with extreme slowness, but with certainty. Moreover, a body of ice contiguous to the shores of the continent will do its work more or less effectually and at greater or less depths, in proportion to its rate of progress and its thickness ; so that we can understand how terraces of different elevations may have been formed during that period,without any relative change of the level of the sea and bordering land, although the same general effects would have been produced if the land had been rising or subsiding. Moreover, the mass of ice resting on the land may have done similar work above the level of the sea, to what may have been beneath it. Thus these terraces may not indicate the different steps of the elevation of the continental shore; and instead of resorting to the theory of great and violent upheaval, per saltum, we see how the elevation may have been gradual, and even after the terraces have been formed. This gradual movement of elevation is in- dicated by the present level character of the plateaus, or when very broad, by their slight inclination. I do not propose to offer any explanation as to how the ice belt was formed, or how it acted; whether as a great body, disconnected from the continental ice sheet, it moved slowly down the coast line by the combined forces of ocean currents and the pressure of the greater masses from the northward ; or whether it moved as a part of the great ice sheet from the northward. The evidences of these terraces seem to be found in greater proportion be- tween latitudes 30 and 42 than further to the north, and this may, in a measure, be thus accounted for. Since the period of upheaval succeeding the terrace formation, reneral and local climatic changes have doubtless taken place, tending to the destruction of the terraces, and as they were formed in sedimentary rocks, most of their finer markings have been obliterated. Throughout the coast line, below latitude 40°, we find that after the terraces have been elevated, the disintegration of higher lands took place with greater activity than at present, and yet the material was carried downward without great violence, and formed long, gently inclined slopes from the base of the mountains towards the shores or into the valleys. One of the finest examples of this is in the Valley of the Santa Clara, east of San Buenaventura; another is the Valley of San José, Lower California, whilst innumerable examples abound on a smaller scale along the flanks of our moun- tains. Such results may have taken place under a climate of great heat and excessive moisture, with unceasing precipitation, but without violent rains to create torrents, and assisted by the colder weather of winter. Subsequently these gently sloping deposits were cut through by torrential forces, which are yet at work, but on a decreased scale. On the coast line many cases can be seen where these long sloping deposits of disintegrated material have been cut through by subsequent torrents, and are now being undermined and washed away, so as to expose the flanks of the moun- ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 97 tains behind them. A notable example is that just north of Judas Head, on the Island of Margarita. To the northward it is reasonable to suppose that the ice belt lingered longer than at the south, and that when it was dissipated, the destructive agencies of great climatic changes and excessive rainfall were much more active and wear- ing. Above latitude 40° we do not find the long, gently sloping surfaces of dis- integrated material ; as we advance, even the steep sloping hill sides give way to the fiord-like coasts of Vancouver, and the Archipelago Alexander. There vio- lent storms, excessive moisture and precipitation, and great thermal changes, are producing a hundred-fold greater effect than to the southward, and obliterating whatever evidences existed of the terrace formation. The terraces may have been but partially developed on account of the direction of the movement of the ice-belt not following the trend of the coast line from the westward; or there may have followed a subsidence instead of an elevation of the continental shores of Alaska, as I have elsewhere indicated. For illustrations to this article, see Plate V. ReeutaR Merrtine, Monpay, May 19ru, 1873. President in the Chair. Twenty-three members present. Major-General J. M. Schofield, Eusebio Molera, and Prof. D. McClure, of Oakland, were elected resident members; and Dr. Franz Steindachner, of Vienna, Austria, a corresponding member. Donations to the Museum: Specimen of a Hawk; also speci- mens of a species of Fox ( Vulpes littoralis, Baird), the latter from Santa Rosa Island, by W. G. W. Harford. Specimen of Trunk- fish ( Ostracion), from Enderbury’s Island, Lat. 3° 8., Long. 176° W.., found under the edges of coral reefs; presented by C. A. Wil- liams, of Honolulu. Specimens of Velella; also fishes, from oft Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal., by Dr. Schlatter, of the P. M. 8.8. Co. Infusorial Earth from Catalina Cove, Santa Barbara channel ; also specimens of Gypsum, from Santiago Cajion, Los Angeles County, presented by A. W. Chase, U. 8. Coast Survey. Dr. James Blake read the following: Proc. Cau, AcaD. Scr., Vou. V.—7. 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA On the structure of the Honey-bag in the Honey-making Ant Myrmecocystus Mexicanus. BY JAMES BLAKE, M.D. Having prepared the two specimens of the honey-making ant that were ex- hibited in connection with Mr. Edwards’ paper at a previous meeting of the Academy, I have been enabled, by preserving them in a solution that renders the sack containing the honey perfectly transparent, to ascertain the curious fact that the intestine of the insect is not continued beyond the thorax, so that there is no way in which the remains of the food can be expelled from the body, except by the mouth. The honey-bag is evidently formed by the expansion of the abdominal segments, as the remains of the four chitinous rings in which it was originally enclosed are still visible. The first ring anteriorly retains its connection with the thorax, the posterior part being splitsoas toexpand. The remains of the other rings are seen as small scales on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the honey-bag. The expansion of the abdominal cavity has not taken place evenly, as the orifice of the cloaca with the ovipositor, which in the ant is situated at the end of the abdomen, is now found at some distance from the end on the ventral surface, so that the expansion of the abdomen has evi- dently been greater on the dorsal than on the ventral surface. One curious fact resulting from the want of connection between the intestine and the cloaca is, that all the food the animal takes must go to form the honey, with the exception of the small quantity consumed in keeping up the functions of the body. This is the more singular, when we consider the habits of the insect as described by Mr. Edwards. as these would apparently render it almost impossible that they should be supplied exclusively with nectar from the flowers. New Problems in Mensuration.* BY GEORGE DAVIDSON. XIIf. Having given the sides of a rectangle, determine, in terms of those sides, the sides of a required consecutive series of interior hollow rectangles and central rectangle, into which it may be divided, having equal areas with each other. To divide it into m hollow rectangles, and the central rectangle ; call 7 the length and 4 the breadth of the given rectangle; x, y, etc., the required lengths next interior ; x’, y’, etc., the correspond- ing breadths; (w—1) and w the last two lengths, and (w’—1) and w’ the last two breadths; then a = OAWI2 gg (ON) yp (02) 2 yg (02) B85 ote, e n 7 n n *In continuation of former problems in this and in Vol. IV. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 99 : (w’—1) 2 = 262 San 2 te wy 2 = 62 n. n n (wl)? = 212 n XIV. Having given the sides of a hollow rectangle, determine, in terms of those sides, the sides of a consecutive series of similar hollow rectangles, of equal areas with each other, into which it is required to divide the given hollow rectangle. To divide it into n hollow rectangles, let 7’ represent the outer and i the inner lengths of the given hollow rectangle ; 6’ the outer, and b the inner breadths; 2, y, z, etc., the consecutive lengths, reck- oning from J’ tol; 2 y’, 2’, etc., the corresponding consecutive breadths ; (w—1) and w the last two lengths, and (w’—1) and w’ the last two breadths; then Egy a t= é n y Sore (n—1) eI" ( n v nae ot ead oe nh n n n n wi) = ee b+? a wap ats Cee b’ iE a aL yee ih ae a ic | n 5 ! ite n XV. Having subdivided the hollow rectangle, as in problem XIV., determine, in terms of the given sides thereof, the sides of a consecutive series of similar hollow rectangles inside the given rectangle, and having areas equal with those of the prescribed sub- divisions. | Suppose the given hollow rectangle is subdivided into p hollow rectangles, and there are required 7 inner hollow rectangles of equal areas ; let 1’, 1, 6’, b, x, y, 2, etc., x’, y’, 2, etc., represent quan- tities as before ; and 2’, 2’’, 2’’’, etc., the consecutive lengths, reck- oning from / toward;the center; i’,8’’,i’’, etc., the corresponding consecutive breadths; then gp Z \(n+p)bLarat'l Nii b p ao ee ES 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA 52 b a+ p) bln’ n l p XVI. Having subdivided the hollow rectangle, as in problem XIV., determine, in terms of the given sides thereof, the sides of a consecutive series of similar hollow rectangles, outside the given rectangle, and having areas equal with those of the prescribed sub- divisions. Suppose the given hollow rectangle is subdivided into p hollow rectangles, and there are required n outer hollow rectangles of equal areas; let l’, J, 6’, b, x, y, 2, etc., 2’, y, 2, etc., represent quantities as before; and 0’, 0’’, 0’’’, etc., the consecutive lengths, reckoning from / outward ; 0’, 0’, 0’, etc., the corresponding con- secutive breadths; then if = oe a P n HB ih (n + p) ae Descriptions of a New Genus, and two new species of Plants from the Pacific Coast of America. BY A. KELLOGG, M.D. The following plant has somewhat the appearance of a very branching speci- - men of Helianthus giganteus, and is closely allied to Parthenice of Gray. Generic Description. e Parthenopsis, Kellogg. Heads broadly campanulate, with loosely sub-imbricated foliaceous and mem- branaceous involucral scales, many-flowered, elongated pistillate ray flowers, about 11 or 12 from the axils of each of the inner hyaline involucral scales, but entirely free; those of the disk tubular and perfect, about 60. Involucre in somewhat several merging series, outer more loosely spreading ; the two outer sub-series leafy ; and about 2 to 3 inner membranaceous series slightly colored greenish yellow), the two outmost marrow scales short, distinct, lanceolate acute (3-nerved), the other 3 or 4 of this foliaceous series larger, very broadly ovate sub-imbricated and coherent into the broad united or entire base of the common involucre (5 to 7-nerved). The more or less membranous colored (greenish yellow) series consists of about 5 very broadly ovate obtuse mem- brano-coriaceous serrate scales narrowing into about 5 or 6 oval-oblong sub- obtuse serrate and more scarious seales ; and successively into final hyaline acut- Ps ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 101 ish serrate series of about 10 or 12 flat and perfectly free persistent scales. Re- ceptacle broad (about % an inch or so) flat, naked, or only subpubescent, areol- ate. Rays about 11, oblong-lanceolate about 3-toothed (3-5 ?—middle tooth longest) tube very short hirsute with white jointed hairs, pistils much exserted, lobes recurved, tipped with a short cone; disk florets 50 to 60, tubular slightly dilated below, abruptly narrowed into a very short tube also hirsute with white jointed hairs and stipitate glands 5-toothed recurve spreading border, and glab- rous teeth ; filament stipitate-glandular ; style bulbous at the base, deeply divi- ded above, recurved and with the yellow staminal tube exsert, lobes tipped with a very short sub-obtuse cone, hispid on the back. Achenia of disk and ray similar, free, oblong, obcompressed narrowing towards the base, sub-3-sided, glabrous or a few scattered striguloid-tubercles and broken crenulated lateral margins, slightly incurved, a little convex, carinated and 3-nerved on the back ; face 1-ridged and 5-nerved, apiculate, all naked, being neither toothed nor notched (not a vestige of rudiments seen). A perennial branching maritime shrub 6 to 8 feet high, with bright yellow helianthoid flowers, about 2 inches in diameter; on terminal naked peduncles, usually, if not always, in pairs opposite the final mature leaf—strong Artemesia odor. Parthenopsis maritimus, Kellogg. A woody perennial; broadly branching alternately above, erect, (bark of body pearly grey—twigs dark madder-purple), puberulent in the young state, 6 to 8 feet high, 14 to 1 inch in diameter. Leaves deciduous, cordate-deltoid and deltoid acute, ovate, and ovate-oblong acute or acuminate, base rarely subcune- ate or oblique serrate, dentate or repand-dentate 3-5-nerved or triplinerved close above the (sometimes obscurely) 3-nerved base, margins slightly scabrous ; lam- ina thin, green above and pea-green beneath; sparsely pubescent on both sides, petioles slender, 14 to 14 or so the length of the blade, sub scabrous, alternate, rarely the upper pairs opposite, 2-6 inches or more in length, 1 to 4 inches in breadth ; peduncles in pairs, or di-ortrichotomous, opposite the extreme devel- oped leaves, naked, as long, and one usually longer, than the petiole (or 114 to 2 inches in length). Involucre in 2-many series ; outer leafy, several from the first broadest colored series, successively diminishing to hyaline marginal discoid (?) scales. Rays an inch or more in length (or about twice or thrice the disk) ob- Jong-lanceolate 3 or more toothed, middle tooth longest, ete. Flowers yellow, 2¥% to 3 inches in diameter ; disk florets with a cylindrical prolonged throat, slightly swelled pubescent and stipitate-glandular below, 5-toothed glabrous border, teeth short, triangular-acute recurve-spreading, abruptly narrowed into a short tube, hirsute with unequal massed white frosty jointed hairs, and stipi- tate glands intermixed ; style exsert (purplish lobes) revolute, cone tipped, pap- pillose and hispid on the back, base bulbous and glabrous; (florets and anthers yellow), lance-pointed united, filaments stipitate-glandular, (rarely a little hirsute also) ; achenia of disk and ray similar, all naked and free, the firtile very dark purple, and less striate but more tuberculate throughout. Receptacle not at all chaffy, scarcely puberulent, flat, areolate. 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Found by Mr. W. G. W. Harford, on Santa Rosa Island, off the coast of Santa Barbara, 1872-3. A very showy plant but having a rather too strong Artemesia odor to be agreeable. Similar to Euphrosyne. Closely allied to Parthentce, Gray, P!. Hort., p. 85, but that has a hemispheri- cal head—oval and orbicular obovate convex receptacle, doubly dentate leaves ; founded on a plant with heads 2 to 3 /ines in diameter. Dendromecon Harfordii, Kellogg. Stem shrubby, branches glabrous, whitish or creamy bark obtusely angled by the decurrent mid-ribs, (axillary buds conspicuous). Leaves variable, from roundish to sub-cordate-ovate, ovate, or ovate-oblong- obtuse, mucronate with sub-cuneate base ; or elliptic, short or abruptly cuspid, ate-acuminate, 3 to 5-nerved or more (7), and triplinerved above (mid-rib often colored orange) margins entire, denticulate or serrate, petioles very short, decur- rent-winged ; foliage large (1-3 inches long, 14 to 114 inches wide) densely crowded or imbricated, thick, coriaceous, rigid and tough, strongly reticulated light greenish yellow, peduncles very short with many leafy bracts, mostly in pairs or solitary ; style one, stigma 2-lobed, lobes sub-sessile or on short limbs (about 1¢ a line long) each irregularly 4-lobed (purple) ; pods 10-ribbed ; seeds fig-shaped ribbed longitudinally, a placentiferous like pseudo-arillus on the funi- culus between the seed and point of attachment (often bright orange colored). Found by Mr. W. G. W. Harford on the Island of Santa Rosa, off the coast of Santa Barbara, April, 1872. Dr. Kellogg presented specimens, accompanied by a painting, of Antigonum Leptopus var. splendens, Kellogg, collected by Prof. Geo. Davidson, of U.S. Coast Survey, at San Jose del Cabo, near Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, at. 34° 03’, in March, 1873. - This specimen combines the characters of several species, besides we have the seeds not before sufficiently noted. The flexuous branches are pentagonally striate ridged, and the whole plant remarkable for its densely villous, or short ferrugio-canescent-hirsute character throughout, with no appreciable approach to smoothness; the leaves are not “entire” but emarginate, acute, mucronate, not “acuminate,” nor decurrent ; but like A. Guatamalense the racemes are ax- illary, not “ opposite the leaves,” and the tendrils both lateral and terminal ; pe- dicels sessile or sub-sessile on short stipes and in fasicles of 1 to 4 (not 1 to 3) articulated below the middle ; bracts minute, pseudo-bracteoles (several from ab- ortion of pedicels) rather more, ovate-acuminate ; filaments stipitate-glandular, sometimes extending to the base of the investing stamenal cup, with numerous sessile glands, a few of which are scattered over the inner face of the (quincun cially imbricated) sepals ; stigmas depressed-capitate both reniform and bilobed ; stamens longer than the styles, these, like the sepals, enlarge after infloresence, becoming very dark purple almost black ; styles 3 (rarely confluent into one, at the base) ; the margins of the obtuse (or subacute) sepals minutely ciliate (the 2 ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 103 lesser inner only on one edge) mucronate. Capsule (not “achenium?”) three- seeded ; seeds not “ pyramidal,” but sub-triangular, 2. e., with two plane faces, and the back convex. All climbers have peculiar claims to a beauty of their own, but this, with its large terminal clusters of brilliant carmine flowers, is the most striking of them all. Re@uLtaR Meretine, June 2p, 1878. Vice-President in the Chair. Thirty members present. W. W. Montague and A. W. Chase were elected resident members. Donations and Additions to Library: Smithsonian Reports (3 vols.), for 1863, 1866, 1867. Lists of Elevations in that portion of the U. S. west of the Mississippi river, by Henry Gannett, for Department of the Interior. Nature, Nos. 181-3. California Horticulturist, May, 1873. Engineer and Mining Journal, Vol. XV., Nos. 16-19. Astronomical Register, for May, 1873. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, Vol. I1V., Nos. 11 and 12; and Vol. V., Nos. 1,2. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1. Catalogue of the Pyralids of California, etc., by A. S. Packard, Jr., from the Author. Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 201-332. Views of Nature, etc., by Ezra C. Seaman, from the Author. American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. V.,No. 29. Annals and Magazine of Nat- ural History, Vol. II, No. 65, May, 1873. De la Composition des Haux Min- erales de Spa, by Messieurs Chandelon, Donny, Kupfferschlager, and Swarts. Dijon, 1872, from the Authors. Catalogue of the Echinodermata of New Zea- land, with Diagnoses of the Species, by F. W. Hutton, F. G. S., from the Author. Sixth and Seventh Annual Reports on the Colonial Museum, etc., of New Zealand ; also, Reports of Geological Explorations of New Zealand during 1871-2, from the Director, James Hector, M.D., F.R.S. Ona Method of De- tecting the Phases of Vibration in the Air, surrounding a Sounding Body, ete. Ona Method of Measuring the Wave-lengths and Velocities of Sounds in Gases, etc. On the Experimental Determination of the Relative Intensities of Sound, ete. On a New Form of Lantern Galvanometer. Ona Method of Tracing the Progress and of Determining the Boundary of a Wave of Conducted Heat ; 5 pamphlets, 8vo., by Alfred M. Mayer, Ph. D., from the Author. American Chemist, Vol. III, No. 2, May, 1873. Ornithology of Samoa, etc., by Dr. O. Finsch. Temperature Chart of the United States, from Smithsonian Institu- tion. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Donations to Museum: Shells from near Anaheim, from A. W. Chase, U. 8. Coast Survey. Reptiles, several species, from Inyo county, by H. G. Hanks; Borate of Lime, from the Lone Ranch Borate Mining Company. Mrs. Hi. 8. Carr, in behalf of Mr. John Muir, read a paper on ‘‘ Hxplorations in the Great Tuolumne Cajion.” [This paper was not submitted for publication, but was subsequently published in the Overland Monthly. ] REGULAR MEETING, JUNE 16TH, 1873. Mr. Stearns in the Chair. Twenty-one members present. George W. Lewis, Cutler McAllister, John R. Jarboe and Aga- pius Honcharenko were elected resident members, and W. C. Ral- ston life member. Donations to the Museum: Specimens of Gtorgonia from Cer- ros Island, and skull of a fish, presented by Capt. J. A. Wilson, of San Pedro. Skull ‘of mountain sheep, ( Ovis montana, Cuv.) from E. Wasserman. Two specimens of Crustaceans, from San Fran- cisco Bay, presented by Henry Chapman. Mr. A. W. Chase read the following on the artesian wells of Los Angeles County : On the Artesian Wells of Los Angeles County. BY A. W. CHASE. The subject of water in sufficient quantity to irrigate land for the purposes of cultivation of the cereals on an extended scale, as well as fruit trees and vines, is one of great importance to the inhabitants of that portion of Califor- nia known as the semi-tropical. The uncertain quantity of the rainfall and the recurrence of droughts every few years, renders any extended cultivation of the soil impossible without recourse to artificial means of procuring and stor- ing water. The plains of Los Angeles county, which form the most considerable portion ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 105 of its area, slope gradually from the sea coast northward to the foot-hills of the Sierra Madre. This mountain range rises abruptly from the plain to a height approximating 10,000 feet; and is distant about forty miles from San Pedro Bay. The general trend of the coast line, as well as of the Sierra, is east and west. During the winter season the highest points of the Sierra are covered with snow. Even during a dry season, the quantity of water brought down from this ex- tensive water-shed is great; the three principal rivers which carry it off, viz: the New and Old San Gabriel, and the Santa Ana, being swollen into torrents. During the summer, however, these streams dwindle into rivulets, frequently sinking in their sandy beds and becoming lost before reaching the sea. The gardens and orchards of Los Angeles are watered from a ditch cut from the Los Angeles river, a branch of the San Gabriel ; and the vineyards of An- naheim derive their supply in a similar manner from the Santa Ana. This supply is, however, even at the present time, limited, and should these towns grow to any considerabie size, other means will have to be devised. Artesian well borings were commenced some years since. They have been a success, according to my observation, only in a narrow belt extending across the plain in a direction parallel with the coast line and the mountain range. In presenting the few facts which I have gathered, I wish more particularly to invite attention to the subject by others better informed, than to present any theory of my own. Lying immediately on the coast line of Los Angeles county are a succession of isolated hills. The principal of these, San Pedro Hill, lies west of Wilming- ton, and attains an altitude of 1,473 feet. The first east of Wilmington, and down the coast, is Los Cerritos, 355 feet; the second, Landing Hill, 63 feet ; the third, the Bolsas Chica, 61 feet, and the fourth, the Bolsas Grande, 119 feet. At the base of these hills, east of Wilmington, are strong springs of soft water, which may be called natural artesian wells. The most remarkable of these is at the rancho or farm house of the Alami- tos. It is a circular opening, about five feet in diameter. The water comes up in considerable force, the center of the spring being at times several inches above the edges. The temperature of the water is 64° Fahr., being almost undrinkable when taken from the spring. It brings up in suspension particles of mica and sand. Similar springs are found at the Bolsas Chica and the other small hills, the temperature of the water being the same in all, and corresponding with that of the artesian wells. Thirteen miles from the sea coast is located the town of Anaheim. Here an artesian well was sunk to a depth of 200 feet through sand and clay, finally en- countering a bed of boulders. Here the work was stopped, no water having been obtained. A well was sunk near the town of Wilmington, to a depth of over 400 feet, without success. Half way between the town of Anaheim and the sea coast, lies the hamlet or town of Westminster. Here some 34 artesian 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA wells have been bored, all of which are now flowing. These wells supply suffi- cient water for the use of the thirty four families comprising the settlement, and for the irrigation of their land, which, previously of little value, has now considerably enhanced in price. As these wells are similar in character, a description of two of them will suffice : No. 1. Well on farm of Mr. Edwards, five miles from the sea. Well 171 feet deep. Pipe projects 214 feet above surface. Water flows three inches above the edge of the pipe. Temperature of the air at time of observation, 71° Fahr., and of water, 64°. Water soft, and brings up mica and sand in suspen- sion. The pipe is of the ordinary character, viz: Seven inches in diameter and one sixteenth of an inch in thickness, and is double all the way down, the outside pipe being one thirty-second of an inch larger than the inside, in diameter. ‘The pipe is forced down in sections of eight feet. The following strata were passed through in boring : Sandvand IOAM, 0.5.5... so 3 38 ibe Waal al Bitende Asia cb is nd A irs 3 feet. Tough blue clay....... si ae RE cg Sea Heh hs tes cde hae ahi BAP 0 wih PeerMAtcauyers Of ‘Clay AHO SANG. 7... en os yee eye ace aired = sedate PIMAMOLUC RCIA Ga Bat, Cis iat groe aieyss sistem ne eoelauin oat esteiea erate 40 « ADR icHeiG EL SIC OTAV EDs (ofa vecrs ie tye ee a ais sie x siete thee ele layeiae is Aes ao BRAN Mae tee tially seco deaths Ree Wet e. e et Lalas At the depths of 140 and 150 feet, holes 11g inches long, and one-sixteenth of an inch wide, were pierced in the pipe, through which the water enters from the strata of quicksand. The water from this well irrigates 160 acres. No. 2.. Stevens’ well. This well is 94 feet deep, and is situated about eight miles from the sea. The pipe projects 3 feet above the ground, and the water flows over the pipe 1% inches. Temperature of water at time of observation, 65° Fahr.; of the air, 69°. Water similar in character to the Edwards’ well, and.also bears mica and sand in suspension. This well passes through— (heiiaimiy tno mien oie 2 JER Aatnc ond Riovale elesd sponte bietees We shape Sebetole’s perma ate 10 feet. ile Jolnezelaydeies tele icteit siclds be sae as AURIS Somme emia el milternate layersiof sand ‘and: clay... .... ++ dleigl= + 3... oeleemerne a RAPS eI ONAT ON GIVARED | one pal bis. Su hi 2 a'ta ye ia gighe ame eeanH. blk, ale kecahetene bragtat MOMania ind COMER be %/<:5/s Sic Sia AEs sa > M\\ > r : IMPROVED TELEMETER, DAVIDSON. ] {SEE PAGE 135. rhe] ads 9 5 Py v ‘ut ey e% ae ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Sober addition to this we propose to place a small vertical are and attached level, to give the angle of inclination; by which, with the distance, the difference of height between the object and observer may be obtained. Reeutak Meetine, Aucust 4TH, 1873. Prof. J. D. Whitney in the Chair. Thirty-two members present. David J. Staples, Solomon Goldsmith, Alfred Wheeler, Albert Williams, Jr., and R. D. Plummer, M.D., were elected resident members. Donations to Library: Proceedings of Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XVII, No. II. Proce. Boston Nat. Hist. Society, Vol. XV, Part II. Memoirs of Boston Nat. Hist. Society, Vol. II. Catalogue of the Museum of the Chicago Medical College. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Vol. III, No. I, 1873. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., pp. 249-280, 1873. Sixth Annual Report of the Peabody Institute of Baltimore, 1873. California Horticulturist, July, 1873, from Publishers. American Journal of Science and Arts, July, 1873. American Naturalist, July, 1873. American Chemist, June, July, 1873. Climats, Geologie, Faune et Geographie, Botan- ique du Brésil, par Emmanuel Liais, 8vo., Paris, 1872, from the Brazilian Legation to the United States. Engineering and Mining Journal (5 papers) for July, 1873. Mittheilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Natur und V olk- erkunde, Ost-Asien’s, Yokohama, Mai, 1873. Report of the Geological Survey of New Hampshire for 1872, from C. H. Hitchcock, Ph. D. Monatsbericht der Konighlich Preuss, Akad. der Wissenchaften zu Berlin, Feb., 1873. Yale College in 1873, Pamph., 8vo. Catalogue Library Company of Philadelphia, July, 1873. Publications of the Geological Survey of the State of California, as follows: Mining Statistics, No. 1, 1866; Geographical Catalogue of the Mollusca, 1867; Catalogue of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Western Slope of the United States, Part II, 1871; The Yosemite Guide Book, 1870; The Yosemite Guide Book (Pocket Ed.), 1871. Paleontology, Vol. I, 1864 ; Vol. II, 1869. Geology, Vol. I, 1865. Ornithology, Vol. I, 1870. Map of the region adjacent to the Bay of San Francisco, 1873. Topographical Map of Central California, etc., 1873; all of the above presented by the State. Additions to Library by Purchase: Journal of Botany for July, 1873. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, July, 1873, Popular Science Monthly, August, 1873. Nature, June 5th, 26th, July 3d, 10th, 1873. An- nalen der Physik und Chemie, No. 4, Leipzig, 1873. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Sciences, London, July, 1873. 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Donations to Museum: Nest and eggs of Marsh Wren ( Z’rog- lodytes palustris, Aud.), found in the tules of the San Joaquin River, presented by C. D. Gibbes. Specimens of Chimera Collet, male and female, from J. P. Dameron. Specimen of a species of Pennatula (probably P. tenua, Gabb) ; also, a specimen of a Virgularia from the Gulf of Georgia, presented by Dr. James Blake. Mr. Gibbes said that the nest and eggs presented by him this evening were those of the Marsh Wren (Zroglodytes palustris, Aud., Vol. II, p. 185, pl. 128). These nests are abundant throughout the swamp lands; are purse-shaped, about seven inches in length, by four and five inches in diameter, composed of flexible grasses ingeniously woven together, suspended three or four feet from the ground, attached to the upright tules by being woven around them, a small entrance is left near the top, and is lined with soft grasses and down, from the plant known as the “ cat-tail.”’ This nest was found in April, in the tules of the San Joaquin River, and had but three eggs in it; but I suppose they lay more, as the brown-headed Wren has six. These eggs are of a light brown mahogany color, with darker dashes, varying in intensity of shade. Although I have seen many nests, this is the only one in which I have discovered eggs. I hope in another year the Society will have a good collection of the eggs of the California birds, par- ticularly of such nests as display ingenuity in construction. Dr. Blake presented to the Academy a specimen of a Pennatula, which had been taken by Captain Dane about one mile 8.E. of Cape Roberte, in the Gulf of Georgia, in about seven fathoms water. Captain Dane states that “‘ they were kept some days in a large tub of water, the water being changed frequently. ‘They stretched out to about thirty inches in length, the fringed part forming about half the length and being five inches in diameter, the smooth part three inches. They seemed to have no powers of locomotion, but were entirely at the mercy of the currents.” The external form of this specimen differs from the ordinary Pennatula in having four rows of pinnae, two of which are much more devel- oped and support the polyps, whilst the other two rows are very much smaller, and apparently are free from polyps. In its present ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 139 contracted state the animal measures about ten inches long, one and seven-tenths inches across in one direction, and one and one- tenth inches the other. ‘The free edge of the larger polyp-bearing pinne measured two and a half inches; that of the smaller pinne, six-tenths of an inch. ‘The cavities with which these different sets of pinne communicate are apparently totally distinct, being separated by a mesentery which is attached to an axis running the whole length of the body. This axis is firmly calcified in its middle portion, the two ends being formed of a softer, chitonous substance. This axis, except as regards its length, is apparently the counter- part of the long twigs that were received some months since from Burrard’s Inlet. As regards the functions of the smaller sets of pinne, I think they are connected with the water supply to the somatic cavities, as they contain numerous tubes. Should this be the case, a connection must exist between the cavities on each side of the mesentery. These pinne are thickly studded with calca- reous spicule. Mr. Stearns said that the larger of the specimens presented by Dr. Blake was undoubtedly a Virgularia. Dr. Cooper suggested that it might be the adult of the species de- scribed by Mr. Gabb in the Academy’s proceedings, some years ago. Mr. Goodyear read the following paper : On the Situation and Altitude of Mount Whitney.* BY W. A. GOODYEAR, C. E. On the 27th day of July, 1873, Mr. M. W. Belshaw, of Cerro Gordo, and myself, rode our mules to the highest crest of the peak southwest of Lone Pine, which, for over three years now, has been known by the name of Mount Whit- ney, and which was ascended and measured as such by Mr. Clarence King, in the summer of 1871. at Washington) is the only bone of this gigantic and formerly abundant animal, in any museum in the world. Mr. Dall also pre- sented a very old prehistoric Aleutian cranium from the Amaknak Cave, a record of the exploration of which has already been pub- lished in these Proceedings; from Jas. HE. Perkins, a specimen of Octopus ; basalt from Olompali Rancho, Marin County, California, from W. A. Goodyear; from Dr. Behr, a specimen of salamander, Batrachoceps attenuatus Bon.; five species of birds from Mr. F. Gruber: Melospiza fallax, Paroaria dominica, Calypte anna, St- alia mexicana, and Agelaius gubernator. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 283 Mr. Stearns read the follawing paper: Remarks Suggested by Dr. J. E. Gray’s Paper on the “ Stick Fish,” in “Nature,” Nov. 6th, 1873. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. At a meeting of this Academy on the 3d of February, 1873, certain switch- like rods, being the axes of some polyp-form, as well as the general characters of Alcyonoid Polyps, were considered and discussed, for the purpose of tracing by analogy and determining the relations and position of the specimens under consideration at that time ; and it may be remembered that a paper was read, in which was given at considerable length a resumé of what had appeared in the columns of Nature, in the way of notes and comments by several learned gentlemen. These rods, switches, or wands, as the specimens had been variously called, were first brought to the notice of the Academy on the 5th of June, 1871, when specimens were presented to the Museum, and, so far as an opinion was expressed at that time in a general way, the specimens were placed near the group to which it has been subsequently proved that they belong. On the 4th of August, 1873, Dr. James Blake submitted an entire specimen of the polyps, of which the rods, ete., are the central stalks or axes : that is, one of these rods or switches was presented by him, with the investing soft or fleshy covering, which proved it to be either a Pavonaria, or closely related to that genus. Accordingly, I published a description placing it in the genus Pavo- naria, and gave it the specific name of ‘‘ Blakei,” (Pavonaria Blakei) and the same was printed in the Mining and Scientific Press of this city, August 9th, 1873. Before the succeeding regular meeting of the Academy, which took place August 18th, 1873, through access to more recent literature bearing on the subject, I perceived at once that not only was the species new, but that its sep- aration generically was warranted, and the sub-genus Verrillia was made by me to receive it ; and adescription of the genus and species was read at that meet- ing, and printed copies of my paper (dated August 20th) were sent to various authors, societies, and scientific journals, in advance of the regular publication of the Academy’s Proceedings. Among the many scientific gentlemen who had discussed the character and relations of the so-called switches, Dr. P. L. Sclater, of the Zodlogical Society, kindly gave publicity to Verrillia Blakei, in Nature, for October 9th, 1873. In the same journal, of date Nov. 6th, 1873, Dr. J. E Gray, of the British Museum, publishes a communication “ On the stick-fish, (Osteocella septentrion- alis) and on the habits of sea-pens,” in which he refers to a specimen presented to the Museum by Mr. Coote M. Chambers, and of which he says: “ Unfortu- nately the specimen did not arrive in a good state for exhibition. The greater part of the animal portion had been washed off, probably by the motion of the 984. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA solution during the transit ; only about a foot of the flesh which was loose on the axis, and the thick, swollen, naked, club- -shaped base, without polypes, re- mained ; but it was in a sufficiently good state to afford the means of deter- mining its zodlogical situation, and of examining its microscopical and other zodlogical characters.” In the next paragraph, of which I quote a portion, Dr. Gray says: “ Mr. Chambers’ specimen is the animal of the axis or stick, that I described as Oste- ocella septentrionalis, (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, p.406) * * * * * and is evidently the same animal as Pavonaria Blakei, described by R. HE. C, Stearns.” “Two days after I received this specimen, I received by post Mr. Stearns’ description of the stick fish, (Pavonaria Blakei) from the San Francisco Mining and Scientific Press, August 9th, 1873.” Towards the close of his article, Dr. Gray writes: “ Mr. Stearns’ paper, in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, is a reprint of the paper in the San Francisco Mining and Scientific Press, with a few additions, and the addition of anew sub-genus, Verrillia, although he quotes Osteocella.” In this paper Mr. Gray gives what he considers “ the synonymy of those animals ”; first, the genera, and next, the species ; placing my first generic determination, Pavonaria, and my subsequent sub-genus, Verrillia, in the order as recited, as synonymes of his genus Osteocella. I would ask Dr. Gray by what warrant, either of science or justice, he places Pavonaria or Verrillia, definitely described genera, as synonymes of his indefinite and vague Osteocella, which latter he publishes as a genus, for it can- not be said he describes it, in the “ Catalogue of Sea-Pens—or Pennatulidee— in the British Museum” 1870, page 40. Gray’s genus Osteocella is based upon a “bone,” (probably the axis of a polyp) which was sent to the British Museum “many years ago,” from Australia, by a gentleman named Clifton. The in- vesting fleshy substance, or soft portion of the animal, of which said bone formed a part, had not been seen by Dr. Gray at the time he invented the name Osteocella, and even to this date no additional light has been furnished by him regarding the Australian form. He was not even positive that the “ bone” be- longed to a zodphyte, for he says: “or, it may be the long conical bone of a form of decapod cephalapod which has not yet occurred to naturalists, as Mr. Clifton spoke of its being a free marine animal : it has a cartilaginous apex like the cuttle fish.” In which of the great divisions of the animal kingdom does Dr. Gray place it, or did he place his Australian bone in 1870? Courtesy and fairness suggest that as he printed it in the Catalogue of Pen- natulide, it should be conceded, as I have written, in a previous paper, “ that, in his mind, the balance of reasoning tends in that direction.” Admitting this latter, what then? The Australian bone upon which rests his genus Osteocella is described by Dr. Gray as being “ thick, about eleven inches long, tapering at each end.” Subsequently he has received one of the stalks, or axes, of what I have named Verrillia Blakei; of the latter, he says it ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 285 is “long, slender, about sixty-four inches long, attenuated at the base, and very much attenuated and elongated at the other end.” “ Mr. Carter” examined both of the bones referred to, microscopically, and “ finds them ” to “ present the same horny structure,” etc. An examination with acid was made, but as it would be rather difficult to comprehend in what way generic or specific deter- minations within any related groups could be determined by acid, this test may be allowed to pass. The reference of Verrillia to Osteocella as a synonyme, or otherwise, must rest on this microscopic test, as the soft investing portion of the animal, the perfect or complete polyp or polypidom of the Australian form, to which the bone, if the axis of an alcyonoid, belongs, and upon which Dr. Gray made his genus Os- teocella, has not, as yet, been seen by him, or brought under scientific observa- tion. He cannot aver, because he does not know, but that it may be a species which belongs to some genus already described, or that it may properly fall in as a sub-genus of some of the genera of Alcyonoids previously known; he does not know but what its relationship may be nearer to any of the other groups than to Pavonaria. No description sufficiently accurate to be worthy of con- sideration can be made from the axial rods or bones alone, of this class of ani- mal forms, nor can species be satisfactorily determined without the fleshy por- tion ; nor, in the present state of our knowledge, can the microscope determine these points. In his genus Osteocella, which, it must be borne in mind, rests solely on the naked Australian bone or axis, which he says is “ thick,” “eleven inches long,” as published in the British Museum Catalogue of Pennatulide, no information is furnished as to the soft investing portion, for the very good reason that it had not been seen by him; yet in the number of Nature last quoted, he speaks of “ the complete polyp-mass,” thus clothing his west Australian Osteocella with the fleshy covering of the west North-American Verrzlia. So much for his generic synonymy. As to the species, the North-American form, as referred to by him, could not be definitely placed, by anything written by Dr. Gray prior to the date of my description. This is a matter, not of personal pride, but of scientific accuracy ; and scien- tific naturalists should not lose sight of, or be diverted from, this sine qua non, or palliate individual idiosyncracies which involve integrity, and which should not be allowed to pass without challenge or comment. The following paper was presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper: The Influence of Climate and Topography on our Trees. BY J. G. COOPER, M. D. While making geological explorations through the region embraced on the Bay Map, during some months past, for the purpose of completing the geologi- cal map, under direction of Prof. Whitney, I had unusual opportunities for 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA observing the distribution of the native trees in all kinds of localities, except the portions embraced in about fifteen miles square in the southeastern, and as much more of dry land in the northeastern corners of the “ Bay Map Region.” On comparing my results with the series of careful observations on plant- distribution, given by Prof. Bolander, in our Proceedings, and Prof. Brewer, as given in the first volume of Geology of California, I have been able to arrive at the following interesting conclusions, tending to indicate the laws governing our tree-growth. FORESTS AND TREES OF THE BAY MAP REGION. In traveling around the Bay, the most notable fact in Botanical Geography likely to attract the observer’s notice, is the comparative scarcity of the trees and small number of species, as compared with the regions either northward, at Russian River, or southward, at Monterey Bay. After careful study of the subject, the conclusion is inevitable that the chief cause of this deficiency is the prevalence of the strong winds, which, throughout the dry season, blow so steadily into the Golden Gate from the northwest, and are drawn by the ascent of heated currents far into the interior, following, generally, the course of the valleys upward from the Bay. As to the prevalence of these winds, we have natural records of centuries past, in the trees themselves, bent almost to the ground in numerous places. Going beyond the vicinity of this Bay, we find a low tract of hills lying be- tween Petaluma and Tomales Bay, where, for a distance of ten miles square, the Coast Range is depressed to an average height of three hundred and fifty feet, with passes through it only one hundred and fifty feet above the sea. Here, the winds blow inland with sufficient force to have limited the tree-growth to scattered groups on the eastern slopes of the hills. That soils are only secondary in their influence, is shown well around this city, where every variety of metamorphic rock and tertiary sandstones occur, as well as abundant alluvium in the valleys. Much the same variety is seen in the low hills west of Petaluma, while other openings along the coast to the south, such as Salinas Valley, and those along the coast south of Ventura, (known to sailors as“ Wind Gaps,” on account of the strong sea-breezes drawn inland where they occur) all prove the prevalence of the same laws. Elevation above the sea, of course, has some influence, but less than would be expected ; for we find a large number of the forty species of trees found in these limits, growing with scarcely any difference in size or luxuriance, from the sea-level up to 4,500 feet. Others, however, show a preference for mountains or valleys alone, and all are influenced by the effect of the mountains in moder- ating the winds, intercepting fogs and rain-clouds, and producing more extreme degrees of cold and heat than prevail in the valleys. The studying out of all these influences, as relating to each species, would be a very slow process, and I need not attempt more now than to mention such as seem to have a peculiar effect on certain species. The general unfavorable influence of the absence of mountains on tree-growth in our climate, is shown by the usual bareness of our valleys, and of the lower hills, where unsheltered from the wind. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 287 The trees are probably affected more by the wind than any other vegetation, on account of their height not permitting them to be sheltered behind hills which would protect shrubs or herbs. Thus we find some species becoming trees elsewhere, which, on the exposed portions of this peninsula, are only shrubs, as well as on some mountain ridges, assuming the aspect of trees stunted by the cold on Alpine summits. Dryness, however, is still more influential than cold, as seen in many inland localities, especially in the Chestnut, and some other species, which are lofty trees or stunted shrubs, according to their water supply. One shrub—not rare here—the Juneberry, (Amelanchier alnifolia) becomes a tree in the moister but cold climate of Montana. It is therefore inadvisable to include the shrubs and trees together; the po being influenced by quite different laws of distribution. From the general course of the mountain ranges, being nearly northwest in this region, while the wind strikes their southwest slopes obliquely, and the sun in its daily course shines most intensely and longest upon the same exposure, it follows that this slope is almost everywhere destitute of trees, though along the coast exposed to the greatest rainfall and the most fog. The opposite, or north- east slopes, therefore, usually have the greatest tree-growth; though, in some cases, especially south of this latitude, they have less than the southeast, on ac- count of the“ drawing ” of the wind up valleys, and upon them. Were it not for the “Tomales Wind Gap,” we should doubtless find more species of trees growing in the shelter of Mount Tamalpais, thus approaching us nearer from the north than from the south, on account of this protection, and the greater rainfall northward. ‘These winds seem to act in two ways: First; by their drying power ; as seen in the absence of trees on slopes of hills exposed to them, while trees may abound on the opposite slope, though facing the south, and more exposed to the sun. Second; by their coolness not permitting the sun’s heat to produce a tree-growth, even where moisture is abundant. This acts chiefly on the seedling tree, as many species are found to do well when planted out where they do not exist naturally, if protected when very young.* The nature of the soil, or geological formation, influences them secondarily, and chiefly in proportion to the amount of moisture retained ; flat, swampy lands, and impervious rocks covered by a deep soil, being most favorable. Many low lands, however, though very wet in winter, become too dry in sum- mer. ‘I'he summer fogs, also, have some influence. From these facts, it results that the forests are chiefly most extensive on the northeastern mountain slopes, or those nearest the ocean, in exact proportion to their extent, altitude, and latitude; The only tracts within our limits, which can properly be called forests, are: First; the tract covered by the Santa Cruz Mountains, of which about half is covered by coniferous trees, an area of about 1,080 square miles. Second; a tract of less than half this extent, northward *The effect of wind in spreading fires in former dry seasons may also have had an influ- ence in destroying ancient forests. t The Sierra Nevada, from their greater altitude, catch the moisture passing east of the Coast Range on southwest slopes, while the sea-breeze does not affect them. 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA of Mount Tamalpais. Third; the oak-groves of San José Valley, covering about 250 square miles. Fourth; mixed groves of oaks and pines on the east- erly slopes of the Contra Costa and Mount Hamilton Ranges. Fifth ; similar groves on the ranges north of the Bay, forming the continuation of those mountains. The modifications caused in the course and force of the wind by the various gaps referred to, are the chief causes of local peculiarities in the distribution of trees. ‘The shelter afforded by the intervening mountain ranges, and by others, ~ ’ farther inland, together with the directions and width of the valleys, so modify the distribution of species, that instead of being in semi-circles concentric ta the “Golden Gate,” they are found to be arranged in semi-ellipses, with curves nearly parallel to that of an arc drawn from Point Reyes, through the Golden Gate, to Pigeon Point. Of course, the general law of increase in number of species and individuals toward the north, in direct proportion to the increase of moisture, and their de- crease toward the south and east (at the sea-level) from the contrary condi- tions, has its full effect in this region. We thus have three primary groups of trees — the Northern, Southern, and Eastern ; but within the limits mentioned, only two are exclusively northern, if, indeed, more than varieties of southern forms (Cup. Macnabiana and Pinus contorta). Those confined to the south are but three, of which two, the Grape and Sycamore, go north in the Sacramento Valley; while the Pine (P. in- signis) has been confounded with northern forms, and may be only a local variety. The Hastern Group contains four species, Juglans rupestris, Juniperus, (sp-) Pinus Sabiniana, and P. Coulteri, of which the second is a rare straggler; and the fourth closely allied to the third. To counterbalance this, is a group con- fined to the Coast, not found east of the Bay, consisting of four or five species : Frazxinus Oregonus, Quercus chrysolepis, Torreya Californica, and Taxus brevifolia ; probably, also, Cupressus macrocarpa. The remaining twenty-seven are found around three sides of the Bay, and, therefore, show most strongly the influence of the sea-breeze in limiting their approach to its mouth. Fourteen of these may be considered as scarcely limited by it at all, since they are found within the most windy portion wherever hills furnish a little shelter. From their adaptation to the extremes of our climate, they are characteristic of nearly all the mountain ranges of the Bay Region. The Fir alone is very rare east of the Bay; while the Willows and Poplars belong to low, wet grounds. Six, being broad-leaved evergreens, and one coniferous, show the characteristic proportion of those groups in a region almost without frost, but with very moderate summer heat. It is, however, to be observed, that nearly all of them flourish more luxuriantly where the summer is warmer, even if the winter be colder. They are the following : Group I.—Growing within ten miles of the center of San Francisco county : 1. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Esch. Wild Lilac. ro SEMIN SITAR WD Se bo a Or Cok ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 289 Adsculus Californicus, Nutt. California Buckeye. Cerasus ilicifolia, Nutt. Hollyleaved Plum. Photinia arbutifolia, Lind?. Photinia Laurel. Arbutus Menziesii, Push. Madrona. Sambucus glauca, Nutt. Blueberried Elder. Oreodaphne Californica, Nees. California Bay Tree. Quercus agrifolia, Nees. Hollyleaved Live Oak. Alnus viridis, D. C. Alder. Salix lucida, MuAl. Shining Willow. Salix longifolia, Muhl. Tongleaved Willow. . Salix lasiolepis, Beuth. Wooly-scaled Willow. Salix brachystachys, Beuth. Shortspiked Willow. Populus monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood. Tsuga Douglassii, Lind/. Red Fir. Group I].—Found from ten to twenty miles from the center of San Francisco county : 16. Lb 18. ko 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Vitis Californica, Benth. California Grape. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Negundo aceroides, Manch. Box Elder. Fraxinus Oregonus, Nutt. Oregon Ash. Platanus racunosa, Nutt. Sycamore. Quercus Gambelii, Nutt. Upland White Oak. Quereus densiflora, Hook. Tan-bark Oak. Castanea chrysophylla, Dougl. California Chestnut. Pisus tuberculata, Don. Tubercled Pine. Cupressus Macnabiana, Murr. Tamalpais Cypress. Of these ten, only two are broad-leaved evergreens, and two, conifers, indi- cating increased additions from northern families ; all of them belong to the mountainous districts, except, perhaps, the Ash, a rare tree in this region. Group III.—Found twenty to thirty miles from the center of San Francisco county : 26. 27: 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Juglans rupestris, Engl. California Walnut. Quercus Sonomensis, Beuth. Black Oak. Quercus lobata, Nees. Valley White Oak. Populus tremuloides, Mich. American Aspen. Pinus muricata, Don. Bishop Pine. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl. Digger’s Pine. Juniperus occidentalis ? Western J uniper. Torreya Californica, Torr. California N utmeg. Of these, all are deciduous, except the conifers, and are also mountain trees. Three are confined to the drier eastern ranges; one to the moist coast range; and the Aspen is a rare straggler from the north. \ 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Group IV.—Found thirty to forty miles from the center of San Francisco county : : 34. Quercus chrysolepis, Lieb. Gold-scaled Oak. 35. Pinus Coulteri, Don. Great-coned Pine. 36. Pinus ponderosa, Dougl. Yellow Pine. 37. Pinus insignis, Dougl. Monterey Pine. 38. Pinus contorta, Dougl. Twisted Pine. 39. Taxus brevifolia, Nutt. Oregon Yew. Only one is a broad-leaved evergreen, replacing the common Live Oak on some of the drier mountains. Of the Pines, the first is confined to the dry, eastern hills; the second, rare, if found at all, on the Mount Hamilton Range, though common north and south, at forty miles distance. The third, is only found south ; and the fourth, north. Group V.—Found forty to sixty miles from San Francisco : 40. Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartw. Monterey Cypress. This tree barely comes within the sixty-mile limit to the north, growing in- land, near Mt. St. Helena, but southward, only near Monterey, as far as known ; though a similar form occurs dwarfed on mountains as far south as Anaheim, where, at 2,000 feet elevation, it grows about four inches thick, and twenty feet high. At Cypress Point they grow four feet thick, and sixty, or more high, es but flat-topped, and reduced in height by the winds. The influence of fogs and clouds seems more marked on the growth of this tree than on any other, though affecting the Redwood and Pines to some extent. The iuiluence of peculiarities of climate and soil in producing some of the local forms of this genus now called species, will probably, in time, be determined by their cultivation to- gether. A form, still undetermined, is found growing on Cedar Mountain, thirty-six miles east, apparently most like C. Macnabiana. TREES FOUND OVER SIXTY MILES TO NORTH AND EAST. Rhamnous Purshianus, Hkr. Bearwood. Acer glabrum, Torr. Smooth Maple. Acer circinatum, Pursh. Round-leaf Maple. Cercis occidentalis, Torr. Western Judas Tree. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl. Oregon Crab-apple. Quercus Wislizeni, Eg? Wislizenus Oak. Quercus Douglassi, Hhkr ?—Q. Garryana ? Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl. Sugar Pine. Picea grandis, Dougl. White Fir. Abies Menziesii, Doug. Black Fir. Abies Mertensiana. Hemlock Spruce. Thuja gigantea, Nuft. Oregon Cedar. Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray. Port Orford Cypress. Libocedrus decurrens, Jorr. California Cedar. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 291 TREES FOUND OVER SIXTY MILES TO SOUTH AND FAST. Cupressus Goveniana, Hartw. Goven’s Cypress. Picea bracteata. Leafy-cone Fir. Quercus crassipocula. Thick-cup Oak. Proposed amendments to the Constitution, submitted by Dr. Blake, were referred to the Trustees. RecuLaR Meetine, APRIL 7TH, 1874. President in the Chair. Fifty members present. Manuel Aspiroz, Rev. Frederick EH. Shearer, William C. Gibbs, Ferdinand Lantern, and George W. Dietzler were elected resident members. Donations to the Museum: Dr. D. E. Hungerford presented a large collection, mostly from Lower California, consisting of about sixty species of shells, with many duplicates; specimens of Grorgo- nia ;. two specimens of Coral, one form new to the Academy’s col- lection. Nine Star-fish, with several duplicates. Three specimens of fish (skeletons). Skull of wild cat (?). ‘Two specimens of Crustacea (Calappa). Vertebree of Shark. Six fine specimens of tortoise shell (Caretta fimbriata). Copper ore from near Loreto, Lower California. Steatite, from La Paz, Lower California. Fish- hooks used by Sandwich Islanders. Curious molluscan Hgg-cases, with seven cigar boxes of duplicate shells. Dr. Marshall presented the cast of a Mastodon’s tooth, from San Mateo. Captain D. C. Woods presented the snout of a Saw-fish, caught off the coast of Mexico, and a pair of Cow-Walrus tusks, taken from the animal at Cape East, Behring’s Strait. Mr. W. G. Blunt presented a case of twenty-five species of eggs, named, with the localities. From F. Gruber, specimens of mounted birds, as follows: Ps¢t- tacula passerina, or little green paroquet; Cistotharus palustris, Proc. Cau. AcabD. Scr., VoL, V.—19. DECEMBER, 1874. 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA or long-billed marsh wren; Turdus ustulatus, or Oregon thrush ; Procnias ventralis, or swallow-tailed fruit eater; Icterus Jamaiecatt, Black-banded Troupiale ; Rhamphocelus Brasilica, Crimson Tan- ajer. Judge Ford, through Barry & Patten, presented the Skull of a marine animal (not determimed). J. W. Michael presented a fossil Sea Lion’s skull, washed out of a clay bank on Chorro Creek, San Luis Obispo County, twelve miles from the coast. Six speci- mens of ore from Utah and Colorado were received, from Hon. Samuel Purdy. Henry Edwards presented specimens of scorpions, tarantulas, and lizards, collected on the Colorado River, Arizona. H. G. Bloomer donated a specimen of the Australian Carpet Snake. From Mr. Button, two alcoholic specimens of Lizards. A specimen of Tapa, or native cloth, from the Pacific Islands, varnished, and of a peculiar pattern, differing from any in the collection of the Acad- emy, was received from Mr. Raymond. Mr. McHenry presented some fossil leaves, from Seattle, Washington Territory. Drs Behr ‘exhibited and described the nature of a species of mangrove, (Avicenus officinalis) adapted to this State, and found in New Zealand. He had, after considerable difficulty, procured some of the seed ina perfect condition, and was experimenting in raising the tree. It is used to protect plantations against tides. The trees grow in the sea, as far out as the low-tide mark. ‘T'he seeds are never dormant, but begin to germinate as soon as mature, whether in air, earth, or water. They always grow where not wanted, and do not always grow where they are wanted. S. C. Hastings read a short paper on “ Correlation of Forces, and the Indestructibility of Matter.” Reclamation of Swamp Lands. BY CHAS. D. GIBBES, C.E. T'he various modes by which swamp and overflowed lands may best be re- claimed and brought into a state of cultivation will of course depend on many circumstances, of which the nature of the soil is one of the chief considerations ; also, the rise and fall of the tides, together with sluices of sufficient capacity properly placed to drain the land in the interior, at least eighteen inches below the general level of the surface. ‘These are essential conditions, on which alone the work of reclamation can be commenced with any hope of success. This subject divides itself into so many branches, minute in themselves, yet ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 293 each in its place important to the whole, that we can only give a few condensed remarks, in the hope of their being useful to those who are reclaiming, and to show some of the errors-in the present manner of draining. Dratnace.—The first thing to be examined is the difference of level between the interior of the land to be leveed, and the bank of the river or slough on which the dike is to be constructed; and in order to know the required depth of the ditch to enable it to keep the waters down to a level of 18 or 20 inches below the surface of the interior. Frequently, however, one or more small sloughs extend into the interior, which are of great advantage, forming a natural reservoir and drain for dis- charging the surplus water at every low tide. The difference in the level of the land is frequently two or three feet. Trwes.—The next thing to be considered is the tides. In each lunar day of 24 h. 50 m., there are generally two high and two low tides, which are un- equal in height and occur at unequal intervals. Ina series of observations on the tide, taken by me last summer on the coast in San Mateo County, the result of one day shows thus: Commencing at low water large, it rose 4.1 feet to high water small, then fell 1.7 to low water small, then rose again 1.3 feet to high water large, making a total rise 6.7 feet, then fell 7.5 to low water large. Now, for some distance above the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, the greatest rise and fall of the tide is about 6 feet ; high water small would average perhaps 314 feet above low water large; and low water small about two feet above. A flood-gate at a level with the lowest water would be most of the time under water, and therefore afford but a very short run in the discharge of the water. Froop Garrs.—In the attempt to reclaim our tule lands, the flood gates have been a great source of trouble and expense, from the imperfect manner in which they are constructed and secured. In many places, no calculation having been made for the amount of pressure they have to sustain, they frequently give way, and the sluice box is sometimes canted with one end 4 or 5 feet lower than the other. The reason is evident. I speak now more particularly of the large sluices at the mouth of sloughs that are dammed; they have generally been made of an open box twenty or thirty feet in length, ten or twelve feet wide, and placed at the level of low tide ; the levee being five or six feet high gives a gate, say ten feet wide, twelve feet deep, and three or four inches thick. This heavy gate, equal to about one-half a ton, is placed in the center of the box. Consider, now, what a loss of powera small body of water, perhaps only one or two feet in depth, has to raise the gate in discharging. But this is not the only error—we come now to the Pressure or Water.—The weight of a cubic foot of fresh water is 6214 pounds. Water standing in an enclosure presses with equal force on the bot- tom and the sides at the junction, but the force on the sides will be in com- pound ratio of its depth. The pressure of a column of water a foot square and six feet deep = 375 pounds, but the side pressure = 1,31214 pounds. 294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA . Suppose we have an open sluice box twenty feet in length by ten feet wide with the gate in the center, 10x10 the square of the bottom outside of the gate — 100 square feet X 375 pounds = 37,500 pounds or 1834 tons; and the pressure of each column, 1,31234 pounds, X 10 feet wide = 13,125 pounds or 614 tons on the gate ; width of water has no influence on side pressure. Now, we gencrally find that these sluice boxes stand for some time until the water inside is reduced to the level of low tide, when there being no resistance on the inside of the gate to counteract the enormous pressure outside, it gives way gradually day by day, until at last it is not surprising that it sinks outside and cants up inside; particularly when there is is no sheet piling, only some inch or 1% inch boards 6 or 7 feet long put in the mud and tacked on at each end. The same case occurs with the dams unless made sufficiently strong to stand the pressure, which against a dam one hundred feet in length is at high tide about 6514 tons. We have been referring to quiescent water; but in considering the force of waves driven by wind, the pressure of flood tides, or the strength of a strong current against the embankment or flood-gates, a large allowance must be made 3. it is scarcely possible, however, to reduce them to calculation, but we may safely add one-fourth to the pressure. Great care should therefore be taken in selecting a site for a dam or flood- gate, to avoid those spots that are exposed to any great currents or rush of tidal waters, particularly where a stream suddenly narrows, as there the tide comes up very strong; and also to its exposure with respect to the prevailing winds.. Where fresh-water swamp lands are adjacent to high land, catchwater drains should be made to intercept the upland or external waters and conduct them off to a separate outlet. The small sluices* from the ditches or drains inside of the levee should be placed, if possible, sufficiently above the ordinary low water to allow it to have five or six hours run between tide and tide, beginning at half ebb and coatinu- ing to half flood tide ; if placed at low water, the gate would be shut sooner by ‘return of tide, although so long as the weight of the water inside is greater, so long will it continue to run. The best level, therefore, to afford the longest run, is probably between the mid-tide level and the lowest low water, or in fact as high as it will admit to drain the low land in the interior, 18 or 20 inches. The trunk or box sluice has been used in the rice fields of South Carolina upwards of a hundred years, and has been found to answer better than any other. A good size for our use is about six feet wide by eightecn inches deep, with selfacting tide gates; if made of redwood, and put in properly, they would last a long time, stand firmer, and are not liable to be thrown out of level by the pressure of water. They should be put down while you are making the embankment, as it is useful in keeping the land drained, and so facilitates the work. It is now more than twelve years since I furnished these plans to a gentleman on the San Joaquin, who found them to work well on his place. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 295 The trunk dock connecting the outer end of the trunk with the river should be wider than the sluice-box, so as to allow the free egress of the water, and should also be deeper than low tide, The flood-gates now being in place, we can proceed to build the Lever.—The materials of which the embankment is to be constructed will govern in a great measure the other requisites to be attended to in its forma- tion. These materials differ essentially on the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers in different localities. On the San Joaquin, we generally find a sod or turf of a peaty formation, which shrinks when dry about one-third, becomes very light, and can either be burnt up or floated away ; while on the Sacramento it is com- posed of two kinds. In some places the turf has a sedimentary deposit of clay, which makes it firmer, heavier, and not so liable to burn. In other places, the banks of the river are sandy, which is the most difficult material to manage, | and the least to be depended on ; it melts away like sugar in water. The first consideration is to determine the height of the levee to keep out the ordinary summer freshets, but it will not answer to have the levee of the same level, for in certain places it will be found necessary to raise it ; for instance, I examined the water marks of the flood of 71 and’72 on trees about a mile apart on the same island, where the bank was apparently the same height above ordinary tide, and found a difference of six to eight inches, which was caused by the confluence of two currents backing the water above. Having determined the height that you wish to construct your levee, add at least one-fifth for shrinkage, and build it the proper height at once. The distance from the ditch to the inner slope of the levee should be at least twelve or fifteen feet, and from the outer margin to the river not less than thirty feet, and in some cases more ; but it will depend a great deal on the for- mation of the bank, exposure to currents and winds. The inner slope should be 11g to 1; and the outer slope not less than 3 to 1; or follow nature as far as possible, as the downward pressure of the water will assist to keep the levee in place, and the broader the base will enable it to re- sist the inward pressure, which, with a flood of five feet on the levee, will equal 4534 tons on every hundred feet in length, without allowing for the force of the current or wind. While the levee is yet wet, sow mesquit or bermuda grass seeds on it, either of which will form a good sod to protect and bind the levee together and pre- vent it from cracking; also, would form a good pasture fora few sheep or Angora goats. Care should be exercised in running ditches into the interior ; first, the ground should be examined that you do not cut through float land, second, to ascertain the level ; for I have known a contract let to Chinamen to dig a ditch three feet deep, and when completed the water ran back and flooded the low land. Unless your levees and flood gates are properly constructed it is only a waste of money to attempt reclamation. I would strongly urge the attention of the farmers in our swamp lands to 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA the cultivation of the upland rice. The yellow or golden rice is best adapted both to wet and dry culture. It produces from fifty to one hundred bushels of rough rice to the acre; prospers best ona level, sandy soil, inclined to moisture. Bois p’Arc.—I would cail attention also to the Bois d’are, or Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca). I have seen it in its native state, in the swamps of the Bois d’are fork of Trinity River, Texas, where it grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two or three feet, and is one of the most beau-- tiful of the native trees ; the wood is one of the most durable in the world, and is remarkably strong, elastic, and tough ; of a beautiful yellow color, close grain, receiving the finest polish, making it valuable for furniture, and is used in Texas for wagon wheels, as not liable to shrink. For ship-building, it is esteemed pref- erable to live oak ; and by the Indians is preferred for bows to all other woods. It also yields a yellow dye. For an ornamental tree, it is most graceful, with its dark green foliage, hard smooth bark, drooping branches, and large orange-colored fruit. It forms a good belt or hedge row for sheltering gardens, vineyards, or orchards, is of a rapid growth, and has formidable thorns for hedges. A plan- tation of Osage orange, set out now, would in a few years afford most valuable timber, that would pay well; and sprouts grow rapidly from the stumps, soon re- newing the timber cut. i Notes on some Tertiary Fossils from the California Coast, with a List of the Species obtained from a Well at San Diego, California, with Descriptions of two New Species.* BY W. H. DALL, U.S. COAST SURVEY. The following list comprises the majority of the forms preseated by Mr. Hemphill to the Academy, which were collected by him from the débr-73 brought up in sinking a well at San Diego. Most of them are from a depth of 140 to ‘160 feet below the surface. They are generally in very good preservation, the matrix being a fine sand, in some cases hardly consolidated at all, and in others quite hard from infiltration of lime and other minerals. The important bearing which the careful determination of all our tertiary fossils has on questions of the present and past geographical distribution of the mollusea, I need hardly impress on the attention of the Academy : . Glottidia albida, Dall ex Hinds. . Aylotrya, sp. indet. Tube only. . Cryptomya Californica, Conr. [Ch es) Solen rosaccus, Cpr. . Solecurtus Californianus, Conr. . Macoma (var. ?) expansa, Cpr. . Callista, sp. indet. Smooth, inflated, thin; much like Callista Neweombiana, erroneously described as Lioconcha by Gabb. OS = * Printed in advance, March 26th, 1874. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 297 8. Cardium centifilosum, Cpr. 9. Venericardia borealis, Conr. 10. Lucina Nuttallii, Conr. 11. Lueina borealis, Linn, 12. Lucina tenuisculpta, Cpr. 13. Oryptodon flexwosus, Mont. 14, Modiola recta, Conr. 15, Arca microdonta, Conv. 16. Nucula, sp. n. according to Dr. Cooper; named in MSS. by Carpenter. Looks much like NV, ¢enwis. 17. Acila Lyallii, Baird. This species has been frequently reported as castrensis, Hds. 18. Leda coelata, Hinds. 19, Pecten hastatus, Sby. 20. Amusium caurinum, Gld. ,21. Janira florida, Hds. 22. Ostrea conchaphila, Opv. 23. Placunanomia macroschisma, Desh. 24. Tornatina eximia, Baird. 25. Cylichna cylindracea, Linn. 26. Dentalium heaagonum, Sby. 27. Dentalium semipolitum, B. and 8. 28. Siphonodentalium pusillum (?), Gabb. 29. Calliostoma annulatum, Mart. 30. Galerus filosus, Gabb, as Trochita. 31. Crepidula navicelloides, Nutt. 32. Crepidula princeps, Conr. This is not grandis of Midd. 33. Turritella Jewettii, Cpr. 34, Biltiwm asperum, Cpr. 35. Myurella simplex, Cpr. 36-89. Drillia, sp. indet. This and three other forms of Dri//ia so closely resemble Gulf forms, that it is inadvisable to describe them without a comparison of specimens. 40, Surcula Carpenteriana, Gabb, and variety Tryoniana, can hardly be separated as species. The transition is very gradual and complete. 41. Mangelia variegata, Cpr. 42-45. Mangelia, spp. indet. The same remark applies here as to No. 36. 46. Clathurella Conradiana, Gabb. The specimens are slightly stouter than Gabb’s figure, but vary among themselves in this respect, and in other characters are similar to his species. 47. Odostomia straminea, Cpr. var. 48. Odostomia, sp. indet. Very imperfect. 49. Chemnitzia torquata, Cpr. 50. Hulima rutila, Cpr. 51. Scalaria subcoronata, Cpr. 52-55. Cancellaria, 4 spp. indet. Most of them, as far as memory serves, resemble southern forms not at hand for comparison, 56. Meverita Recluziana, Petit. 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA 547. Sigaretus debilis, Gld. 58. Ranella Mathewsonii, Gabb. 59. Olivella betica, Cpr. 60. Nassa fossata, Gld. 61. Massa mendica, Gld. 62. Astyris tuberosa, Cpr. 63. Astyris, sp. indet. jun. 64. Ocinebra lurida, Cpr. 65. Pteronotus festivus, Hinds. 66. Trophon orpheus, Gld. 67. Fusus (Colus) Dupetit-Thouarsi ? Kien. 68. Chrysodomus, n. s. Too imperfect for description, but very distinct ; perhaps a Volutopsis, as the nucleus would indicate. 69. Chrysodomus Diegoénsis, n. 8. Shell large, solid, fusiform ; apparently, when fresh, of a brownish yellow color; sculpture consisting of regular, even, rounded, spiral ridges, slightly larger toward the anterior end of the last whorl, with from two to four sharp grooves intercalated between each two of the primary ridges, forming fine and small secondary threads of spiral sculpture. On the posterior whorls these are crossed by slightly oblique waves or plications, evanescent toward the sutures and strongest on the apical whorls. On the last whorl and a half these are ab- sent. The posterior fourth of the whorls slightly impressed and the sutures appressed. Whorls eight and a half, periphery rounded. Canal short, re- curved, siphonal fasciole short and strong. Outer lip slightly thickened behind the edge, inner lip covered with an even callus. Columella smooth, slightly arched ; throat with internal sharp threads, as in C. dius, ending some distance behind the edge of the outer lip. Leneth, 4.0 inches; width, 1.75 inches. Length of aperture, 1.8 inches. Deflection, 42°. The upper whorls of this shell bear a slight resemblance to Siphonalia Kel- lettii ; though the transverse waves are very different from the knobs of that species. There appears to be no special reason for referring the present form to Siphonalia, while it presents so great a resemblance to many Chrysodomt. Habitat, with other tertiary fossils, in a sand-bed cut through by a well- shaft, at San Diego, California, at a depth below the surface of about one hun- dred and fifty feet. Besides these are several small bivalves, which belong to different species ; but the specimens are too imperfect for description, or even recognition. On an examination of the list it will be seen, that of sixty-nine specimens only three are strictly Miocene, while many are reported by Gabb as extending from the Miocene to the present epoch. Of fifteen indeterminate species, some will probably prove to be new, though I have only felt justified in describing one species, from the lack of specimens for comparison. The age of the deposit, in general terms, may be taken as Pliocene ; though it is evident that the different epochs of the Tertiary are not as sharply sepa- rated on this coast as in some other parts of the world. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. _ 299 Among a number of Tertiary fossils from Cerros Island, Lower California, presented to the Academy by Lieut.-Commander Kennedy, of the U.S. C.S. steamer Hassler, are a number of brachiopods. These vary very widely in form and sculpture, some being ovoid and perfectly smooth, except for lines of growth, while others are much more transverse, and provided with radiating ribs varying in number and strength. The extreme forms appear very distinct ; yet, so per- fectly is the transition expressed in the large number of specimens before me, that I cannot consider them as forming more than one species. In most of them an internal septum is evident externally through the shell, indicating that they belong to the genus Waldheimia. This is rendered certain by an examination which I made of the interior of several specimens, and in which I discovered the loop, more or less injured, but unmistakably that of a Waldheimia. Having sub- mitted specimens to Thomas Davidson, F.R.S., of Brighton, England—the most eminent authority on fossil brachiopoda—he has kindly informed me that he considers the species to be new. The following description will serve to characterize it : Waldheimia Kennedyi, n. 8. Shell solid, ovoid to transverse in form, moderately inflated ; surface rough- ened by lines of growth, occasionally forming slight ridges ; generally furnished with radiating, rounded ribs, growing coarser toward the margin, but in some instances totally destitute of them. These ribs may be as few as six in number, and very coarse ; or may be much more numerous, and nearly evanescent, which is the usual form. The perfectly smooth ones are less common. ‘The anterior margin of the valves is more or less flexuous, the convexity being in the neural valve. The beak is prominent, and much recurved, usually rather short. The foramen, when not broken or eroded, is small, and closed below by very small deltidia, which are usually lost or broken away. ‘The area is ill defined, except in the most transverse specimens, and is marked by two and sometimes three grooves radiating toward the hinge margin from the foramen. The internal septum extends from one-third to one-half the distance from the hinge margin to the anterior edge of the heemal valve. The cardinal border is strongly arched. The cardinal teeth are stout and short, and there are no pits behind or below them, The dimensions of one of the most transverse specimens are as follows : Lon., 1.10 in. Lon. of hemal valve, 0.97 in. Lat., 1.15 in. Diameter, 0.65 ; while one of extreme ovoid form measures as follows: Lon., 1.15 in.; of hemal valve, 1.03 in. ; lat., 1.10 in. ; diameter, 0.83 in. Habitat, in beds of Miocene age, Cerros Island, Lower California, associated with Ostrea Veatchii, Gabb, and O. gallus, Val., Pecten subnodosus, var. Veatchii, Gabb, and P. Cerrosensis, Gabb. Dr. Gibbons made some brief allusions to the reported volcanic action at Bald Mountain, which, he believed, was the result of chemical actions, similar to those at our own Geysers. 300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA The Corresponding Secretary read a circular from the Agassiz Memorial Committee, urging scientific men everywhere to assist in placing the museum founded by Agassiz on a permanent financial footing. Some discussion ensued concerning the preparation of a new Constitution, and a resolution was adopted authorizing the Trustees to select such assistance, from the Academy at large, as they thought proper, and prepare a Constitution, to be presented to the Academy within six months from date. Re@uLaR Meetine, Aprin 207TH, 1874. Vice President in the Chair. The election of new members was postponed until the next meet- ing. Donations to the Museum: Dr. George W. Woods, Surgeon U.S. Navy, presented through his brother, I. C. Woods, the fol- lowing articles, which were collected during four years’ cruising in our naval vessels in the Pacific Ocean: Ball of Sennit, made from cocoanut fiber, from Ponape, Ascension Island; Mat made from banana leaf, from Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Mili; Belt made from banana leaf, from Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Milii; Matting made from the leaf of the banana, from Ponape, Ascension Island ; Rope made. from cocoanut, covered with banana fiber, from Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Milii; Cocoanuts for carrying water, from Ponape, Ascension Island; Head decorations, from Navigator Islands ; Belts made from banana leaf, woven in native loom, from Caroline Group; Belts made from banana leaf, woven in native loom, worn by the chiefs of Ponape, Ascension Island; Neck decorations, from Butari Tari, Marshall Islands; Grass skirt, from Ponape, Ascension Island, made from banana leaf, worn by the females of all the islands of Micronesia, except the Marshall group; Bustle, worn with the grass skirt, by the males of Mulgrave Island, Atoll ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 301 of Milii; Grass skirt made of pandannus leaf, worn over bustle, by the males of Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Milli; Suit of armor, made from fiber of the cocoanut, from Island of Apaiaing, Gilbert group, Micronesia; Head-dress, from Ponape, Ascension Island ; Head-dress, from Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Mili; Fish-hooks made from pearl oyster shell, Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Mili; Neck Decorations of Shells, from Mulgrave Island, Atoll of Mili; Two Bats, from Kusai, or Strong’s Island, Caroline group; Head- scratcher, from Marshall Island, worn over the ear; ‘“ Kawa’”’ cup, from Council House, Island of Ascension—the Kawa is chewed in the mouths of young girls, expectorated into these cups, where it ferments, becomes intoxicating, and is drank by the men in their revels ; Water-dipper made from the bill of an Aquatic bird, from northwest coast of America; Basket, from Puget Sound, made by the natives ; Model of a Canoe, from Neah Bay. From E. Gruber, the following birds (stuffed) : Mussel Thrush, (Turdus viscivorus) Chestnut-back Titmouse, (Parus rufescens ) Black-cap Titmouse, (Parqus ater) Chaffinch, (Fringilla eclebs) Pied Wagtail, (Motacilla alba) House Sparrow, (Passer domes- ticus) Bay-breasted Warbler, (Dendroica castanea) Song Thrush, (Turdus musicus). From J.C. Merrill & Co., a collection of fishing implements, lines, bows, bundle of arrows, and a rock with a polished groove, supposed to have been used for sharpening spears and other imple- ments, from the South Pacific Islands. From W. W. Russel, a cluster of Barnacles, from bottom of ship Miliceti, after a voyage of six months and three days, from Bom- bay to Liverpool. ‘Thirteen tons of these barnacles were taken from the bottom of the ship. Also, from same gentleman a Rock-boring Mollusca, from the Choumagin Islands; also, Egg of small black terrapin. From E. F. Lorquin, rare specimen of Crab, (Loxorhynchus grandis, Stimpson) from Santa Barbara. W.N. Lockington presented a specimen of Cancer magister of Dana, the common edible crab of San Francisco ; Palinurus in- terruptus, the crawfish of the markets; two species of Orchestia, or sandhoppers ; two species of lizards; a fresh water salamander ; 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA a curious insect found running on dry sand, among the debris left by the tide near Fort Point. Donations to the Library : Monatsbericht der Konig. Preuss. Akad. Wis- senschaften zu Berlin, May, 1873, and Jan. 1874 ; Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Viertes Heft, Berlin, 1873; Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VII., No. 4, Montreal, 1874; American Naturalist, April, 1874; California Horticulturist, April, 1874; Nature, Vol. 1X., Nos. 228, 229; Popular Science Monthly, April ; American Journal of Science and Art, April, 1874 ; Descriptive Catalogue of Photographs of the U.S. Geological Survey of the Territories, 1869 and 1873 ; Bulletin Minnesota Acad. Nat. Science, 1874; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, Oct., Nov., and Dec., 1873; Engineering and Mining Journal, Nos. 12,13, 14, and 15, Vol. XVII. ; Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, No. 2, Washington, D. C., 1870. Dr. Fourgeaud read a paper entitled ‘ General scientific hypo- thesis, as an introduction to a work on evolution of the organic and inorganic world.” A resolution was passed by the Academy, re- questing Dr. Fourgeaud to deliver a copy of his paper to the Secre- tary, so that the matter will not be lost, if not published in the contemplated work. The following is an abstract of a paper read : On Shell Mounds in Oakland, California, BY A. S. -HUDSON, M.D. Some two miles north of the City Hall, Oakland, on the shore of the bay, are conspicuous two tumuli, which are composed of shells. They are situated ona low, level tract of alluvial land. On one of these, which is some 300 feet in diameter at base, the dwelling house of Mr. W. stands, surrounded with shrubbery. The shells are so much decayed on the surface, that plants and trees find perpetual moisture and grow without irrigation. A well 30 feet deep sunk in this ancient pile passed through a layer of shells 12 feet deep be- fore the native black soil was reached. A vault dug 10 feet went through shells interpersed with layers of ashes and charcoal. Back and west of the house is a bold tumulus of more strength of feature. It is within a few yards of the shore of the bay; the shore or west side of the mound is thickly belted with willow trees. No deep exploration into this mound has been made, but it seems composed wholly of shells, a few animal bones, and occasional fragments of charcoal. It it 240 feet in diameter at the base and circular in shape, trun- cated at the summit, which is 150 feet in diameter. Without accurate meas- urement, it is estimated to be 35 to 40 feet high. From the north side runs an arm or a kind of pan-handle, 270 feet long, and originally 5 or 6 feet high. About two feet of the surface of this pan-handle has been scraped off by the ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 303 ' proprietor of the Jand, to fill up a “ pond hole” which lay immediately at the east side of it. A few human bones, and some mortars and pestles, were ex- humed by the plow and scraper. The mound now occupied for a dwelling-place is analagous to the kitchen- middens of Denmark. Not so with the neighboring tumulus, which evinces design. The pyramidal mound—represented in the accompaning sketch—can- not be looked upon as the result of accident. It is as shapely in outline as a well laid pile of brick or stone. Abbe Domenech, who spent seven years among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Pacific, says: “Indians do no special work for mere whim or pastime—they have a definite object in their labor.” This mound bespeaks a similar sentiment. It conveys the idea that human hands gave it existence and figure, for a purpose. That purpose may have been for an oratory, for sacrificial customs, or feasts for the tribal chiefs. Dr. Gibbons called the attention of the Academy to some pota- toes, which had grown from last year’s crop, coming to maturity this year, without throwing up any shoots above ground. He stated that last year he communicated the fact to the Academy, that in the spring of the year some potatoes were found in the ground, the tubers having apparently developed during the winter, without a stem. In Dr. Gibbons’ garden there are now quite a number of different sized potatoes of recent formation, without stems, or with very little stem. How they got into the earth and how they were produced is the question. Last summer there were small potatoes left in the ground from the growth of the season. During the winter they probably passed into maturity, until they had at- tained the size of an egg and larger, when they throw up a stem. It is a strange fact in vegetable economy, if not in agriculture. I recently noticed a statement concerning volunteer potatoes, per- haps like these, to the effect that they were watery. These, though large, are not very good. As soon as they begin to throw up a shoot, they stop growing. It then takes the place of a tuber and throws out roots. Mr. Gibbes announced that Major Sparrow Purdy, a corres- ponding member of the Academy, now at the head of a large ex- pedition in Upper Egypt, had been making an extensive collection of curiosities for the museum of the Academy. Major Purdy may be able to ship his collection so that it will arrive in August. 7 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA - ReeutaR Muetine, May 41TH, 1874. Vice—President in the Chair. Fifty members present. The following gentlemen were elected resident members: Robert ©. Rogers, Solomon Heydenfeldt, Jr., William C. Randolph, Wil- liam T’. Reilly, Dr. W. J. Younger, G. W. Anthony, Stephen H. Phillips, B. B. Redding, T. J. Lowry, J. Stephen Jones, Wil- liam Brooks, W. C. Burnett. Dr. D. E. Hungerford was elected a corresponding member. Donations to the museum: Specimen of Spanish moss, presented by Mrs. Richard Chenery. Piece of Tapa cloth, presented by Mrs. Bridges. Donations to the Library: From Mrs. Bridges, ancient book, printed in the Spanish language, published at Lima. Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. VL, Nos. 1 and 2, Salem, Mass., 1874. Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, Vol. XVI, Part II, June, 1873, Jan. 1874. Bulletin of Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. I, No. 4. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Society, London, 1874, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, April, 1874. Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Leipzig, 1874. Astronomical Regis- ter, No. 136, London, 1874. Journal of Botany, London, April, 1874. So- ciété Entomologique de Belgique. Proceedings, No. 97, Brussels, 1874. Nature, Vol. IX., Nos. 227, 230, and 231 ; American Chemist, Vol. IV., No. 10, Phila., April 1874. Bulletin Essex Institute, Vol. V, Nos. 11 and 12, Salem, 1873. Société Entomologique de Belgique, No. 96. Scientific papers by Isaac Lea, 8vo., Phila., 1874. Twenty-first Annual Report Mercantile Library Association. Astronomical Register, March, 1874. Journal of Botany, March, 1874. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, March, 1874. Cal- ifornia Horticulturist, 1874. Overland Monthly for April, 1874. American Chemist, March, 1874. Monatsbericht der Konig Preuss Akad. der Wissen- schaften zu Berlin, Dec., 1873. Report of State Board of Health for years 1871-2-3, from A. B. Stout. S. C. Hastings read a paper ‘‘ On the alleged mysterious oc- currences at the Clarke mansion, in Oakland.”’ Mr. J. P. Dameron made some verbal remarks on radiates. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 305 Dr. Fourgeaud read a continuation of his paper, read at the pre- ceding meeting. Rey. Albert Wiliams and Mr. Bloomer took exceptions to some assertions in Dr. Fourgeaud’s paper, and after some discussion on the subject, the Academy adjourned. Reeutar Merrtinc, May 18rn, 1874. Vice—President in the Chair. Fifty-three members present. Rev. E. L. Greene and Robt. T. Van Norden were elected resident members. Donations to the Museum: Prof. Bolander donated a valuable collection, embracing two packages of plants from the Cape of Good Hope, and four packages from Europe, all identified and la- beled. G. W. Michael, Jr., presented silicious petrifications of roots, from San Luis Obispo County. 8. R. Throckmorton presented a specimen of Rhinobatus productus, caught in the bay off Black Point. This fish is described by Dr. Ayres in the second volume of the Proceedings of the Academy. Henry Edwards presented twenty-six specimens of crustacea, from the coast of Mexico. A specimen of petrified oak, found 100 feet below the surface, at Dutch Flat, was presented by a member. Donations to the Library : Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis, Vol. III, No. 1, 1873. Statistisches Jahrbuck der Stadt Pest Erster Jahrgang, Pest. 1873. Viehrzenter Bericht der Oberheisischen Gesellchaft fiér Natur und Heilkunde, Geissen, Apl. 1873. The Ancient Vessel found in Norway, Christiana, 1872. Manuel Elementaire de |’Art Heraldique, par Madame M***, Brussels, 1840. Notions Elementaires des Sciences Naturelles, etc., in 3 parts, par Chas. Morren, 12mo., Tieze, 1822. Palines et Couromnes de l’Horticultural de Belgique, ete., par Chas. Morren, Liege, 1851. La Mala- die Actuelle des Pommes de Terre, etc., par Chas. Morren, Paris, 1845. No- s 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA tice sur Chas. Morren, par Ed. Morren, 12mo. Bruxelles, 1860. Rapport Seculaire sur les Travaux de Botanique, 1772—1872, 8vo., par Kd. Morren. L’Horticulture a l’Exposition Universelle de Paris de 1867, par Kd. Morren. Bruxelles, 1870. Memorial der Naturaliste et au Cultivateur, par Ed. Morren et Andre de Vos, 8vo., Liege, 1872. In addition to the usual exchanges, seven volumes of the ‘“‘ Phytologist,” a standard botanical work, were added, by purchase, to the Library. Dr. Fourgeaud read a paper on ‘‘ Some of the relations of mat- ter and space.” Dr. Fourgeaud also read a paper in reply to the exceptions taken by members to certain statements made by him in a paper read at the meeting of May 4th, 1874. S. C. Hastings read a paper ‘“ On Electrical Phenomena on this Coast.” A member submitted for inspection shells of the Hastern trans- planted oyster, which were covered with the spat of young oysters. It was a question whether the spat was that of the native Califor- nia oyster or the propagation of the transplanted bivalve, and oystermen, whom he had consulted, were unable to determine the point. Mr. Throckmorton, State Commissioner of Fisheries, stated that he had investigated the matter, and found that the spat was that of the California oyster. It was found on the shells of Hast- ern oysters only where they had been transplanted in the vicinity of native beds. As yet, the Eastern oyster had developed no ten- dency to increase in these waters. They were short-lived here, becoming very fat, and dying within a year after being placed in the bay. The experiment of transplanting Eastern oysters thus far has been a failure. Ree@uLtaR Meerine, June Ist, 1874. Vice—President in the Chair. Forty-five members present. John H. Saunders, G. Parker Cummings, and Wm. Dutch were elected resident members. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 307 Donations to the Museum: A collection of ancient pottery, the specimens artistically wrought and perfectly preserved, was ex- hibited. The Vice President stated that the collection had lately been consigned to him for the Academy, but no communication in reference thereto had yet reached him. It was believed that the specimens came from Peru, and had been sent by Benjamin Smith or James Freeborn, two members of the Academy who are now traveling in South America. W. H. Turner presented the pupa of a large species of beetle, native of Mexico. Mr. Chapman presented specimen of Suisun marble. W. N. Lockington donated three cases of insects. D. W. C. Gaskell, of Forbestown, left on exhibition remarkably well-preserved teeth of the mastodon ; also, tusk of a fossil elephant, found at New York Flat, Yuba County, found in auriferous gravel, on the bedrock, fifteen feet below the surface. Donations to the Library: George C. Hiekox presented an an- tique volume entitled, “‘ A Catalogue and Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities belonging to the Royal Society, and Preserved at Gresham College, by Nehemiah Grew, M.D., Fel- low of the Royal Society and of the College of Physicians, Lon- don. Printed by W. Rawlins for the author, 1681.” Improved Method of Observing Altitudes of the Sun at Sea. BY T. J. LOWRY, U. S. COAST SURVEY. The science and art of navigation stand among the proudest achievements of modern thought and research. ‘The accurate determination of the places of the fixed stars, and of the motion and position of the members of the solar sys- tem, gave the navigator numerous well determined points for observation. But the attainment of a corresponding perfection in fashioning instruments has ever baffled human skill, and ever will. For although we are entitled to look for wonders at the hands of the artist, we cannot expect miracles! And we hence see that the demands of the astronomer, and even the nautical astronomer or navigator, will always surpass the power of the instrument maker. They must therefore so combine their observations, so familiarize themselves with all the causes which may produce instrumental derangement, and with all the peculiari- ties of structure and material of each instrument used, as not to allow them- selves to be misled by its errors, but to extract from their indications all that is true and reject all that is erroneous. Itis true that the astronomer can so weigh his observations in the balance of Proc, Cau, AoAD, Scor., VoL. V.—20. DECEMBER, 1874. + 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA the method of least squares, and so thoroughly sift them by Pierce’s criterion, that hardly the trace ofa large error remains ; and the more minute errors, being casual and accidental, sometimes lie one way, sometimes the other ; sometimes diminishing and sometimes tending to increase the results. And, inasmuch as the theory of probabilities tells us that these accidental errors are as liable to lie one way as the other, we hence have but to greatly multiply our observations under varied circumstances and take the mean or average of the results obtained, and we have this class of errors so far subdued, by thus setting them to destroy- ing one another, that they no longer sensibly vitiate our practical results. This principle of repetition, though so simple in theory and so beautiful in practice, when the instrument and observer are upon a firm basis, utterly fails of application where the observer and his instrument are tossed alike on the ocean’s wave, and the object observed is “ on wing.’”’ It becomes therefore im- perative upon the navigator, if he would trace accurately his ship’s path over the trackless ocean, that he attain rigorous correctness in the results of “ each ” of his instrumental measurements ; and to this end, his constant care and vigilance must be directed to the detection and compensation of errors, either by annhil- ating or taking account of and allowing for them. This latter method of tak- ing account of and allowing for errors, is that ordinarily pursued by the navi gator; but it has navigated so many noble ships to the bottom of the sea, that the voice of humanity and the interests of commerce alike demand such a mod- ification of the methods of observation, and the forms of the instruments, as to annihilate effectually and alike errors inherent in the observer, in the instrument, and in the atmosphere. In the method of taking observations now generally practiced by the navi- gator, instrumental adjustments, atmospheric refraction, and the impressibility of the optic nerve, are all depended upon as constant and invariable during the ob- servations ; while, in fact, they all are ever fluctuating. The ever-varying fluc- tuations of heat and cold are continually changing the amount of atmospheric refraction, as also that.of every instrumental adjustment. And it is a well ‘known fact in optics that the irradiation (which causes bright objects to appear larger than they really are) varies with the length of time during which we look upon the object, during the first few moments of observation gradually de- creasing; and then, as the optic nerve becomes fatigued, the optical illusion (irradiation) reappears magnified ten-fold. These are not mere speculative sources of errors, but practical annoyances, which every observer has to contend with—the incompetent navigator, of course, slurring them over as refinements too delicate to deal with, while he attributes the error thus introduced into his position to the action of imaginary ocean currents ; but the thorough navigator meets these errors fairly, and sets about annihilating them. Yet it may be in- teresting to those navigators who insist on neglecting these finer instrumental errors, to know that very many of the sextants used in navigating vessels have an eccentricity ranging from one to four minutes, which is often aggrayated by parallax of index-glass ; and his positions are vitiated to the full extent of these neglected errors. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 309 By the ordinary method of observing successive contacts of the opposing limbs of the sun with the horizon, even if the mind from one observation to the other retains fresh and full the vision of the contact, still the observer will fail to make the contact of the horizon with the perimeter of the sun at equal distances from its center, because he makes these contacts at different instants of time, when the eye is differently affected by irradiation and fatigue. And hence, what would appear one moment a delicate contact, would one minute afterward be wide of the mark. And thus it is, in the observations thus made with an instrument that is varying, with a vision that is varying, and through an atmosphere that is varying, we can clearly see the source of the errors which have lured many an unsuspecting ship fatally onward against rocks and reefs. By the method which I now propose, and with the form of instrument herein designated, we avoid in part, and in the remainder essentially annihilate, these most fruitful sources of errors. By placing within the instrument itself the means of self-correction, we have the most effectual checks upon its errors of construction and the changes of its adjustments. Thus, from very simple geometrical con- siderations, it may be easily shown that the errors of eccentricity and of gradu- ation are totally eliminated by the mean of the readings of two verniers 180 deg. apart, and by measuring the angles on different parts of the arc; and by using an index-glass susceptible of reversal between the parts of a set of obser- vations, we banish every trace of error from parallax of index-glass from our results. And every error of observation—such as arise, for example, from in- expertness, defective vision, slowness in seizing the exact instant of occurrence of a phenomenon, and from atmospheric indistinctness, and insufficient optical power in the instrument—are all alike essentially checked by observing the con- tacts of the two opposing limbs of the sun with the horizon at the same instant. Now, since we have the contacts of the upper and lower limbs of the sun in the field of view at the same moment, we have before our eyes a most thorough check on the character of the contacts, since by direct and instantaneous opti- cal comparison we make each of them equally well, And, moreover, since we make the contacts of both limbs of the sun with the horizon at the same in- stant, we have in “each sight’’ an altitude, complete in itself, without the aid of a supposition of the constancy of atmospheric refraction, or the stability of in- strumental adjustments, or the constancy of the impressibility of the optic nerve, or the aid of memory. But, as we cannot measure what we cannot see, it is obvious that by the or- dinary method of successive single contacts, those errors, too minute for low optical powers, enter and vitiate the results to their full extent. But by this method of double contacts at the same instant, we detect and avoid these errors, which would otherwise elude our vision. As for example, suppose we make what appears to be a contact of the upper limb of the sun with the hor- izon, and then by glancing at the other contact, of the lower limb and the hori- zon, in the same field of view, it will appear a contact equally nice as the other, if the first contact was exact, but if it was at all in error, then the second will be in error twice as much as the first ; and thus it is by doubling these errors, 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA which the eye cannot discern nor the touch perceive, are we enabled to sift them from our observations. Still, the observer should use the most powerful telescope available. ‘The improvement which I now propose, (besides a few other mat- ters of detail) in the ordinary reflecting angular instruments, is a device for duplicating the image of an object by optical means. This I accomplish by fixing an extra index-glass directly above, or in the same plane with that of the ordinary one of the reflecting repeating circle, and at an angle therewith equal to the apparent semi-diameter of the sun ; or per- haps, a more complete solution of the problem, is to fix a small sphere of Iceland spar on the direct line between the index and horizon glasses, (see Fig. No. 1) and thus obtain two images of the sun equally distinct (see s s’, Fig. No. 4). This sphere to be mounted in a light metallic frame, so connected with a micro- meter that its most delicate movements can be read off. In Fig. No. 2, ais the sun, and 0 its duplicated image, as seen in the horizon glass; and 6 is this same duplicated image brought in contact with the horizon ; ¢ is the position of the observer. Now, in observing, it makes but little difference whether these duplicated images are exactly tangent, slightly overlapping, or slightly separ- ‘ated, (as shown atd, f, and e, in Fig. No. 4) for in the first case we have but to bring the horizon to the point of tangency ; in the second, to bisect the two ex- terior angles ; or in the third, to bisect the space between the adjacent limbs of the sun. It is obvious that this method of observing the contacts of both limbs of the sun at the same instant is equally well adapted for double altitudes ; the appearance of the images then is shown at m,in Fig. No. 4. Other improve- ments which I have devised are: 1st. A reversable double reflecting index- glass, (see Fig. No. 3) which eliminates the error due to its parallax ; and 2d, making both faces of index-glass reflectors, and fixing a glass prism, with sil- vered hypothenuse, on the line of sight behind the index-glass, and at such an angle as to reflect the rays first reflected from the back face of index glass par- allel to the line of sight. This device enables us to measure any angle (shown in Fig. No.1). It is obvious that any two-angle reflecting instrument may also be made to give this duplication of images; and also give an altitude and its supplement at the same instant, and thus give us the algebraic sum of the existing refraction and dip. These improvements are all equally adapted and easily applied to any reflecting angular instrument. ‘ By making these attachments to the French reflecting, repeating circle, (see Fig. No.1) we have an instrument capable of not only eliminating its own errors, but those of observation, as well as those due to sudden atmospheric changes, and we have an instrument theoretically almost perfect. Through the efforts of Laplace, Newton, and Pierce, the theory of nautical astronomy has reached a point of perfection that only awaits the determination of the true dimensions of the solar system, (which it is hoped the next transit of Venus will give) to make it all that can be desired. ‘The invention of the chronometer has practically solved the problem of longitudes. And the needle of the mariner’s compass has felt the touch of a Ritchie, and trembles no more ; whilst Beecher and Davidson have given the navigator artificial horizons that CAL. ACAD. SCIENCES. IMPROVED METHOD OF OBSERVING ALTITUDES OF THE SUN AT SEA, LOWRY. (TO FACE PAGE 310.) eae he lab 4 aja ee sae ia jsnatd grat 18 us ey. ae eet vis ery ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 311 ’ leave but little to be desired in that direction. But still improved methods of observation are wanted to decrease the frightful number of marine disasters. And though the ideas here advanced are believed to be a step in the right direc- tion, yet they are also thrown out with a hope of eliciting from others a more complete solution of this problem, than which. none other more interests mankind. And the complete solution of it—that would make practical navi- gation one of the exact arts—would evoke the lasting gratitude of civilized man the world over. RecuLtar Meetine, June 151u, 1874. President in the Chair. Forty-six members present. A. E. Head was elected a life member, Charles T. Dake and James W. Winter resident members, and J. G. Lemmon and H. W. Howgate corresponding members. Donations to the Museum: W. N. Lockington presented several cases of insects, and some alcoholic specimens. Mr. Dameron pre- sented a lizard, from China, used for medicinal purposes ; also, a fossil, from Forest Hill, Placer County. Major William Ford pre- sented, through Messrs. Barry & Patten, a supposed weight for distension of thread, used in spinning, an aboriginal stone imple- ment, found twenty feet beneath the surface, in cement gravel, at Martinez, Contra Costa County, California. Mr. James Lick presented some fragments or pieces of the bat- tle-flag which waved over Fort McHenry, during its bombardment, on the 13th and 14th of September, 1814. Accompanying this gift was a letter from Mr. Lick, and one to him from Commodore George Henry Preble. Also, a pamphlet, containing description of flag, entitled, “‘ Three Historic Flags, and Three September Victories,” a paper read before the New England Historic Gene- 312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA alogical Society, July 9th, 1873, by George Henry Preble. The correspondence referred to is as follows: ComMMANDANT’s OrricE, Navy Yarp, ) rc PHILADELPHIA, June 6th, 1874. f James Lick, Esq. Dear Sir: Seeing in the paper this morning an account of your having left several thousand dollars to the city of San Francisco for the purpose of erect- ing a monument to the author of the “ Star Spangled Banner,’”’ I am prompted to send you a copy of my pamphlet, ‘Three Historic Flags,” which will give you a history of the flag of Fort McHenry, and a heliotype of the flag. I also enclose a few fragments of the flag itself, which is now in my charge, at the rooms of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, to which my friend, Captain William C. Parker, U. S. N., not long since proposed you as a cor- responding member. Excuse this intrusion from a stranger in admiration of your noble generosity, and I am, Very truly, yours, GEO. HENRY PREBLE, Commodore U. 8. N., Commandant Naval Station, Philadelphia, Penn. Pror. Gro. Davipson, PrEesIDENT CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Dear Sir : Through the kindness of Commodore George Henry Preble, Com- mandant of the Naval Station at Philadelphia, I am favored with three small fragments or pieces of the battle-flag which waved over Fort McHenry, at Baltimore, during the bombardment, on the 13th and 14th of September, 1814 ; and, in presenting them to the Academy, I do so, regarding them as precious mementoes of a great event, and trust they will be carefully preserved and cherished by the Academy as among their most interesting relics. That they will be so preserved I am assured, as well from the fact of their being portions of the original Star Spangled banner, which floated so triumph- antly over Fort McHenry, “Amid the rocket’s red glare and bombs bursting in air,” and which inspired Francis Scott Key in writing our noble anthem, as for the thoughtful kindness of Commodore Preble in presenting them. Yours respectfully, JAMES LICK. Donations to the Library : Professor Davidson presented ‘‘ Comparison of the methods of determining heights by means of leveling, vertical angles, and baro- metrical measures, from observations at Bodega Head and Ross Mountain, by George Davidson and Charles A. Schott, Assistants U. S. Coast Survey.” Pro- fessor Edward S. Morse presented “ Remarks on the Relations of Anomia”’; “ Qn the Tarsus and Carpus of Birds’; ‘On the Systematic position of the Brachiopoda” ; “ Embryology of Terrebratulina”; “ On the Karly Stages of Ascidian” ; “On the Karly Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis.” From 9 ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 313 Charles L. Weller, one hundred books, as follows : Pacific Railroad Reports (10 vols.) ; Perry’s Japan Expedition (2 vols.) ; Naval Expedition to Chile (2 vols.) ; Military Commission to Europe, 1856 ; Congressional Globe and Appendix, (34 vols.) ; Lifeand Works of John Adams, (10 vols.) ; Byron’s Works ; Rambles in Egypt and Candia ; Travels in Central America, by John L. Stephens (2 vols.) ; Journals of California Legislature, (5 vols.) ; Dictionaries—French, German, and ‘Spanish ; Cyclopedia of History ; Benton’s Thirty Yearsin United States Senate, (2 vols.) ; Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Forrest ; San Francisco Municipal Reports ; Fleetwood’s Life of Christ; Barnard’s Commission to Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; United States Finance Report, 1868 ; Expedition down Colorado River ; Expedition to Great Salt Lake Valley ; California State Register, 1859 ; Sear’s Pictorial Annual, 1849 ; General McClellan’s Report and Campaigns ; Gil Blas ; Inskip’s Methodism ; Notes on Duels and Dueling ; Life of Nicholas I. of Russia ; Administration of John Adams ; German Reader ; Latin Reader ; Spanish Grammar ; Sportsmen’s Manual (Forrester) ; Millon the Floss ; Guizot’s Civilization in Europe ; Eulogies on Webster ; Travels in Western Mexico ; Kx- ploration of the Amazon ; Mother’s Recompense ; The Last Days of Lee ; Owen’s Geological Survey of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The following period- icals were also received: Nature, Vol. X., Nos. 237 and 238, May, 1874 ; American Naturalist, June, 1874, Vol. VIII., No.6; American Journal of Science and Arts, June, 1874, Vol. VII., No. 42; Engineering and Mining Journal, May 30, 1874, Vol. XVII, No. 22; Bulletin of the Essex Institute, March, 1874, Vol. VI., Nos. 4and 6 ; Entomological Contributions, No. 3, by J. A. Lintner, from the 26th Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History, for 1872; Cosmos Comunicryioni sui Progressi pici re- genti e note voti, della Geografica e delle Scienze de Guido Cora, Vol. IL., 1874; No 99 of Société Entomologique de Belgique. S. C. Hastings read a paper in reference to the late alleged man- ifestations in Oakland. Dr. Fourgeaud read a paper, a continuation of previous papers, ** On Evolution.” The President called the attention of the members to some phe- nomena which he observed at the Naval Observatory, while looking at an artificial transit of Venus. At the time of the earlier observa- tions of this planet, there was a doubt as to a phenomenon which showed an apparent adherence of the limb of Venus to the edge of the sun in the internal contact. This was known as the “ black drop,’ when Venus showed an irregular spherical condition. As soon as I saw the artificial Venus, I recognized the cause of this thing. We see it every day in the work of the Coast Survey. It is simply the undulation of the atmosphere when it is surcharged 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA with aqueous vapor. At an elevation of seven thousand or ten thousand feet, where the atmosphere is attenuated, this is not apparent. In observations taken by me lately in the Sierras, the sun was sharply outlined, but this was at a high elevation. Ihave no hesitation in saying that former theories on this subject were in- correct, and that the undulation of the atmosphere when filled with aqueous vapor is the true cause. If the morning is dark and cloudy, the artificial Venus can be seen with a sharp contact; but, when the clouds broke away, and the aqueous vapor was heated up, the ‘“‘ black drops”’ could be seen. ‘The transit of Venus must accord- ingly be observed at a high elevation, for there they will be enabled to determine within eight or ten seconds the actual time of contact. The President also called the attention of the members to the admiration of James Lick’s generosity which scientific men in the East hold. These actual deeds were not known when I left Wash- ington, but some of the facts were made known in his will and had been spoken of. Some of his donations he has changed, but he has given for the observatory a sum adequate for erecting the larg- est observatory in the world with the finest instruments. There will be plenty of money left to provide observers and assistants, and for publishing the results of the work accomplished. In some’ ob- servatories they have to solicit funds to publish the results of their work. Mr. Lick did not want any such drawback in this instance. He has given enough to carry it on properly in every respect. His gifts have excited unbounded admiration among the physicists and astronomers in the Hast. The President also stated that Mr. Mumford, of the Telegraph Company, had shown him an instrument for the transmission of musical sounds along a telegraph wire. He himself heard distinct musical sounds sent 800 miles. He has asked Mr. Mumford to ex- tend a wire to the Academy’s building, so as to show the members this remarkable invention. oughly stunned about twenty-five or thirty minutes; then, reviving, would die from asphyxia, in a similar manner as if caught with hook and line. Many cu- rious varieties of the smalier fish, many of them of brilliant color, that live around the kelp stems, would be secured by the explosion. These, I do not think could be taken in any other way. The kelp would interfere with nets, and they never take bait. The brilliant red mullet, for instance, (I give only the common names) will not touch bait, and lives in hollows in the rocks or around the kelp, where nets could not be dragged. This fish is far handsomer than the gold-fish of our aquariums. T am now about to relate what will, perhaps, be called a genuine “ fish story”; but as I have, in addition to my own, the testimony of my men to the fact, I give it as it occurred. I had brought up by an explosion a number of yellow bass fish, weighing about four pounds each. These are delicious in chowder, and so, instead of put- ting them in alcohol, I had them cleaned, which was done by scaling, removing the intestines, and cutting off the fins and tail. ‘The head, however, still remained joined to the backbone. These fish, from the time they bad been taken from the water up to the time of cleaning, remained apparently lifeless. Nor did the re- moval of the intestines arouse them. They were then taken up to the old bar- racks, where I was temporarily. camped, and hung upon nails driven in the clap- boards. Some little time after they had been thus disposed of, one of the men came in and asked me to go out and look at the fish. I did so, and found every indi- vidual bass slapping around in as lively a manner as if he had been freshly caught and hung tp. They had, in fact, recovered from the explosion, and proceeded to die in the common fashion. I took one down and broke the backbone where it joined the head. Its struggles ceased instantly, thus showing that the vital force had been arrested in the nerve centers and brain at the time of explosion, and when the effect had passed away that the fish had resumed a galvanic life. It was probably about half an hour from the time of explosion when this ‘occurrence took place. I have not been able since, however, to secure the same result, although I must state that the only time since then that I have tried the experiment was on the Oregon coast, where I brought up a school of sal- mon, all of which were pickled for Agassiz. These fish were, however, too close to the explosion, as they were killed outright. In referring to the use of these cartridges, I would state that I have carefully avoided transgressing any of the laws on the subject against destruction of trout or other valuable fish of the fresh water streams; but as the fish of the sea are unlimited in number, I do not see that any objection, beyond the danger of accident to the operator, can be urged against their use in the ocean, and it certainly offers a means of securing rare specimens not obtainable by net or line. In reference to the fishing off Catalina Island, I would state that it in my mind constitutes one of the principal values attached to this property so lately deeded by Mr. Lick for benevolent and scientific purposes. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. aot There are two excellent harbors, one on each side of the tranverse gap in the mountain chain traversing it, called the Isthmus. On this is located a large frame building, erected by the Government during the late war, which might be converted into a hotel, and with boats in each harbor, and a little steamer to ply back and forth to San Pedro, be made a place of great resort. There is excellent sea bathing from several of the sandy beaches in the little coves, and ~ the dreaded stingaree, the pest of the main shore, is not found there. For a school of natural history like that at Penikese, the island would be excellently adapted. The President announced that at a future meeting he would com- municate in detail the results of the sounding expedition to Japan from San Diego. Commodore Belknap had forwarded to him all the information necessary. The President stated that George H. Mumford had telegraphed to him, stating that he is making arrangements by which he hopes ‘to be able to accede to the request to transmit musical sounds from the office in New York to the rooms in the Academy. The President communicated to the Academy some of the results obtamed in ascertaining altitudes by leveling, vertical angles, and barometric measures. ‘The experiments were conducted by himself and Charles A. Schott, of the Coast Survey, and they lasted seven days. The altitude of Ross Mount was ascertained from Bodega Head, by the process known as double zenith distances, to be 598.74 metres; by leveling, 598.53 metres; and by barometer, 598.80. The barometer used was the Smithsonian. It was found over the whole series of observations that seven o’clock in the morning was the best time to use the barometer. At, one o’clock in the after- noon the difference noted in the barometer, on the average, amounted to thirty-seven feet. ‘The heat radiated from the earth did not appear to affect the atmosphere on the line of sight between the Head and Ross Mount, the air being almost constant in its tem- perature. Close to the ground, however, the temperature changed considerably. In this respect, varying results might be expected in other localities. 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Reeutar Mrsrina, Jury 20rn, 1874. President in the Chair. Fifty members present. E. Stevens was elected a resident member. Donations to the Museum: From J. 8. Lawson, of the Coast Survey, specimens of Verillia Blakei, preserved in glycerine, in a heavy glass tube, the gift of Professor Davidson. From John Wil- liamson, Secretary of the Acclimatization Society, a collection of fish, embracing eight species, from Lake Tahoe: there are ten vari- eties of fish found in the lake. From E. Stevens, four specimens - of iron ore, and one of fossil earth, from the Sublette mines, Del Norte County, ten miles northeast of Crescent City : the fossil earth occurs in great beds, at about 2,000 feet altitude. From Eugene Gillespie, of Cape St. Lucas, through Mr. Dameron, a box of the leaves and berries of a plant said to be poisonous ; accompanying the specimen was a letter describing the plant and the symptoms exhibited by a child whose death was caused by contact with, or eating the berries of the shrub. The Alaska Commercial Company presented a skeleton of a large Alaska seal. Dr. Blake presented specimens of mica, containing potash, lithium, and chromium, with which gold was associated in considerable quantity, found at Gran- ite Creek, near Coloma—the only specimens, he believed, in which gold had been obtained if any other vein of mineral than quartz: the specimens did not occur continuously, but in patches, and occurred in an altered porphyritic rock; they were a very beauti- ful microscopic study, and the formation indicated that the gold must have been deposited by aqueous solution between the thin flakes of mica. From Professor George Davidson, specimen of Eehinarachnius eccentricus, of Escholtz. J. P. Dameron pre- sented specimen of Velella. A bottle of Sonorous Sand, from the Island of Kaui, of the Hawaiian group, was received from W. R. Frink, with a letter describing its peculiarities, as follows: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 339 ‘The bank, which is composed of this sand, commences at a per- pendicular bluff at the southwest end of the island, and extends one and a half miles almost due south, parallel with the beach, which is about one hundred yards distant from the base of the sand-bank. This sand-drift is about sixty feet high, and at the extreme south end the angle preserved is as steep as the nature of the sand will permit. ‘The bank is constantly extending to the south. It is said by the natives that, at the bluff, and along the middle of the bank, the sand is not sonorous. But at the extreme south end and for half a mile north, if you slap two handfuls together, there is a sound produced like the low hooting of an owl—more or less sharp, according as the motion is quick or slow. Sitdown upon the sand, and give one hand a quick, circular motion, and the sound is like the heavy bass of a melodeon. Kneel upon the steep incline, ex- tend the two hands, and clasp as much sand as possible, slide rap- idly down, carrying all the sand you can, and the sound accumu- lates as you descend, until it is like distant thunder. In this ex- periment the sound was sufficient to frighten our horses, fastened a short distance from the base of the drift. ‘“‘ But the greatest sound we produced was by having one native lie upon his belly, and another taking him by the feet, and dragging him rapidly down the incline, carrying as much sand as _ possible with them. With this experiment the sound was terrific, and could have been heard many hundred yards distant. With all the ex- periments that were made, it seemed the sound was in proportion to the amount of sand put in motion with a proportionate velocity. Another consideration seems requisite, that is, its perfect dryness. The dry sand would sound on the surface, where six inches beneath it was wet; but if any of the wet sand became mingled with the dry, its property of sounding ceased at once. The sand appears to the eye like ordinary beach sand, but ordinary beach sand will not produce the sounds. It has been said that it lost its sonorous prop- erties when taken away from the bank. But I can discover no diminishing of its sonorous qualities, even with the bottle uncorked, and we have had rain frequently, and an atmosphere more than ordinarily moist for this time of year. Perhaps, if exposed to a Proc. Can. Acap, Sci., Vou, V.—22. ; DxecEMBER, 1874. 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA very damp atmosphere, it might absorb moisture enough to prevent its sounding.” Donations to the Library: Senator Cornelius Cole presented one hundred volumes of books, and forty pamphlets, mostly public documents. Mr. Amos Bowman presented his report on the Georgetown Divide. D. D. Colton presented Adams’ Map of History. One case of books was received from the Smithsonian Institution, containing the following : Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. VI., Parts 1 and 3; Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. I, Part 1, Vol. IV., Parts 3 and 4 (Palontologia, India); Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. X., Part 1 ; Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Natu- ralistes de Moscow, No. 2, 1873; Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Histori- ques et Naturelles de Lyonne, Vol. XX VII., 1873 ; Two volumes in Russian language ; Jahrbuch der K. K. Geologischen Reichsanstalte, Wien, 1873 ; Oversight over det R. Danske Videns Kabirnes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dits Medlemmers Arbejder i Aarut, Copenhagen, 1873; Les Cristalloids Com- plexes a Sommit Etoilé, par Le Cti Leopold Hugo, Paris, 1872 ; Introduction a la Geometrie description des Cristalloides, par Le Cti Leopold Hugo, Paris, 1874; Sitzungs-Berichte der Naturwissenschaftlchin Gesellschaft, Isis en Dres- den, 1873; Mittheilungen aus dim Konig] Mineral Museum in Dresden fiir dii Jahre, 1872 and 1873; Extraite des Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, Vol. XVI., 1873; Journal de la Société d’Horticulture, 1870 and 1872; Achtundfunfziyster Jahrisbericht der Natur, Gesellschaft in Emden, 1872; Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel, Vol. IX., 1872 ; Nachrichten von der G. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg- Augusts-Universitat aus der Jahre 1873, Gottingen. Verhandlungen des Natur Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westpkaliens, Bonn, 1872 and 1873 ; Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Paris, 1873 ; Neer- derlandsch Meteorolog, 1868 and 1872; Suggestions on a Uniform System of - Meterorological Observation, Utrecht, 1872; Verhandlunger des Botanischer Verein der Provinz Brandenburg, Berlin, 1872; Verslagen en Medederlingen der K. Akademie van Westenschappen, Amsterdam, 1873 ; Jaarbuck van de _ K. Akademie van Wettenschappen, Amsterdam, 1872; Ganda Domestica, Amsterdam, 1873; Memoires de la Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg, Vol. XVII., Paris; Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de la Sociéte Nationale des Sciences de Cherbourg, 1873 ; Bericht tiber die Senckenbergesche Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, 1872 and 1873 ; Tenth Annual Re- port of the Belfast Naturalist Field Club, 1872-1873 ; Annales de la Société Malacologique de Belgique, Vols. VI. and VII., 1872 and 1873, and Vol. IL., 1873 ; Memoirs de la Société de Physique et d’Historie Naturelle de Geneva, Vol. XXIII., Part 1 ; Sitzungsberichte, der K. Akademie der Wissenchaften, Wien, 1872 and 1873; Mikrogeologische Studien, ete., Christian EKhrenburg, Berlin, 1872; Bulletin Meterologique de L’Observatorie de L’Universitie Up- sal, 1873, Vol. V.; Nova Acta Regia Societates Scientiarum Upsalensis, Vol. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 341 VIIL., fase. 2, 1873 ; Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalesahen Classe der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munichen, 1873 and 1874; Verzerchniss der Mitzlieder der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1873; Rede in der offenthichen Zitzong du K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, am 25 Juli, 1873; Der Antheil du K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaf- ten and der Entwickenblung der Electriutatslchere, Munich, 1873; Annalen der K. Sternwarte, Vol. XIX., Munichen; Sitzungsberechte, der Mathemat- ische-Physikalischen Classe du K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Voi..1, 2, and 3, Munich, 1872. On some remarkable forms of Animal Life from the Great Deeps off the Norwegian Coast, by George Ossian Sars, Christiania, 1872. Die Pflanzenwett Norwegens, ein beitrag zur Natur- und Culturgeschichte Nord-Europas, von Dr. F. C. Schiibeler, Christiania, 1873. Uber die Nerven- endigung an den Tasthaaren der, etc., von Dr. J. Schobl, Prag, 1872. W. G. Horner’s eigentliche Aufflosungsweise Algebraischer, etc., von Dr. Wilh. Matz- ka, Prag, 1871. Ueber Graphische Integration, by Josef M. Solin, Prag, 1872. Die Tangentialwage und ihre Anwendung zur Bestimung, etc., von K. W. Zenger, Prag, 1871. Ueber Fruchtsladien Fossiler Pflanzen, etc., by Otaker Feistmantel, Prag, 1872. Ueber die Bestimung der Vergroésserung und der Gesichtsfeldes, etc., by Dr. A. von Waltenhofen, Prag, 1871. Steinkohlenflora yon Kralup, in Bohemia, von Otaker Feistmantel, Prag, 1871. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen, 1873. III. Bd. III. Heft. (Construction of Yachts.) Anvisning til Konstruktion af Lystfartdier og Bade, af C. Archer, Christiania, 1873. Forekomster af Rise I Visse Skifere I Norge, Med 3 plancher og flore traesnit af Amund Heland, Christiania, 1873. Norsk Meteorologisk Aarbog for 1871, Christiania, 1872. Budget for Marine-A fdelingen undr Marine- og Post-Departementet, Christiania, 1872. Lov om Poftvcefenet, Christiania, 1871. Oversigt ober Statstasfens Indtegter og Udgifter, etc., 1872, 1873. Memoires de L’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, Tome 18, No. 8,9, and 10; Tome 19, No. 1 to 7. Bulletin of same, (17 Feuilles 33-36) (Feuilles 27 to 32) ; Tome 18 (Feuil- les 1-7); Tome 18 (Feuilles 8-15). Mémoires de la Société de Physique et D’Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, 1873. Elektromagnetische Untersuchungen, etc.. von Karl Domalip, Prag, 1872. Erzeugnisse Mehrdeutiger Elementargebilde, ete., von Dr. E. Weyr, Prag, 1871. Uber einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeits- Rechnung, éte., von Dr. J. Dienger, Prag, 1872. Beitrage zur Theorie der Curven 3 und 4 Ordnung, von C. Kiipper, Prag, 1872. Bulletins de L’Acad- emie Royale des Sciences, etc., Bruxelles, 1871, Tome 32; 1872, Tomes 33 and 34. Acad. Royale de Belgique, extracts, etc.; Observations des Phenomenes Periodiques Pendant L’Anné 1870. Annuaire de L’Acad. Royale, ete., de Belgique, 1875 and 1872; two vol.; Bruxelles, 1873. Acad. Royale de Bel- gique, Centiéme Anniversaire de Foundation; Tome 1st and 2d, (1772-1872) Bruxelles, 1872. Tables de Mortalite et Seur Developpement D’A pres Le Plan d’une Statistique Internationale et Comparee, ete., Bruxelles, 1872. Annales Meteorologiques de L’Observatoire Royale de Bruxelles, by A. Quetelet, Bru- xelles, 1871. Norges Officielle Statistik, Christiana, Udgiven I. Aaret, 1870 342 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA F. No. 2; Ibid, 1871, F. No. 1; Ibid, 1872, C. No. 1 and 2; Ibid, 1873, C. No. 2-10; Ibid, 1873, A. No. 1; Ibid, 1872, B. No. 2; Ibid, 1872, D. No.1. Reale Instituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere, Vol. 5, 1872 (complete) ; Vol. 4, fascicolo 14 to 20; Vol.’6, fascicolo 1 to 5; Milano. Jarbuch der Raisertich, Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstatt, Wien, 1873 ; 23 Band, No. 2, April, May, and June. Memoires de la Societé Royale des Sciences de Liege, 1873. Historia e Memorias de Academia Real Das Sciencias de Lisboa; tomo 4, parti 2, 1870 ; tomo 4, parti 1, Lisboa, 1871 : tomo 2, parti 1, 1857; tomo 2, parti 2, 1861 ; tomo 3, parti 1, 1853 ; tomo 1, parti 1,1854 ; tomo 3, partil, 1863 ; tomo], parti 2, 1855. Correspondenzblatt des Naturforscher- Vereins zu Riga, 1872. Die Bildung des Knochengewebes, Leipzig, 1872. Oversight over det Konelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Copenhagen, 1872. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society, Vol. 2, p. 2. Culleceao das medalhas e condicoracées Portuguezas e das estrangeiras com Relagao a Portugal ; Pertencente as tom. III part. II das Memorias da Acad. Real das Scien. de Lisboa, by Manuel Bernardo Lopes Fernandes. Beretning om den Al- mindelige Udstilling for Tromso Stift, Cristiania, 1872. On the Structure of Brontotheridce, by Prof. Marsh, Jan., 1874. Recherches sur la Chronologie Egyptienne, etc., par J. Lieblein, Christiania, 1873. Hloge de Jean Théodore Lacordaire, par M. Edourd Morren, Liege, 1870. Introduction a L’Etude de la Nutrition des Plants, Bruxelles, 1872. Bulletin du Congrés Internationale de Pomologie, ete., Gand, 1863. Projet de Chur un Jardin D’Acclimation, ete., Liege, 1863. Uebersicht der Aemter-Vertheilung und Wiss. Thitigkert des Naturwiss. Vereins zu Hamburg-Altona in Jahre 1871. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben von dem Naturwi:s. Ve- rein in Hamburg; Hamburg, 1872. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft za Halle—original aufsatze aus den Gebieter der Gesammten, ete., Halle, 1873. Schriften der K6niglichen der Physikalisch-oonomischen Gesell- schaft zur Konigsberg, 1872. On the Rise of Land in Scandinavia, by S. A. Sexe, Christiana, 1872. Etude sur La Naturalisation de quelques Vegetaux _ Exotiques,ala Montague St. Pierre liz-Maastricht, par Andre De Vos, Gand, 1872. Forbandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet, I Christiani, Aar., 1871. Trans- actions of the Albany Institute, Vol. 7, 1872. Ertekezésck a Természettu- domanyok Korebol, Pest, 1871. Reale Instituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere, Vol. 4, Milano,1871. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Natural- istes de Moscou ; Moscou, 1873 and 1872. Bemerkungen und Berichtigungen: zu Kittel’s und Kriechbaumer’s Systematischer Uebersicht der Fliegen, ete., Nuremberg. R.Comitato Geologico D’ Italia, Bollettino No. 3 e 4, Tirenze, 1873. Table Generale de la Belgique Horticole, 8vo., Gand, 1871. Actes de la Socié é Helvetique des Naturales, etc., Fribourg, 1873. Report on a Topo- graphical Survey of the Adirondack Wilderness of New York, Albany, 1873. Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1872-73. Dar Zoologische Garten, Nos. 1 to 6, Frankfurt, 1873. Sitzungsberichte der Konigl. Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag, Janu—Juni, and Juli-Dezember, Prag, 1872. Beitrage zur Physikalischen Geographie der Presburger Gespauschaft, von Dr. G. A. Kornhuber, Presburg, 1865. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 343 Professor Davidson communicated to the Academy the general results of the recent survey made by Commander Belknap, of the United States steamer Tuscarora, on the proposed southern route for the telegraph cable from this coast to Japan ; his remarks were illustrated with charts and drawings. In the soundings from San Francisco to San Diego, a great many offshore lines were run. Ninety miles off Point San Luis the depth increased to 2,000 fathoms, with gray greenish ooze at the bottom, aud a temperature of a little over 32 degrees. Off Cape Mendocino a plateau was found, with a depth of 2,500 fathoms. Off San Nicolas, at the distance of 383 or 34 miles, the depth was 2,000 fathoms. Down the California coast the ooze became greenish, until San Diego was approached, and on the plateau off there a greenish yellowish ooze was obtained. ‘Thence across to Honolulu the ooze was yel- lowish, then yellowish brown, and finally brown near Honolulu. In all cases the signs of former life brought up were the same as those obtained on the Northern Pacific Coast. To Honolulu the distance is 2,200 miles. The bottom averages 2,965 fathoms in depth, or 15,510 feet, and the average tempera- ture is 33 6-10 deg. Much more than one-half of this water along the ocean-bed has a temperature of 55 degs. only ; above this came a stratum of water heated to 40 deg., and above this again, water heated to 50 deg. Upon a calculation of the volume of water be- tween this coast and Honolulu, along the line of soundings, he estimated the quantity at 1,858,000 cubic miles. Of this, 1,046,- 000 cubic miles range in temperature from 33.6 to 35. Between the temperature of 35 and 40 there are 582,000 cubic miles ; from 40 to 50 degs., 180,000 cubic miles; and from 50 degs. to the highest temperature, which is found over at Honolulu, 73% degs., the volume is 100,000 cubic miles. In other words, the film of surface-water ranging from 59 to 73 6-10 is only one-tenth of the mass of water below it. Apparently, the grade is very steep at Honolulu and off San Diego, but in reality it never exceeds one foot in twenty-six; no greater impediment to cable-laying is en- countered from Honolulu to Bonin Island, where there is the great- est depth of the route, 3,262 fathoms, nor thence to Japan. In sounding to Bonin several submarine mountains were discovered, 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA and the lead came up twice in a battered state, as if it had struck rock. The total distances along the route are: From Honolulu to San Diego, 2,240 miles; from Honolulu to Peel Island, 3,273; and from Peel Island to the coast of Japan, 480 miles; being 5,993 nautical miles, or 6,950 statute miles. This does not allow for any slacks in laying the cable. Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, No. 6.—Notes onthe Earlier Stages of Ctenucha Multifaria, Boisduval. BY HENRY EDWARDS. Through the kindness of Dr. Blake, of this Academy, I have an opportunity to call attention to the carlier stages of one of our rarer day- flying moths, (Ctenucka multifaria) the transformations of which were previously quite un- known. Dr. Blake captured a female recently at Crystal Springs, San Mateo County, in the act of depositing her eggs upon the leaves of the snow berry (Symphoricarpus racemosus. Michx). The caterpillar may therefore hereafter be sought for upon that plant. Ege. Spherical above, much flattened at base, dull cream white, slightly glossy. Attached to the upper surface of the leaf, and deposited separately, in this respect differing from the species known in the Atlantic States as Ctenucha virginica, the eggs of the latter being found in small clusters, adher- ing compactly together. The young caterpillars emerged from the egg in about twelve days, and presented the following appearance : Head, rather large, pale chestnut brown. Body, dull cream white, with nu- merous concolorous hairs, those of the extremities being the largest. Along the head in front is a faint, slightly waved black line. Each segment is pro- vided with a row of black dots, about four to each segment, becoming fainter towards the posterior extremity. Though supplied constantly with fresh food, and watehed with every care, I regret to say that my young larva all died within a week, so that the mature caterpillar of this interesting insect still remains unknown ; but during a recent visit to Monterey, I found adhering to the trunk of a pine tree a singularly formed cocoon, so remarkable in its construction as to cause me to watch for the emergence of the perfect insect with considerable interest. I had the satisfac- tion in a few days of discovering that it was the present species, and have pleasure in appending the following description : Chrysalis. Tubular, slightly thickened about the anterior portion of the thorax. Shining, pitchy, with a double line on the thorax, some streaks on the wing cases, the antennz, mouth parts, and the base of each abdominal segment, bright chestnut color. A few very short hairs are scattered about the upper side of the abdomen. Length, 0.75 inch. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 345 The cocoon was formed of rather long hairs, pale fawn color, sparsely mingled with black, which appear to rest on each other, and to be irregularly placed. The upper portion was drawn up into a pointed ridge and gable- shaped, like the roof of a house, while the base was spread out, and attached very loosely to the trunk of the tree, compelling me to cut away a piece of the bark in order to secure the cocoon. The structure of the chrysalis case of this genus appears to be peculiar. According to Dr. A. S. Packard, “ it is formed out of the hairs of the caterpillar, without any silken threads being employed, as far as could be observed by microscopical examination. The hairs of these insects are thickly armed with minute spinules, so that by being placed next to each other, they readily adhere together, no silk being spun throughout the entire operation.” This insect, which is at present rare in collections, is found in its perfect state among reeds in rather marshy districts, and may be known by its bright bluish black color, with crimson marks on the head and thorax. Unless in very hot sunshine, it is a remarkably sluggish insect, and feigns death when captured. A still scarcer, but closely allied species, described by me in these Transactions as Ctenucha Walsinghamii, was taken by Lord Walsingham some three years since in Southern Oregon. [have now to record the capture of two other specimens of this rare insect by Mrs. Howard Coit, in Napa County, and by her kindly added to my collection. This indicates rather a wider range than be- longs to most members of the genus, as they appear from our present knowl- edge of them to be remarkably local. The members of the Academy were invited by Mr. Stearns, on behalf of the Board of Regents of the University of California, to attend the commencement exercises at Berkeley. A vote of thanks was passed to the Regents for their courtesy. Professor Davidson reported that the trustees had held a number of meetings with regard to framing a new constitution, and had called in to their aid Judge Curry, R. C. Harrison, and Samuel Wilson. ‘They hoped to present to the Academy at the next meet- ing such amendments to the constitution as were required to guard against mistakes in the management of their property. 346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAL{FORNIA Reevtar Murtine, Aueust 3p, 1874. President in the Chair. On ballot, the following resident members were elected: Hon. Cornelius Cole, Prof. T. Guerin, James Faulkner, and Carl I. Schneider. The following, purchased for the museum by Capt. C. M. Scam- mon, were submitted. Baleenof the sulphur bottom whale (Steboldt- us sulphureus of Cope) taken at Santa Cruz; Baleen of Bowhead (Balena Steboldii of Linnzus). Baleen of Right whale (Ba- lena Sieboldiu of Gray). Baleen of California gray whale (fa- chianectes glauca of Cope). Earbone of a right whale, taken on coast of Alaska in 1873. Earbone of the Orca or Killer, a ceta- -cean of the dolphin family. Skull of a dolphin, with several vertebral plates, taken off the coast of California, Oct. 29th, 1873. Skull of porpoise (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens of Gill). Skull of porpoise, name undetermined. Skull of Bay porpoise (Phocena vomarina of Gill), the least in size of the entire whale tribe in- habiting the Pacific North American Coast. Jaw of a white- headed or mottled grampus (Grampus Stearnsii of Dr. Dall). Bunch of warts taken from the head of Balena Sieboldii. These warts are called by the sailors “rose buds.” Piece of thé right whale’s “bonnet” (Balena Steboldii) taken on the Northwest- ern Coast. ‘T'wo specimens of walrus hide. Fifteen jars of alco- holic specimens of various parts of cetaceans, with many of the para- sites peculiar to them ; and also specimens of crustaceans, used as food by the whales. Henry Edwards presented specimen of Myria- pod, from the Hawaiian Islands, and a-fresh water crustacean from the Dalles, Oregon. Mr. McHenry presented a piece of wood covered with moss, from King County, W. 'T. Mr. Lorquin pre- sented Bucephala albiola, or butter ball duck, and Querquedula cyan- optera, or blue-winged teal. J. R. Scupham presented small shells collected on the Promontory Mountains, Utah. Mr. Gruber pre- sented about twenty specimens of birds. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 347 The order of business was suspended, and the President pre- sented to the Academy on behalf of the Board of Trustees, the amendments to the Constitution heretofore offered, with a report from that Board that they had amended the same, and recommend- ing the adoption by the Academy of the same as amended by them, as and for the Constitution and By-Laws of the California Academy of Sciences, in lieu of those now existing. The following are the amendments to the Constitution as reported from the Trustees for adoption : ARTICLE I. NAME. Section 1. This Society shall be known as the CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SECTION I. The Academy shall consist of resident, life, and honorary members, who shall be elected in the manner hereinafter prescribed. Sec. 2. Each applicant for life, cr resident membership, must be proposed in writing, at astated meeting of the Academy, by two or more resident or life members; and the name, occupation, and residence of the applicant thus pro- posed shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the hall of the Academy for not less than one month from the date of proposing. After the name of an appli- cant for membership has been so proposed, the Council shall, at its next regular meeting, determine by ballot the eligibility of the person proposed. If the Council shall decide that the person proposed is worthy of membership, it shall Fo) report at the next stated meeting of the Academy, at which time he shall be balloted for by the Academy. No person shall be elected to membership in the Academy during the month preceding the Annual Election. Every person elected to membership shall pay the initiation fee and the first quarter’s dues within one month after receiving notice of his election, and shall sign the Constitution. i Sec. 3. If any applicant for membership has not been reported upon favor- ably by the Council, or has been rejected by the Academy, his name may be again proposed at any time after the expiration of one year from the date of his rejection. Sec. 4. Honorary members shall be elected only at the annual meeting, and must have been proposed by the Council not less than two months before such meeting, and the names of the candidates posted in a conspicuous place in the hall of the Academy for that time. Each candidate for life, resident, or honorary membership must, to be 348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA elected, have received the votes of at least four-fifths of the members voting, and no more than one candidate can be voted for at one ballot. No election shall be declared unless twenty votes have been cast, and in such case the ballot shall be taken at the next stated meeting. Sec. 5. Any member may, at any time after his election, become a life mem- ber by paying into the treasury of the Academy the sum of one hundred dollars, and notifying the Recording Secretary that he desires to be enrolled as a life member. The Council shall have the privilege of nominating for election for life membership at the annual election, such persons as have rendered valuable services to the Academy ; such elections not to exceed two’annually. Correspondents of the Academy shall be appointed by the Council for one year, and shall have the privilege of attending the meetings and visiting the library and museum, and of reading and communicating papers to the Academy. Src. 6. The business of the Academy shall be managed exclusively by the resident and life members, from whom the officers of the Academy shall be elected. Sec. 7. The number of honorary members shall not exceed fifty, of which thirty shall be residents and citizens of the United States, and twenty of foreign countries. Src. 8. Any member may be expelled from the Academy for cause, and after due hearing, by a vote of two-thirds of the members present and voting. But proceedings for such expulsion can be conducted only at a stated or adjourned meeting. The accused shall have the right to be present at trial, but must withdraw when the vote for expulsion is ordered. A member shall not be expelled unless at least twenty members vote for his expulsion. A person expelled from the Academy shall forever thereafter be ineligible for membership. ARTICLE III. ‘TRUSTEES. Secrion 1. There shall be elected annually seven Trustees, who shall have charge and management of the estate and property belonging to this Society, and shall transact all affairs relative to the temporalities thereof. Src. 2. Immediately after entering upon their term of office, the Trustees shall organize by selecting one of their number as President of the Board, and shall appoint a Secretary to keep the record of their proceedings, and perform such other duties as they may require. Sec. 3. The Trustees shall have power to adopt such By-Laws and Rules as shall ‘not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution, for the management and regulations of the affairs and property intrusted to them and under their control ; the times and manner of conducting their meetings and of transacting business thereat; and the government and conduct of the persons appointed by them to fill any office or position. They shall require from the Treasurer, Librarian, and Director of the Museum, and from any person who may be appointed by them to any position of trust, such bonds as in their opinion shall be a security to the Society for the faithful discharge by him of his duties. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 349 Sec. 4. The Trustees shall select some bank in the city of San Francisco as the depository of the funds of the Academy, and shall cause all moneys re- ceived by them, or by any one of them, to be deposited in such bank in the name of the California Academy of Sciences. The bank selected by them as such depository may be changed whenever the Trustees shall deem it expedient. No moneys shall be withdrawn from said bank except upon the written order and direction of the Trustees, and no disbursement shall be made except upon de- mands that have been properly audited by them, and for which their warrant shall have been drawn, signed by the President and Secretary of the Board of Trustees, and countersigned by the Treasurer of the Academy. They shall cause suitable books of accounts to be kept, which shall at all times clearly show all their transactions, receipts, and disbursements. At the annual meet- ing they shall present to the Academy a detailed statement of all their trans- actions during the preceding year, together with vouchers for all payments made by them, and a full report of all property, real and personal, held by them, and of the condition of the Corporation. Sec. 5. Whenever the Trustees shall have in their hands funds that in their opinion are not needed for the immediate use of the Academy, they shall have the power to loan the same in the name of the Corporation upon such terms as they may deem advisable. No loan, however, shall be made except the same shall be secured by mort- gage of unincumbered real estate in the City and County of San Francisco, the value of which, exclusive of all improvements, shall in the judgment of the Trustees be twice the amount of the loan ; or by a pledge of bonds of the State of California, or of the City and County of San Francisco, whose par value shall be double the amount of the loan. The funds of the Academy shall not be loaned to ‘any of its Trustees, nor shall any loan be made except upon the vote of not less than five of the Trus- tees, entered upon the record of their proceedings, and specifying the amount, terms, and security, and the person to whom the loan is made. If any loan shall be made contrary to the provisions of this section, the Trustees making the same shall be individually and severally liable to the Corporation for the amount so loaned. Sec. 6. The Trustees shall have power, if in their judgment it is advisable, to invest any of the funds of the Academy not needed for immediate use, in bonds of the State of California, orof the City and County of San Francisco. Such investments, however, shall be made only by the unanimous vote of all the Trustees, entered upon the record of their proceedings, and specifying the amount and character of the investment. Sec. 7. The Trustees shall have the custody of the corporate seal of the Academy, and shall affix the same to all contracts entered into by them in the name of the Corporation. ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS. SECTION 1. The officers of the Academy shall be a President, First and Sec- ond Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer, a Librarian, and a Director of the Museum, all of whom must have 350 PROCERDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA been life or resident members for three years previous to their election. The officers of the Academy shall constitute a Council for the transaction of such business as may be assigned to it by the Constitution and the Academy. The President of the Academy shall be Chairman of the Council. Surplus publica- tions and exchanges of specimens shall be under the control of the Council. The Council and officers and members are prohibited from incurring any in- debtedness on behalf of this Society, unless authorized by the Trustees. Sec. 2. The Trustees and Officers of the Academy shall be elected by ballot on the day of the annual meeting, for the term of one year. Their term of office shall commence on the third Monday in January, and continue until their successors are elected and qualified. Before the stated meeting of the Academy on the first Monday of December, the Council and Trustees shall meet jointly to select a Nominating Committee of five persons from among the members of the Academy not holding office, and this Nominating Committee shall prepare and present to the Academy, on the stated meeting of the third Monday in De- cember, a ticket, naming one candidate for each office to be filled for the ensuing year, and thereupon this ticket shall be posted in a conspicuous place in the hall of the Academy. Other tickets may be presented, and other candidates may be balloted for at the annual election. At the stated meeting on the third Monday in December, the Academy shall appoint two Inspectors and two Judges of Election, who shall have the charge of the ballot-box, and shall conduct the election, on the day of the annual meeting. The ballot-box shall be kept open from the hour of nine A. M. to six P. M. to receive the ballots of the members having the privilege of voting, and a register of those who vote shall be pre- served. No member shall vote at the annual election who is delinquent in the payment of his dues for any portion of the preceding year. At the close of the election the Judges shall announcethe number of ballots cast for each candidate, and the candidate who shall receive a plurality of the votes cast for the office for which he had been nominated shall be declared duly elected. Sec. 3. The President of the Academy, or in case of his absence or inability to serve, the First Vice-President, or in case of his absence or inability to serve, the Second Vice-President, shall preside at the meetings of the Academy. The President shall name all committees, excepting such as are otherwise especially provided for, and shall have a supervisory direction of the other officers of the Academy. At the annual meeting he shall make a report upon the condition and progress of the Academy, and shall also announce the deaths of members that have taken place during the year. Sec. 4. The Recording Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of the Academy ; shall receive and refer to the Publication Committee the papers presented for publication ; shall furnish to it an abstract of the proceedings of the Academy; and shall duly engross and sign the minutes of each meeting be- fore the next stated meeting. He shall give suitable notice of the time and place of all meetings of the Academy. He shall keep a duly classified list of the members, and shall attend to such other business in his department as the Academy or President may direct. He shall notify members of their election, and furnish them with diplomas. Sec. 5. The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct the correspondence with societies and individuals, but shall submit all such correspondence to the Presi-. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 351 dent for his approval and signature. He shall preserve copies of the corres- pondence, which shall be kept in the Hall of the Academy, and skall be at all times open to the inspection of the members of the Academy. He shall dis- tribute the publications of the Academy to the members and to the societies that are entitled to them. Sec. 6. The Treasurer shall receive all the funds of the Academy, and shall deposit the same, in the name of the California Academy of Sciences, in such bank as may be designated by the Trustees, and shall not disburse any funds except under the direction of the Trustees. He shall collect all dues from members, and keep books showing a full account of receipts and disbursements. He shall furnish the Trustees and the Recording Secretary, whenever required, a list of members entitled to vote. He shall not enter upon the duties of his office until he shall have given such bonds as the Trustees may require. He shall be subject to removal by the Trustees for cause. Sec. 7. The Librarian shall have charge of the Library, and shall enforce such rules for its management as may be drawn up by the Council. He shall not enter upon the duties of his office until he shall have given such bonds as the Trustees may require, and shall be subject to removal by them for cause. Sec. 8. The Director of the Museum shall have the general care and over- sight of the museum and scientific collections of the Academy, assisted by such curators as may be appointed by the Council. He shall be subject to such rules for the management of the museum and scientific collections as may be pre- scribed by the Trustees. He shall not enter upon the duties of his office until he shall have given such bonds as the Trustees may require, and shail be subject to removal by them for cause. _ Sec. g. All officers shall make yearly reports to the Academy, to be present- ed by the President at the annual meeting; and special reports whenever called upon by the Trustees or the Academy. Sec. 1o. Incase of vacancy in the office of Trustees, the remaining Trustees shall fill such vacancy. In case of vacancy of any other officer, the Council shall fill such vacancy. The person selected to fill any vacancy shall hold the office until the third Monday in January ‘thereafter. ARTICLE V. MEETINGS. Section 1. The Annuai Meeting of the Academy shall be held on the first Monday in January ; but if that day is a legal holiday, then upon the succeed- ing Tuesday. Stated meetings shall be held on the first and third Mondays of each month. Field meetings and excursions may be held at such times and places as the Academy may direct. The date of the annual election and meet- ing shall be advertised for two weeks in a daily paper published in San Fran- cisco. The Council shall meet at least once a month, and whenever the Presi- dent shall call it together. Sec. 2. Any annual or stated meeting may be adjourned from time to time for unfinished business only, but not beyond the time of the next stated meet- ing. : Sec. 3. A special meeting of the Academy may be called at any time by oon PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA “the President, notice of which shall be given by advertising in a daily paper published in San Francisco, and be posted in the hall of the Academy. No business shall be transacted at a special meeting except that specified in the call. ARTICLE VI. FEES AND DUES. Section 1. Resident members shall pay five dollars as an initiation fee, and three dollars per quarter in advance. The payment of the quarterly dues of the officers shall be left optional with them. Sec. 2. Life members shall pay the sum of one hundred dollars in full of all dues and initiation fee. Sec. 3. Any member who shall be in arrears for dues more than six months, shall take no part in the business of the Academy ; and the names of those who shall be one year in arrears shall be presented to the Council by the Treasurer. If the dues of any member who is delinquent for one year shall not be paid within three months after the presentation of his name to the Council, his name shall be stricken from the rolls. A person thus dismissed cannot be again proposed for membership until arrearages have been paid, nor until the expira- tion of one year from the date of dismissal. A person who shall have been so dismissed a second time shall never again be eligible for membership. Sec. 4. Members who may remove more than one hundred and fifty miles from San Francisco for one year or more, may continue their membership by the payment of half dues. Src. 5. The Council shall be empowered to exempt (sub sélentio) a member from dues, when, from peculiar circumstances, they may deem it for the inter- est of the Academy. Sec. 6. Any member who shall have paid his dues continuously for twenty- five years, shall thereupon become a life member without the payment of fur- ther dues. ARTICLE VII. SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS, PUBLICATIONS, AND REPORTS. SECTION I. Communications on scientific subjects shall be read at stated meetings of the Academy ; and papers by any member may be read by the au- thor or by any other member. If any paper is accepted for publication, the au- thor shall be entitled to fifty printed copies. Src. 2. By a vote of the members present, any member of the Academy may read a paper from a person who is not a member. He shall not be considered responsible for the facts or opinions expressed by the author, but shall be held responsible for the propriety of the paper. Persons who are not members may read papers upon invitation of the Academy. Sec. 3. The Committee on Publication shall direct the publications of the Academy under the general supervision of the Council. Src. 4. Each member shall be entitled to receive, free of cost, one copy of all publications issued by the Academy during the time of his membership. Src. 5. Medals and prizes may be established, and the means of bestowing them accepted by the Academy upon the recommendation of the Council, by ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 353 whom all necessary arrangements for their establishment and award shall be made. Bequests and trusts having for their object the advancement of science may be accepted by the Academy. ARTICLE VII. AMENDMENTS AND BY-LAWS. Section 1. This Constitution may be amended on the day of any annual election of the Academy. 'The proposed amendment shall be submitted in writ- ing at a stated meeting, and, if accepted by a majority of the members then present, shall be referred to the Council, who shall have power to amend the proposition, and shall report the same, as amended by them, to the Academy. The report of the Council, or if no report be made by that body within one month after its reference to them, the original proposition, shall be considered by the Academy at a stated meeting, and may be amended at such meeting. If at this meeting the proposition be adopted by a majority of the members then present, it shall be conspicuously posted in the hall of the Academy from the time of such adoption until the day of the annual election, when it shall be voted upon by ballot, in the same manner as the officers of the Academy. No proposed amendment shall be voted upon on the day of the annual election, un- less it has been finally adopted at a stated meeting, and posted in the hall of the Academy at least two months before such annual election. Src. 2. The Academy shall have the power to adopt By-Laws, not inconsist- ent with this Constitution, for the conduct of its meetings, the government of its officers, and management of its affairs. Such By-Laws may be adopted or amended, at any stated meeting, by a two-thirds vote, provided the proposition for such By-Laws or amendment shall have been presented at a previous stated meeting, and posted in a conspicuous place in the hall of the Academy for not less than two weeks; but no by-law or amendment can be voted upon during the month preceding the annual election. Sec. 3. Nothing in this Constitution or the By-Laws thereunder shall affect the status of the present Officers and Trustees of the Academy for the term for which they have been elected, nor until their successors have been elected and qualified hereunder. The following are the By-Laws, as reported from the Trustees for adoption : ARTICLE TI. MEETINGS. Section 1. The Stated and Annual Meetings of the Academy shall be held at the hall of the Academy, and the hours of meeting shall be as follows: From the 1st of September to the 1st of May, at half past seven in the evening; and during the remainder of the year, at eight o’clock. 3854 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA Sec. 2. In the absence of any officer, a member shall be chosen to perform his duties temporarily, by a plurality of viva voce votes, upon nomination. ARTICLE II. RULES OF ORDER. Secrion 1. The parliamentary rules, as adopted and practiced in deliberative bodies in the United States, shall be the rules of order in the transaction of business of this Academy, except so far as these are modified by the Constitu- tion of this Academy. ARTICLE Iii. ORDER OF BUSINESS. Reading of the Minutes of the previous. meeting. Election and reception of new members. Propositions for membership. Donations to the cabinet. Donations to the library. Written communications. Verbal communications. Reports of Standing Committees. g. Reports of Special Committees. 10. Unfinished business. 11. Reports of officers. 12. New business. 13. Adjournment. CAIN e ON oS ARTICLE IV. MEMOIRS. Section 1. The Secretary shall receive memoirs at any time, and report the date of their reception at the next stated meeting ; but no memoir shall be published unless it has been read before the Academy. Sec. 2. Memoirs shall date in the records of the Academy from the date of their presentation to the Academy, and the order of their presentation shall be that in which they were registered, unless changed by consent of the author. Sec. 3. Papers from persons not members, read before the Academy, and in- tended for publication, shall be referred to the Council at the meeting at which they are read. The Council shall report thereon to the Academy no later than the second stated meeting from date of reference. Sec. 4. All discussion upon the claims and qualifications of nominees, before the Council, shall be held strictly confidential, and remarks and criticisms then made shall not be communicated to any person who was not a member of the Academy at the time of discussion. ARTICLE V. COMPLAINTS AND TRIAL. SecTIon 1. Any complaint against a member, or any charge for which his expulsion is demanded, shall be in writing, signed by the member making the charge, and presented to the Council. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. _ 355 Tf the Council shall deem the matter worthy of investigation, they shall furnish the accused with a copy of the charge, together with a notice that the same will be presented to the Academy for investigation. The notice shall specify the time at which the charge will be presented to the Academy, and, together with the copy of the charge, shall be served upon the accused at least one week before the time therein specified for presentation. At the stated meeting specified in the notice, the Council shall present the matter to the Academy, and thereupon the Academy shall fix a time for the trial, which time shall be either at a stated meeting or at an adjourned stated meeting. The accused shall have the privilege of appearing at the trial with counsel, and of offering witnesses in his behalf; but shall not be present at the discussion or vote of the Academy upon the matter. Hereupon, upon motion, and after considerable discussion, the Academy, with only one dissenting voice, adopted the amendments as reported from the Board of Trustees, as and for the Constitution and By-Laws of the Academy, in place of those heretofore existing. On motion, it was ordered that the Constitution be printed at - once, and copies of the same be placed in the hands of members for examination with reference to amendments. RecuLtarR MEETING, Aucust 17TH, 1874. President in the Chair. Fifty-one members present. Donations to the Museum: Prof. Herst donated specimen of burrowing Mollusca, genus Zirphea, probably Zirphea crispata, found at Victoria; also, from same, a small Fish from the north. An eel-shaped Fish, ( Ophisurus Californiensis) described and figured in Proceedings of this Society, in September, 1863, by Andrew Garrett; the specimen then noticed was said to have been captured at Margarita Bay; this is from Magdalena Bay, com- monly known among the whalemen as Margarita Bay. Specimen of a double-headed Snake, the tail being similar to the head; it is per- Proc. Cau. ACAD. Scr., VoL. V.—23. DECEMBER, 1874. 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA fectly harmless ; collected by Rev. 8. V. Blakeslee in the Sierras ; it is labeled as Wenona plumbea (?) but there is some doubt as to the species. A small Collection of Plants from the Island of Strick, collected by J. C. Werner and presented by W. G. W. Harford ; also a piece of Camphor Wood from the wreck of a Japanese junk on the Island of Strick. Kelp used as food by Japanese fisher- men of the Island of Strick. Mr. F. P. McLean presented a spherical mass of hard Sandstone found near Saucelito. Dr. Behr presented a Chicken with four legs and four wings. James Beh- rens presented two specimens of Hstheria Californica, Packard, a very curious entomostraceous crustacean from Alameda County, Cal. Dr. Blake presented a day-flying Moth. Charles G. Yale presented a branch of Torreya Californica, or “California Nutmeg,” collected in Santa Cruz mountains from the top of a tree over 100 feet high. Like the so-called ‘ wild coffee,” this ‘‘ California Nutmeg” has no . affinity, either in structure or scientific position or qualities, with the plants which the popular name implies. J. W. A. Wright pre- sented a specimen of a Fern, ( Woodwardia radicans) peculiar on account of its great size. A specimen of the so-called “¢ Wild Coffee Plant”? was presented. Mr. Bloomer pronounced it Frangula Californica, belonging to the order Ahamnacee, mostly trees and shrubs, with simple alternate leaves. Coffea arabica belongs to the order Cinchonacece, a well marked and large family, containmg a very considerable number of important species. R. E. C. Stearns presented specimens of “ Chinese Water Nuts”’ of the genus Zrapa. Mr. Stearns said that the Chinese water nuts presented were not uncommon in this city, as he had seen per- haps as many as a bushel inasingle lot. They are the fruit or nut of an aquatic plant which grows in lakes and streams, and the species before us is cultivated by the Chinese, and has an extensive sale in that country, being highly esteemed. There are several species of this water nut, and the plant is known to botanists as Zrapa and are dicotyledonous plants, belonging to the natural order Onagracee. The specimens shown are the fruit of the Zrapa bicornis, (or two- horned) the propriety of the name being seen at a glance. The nut is sometimes called the water chestnut. ‘The Chinese call ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 357 them Ling or Links. Another species, Trapa natans, grows in middle and southern Europe, middle Asia, and northern and central Africa, and the fruit or nut has four spines. Trapa bispinosa is found in Asia and parts of Africa, and it is said also to be culti- vated in Japan. In some of these countries this latter species is an important staple in the way of food to the population. The nuts are held in high estimation by the Hindoos, and are sold in all the shops in India. Quite likely some one of these species might thrive well in this country, and it would be well for some enterpris- ing Californian to experiment with the Chinese species, the seeds of which are easily obtainable in this city. Donations to the Library : In addition to the usual periodicals and exchanges the Library received: Annual Reports of the Chief Signal Officer to the Sec- retary of War, for years 1872 and 1873. Weekly Weather Chronicle. Daily Bulletin, synopses, probabilities, and facts of the month of June,1874. Daily Bulletin of weather reports, Signal Service U.S. A., taken at Washington, with the synopses, probabilities, and facts for September, i872; all four of ~ these were presented by H. W. Howgate, U.S. A. Dr. M. Linderman Bre- nan presented the second part of the Report of the last German Polar Expedi- tion. Albert J. Mayer, Chief Signal Officer, U. S. A., presented circular upon the “ Practical Use of Meteorological Reports and Weather Maps.” Ross’ Voyage of Discovery to Baffin’s Bay. This book is interesting, as having been found with others, on the 12th of April, 1873, on Ocean Island, North Pacific, remaining from the wreck of the U. S. 8S. Saginaw, by J. C. Werner, presented by W. G. W. Harford. On the Structure of the Sonorous Sand from Kauai. BY JAMES BLAKE. In order to ascertain, if possible, the cause of the sound that is produced by the sand from Kauai, presented to the Academy at a former meeting, I investi- gated its structure under the microscope, and I think the facts I have ascer- tained fully explain the manner in which the sound is produced. As the grains of sand, although small, are quite opaque, it was necessary to prepare them so that they should be sufficiently transparent to render their structure visible. This was effected by fastening them to a glass slide and grinding them down until one flat surface was obtained. This surface was then attached to another slide, and the original slide being removed, the sand was again ground down until sufficiently transparent. ‘The grains were found to be chiefly composed of small portions of coral and apparently calcareous sponges, and presented under the microscope a most interesting object. They were all more or less per- forated with small holes, in some instances forming tubes, but mostly terminat- ing in blind cavities, which were frequently enlarged in the interior of the 358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA grains, communicating with the surface by a small opening. 296 Notes onssome Ateut;, Mummies)... 2):-~jaiaide dene woah taotad ieee Gees 399 Synopsis of Results of his Recent Expedition to Alaska.............. 401 Dameron, J. P.—Verbal remarks on Indian Mounds, ete.............0000 202-3 Davipson, Grorex.—New Problems in Mensuration...............0.++.4 5, 99 fhe Probable Periodicity of Raim Fall cin ites Sadan dee wee ete 3 22 Verbal remarks on the Auriferous Gravel Deposits in Placer County... 41 Verbal remarks on Crustaceans from Lower California .............. 63 Verbal remarks in reference to his examinations for determining the position of the Transit of Venus Station at San José del Cabo, Lower California, occupied by M. Chappe d@’Auterochein 1769.. 65 The Abrasions of the Continental Shores of N. W. America and the supposeds Ancient: Sea TevielS sy «ay ste ois aioe -iele sis lclonetcters shel s iere 90 On an Improved Telemeter for Reconnaissance, Engineering and Mili- GATE PUEP OSES) se, irate ia to) cfs ie lov'ssai's. 5 lolsiias by w(eleie. otoke bless] aNasereteheletmeeste eee 134 On the Auriferous Gravel Deposits of California..................-. 145 On an Improved Leveling Rod..............000¢ Pee Sou AB aCa ato 151 Verbal remarks on Photographs of Hieroglyphics sent to the Academy by Thomas Croft, Hsq:, of Lalhitis:).{cz< se cle ste severe ae aioe) oie 195, 259 Remarks at the Agassiz Memorial Meeting at Mercantile Library Hall, December! 220 MSi3x jc lajapcie sepals petetacisisroa ckepsectes avs loins 220 Onimprovements)in’ the Sextantac cee © ails ns ceciets Gables es elec ile 2.60 Verbal remarks on the Results of the Deep Sea Soundings made by Commander George E. Belknap, of the U. 8. Steamer Tuscarora, Ta ene ne et a Sie CURE ci) Sah 267, 268, 280, 343 INDEX OF AUTHORS. 431 Davipson, Grorcr.—Verbal remarks on certain Atmospheric Phenomena..., 818 Verbal remarks on the donations of James Lick................... 314 Verbal remarks on the deaths of Adolphe J. L. Quetelet, and Colonel Tueander, Ranson warey-vevsyateetele trots aealelsste rs tetotehs focisiene oini's eve anette 316 Verbal remarks on some of the Results obtained in ascertaining Alti- tudes by Leveling, Vertical Angles and Barometric Measures.. 337 Mesh-Knot of the Tchin-cha-au Indians, Port Simpson, British Colum- IDI Harshelote tails, Ais tavctccbeieserst ctor atts wr ohevatesscobetalst oicteretey Nin staimtage ne be ee 400 Doranp, Emir F.—Statement of Thermometrical Readings at Camp Cady, Gale fornia, for a;portion- of LS TQ leis severstewats 2.4 Nees dale Meee 161 Epwarps, Henry.—Notes on the Honey-making Ant of Texas and New Mex- ico, Myrmecocystus,of: Westwood... fo) et nt is ee eee 42 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 1.—Description of some new or imper- fecthy#knownrEeterocenals 25) /chiseein re ae miosis ste ane a emictcketictate 109 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, No. 2.—On the Transformation of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of California and the adjacent Districts.......... 161 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 3.—Notes on some Zygcenide and Bombycide of Oregon and British Columbia ; with descriptions Ole Ne WeS PECTER My Lee way ttstceitat vobexcapeler ett ons rayanclers cline eta heres 183 Remarks at the Agassiz Memorial Meeting at Mercantile Library Hall, MecempberV2AACiS Ove. josie aos awoke acs ates wisn ale ener 241 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, No. 4.—Descriptions of some New Genera ANCES pe cles OfMEELEROCEant tapers ete esate misters eters are crane eter rele 264 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 5.—On the Earlier Stages of some of the Species of Diurnal Lepidoptera........5..........-.2.2- 825 Pacific. Coast Lepidoptera No. 6.—Notes on the Earlier Stages of Ctenuchasmultifaria, B oisdivall yy. wre cmreecic ercvele, cle ateneeeneiate 844 A Tribute to the Memory of George Robert Crotch.................. 332 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 7.—Descriptions of some New Species of Herero ceraky samtrarocemetiters sevice a toetels isicrale are estore tro 365 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 8.—-On the Transformations of some Species of Heterocera, not previously described............... 367 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 9.—Description of a New Species of Thyris, from the collection of Dr. Hermann Behr....,........ 413 Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 10. we a New Species of Papilio from Californiayy a oarsetatet cla Sota ec lenetlnsioe & ate aent hea on ine 423 FisHer, Witi1amM J.—On a New Species of Aleyonoid Polyp............... 418 Fring, W. R.—Verbal remarks on specimens presented of Gum of the Bread- frurt: Dree ands srlsa) G1Ou 2a saree ee ee Seca eRe ye ey 179 Letter accompanying specimen of Sonorous Sand from the Island of Beara! 25 Oe oe cheba i ere tas cl fencer entero medstare: nice eectahe cial s) store sravs 338 GrppEs, Cuartes D. Remarks ¢ on Nest and Egg of Marsh-Wren, Tenetodytes OEE Pe RRA A Gin cht CBO Radeig GheaiGL 504.6 SOE SEAR AISIGne a0 138 Reclamation: Of Swampy landsrya sare searcerstttererseveses cverelersiete se) ere 298 Verbal remarks on the Osage Orange, Maclura aurantiaca........... 398 432 INDEX OF AUTHORS. PAGE Gipgons, Henry Dr., Sentor.—Verbal remarks on Aerial Currents........... 158 Verbal remarks on growth of Volunteer Potatoes................... 803 © Gitt, THroporE, M. D., Pu. D.—Note on the Scombrocottus Salmoneus of Peters, and its identity with Anaploma fimbria............... 56 Gitman, Daniet C.—Remarks at the Agassiz Memorial Meeting at Mercantile LibrarysHally December 22d 1B 73:5. sissies ees eee byes She 45) Goopyrar, W. A.—On the Situation and Altitude of Mount Whitney........ 139 Onstheveeight jof Mount, Wihitiney.c 2. snc cyerjel «eet sels cheieten eee 173 Notes on the High Sierra south of Mount Whitney.................. 180 Guerin, THomas.—Canals depending on Tide Water for a Supply, or the Sup- plynofMidaleWwaterstoj Camas yates ris atey-teler ilstevoicrre oeyek eran 358 Gurzxow, F.—A new Process for the Extraction of Boracie Acid............ 68 Hanxs, Henry, G.—Notes on Cuproscheelite. .. 2... 5... ee eee eee eee oes 133 Hiamkvess* He Wi: Drake Livingstone: .. <2.) ~/ccsleue «i stelntele ie) = elsiele ie tahere 413 AURecentaolcanosny lumassC oumtiyerpse ciepes ec eel eilele eiereieieleleneteeieiene 408 Hastines, 8. C.—On the Action of Frost on Grape-vines in Napa County..... 107 Hempuitt, Henry.—Letter, with gift of Fossil Shells, etc., from a Well at San ID GEOR OPINED ETRE te eno Ene a MID AIDC da cian minicrc ds 154 Hrwston, Georce Dr.—Verbal Remarks on the Native Sparrow............ 157 Hupson, A. 8., M. D.—On Shell Mounds in Oakland, California............. 302 Ketioge, A. Dr.—Descriptions of New Plants from the Pacific States....... 16 Descriptions of New Plants from the Pacific States............... 36, 44 Descriptions of New Plants from the West Coast of America...... 82, 88 Descriptions of a New Genus and two new Species of Plants from the Paceitic, Coast ofA mentee...) ccreicicuaysletiue aller ae aydtele- hash 100 Lawson, J. S.—Letter accompanying donation to the Museum.............. 379 Le Conte, JosereH.—On the Great Lava Flood of the Northwest, and on the Structure and Age of the Cascade Mountains................. 214 Remarks at the Agassiz Memorial Meeting at Mercantile Library Hall, Mecemmbery2Ad BUS iy. Mike slo cnverekeyereveyeuodees ale teteioile. eyetevel Seeker 230 Lick, James.—Deed of Land on Market street, San Francisco, to the Academy 19 A ditionalal) cedwof Man dies cacs-afeehstajsoreyehete asetele el eh aie uncheruoleyae eterna 127 Deed as accepted by the Trustees on behalf of the Academy.....-.... 190 Letter in connection with presentation of a fragment of the Fort McHenry Battle Flag, with accompanying letter from Commodore George dHicnryebreblens april ciiatiectisyloer rice: Mt OMo acco a 312 Locxineron, W. N.—On the Crustacea of California..................64.. 380 Observations on the Genus Caprella, and description of a New Species... 404 Lowry, T. J.—Improved Method of Observing Altitudes of the Sun at Sea.... 307 A Device for the Solution of the Problem of Lengthening the Pendulum of an Astronomical Clock without stopping or disturbing its MaloMTOn oddoanodadoreGonnp cau Uda OoOns oes Ja csecogde do © 426 McCuesnry, J. P.—Verbal remarks on Indian Mound, near Oakland Sagan Soc 202 Morss, Epwarp S§.—-Verbal remarks on the occasion of his Visit and Intro- Guctionuto; the: tAcademiy yee oye ieketnlelcton sacha tstetedraprini=)=taveletehere 314 Newcoms, W. Dr.—Description of a New Species of Shell from San Francisco INDEX OF AUTHORS. 433 PAGE RowsRs, STEPHEN: — Aboriginal Botany, $47. c\.’ssui oan snes class ene ve aneaes « 373 he California's bomizines i.) Waa ois tro satan’: ease clk Casinets jeans esa OOD Saxe, A. W. Dr.—Verbal remarks on a Mound near Santa Cruz, California.... 1567 Scorr, W. A, Revy.—Remarks at the Agassiz Memorial Meeting at Mercantile lnbrarys Hall December 220s Siiam oat aecricvec serpsnreeterscrrete 239 Srapies, D. J.—Verbal remarks on Indian Mounds in California............. 202 Srearns, Ropr, E. C.—Remarks on a New Alcyonoid Polyp, from Burrard’s Urea: 2 hex hetcie cd ceils taictace cress th Ssyale, ele racrey vies mays tel ae cement us Descriptions of a New Genus and two New Species of Nudibranchiate Mollusks, from the Coast of California...........00.. +e 0000 77 Descriptions of New Marine Mollusks, from the West Coast of North PATINCII CAR, Vem re aysecsie creer cals arahegs SaisteneCa ee aera AS cake hilo 78 Resolutions on the Death of Dr. John Torrey.:..............00.05- 85 Aborismal’ Shell Money ie /as-ca «catches! at Sako voters ake vectey sal aes 113 Shells collected at San Juanico, Lower California, by William M. Gabb 181 Shells collected at Loreto, Lower California, by W. M. Gabb, in Feb- MULT el Os esas et vs op ccccet stan wiare ove vcioreetners Ds caleracceve: ath cabeisrar tecnas AOS 132 Resolutions on the Death of John W. Foster, LL.D................. 144 Description of a New Genus and Species of Alevonoid Polyp......... 147 Remarks on the Upper Tuolumne Canon..................00-0- Pekevog Hts} Verbal remarks on Turtles, etc............. Cdgdb nbn ot edoors apie 160 Remarks at the Agassiz Memorial Meeting at Mercantile Library Hall, Wecemberk2AZAe US (Oe Pasjouelsleners zisieis seeds 81, 298 Atomic Weights of Substances and their Physiological action...... 75 DECEMBER, 1874. 436 PAGE ALES ISLAND s cigecss sas Stetuthtg ca Sis 272 PAULA TSI ATIC. Core visa Sacas wish sicleretant 272 ZATIONS a RE ARO Ra Os ene 420 Auriferous Gravel. ........ 14, 41, 145 Auriferous SandS...........0.... 246 (AACE BEGGS GO. SHR en eerie 280 ANION waar Sh A ale eh 119 Avifauna of Aleutian Islands ...25, 270 LAY TREN Oo aaigeag Coc Oea a AO ache 19 TAS CAMS Apis Cis iced SECA ERIC CHO 169 RDI erecia craic scecisienics’ Sisjenrat ahs 49 ENT WS SA Apis seratsic 346 TRIG Ae) aR Roeper ace aes 179 Barometrical., . 175 BatrAGhOGEPS ue «oj. cere ce nee ia Oe IBA STITIGQUS ee iecrchaiterve: (o'r a ies sie suarne 154 Bay Ons TslAnGS Gee os cc wiomte ss less 272 INV IN IE AGAR OOD OROnOM 289 IBGE roi inte chase shane, sewnie 58, 251 Belknap’s Sounding Apparatus, ... 178 PERRIS ese etcirerelc rene aay cabinet nea 275 Biborate of Soda... 6.5 6... s ee 275 BINOR Ges cic tees rene Sielstors wie s Shee 25, 414 TER RRA) Gg SAO ees 270 PRISON aren teen cis ensie. atsponseo aie 270, 390 | EUDANMLDI NUS Greely So a. et eer OR cuore 297 RISC IS, SSB eta dace sie Sua ais a wveciatels 6 BlENnOspermans.. cela. win aeeree 377 be SHARKS fa vanrs cater 6 sic us eet Lol BGS MCUATOL cmd Taito ec erelece pier 296 IBOIEO MEA Me srer ae twia) «Seley otae eioianstes hare 248 ROMA erciein coare wlceietc eis i erolwiais «he 178 Bombycide. .. 183, 189, 265, 868, 372 Boracie Acid Extraction......... 68 IBOraAterOlesniMO 4. ciystkcterdercrrcae 257 EOS eercteheel meatonere i tanarts oie Gatenakhetarses 178 Botany. ...16, 36, 44, 82, 88, 100, Boece ice et BOM, 896, 380) 808 Botany Aboriginal «vcs. ay wees 378 TEER eons alee dOome ono Gna 275 Brachyotus. .. 26, 278 Brachiopoda. ... -.. 248 Brachyrhamphus. . . ....85, 280 BPA VN emiatahtelcicsraravennn\cinisroe i= 6 382 Bread rut) NGO sisnelsis re ci eue) aye 179 ESTO UISOHIN cheraateveterereis eye seis es stexserecs 377 Buecinum....58, 60, 61, 115, 251, 252 PRUCCINODSIS Vers ituciey eve ican cia kekene 252 [Pitee otal Eye S Reto Sicko aigie WOT ce 29, 346 TANS REN GR, 4 dob aoeinin 6 SUG ope o.con c 289 ES IUTaULO Pitieieiccls os crsistetetelcniermtoe mutts 390 ESTING ACI etcieiscotoes Bisreinloaners aie Oe LEqnIULDE Ges Se OER oto Oe 132 WMONGEHUS a sercisiseueteucts sae oxen 371 CRAs paiasy opadd HA Tae bo LG) WAIAIS Nein ieieehe aus aearels 48 GHIAP PBs a) arersiaratee| ce warns > sieieleslele 291 GENERAL INDEX. Gallianassavei: ne osteo B84 California Land Shells........... 121 Galliostoma s,s csc ne eT Callipnoain cos antes teats 877 Gallistac. .cca nme ner 131, 182, 296 Callopomacs ss tateenicens re cree Ganaleics odo te cioss Gan eee 858 PANCELANIAN wisicis cies corcoseetane 58, 59, 297 @amoensescsidaiccere ole ik arte 882 Wancride tas cisae stint eee .. 882 GAD TS S oists sare ce eet eee iene cI 890 Cafion Tuolumne............ 104, 155 Gaprella i. cists siawieieia sca 404, 405 GalyGAdeniay . .siscniekihccers canvas Galluntejactacn aisitisis sta crsheceias Senate 282 GQAIVSTERIAS ois, cirspejeie mise keueie eines tete 17 Ganoharod Onis cicats: ieieiel'o oh 82 WOTOUMOOW,r.aapiaievaeists\e'e sisi ae. & 289 WOU es atl dele old erabthek ee arated ees 119 WD LL one ese oh heise cralaaislalanpel ease 301 APTS SALOU cl ch ss) abate Aaa, aoe aiey c shel 131 (ENV WAISLN Naa) 3: Acc, 0. 3yahbeut tela sly ae stele 301 Crepiainlaicwstras ticle ssiseteie 250, 297 CYepisraccntkats cua aaais case Oe OO AT CIO ULI ab Nbeotatts iotelite sats 131, 132 Crustacea. ...24, 57, 63, 254, 380, 404 Cryptobranchia,) 20. ..2...- .. 250 Cryptomorphite jh2/2.4.2). , ae Charecstepaaereis tent 132 WMD IAOUIA 3 ihiice) 4247 Election of Officers’... 2.524). .4% 2 Hephas........ 71, 152,178, 807, 379 BXMGID 2) ct vols 700i oleh a1 aa iehenlo sae anas 43 MAT OLOIS Novels overated tie oeha ears 265 LOFTY EA Gr ra ei EO CICLO OO OIE IC 132 Entomology...109, 183, 344, 325, Ra as 445, BOSSE: AGH 428 Mocene HpOChy 2.41. Studied eos 419 HOMSU Au A ohio niet nt sien sees tetiet 159 BMA cota a -oai'eh eat er ale 188, 265, 365 Epialus. ...112, 113, 188, 265, 267, 365 pica ligne aete esis aida bid ao OREO HipocteMioceners srsiact-/a «s)4)e1ere a ee 401 UCU fee a tattcieics onislave ta tatate rotor (ae Ase es 390 HVEMOCALPUGh si). eis. 2216 #3 p%e 376 Brigeron discoidea............-. 55 MLOOMIM sees itee cie teres ae eae nis 167 MOBCHOMUZIAN ststes/0\ <0) s:280 cblietsl 2 o4e B77 WIBUNOUA ented ot iiatelalata se oko s/-!6« 61, 80, 160, 253 Pliocene Hpoch... <2... <2. 4: 389 TATU VV UL dicvet tepeiaee tsrenatine erect retin 289 IEG AG peo Seo olaC OCOne OOD 265 IPaGheeS Bbaogoooubeooabosnone os 34 PO EOUMLCHUL YS: «/o:s)2¢ << 141s) nuclayetaicl stove 209 MOLARS CAS caysiet’s fantialey selene bees 401 IMOKAS3o6 cope Rebs Boor 7, 147, 283, 418 POKWEGWRSnogneoGcauAeoodbOs 30, 276 ODOM URAL a 100) o)e10\ clase) sleraysiareteletele 2792 ODUM Sass a) oie, shatsseis esi depen arate 289 oncellam aes) vcleirsci neuer 382 OLE alee al ie ois vessels ernie cf seeselers 382 TO LAMO CSM rae hy scha.seio Nia ieieheeiierns 308 OW CETMG TAN Garter seo oeisvareaetovers 334 TAILOR MOUS cht. +e nish ees 219. Prehistoric....157, 176, 195, 196, PRE 2... Ue 200, 259, 399 PAGE Problems in Mensuration........ 5, 98 IBEOGMILAS pa atalaletxeNo iets a1 Paoisls 292, 394 Professor ACASsizej. + /s'es/ele) 2/011 < 208 PP OMAUS eters novel eos stoca aren ahaletoiave, eiasate 377 Brotoxid eon Iron':)s serciet sleeits/leve 134 ASeudalliyp lars tre teyst-veley ee totes TAs PSCUGOSTApSINS./-))\ucarn sec) asaeen 383 IPSCUG OHAZIS sts'=(o chercter' cies 3) lores 189 SIAC WAM Mem enc © cicibaweteiets 291, 324 Buebla Mountains, 25.45 4s0ce eee 210 Puftimisterssterstshenclalateieis 279, 58, 159, 251 RUG PULA rete rnatarers inet feravel stele ere 132 LE HCI CF RaicM cine titce ac 274 BEMIS MA everte Aes cley naa wich nilaveels 264, 371 PherOnOtUsi cry. nin sie eiclevaietereialiclssec 298 Rivchatnactuserasisi-sicverciccsceter 79 Btychochelugijasc sens cosas see Eymanicis meeps 162, 170, 829, 332 BY DAZUS tere incrrtsclia eeeeste rane 132 Byrsharcten)siccc.. on Ser 187, 870, 872 PVRS yee ov ere Lge at in OMENS 290 (QIN Saco onoodeoudoodesoone 114 Quercus, ..288, 289, 290, 291, 331, Wal eNatue ckeyshsea charnvsherslavahels 268, 374 Querquedula............ 29, 108, 347 RACHIAMeE CLES EH lerspetsuelstsls) Kel sy aelelers 346 J MEME, BASS R ope Eno b Otoen moo OF 22 [Reba oOeNhtss Goo beads condos gana Gz! RAIMI CULT Sep rorialctets cere lele clorekerstns 377 ame lasek bare cceven crore, cieiclessiarcteuaystars 298 RagV OM euis rev va istencterausyeress tesa cheveneyens 274 Reclamation of Swamp Lands.... 292 RE GUIVINOSULA etree atmcie ¢) crore averse peve 108 Rentains sELUna-yays)=0 2-1-1) vepecsncta ee 958 Rem ainamhOssilicysmctemve te caeeee rier 160 Reports of Committicesn esas. 396 Resolutions......... 85, 144, 242, 387 Ragvelmenneesnoge daco Gobbn5 cone 282 Ritamma cesar (et Wey elsl-ratersistoniorne 356 RaMMTVERAKeedoba dod cl socecs 290, 371 Ramp MOCELUIS arcratfarciele)ofelclelaetarete 299, Unio Dal Sier a cussmcrecisictas eto 805 URN OG ERAS lacie wrocatens ere noe erevers 390 TelnypacoonIEY Boao orncodeadeoonde 248 [ilosch ones RO bin noo GORE eae Oho 266 PICIOCMIA does BOCK Coss cook cele? 58 IMISEEhs Uo dlscaniddou oooaoule uanceey zis) LOG Iban GoSdhsossescndeaae 150 In@ManeTey ot! Sobidds pcdoodscndaae 178 (Rubs Yee eers seer ete cepa See er ee 188 bidiuimmep rect cere eee aces 46 RUpiCOla tees cistmerteeesirs siertine 154 SHUM Ndare relapses ofseysetat diet etorovecahe colctscene 289 POlPAapsrverctafers alc) slat si wralelereveate ors siete 245 Samibucusue. -: «cel Salers rofaroreueerolte 289 442 PAGE. Sands) eAuriferOuse.. .4.:-elne, toes 246 Sand Nickeliferous.......... 200, 258 SECU NO Ue seq asae oases 338, 387 Santali; Reetsn sess. cake. se micce wayiye BaMpiper S.-M eisai oy se afaiele tenia 275 SAMICU] avec erate sie, ge aye te slant Byer Sarrothripaveces..6 st dstectene © 184, 190 NARUUENIO De Ne REN cee Malad weitere 189 DALY RUSHASR eh is tian clot ss 161 Sh TLR es a ey Aa ane 2 276 AMIGA ANA kit ciis tse cols Sok 248 Sax domugiee era ese eran 119 Se! Chie Ae eg a 58, 251, 297 SEG OS." ERT seed, GRA ance 184, 190 CIN DUR LY PAS sh acatiactnch eens se 372 SEI ZOptieamagel wes iookiae cet ce 159 Scombrocotiaar. 1 see ua koe 56 BCEOPMMATIAy vie siete erclens sche aes 167 So) CEs Dee ae 179, 38 ea evolae cin foaumidsde ced seer 90 Medan Ceres Sida noite eae 292 BaP ReAan velar ues wap ean ese a 7, 283 ‘ste 9.77 1 Ei ae eas 0 ae 280 REMIELS YC sin see alos fe 131, 182 EOIN ck Mir Pret te ee 160 EDIIDER ayaa Narr sh ccm scien ess 949 DERAUAMIN IE vet oop) eM io We Ae st 260 RAC Os Hh een titer, SRER Sasa Re 276 hurkohossilee mimctststanvee tne 172 Shark7s soothes ss averee cece: 270 Bifellsisi temeuie tr cledid 717, 172, 246, 415 Shellsiofedlaskaceerseterienien «ave BY Siellstiandeen ee op bteeeioeesc 121 Shells of San Juanico............ 131 Shell Moneys owls Pulse ale Heres 113 SlrellieMoundssi) tee eieecis orci cle 302 Shores -Albrasion sof jesse oa. oe 90 Shumacinislslands ays elena cloe. 272 IDOM Arye Aosta tiaicehe eteteretomie es 209 BCT EHoldiusM eke eee 340 SierraNevada Mts: .3....... .2.. 180 SUMMA RE Sooo cob on oppo bepasD me 249 SHAME 65 de beopeb0G a6 Op Abin oes 298 SinTOT MUCUS i-th aeiseiee skein 280 Sina asi Sere ac ctaiieusten vesicle ste 282 IPH O Ra cee elee eisicieien rate neioavetecusns 59 SHUM oon poop ado Gee SuEoON 298 SIS GUND tevayel iene icnehtiederevele elelerts 132 ISA ece oes rclbantove-oricte tebe etsusueis minis 278 BS AUUITMED ara AUS cyavera, orerstehoseneven ise erere 258 MSTA GOictorah sans costae cleieretere lave nerne 292 SOMME ILA besa oiels occwlseaw caer 273 SBHEDO Meee eile, ala'2 sie sion 157, 274 Sllosomacen ene 264, 267, 867 Ri OSOIa ay eee cl etl e brace oes 187 Sphingidgacengetcseiueaesscre ern oe Spline ac eet 109, 110, 111, 113 Spontaneous Combustion ........ 200 GENERAL INDEX. Sodiumyc..5 .tstigeccer ete eee 76 Solecuntis |<). yea eee 131, 296 Nolen Fs ee tec ee eee ee SWUEOne ome boone BeSK uated oc 4 - 55 SOMIATEFIA (or s\a'ets «lo pao 30, 276 Sone Sparrow .2\.. 02s 22'teh ee 274 PONOrOUS Sands saecee soe 338, 327 Sounding Apparatus ............ 173 Soundings Ocean...267, 281, 848, 425 Squaw Old........ 5 Sictbeaite «ek aeteeS 276 SunPAlltitudest ofa. enesei cee eee 807 DUNCUIA, sacl os cee) ces 132, 253, 297 Swallow, Barn’: jafscscis aca sen ee 273 BWA ee ce eins cs css oarsmen 275 SWAMP Wands! je..-tre cise eee 292 Stam della scr oc, -\encis teres nies 131, 249 Stephanomeriay.j4n-- eae sees 39 Stercoraniussc4 acta sana aaa 32 LCRNA fetus aetelessiohate tees okie adie 34, 279 StiekgMishweer)o ts iss snus aes 288 Sitombinan.’s .4/-.i0: dna. tama see 133 Shrombush «3.4425 hie baw 131 piiret chine perecr ficken 266, 267 Structure Cascade Mountains. .... 215 SYCAMLOLE’ so 5/0). 00s, = te oa, See 289 Symp HOLicarpusi. ays cs ee tees 344 Synthiliboramphus.............. 35 REET aisle renectaratselets ernie we eyeerecoceies 4 Mam alcerereeraarerietersger toe ci 292, 324 NA ogck cnbeotoco acco a8 6 269, 292 MAES ater terre series yatta sc6a G2 Mya WVOMMEA 6 ooopEeouS Foes eee: 4 Wb di tats orignal aa oes 288, 290 MAR rciatinatetare ates etalon sees e oreyel eres 276 MBL ea: Sasare sic crstiorwisl ater stioleree eo tsto cea 189 Mel eom Hp hiGe retest tte terete 267, 314 Melemetenswcaccs «sree eee eee 134 Melina stam sierescicteustaticteistete eteterers 249 Meeoaleycoopeoes sochoccon dc 248 Meredinesy iter ereisitectocis elements 57 MeGlase<% ceecuee re eies 162, 166, 327, 332 TELMIUGES acters ayes slaeiete ttetnerete 57 Term yc icisie ro ks fevovenciel ete holoteheceetorenete eee 279 Tertiary Formation ............. 422 Tertiary Fossils ......-...------ 296 Tetradecapoda .........+--+----- 404 Mhalassidromayac ccs leb ire 81, 278 Thanks Vote of .......-----.--. 244 (Mambti Goes Gossdand coos eadoule 76 bani: 5 sieeemaste enor 265, 267, 268 site claeekytetsratehereventeters 161, 331, 332 Mhermiome trical seyectetexteteterte =e 161 WMI iGo oGagon ooo 5oGA 292, 301, 324 IMCHIPY eae cqod coccs baa Lanoeode 290 Pb yatirdlc ators ceeeede fale ¢ =e (s\re\aratate 189 Uo) Pose pode pocho seamed inde 413 TidenWiateriCanalsiser |... (el) ote 358 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE STON porarere a's, crv es) Seyatataniats euceateiets 390 TAIN ail pr vai ae Nira rerh Shee lahat enalay teste rexeaisen 257 MunmnUnGulushs aceiesneiecise cae eee 25 PMGMYOUBEY Scie 4 aie S olsinn's «e's B01, 324 BIEL, fay eyelets inet oss ra ois eats 181 LOPE N75 5 cos o-do0S Goon boodlse 285 MORN STI a Src patent ars state st Sore 297 Mouean) 522!) mb hel avaeisy avaietly epeleye 324 MOrrevayy shies alec - 160, 288, 289, 856 Torrey, Prof, Johny... .i:...0¢s- 64, 85 Mra Ar eeit ysis se. fis fe 245, 356 PCHOULOPIS is lec peiside aps es face 251 enito imme selec sects cere 54, 166, 327 Sibir cra aN are saci tes. cia knee ies ot 28, 275 PRODI cope taorte eerie tare eee 78 TULODaNarses ctcilst Sas Scene, he 7, 78 eeMnIGON Leal, cys este sce si wlasn orevene soho 132 PPILOMMAM > sc.) civics a tacnse ce 60, 61 AU TE ee ech are ai me 131, 132 Mroglodytes! 34). 2 sci. 2 26, 188, 273 OOM see iste ieee. & 252, 298 Prouplalew cs secs hi sora, 324 SUS alae atejeicleratse cake eisai tees 22 280 AUIMCA LAs ccc esr hese 248, 178 PUTTS BTICAIGI Caps eieee scr cle tclistan = 13 Tuelumne Canon’. 85.4.0 5.2 104, 155 Mardusm aes dd che es 292, 301, 324 myurthte lal ame cesrevchaetande tigate es 297 PIT GLES Rion erties ¢ ce cicenetero eros 160 SMPT WON TUT = a Gy een en A a a ».. 249 PINUS O PSMe cts Sattats Mereikigs eters tiie mcs 13 Tuscarora Expedition ....267, 268, 343 Beenie oeanerensier ayepae te tenae tte, si aevera 425 PRUE eee estas charerccssiciciae ane 178 iyi cdallMount > sci. «ce oes make 141 Winellulantal ver... sels ores es os 8, 147 Winalashikay sec, cis Ge cusle wie oe ees 272 Wiria sages <) syerara 34, 35, 279, 280, 414 Wirticar act ssieese ativsts Shad chacacte oe 168 Walley Hetch Hetchy..........:. 155 \WriGrs hae oeneauoes 161, 162, 169, 170 Vapors, Hydro-carbon........... 200 Variation in Land Shells........ 1p )| WWIELAS LOZ 50.2's.'s swine is eeausrese wie taal 67 bViele lla ais, 2 2<. = cverers 97, 127, 245, 338 AWE TUGIN ays ahetin sis (sic sresle vote eePaier ae 251 WIEMERICATCIA «2/55 qctejeine ies 249, 297 \WGHUE, Ans eee ein eric a rece 114 PAGE Wenusblanet to. Jencuenee mo Na tees. 313 Vientust Rnamsitgofiaecyc. = eect 65 Weretillidce: st serz a am Set se Reo 7 Verrillia....145, 147, 148, 149, pb dente eee 283, 338 WilOlabs oileie tian ocrtcle eee tee oe 167 Virgularia 8, 11, 108, 189, 147, 418 WTS et a Nek OR he a ae at 289 Wi ae Set ep ace eee ee reset dcaneeeet eee 131 Violcanor se eumiat sts sean Se iste 408 Moleanic Wace ait eine 299, 390 Wolter ase antcaie toy Seen 58 Volutoharpav ot. sc. oie cea 252 Volutopsis...... 60, 61, 252, 253, 298 Moterom name ee oe ee ener 244 Wullpesusa sti cts dat of sist lotion 97 Walt ey etetetaiicar st scticrena ior opeioeeeete 43 Wiaertallin sy tehe,suereralsteneteleiei sreiaretey= 301 WWiedlinta tie oie se take ae cts space oncies oueneniare 289 Whaling titel tits a svauien ee stereo ee 179 Waldheim tate. secre retorerclacuerais scene 299 \WEriny Ne cac coo dobo Cod acc 114, 125 iWiarblerk: {cckuaade tite soles 301 Wiatter Niutsinc! oc erste cre seer 356 WiellstsArtesian 35,42 tedden ee 104 Wienonaercisbusl vets one ml urarenstal snags 301 WihalessS sec eo ieee ch ereians 282 Wihalesossil: 72.ac ceramic 161 Whitney Mount...:....139, 141, 173 Wialliamson Mount. 2c. aee nee 141 IWillOWS ic cricta stein s kash geetan alee mae 289 SWIG, tree cere tt ah ts RU 416 Woodeating Animals.......... 24, 57 Wioodwardiawe s,s. aoe ere 356 Will ess svccdas is cccloyo eed 390 WIRD a ors ricie tole tials Genie 138, 278 Mevlop Maca. seen. <, jeden elven tee 57 XV OUBY aiscs rovers pt rote sShalcreysis Neue 296 VelloweDock ov jcttccca oe 376 Merbas Santas ati vie see teretner 378 ICV Ee Sere rel Slaconis statins Sees 290 POLMTAMEE Sige tat Ste Nene Aare 250 ZiT WES Bhs os eats shearer ae sl See 355 LE OMOOFAG MG, aoa olbachadsasSehoes o 27 Zoophyte........ 7, 145, 147, 288, 418 SLiye CNG Beta ote eye's oars e 111, 188, 367 Bory tye y hl ERRATA. Page 58, seventh line from end of third paragraph, for “ Voluti” read Voluta. Page 112, twenty-first line from top of page, for “ Crsuncaa” read CrenucHa. b Page 292, second line, for ““Jamaicaii”’ read Jamaicana. Page 292, third line, for “‘ Tanajer”’ read Tanager. a] Page 292, second paragraph, second line, for “‘Avicenus” read Avicenia. Page 301, second paragraph, first line, for “‘ Mussell”” read Missell. > read Parus. Page 301, second paragraph, third line, for “Paraus’ Page 312, second line from bottom, for ‘‘ Terrebratulina” read Terebratulina. Page 324, second paragraph, fourth line, for “‘ musicans” read musicus. Page 324, second paragraph, sixth line, for ‘‘ Psitaecula” read Psittacula. Page 324, second paragraph, seventh line, for “Rhamphocilis” read Rhamphocelis. Page 338, sixth line, for “Verillia” read Verrillia. Page 338, fifth line from below, for ‘“‘eccentricus” read excentricus. Page 346, seventeenth line, for “vomarina” read vomerina. Page 346, fourth line from below, for “‘ albiola”’ read albeola. 2 4 re = : 4 _ et ny se toy, y ba re pit Wena ig. ee ny} 2) SE ao , aR iY ‘ a) ve ae i Mh oe ah ro. lind } Pees he wig ¥ dr rth a ATS eae er ei a) ae an dn . : of ) re) oe ee a> : Zt ae ; ‘s + ey en Pit (ee bos Be Bue sa 7 a Al rw ohn bE i ny al Cir ree, ea an Re, P, - a Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Vol. V. Pil, A, | ~ ey = ee es NEW SHELLS OF THE WEST COAST OF N. AMERICA. eH « he, a Doe Ae) im sees a ri ae healt i tae ‘ Tete D Va eae , Proc. Cai. Acad. Sci. Vol. V. NEW MOLLUSKS FROM THE COAST OF ALASKA . Pi. CAL. ACAD. SCIENCES. VOES VP AKes ile | | | | | | ATA g HG ifs Zp, Vip, Ly | Giga HG. is Uff Mi ZZ ANISEA AUREA, KELLOGG. [SEE PAGE 83.] . , as. ¥ a thes ne] Pf ¢ ‘a > 9 re ; " ~ a ri et =) at CAL. ACAD. SCIENCES. SSS hy) } iy GA LILIUM BLOOMERIANUM V, [SEE CAL. ACAD. SCIENCES. VOL. V, PLATE IV. — —- —— —_——_——-- igs ST ee LILIUM BLOOMERIANUM VAR. OCELLATUM, KELLOGG [SEE PAGE 89.] a ae na mal }: VoRyi Pr ER CALIFORNIA.) | 930 FEET HIGH. | | | | _Pt FERMIN. E.v4 SOUTH ARQUT 18 MILES DISTANT. Pt VINCENTE. wc Cal. Acad. Sei” Zz Z Lille N. by W. 82 MILES N°4 estimated SOOFt. : | ISLAND OF ANACAPA, CAL. METIS 930 FEET HIGH. | Pt FERMIN Pt VINCENTE. E.V4 SOUTH = ka a ae id q ear Hes Pe { , 5 ye! ‘ * ’ iy CAL. ACAD. SCIENCES. Deer Pomeny i mt eR? Ca re rs Cte ate ROU eaminuea tt ey Pe etonho ER eT? ES oi Pie ere CRATEER TINE at arent et i SSRN ree an Cy Bega Behe ABORIGINAL SHELL MONEY. [SEE PAGE 113.] VOE. V; PEAKE Vi: 5 yr ae Vol. V PL.VIL aaa . ‘ ‘ oS Ae ees Uc pe Yam se eee | b D i . ‘ = . D a a . PSS Gs “ S = ra (a) = ~ » ~ ~~? SB we . S bead SB» * " mS v ~ S52 ‘ {Oo-n-S SS ; — Wa eke ee eee Pores 370 \ ct ed ‘ SNR ee * = <, = ‘ SoS ‘ iS S O ‘7 \: ~ \\ Si NN ~ \ N\ S VAN ~ A _~— \ = AS \ = Win S 35.0 go DATSATUTCIS(., redintta and crebristria@ 31°) Scale of 100Miles. (A.areolata Pandore, levis. &c. Sof Lat. 28?) J.C. Coeper del VISTRIBUTION OF ARIONTA, COOPER is Pl = 78 - n a ne EE ee eee Prac. Cal. Acad, §ev. Si * < Vol.V PL.VI ao oe P) ‘Ss = ~ ES) _— ~ = 3 = = = 3077” 4 S — = = : ‘ : | fees See] gar SCqyuotcola f ; = oar: Willebrand past Om SS )))))| a 2 37 erect Z ——| EL. Dupotuthouarst ; ‘ NY | Ny 3.39 \ . IN \ —S= \\ Larutocineectet. Scale of 100 Miles. CL Remondit, Rowellt&c.S of Lat. 9°) HeLa cae onper del ) NK, \ TH Bee STRIBUTION OF LYSINOE, COOPER di ><." -7. ee ri : — ee . a <= 7 a “4 ; : =" : ee ae ee : al : ns ~f] ff ; . 2 ¥ a : : ‘ aa he ee Clete erie ; ivdel sillinieV—! at, ~ __anonmtnaqe e'oAel@ 1G moti ; osie af ‘ ee ; ¥ ‘ ie Jo! hid Wo uoiriog enowtiqylol Yo aoire%’—S 4 ah oxie lene .enorsineqe bobwor ge > shaq siowtiqyloT dgvoul) aoitose-e2019—8 A BIR»); Lame on Be? , | ras Chto j tsnq [saad epeeg nose b . » ean! Bie sol tui to toiioq ener ytto |. lo noito9%—6 bE) of ae “ +s ms r, ‘ idl t | | sia Lessee, ed ,coewed ee oe dromioage OA) A i con. a v5 ere! ‘to tn fits sAils0 /guiwode (6 gil) sy. vhs jo noios—.5 .0F af : oft, oli@onge 2wor-qylot VERPRILWO® et he! 7tEaens (av towne ay : Fie. Ries Fic. Fic. Fra. Fig INDEX TO PLATE IX. 1.—Verrillia Blakei; Stearns. General aspect; one-twelfth natural size; from Dr. Blake’s specimens. 2.—Section of Polypiferous portion of one of the largest and most crowded specimens. Natural size. 3.—Cross-section through Polypiferous part; a, principal longitudinal canal; 6, axis. 4.—Cross-section through basal part; a, canal; 6, axis. 5.—Section of Polypiferous portion of a smaller and less crowded specimen, received from J. 8. Lawson, Esq. Natural size. 6.—Section of above; (Fig. 5) showing chevron-like arrangement of Polyp-rows, opposite the axial-side. Natural size. VOL. V. PLATE IX. CAL. ACAD, SCIENCES. glppainidilitaats BEAKE!,-. STEARNS: (SEE PAGE 147.] VERRILLIA TESS TG IW! nu oA noes uoo & q pele orIpu rpur “eles oui 6 uljeaed I ate quenb Sag 2 od pesodur ooep jo spe q—pun OJ S4oAA yoodr jo sja0 s 1u90ga9 EE ee : IYAA Ul a e espao 9 wid e £ yuo s quesead Sa 3218 Id 2u LL “SYSTIPDS -krkud 0G Wd 6 G . 6L . ayrsot syisoda: ayATora, ay Aton I reuy fs q Aarque at n° ag, arp 9L UIT UBIpIS : TWoOIseA ¢ tpag LT IsqO onmdydiog CT : ale FL Atk “OP ISOUT ee See UE ‘asRqRid § < T : I SUS e Wer ut qreseg V6 * ayISOUIR L qyeseg : Ty "9 F : y) JISOULB aseqerd & uy ¢ G JISOULRM : . Vv i, ayIsoulBU G Veer YY, YY, Y ])/ Oi MM) yy Yyyy Ly ] Wey yy Wille Ur Wife YW) Yh \ YY Yip hy yyy UY Ye N Y Yy Mle YW) YY Y) Wy yy x ify, Ys YY Yf We Ss YW) SN Wf YY Yy « Wee IRE NS N X 3LV1d ‘A “110A \ AS; —_ ERE aie ——————————— CAL. ACAD. SCIENCES. VOL. V, PLATE XI. Fic. 1.—Female. Fie, 2.—Male. Fic. 3.—Ovigerous section, under third and fourth segments. CAPRELLA SPINOSA, LOCKINGTON. (SEE PAGE 404.) } CAL. ACAD, SCIENCES, oo Fia. 3. VIRGULARIA ORNATA, (SEE PAGE 418.) Fale Sivek. VOL. V, PLATE XIl. Fig. Fie. Fig. Fia. Fia. INDEX TO PLATE XII. 1.—Virgularia ornata, Fisher ; general aspect; natural size. 2.—Section of central portion of one of the largest and most developed specimens ; enlarged ten times. 3.—Section of central portion, viewed in profile; natural size. 4.—Transverse section of axis; enlarged 600 times. 5.—Transverse section of polypidom and axis ; enlarged 250 times. 4 x aA OF yal a . Poe tun i Menee ‘west Woah plaiiag esac ae we & alae Sawa Yh sonny Yor walla Tene. Ib) neat il Ma uf salnis wor puree) oogonia “ : . oe Dstar zsitlory itt hewely pif toes ty avira ) , oe. Neat ven onit DS Levuvadiae sdixe WO sie ySpeed Weer Teidien Pes Pe : Been OBE belnatim ; xa baw mobiquioy Wi Loloon eepreensyBere anh 7 1 7 | a3 a t ’ a Si Peete at : bi : eo - : : he i = _— = fi f ‘ A ‘ ‘ ~ _ Z - f = | ; a < 7. = Se ° : : ‘ a : ‘ah » ts ; i nt * ’ » - , i Pa ” , _ a F e TT is J 4 9 boda 4 ‘ . Pas pe: Ps ‘Cis ~ 2 a det « 0A) oP ee ie. 3% CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENGit= +@+ Officers for 1873. President, - . - - - - - GEORGE DAVIDSON Vice-President, - . - - - - JOHN HEWSTON, Jr. Corresponding Secretary, - - = . HENRY G. HANKS* Recording Secretary, : - : : - CHARLES G. YAES Treasurer, - - - : - - - - ELISHA BROOKS Librarian, - - - - - - Cc. N. ELLINWOOD) tia Director of the Museum, - - - - - He G. BLOOMER TRUSDEES: R, E. C. STEARNS, OLIVER ELDRIDGE, THOS. P. MADDEMs D. D. COLTON, AND THE PRESIDENT, RECORDING SEC- RETARY, AND TREASURER, ex officio. Pee —__————__4 24. ep ___ PAYOT, UPHAM & CO., Agents for the sale of the Academy’s Publications, 622 Washington Street, San Francisco. Also, the Naturalists’ Agency, Salem, Mass. THIS PART COMPLETES THE VOLUME. | ! ) . wo 7 PROCEEDINGS CALIFORNIA ACADEMY SCTRN CES. VOLUME V. PART III, 1s7A. | ks JUNE, 1875. a: £ We COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION, 1873. GEORGE DAVIDSON, Ropert EK. C. STEARNS, CuarLes G. YALE, Henry Epwarps, ALBERT Ketioea, M.D. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES —— PROCEEDINGS: Volume I, (re-printed,) 126 pp., 6 plates, - - - - - $2 50 Volume II is out of print. - - - - = : 3 z Volume III, 4o1 pp., - - - - . : = = =) 50 Volume IV, 303 pp., and two plates, - - - - - - Z*5O Volume V, Part I, 96 pp., 3 plates, - - - - - - - 100 Volume V, Part II, 243 pp., numerous plates, - - - - I 50 MEMOIRS, QUARTO: 1.—‘ Pacific Coast Mosses,” by Lesquereux, - - - - $1 00 2.—“ Natural System of Volcanic Rocks,” by Richthofen, - a Te5O Ce i HENRY PAYOT & CO., Agents for the sale of the Academy’s Publications, 640 Washington Street, San Francisco. Also, Naturalists’ Agency, Salem, Mass. 1 al 5) it ie ali as Da ee aiales Wey \ rs ma ; 3 9088 aise 651