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S Tearted id = biter cases OLA yey i. ra yy i. ive Paka ne u F iY CG 1 ene a bib) vs, ‘aes i I Rae, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THIRD SERIES ZOOLOGY Vou. III IQOI-1904 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1904 Wy Cs Aaya, SA ‘Cr Cw TNiuISS CRISS he AR eatin Ren ea aS aaGr iA SPIr gl > 3 Crane itn ohAOE iM eaeae Ica (COMmUsiS. Moncgusindymandoocucsooga cbc cube poco dann boo pon aoD coum oCOe No. 1. Studies on Ciliate Infusoria. By N. M. Stevens. (Plates I-VI) (Published May 4, 1901.) No. 2. Coccidze (Scale Insects) of Japan. By Shinkai Inokichi oven, (UABWES WHUSIUU))ooae podccoddes soc adue ocaace (Published March 4, 1302.) No. 3. Some Observations on Ascorhiza occidentalis Fewkes, and Related Alcyonidia. By Alice Robertson. (Plate XIV).. (Published March 14, 1902.) No. 4. The Anatomy of Epidella squamula, sp. nov. By Harold licatlinan ne lates Ox EN) oe iy sie yerarenlad cote isla oars hata hee (Published June 12, 1902) No. 5. Variation and Fusion of Colonies in Compound Ascidians. By Branke Wena crores) (late xe Valli ree alee: wetern area aieiiere re (Published January 31, 1903.) No. 6. The Net-Winged Midges (Blepharoceridz) of North America. By Vernon L. Kellogg. (Plates XVIII-XXI])............ (Published February 12, 1903.) No. 7. Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. Mam- mals of the Galapagos Archipelago, Exclusive of the Cetacea.. By, Ednaund) Heller.) (Plate XSI) see (Published August 31, 1904.) No. 8. Notes on Fishes from the Gulf of California, with the De- scription of a New Genus and Species. By Cloudsley IRutters yer Plate XeNclyy)\s caus seecreevctestschctev eleva) cbevshoh alate els temiater ya (Published August 17, 1904.) No. 9. Notes on Fishes from the Pacific Coast of North America. Byi€hardes Le Gilbert. (Plates DEX Sei) eee srgemrai= (Published August 20, 1904.) . No. ro. The Hypopygium of the Dolichopodide. By Robert E. Snoderasseia( Plates XOCx xX NOU) rn ory eee tetera tolerate (Published September 28, 1904.) No. rr. Remarks on the Sexes of Sphzromids with a Description of a New Species of Dynamene. By Samuel J. Holmes. (EVeaCCPOXONEIING) icye's Sapslolatee cision unas es mieslersbohete es aherey a al e--)oiers aerate (Published October 11, 1904.) No. 12. On Some New or Imperfectly Known Species of West American Crustacea. By Samuel J. Holmes. (Plates SOON WOOK EON TT) to 4k IAT ae SP eat en a TO (Published October 11, 1904.) No. 13. Some Arachnida from California. By Nathan Banks. (Plates D.O,@- OVA WH IED. GL” SSGB A seve Aneesh PiMideraaheds he anette otmale (Published December 1, 1904.) ITera cl appear Sih ees See tain ar SaeeaN HRN ave PU VEE Cbs tcl save sarly anct al at abeyeund slave cualiafaRatsta eran CONTENTS“ On (VOLUME, Tit. PLates I-XLI. December 12, 1904. 43 99 109 137 187 233 255 ° 295 397 377 140 68> i Wy + Been PROCEHEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THIRD SERIES ZOOLOGY ( Vor. Ll No: Studies on Ciliate Infusoria BY N. M. STEVENS WitH S1x PLATES Issued May 4, 1901 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY IgOI STUDIES ON CILIATE INFUSORIA.! BY N. M. STEVENS. CONTENTS Pirates I-VI. Il, ILIGNOREORMA RUNCIUNRILAISIDI, GIR, RO\Wo6 cdcncedaccr06 ndodcs oadece 2 pe bOVERTATSUEGVEINDRIGA WN GEN sii ISPa ENON cific alelelelalteteleteials) ates 20 Turse forms were discovered by Dr. F. M. McFarland in the respiratory tree of Holothuria californica Stimp., at Pacific Grove, California, in the summer of 1893. In June, 1898, the working out of their structure and general biology was assigned to the author of this paper as a problem in cytology. The number of new and interesting points which came out in the course of the study seems to warrant the present publication. The work on which the paper is based was done in the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory at Pacific Grove, and in the Histological Laboratory of Leland Stanford Junior Uni- versity, between June 1, 1898, and January 1, 1900, under the direction of Dr. McFarland, to whose suggestions and coéperation is to be credited whatever of value the paper may contain. My acknowledgments are due to the Directors of the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, Drs. Gilbert and Jenkins, for the use of an investigator’s room and for all possible labo- ratory assistance and privileges during the summer of 1899. Technigue.—The respiratory tree was removed from the living holothurian, plunged into the fixing fluid, and later 1 Thesis presented to the faculty of Leland Stanford Junior University, May 25, 1900, in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts. [1] April 26, 1901. 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. washed, and hardened in alcohol. Small pieces were im- bedded in paraffine in the usual way, and sections 5 to 7 u thick were cut and mounted in series. For zz toto prepara- tions, portions of the respiratory tree were stained, washed, and run into glycerine or through alcohols, followed by clove oil, teased upon the slide to free the infusoria from the respiratory membrane, and mounted in glycerine, glyc- erine jelly, or balsam. A large number of fixing agents were tried: picro-acetic, picro-sublimate-acetic, Gilson’s fluid, sublimate-acetic, iridium chloride-acetic, Flemming’s strong and weak solu- tions, Vom Rath’s solution, platinum chloride-acetic, Her- mann’s fluid, absolute alcohol, absolute-acetic, palladium chloride, Rabl’s fluid, bichromate-osmic, and osmic vapor. Hermann’s fluid gave the best results, though sublimate- acetic, absolute-acetic, Boveri’s picro-acetic, Flemming’s and Vom Rath’s solutions proved quite satisfactory, and osmic vapor was especially valuable for temporary zn toto preparations in the study of division stages. ; Peptone and pepsin solutions, bichromate of potash (one to three per cent.), formalin (one-tenth to one per cent.) and fresh water were employed as macerating agents; of these, potassium bichromate (two per cent.) was found to be of greatest value in revealing and isolating the internal fibre structures of Lzcnophora. The principal stains used were Delafield’s hematoxylin, dahlia, bismark brown, thionin, methylen blue, acid fuch- sin, borax carmine, alum carmine, picro-carmine, Mayer’s paracarmine, light green, safranin, Heidenhain’s iron- hematoxylin, rubin, and ruthenium red. For fresh mate- rial picro-carmine and alum carmine gave the best results; borax carmine, paracarmine, light green, and safranin were useful in the study of fixed material zz toto; for sections no other stain was at all comparable to Heidenhain’s iron- hematoxylin following Hermann’s fixing fluid, and used either alone or in combination with rubin or with ruthenium red. ZOoL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORTA. 3 I. Licnophora macfarlandi,’ sp. nov. Pirates I-III; PLatEe VI, Fics. 68-82. Historical Summary.—In 1862, Claus (1862) described a Trichodina-like infusorian, parasitic on the medusa C/ad- onema, and in 1865 Meyer and Moebius (1865) found a similar form on ols alba, in the Bay of Kiel. That these forms belong to the genus Lcnophora is evident from the descriptions and figures, but they have not been identified as to species. In 1866, Auerbach discovered and Cohn (1866) described and named Zyichodina auerbachit, an infusorian found on Doris muricata at Helgoland. The species was character- ized by an elongated body, by separation of the attachment disc from the oral disc by a narrow neck, and by a left hand peristomal spiral. In 1867, Claparéde (1867) created the genus Lzcnophora for a new species, Lzcnophora cohniz, found on an annelid, Psyrmobranchus protensus, in the Bay of Naples, and trans- ferred Cohn’s Jrichodina auerbachiz, which he also found on Thysanozoon tubercula, to this genus as Licnophora auerbachit. In 1884, Gruber (1884@) named a third species, para- sitic on the dermal branchiz of Asterzscus, in the Gulf of Genoa, Licnophora asterisci. This species Gruber describes as very near to Licnophora auerbachit. Fabre-Domergue (1888) regards these three species as identical. He says: ‘‘Or, je ne crois pas que l’habitat suffise pour faire séparer deux formes parasites qui ne pré- sentent aucune différence d’organisation, et comme j’ai eu Voccasion d’étudier des Licnophora fixées a des Syllis et a des Ophiothrix, et identiquement semblables, je crois que Von peut, jusqu’a nouvel ordre, réunir sous le premier nom de Licnophora auerbachi, toutes les especes connues.”’ Biitschli (1889) mentions Fabre’s opinion, but says that there are probably two or three species. 1 Specific name given out of respect to Dr. F. M. McFarland, Associate Professor of Histology, Leland Stanford Junior University. 4 ' CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. Wallengren (1894) holds that until the genus is more carefully studied three species must be retained: Lzcno- phora auerbachit Cohn, Licnophora cohnit Claparéde, Lic- nophora (auerbachii) Fabre, the latter species not being identical with the one described by Cohn. The form which Wallengren has worked upon, he finds upon Doris murzcata and regards as identical with that found on the same host by Auerbach and Cohn, and by Claparéde on Thysanozoon tubercula. Licnophora asteriscz, from Gruber’s description and figures, he identifies with ZL. auerbachiz; but Fabre’s (1888) account of the rudimentary velum and ciliary mem- branes of the attachment disk and of the peristomal mem- branellz lead him to think that he (Fabre) was working on a different species. Claparede’s comparison of the two forms which he describes leaves little doubt that Z. auer- bachit and L. cohnii are distinct species. These forms are all exclusively marine and occur as ectoparasites or commensals on gills or tentacles of various nudibranchs, annelids, etc.—Cladonema, 4olis, Aplysia, Doris, Psyrmobranchus, Syllis, Thysanozoon, Asteriscus, Ophiothrix. ? Two fresh water forms have been described: the first, L. setifera, by Maskell (1886), as occurring in New Zea- land; the second, as L. europea, by Garbini (1898) of Verona. A comparison of the figures and descriptions given by the two authors shows many points of mutual simi- larity, but nothing whatever of the characteristic features of Licnophora. Bitschli (1889) alludes to L. setsfera Mask. as a doubtful species, and both it and Lzcnophora europea Gar. should be carefully studied before their valid- ity as species of Lzcnophora can be recognized. Brief morphological descriptions of the various species of Licnophora have been given by Cohn (1866), Claparede (1867), W. Saville Kent (1881-1882), Gruber (18842), Fabre-Domergue (1888), Biitschli (1889). The only extended cytological study of Lzcnophora, including the first account of its division phenomena, was published in Swedish by Hans Wallengren, in 1894. The study was ZOoL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE [NFUSORIA. 5 made with a view to confirm Biitschli’s theory, that Zzcno- phora is an intermediate form between hypotrichous and peritrichous Ciliata. For this purpose, careful observations were made of both anatomical and cytological structure, special attention being given to the method of division of Licnophora. 'The results of Wallengren’s observations lead him to discard Biitschli’s theory and to look upon Lzcno- phora as a highly specialized form of the Peritricha. Its relationship to other genera of peritrichous infusoria is, in his opinion, still an open question. flabitat.—The species of Licnophora, which is the sub- ject of this paper, is an entoparasite or commensal of Holo- thurtia californica. It occurs in large numbers in the respiratory tree of the holothurian, and has not yet been found as an ectoparasite on the same or other hosts in Monterey Bay. When the respiratory tree, just removed from the holothurian, is examined under a low power, the Licnophore are seen attached to the inner epithelial sur- face of the transparent membrane, in company with a second ciliate infusorian to be described in the second part of this paper. The number of both forms varies greatly in different individuals. Out of the many holothurians examined (one hundred or more), only one was without these parasites. One contained only the second form; a few had only a few specimens of Licnophora; but an abundance of both was the rule. The material was much richer in 1899 than it was in 1898. The infusoria occurred in largest number in the peripheral branches of the respiratory tree, and in gen- eral at the tips of the finger-like subdivisions. The habitat of this species is peculiarly fortunate for cytological study on account of the abundance of material and the ease with which large numbers of individuals can be fixed, imbedded, sectioned, stained, and mounted in series. General Description.—Like the other species, Lzcno- phora macfarlandi has an elongated body consisting of three distinct regions—an oral disc, an attachment disc, and 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. a connecting stalk or neck. The attachment disc is very constant in form and size, while the oral disc is continu- ally varying in outline; the stalk is exceedingly contractile and so extensible that at times it reaches the length of one- third that of the oral disc, and again contracts so as to bring the two discs in contact, tangent to each other. In swimming the two discs are at right angles to one another, but at rest they most often lie in parallel or oblique planes (figs. 2, 3 and 68). In fixed specimens the length of the body, measuring across both discs without cilia, varies from 67 to 96m. One very large specimen with stalk much extended, proba- bly approaching division, measured 180 p alive (fig. 69). A slight general contraction of all parts of the body occurred with all methods of fixation, least with formalin. In the living respiratory tree the infusoria are seen attached to the membrane and either swinging the oral disc about now this way, now that, the attachment disc being fixed; or more commonly rotating the whole body on an axis passing through the center of the attachment disc at right angles to the plane of attachment, in a direction oppo- site to that of the oral spire (fig. 70). When set free in a watch-glass or on a slide the infusoria swim very rapidly, attachment disc forward, with two char- acteristic movements: (1) a rotary and a forward move- ment combined, the peristomal cilia producing the rotary movement and the ciliary membranes of the attachment disc the forward movement; (2) an occasional more or less periodic darting forward, in which contraction and expansion of the stalk seem to be the motive power. They also glide along the cover-glass as they rotate when attached, and have been seen to run over a portion of the respiratory tree with the cilia of both discs downward, showing something of the agility of Trzchodina pediculus. Structure and General Biology.—Licnophora like most of the Ciliata has a delicate structureless pellicula (Schultze), not distinguishable in life, but readily separated from the cytoplasm by macerating fluids and by many fixing ZooL.—VOL. III.] STEVE NS—CILIATE INFUSORTIA. 7 agents. The ectoplasm is clearly marked only at the margin of the attachment disc, between its cuticula and fibre layers, and within the triangular basal portion of the oral band, where it is either homogeneous or very finely granular (fig. 9, s'). The entoplasm is coarsely alveolar in both discs and more finely alveolar in the neck. Oral Disc.—The oral disc is irregularly circular in out- line, having a projection on the left side opposite the buccal cavity (fig. 3). The ventral side is depressed centrally and posteriorly (fig. 3); the dorsal side convex laterally and posteriorly,’ but continuous with the neck anteriorly (fig. 2). The width of the disc varies from 33.5 to 57 in fixed material, and was 72 in the large living specimen cited above (fig. 69). The mouth and pharynx form a pear-shaped cavity extending obliquely nearly three-fourths of the width of the body, its greatest width being about three-fifths of the length. The external opening, generally oval, is very variable in form and size in the living animal, as indeed are the whole mouth and pharynx. The lower lip is merely a transparent fold of pellicula, while the upper lip is made thick and heavy by the ciliary band which twists and passes under it to form the roof of the pharynx (figs. 3, 4 and g). The oral ciliary band begins just above the pharynx on the left side, curves about the posterior extremity and right side, and passes with a twist under the upper lip of the mouth, where it broadens out and covers the roof of the pharynx into which its cilia descend (figs. 3, 4, 9 and 17). The band is made up of about one hundred and twenty- five transverse rows of fine long cilia which are usually twisted together in action so as to appear under low power as sO many stout membranelle, but under Abbé homo- geneous apochromatic oil immersion 1.5 mm., oc. 8, the individual cilia are plainly seen in the living specimen, hundreds of them in each row forming a flat brush or a 1I have used the terms antertor and gostertor with reference to the orieutation of the animal when it swims: the attachment disc is almost always forward and is therefore the anterior and the other the posterior end. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. stout twist (figs. 4, g¢ and 71). The transverse width of these flat brushes, i. e., the width of the band, is least at the beginning of the band (fig. 72) and is increased one-. half or more in the pharynx, the average width outside of the mouth being 10 in large living specimens. The cilia of the several rows on the left side are most often seen untwisted in the living animal at rest; while those on the right side, where the band turns toward the mouth, are. often divided, one portion extending outward, the other curving toward or into the mouth. The cilia are approxi- mately equal in length throughout the band, 30m in living and 18» in fixed material. Wallengren describes the oral spire of ZL. auerbachi as consisting of stout membranelle set in a ‘‘Peristomalrinne,’’ each membranella being broad at the base and tapering out to a sharp point. These tend to split up into fine fibrille, long on the ventral side and short on the dorsal. | The most constant action of the oral cilia is a strong stroke of the twisted rows toward the mouth, producing a current in that direction, and rotating the body in the oppo- site direction. In feeding, this movement alternates with a second, in which the cilia of the posterior half of the peristome are more or less untwisted and suddenly clapped down on the ventral surface of the disc, driving food before them toward the mouth. | In sections fixed in Hermann’s or Flemming’s fluid and stained with Heidenhain’s iron-hazmatoxylin, the oral band is seen to have a complicated internal structure. At the base of each row of cilia is a deeply stained basal band whose ends are connected by fine fibres with an internal, deeply staining fibre. A cross-section of the band presents a triangular appearance with deeply stained basal band and lateral fibres enclosing a dense homogeneous or finely granu- lar portion. The proportions of the triangle vary greatly from the beginning of the band to its end in the pharynx (fig. 73). Tracing these fibres back from the mouth-region around the peristome into the neck, their origin is found in a stout, longitudinally striated, deeply staining fibre, which arises Zoou.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE I[NFUSORIA. 9 from a branching base at the center of the attachment disc and extends diagonally through the neck to the beginning of the oral band, where it gives off a branch to each end of each basal band. The first branches given off are coarse and oblique, the later ones fine and nearly perpendicular to the basal fibre (figs. 4, 17, f’, and 74). This stout neck fibre with its oral prolongation and branches is somewhat anisotropic, fibrous, and contractile. The only clearly differentiating stain found for it is iron- hematoxylin; second to this was Mayer’s picro-carmine, the material being left in the stain for forty-eight hours. In macerations, the fibre with its various branches is the most resistant part of the body. Potassium bichromate (one to three per cent.) will in a few seconds, aided by slight tapping on the cover-glass, dissolve away the alveolar ento- plasm and the pellicula, leaving the inner layers of the attachment disc with cilia, the neck fibres and the oral band with cilia, the skeleton of the animal, as it were (fig. 17). Similar results were attained with pepsin and peptone solutions, one-tenth per cent. formalin, and even with fresh water. The neck fibre is faintly visible in life, and is plainly seen in any macerating or fixing fluid be- fore the cilia of the attachment disc and pharynx cease to vibrate. These facts clearly demonstrate that the fibre and its divisions so plainly shown in iron-hematoxylin stained sections are not artifacts. Johnson (1893) describes a fibre (first mentioned by Brauer (1885) ) to which he ascribes a contractile or per- haps a coérdinating function, connecting the roots of the oral membranelle of Stentor. ‘This structure is probably homologous with that of Lécnophora but less complex. Schuberg (1886) describes a ‘‘Peristomband’’ and ‘‘Quer- band” in Bursaria truncatella as homogeneous (Bitschli says fibrous), and of ectoplasmic origin, while the fibres of Stentor and Licnophora are fibrous and entoplasmic. The neck or stalk of the infusorian is flattened dorso- ventrally, especially, when extended. In contraction it is crossed by transverse wrinkles and deep furrows, both Io CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. dorsally and ventrally (figs. 2 and 3). On the ventral side there is a deep longitudinal groove extending nearly to its center, and from the border of the attachment disc to the left hand end of the external opening of the mouth (fig. 3,; and cross-section, fig. 7,4) (Not the ‘‘Peristomalrinne”’ of Wallengren). Just dorsal to this groove in the entoplasm lies a fibre smaller than the one described above, attached to the oral band in the roof of the pharynx, running abo- rally a little to the right of the larger fibre, crossing and extending to the margin of the cup on the left side (figs. Ay So Bley. 1 Saif Attachment Disc.—Structurally there may be _ distin- guished in this disc, which has the form of a shallow thick- walled cup, four distinct layers. The inner, or cuticular layer, bounded at the margin by the inner row of cilia, is finely granular in life, and stains deeply with iron-hema- toxylin. The second layer is homogeneous or possibly very finely granular and does not stain; this is the only clearly differentiated layer of ectoplasm in Licnophora, and extends only to the outer margin of the cup. The third layer is composed of coarse, deeply staining branches of the axial neck fibre, interwoven and ending abruptly between the basal bodies of the first and second rows of cilia (figs. 4, 5 and 75). External to this fibre layer on the left side ter- minates the smaller neck fibre, with its stout branches run- ning to the ventral maroin) of ‘the \cup) Gig.) 5) tbe fourth, or outer layer of the cup consists of coarsely alveolar entoplasm continuous with that of the neck and oral disc, and is covered with the general body pellicula. On the rounded margin of the cup are four closely set rows of cilia, regularly graded in length from within out- ward (8m, 16,24, 30m) (figs. 17 and 69). The cilia are usually united into four concentric membranes with more or less deeply fringed edges, but a part of them are often seen separated in the living animal, and in fresh material treated with potassium bichromate or picro-carmine the cilia are always distinct. With a high power (Abbé ZooL.—VoL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORIA. II hom. ap. im. 1.15 mm.) the individual cilia can be traced from the base to the edge of each membrane, either in liv- ing or in fixed material (fig. 3, m', m’?, m°, m’). Each individual cilium arises from a minute, clearly marked oval basal body about .2 » in diameter, embedded in the ectoplasm immediately beneath the pellicula, about .5 apart in the rows and .8m from the adjacent row Gigs14. 16, £3314, '27).\ These basal bodies "are espe- cially well brought out by iron-hematoxylin staining and are in every respect comparable to those described for cili- ated cells of Metazoa by Lenhossek (1898), Henneguy (1898), Peter (1899), and others. The movement of the membranes is a rhythmical wave- like vibration, starting at their base, the four membranes waving in unison, the strongest and most constant move- ment being on the left ventral side. The inner membrane is sometimes seen tightly clasped upon the material to which the animal is attached, while the other three and the velum vibrate in unison. As these membranes are in constant motion in life, and are the last part of the body to cease moving, the various phases of their vibration are often beautifully preserved in fixation (fig. 8). No such lack of coérdination as Wallengren describes was observed when the membranes were more or less split up into cilia or groups of cilia. In attempting to isolate the cilia, as has been done for the ciliated cells of the alimentary tract of Anodonta by Peter (1899) and others, the attachment disc was several times severed from the oral disc at different points along the neck. In these cases, the disc swam forward in the water or moved along the glass exactly as under normal conditions. This, together with the fact that the cilia vibrate after the pellicula and the general body entoplasm are nearly or quite dissolved away by macerating agents, may be cited as additional evidence that the kinetic center of ciliary motion is to be found in the basal body or in the basal body plus the cilium. I2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. Surrounding the outer border of the cup just without the insertion of the outer row of cilia is the so-called velum of Fabre-Domergue (1888). In the living Licnophora it appears as a delicate homogeneous membrane 8» to Io in width (fig. 76, v', v’), made up of two overlapping parts as figured by Wallengren for L. auerbachiz. In radial sec- tions of the disc the velum appears as a loop of pellicula, often, but not always, containing finely granular cytoplasm (figs. (4, (v, 13) 45 2).)) he velum) may function ayhen the animal is attaching itself to its host to secure more perfect suction, but it is certainly not closely pressed against the host afterwards, as such pressure would prevent the con- stant free movement of the ciliary membranes. No definite movement of the velum itself has been observed, except a constant vibration in unison with the ciliary membranes. Connected with the smaller neck fibre at its outer end and apparently moved by its contraction is a vibratile mem- brane (figs. 2,-e€ and 3, €), consisting of an extensible fold of pellicula reaching from the tip of the fibre in the left hand margin of the cup along the left margin of the neck groove to a point near its termination in the mouth. The membrane is raised and extended by an outpushing and elevation of the extremity of the fibre, given a for- ward flapping movement as the fibre is drawn inward and downward, and disappears from view, being somewhat con- tracted laterally, and folded forward over the ventral neck sroove (Gie7 7,2, 0.\c,1d).. NVinen) ithe (extremity wormtme fibre (fig. 77,6) reaches its highest point, the membrane is very tense and its margin is a strong definite line; as the fibre is lowered, the margin becomes indistinct and the whole membrane vanishes. The appearance and disappear- ance of the membrane is seen both when the infusorian is attached and feeding, and when itis swimming. ‘The move- ment is quite rhythmical but the rate varies greatly at differ- ent times, being much greater in swimming. When the Licnophora is at rest, this membrane is often extended for some time, either motionless or waving slowly, sometimes at one end, sometimes at the other, and again along the whole edge. ‘The vibration certainly produces a current Zoou.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORTIA. 162) along the neck groove toward the mouth, and the greater rapidity of its vibration when the animal is swimming may indicate some locomotor function. Vacuoles.—This species has no contractile vacuole, agree- ing in this respect with the forms described by Claparéde, Fabre-Domergue, Gruber, and Wallengren, while Claus and Cohn figure such a vacuole on the right side of the body in the mouth region. Food masses enter the entoplasm at the extremity of the conical pharynx, pass posteriorly and accumulate in the region posterior to the mouth (figs. 2 and 3), though in some full fed specimens a few food vacuoles are seen on the right side above the mouth; but they never pass into the neck or attachment disc, which are therefore more transparent than the oral disc. The animal is exceedingly well provided for in the way of apparatus for carrying food particles to its mouth—oral cilia, ciliary membranes, vibratile neck membrane and ven- tral neck groove all contributing to that end. No anus has been detected. The food masses consist of diatoms, other infusoria, and of what appear to be either leucocytes or loosened epithelial cells from the host. The whole poste- rior half of the oral disc is often filled with yellowish brown diatom masses; shells of navicula, extending half way across the disc, are frequently seen (fig. 2). Nuclet.—In the adult form of this Lzcnofhora there is found to the right of the axial neck fibre, very near its point of union with the base of the attachment cup, a small spher- ical body which stains deeply with iron-hematoxylin, but destains much more easily than the neck fibres or macro- nuclei and does not readily take nuclear stains. Its diam- eter is about 2 » but increases to 3 u in division stages. Its structure is homogeneous. Its behavior in division, increas- ing in size and becoming less stainable, as do the micro- nuclei of Stentor, as described by Johnson (1893), leads one to think that this body is a micronucleus, but the phe- nomena of conjugation which should establish its nature and function have not yet been observed (figs. 4, 7, 13, TAY 722s 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. The macronuclei are from twenty-five to thirty in number and form a somewhat broken chain, extending around the attachment disc, through the neck on the left side, around the oral disc just within the band, and across above the mouth to meet the left hand portion of the chain; one or two are usually found on the right side of the neck (fig. 18). The nuclei are in most cases entirely sepa- rate, but some specimens have groups of three or four within a common membrane, probably a case where com- plete separation has not yet taken place after division ((mlaay 7RS))\< With most stains the nuclei appear to be homogeneous, but with iron-hzmatoxylin considerably destained, they frequently show coarse granules (fig. 79). Stained with safranin, some appear homogeneous, while others contain irregular, deeper staining masses (fig. 80). Picro-carmine on fresh material shows granules, threads, and occasionally a vacuole (fig. 81). The nuclei vary considerably in size in the same and in different individuals (6 w—7.5 @, 3.7 H—-4.5 M, 2.25 w—6 w, diameter of nuclei of three specimens). They vary in form from spherical to oval or elliptical and after fixation are often irregular in outline. The largest measurement (6 “—7.5 “) was for formalin (one per cent.) fixation followed by picro-carmine stain. Division Phenomena.—The division stages, as observed for this species of Lzcnophora, agree in general outline with those of ZL. auerbachiz as given by Wallengren. There are, however, many differences in detail, and more abundant material has furnished a more complete series of stages. Changes in Form.—The first indication of approaching division is increased size (fig. 18), the change being most marked in the neck, which is shorter and thicker, and in the oral disc, which is enlarged in all diameters. In the early stages (figs. 19 to 21) there is an increase in size in all directions, the attachment disc changing but little and the neck becoming so broad and thick as to be hardly dis- tinguishable. The whole body now increases rapidly in ZOOL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORTA. 15 breadth (figs. 22 to 27) and becomes somewhat shorter (figs. 24 to 26). Indentations appear in the attachment disc and at the posterior end of the oral disc; these division lines extend until the individuals separate, the last con- necting bond being the velum. The two attachment discs are at first separated by a double line of short cilia (fig. 13,#),an ingrowth of the inner row of cilia of the original disc. Successively the other circles of cilia and the velum of each cup are completed and the individuals separate. Micronucleus. (?)—This body increases in diameter from 2 to 3, becomes less stainable and therefore more diffi- cult to follow. It moves down the neck and assumes the positions shown in figs. 21 to 23. In the stage shown in fig. 24, two such bodies were found in sections, but division has thus far eluded observation. It is to be hoped that future work on the infusorian may give the in- termediate stages, and the changes in position of the two bodies in stages between those shown in figs. 24 and 27. In the specimen figured in 27 from an zz toto preparation of fresh material stained with alum carmine, both micronuclei (?) were distinctly seen below their respective cups, and in sections of young Licnophore they are always found in normal position immediately under the attachment cup, and to the left of the axial neck fibre. Macronuclez.—In the earliest stage of division seen (fig. 18), the macronuclei are distinct and unchanged in posi- tion, but very soon they begin to unite, usually in pairs, as described by Wallengren, but frequently three united and odd ones are left here and there (fig. 19). The pairs unite with one another irregularly, with a tendency to accumulate on the right side of the animal (figs. 20 and 21). The whole macronuclear substance now becomes concentrated into from one to six rounded masses located within the peristomal region (fig. 22). These masses show indications of a skein stage, but are very dense and stain deeply. The nuclear masses now lengthen out transversely in dumb-bell form and extend nearly across the broad body 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. of the animal (fig. 23). The ends curve upward along the line of the left hand portion of each peristomal band (figs. 24 and 25), and each mass divides into two apparently equal parts by transverse constriction (figs. 23 to 26). The nuclear masses of each half gradually take the posi- tion of the adult nuclear chain (figs. 27 to 30) and divide into segments within a common membrane, which later divides also. Gruber (18842) questions as to whether the nuclei are connected by a membrane as in some other mul- tinucleate forms. The majority of adult forms in this spe- cies and all specimens approaching division have separate nuclei, while a few fully grown individuals, probably recent products of division, show some nuclei still connected by a membrane. These conditions are plainly shown in iron- hematoxylin and safranin stained sections and in material stained with safranin zz foto. No very definite structure has been made out in dividing nuclei. In fresh material treated with formalin, acetic acid, osmic vapor, picro-acetic, or picro-carmine, a distinct longi- tudinal striation is visible in the nuclear masses of advanced stages (figs. 23 to 28 and 82), and a skein-like appearance in those of earlier stages (fig. 22); but other than this they appear homogeneous. Peristomal Band and Axial Fibre.—The original peri- stome, cilia, and mouth change but little during division. The axial fibre appears unchanged both in sections and in zz toto preparations through stage 23, but in sections cor- responding to stage 24, though still attached by a branch- ing base to the cup, the fibre is thinner aborally, and in later stages (figs. 24 to 27) it is not connected with the dividing cup. New Peristome.—The first morphological indication of division, with the exception of increase in size, is the appearance on the right side of the oral disc, midway between the union of the oral disc with the neck and the posterior extremity of the body, of a small oval patch of short cilia (fig. 18, cf.), which in the earliest stages, seen ZOOL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORIA. 17 when about 5 » in length, exhibited normal ciliary move- ments, and corresponding sections showed a distinct basal body for each cilium (fig. 15, »). Wallengren’s pseu- dopodia-like stage has not been observed and must be a very early and brief condition, if it exists at all, for this species. The ciliated area enlarges until its longitudinal diameter is 30 » to 40 p, the extension being mainly towards the attachment disc (figs. 19 and 20). The margin of the area now becomes differentiated into a peristomal spiral by the fusion of the basal bodies into transverse basal bands, and the peristomal area assumes a ventral position. The right hand end of the spire extends forward and to the left. The cilia in the center of the area remain short (fig. 12, ¢), and are gradually reduced to papilla-like points (fig. 11,7), while those of the band rapidly lengthen. The left hand end of the band, at first almost touching the right (figs. 11 and 16), gradually moves outward by the rapid growth of the area enclosed in the loop of the band, passes over the posterior end of the body to the dorsal side, and finally comes around to form a normal left hand spiral (figs. 21 to 27). The lengthening of the band is accompanied by separation of the transverse cilia-bearing bands, and not by multiplication of those bands by division (compare 2 of fig. 11 with d' of fig. 4). The oral end of the spiral band lies flat on the surface of the animal until near the time of separation (fig. 27), when the mouth- cavity appears and the band twists under the upper lip to form the roof of the pharynx. At the time of separation, and for some time after, the two individuals can be dis- tinguished from each other by the position and size of the mouth, and by the deeper staining qualities of the oral band of the daughter animal. | Wallengren speaks of a similar ‘‘Aufrollen’’ of the ciliary band, but he describes the oral end as strongly inrolled. ‘* Aus der dexiotropen Spirale bildet sich durch Verschie- bung die nach links gedrehte Peristomalzone des entwick- elten Individuums dadurch aus, dass das am starksten (2) April 30, Igor. 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. eingerollte Ende der urspriinglichen Spirale sich aufrollt und nach hinten und unten geschoben wird (fig. 5 und 6, Syn) AS) ls 240) While the oral end of the spire unrolls, the other end changes the direction of its curvature from right to left (figs. 21 to 27). The various changes in position of the peristomal area and the direction of its ciliary band must be due to unequal growth without as well as within the area. As the oral band grows and unrolls, the cytoplasm directly beneath it becomes denser and finer in structure (fig. 12, 2), and in the stages shown in figs. 23 and 14 the basal fibre and its lateral branches have appeared, giving the usual triangular cross-section of the band. In a little later stage, the axial fibre is seen extending a short distance above the band (fig. 24), but definite connection with the attachment cup for this new axial fibre and for the origi- nal one is not effected until about the time of separation (figs. 27 and 28). During all these changes the Lzcnophora moves actively about and feeds, at least in live cultures. One pair were discovered when they were connected by only a narrow band of the velum, and for a half hour they whirled round and round apparently struggling to free themselves from one another. At last they separated and the one having the primary oral disc swam away, while the other whirled about in one spot for fully an hour before it became sufficiently adjusted to new conditions to swim away. The following tabulated comparison between Lzcnophora auerbachi and L. macfarlandi is based on Wallengren’s paper (1894), and the results which I have obtained. It shows in a concise form the salient points of difference upon which this new species is based, as well as some others which a renewed study of the European forms will doubt- less show to be generic in character. Chief among the latter may be cited the axial fibre connecting the attachment disc and the oral band. ZOOL.—VOL. III. ] L. auerbachit. 1. Ectoparasitic. 2. Detached with difficulty, disin- clined to free swimming, and con- fused in its movements when de- tached. 3. Attachment disc bordered by a single striated membrane. 4. Ciliary membrane of attach- ment disc loses coédrdination when split up. 5. A “ Haftring’’ with overlap- ping ends. 6. Ventral side of the attachment disc jagged (‘‘ojemt naggad’’). 7. Long diameter of mouth-open- ing nearly parallel with long axis of the body. 8. No such structures yet de- scribed [Probably present. ‘ Im Fuss habe ich eine Bildung beobach- tet, die ich als einen kontractilen Faden, ein Myonem gedeutet. (Taf. fig. 3, m.)’? Wallengren]. g. None described. Io. Stout oral membranelle, in- clined to split up into fibrils of un- equal length. 11. Oral band of daughter animal formed by gradual increase in length and union of the cilia of ciliary field, from without inward. 12. Oral band begins on the side of the neck. 13. A ‘‘Peristomalrinne’’ present. 14. None described. 15. Ciliary field before differenti- ation, having a band extending to- ward the attachment disc. 16. Oral end of new peristomal band strongly inrolled. STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORIA. 19g L. macfarlandi. 1. Entoparasitic. 2. Easily detached, and swim- ming rapidly, with definite well co- ordinated movements. 3. Attachment disk bordered by four rows of cilia forming four stri- ated membranes. 4. Ciliary membranes do not so lose co6rdination. 5. No ‘‘ Haftring”’. 6. Ventral side of the attachment disc smooth and even. 7. Long diameter of mouth-open- ing forming an angle of from 45° to 80° with the long axis of the body. 8. Strong contractile axial fibre sending branches to the attachment cup, and to the oral band. 9g. Vibratile neck membrane and its fibre. to. Long fine oral cilia of equal length, arising from transverse basal bands. 11. Oral band of daughter animal formed by lengthening of the outer cilia of the ciliary field, and union of their basal bodies to form basal bands, while the cilia of the center of the field degenerate. 12. Oral band begins just above or over the extreme end of the pharynx. 13. No “ Peristomalrinne’’ pres- ent. 14. A longitudinal furrow extend- ing from the margin of the attach- ment disc to the mouth. 15. Ciliary field oval, with no such band. 16. Oral end of new peristomal band not so inrolled. 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, [PRoc. 3D SER. 17. One macronuclear mass in 17. Fromone to six such masses, division. each of which divides. 18. None described. 18. A very definite and constant body below the attachment disc, which is probably a micronucleus. 19. Entoplasm of oral disc struct- 19. Entoplasm of whole body ureless, slimy, and somewhat gran- distinctly alveolar and granular. ular. That of neck and attachment disc alveolar. Many details of the structure of Lzcnophora require fur- ther study, and the phenomena of conjugation are above all of the greatest interest. It is hoped that a future opportun- ity for work upon this organism will lead to the clearing up of these points, which for the present, however, must be offered in an incomplete form. To the great courtesy of Privat Docent Dr. H. Wallen- gren of the University of Lund, Sweden, I owe especial thanks for sending me slidesof ZL. auerbachii for comparison with the Monterey species. Boveria, gen. nov. With Licnophora macfarlandz, in the respiratory tree of Fflolothuria californica, occurs a second ciliate infusorian of smaller size and heterotrichous structure. This form differs so widely from any previously described that I pro- pose for its reception the new genus Aoverza with the fol- lowing characters. Animal heterotrichous, cylindrical or tapering, with rounded ends; cilia o1 two sorts, (1) a general body system of fine cilia arranged in slightly curved longitudinal rows, (2) a terminal peristomal spiral of long coarse cilia in a double row, closed at both ends, and opening out at the inner end to enclose the terminal mouth. Macronucleus oval, central; micronucleus nearer aboral end. Contractile vacuole near oral end. Reproduction by oblique fission. Genus dedicated to Dr. Theodor Boveri, Professor of Zoology in the University of Wurzburg. Boveria subcylindrica, sp. nov. Piates IV anv V; PLate VI, Fics. 83 AND 84. General Description.—In the living respiratory tree Boveria is generally seen attached to the membrane by its ciliated base and extending straight out into the lumen. In ZOOL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORTIA. 21 sections it often stands with its base crowded in between folds of the inner epithelium of the membrane. The organism is much elongated and subcylindrical in form, tapering slightly from oral to aboral end. Living specimens measure, without cilia, 54 to 814 in length, 18 to 21 # in diameter at the oral end, and gp to 18 w at the aboral end ( fig. 32, also fig. 36, a—e). The infusorian is very resistant to pressure and to mac- erating agents; osmic fixation preserves the form and size perfectly. Ordinarily its form is definite and comparatively rigid, but when in close quarters it exhibits surprising flex- ibility of body, doubling itself up and squeezing through the narrowest opening with the ease of amceboid forms. The cilia are of two distinct types—long coarse peris- tomal cilia, and short fine body cilia. The oral cilia average one-half the length of the body, the body cilia one-eighth to one-sixth, those on the aboral end being somewhat shorter. The oral cilia are disposed in a double dexiotropic spiral of about one and one-half turns, with closed ends, the inner end widening out to enclose the mouth-opening (fig. 49). The inner peristomal cilia are somewhat shorter than the outer and more constantly active in feeding, those on-opposite sides of the mouth bending toward one an- other, the outer very constantly and rapidly to carry food into the mouth, the inner slowly, and standing curved over the mouth, evidently to prevent food particles from escap- ing. The outer row alternately opens widely, rotates rapidly toward the mouth, and closes up until the tips of the cilia are interwoven, the latter phase being much longer than the former. The general body cilia are arranged in from 20 to 27 slightly oblique longitudinal rows extending from the outer turn of the oral spire nearly to the center of the opposite end, where they leave a small circular spot free from cilia (fig. 47). These cilia are in constant rapid motion, always beating strongly toward the peristome, producing a rapid current in that direction, and at the same time driving the body rapidly backward in swimming, or holding it firmly 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. to its host when at rest. The animal has never been seen to swim with the oral end forward, but moves backward with a slow whirling motion in a slightly serpentine course, with slight flexions of the oral end of the body. In other forms, where the infusorian swims with the aboral end forward, a ‘‘Mundnaht,’’ such as is present in Dasytricha (Schuberg), indicates, according to Biitschli, the path of migration of the primitive mouth from the ante- rior to the posterior end. ‘There is no indication of such migration in Boverza. ‘The several rows of body cilia all extend in slightly converging lines from their juncture with the outer row of oral cilia to the central bare space on the aboral end. The direction of movement is therefore to be explained as a modification due to environment. The con- tinual movement of the cilia with the strong stroke forward backs the animal up against the lining epithelium of the tube in which it lives in such a way as practically to insure it a radial position, as fixed as though it were attached to the wall; and the same kind of ciliary motion serves all ordinary purposes of food-getting and locomotion. In live cultures it is often seen attached to small masses of cells from the respiratory tree, by its basal cilia. The mouth and pharynx are very variable in size, and the pharynx appears not to be permanent. When the ani- mal is actively feeding, it is quite broad and deep, bending slightly to one side, but at other times it is not evident in the living infusorian, and it is rarely seen in sections (figs. 33 and 47). Various appearances of the peristomal region are shown in figs. 32, 33 and 83. In the latter appear- ance, which is very common when the infusorian is attached and feeding, the elevated portion is thin, concave, and nearly transparent. ! A large circular contractile vacuole is located at the oral end immediately below the peristome. Its period varies from 50 seconds to 9 minutes, 35 seconds, averaging 2-3 minutes. Its relation to the peristome and form when dis- _ charging is shown in figs. 32, 48 and 4g. Zoou.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE I[NFUSORTA. 23 The nucleus is barely visible in the living animal as a clearer oval central area of relatively large size (fig. B2\ 701 ie In the proximal half of the body are usually seen several large food vacuoles, each usually containing a single cell from the host, a leucocyte or epithelium cell. Diatoma- ceous food masses also occur. ‘These vacuoles frequently pass aborally beyond the nucleus, but are most numerous in the proximal half of the body, and in the majority of cases are confined to that part. Structure and General Biology.—Seen in sections (Her- mann or Flemming fixation, iron-hematoxylin and rubin or ruthenium red), the whole body is covered with a delicate homogeneous pellicula, beneath which, and always adhering closely to it, is a dense, finely granular layer of ectoplasm, in which are imbedded the oval, deeply-staining basal bodies of both systems of cilia. These basal bodies are clearly visible in life as strongly refringent points beneath the pellicula (figs. 47, 48, 50, 51, d', 6”). No myonemes can be distinguished, and no definite longitudinal contrac- tion has been observed other than that necessary to produce slight flexions of the body when attached. The entoplasm is distinctly alveolar, coarsely about the nucleus and finely at both ends. Near the aboral end is a much denser band, having the form of a concavo-convex lens, with the concave side toward the nucleus. The position and form of this dense area, visible in the living aninral as well as in sections (fig. 48), suggest that it may have something to do with the animal’s adherence to its host, but further observations are necessary to establish such a function. Macronucleus.—Centrally placed is a large oval macro- nucleus with a definite membrane and coarsely granular contents. The granules, stained by iron-hematoxylin, are scattered over the inner surface of the nuclear membrane, and are gathered ina more or less centralized mass, in which a linin thread-work forms a basis for the granules 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. and extends to the peripheral ones on the membrane (figs. 48 and 50, z'). This centralization of the nuclear contents would seem to be a shrinkage product of fixation, if speci- mens like those shown in fig. 35 had not been repeatedly seen lying side by side in material fixed on the slide with osmic vapor, picro-carmine, etc. There seems to be a stage immediately preceding and following division, when the chromatin is more evenly distributed through the nu- cleus, the whole presenting a more homogeneous appear- ance, while the intervening periods are characterized by the arrangement described above. LVucleolz.—In many sections, a non-staining material is seen in rounded or lenticular masses at the ends of the chromatin aggregation, more rarely at the sides (figs. 53- 55,¢)- This substance has a pale yellowish gray color in sections from material fixed in picro-acetic, Hermann’s or Flemming’s fluids. These masses have rarely been seen in sections of division stages, and then not occupying any significant position, such as is assumed by the ‘“ Pol- platten ’’ in SZzvrochona, Paramecium, etc. Possibly they are comparable to Hertwig’s plastin nucleoli in Acfzno- spherium. Micronucleus.—Near the aboral end of the organism is a small, very definite and constant micronucleus (diameter 1.5), staining readily with iron-hematoxylin, methyl- green, picro-carmine, etc. (fig. 48, wz’). Around it in sections is a narrow clear space, bounded by the sem- blance of a membrane, scarcely more than the alveolar walls in resting stages, but more definite in early division stages, and disappearing in the final stages of division. This more or less definite limiting boundary of the peri- micronuclear space seems to be not a homogeneous secre- tion, but to be due to greater or less compression of the surrounding alveoli. It is, however, very constant. Division Phenomena.—The phenomena of nuclear diyi- sion were first observed in fresh material treated on the slide with picro-carmine,—this reagent simultaneously fixing and ZOOL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORTA. 25 staining the animals most excellently,—and mounted tem- porarily in glycerine. Certain unusually large forms showed a shortened condition of the oral cilia, oblique position of the nucleus, and two micronuclei near the macronucleus (fig. 37). In the next stage the macronucleus was decid- edly elongated, and contained a suggestion of an equatorial plate; the two micronuclei were located at or near the poles of the macronucleus, and indentations already indicated the line of division of the cell body (fig. 39). In all the cases observed, the second micronucleus passed forward along the aboral side of the obliquely placed macronucleus to its oral pole. In later stages the central portion of the cell elongates and is differentiated unsymmetrically to form a new peristomal portion for one animal and a new aboral portion for the other (figs. 40-45). Meanwhile the macro- nucleus divides with indications of a primitive variety of karyokinesis. Ina few cases something like an equatorial plate has been observed in both zz ¢oto preparations and in sections, and later stages show two distinct plates with a fibrillar appearance between them. The chromatin, during division, appears in the form of coarse granules rather than as distinctly individualized chromosomes. Separation of the nuclear mass is complete for some time before the membrane divides, it being drawn out in the form of a narrow tube or a thin thread between the two daughter nuclei (figs. 43 and 44). Finally, the vestiges of the connecting thread disappear, the two nuclei round up, and the narrow bond holding the two individuals to- gether breaks; the result is two daughter animals alike in every respect (fig. 46), with the exception of the position of the micronucleus. The point of separation of the two cells gives the non-ciliated aboral spot, described above, in one individual, while in the other no trace remains. The young Soverza is short and broad compared with adult specimens, and the nucleus is rounded or elongated trans- versely (fig. 46). During the early stages of division, the original peristome becomes inconspicuous, its cilia nearly as short as those of the body system, and the mouth and pharynx disappear, 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. parallel differentiation of a new peristomal spiral and mouth taking place in the two individuals during the later stages. The exact details of this process have thus far eluded observation. A contractile vacuole appears in each individual in the stage shown in fig. 42, v. One individual with two buds was observed alive, but unfortunately escaped from the preparation in the process of fixation (fig. 84). In only two cases was division of the micronucleus seen in fresh material (fig. 34, 2’, methyl-green acetic). The two micronuclei appeared as equally and evenly stained spheres connected by two colorless membrane-like lines in optical section. Careful searching through hundreds of sections gave the very striking series shown in fig. 67, a—j, indicating a variety of mitotic division, but too incom- plete for satisfactory interpretation. The first indication . of approaching division of the infusorian is an enlarged and coarsely granular appearance of the micronucleus (4) ; this continues to increase in size, and the chromatin as- sumes the form of two crescent-shaped bands held in place by a delicate fibre attached to each band and to the surrounding membrane (é€); division of the chromatin bands within the membrane is indicated in g, while in the stage shown in # the membrane has disappeared and we have three (?) chromatin bands at each end of a spindle, each two daughter bands being connected by a single fibre. The bands now unite to form compact oval masses still connected (z); the two new micronuclei round up, the spindle fibres disappear, and a membrane is formed around each (7). Figures 56, 57 and 59 show the relation of e, 2 and 7 to the macronucleus. Figures 58, 604, 62 and 63 were from material fixed with Boveri’s picro-acetic, which gives a somewhat different appearance to the nuclear contents, the chromatin granules showing a tendency to arrange- ment in longitudinal rows during the various stages of nuclear division. ZOOuL.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE INFUSORIA. 27 Figures 61-66 show sections of stages corresponding to those shown in figures 39-44, in which may be compared the changes in the chromatin granules as far as made out. The minute structure of the macronucleus of Boveria is a difficult object of study, especially in these stages of division, and many points remain unsettled, which it is hoped that further studies and experimentation with fixing fluids of varied composition and strength may clear up. Chief among these is the detail of the division and distri- bution of the chromatin granules so clearly seen in figs. Gage Comparison of the figures just cited shows that while subject to considerable variation there isa decided tendency in the micronuclei to take positions at the poles of the mac- ronucleus during division. Division of the micronucleus and polar migration of its halves invariably precede division of the macronucleus. No specialized morphological con- nection, however, has been made out between micronucleus and macronucleus at any stage; so that for the present, at least, their reciprocal positions must be regarded as merely coincident phases of the same general physiological process of division, though one is strongly tempted to consider the bearing which these phenomena may have upon the phylog- eny of the centrosome. Though division in Boverza, when observed superficially, appears to be a process of budding, careful examination of the details shows that we have here, not ordinary budding as in SPzrochona, where the daughter animal is wholly a new growth and separates from the parent in an immature state, but what may be styled oblique fission. It will be observed from comparison of figs. 37-46 that one individual,—the right-hand one in fig. 44,—receives the peristomal half of the parent animal, its aboral portion being newly formed, while the other individual has a newly differentiated peris- tomal region joined to the aboral half of the parent animal. Figure 39 shows well the division of the original animal between the two daughter animals. 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoC. 3D SER. SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS. 1. Backward swimming, with no indication of a ‘‘Mund- naht’’. 2. Peristomal spire consisting of two rows of cilia united at the ends and including the terminal mouth within the inner end of the spire. 3. Apparent atrophy of the mouth and peristomal spire as a prophase of division, and differentiation of the same for each daughter animal as a telophase. 4. Peculiar disposition of the chromatin granules at rest and in division, and non-staining homogeneous nucleolar masses of unknown function. 5. Constant aboral position of the micronucleus at a distance from the macronucleus in resting stages. 6. Apparent mitotic division of the micronucleus as the initiative of cell division. 7. Polar position of the micronucleus during macronu- clear division. 8. Division by lateral or oblique fission. Conjugation has not yet been observed in either Lzcno- phora macfarland: or Boveria subcylindrica. RELATION OF THESE INFUSORIA TO THEIR HOST AND TO Eacu OTHER. Ordinarily there is no apparent relation between the two forms. So far as can be seen through the wall of the liv- ing respiratory tree, both are usually attached to the mem- brane, feeding busily and quite independently. Similar food masses are found in each,—diatoms and leucocyte- like or epithelium cells. In several holothurians, however, where the number of both forms was very great, many of the Licnophore had been feeding upon the Boverze. In serial sections from this material, several cases were found in which, as in fig. 10, an individual of Boveria subcy- lindrica is held within the pharynx of a Licnophora, and others in which a Boverza occurs as a rounded food mass Zoou.—VOL. III.] STEVENS—CILIATE [NFUSORIA. 29 posterior to the mouth region of a Licnophora. In a crowded preparation, one ZLzcnophora was seen to reach repeatedly with a part of the cilia on the left side of the oral disc, aided by flexion of the neck and oral disc, for one of the Boverie, finally seize it and carry it toward the mouth, where it was quickly drawn down into the pharynx, and later passed on into the body like any other mass of food. Almost nothing definite can as yet be stated as to the relation of these infusoria to their host. There is no evi- dence to show that they are injurious parasites. So far, no difference has been observed between the condition of the respiratory membrane in individuals containing few or no infusoria, and that in those containing large numbers. The structure and some of the movements of Licnophora have suggested that it might be able to loosen epithelial cells from its host for food, but such regeneration of the epithelium as would naturally follow has not been observed. The most probable supposition, at present, is that the infusoria have found here a safe haven where they are con- stantly supplied with fresh sea-water containing an abun- dance of food in the form of diatoms, minute protozoa, etc., supplemented by waste material from the host. Where these infusoria come from, and how they pass from the parent to the young holothurian is at present a mystery; for they are found only in the respiratory organ, and no trace of them has been discovered on the surface of this holothurian, on or within other holothurians, or on nudibranchs or worms similar to those on which the other species of Licnophora live as ectoparasites. Surface towing at various times has also failed to reveal them as free swim- ming forms. A more detailed examination of the habitat. of Holothuria californica may, however, clear up these points. 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1885. BRAvER, A. Bursaria truncatella unter Berticksichtigung anderer Heterotrichen und der Vorticellinen. ena. Zeitschr., Bd. XIX, p. 489. 1889. BitscaLit, O. Broun’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierretchs, BGs I, ANOS Be (OL WISH 1862. CrAus, C. Ein neues auf Cladonema parasitisch lebendes Infuso- rium. Wirzburger Natur. Zeitschr., Bd. Ill, p. 252, Taf. VI, fig. 12. 1867. CLAPAREDE, Ep. Miscellanées Zoologiques. dz. Sct. Nat. (Zool.), 5th Ser., Tome VIII, p. 30, Pl. VI, figs. 4-10. 1866. Coun, F. Neue Infusorien im Seeaquarium. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., Bd. XVI, p. 253, Taf. XIV and XV. 1891. CurNot, L. Protozoaires commensaux et parasites des Echino- dermes. Note Préliminaire. Revue Biol. du Nord de la France, Tome III, No. 8, p. 285. 1868. ENGLEMANN, Tu. W. Ueber die Flimmerbewegung. Jena. Zettschr., Bd. IV. 1884. Entz, Geza. Ueber die Infusorien des Golfes von Neapel. Mitih. Zool. Station Neapel, Bd. V, p. 289, Taf. XX-XXV. 1888. FABRE-DomeRGUE, P. Etudes sur lorganisation des Urcéolaires et sur quelques genres d’Infusoires voisins de cette famille. /ourn. Anat. et Physiol., 1888, p. 243, Pl. IX, figs. 1-4. 1898. GaArepINniI, A. Di una seconda Licnophora di acqua dolce (L. euro- pea,n.sp.). Zool. Anz., Bd. XXI, No. 568, p. 513. 1884. GRuBER, A. Ueber Kern und Kerntheilung bei den Protozoen. Zez¢- schr. wiss. Zool., Bd. XL. Die Protozoen des Hafens von Genua. ova Acta Leop.- Carol., Bd. XLVI, p. 519, Taf. X, figs. 48, 49. 1898. Hrnnecuy, L. F. Sur les rapports des ciles vibratiles avec les cen- trosomes. Arch. Anat. Micr., Tome |, p. 481. 1893. Herrtwic, R. Die Zelle und die Gewebe, p. 137. 1893. JouNson, H. P. A Contribution to the Morphology and Biology of the Stentors. /ourn. Morph., Vol. VIII, p. 467. 1881-82. Kent, W. SAviLLte. A Manual of the Infusoria, Vol. II, p. 651. 1898. LENHOSSEK, M. von. Ueber Flimmerzellen. Verh. Anat. Ges., X11 Vers. in Kiel, p. 106. 1886. MasKeLLt, W. M. On the Fresh-water Infusoria of the Wellington District. Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XIX, p. 57- 1865-72. MrvER UND Moesius. Fauna der Kieler Bucht, Bd. I, p. 22, fig. 7. 1899. Prerer, K. Das Centrum fiir die Flimmer- und Geisselbewegung. Anat. Anz. BAX p: 271: 1886. SCHUBERG, A. Ueber den Bau der Bursaria truncatella. Morph. Jahrob., Bd. XII, p. 233. Zur Kentniss des Stentor cceruleus. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anat., Bd. IV, p. 197. 1896. ScHULTzZE, F. E. Zellmembran, Pellicula, Cuticula, und Crusta. Verh. Anat. Ges., X Vers., Berlin, p. 27. 1894. WALLENGREN, Hans. Studier Ofver Ciliata Infusorier I. Slagtet Licnophora, Claparéde. 1884a. 18go. 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Licnophora macfarlandi, sp. nov. Fig. 1. Section of respiratory tree of Holothuria californica with both in- fusoria attached to the lining epithelium. a, Licnophora macfar- landi,; b, Boveria subcylindrica. Fixed with Hermann’s fluid, stained with Heidenhain’s iron-hzematoxylin. Leitz, ocular 3, objective 7, camera lucida. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of living Licnophora attached to glass slide. a, attach- ment disc; 6, neck; c, oral disc; 7, outer ciliary membrane; v, velum underneath ciliary membranes; @, end of smaller neck fibre; é@, vibrating neck membrane; 4, pharynx; /, food mass; g, oral cilia. L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Fig. 3. Ventral view of Licnophora attached to cover-glass. Lettering same as in fig. 2. #, ventral neck groove; 7, M2, M3, My, Ciliary membranes; 2, transverse basal band of oral ciliary band; 0, mouth- opening. L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. oy ub i 7 + Yi - RB. Z00L. VoL. [STEVENS] PLATE I. ete GREK oS nts” ORs p Fs, LITH BRITTON &REY, 8.F. LICNOFHORA MACFARLANDI, SP NOV. 34 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. . 10. - Tl. 0 MAn 13: 14. 15. 16. a7 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Licnophora macfarland1, sp. nov. Oblique longitudinal section, cut through centre of attachment disc, and just dorsal to the roof of the pharynx. Lettering in general same as in Plate I. 7, pellicula of attachment cup; £, ectoplasmic layer; Z, fibre layer; 72,, one of the macronuclei; 7,, micronucleus; ji, larger neck fibre; 4, smaller neck fibre; s,, cross-section of oral band; 6!, basal band of cilia, Hermann fixation, iron-hema- toxylin staining. (Same fixation and staining for figs. 4 to 16.) L. oc. 3, ob. +5, cam. Oblique section through attachment cup, showing velum (v), bases of cilia (0), fibre layer (/), branching base of neck fibre (4), and a portion of the smaller neck fibre (/.). L. oc. 3, ob. 7g, cam. Slightly oblique section through base of the ciliary membrane, showing four rows of basal bodies. L. oc. 3, ob. -y, cam. Oblique section through attachment disc just below the fibre layer of the cup, showing micronucleus (7,), larger neck fibre (_/)), ventral neck groove (/), and vibratile neck membrane (é). Zeiss, oc. 3, ob. D, cam. Oblique section of attachment disc, showing concentric wave-like appearance of ciliary membranes (#z) and vibratile neck mem- brane (e). L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Transverse section through oral disc, showing the cilia-bearing bands of the roof of the pharynx, with basal fibre above. L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Oblique transverse section through oral disc, showing Boveria subcylindrica gen. et sp. nov. in the mouth and pharynx of Licnophora. lL. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Superficial longitudinal section of left side of dividing Licnophora, showing newly formed oral band—right spiral—with central cilia degenerating (¢). Z. oc. 6, ob. D, cam. Transverse section through new oral band (fig. 11 at level of a-6); a slightly earlier stage than that shown in fig. 11, showing trans- verse cilia-bearing band (z), no basal fibre, short cilia through the central portion of the field, and long fine ones on the ciliary bands. L. oc. 3, ob. <4, cam. Oblique longitudinal section through a specimen in an advanced stage of division, showing the inner short cilia on the dividing line between the two cups (wz). L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Longitudinal section of a division stage later than those shown in figs. 11 and 12, showing cross-sections of new oral band with basal fibre (s,), micronucleus enlarged and changed in position (2,),and concentrated nuclear mass (7,). L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Tangential section showing a portion of ciliary field with short cilia and distinct basal bodies (2%), also united macronuclei (7). L. oc. 3, ob. 7s, cam. Tangential section of dividing individual, showing right-coiled secondary oral band (4,), and a part of the primary band (4,), at an earlier stage than fig. 11. L. oc. 3, ob. 75, cam. Reconstruction from several camera drawings of specimens macer- ated with potassium bichromate, showing the relation of the larger neck fibre to the attachment cup and to the transverse cilia-bearing bands of the oral band (4,); y, the larger divisions of the neck fibre in the fibre layer of the attachment cup. Cilia shown diagrammatically at but two places. a TAY Proo.Ca. Aran. Sct. 32 SER. ZooL. VoL.II]. act OE UIT eae. eth ee : \ oy} 4 AAS Nz “i as 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Licnophora macfarlandi, sp. nov. Figs. 18-31. Successive division stages from glycerine preparations of mate- Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 18, 19. 20. Art 22. 23) 24. 25: 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. al: rial killed with formalin or osmic vapor and stained with alum carmine. Detail of cilia not represented. Zeiss, oc. 3, ob. D, cam. (Figures reduced to two-thirds their original size.) Ciliary field (cf) very small, macronuclei not yet united. Ciliary field larger, macronuclei (7,) uniting. Ciliary field still larger, macronuclei united into irregular masses. Ciliary field differentiated into a right spiral band (6,), macronuclei united into two bands, micronucleus enlarged and a short dis- tance below the attachment cup, attachment disc increasing in transverse diameter. Secondary peristomal band elongating and unrolling, macronuclei united into rounded masses; micronucleus on the border be- tween neck and oral disc. Secondary peristomal band still elongating and unrolling; macro- nuclear masses elongated transversely —dumb-bell shape; micro- nucleus just above the primary mouth. Secondary peristomal band beginning to turn toward the left; macronuclear masses approaching division; micronucleus divided, one near the oral end of each peristomal band (z,) (Division not observed.); attachment disc beginning to divide; a distinct notch between the two oral discs. Secondary peristomal band turned toward the left, oral end on the dorsal side; macronucleus nearly divided, ends lying along the ciliary bands; attachment cup nearly divided. Secondary band distinctly leotropic; nuclear bands extending toward the attachment disc; the two attachment cups separated by ingrowth of the inner row of cilia. Oral end of secondary peristomal band appears on the ventral sur- face of the daughter Zzcuzophora, but is not yet twisted into a mouth-opening; micronuclei in each attachment disc near the adult position; two attachment cups fully developed; division indentation between the two oral discs advancing. Two Licnophore just separated, oral band of daughter animal (d) showing the twist at the end, but the mouth and pharynx not yet fully formed; micronuclei in usual position. Young individual, perfect in every respect but still small and with macronuclear bands not yet segmented. Young individual of adult size, nuclear bands taking the position of the segments of the resting stage. Young individual showing segmentation of the nuclear band. ai LALACAD. SCI.42 SER. Zo . 18 38 Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Boveria subcylindrica, gen. et sp. nov. View of living Boveria subcylindrica; m, mouth; c¢, cilia of peri- stome; v, contractile vacuole; 7, food mass; 2,, macronucleus. Z. oc. 3, ob. E, cam. Freehand sketch of a specimen attached and feeding; %, pharynx. Two individuals showing dividing micronuclei (z,). Methyl-green- acetic on fresh material. Z. oc. 8, ob. D, cam. Two individuals showing different conditions of the macronucleus (z,), found side by side in a preparation of fresh material fixed with 1 per cent. formalin and stained with picro-carmine. Z. oc. 8, ob. D, cam. Fig. 36, a-e. A series of specimens fixed with osmic vapor, showing varia- tions in size and form. L. oc. 3, ob. 7, cam. Figs. 37-46. Division stages arranged in series, from fresh material fixed on the slide with 1 per cent. formalin and stained with picro-carmine. Z. oc. 8, ob. D, cam. i Ad ; i fh ‘ " A i 4 4 if i 1 y U ° $ 7 ‘ < “ ‘ - ‘ ‘ ’ ' : : i ‘ hi ; la i anc CALACAD. SC1.3? SER. ZooL. VOL. III. [Stevens] PLATE IV 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Boveria subcylindrica, gen. et sp. nov. Figs. 47-56, 60a, 61, 64, 66: Hermann’s fluid, iron-hematoxylin. Figs. 57, 58, 606, 62, 63: Boveri’s picro-acetic, iron-hzematoxylin. Fig. 47. Superficial longitudinal section showing longitudinal rows of body cilia with basal bodies (6,), peristomal cilia with basal bodies (d,), mouth (7), and pharynx (f). Z. oc. 4, ob. 1.5, cam. Fig. 48. Median longitudinal section showing mouth (7), contractile vacu- ole (v), food mass (/), macronucleus (7,), micronucleus (7,), dense ectoplasm and alveolar entoplasm. Z. oc. 4, ob. 1.5, cam. Fig. 49. Peristomal spire, from a superficial transverse section of the peri- stome, showing only the basal bodies of the peristomal cilia, and the contractile vacuole (v) discharging. Z. oc. 8, ob. 1.5, cam. Fig. 50. Median transverse section through the macronucleus (7). Fig. 51. Transverse section through micronucleus (7). Z. oc. 4, ob. 1.5, cam. Fig. 52. Superficial transverse section of aboral end of the animal, showing converging rows of body cilia, basal bodies (6,) only being shown. Z. oc. 8, ob. 1.5, cam. Figs. 53-55. Macronucleus showing nucleoli (e) varying in form and posi- tion. Z. oc. 4 and 8, ob. 1.5, cam. Figs. 56 and 57. Section showing stages in division of the micronucleus (7.). Z. oc. 4, ob. 1.5, cam. Figs. 58-60. Nucleus in early stages of division, showing micronucleus in division (z,). Z. oc. 4, ob. 1.5, cam. Figs. 61-66. Sections showing advanced division stages corresponding to those shown in figs. 40-45, Plate IV. Z. oc. 4, ob. 1.5, cam. Fig. 67, a7. Sections showing division stages of micronuclei arranged in incomplete series. ee = ‘f i arate) f i i 4 “ i i peo AN - i ” : J ) ‘ 1 1 ‘ i \ ‘ . ; 4 i “a . H - 4 e | $ 1 ” , ‘ . ¥ - ‘ i » = y ; ‘ i vi = ra MS t ic i ’ ele [STEVENS] PLATR V Proc.CALACAD. St1.42 SER. ZOOL. VOL. III. a D oT 47 _\ 48 eee BS ag Wy oh thes Hie yee 42 . 68. . 69. oO ii wage: 5 ee GAs 9 W56 5 IOs 5 GS: g. 79. . 80. 5 (ile , SB, an 83, g. 84. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoC. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Figs. 68-82. Licnophora macfarland1, sp. nov. Figs. 83, 84. Boverta subcylindrica, gen. et. sp. nov. Freehand sketch of living Lzcuophora, showing a characteristic appearance when attached. Diagrammatic outline of Lzcuophora, showing proportions of a large living specimen. a—6=1804", c—d=72p, e—f=54p, g—h= 302, t—J=7ou, k—l=254, 0=304, mM=30L3 2, velum, cz, ciliary membranes. Diagram showing direction of rotation of Licuophora when attached. a, basal band with brush of fine cilia; 6, same, with cilia twisted; c, one end of basal band, with cilia twisted. Diagram showing the relative proportions of the transverse cilia- bearing bands at the beginning of the oral band. Cross-sections of oral band: a, at the beginning of the spire; 0, an average section; c, in the pharynx. Diagram showing relation of neck fibre to the transverse cilia- bearing bands. Attachment disc in outline, showing position and relation of the two neck fibres and the larger branches of /7, in the fibre layer of the cup. Potassium bichromate maceration. Z. oc. 8, ob. 1.5, cam. Freehand sketch of living attachment disc of Lzcuophora, cut off just below the attachment of the neck fibre, showing large neck fibre (71), small neck fibre (77), neck membrane (e) still vibra- ting when drawn, two parts of the velum (v!, v’), outer ciliary membrane (7z!), and micronucleus (77); ~ is the cut edge of the neck. Camera sketches showing three phases of the vibration of the neck membrane. a@, expansion of membrane; 0, greatest elevation of the point of the fibre (¢@), accompanied by greatest tenseness of the membrane (é),; c, phase just preceding disappearance of the membrane. Three nuclear segments within the common membrane. Nuclei stained with iron-hzematoxylin, showing large granules. Nuclei stained with safranin. Nuclei stained with picro-carmine, showing deeper staining threads, granules and vacuoles. Macronucleus in division stage, showing longitudinal striation. Z. oc. 8, ob. 1.5, cam. Diagrammatic sketch, showing appearance of peristome in feeding. Sketch of living individual with two buds. = Proc.CALACAD. Str.” SBR. ZO0L.VoL.I. # ag o SESss SSISSSReNe 6 [STEVENS] PLATE VI. a b F Vee 73 PROCEHREDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THIRD SERIES ZOOLOGY Vou. III, No. 2 Coccidee (Scale Insects) of Japan BY SHINKAI INOKICHI KUWANA WitTH SEVEN PLATES Issued March 4, 1902 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1902 ' nl) iNgehae Ta COCCIDZ (SCALE INSECTS) OF JAPAN. BY SHINKAI INOKICHI KUWANA, Assistant in Entomology, Leland Stanford Jr. University. CONTENTS. Pirates VII-XIII. PAGE I! TESRCIDUGEINIORN |; Su ocaassoad dauaue nocddddnacod AnacdomouDdEcoge os 44 II. Descriprions oF NEw SPECIES AND IDENTIFICATIONS OF OLD SPECIESH. estes EUS Ro Uy ee oat Fe eG ines cil enetG 46 Subfamily MONOPHLEBINAL .....--.00 cece eee reece cet ees 46 WIGRUN HALES evokes Sb Nougano ln enbe Senapood sdecereo'socd 46 MEA ROS Oo Ret ee PALA Hee EOI OUD CO BONO AOU ae CO AOC OT 47 Subfamily MARGARODINA ..... 0.2.60 cee eee eee eee eee ee eees 47 SASH PID A So bion Soda} cit ose Senate Horna Oman cnc 47 Slovak (Crete 534 odo ene eeoneen du cone spac HovUmuDnCooe aC 48 IRR TGMOS ESN On OAH AD BBO DOL OOO SOU GRU OCR OO INO 48 VALS A a SCE CSO SBOd GOO ONE DOTS SOO DUC OM Om aH Ooo 49 IRAUIDERIS GS Sob OR bo ok CoO Co BEES COCO ORHO OO BEER UO DOOD 50 GOSS PARI Ra ae ere AABN Ni eat nace aegoroye ielere cine ela aercialed octets 52 IDAGGWGUISS a5 Seno Seb ON OIC SOO Ul yEo by > Roe AD Sap Una OOO oo 52 PCH OCOGEUS Te eee eri enetetst snare ele ayonstto)s 56 SS ULAU ROGET DS 688 bons a peo o eoo Rosca .pucor~@ouuou oyocGD 56 VANDEC OIG. Us ic OO AOR BOG Go Oe Vode come bode Boom DOO OoOe 57 ES CUDA OIECANLUIIE CEE oie teow ae healers 57 Subfamily LECANIINA. 2.0... 0c eee eee cect ee cent eee ce eeee 58 JESU BUF s soak Booans coop BHGkoo HONObODUAG ado EDD ASOOgO 58 ROARS IIE! Aous Avudboa toedod daudas UboD dod ebo aoe mAKueS 61 IEVUCGIUES Ae hos BO 8 cose ber > DORR Oden bo DRO CIOS OMS OO AOOo 62 (OA AUMIGIAN, 3 Ais CoG SAMOS HAGSD ADE Ate DOE ECC) sea Ur 62 IEGCOLIBVILG bea vodocodon BUGORoOOdoe GuCO ONO DDO GOON CIOOOD 63 Slagle, IDWS aise Sos eee booger adsoredouduaee beat oenomooG 65 IS EDO oo Mea ORO MO PRG ODO ROE ODEIOMB CUR CHmmidor ocd DDCO 65 / DUES S36 AAO KEE BOoen Han ape a Loe Our Or abo cd Shoring 72 VAGIACLS PISA SON eee ereleial eteieee) eaerfatne) ea ai-Hs ale oatalers\nl= 73 WUCTICASPUS NANNY te ieee Ate tstal al ct calla state ied ees a aye feko/-\nyiatoneensiee 74 UL CARUCH TOMES PTS series ee ciaia ey asia) etek he) ofl ho poesia (UTS DUS US Used MO BCOLE BGO BODES oo Ea OU MoU URED SCR Door 75 JPG OTUG 38 bobo d Bbbb doko as bnbo Bed bob hoor aeegoona aboc 78 I RAGEOTUGE A ARBs SU AES ia DOU DOADUD BUSOU OOO DGd ape 79 DGS US BeBe AG BENE eiBS aE nO ny Sb Eo hnOee bp emae co OODe 80 TE QTES IP ee OO DRONE CCD EE eo OE AO Ie OES OOOO 82 Ill. List or Cocctpa& RECORDED FROM JAPAN, NOT INCLUDED IN asia, IMOMDGOMN.. ILIBty scaneksocobedapa coobacoeds Boncod 83 BMEUANATION| OB PVATES +. 5 ance ae cies 2) e/etale a ain eiotstsl/a/at- abel lela e/m = )al4s)01e 86 [43] January 21, 1902. 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. I. INTRODUCTION. Tue Coccide (Scale Insects) described and identified in this paper were collected by the author in Japan in the summer of 1900, between June 6th and August 25th. This collecting expedition was made partly on behalf of Stanford University, and partly as the personal undertaking of the author. Collections were made on all of the main islands of the Empire, excepting Shikoku; but as the time was limited, only the principal agricultural districts of each island could be visited, although it was sometimes possible to penetrate into the wild forests when situated conve- niently near the railways. The writer was not able to reach several important places in the southern part of Kiushiu Island and in Sanin and Hokurikudo of Hondo (Honshu), nor could Formosa be visited. As special atten- tion was being paid to the distribution of the San Jose Scale in Japan, as well as to collecting generally, it was especially important that most of the time be spent in horti- cultural districts. An examination of the wild lands of the Empire will reveal many species of Coccids not included in this collection. In this paper are listed seventy-six species collected on this expedition, twenty of which are described as new, while three more are described as new varieties. These new species and varieties are described under the following names :— Monophlebus corpulentus. Sasakia guercus. Kermes nakagawe. Kermes nawe. Etriococcus japonicus. Lehizococcus onuktt. Dactylopius comstocki. Dactylopius pint. Dactylopius kraunhie. Pulvinaria horiz. Pulvinaria oyame. Zoou.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCID4 OF JAPAN. 45 Puloinaria hazee. Lecanium takachthot. Aspidiotus cryptomerie. A spidiotus jordant. Aspidiotus kellog gt. Leucaspis bambuse. Chionaspis colemant. Chionaspis hikosant. Fiorinia forinie var. japonica. Mytilaspis pomorum var. japonica. Mytilaspis eurye. Mytilaspis newsteadi var. tokionts. In addition to the seventy-six species of the author’s own collecting is appended a list of all other Coccide found recorded from Japan; this list includes forty species, mak- ing a total of one hundred and sixteen species so far found in Japan. Of these species, seventy-one (including the twenty species published in this paper) were originally described from Japanese specimens. The references given with each species are to the original description of the species, and to its occurrence in Japan. For courtesies extended, the thanks of the author are due Hon. Shiro Fujita and Mr. Tsuneaki Sako, of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce of Japan; to Director J. Sawano and Mr. Suguyo Hori of the Nishiga- hara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo, for kindly allowing the use of the laboratory; and also to many others for assistance given. This opportunity is also taken to express sincere thanks to Professor T. D. A. Cockerell of East Las Vegas, New Mexico, and to Mr. Alexander Craw, Quarantine Officer, State Board of Horticulture, San Francisco, for much val- uable information concerning Japanese Coccids. To Dr. L. O. Howard and his assistants, Messrs. C. L. Marlatt, Theo. Pergande, and J. Kotinsky, of the Division of Ento- mology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, the author is under great obligations for assistance in the determination of material. 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. This paper was prepared in the Entomological Laboratory of Stanford University, under the direction of Professor V. L. Kellogg. Il. Descrietrions of NEw SPECIES AND IDENTIFICATION OF OLD SPECIES. Family COCCIDA., Subfamily MONOPHLEBIN ©. Genus Monophlebus Leach. 1. Monophlebus burmeisteri (?) Westwood. Monophlebus burmeisteri Westwoop, Arcana Entom., 1841, I, 22, 4. SIGNORET, Essai, 1875, p. 364. MASKELL, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXIX, 1896, p. 327. Four specimens of this species were found by the author in Hikosan, Kiushiu. The name of the host is unknown. Previous to this A. Koebele had found it on Pruus sp., in Yokohama. 2. Monophlebus corpulentus, sp. nov. PLATE VII, Fics. 1-3. Adult Female.—Color brownish, legs and antennz black, thinly covered with a white cottony secretion which is thicker on the ventral aspect. Ellip- tical in form, thick, segments distinct. Size of the largest specimen 16 mm. long, 7 mm. wide. When examined with compound microscope the skin shows a dense pubescence of short and long hairs, and many round pits. Antennz nine-segmented, 1.6 mm. long; formula, 9, 5, (1, 2, 4, 6, 3) (7, 8); each segment bearing several rather long hairs. The measurements of the antennal segments are as follows:— Lengih..| 133 | 166 | 183 | 166 | 200 | 166 | I50 | 150 | 200 Wadth.2\ "AG6))250))|) Zoom) 2004 200.) 166m 1430s some lemeses Rostral loop long; mentum conical, dimerous. Legs subequal, stout; ante- rior pair smaller than posterior pairs; coxa wider than long; trochanter triangular in shape; femur very thick, outer margin convex, shorter than Zoou.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCID OF JAPAN. 47 tibia; tibia more than twice as long as tarsus; inner margin of tibia and tarsus bearing several strong spiny hairs; all segments with many hairs; claw large, with one to four spine-like digitules on its inner margin. Anal ring hairless. Found by the author on the trunk of Quercus sp. in the grounds of Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. This species is related to Monophlebus burmezsteri West- wood, but may be readily distinguished from the latter by its great size, legs much thicker and stouter, femur com- paratively short. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. Genus Icérya Sign. 3. Icerya sp. Two specimens were obtained by the author in Mr. Yafune’s orange orchard, Arita-gun, Yakayamaken. Not being in a good condition the species could not be determined. Subfamily MARGARODIN. Tribe Xylococcint. Sasakia, gen. nov. Adult female with nine-segmented antennz; body distinctly segmented, mouth-parts wanting in the adult stage; no digitule on claw nor on tarsus; anal tube absent; enclosed in a cottony secretion. Larva with six-segmented antennz; anal tube wanting. 4. Sasakia quercus, sp. nov. PLATE VII, Fics. 4-8. Adult Female.—The adult female is usually found in crevices on bark, in a white cottony secretion. Color red; antennz and legs reddish brown. Length 1.85 mm., width about 1 mm.; subelliptical, narrower toward ante- rior. Antenne close to each other, very stout, nine-segmented, constricted at base of each segment, about .5 mm. long; formula, 1, 9, (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8); segment 1 very stout and long; segments 2 to 8 subequal; short hairs on each segment. Legs subequal, very stout; coxa stout, as wide as long. 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. trochanter large; femur very stout, outer margin very convex; tibia as long or longer than femur, with at least six knobbed hairs, and many spines at the posterior end; tarsus less than half as long as tibia; outer margin convex, inner margin concave, and bearing four or more spiny hairs; claw very stout and curved; no digitules on claw nor on tarsus; anal tube wanting. There are small round pits on the dorsum. Intermediate Stage.—Length 1 mm., width .7 mm.; suboval, slightly nar- rower toward anterior; color red. Antennz and legs wanting; mouth-parts prominent; rostral loop long. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length about .2 to .25 mm.; elliptical in outline, narrower toward anterior end. Color red; antennz and legs pale. Eyes round and prominent. Antenne very large, club-shaped, and close together; six-segmented; formula 6, I, 3, 4, 5, 2; segment 6 very much the longest, as long as all the others together; segment 1 next to the longest and very broad; segment 2 shortest; each bearing a few hairs. Mouth-parts very large; ros- tral loop long. Legs subequal; coxa wider than long; femur stout; tarsus short; digitules fine hairs; claw, long and slender. Posterior end of the body with two long hairs and a few very fine scattered hairs. Margin of body with capitate hairs. Anal tube wanting. This species was found by the author on Quercus myrsz- nefolia (Shira-gashi) and Quercus acuta (Katagi), in Tokyo, and on Quercus acuta in Chikujo-gun, Kiushiu. “The absence of the anal tube in younger stages allies it with certain species of Cwlostoma’’ (Pergande). Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. Subfamily COCCIN E. Tribe Asterolecantum. Genus Lecaniodiaspis Zarg. 5. Lecaniodiaspis quercus C&//. Lecaniodiaspis quercus COCKERELL, Psyche, Supp., 1896, p. 19; Bull. T. S. Noy Ay IDG Tinie, WL Se ID eo: VAverce.. TEC, (Kite This species was found by the author on Quercus acuta (Katagi), Pasarnia glabra (Matera-shii), and Q. sesszlifolia (Tsukubane-gashi) in Tokyo, and Q. acuta in Chikujo-gun, Kiushiu. It was originally described by Cockerell from specimens sent to the Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, by O. Takahashi, Tokyo. ZoouL.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDZ OF JAPAN. 49 Tribe AKermesinz. Genus Kermes JAoztard. 6. Kermes nakagawez, sp. nov. PLATE VII, FIGs. 9-15. Adult Female.—Length 4 to 5 mm., width 5 to 6 mm., height 3.5 to 4 mm. Color dark brown with black transverse markings; covered with waxy, gray- ish white secretion. A broad median longitudinal groove; in the groove near the base is a round protrusion which usually has a grayish white flake on each side. Antennz very small, about .1 mm. long, three-segmented; formula 3, 2, 1; segment 3 much the longest, longer than 1 and 2 combined; last segment bearing four or five long hairs. Legs vestigial, only three parts being apparent; claw large, curved; one pair of digitules. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length 4 mm., width .2 mm.; oval in shape. Color pinkish; antennz and legs pale brown. Mouth-parts large, well- formed; rostral loop long. Antennze short, only .1 mm. long, six-segmented; formula, 6 (3, 2, I) (5, 4); segment 6 longest; 4 shortest; segment 1 stoutest. Legs short and stout; tibia and tarsus about equal in length; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed, digitules on claw short and stout; claw large, curved, and denticulate on its inner side. Margin of body with capitate hairs; two rows of capitate hairs on thoracic and abdominal segments. Ventral aspect with five rows of fine hairs. Caudal lobes terminated with a long hair; three spines behind the anal opening. This species was found by the author on the trunk of Quercus serrata (Kunugi) in Akabane, Quercus sp. in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Tokyo, and on Q. glandulifera (Nara) at Hikosan, Kiushiu. The scales are usually found in groups, and are badly infested by parasitic hymenoptera. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 7. Kermes nawe, sp. nov. Pirate VIII, Fics. 16-22. Adult Female.—Length about 6.5 mm,, width 7 mm., height nearly 5 mm., globose in outline. Color shining chestnut brown; dorsum with five black transverse markings; no longitudinal groove; thinly covered with white powder. When taken off, the specimens leave some of the white cottony substance on the tree. Antennz and legs very small. Antennz con- sist of five segments, .16 mm. long; formula, 3, 4, 5, 2, 1; segment 3 the longest; terminal segment bearing several rather long hairs; the others a few short ones. Mouth-parts well developed; mentum very large, conical, 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. dimerous. Legs subequal; coxa stout, not very much shorter than femur; trochanter small, triangular, with two spines; tarsus longer than tibia; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed, digitules on claw short and stout; claw large, with a minute denticle on its inner margin. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .6 mm., width .3 mm.; elliptical in form; color pale brown. Antennze and legs very large, well developed. Antennz six-segmented; segment 6 the longest; segments I to 5 with a few hairs; segment 6 bearing many rather long hairs; formule:— 6, I, 3; 2, (4, 5). 6, 3, (2, I) 4, 5- 6, (I, 3) (2, 4, 5). 6, 3, I, (2, 4, 5). » (3, 1) (4, 5) 2. Mouth-parts very large; rostral loop longer than body; mentum large and conical. Margin of body with conspicuous, spiny hairs. Two capitate hairs on submargin close to first spiracle. Legs subequal; tibia about one-half as long as tarsus; four fine hair-like digitules; claw slender, denticle on its inner margin. Ventral aspect of body with transverse rows of fine hairs; poste- rior end of body furnished with lobes, each terminated by a long hair, and three spines, two on inner side of the hair and one on the outside. Anal ring hairless. This species was found by Mr. Nawa on Quercus gland- ulifera (Nara) in Fukui-ken, and by Mr. A. Onuki, on Rhamnus japonica var. genuina (Kuro-umemodoki) in Nagano-ken. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. ON Tribe Ayrzococcinz. Genus Eriococcus Zarg. 8. Eriococcus graminis (?) J/Zask. Eriococcus gramints (?) MASKELL, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXX, 1897, p. 243. This species was found on bamboo, in Gifu-ken. The original description was made by Maskell from specimens sent to him by A. Koebele, who had found them on grass in Hongkong. g. Eriococcus japonicus, sp. nov. PLATE VIII, Fics. 23-25. Adult Female.—Female sac, length about 1.7 mm., width about 1 mm.; convex, elliptical; color pale straw. ZOOL.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDE OF JAPAN. 51 Female, length about .65 mm., width, .4 mm.; oval in outline, anterior end narrow, segments distinct. Antennz five-segmented, about .1 mm. long; formula, 5, 3, I, 2, 4; segment 5 longest; 4 shortest; segment 6 with many hairs; the others with few. Anterior pair of legs smaller than posterior pairs; coxa large; trochanter very small, bearing a long hair; femur stout, convex on both sides; tarsus longer than tibia; claw large, curved; digitules on tarsus long and fine, digitules on claw stout and short. Coxa of second and third pairs of legs very large, almost as long as femur. Margin of body with spines; each abdominal segment with a transverse row of strong spines; spines on thorax not ina row. Posterior end of body furnished with two lobes, each bearing a long hair and a few spines. Anal ring prominent, and bears six hairs. fegs.—Length .4 mm., width .25 mm.; elliptical; brown in color. Male Cocoon.—Length .7 mm., width .3 mm.; elliptical; same color as the female sac. This species was found by the author on Symplocos myrtacea (Hainoki) in Chikujo-gun, Kiushiu. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 10. Eriococcus onukii, sp. nov. PLATE VIII, Fics. 26-28; PLATE IX, Fics. 29-33. Adult Female.—¥emale sac, length about 3.5 mm., width 2 mm.; strongly convex, suboval in outline, usually with five transverse ridges on the dorsum, but sometimes only four. Color of the sac white inclining to grayish. Female reddish brown. When boiled in KOH turns red; spread out under cover-glass measures 2.5 to 3 mm. in diameter; dorsum with strong spines, ventral aspect bearing many fine scattered hairs. Mouth-parts well formed, rostral loop short. Antennz seven-segmented, .23 mm. long; seg- ment 1 stout and shortest; segment 3 longest, but not much longer than 4; terminal segment with several long hairs, the others with a few short ones; formulze:— 3, 4, 7) 2 (5 6) rl ; one specimen. (Gray ois7 256; 5: | : (By ak) Gh) 2G A) a : one specimen. (Budi (Gy) yee P (27033 As) ONE neni) | one specimen. Legs as usual, subequal; coxa large, stout, longer than wide, bearing a few spines; trochanter rather large, subtriangular, with two long and one short spiny hair; tibia shorter than tarsus, with two spines on inner margin of pos- terior extremity; tarsus slightly tapering toward end; tarsal digitules long, knobbed, and hair-like, digitules on claw short, slightly extending beyond 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. claw; claw large, well curved, with denticle on its inner margin. The pos- terior end of the body is furnished with lobes, each terminated by a long hair and aspine. Anal ring very prominent, with eight hairs. Egg.—Length .3 mm., width .17 mm.; oval in shape; color pale brown. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .41 mm., width .2 mm.; long, elliptical in form, very much like that of Gossyparia ulmi. Antenne six-segmented, .1 mm. long; formula, 3, 6, 2 (I, 4, 5); segment 3 longest; segment 1 stoutest; segment 6 with many long hairs; the others with a few. Mouth-parts large; rostral loop reaching to the fourth abdominal segment. Legs subequal, large; tibia very much stouter than tarsus; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed, digitules on claw short, extending only slightly beyond claw. Margin of body with very strong spines; dorsal aspect of thoracic, and first two abdom- inal segments, withtwospines. Abdomen tapering toward posterior extrem- ity, and furnished with lobes, each bearing long hairs and two spines. Anal ring with six hairs. This species was found by the author on Arundinarza hindsit var. gramine (Kanzanchiku) in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. Genus Gossyparia. 11. Gossyparia ulmi Geof. Gossyparia ulmi GEOFF. SIGNORET, Essai, 1875, p. 21. Howarp, Insect Life, Vol. II, 1890, p. 34. COCKERELL, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1899, p. 268. Gossyparia spuria MODEER. This species was found by K. Oyama, on U/mus sp., in Nagano-ken. It differs, however, from the specimens found on Stanford University campus in having the body of the adult female entirely covered by the waxy secretion. Microscopic characters show no difference. Tribe Dactylopiinz. Genus Dactylopius Coséa. 12. Dactylopius comstocki, sp. nov. PLATE IX, FIGS. 34 AND 35. Adult Female.—Length 4 mm., width 2 mm.; long oval in outline, slightly narrow in front. Dark purple in color; antennze and legs brown; body dusted with white powder. ZOOL.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDE OF JAPAN. 53 When boiled in KOH the color is purple. Antenne eight-segmented, .5 mm. long; segment 8 longest; 3 next in length, but not much longer than 2; segment 8 bearing many hairs; the others a few; formulz:— 8, 3) I, 2, 5) 6, 7) 4. 8 (3) 2) I, 7) 5) 6, oh A (ei) Ges 74 8 (2, 3) I, 5) 4, 6, (GR Bin) epionealy 7s 8 (2, I) 3) 5; 4 (6, =). SS The measurements of the antennal segments vary as follows:— 3 Aa 667) 155") 30 | 41 4I 44 | 108 AVE AAG a 5On)\h 51 31 SAA SOR a) LOL Mouth-parts large; rostral loop long. Spiracles large. Legs normal; coxa longer than wide, with several spines; trochanter as usual, bearing one long and a few short hairs; femur thick, outer margin convex, with many scat- tered hairs; tibia as long as femur, tapering posteriorly, with many hairs; tarsus about one-third as long as tibia, tapering posteriorly, with many hairs; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed, digitules on claw short, gradually widening into large knobs. Dorsum with fine scattered hairs and round pits. Poste- rior end of body furnished with lobes, each bearing a fine long hair and two stout spines. Anal ring round, prominent, with six hairs. Found at Akabane by the author in cracks or crevices of trunk of mulberry-tree (Kuwa), near the ground, and pro- tected by a covering made by ants. The ants and scales associate in the chamber, being mutually benefited. It was also found in the crevices of the trunk of a kind of maple in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. This species is related to Dactylopius theobrome Doug]. The two species may be separated by the following table :— 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. Dactylopius comstockt. Dactylopius theobrome. Segment 8 of antenna very much Segment 8 of antenna equal to 5, shorter than 5, 6, and 7 together. 6, and 7 together. Tarsi one-third length of tibiz; Tarsi half the length of tibiz; claw claw rather long and large. short. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 13. Dactylopius pini, sp. nov. PLATE IX, Fics. 36-38. Adult Female.—Found among growing needles of pine. A white cottony secretion covers all the body. Color, reddish brown; legs and antennz brown. When boiled in KOH the color turns purple. Length about 4 mm., width about half the length. Margin of body with fine simple hairs; dor- sum with fine hairs and minute round pits. Antenne eight-segmented, .4 to .5 mm. long, hairy; segment 8 always longest; 4 usually shortest; segments 2 and 3 subequal. The following formulz show the variations in the relative lengths of the antennal segments:— 8, 2, 3, I (6, 7) 5) 4. 8, 2, 3, 1, 7) 6, 5, 4- 8, 2, 3 (1, 7) (5) 6) 4. 8, 2, 3 (1, 7) (4) 5 §). The measurements of the antennal segments vary as follows:— 75 75 75 47 55 9° 41 | 105 AIAN Oh NA Th NS NSO Ne SS pa aly |. _| Mouth-parts as usual; rostral loop long. Legs round; coxa short, wider than long; trochanter triangular, with one long and two or more short hairs; femur large, outer margin convex; tibia not so stout as femur, but almost equal to it in length; tarsus less than half the length of tibia; segments with many Zoou.—Vou. IIl.] KUWANA—COCCID& OF JAPAN. 85 projecting hairs; tarsal digitules long, fine, knobbed, and hair-like; digitules on claw quite stout and short, extending a little beyond claw; claw thick, curved. Anal ring round, prominent, with six hairs. Caudal hairs short, © with two strong spines. Newly Hatched Larva.—Larva taken from the female is oval in shape; length about .35 mm., half as wide as long. Antenne five-segmented, about Y% mm. long; formula, 5, 3, 2, 1, 4; segment 5 longest; 4 shortest; terminal segment with many prominent hairs; others with comparatively few. Margin of body with fine simple hairs. Legs large and subequal. Posterior end of body furnished with prominent lobes, each bearing a long hair with two stout spines at the base. Anal ring distinct, with six hairs. Found by the author on Pixus sp. in Koishiwara, Kiushiu, and on Pinus pentaphylla (Goyo-matsu) in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. This new species is closely allied to Dactylopius sequoie Coleman, but they may be separated by the following table :— Dactylopius pint. Dactylopius sequoia. Female enclosed in a sac. Female not enclosed ina sac. Female with no egg-sac on the Female with egg-sac on the caudal caudal ventral aspect. ventral aspect. Female gives birth to young. Female lays eggs. Antennz of young five-segmented. Antennze of young six-segmented. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author's collection. 14. Dactylopius kraunhiez, sp. nov. PLATE IX, FIGS. 39 AND 40. Adult Female.—Enclosed ina cottony sac, of irregular shape; color red- dish brown. When boiled in KOH and spread out under cover-glass measures about 2 mm. in length and 1.5 mm. in width; broad elliptical in form. A transverse row of spines on the dorsal aspect of each segment; ventral aspect with fine hairs; dorsum covered with small round pits. Antennze and legs large, brown in color. Antennz eight-segmented, .5 mm. long, hairy; for- mula, 8, 3, 2, 1, 5 (4, 6, 7); the measurements of each antennal segment, (1) 69-69; (2) 77-80; (3) 83; (4) 55; (5) 56; (6) 53; (7) 55; (8) 111; segment 6 slightly longer than 3; segment 3 slightly longer than 2; segments 4, 5, 6 and 7 subequal; segment 1 stoutest. Mouth-parts comparatively large; rostral loop long, extending down to the first or second abdominal segment. Legs subequal, hairy; coxa much wider than long; trochanter as usual, bearing a few spiny hairs; femur thick, outer margin convex; tibia slightly shorter than 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. femur and three times as long as tarsus; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed, digitules on claw stout, short, and knobbed; claw as usual, curved. Each of the marginal lobes of the posterior segment bears a single long hair, with two spines at the base. Anal ring large, prominent, with six hairs. This species was found by the author on Araunhia flori- bunda (Fuji) at the Yokohama Nursery, Yokohama. This is allied to D. pzmz Kuwana, but the body of the former is shorter and more stout, the legs and antenne larger in proportion to the body, and segment 8 of the antenna is as long or not quite so long as 6 and 4 together, while 6 is not much longer than 3. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. Genus Phenacoccus C2£//. 15. Phenacoccus pergandei (?) C&//. Phenacoccus pergandet COCKERELL, Bull. No. 4, T. S., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1896, p. 55. This species was found by the author on Dzospyros kakz (Kaki) in Kusatsu, Shiga-ken. The specimens are in a poor condition. Genus Spherococcus JZask. 16. Spherococcus parvus MMZask. PLATE IX, Fic. 41. Spherococcus parvus MASKELL, Ent. Mon. Mag., Vol. XXX, 1897, p. 244; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXX, 1897, p. 247. This species was found by the author on the trunk of a cherry-tree in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. Previous to this it had been found for the first time by A. Koebele, on a cherry-tree in Japan (the locality not mentioned), and described by Maskell as a new species. Mr. Maskell evidently made a mistake when he con- sidered the antenne of the newly hatched larve to be composed of six confused segments. They are distinctly Zoou.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCID4 OF JAPAN. 57 three-segmented’, about .23 mm. long; formula, 3, 1, 2. Anal ring of larva with six hairs. Antenne of female appear to be two-segmented. Maskell’s statement in regard to the anal ring being without bristles is erroneous. There are six small bristles or hairs. Genus Antonina Szgx. 17. Antonina crawi Cé/. Antonina crawi COCKERELL, Psyche, Vol. IX, 1900, p. 71. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .4 mm., width .2 mm.; oval in shape; purple in color. Antennz six-segmented, about .14 mm. long; formula, 6 (5, 4, 2) (1, 3); segment 6 much the longest; 2, 4 and 5 subequal; 3 short- est; segment 6 with many long hairs. Three pairs of legs subequal; tibia shorter than tarsus; claw slender and rather long; four digitules, lower pairs very stout. The dorsum covered with small round pits. Caudal end of abdomen bears two long hairs. Anal ring prominent, with six hairs. This species was found by the author at the sheathing bases of leaves of different kinds of bamboo, in different places in Japan: on Phyllostachys nigra (Kuro-chiku), Phyllostachys guiliot (Madake), and on Arundinaria stmoni (Narihira-dake) in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Tokyo, on Madake in Akabane, and on many kinds of bamboo in Kiushiu. Sometime before this it had been found on bamboo from Japan by A. Craw, in quarantine work at San Francisco. Genus Pseudolecanium C2£//. 18. Pseudolecanium tokionis C&£//. Pseudolecanium tokionis COCKERELL, Psyehe, Supp., 1896, p. 16; Bull., No. Awl. S: Div. Ent. WU: Si) Dept. Agric:, 1896; p)-49; Psyche, Vol. LX, 1900, p. 71. Kuwana, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3d Ser., (Zool.) Vol. II, I9QOI, p. 403. This species was found by the author on bamboo in the vicinity of Tokyo, and on the same host in Gifu-ken. It 1 Mr. Pergande, who examined the author’s specimen, says the antennz consist of four segments. 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. was originally described by Cockerell from dry specimens sent to the Division of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture, by O. Takahashi, Tokyo. In 1899 the author found it on bamboo on the Stanford University campus, and the male in different stages was described by him. Subfamily LECANIIN 4. SERIES I. Genus Pulvinaria Zarg. 19. Pulvinaria psidii AZask. PLATE X, FIG. 42. Pulvinaria psidii MASKELL, Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. XXXIII, 1897, p. 243; Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXX, 1897, p. 242. This species was found by the author on Diospyros kakz, in Gifu-ken, on Tsuta in Hikosan, Kiushiu. A. Koebele had also found it on Cztrus, Pittosporum and HEurya japonica, in Japan. 20. Pulvinaria aurantii C£//. PLATE X, FIG. 43. Pulvinaria aurantii COCKERELL, Psyche, Supp., 1896, p. 19; Bull., No. 4, 2S) DivevEnt. Ws Si) Dept. wAenic..n1s96.5p. 48: Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .4 mm., width .21 mm.; suboval; abdom- inal cleft distinct. Rostral loop long. Antenne and legs large, well devel- oped. Antennze six-segmented; formula, (6, 3) I, 2, 4, 5. Three pairs of legs subequal; tibia and tarsus about equal in length. Margin of body with fine simple hairs. Anal plates conspicuous, each with a very long hair. This species is one of the worst pests in the orange orchards. It occurs in almost every part of the Empire. The author collected it in the following places: on orange in Kokura, Chikujo-gun, Kato-mura, and Hukuoka City, in Kiushiu, and in Wakayama-ken, Kiyoto, Osaka, Gifu-ken, Aichi-ken, Tokyo, and Yokohama, in Hondo. It was also found on Eurya ochnacea (Sakaki), in Chikujo-gun, Kiu- shiu, and on tea-plant in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. ZOou.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDA OF JAPAN. 59 21. Pulvinaria horii, sp. nov. PLATE X, FIGs. 44-52. Adult Female.—Found usually in crevices of bark or in any sheltered place on trunk and large limbs, singly and in clusters. Color pale brown. The scale is circular, with many short lines radiating from the margin toward the center; in the center two longitudinal lines are bordered by two trans- verse lines, forming a quadrangle with a much raised longitudinal median line. The scale is not covered with secretion. Ovisac snow white, its base ranging from 4 to 5 mm.; ovisac extending posteriorly and laterally, with many distinct, radiating grooves, as shown in the figure; the posterior end of scale distinctly cleft. When boiled in KOH and spread out under a cover- glass measures about 8 mm.; circular in outline; abdominal cleft deep. Antenne eight-segmented, .41 mm. long; formula 2 (3, 4, 5) 6, 7, 8, 1; seg- ment 2 longest; 3, 4, and 5 subequal and next in length; segment 1 stoutest and shortest; segment 8 with many long hairs; the others with few. Mouth- parts small; rostral loop short. Margin of body with fine simple hairs; each anterior incision has a long spine with a short one on each side. Legs sub- equal; coxa longer than wide, with two or more spines; trochanter the usual shape but small, with one long and a few short hairs; femur, the longest seg- ment of the leg, is as wide as coxa and bears a few spines; tibia slender, almost as long as femur; tarsus less than half the length of tibia, with four digitules and a terminal claw; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed, digitules on claw stout and knobbed; claw large and curved. Triangular plates small but conspicuous, several spiny hairs along posterior portions. Anal ring large, bearing many (eight ?) long hairs. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .66 mm., width .4 mm.; broadly elliptical, front rounded, widest in thoracic regions. Color reddish brown; legs and antennz pale brown. Eyes red and distinct. Margin of body with fine simple hairs, rather far apart; in each anterior incision is a long spine with a short one on each side. Mouth-parts large; rostral loop extending to about the third abdominal segment. Antennze and legs large. Antennz usually seven-segmented, .2 mm. long, hairy. The proportional lengths of antennal segments are variable even in the same specimen, but segment 3 is always the longest. The following formulz show the variations:— 3, 7 (2, 6) 5, 4, I. Bo Ty By Ghy ey Oy ie BO aly. Gye tee a1 3, © (4, 5) 2, I. Be hy Gf SPs ORL lls By Aneel One nile Bry toy 2a i (EG Gh 7) ito Three pairs of legs subequal, anterior pair slightly smaller than the posterior pairs; coxa quite large, longer than wide, with a few hairs; trochanter small and triangular, with one long and a few short hairs; femur the largest segment of leg, and as wide as coxa; tibia shorter than femur, with a few spiny hairs along outer margin; tarsus much shorter than tibia, tapering posteriorly, and (2) January 24, 1902. 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. furnished with spiny hairs on outer margin; four digitules and a large curved claw at posterior extremity; tarsal digitules fine and knobbed. Caudal end of the body deeply cleft; triangular plates very large, with a long hair and a few fine spines at their posterior margins. Anal ring prominent, with six long hairs. This species was found by the author on the trunks of Acer trifidum (To-kede), 4sculus turbinata (Tochino-ki), and Kelreuteria paniculata (Mokugenji), in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo; it is named in honor of S. Hori, Entomologist of the Station. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stan- ford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 22. Pulvinaria oyam@, sp. nov. PLATE XI, FIGS. 53-56. Adult Female.—A cottony mass suboval in form, there being at the nar- rower end a dark brown scale sometimes flattened, and sometimes bent upward at about its middle to nearly a right angle; oval, slightly broader behind, where it is notched and apparently cleft for a short distance in the middle. Dorsum with five or six transverse wrinkles or folds, and many raised lines running outwardly on each side to the posterior margin. Length of sac 6 mm., width about 4 to 5 mm., snow white, no distinct groove; scale dark brown. When boiled in KOH and spread out under cover-glass, measures about 5 to 7 mm. in length and 4 to 5 mm. in width. Mouth-parts well chitinized but small; rostral loop short. Antennz usually 8-segmented, terminal segment bearing many long hairs, the others a few; relative lengths of antennal seg- ments are variable, but segment 3 is longest, as may be seen in the following formulze:— 3) 5; 2, 4, I (6, 75 8). (3, 2, 4) 5, 6, 8, 7, I. (3, 4) 2, 5 (6, 7, 8) I. Legs subequal; coxa stout, longer than wide, with a few long spiny hairs; trochanter as usual, with one long hair; femur stout, with a few scattered hairs; tibia shorter and smaller than femur, with several long hairs on the inner margin and weak hairs on the outer margin; tarsus one-half as long as tibia, with spiny hairs; tarsal digitules long, fine, and knobbed, digitules of claw very stout, gradually widening to large knobs; claw large and curved. Margin of body with spiny hairs, in each anterior incision is one large spine with a short one on each side. Anal plates as usual, posterior extremity rounded, with a few long hairs. Anal ring with eight prominent hairs. This species was collected by K. Oyama, in Nagano-ken. The host is unknown. Z00L.—VoL. IlIl.] KUWANA—COCCIDA OF JAPAN. 61 Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 23. Pulvinaria hazez, sp. nov. PLATE XI, FIGS. 57-59. Adult Female.—Length with ovisac about 37 mm., width 5 mm.; ovisac white, without groove (the scales having been long exposed to weather the ovisacs were in so poor a condition that the texture could not be determined); scale, diameter 4.5 mm.; subcircular in outline; light brown in color. When boiled in KOH and spread out under cover-glass, diameter about 6 mm. Antenne eight-segmented, about .56 mm. long; formula, 3, 4, 2, 5, 8 (6, 7) 1; segment 3 much the longest; segment 1 stoutest and wider than long; the last segment bearing many long hairs. Mouth-parts small but well formed; rostral loop short. Anterior pair of legs smaller than the posterior pairs; coxa stout, longer than wide; trochanter the usual triangular shape, with one long spiny hair; femur large and as broad as coxa; tibia shorter than femur, with many long hairs; tarsus about one-third as long as tibia, with several spiny hairs; tarsal digitules long and knobbed, digitules of claw stout, gradually widening to large knobs; claw stout and curved. Margin of body with fine simple hairs; in each anterior incision is one large spine, with a short one on each side. Anal plates distinct, yellowish brown, with three or more rather long spiny hairs near posterior margins. Anal ring with six hairs. _Egg.—Length .3 mm., width .2 mm.; oval in shape; color brown. This species was found by the author on the trunk of Rhus succedane (Haze-no-ki) in Koishiwara, Chikujo-gun, Kiushiu. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. Genus Takahashia C&//. 24. Takahashia japonica C£//. Takahashia japonica COCKERELL, Psyche, Supp., 1896, p. 20; Bull. No. 4, T.S., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1896, p. 47. Egg.—Length .5 mm., width .3 mm.; elliptical in form; color pinkish brown. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .8 mm., width .35 mm.; elliptical in form; color brown; abdominal cleft distinct; margin of body with spiny hairs; anterior marginal incision with three subequal spines. Mouth-parts large; rostral loop reaching to about the third abdominal segment. Antenne S1x- segmented; formula (6, 3, 5) (I, 2, 3). Legs rather large. Anal plates large, each bearing a long hair. 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. This species was found by the author on the mulberry- tree in Hukuoka, Gifu, Tokyo, and Sendai, and on other plants in Gifu and Saitama-ken. SrerRIEs II. Genus Ericerus Guwer. 25. Ericerus pela West. Ericerus pela West, C. R. tome X, pp. 618-666; Revue Zoologique de Guerin-Meneville, 1830, p. 120; Gardeners’ Chronicle, London, 1853, p. 532. SIGNORET, Essai, 1874, pp. 91, 92. SasAxi, Zool. Mag., Tokyo, Japan, No. 114, pp. 111-116. (In Japanese.) This interesting insect has been known in certain parts of the Empire for years as producing wax. It is known to the people by the name of Ibota-mushi, because of its feeding on Ligustrum zbota or Ibota-no-ki. According to C. Sasaki, it has been recorded from Hukushima, Tottori, Nagano and Kochi-ken. The author’s specimens (male) were obtained from Y. Nawa, Gifu. Genus Ceroplastes Gray. 26. Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock. Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, Ent. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 331. This species was found by the author on oleander, in Wakayama-ken, and on the tea-plant in Tokyo and Yoko- hama. Thisis the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 27. Ceroplastes ceriferus And. Ceroplastes ceriferus AND. MASKELL, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXV, 1892, p. 216. Craw, Rept. Calif. State Bd. Hort., 1895-96, p. 44. This species was found by the author on Taonobo japon- ica, (Mokkoku), in Minoshima, Wakayama-ken, and on the tea-plant in Kokura, Kiushiu. It is one of the worst tea- plant pests. Ina plantation near Kokura the trees were ZOoL.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDA OF JAPAN. 63 badly infested by this pest. Mr. Alexander Craw, San Francisco, found this insect on camellia, gardenia, and orange-trees from Japan. Series III. Genus Lecanium ///zg¢. 28. Lecanium (Saissetia) hemisphericum Zarg. Lecanium hemisphericum Tarc. Comstock, Ent. Rept. U. 5S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 334- This species was found by the author on Phajus grandt- florus (Kwaku-ran) and Gardenia florida (Kuchinashi) in the grounds of the Yokohama Nursery, Yokohama, and on Schinus molle and Asparagus plumosus in a green-house in Shinjiku, Tokyo. The insect was not found in the native woods. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 29. Lecanium (Eulecanium) takachihoi, sp. nov. PLATE XI, Fics. 60-64. Adult Female.—Length 6.5 mm., width 4 mm., height 4 mm., convex; dark brown in color; suboval, longitudinal carina distinct, anterior half of the scale much enlarged, gradually tapering posteriorly. Abdominal cleft dis- tinct. The dorsum with irregular pits. Under the compound microscope the skin shows hexagonal markings, and round, scattered, transparent pits. Antennze seven-segmented, .5 mm. long; formula, 3, 4, 7, 6, 5, 2, 1; segment 3 not much longer than 4; segments 5 and 6 subequal; segment 1 shortest and stoutest; segments 1 to 6 with a few hairs; 7 with many long ones. Legs well developed; coxa longer than wide; trochanter as usual, with two hairs; femur convex on both sides, with two hairs on outer margin near posterior extremity; tibia a little longer than tar- sus, with two hairs on inner margin near posterior extremity and one hair on the outer margin opposite the two; tarsus tapering posteriorly, and finished with a curved claw; tarsal digitules long and knobbed, digitules on claw short and stout. Anal plates rather small, with one or two spiny hairs at the pos- terior margin. Newly Hatched Larva.—Length .58 mm., width .27 mm.; oval in shape; pinkish in color. Antenne six-segmented, barely .2 mm. long; formula, 3, 6, 5, 1 (2, 4); segment 3 much the longest; segment 6 with many long hairs. Mouth- parts large; rostral loop reaching to about the third abdominal segment. Legs large; coxa stout and long; tarsus much shorter than tibia; tarsal digitules long, fine, and knobbed; digitules on claw short, small, and knobbed. One long and a few short hairs on the posterior end of each anal plate. Anal opening conspicuous, with six hairs. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRroc. 3D SER. This species was found by the author on a chestnut-tree, in Hikosan, Kiushiu, and is named in honor of N. Taka- chiho. This scale is allied to Lecanium pruinosum, but is not covered with white powder. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 30. Lecanium rotundum (°) Aéaumur. Lecanium rotundum (?) REAUMUR. SIGNORET, Essai, 1873, p. 428. Two specimens were found by the author on the prune- tree, in Shinjiku, Tokyo. 31. Lecanium (Calymnalus) hesperidum Z. Lecanium (Calymnalus) hesperidum LL. Comstock, Ent. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 335. This species is a common green-house pest in Japan. The author found it on Adutelon sp., MWertum odorum (Kyochikuto), Fasminum sp., Cycas revoluta (Sotetsu), and Eriobotrya japonica (Biwa), in the green-house of the Agricultural College, Sapporo, Hokkaido, and on Cercas chinensis (Hana-zuo), in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. The scales are commonly infested by parasitic hymenoptera. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 32. Lecanium (Saissetia) olee Aernard. Lecanium (Saissetia) olee BERNARD. Comstock, Ent. Rept., U. S. Dept. Acric., 1880, p. 236; Bull’ No: 4, eS.) Div, Ent. U.S: Dept Aerics 1896, p. 4o. This species was found by the author on a lime-tree, in Kawasaki, near Tokyo. It is not at all common in Japan, in fact, it was not found in any other part of the Empire. A. Craw, in quarantine work, found it on deciduous mag- nolia from Japan some years ago. Zoou.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDZ OF JAPAN. 65 33. Lecanium, sp. PLATE XI, FIG. 65. Of this scale but three female specimens were secured; one being infested by the hymenopterous parasites and another badly broken. The species could not be identified. Only the external characters will be given. Female Scale.—Length 9 mm., width 9.5 mm., height 7.5 mm.; color dark shining brown, derm apparently thick; covered with white powder. Four raised cones on the dorsum. The scale, sloping toward the anterior end, has many raised, rather smooth ridges. The median groove distinct. The anal cleft deep. This species was found by the author on Araunhia florz- bunda (Fuji) in the grounds of the Yokohama Nursery, Yokohama. Subfamily DIASPIN A. Genus Aspidiotus Bouché. 34. Aspidiotus inusitatus Green. Aspidiotus inusitatus GREEN, Coccide of Ceylon, p. 49. This species was found by the author on bamboo in Kokura, Kiushiu. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 35. Aspidiotus persearum C2£//. Aspidiotus persearum COCKERELL, Entomologist, 1898, p. 240. CRAw, Rept. Calif. State Bd. Hort., 1897-98, p. 108. This species was found by the author on TVrachycarpus excelsus (Shuro) in Tarumi, Chikujo-gun, Kiushiu. Pre- vious to this A. Craw found it in his quarantine work at San Francisco, on ‘‘Alligator pears’’ (Persea gratissima ) from Honolulu, H.I. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [Proc. 3D SER. 36. Aspidiotus secretus C2//. var. lobulatus Mask. Aspidiotus secretus var. lobulatus MASKELL, Ent. Mon. Mag., Vol. XXXIII, 1897, p. 241; Proc. & Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXX, 1897, p. 224. This species was found by the author on many kinds of bamboo in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo and Akabane. It has been recorded on Bamdusa sp., (Miyanoshita) Japan, by A. Koebele. 37. Aspidiotus trilobitiformis (?) Green. Aspidiotus trilobitiformis GREEN, Indian Mus. Notes, IV, p. 4. This species was found by the author in a garden in Min- oshima, Wakayama-ken. The name of the host is unknown. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 38. Aspidiotus duplex C£//. Aspidiotus duplex COCKERELL, Psyche, Supp., 1896, p. 20; Bull. No. 4, tS... Div. Ent, U.S) Dept. Agric.) 1896, p. 52;) Bull: No; 6) iase Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1897, p. 20. Craw, Rept. Calif. State” Bd. Hort., 1895-96, p. 33. This species was found by the author on /rhus succidanea (Haze-no-ki) in Yukubashi, Kiushiu, on Hurya ochnacea (Sakaki) in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo, and on Thea japonica (Tsu- baki) in Yokohama. Originally described by Cockerell, from specimens sent to the Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, by O. Takabashi, Tokyo. A. Craw, San Francisco, also found this insect on the follow- ing plants from Japan: orange, camellia, azalea Olea fra- grans, tea-plant, camphor, peony, Myrica rubra, and rhododendron. 39. Aspidiotus duplex var. peonie CX£//. Aspidiotus duplex var. peonie COCKERELL, Can. Ent., Vol. XXXI, 1899, p. 105. This species appears to be a general feeder. It was found upon the following trees and plants: Hurya ochnacea Zoou.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCID4 OF JAPAN. 67 in Hikosan; Thea japonica in Akabane; rhododendron indicum var. kempfert (Tsutsuji); A. endecum var. macranthum (Satsuki); lex latifolia (Taraya); Clethra barbineros (Ryobu); and Thea sinensis (Cha) in Tokyo. A. Craw, San Francisco, had previously recorded it on a peeony from Japan. This scale is one of the worst pests of tea and ornamental plants. In many places the tea-plants were dying from the effects of the pest. 40. Aspidiotus perniciosus Covzst. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, Ent. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 304. Kuwana, Cont. to Biol., The Hopkins Seaside Lab. of Leland Stanford Jr. Univ., No. XXV, 1901, pp- I-14. SASAKI, Annot. Zool. Japan, Vol. III, rg901, pp. 165-173. This scale was recorded by the author from many locali- ties on the three main islands of the Japanese Empire: Kiushiu, Hondo and Hokkaido. On Kiushiu Island it was found on an old native pear-tree (about fifty years old), which was badly infested with the scale. The tree was standing alone at the back of a farm house, with no possible chance of its having come in contact with an infected tree. On the same island, near Kokura, was a pear orchard about five years old. The stock came from Tokyo, and was badly infested with the scale. In the spring of 1899 the owner dug up and burnt more than three hundred trees, but it was too late then, for the scale had already spread nearly all over the orchard. In Shiga-ken it was found on pear, apple, and quince trees in the grounds of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station. In Gifu-ken there are many small orchards, in every one of which the scale was found. In Tokyo it was found on pear-trees in the Mita Nursery and other places, on pear-trees in Kawasaki, and in Yokohama on pear-trees growing ina pot. In the northern part of Hondo the scale was found in orchards in Angio, Sendai, Morioka, Aomori, and Hirosaki; and in Hokkaido it was found in the apple orchard of the Agricultural College, Sapporo. Many of the trees were dying from the attack 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [Proc. 3D SER. of the scale. Since the author’s return from Japan, Suguya Hori has written, saying that the scale has been found by him in some places in Hokurikudo. M. Nawa has also informed the author that he found it on nursery stock in Shikoku. The scale was found upon the following hosts: pear, apple, peach, Japanese quince, currant, willow (Salx gracilistyla), Pilea pumila, Peonia moutan. The detailed data of this species are given in the author’s report on ‘*The San Jose Scale in Japan’’ (Contrib. to Biol. from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory of Leland Stanford Jr. University, No. XXV, p. 1-14, I90T.). 41. Aspidiotus ulmi Johns. Aspidiotus ulmi JoHNSON, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1896, p. 388; Entomological News, Vol. VIII, 1896, p. 152. This species was found by the author on Cycas revoluta, — in the grounds of the capitol of Hukuoka, and on two unknown hosts, one in Akabane and the other in the Nishi- gahara, Tokyo. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 42. Aspidiotus cydonie Comst. Aspidiotus cydonie Comstock, Ent. Rept., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1880, p. 295. This species was found by the author on fern (Kenchiyo) in the Yokohama Nursery, Yokohama. This is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. 43. Aspidiotus latanie Szgz. Aspidiotus latanie SIGNORET, Essai, 1868, p. 124. This species was found by the author on Adzes firma (Momi) in the grounds of the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, Tokyo. Previous to this it had been found on tea-plant in Gifu, but this is the first time it has been recorded from Japan. ZOoL.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDZE OF JAPAN. 69 44. Aspidiotus cryptomeriz, sp. nov. PLATE XII, Fics. 66-68. Scale of Female.—The scale of the female is usually elliptical, flatly con- vex. Length 1.1 to 2. mm., width about 1. mm.; usual color grayish, sub- transparent. The exuviz are usually a little to one side of the center; straw color. The first skin usually shows the segmentation distinctly, length about -4mm.; the second skin is more or less covered with secretion, length about .65 mm. Ventral scale a mere film applied to bark of plant. Female.—The body of the mature female is rather flat, pale yellow, and ovalin shape. The last segment is a little deeper yellow than the rest of the body, and presents the following characters:— There are five groups of spinnerets. The anterior group contains four to five; the anterior lateral, seven to eight; the posterior laterals four to six. There are three pairs of well developed lobes. The first and second lobes of lateral side are abruptly narrowed toward their posterior extremities from about one-half their length; the third pair is much smaller than the first two pairs, and the lateral sides are sloping and very minutely serratulate. The piates are well developed; they are not much longer than the lobes, and are fringed; there are two small ones between the median lobes; those of each side are as follows,—two between the first and second lobes, three between second and third lobes, usually seven laterad of the third lobe. The spines are prominent; the first pair is situated near the lateral margin of the base of the first lobes, the second and third, about the middle of the bases of the second and third lobes; two or more spines laterad of the base of the third lobe: Scale of Male.—The scale of the male is elongated, with the larval skin nearly central; color grayish, same as female in texture; larval skin straw color. Length about 1. mm., width .6 mm. This species was found by the author on Cryptomeria japonica (Sugi) in Gifu-ken. It is allied to Asfcdiotus destructor Sign., but the female scale of the new species is elliptical in form, and the exuviz in one side of the center, and the third pair of lobes of last abdominal segment of female is much smaller. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 45. Aspidiotus jordani, sp. nov. PLATE XII, Fics. 69-71. Scale of Female.—The scale of the female is circular and flat; about 1.5 to 2.5 mm. in diameter. The general color of the scale is dingy brown, 7O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. conforming usually to the color of the under side of the leaves to which it is attached. The exuviceare in the center, and are covered with secretion. The first skin is a pale straw color, .4 mm. in length; second skin orange-yellow, .85 mm. long. Female,—The body of the mature female is subcircular, usually from 1 to 1.5 mm. long, and .75 mm. wide; color brown. Presents the following characters:— There are four groups of spinnerets. The anterior laterals vary from eleven to fourteen; the posterior laterals from seven to nine. There are three pairs of well developed lobes; the median pair commonly notched on the inner margin, sloping on the lateral margin, and very minutely serratu- late; the second pair is smaller, and the third still smaller; the lateral margin of the second and third pair of lobes is sloping, and very minutely serratu- late. The margin of the ventral aspect of the segment is deeply incised between the lobes. The parts of the body-wall forming the margin of these incisions are very much thickened. The plates are distinct, not longer than the lobes, fringed. There are two small ones between the median lobes; those of each side are as follows: two between the first and second lobes, three between second and third lobes, five or six laterad of the third lobe. The spines are prominent. The first, second, and third spines are situated near the lateral margin of the bases of the first, second, and third lobes; two more spines laterad of the base of the third lobe. Scale of Male.—The scale of the male is circular, flat, and the same color as that of the female; about 1. mm. in diameter. This species was found by the author on Quercus sp. Angio, Saitama-ken. The scale is extremely inconspicu- ous, as it lives beneath the epidermis on the under side of the leaf. Type in the Entomological Collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University, and co-types in the author’s collection. 46. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) aurantii J/ask. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) aurantit MASKELL, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XI, 1878, p. 199. COCKERELL, Bull. No. 6, T. S., Div. Ent., UNS Depry Acre mso7anaa2o: This species was found by the author ona number of cultivated plants, namely: orange-tree and Podocarpus chinensis, in Wakayama-ken; on Acacza and the tea-plant in Yokohama; and on Podocarpus chinensis in Tokyo. Previous to this O. Takahashi, Tokyo, found it on Podo- carpus in Japan. ZOoL.—VOL. III.] KUWANA—COCCIDH OF JAPAN. yes 47. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ficus Ashm. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ficus Ritey & ASHMEAD, Amer. Ent., 1880, p. 267. Craw, Rept. Calif. State Bd. Hort., 1895-96, p. 34. MASKELL, Proc. & Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XXIX, 1896, p. 297; Ent. Mon. Mag., Vol. XXXIII, 1897, p. 241. This species was found by the author on Asparagus plumosus, Machilus thunbergi (Inu-gusu), and Mango in Tokyo; on Asfidistra lurida and Ligustrum japonicum (Nezumi-mochi) in Yokohama. fae WATE (REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 252 [0.555225 koa Sean cee 116 WV. ; wig : . i = 4 = + % oe oe f i ‘ —~ _ = \ 3 ’ - f \ i \ & = ’ ‘ a, } 4 aig ‘ ’ hn sh 5 a cs oe, , Reps AYN o ; * ‘ - ‘ . ~ +i 2 ‘ 232 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. Blepharocera capitata Lorw. I. Section through the compound eye of adult female: o., ocelli; 67., brain; /. /., large facets; s. /., small facets; 0. Z., optic lobes. Dorsal plate of male genitalia. Ventral plate of male genitalia. Genitalia of female, dorsal aspect. Papillz, enlarged, on female genitalia. Genitalia of female, ventral aspect. On CR a SoD) Bibiocephala elegantulus VON RODER. 7. Genitalia of female, ventral aspect. 8. Genitalia of male, ventral aspect. Bibtocephala doaneit KELLOGG. 9. Mouth-parts of female: /. ep., labrum-epipharynx; d., mandibles; mx. l., maxillary lobe; m2. ., maxillary palpus; 2yp., hypo- pharynx; /., labium; fg., paraglossa. to. Mouth-parts of female in cross-section, near the base, diagrammatic; letters as for fig. 9 except J0., labrum-epipharynx. 11. Mouth-parts of female in cross-section, near tip, diagrammatic; letters as for fig. Io. » Proc.CALACAD. SCL.4? SER.Z00L.VoL IIT. |KELLOGG| PLATE XXII PHOTO WITH. BRITTON * HEY, SE PROCHEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TuirRD SERIES ZOOLOGY Vor. IM Now 7 | Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899 _ Mammals of the Galapagos Archipelago, Exclusive of the Cetacea BY EpmuNbD HELLER WitH ONE PLATE Issued August 31, 1904 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1904 qi tt Mi ih PAPERS FROM THE HOPKINS STANFORD GALA- PAGOS EXPEDITION, 1898-1899. MAMMALS OF THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO, EXCLUSIVE OF THE CETACEA. BY EDMUND HELLER. CONTENTS. PLATE XXIII. PAGE LUN TRGBIOKCANICO DSS CS RAR tase a RSL eel fr ae aE AEAIY SWAN eu aee ae ORO tet to 233 PANINVA Ten SRT AGL OI TAH a fat Shu) «Sak sheraid| are, ave lareliel eave) dicta uate erereiolersoe denaitaare:¢ 234 IDES RING WPT ONG eee neuen ree ieee manus aia ane ea ree ear eer oa caine weet LUAU Ri ede cet 234 IDESCRIPTIONTOR POPECUESH Fph ooo cary a ro weet aia a arora ds Saal ena tayaial as aise pa 235 JEST INNA CONN ECON A OVA S CRT Sia err Oe tes Cry KL Sp RRO 250 INTRODUCTION. The present paper is based on a small collection of mammals obtained by the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition at the Galapagos Archipelago. The members of the expedition, Mr. Robert E. Snod- - grass *and the author, through the patronage of Mr. Timothy Hopkins of San Francisco, and under the aus- pices of the Department of Zoology of Stanford Univer- sity, accompanied the sealing schooner Julia E. Whalen on a ten months’ cruise among the Galapagos Islands. Every [233] August 31, 1904. 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. island of the group was visited, and collections of the fauna and flora were made at each one. A special effort was made to obtain all the species of indigenous terrestrial Mammalia. FAUNAL DERIVATION. The affinities of the Mammalia appear to be entirely with South American forms. JVesoryzomys, the only peculiar genus, is most closely related to Oryzomys. ‘The affinities of the two species of Oryzomys which occur in the archipelago are not yet known or determined, but the genus is chiefly Neotropical. The single species of Laszurus is very closely allied to a Chilean species. The hair-seal Ofarzais a wide- spread species of antarctic derivation, reaching its northern limits in the Galapagos Archipelago. The fur-seal Arcto- cephalus is a peculiar species, but is evidently of antarctic derivation also, its affinities being with A. phzlippr of Juan Fernandez. A South American derivation of the Mammalia south of the Equator would be favored by the direction of the existing ocean currents and winds, and it is probable that these agencies are responsible for the present distribution of mammals on the islands. The evidence, however, of the relationships of several other groups, especially the birds and flora, favors a Central American derivation with only a slight South American element; but this may be due to the greater antiquity of such forms in the archipelago. DISTRIBUTION. The genera Oryzomys and JVesoryzomys are known only from Chatham, Barrington, Indefatigable, Seymour, and Narborough islands. Leaving out of consideration Albe- marle, James, Charles, and Duncan, the islands which are inhabited by introduced species, it seems remarkable that large islands like Abingdon, Bindloe, and Hood should lack indigenous species of Muride. A careful search, however, failed to discover any mammals on these islands. It is ZOOL.—VOL. III.] HELLER—GALAPAGOS MAMMALS. 235 probable that James, Duncan, and Albemarle islands, inter- vening between the ranges of the two species of /Vesory- zomys, were until recently inhabited by indigenous species of this genus which became extinct upon the introduction of Mus. Oryzomysis doubtless the older genus, and occurs, as a natural consequence, on one of the weather islands, Chatham, from which it has apparently spread to Barrington. The author is under obligation to Mr. R. E. Snodgrass for the measurements of seals in the flesh, to Mr. W. H. Osgood of the U.S. Biological Survey for Waterhouse’s account of AZus galapagoensis, and to Mr. A. H. Baldwin for the drawings of skulls. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. Family MURID/:. Mus Zinneus. Mus Linnzus, Syst. Nat. VI, 1766, p. 83. Type, Mus rattus Linn. Feange.— Cosmopolitan. Indigenous in Eurasia and Africa. Galapagos Archipelago (three species of wide distribution). Mus rattus Lznneus. Mus rattus Linn. Syst. Nat. VI, 1766, p. 83. feange.— Cosmopolitan. Indigenous in Asia Minor. Galapagos Archipelago: Albemarle Island (Baur, Hop- kins Expedition), Duncan Island (Baur, Hopkins Expedi- tion), Chatham Island (Hopkins Expedition). We may safely assume that JZus rattus has been an inhabi- tant of the archipelago nearly as long as MW. alexandrinus, which was first reported by Darwin on James Island in 1835. On Chatham Island, and at Iguana Cove and Elizabeth Bay, Albemarle Island, Mus rattus is better established than M., alexandrinus. The introduction of JW. rattus on Chat- ham Island is perhaps more recent, as it was not observed by Darwin, who collected Oryzomys galapagoensis there. 236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PROC. 3D SER. A considerable series of specimens is in the collection from Iguana and Tagus coves and Elizabeth Bay, Albe- marle Island; Wreck Bay, Chatham Island; and Duncan Island. From the last locality this is the only known rodent, but on Albemarle and Chatham it occurs with M/. alexan- drinus, with which form it apparently intergrades in both coloration and skull characters. In no locality in the archi- pelago do any species of JM/us occur with the indigenous species of Oryzomys and JVesoryzomys. This is probably due to the extermination of these latter species by hardier introduced forms of JZus, and by cats. MEASUREMENTS OF MUS RATTUS. -o 4 | Sz g Bele aks g awe | es | U4] 4 ao a LocaLity 2 E = : sl 3 g a8 a e 2374 | ad. g' | Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island A26) || 22Tacn mas 2375 cc ce (79 6¢ oe ce 4II 215 35 24 2376 6¢ 6 ce C¢ (a9 (59 407 226 35 22 2377 «6 «6 ae «6 6 «¢ 392 208 a3 2205 2378 ¢ 66 (a9 (59 ce rag 366 195 31 22 2379 “e «cc 66 6 ce c¢ 367 192 35 21 2a SGM jay nll aelisn” lime ‘ ef 355 | 170 | 34 | 24 2387 i A 6é 66 i i 377 212 33 24 23 ¢ ce 6 ‘ ¢ 419 233 2 2392 | ‘‘ ‘* | Elizabeth Bay ey + 380 | 216 ae a 2394 | ‘‘ ‘* | Wreck Bay, Chatham Island Hoey | ARO | BS |) 2S 2396 Co 6G 6c 3 6c “c 4og | 222 | 35 | 24 2397 6é ce 66 ce 6 ce 413 230 36 25 2410 | “* ‘* | Duncan Island 398 | 214 | 34 | 23 DANE A ian han Y i 362) FOr asa eas 2380 | ‘* 9 | Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island 405 | 213) |) 355\e22 2381 ce ce ce 6é ce ce 405 215 35 23 2280 | iui eal ea sus nN a a 436 | 206 | 33 | 24 2390 ¢ ce ce Ge Cas (ary 390 226 34 25 2391 66 (6 66 6c «6 (a 380 210 3 25 2393 | ‘* ‘* | Elizabeth Bay i 281) |) 202 naan 2400 | ‘* ‘* | Wreck Bay, Chatham Island 412 | 220 | 35 | 25 2401 6 ce 66 6 66 ce 415 228 35 25 2402 ce ce ce se Ce ce 366 193 33 24 2403 ce c¢ (a9 (a9 6 (a9 385 214 36 23 2412 | ‘* ‘* | Duncan Island 443, | 226 | 33 | 25 Mus alexandrinus S?¢. AHilazre. Mus alexandrinus St. Hil. Descr. Egypt, v. 2, 1815, p. 733- Mus jacobie Waterh. Zool. Voy. Beagle, v. 1, pt. 2, 1840, p. 34. Mus decumanus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. v. 4, 1892, p. 48. ZOouL.—VOL. III.] HELLER—GALAPAGOS MAMMALS. 237 Fange.—Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical regions. Indigenous in western Asia. Galapagos Archipelago: Albemarle Island (Baur, Hopkins Expedition), James Island (Darwin, Hopkins Expedition), Chatham Island (Hopkins Expedition), Charles Island (Hopkins Expedi- tion). Galapagos specimens show somewhat shorter tails than typical alexandrinus, but, as in that species, the annuli on a perfect tail are usually about two hundred forty in num- ber. The tail is much less hairy, the tympanic portion of the skull is conspicuously larger, and the coloration of the upper parts is less reddish than in decumanus (norvegicus), to which species Allen referred his mummified specimen. Specimens from James Bay, James Island, are larger and more uniform in coloration than those from any of the other islands. Albemarle specimens average small. Those secured at Tagus Cove, Albemarle, are lighter above and more sulphur-yellow below. Specimens from the moist portions of the archipelago, as Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island, and Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, are dark and approach or intergrade in coloration with Mus rattus. The skulls agree essentially with those of MJus rattus. They differ considerably from California and Cocos Island! specimens of JZ. norvegicus. The tympanic bulle are larger and not so far apart, the basi-occipital and basi- sphenoid bridges being considerably narrower. This is the most abundant rat wherever it occurs. It ranges widely, occurring from sea-level to the rims of the highest craters. 1 Four specimens of MW. norvegicus were taken at Cocos Island, July 3, 1899. These are similar in coloration to continental forms, but are somewhat smaller. The largest male measures: Total length 393 mm., tail vertebre 183 mm., hind foot 35 mm., ear 20.5 mm. 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, [PRoc. 3D SER. MEASUREMENTS OF MuS ALEXANDRINUS. 9 r u ee a3] se |zs! « ao s LOCALITY 2s fe Be a 48 3 > 2432 | ad. °f | James Island 417 | 228 | 35 | 25 2415 | “© ‘* | Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island 343 | I90 | 31 | 22 2416 C6 Cay ¢ (3 6¢ ce 395 225 36 24 2418 ac ce ims ce ce ce 350 186 23 23 5 2419 ae ae x3 ae ec 66 383 212 QR 24 2420 6 C6 ce ce «ec (a9 373 192 33 24 2421 6c 6é ¢ ce¢ ce ce 328 180 30 20 2422 co 66 66 «6 (6 6 353 172 37 25 2423 cc 66 ce c¢ ce C6 351 195 36 23.5 ANG |) CC James Island 398 | 218 | 35 | 24 AS AN ia) a f 464 | 253 | 36 | 27 2AB 5 lin dai 0 i 398 | 215 | 34 | 23 2436 ce ce 6¢ cc 445 248 34 23 2424 | ‘* ‘** | Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island 291) |) 208)|) 33a 2425 ¢ Las ce ¢ «¢ 66 3904 225 35 25.5 2426 cé ce ce ny 6 oe 362 208 34 24.5 2427 ce ce ce “e ce c¢ 378 215 32 25 2430 | ‘“* ‘* | Chatham Island 380 | 210 | 32 | 25 2A TMi a i 385 | 208 | 33 | 25-5 2437 | ‘* “* | Charles nf 379 | 200 | 3I | 23.5 Mus musculus Lznneus. Mus musculus Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, p. 83. ftange.—Cosmopolitan. Indigenous in Asia. Galapa- gos Archipelago: Chatham Island (Hopkins Expedition). Five specimens were secured at Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, about the warehouses, where they have doubtless been recently introduced from Ecuadorian vessels, as they have not yet spread to the uninhabited portions of the island. Our specimens are somewhat different in coloration from typical AZ. musculus. The brownish of the upper parts is largely mixed with reddish, the under parts are light ashy gray washed with brownish fulvous, and the feet are white above. ZoouL.—VOL. III.] HELLER—GALAPAGOS MAMMALS. 239 MEASUREMENTS OF Mus MUSCULUS. | y Sues p a 7) a ze) oe Ba 8 'y 2 2 ao F LOcCAaLITy e g : g a yy e a q 2438 | ad. §’ | Wreck Bay, Chatham Island 168 | 77 17 14 pyle |) Con Be ‘ uy s hy 167 | 76 18 13 2442 6c OG 0 Ga 66 so 146 72 17 13 2442 (6 2 co ce Las 66 172 8I 16 15 Oryzomys Bazrd. Oryzomys Baird, N. Am. Mamm. 1857, p. 458. Type, Mus palustris Harlan. Range.—Southeastern United States from New Jersey south through Mexico, West Indies, and Central and South America to “Patagonia. Galapagos Archipelago (two peculiar species). Oryzomys galapagoensis ( Waterhouse ). Mus galapagoensis Waterh. Zool. Voy. Beagle, Mamm. 1839, p. 65. frange.—Chatham Island (Darwin). This species has not been collected since Darwin took the types in 1835. It is now probably extinct or else restricted to the barren eastern part of the island where Darwin secured his specimens. Measurements’ of the type (dried skin): Total length 272, tail vertebrz 120, hind foot 30, ear 15; length of skull 31, width 16. Oryzomys bauri A//en. Oryzomys bauri Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. v. 4, 1892, p. 48. feange.—Barrington Island (Baur, Hopkins Expedition). This species is very closely allied to O. galapagoensis, differing mainly in having a somewhat shorter tail and less yellow on the upper parts. 1 Waterhouse, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Mamm. 1839, p. 65. 240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. [PRoc. 3D SER. It is unfortunate that we have no specimens of the Chatham Island species for comparison, as good differ- ences no doubt exist; but owing to the nature of the type description, exact comparison is impossible. The differ- ences (shorter tail and ears) given by Allen cannot be relied upon, as Waterhouse’s measurements were evidently taken from a dried skin and are not comparable with those of Allen’s alcoholic specimens. Our measurements in the flesh are also of little value in this connection. We found this mouse very abundant on Barrington Island. It was found inhabiting crevices among the loose lava rocks and burrows and runways beneath bushes and brush piles. In habits it appears to be somewhat diurnal and was as often seen at midday as at other times. MEASUREMENTS OF ORYZOMYS BAURI. 2 PI Saye ance pias! tata} — bo}rsy Ho q LOCALITY $ 2) Ei Se a Celine epee | 4g | 2 N 2443 | ad. g' | Barrington Island 289 | I4I | 31 21.5 PAV |) 8G 8 me ‘ 258 | 128 | 30 2 PIV || 6°... 88 is ity 291 | I5I | 31.5 | 22 ByVals) | 08) 9% wy 268 | 136 | 30 18 Cue \y GG) OG s re 261 | 132 | 30 22 Divas) || SS 8 ee oe 298 | 150 | 31 21.5 2449 GG 2 GG 66 66 289 144 31 21 2450 Gr GG 66 66 276 135 31 22 2451 | ‘© @ a ty 235 | 120 | 29 20.5 DAG 2 | Osea ie ar 245 | 120 | 29 21.5 2453 66 ce cé ee 292 137 30.5 22 MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS. ° M 3 = H eee ee eee ee ay eae eel ee Ey ce eh | fee | em | ee | eS | 2 | Soa lee -O 8 xa vou oe g-= on wD DOA | bon be oe , ee | eee | ge | oe | SF | s | das | ges org oy g O& E A 4 He N 2447 ad 31 16 12.5 4 Beer We NGG Ie © 6 2446 sans 32 16.5 13 4 8.2 |) & 6.5 6 2444 oe ty 30.5 16 12 4 ail) 6.3 6 2448 Se 34 18 13.5 4 6 S57 6 2445 Mines ans 18 WBe5 | A SoS ps 7 6 2452 See Pos || eRe by I was 4 EOLA Ney 6 6 ZOOL.—VOL. III.] HELLER—GALAPAGOS MAMMALS. 241 Nesoryzomys new genus. Similar to Oryzomys, but interorbital portion of skull very different. The frontal bones medially much narrower, with rounded sides at the interorbital constriction; snout more elongate, the nasals narrower, considerably longer, and less convex in profile; zygomatic width of skull and length of upper molar series much less. The external dif- ferences in Galapagos species consist of considerably shorter fur and tail. Type, WV. narboroughi. fRange.—Galapagos Archipelago (two peculiar species). Nesoryzomys indefessus ( 7homas ). Oryzomys tndefessus Thomas, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, v. 4, 1899, Pp. 280. ftange.—Indefatigable Island (Rothschild Expedition, Hopkins Expedition), South Seymour Island (Hopkins Expedition). An abundant species on Indefatigable Island and South Seymour Island, but lacking on North Seymour. This species seems to be more nocturnalin habits than Oryzomys. It inhabits burrows or rock crevices beneath bushes. MEASUREMENTS OF NESORYZOMYS INDEFESSUS 3 | oie ¢ cele as} 3 LOCALITY St | 3 9 z 3 EI ae eee a ales ia aj ° on > S