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OF THE

CLEVELAND NATORALISTS

w

PIP lol) Clade

1903-04,

VOL. Il. PART 1,

Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

PRICE TWO SHILLINGS

(Free TO MemBenrs).

T. Wootston, Prinrer anp PuprisHer.

MIDDLESBROUGH :

1905. |

CONTENTS.

PAGE

In Memoriam: Rev. John Hawell, M.A., F.G.S. (Illustrated).
Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S. 5-21:

History of Easby (Illustrated )—

Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S. Ae 22-34
Crossbill in Cleveland—Frank R. Atkinson .... —... 34-88
Buzzards on the N.E. Coast—Frank R. Atkinson _... 39-40
Excursion to Redcar Rocks--Henry Simpson w 40-41
Black Rat at Middlesbrough—T. Ashton Lofthouse ... 42
Monumental Brasses of Cleveland (illustrated)—
T. M. Fallow, M.A., F.S.A. a 43-49
Gravel Deposit in Lonsdale—Frank Elgee_... SH 49-50
Cleveland Lepidoptera in 1903-4—
T. Ashton Lofthouse, F.E.S. a 50-56
In Memoriam: Robert George Clayton eae a 56-57
* Angus Macpherson... ys Ae 57-58
Cleveland Coleoptera—M. Lawson Thompson, F.E.S. 59-64

Meteorological Record, 1904—C. Lowthian Bell a 65-70
Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club—Secretary’s Report 71-84

Innustrations— Frontispiece, Portrait of late Rev. John Hawell,
M.A., F.G.S8., Easby Church, 22; Low
Easby, 30; Thomas Boynton Brass,
Roxby, 44; Robert Coulthirst Brass
Kirkleatham, 46; Dorothy Turnor Brass
Kirkleatham, 47.

PROCEEDINGS ~

OF THE

ClhEVELAND NATURALISTS

FIEIbD Cladb

1903-04.

VOL. IL. PART 1.

Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

PRICE TWO SHILLINGS

(Free TO MeEmBERS).

MIDDLESBROUGH :
T. Woorston, Prinrer Anp PuBLIisHer.

1905.

- OFFICERS.

—— 0-—
President:
Rev. J. Cownry Fowzrr, B.A., F.G.S.

Vice Presidents:

J. J. Burron | J. M. Meer, M.A.

T. M. Fatnow, M.aA., F.S.A. H. Srmpson
Committee :

Mrs. C. Hoop J. W. R. Poncu

J. Percy Hopers W. Sacusi

W. H. Tomas M. L. THomeson, F.E.S.

Hon. Treasurer:
. F. Warp, Park Road S., Middlesbrough.

Sectional Secretaries:
Archaology—T. M. Fautnow, M.A., F.S.A.
Botany—T, F. Warp.
Conchology—Baxkrer Hupson,
Entomology—T. A. Lorrnovuss, F.H.S.

Geology—
Ornithology and Mammalogy—F. R. Arxrnson,
Microscopy—H. Simpson.

Hon. Secretary:
T. A. LorrHouseE—62, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.

Hon. Librarian :
Baxer Hopson.

Past Presidents:

1881—Mr. W. Y. Verrcn, M.R.C.S. 1894—Mr. Ancus MacpHrrson
1882— Do. 1895—Kry. J. Hawewun, M.A.
1883—Mkr. J. S. Catverr. 1896— Do.
1884—Mr. T. F. Warp 1897—Mr. J. M. Mrrex
1885— Do. . 1898—Mr. W. H. THomas
1886—Mr. Angus MacpHrrson | 1899— Do.

138 7— Do. 1900— Do.
1888—Mr. J. M. Meex 1901—Mr. T. F. Warp
1889—Mr. W. Y. Verrcu, M.R.C.S. | 1902— Do.

1890 — Do | 1303—Rev. J. Haweit, M.A
1891—Rrv. J. Hawetn, M.A. / F.G.S.

1892—Mr. R. LorrHovuse | 1904— Do.

1893—Mr. T. D. Ripiey

Rev. J HAWELL, M.A., F.GS.

Or

THE REV. JOHN HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S.

Born April 3rd., 1855. Died at Keswick, June 21st, 1904.

In attempting to write a short sketch of the late Editor of
The Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club we do
so with profound regret at the loss of such a brilliant member,
who was always ready to help it on in every possible way. He
loomed large in the history of the Society over which he exercised
a predominating influence. The stream of life from which he
flowed was one that has added strength and honour to the English
nation for many generations, but which now is running dry like
the old Squirearchy. His father was what is known in the lake
district as a “Statesman,” or ‘‘ Kstatesman,’’—a class from
which Darwin himself was descended ; his ancestors appearing
to have been substantial yeomen in the Northern borders of
Lincolnshire. We are indebted to Mrs. Hawell for the following
notes on her late husband's life and work.

‘Rey. John Hawell, M.A., the Vicarage, Ingleby Greenhow,
son of the late Isaac Hawell, of Croft House, Greystoke Gill,
Cumberland, born at Lonscale, near Keswick, April 3rd, 1855 ;
educated at the Grammar Schools of Blencowe and St. Bees,
Cumberland, and Queen's College, Oxford, Third Class Natural
Science, 1878; B.A., 1878, M.A., 1882. Ordained by Dr.
Thompson, Archbishop of York; Deacon, 1878; Priest, 1879;
Vicar of Ingleby Greenhow, 1880; formerly Assistant Curate of
All Saints, Pontefract, 1878-1879 ; Chaplain of the Proprietary
Church at Easby-in-Cleveland from 1899-1904; Fellow of the
Geological Society of London, 1898 ; Chairman of the Ingleby
Greenhow Parish Council, Member of the Councils of the
Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, The Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union and the Yorkshire Parish Register Society,
Hon. Local Secretary for the National Society, the Church
Defence Committee, the Curate’s Augmentation Fund, the
Diocesan Education Society, and the Church Society for the
Promotion of Kindness to Animals, President of the Cleveland
Naturalists’ Field Club, Author of various geological papers
printed in the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, &c.,

6

Editor of the ‘‘ Ingleby Greenhow Parish Register, 1589-1800,”
with Historical Introduction; and the ‘“ Stokesley Parish
Register, 1571-1750." Married Sarah Richardson, younger
daughter of Frederick Browne, of Blencowe House, Blencowe,
Cumberland, and granddaughter of the Rev. John Browne, Vicar
of Ashford and Taddington, Derbyshire.”

He was also Secretary of the Conchology Sectional Committee
and Member of the Geology Sectional Committee of the Cleve-
land Naturalists’: Field Club. On his proposal, in 1895,
Sectional Committees were appointed for the purpose of record,
ing and making lists of the fauna and flora of the Cleveland
District. The result of the formation of these Committees has
been the publication of Proceedings by the Club, these having
been published for each year since 1895. The Rev, J. Hawell
edited them from the first and was one of the principlal
contributors.

Papers contributed by the Rev. J. Hawell to the Proceedings :

List of the Mollusca of the Cleveland District.

Bajocian Plant Beds of Yorkshire.

The Evolution of Cleveland Scenery.

Rainfall Records.

Memoirs of Rey. Canon Atkinson and Dr. R. T. Manson.

He frequently acted as guide at summer meetings, the last
occasion on which he attended one being at Ingleby on August
29th of last year (1903), when he arranged the programme and
acted as guide.

He also lectured to our Society at the Winter Meetings, papers
delivered by him being ‘‘ on the collection and study of Fossils”
and on ‘“ The Evolution of Cleveland Scenery.”

The Society owes its present position and recent greatly im-
proved membership in a great measure to Mr. Hawell’s work
and influence.

He assisted Professor Kendall, F.G.S., and others in the great
work on the Glacier Lake Systems of North Yorks.

He was an all-round Naturalist. Besides the subjects he was
specially well up in viz :—Geology and Conchology, he took an
Interest in other sections, and made notes (and collected) on
Coleoptera and other Insects, Birds, the Flora, &c., especially
with regard to his own district.”

7

‘Coming events cast their shadows before them.’ This was
verified in the case of Mr. Hawell; even as a small boy he began
a museum—many Collections of various things—labelling them
in a scientific manner; with his growth grew the dominating
passion ofthis life, and it developed at Oxford where he made the
acquaintance of scientific friends and naturally went out in
Natural Science, when he took his degree in 1878. Amongst
others he had the privilage of the friendship of the late Sir
Joseph Prestwich, in whose ‘Life and Letters by his Wife’’
we read:—‘‘Another student with whom he kept in touch
was the Rey. John Hawell, of Ingleby Vicarage,
Northallerton, whom he encouraged to persevere in his work
among the boulders of Yorkshire. About a year ago the writer
of this memoir received a letter from Mr. Hawell saying ‘The
one (letter) written to me when I was in the Radcliffe Infirmary
suffering from an attack of diphtheria, to which I fell a victim
while undergoing examination for the Burdett-Coutts Scholar-
ship, particularly illustrates the kindness of his disposition, of
which I have so vivid and reverent a recollection.’ ”

He was an indefatigable worker and never lost a moment, it is
always more satisfactory to wear out than to rust out, and
certainly Mr. Hawell far outdid his strength by physical and
mental work, rarely going to bed before the early morning had
come; arduously examining, cataloguing and arranging fossils,
almost every evening of his life, when his day’s work was over;
think for a moment of the work entailed by cataloguing 20,000
specimens. It was indeed the work of a laborious life. Very
charming descriptions remain, fortunately, of a few of his
geological and antiquarian excursions. Mr. Hawell’s favourite
departments in the grand science of geology were “ Paleontology”’
and “Glaciation.” Sad to say his career was cut short by a
sudden and fatal illness just when his knowledge was ripening
and he was becoming a power in the neighbourhood and the
scientific world at large—his correspondence being very wide,
extending especially over France, Germany, Italy, and other
countries, and many were the letters and boxes of fossils which
crossed the English Channel. ‘He did [want to live a little
longer” in a world which he found so very interesting and felt
it very hard to be taken away just as his knowledge was bearing
fruit. He was a type of the many thousands of cultured and
learned men who have held the Livings in the Anglican Church
for almost countless generations, men who were adapted for the
positions which they held and into which they seemed to float in a
most natural way. Unfortunately this cultured class is passing
away to be replaced, as we fear, by mere seminarists; and great

8

wili be the loss when scholars and real gentlemen have gone,
English social life will be impoverished, religiously and
parochially. A man without a hobby apart from his profession
is generally an uninteresting and very often an unhappy man,
but with some special object of relaxation life becomes better
worth living and fuller every way. Such a man we have before
us. In his own profession he was most diligent and his
parishoners reverenced him for his work and sympathy, as a
pastor, friend and helper in all the various vicissitudes, pleasures
and sorrows of this mortal life.

Theologically he was abreast of the age and kept himself well
informed in the highest of all studies, the relationship of God to
man and man to God and to his fellow creatures. He was a
powerful and thoughtful controversialist as the following letters
to the “Yorkshire Post” (190) prove. They were on the
subject of ‘ Religion and the mas&es.”’

Smr.—In your to-days issue ‘Interested’ makes a most kind and
courteous reference to my previous letter, for which I thank him. Let me,
however, make a remark or two by way of answer to that part of his letter
which is a reply to mine. He argues that the English branch of the Church
of Christ “stultifies her former teaching of centuries’? by extending the
horizon of her outlook in accordance with the advance ever being made in
human knowledge of nature and the Bible. He might with equal justice say
that I stultify myself by holding, at forty-eight, views somewhat different
from those which I held at eight. Unlike the Roman branch, the Church of

England lies on no Procrustean bed, but keeps her intelligence open
to all truth.

Verbal inspiration of Holy Scripture has ee been the teaching of the
Church of England, though she holds, of coutse, that ‘‘Holy Scripture
containeth all things necessary unto salvation.” In my capacity of President
of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, I am to take the chair in Middles-
brough to-morrow evening while my friend Professor Kendall delivers a
lecture on ‘‘Early Man and his Relation to the Ice Age.” I can assure your
correspondent that I would not do this if I supposed that my friend’s
teachings would be at variance either with the teachings of the Bible which
I revere, or of the Church which I love. That they may be inconsistent with
the view which in days of weaker illumination the Church took of the
meaning of certain passages of Scripture is another matter, and one which
does not concern me as a twentieth century Churchman. It is possible that
in the fuller light of to-day we may place a somewhat different explanation
upon some of those passages of Holy Scripture which recount miraculous
events from that which our forefathers placed upon them, That which
appears miraculous to a child’s intelligence sometimes divests itself of its
miraculous semblance before the inspection of a full-grown man. Just as
there was first of all an evolution of the Bible, so there has since been an
evolution of its truth. That there has been an evolution on the part of the
English branch of the Holy Universal Church of Christ I need not only refer to
the events which took place in that period of her history usually known as
the “Reformation” to show. But though the Church may give amended
interpretations of certain passages of Scripture, she still recognises therein
the presence of the supernatural.

9

My previous letter has brought me from unknown friends, whom I
hereby heartily thank, two ‘“‘religious” newspapers, one of them the organ
of a militant section of Churchmen, the other the organ of a Nonconformist
body. ‘hey are both inspired by a spirit of narrow intolerance, and have an
outlook ‘‘cribbed, cabined and confined.” ach is a most unlovely pre-
sentment of soi-disant “religion.” If this is to be the kind of pabulum
offered to a would-be religious public, little wonder if wide-awake thinkers,
such as “Interested,” are driven to find a religion outside the bounds of
Christianity. ;

Meanwhile, we are penalised by an Education Act if we teach a definite
Christian faith. We have to pay rates and taxes for the promulgation of a
nerveless invertebrate creed, and to help to keep up the buildings and
remunerate the secretary of the schools in which that creed is taught, and
in addition we have to find the buildings in which the creed in which we
believe—the old creed of the land, under the teaching of which it became
great—may be taught, and we have to keep up those buildings, while the
secretary has to give his work voluntarily. I saw a small bird to-day rest
upon a twig seemingly enlarged to twice its size by adhering ice and snow.
Down it came immediately. That twig reminded me of Board School
religion. It has a seeming plausibility as a modus vivendi amid religious
strife; but it is unsubstantial as a dream, and when the Christianity of the
nation trusts to its sole support down it will come like the bird. Yet it is
this form of religion which the unholy alliance of Nonconformists and non-
Christians is striving so intensly to make universal.

In a second letter—

Srr,—I would crave permission to occupy a few lines of your valuable
space in order to say a word or two by way of comment upon the letters of
Mr. Goodyear and “‘Interested,”” which appear in your issue of this morning.
Mr. Goodyear thinks it would be better for ourselves and for the Church if
we clergy would recognise that there are very many Board school teachers
doing their utmost to raise the religious and moral tone of the children
committed to their charge. We do recognise this with keen gratitude, but
we recognise also with keenest pain that there is no guarantee that a Board
school teacher will be a Christian, and that there are many such teachers
who occupy the position of “ Interested” outside the bounds of Christianity,
while still others hold no religious beliefs whatsoever.

In my boyhood I once had as a master an agnostic—an excellent teacher
of the Bible, but who gave us plainly to understand that he did not believe
in a great deal of it. I could fill much space in dealing with the disastrous
influence of lis teaching upon others. In my own case his teaching, and
especially the private talks I had with him, led me to make full and earnest
inquiry into the foundations on which my faith rested, with the result of
establishing tat faith on an infinitely firmer basis.

More than 20 years ago I took honours in science at Oxford, and since
then my knowledge of science has progressed side by side with my knowledge
of Christianity and Church doctrine, and as my outlook has extended I have
found these two departments of knowledge more and more in accord.
‘Interested’ asserts that ‘modern thought and science have destroyed the
dogmas of the Christian Church.’’ Not so. We may have a clearer and
therefore somewhat differently appearing view of the nature of Biblical
inspiration and many other things, but the evolution of the scheme of
Salvation which is by Christ is as much in accord with all that science
teaches as is that of the evolution of a planet, or the life upon it. The

10

establishment of a Church or Society for the salvation of men with a definite
method of admission thereinto, is as understandable on scientific lines as is
the formation of a vine for the elaboration of grapes through a series of
definite processes. It is the indefinite un-dogmatie Christianity abroad
among us, due, I think, it cannot be unfair to say, to the teaching given in
Board schools rather than in Denominational schools, that is leading the
masses into weakness of belief in Christianity, or on into the non-belief of
such persons as ‘‘Interested,” whose hearts still feel after a religion of some
kind.

The recently passed Education Act was very unfair to the Church, but
I hope that the clergy, at least, are too busy to either actively or passively
resist it. Rather let us make the best of it, and give sound Christian and
Church teaching in our denominational schools, so that the youth trained in
them may be a leavening of the masses growing up with inadequate
conception of the Christian system, and likely to give origin in the next
generation to a people divorced from Christ. From which fate may God and
the Church defend our fatherland!—Yours, etc.,

JOHN HAWELL.
Ingleby Greenhow Vicarage,
Middlesbrough, Nov. 27th.

Mr. Hawell had the literary gift of facile writing and in his
descriptions of scenery, history, geology, and folk lore he carried
the reader pleasantly along, instructing and entertaining him at
the same time; sometimes one is reminded of Charles Kingsley,
in fact in many respects Mr. Hawell was a similar character, and
with both, their relaxations were science and hard work They
both took a broad and wide view of Religion and its Power, of
human affairs, and the cause of history, and the progress of
humanity as a whole. Had he lived a few years longer we might
have looked forward to another delightful book rivalling in
interest the well-read,’ ‘‘ Forty years in a Moorland Parish,” by
the late Canon Atkinson, but it would probably have been named
‘A Quarter of a Century in a Cleveland Parish.” Nothing
came amiss to him in the Scientific, Theological and Antiquarian
World, a stone by the roadside or a field name equally interested
him—and as to this old globe, his thoughts ever turned. ‘‘ The
face of the earth was to him,” (as to another geologist recently
deceased). ‘The face of a great angel, with infinite smiles and
anguish-lines and profound sympathies with peace and suffering
stamped upon its features. Every lineament a line of tragical
history, full of pathos and sublimity.”

But, with deep contemplation of the long history of the earth,
and all that its marks and fw ows teach the graveyard for millions
of years of vountless organisms, ever progressing in type and
form, until at last the genus homo was reached ; he gazed into
the remote past and lived in the present a very real life of enjoy-
ment, and we doubt not :e would fully lave entered into the
sentiment of the late Sir E. Burne-Jones whose life was centred

11

on his art, which he loved so well, and enriched so much, when
on the very day of his death he said “I should like to paint and
paint for seventeen thousand years.” And like this great artist
Mr. Hawell had a keen sense of the ridiculous and a fund of
humour; no one enjoyed a joke more than he did;

Mr. Hawell went up to London to be present at Burlington
House on the occasion when Mr. P. F. Kendall read his remark-
able paper on ‘“‘a system of glacier-lakes in the Cleveland Hills,”
January 8th, 1902. In the discussion, Mr. Hawell said “ that
he had accompanied the author in very many of his excursions
in the Cleveland districts; he had wandered with him through
his dry valleys, and assisted him through his boring operations.
However convincing the author’s excellent presentation of his
conclusions and the evidence on which they were based ha‘ been,
the evidence in the field were still more strikingly so. He had
himself, resided in the district for the last 22 years, and during
nearly the whole of that time had paid special attention to its
glacial geology ; but very many of the problems which presented
. themselves were insoluble, until the author came down and
threw a flood of light upon them. He regarded the reading of
this paper as making an extremely important advance in our
knowledge of glacial geology.”

With regard to the boring operations here alluded to Mr.
Hawell used to relate how he amused the Fellows with his
ludicrous description of what happened on one particular boring
day in the peat of Bilsdale. Mr. Kendall had put down one or
two seven foot rods when all at once the rods went down suddenly
and Mr. Kendall sprawled on his nose, in fact he went down,
down. down, and just as he was disappearing Mr. Hawell pulled
him out by his boot-lace! A Cleveland vicar who knew him
well writes that a year before his death Mr. Hawell took from his
pocket one day a fossil which he had just received from the
Cambridge Professor, he asked him how long ago it was since
these fossils were living organisms 2 He paused, ruminated, and
then said, “ Fifty million years.” A well-known Irish gentleman
who was present nearly jumped out of his seat ‘‘ Och, sure,
let’s talk about something practical ! I’ve got a man who wont
pay his rent, tell me how to get rid of him.” Mr. Hawell
enjoyed the joke thoroughly, as we know he would. He was a
good guide and little escaped his keen eye ; he was certainly
not like another well-known geologist, the late W. T. Aveline,
whose silent demeanour passed in a proverb. ‘‘In the morning
as he passed a crag of rock, he tapped it with his hammer, and
remarked ‘‘ grits.” In the evening on the way homewards he

12

had to chip another block, and again broke silence with ‘‘more
grits.” Not so our old friend who was full of grit and ‘“ wise
saws and modern instances.’’ To the Vicar of Marske he wrote
in 1902 on the subject of Field names and other matters. ‘I
am glad to hear you are working out, in conjunction with such
an able antiquary as Mr. Fallow matters connected with the
history of your parish, I am especially pleased to hear that you
are taking up the question of old field-names. I have copied all
the field-names in this parish, and I am not without hope of
getting the same thing done in most of the parishes of Cleve-
land, 1 found, as you are apparently doing, that the investigation
threw much light on the old open field system. I am able to
trace the boundaries of the old open-fields to a considerable
extent. In the Spring and Summer I must try to get you to
spare me an hour or two some fine afternoon to walk through
your parish paying attention to some of these matters. I do
not think I have any special knowledge regarding indications of
the “glacial period, etc., in the Parish of Marske. I think
there are some remains of peat or forest bed between Marske
and Redcar but, nearer to the latter, somewhere near the rifle
butts, I think Some years ago Mr. J. M. Meek brought for my
inspection some plant remains which he had obtained from the
Estuarine Beds of the Lower Oolites, if I remember rightly,
somewhere above New Marske. I think he said there was a
footpath up the hill close to the place where he obtained them.
I should like to visit that spot sometime if I could localise
it. Perhaps you may know it. Iam not sure that it was near
New Marske. The Geological Survey Memoir on “ North
Cleveland” says ‘ about a mile west of Marske and opposite
Red Howls is an exposure of ‘shale with hard bands,’
which can only be seen under favourable circumstances, as
it is so often sand covered. Messrs Tate and Blake give
Ammonites Senicostatus and Ammonites bisulcatus, from these
beds, and refer them to the zone of Ammonites Buck-
landi. Mr. Geo. Barrow, the Geological Survey Officer, who
surveyed the N. Cleveland District, made four visits to the spot
without being able to see this outcrop. As you are on the spot,
you have a good chance of catching it in an unclothed condition,
and if you could get some of its fossils they might prove interest-
ing—of course there is plenty of glacial drift in your parish.”

In another letter “of course I have long known that there
was a buried forest at Redcar, but I have never given any very
special attention to the matter, and have hardly had it before
my mind for years at least. Ido not remember having heard
what you say about it, and an account written by an eye witness

13

would be highly interesting to me, but I should be sorry to give
you any trouble in obtaining it for me. An old man living at
South Bank recently sent me a most interesting account of his
experiences in 1840, when the artificial lakes at Kildale burst
and deluged the country about Great Ayton and Stokesley. I
am fond of obtaining bits of information respecting the past
history of Cleveland.”

Conchology also interested him and in 1897 he wrote to Mr.
Thomas :—‘‘I fear I have no report to make this time on behalf
of the Conchological Committee. My own collection of British
Land and Fresh Water Shells being practically complete, such
natural history exploration asI have done has been almost
entirely in other departinents. I made a few records of marine
mollusca on the coast, but they are not worth making a special
report of. I spent most of the month of June last in the Crag
District of Suffolk and brought back material out of which I
have since worked out over 300 species of fossils, and over 12,000
specimens. The sorting and determination of these has absorbed
very many of tle fragments of time which I have been able to
spare for Natural History pursuits. I have obtained a fair
number of fossils from the Yorkshire lias during the year, but
nothing worthy of special mention. A slab of Ichthyosaurian
remains from the zone of Ammonites fee shi at Port Mul-
grave, and a specimen or two of the érustacean Pseudoglyphea
Etalloni froma nodule in the zone of Ammonites appre at
Boulby old Alum Works, are the most interesting Liassic finds
that I can call to mind. These were both obtained during the
visit of the Yorkshire Geological Society to the coast in the
autumn. During that excursion two very notable finds were
made at Saltwick Nab, a little outside the Cleveland boundary.
Two species of gasty@poda obtained by Mrs. Kendall from the
zone of Ammonites ferpentinus at that point are new to the
Yorkshire Lias, and I think, new to science. These I described
in a paper read at the Annual Mesting of the Yorkshire
Geological Society at, Wakefield, in October, under the name
of Turbo cP ie and Acteonina Kendallii. The paper
is being printed with an illustrative plate, of which I enclose
you a first proof, not quite accurate, in the Annual Proceedings
of the Yorkshire Geological Society.

I have in preparation a paper dealing with the Conchology of
Cleveland, Land, Fresh-Water and Marine, but it will be some-
time I fear, before it is sufficiently complete for publication.
The Cleveland Club will probably not be able to afford to print
its proceedings every year, and if there is not much material

R«
be

ef

14,

ready for this year, I would suggest that we might delay further
publication until next year. By that time I could probably have
my paper ready, or at least either the Marine, or Land and Fresh-
Water section of it, if it were considered to be worth including
in the Proceedings of the Field Club.

With a view to a better investigation of the Marine Shells and
other organisms of the Cleveland Coast I would suggest that the
Field Club should endeavour to arrange for a dredging excursion |
in Tees-mouth during the coming summer.’

To Mr. Lofthouse he wrote in 1903. ‘I have been up to:
Rudd Scar this morning, taking a hammer with me, but though
I did my best I was altogether unable to expose a single bit of
Equiselitis in situ. I found, however, a very interesting deposit
of ‘dogger,’ where no ‘‘ dogver’’ has been supposed to exist.
J do noi know what it would be best to suggest that you should
do when you come out here with the Field Club. I could show
you the big oak in Greenhow. It struck me to-day that there is
a bit of ground that would well repay working right up in the
corner of Greenhow Bottom. It is a secluded place and there
are some bits of boggy ground. On a fine, mild day I should
think you might do well at insects up there. There were plenty
of butterflies out to-day. Energetic members of the Club might
like to climb the bank above which would bring them on to
Botton Head, the highest point of Eastern Yorkshire, where the
Ordnance Survey had a station for some time. The summit is
crowned by a large tumulus of the date of the “ Bronze Age.”
To the writer he remarked in a letter, July 20th, 1901, on place-
names.’

“ Speaking of the way in which the names of villages grew to
be surnames of the people hailing from them, the group of sur-
names dependent upon your village of Heathwaite as occuring in
the Stokesley Register is not without interest. The spellings are
Heathwaite, Heathwait, Heathwhaite, Heathwood, Heathwode,
Heuthwaite, Hewthwaite, Hewtherd, Hathwait, Hathwhaitt,
Hathwhitt, Huthert, Hutherd, Huther, Howther. The evolution
of surnames is one of the thousand matters of interest upon
which the publication of Parish Registers throws helpful light.
Indeed there is absolutely no other means so far as I know or
can guess of tracing the origin of such a name as Huthert.”’

15

_ We have here another letter on place names :—
THE PLACE-NAMIE ‘“* WETWANG.”
To the Editor of The Yorkshire Post.

Srr,—I am not concerned in the least to defend the derivation of the
name Wetwang, the possibility of which I queried in your issue of the 29th
ult. The possibility of such an origin only occurred to me at the moment of
writing. We must be allowed the pleasure of guessing sometimes at “ what’s
in a name, for though in my last letter I sufficiently indicated the futility of
such guessing, especially where local knowledge is wanting, a name-origin
cannot always be “worked out.” 1 certainly think that Mr. Cole’s theory
regarding the origin of the name of his parish is the best yet advanced.

I must, however, take exception to Mr. Cole’s statement that ‘¢ wheat
was not grown on the Wolds till the present century.’ It is true that I can-
not at this moment definitely prove that it was, but I have no doubt that such
proof could be readily obtained. Flour was a common form of rent paid to
monasteries, &c., in medieval times, and the medieval open arable field
system has been traced back to the pre-Conquest period. Under the Romans
Britain was a great corn-growing country, and Wefwang was near one of the
Roman roads. ‘hough the wheat taken from the Egyptian mummy cases
may have got into the cases subsequently to the mummies themselves, it has
been known long enough, and was as familiar to the Hebrew Psalmist as it is
to ourselves. Very possibly when the reindeer roamed the Wolds. and the
inhabitants thereof used his horns in preparing the ground for crops, one of
those crops was a wheat crop. The land which was too light for growing
wheat in 1735 would not be too strong for those rude implements. Upon its
first cultivation the land would be much stronger than if is now, and the soil
would contain much more organic matter. The land might be unsuitable for
growing wheat last century partly, at least, because much wheat had been
grown there in previous centuries.

Regarding the name Wetlands, Canon Atkinson writes to me :—‘‘ ‘There
are two places in this parish (Danby) which were distinguished by that name
from about the year 1200sas I know, how much before I can’t say. One of
them is still called Wedlands or Wetlands Head. Besides I know of the
occurence of the same name in, I suppose, a dozen, (maybe twenty) other
cases, all going back to from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. and to be
met with in almost as many Cleveland townships. It is one of the commonest
old open-field system names. The oldest form I have is‘ hvedelandes.’ ”’

In my previous letter there were two misprints. “ Kearsley Gath”
should have been “ Kearsley Garth,” and ‘ Thiep Close” should have been
“'Threp Close.” Compare “‘hrepdwa ”’ in the Rievaulx Cartulary.—

Yours truly, JOHN HAWELL.

Ingleby Greenhow Vicaarge, Middlesbrough,

December 3, 1897.

On finding a rare and simple little white flower on the moors
at Scugdale on a lovely day in June, 1901, Mr. Hawell wrote :—
‘The white flower we met with while descending from the moor
yesterday was 'rientalis enropea 1, the Chickweed Winter-
Green.”

Hooker says of its habitat ‘“ Subalpine Woods from York
northwards, rare and local.’”’ ‘“ Absent from Treland.”” I have
never previously met with it to my knowledge.

16

In October, 1901, he kindly sent a photograph of the Bilsdale
Founder’s Stone with a copy of the inscription which, however,
could not be reproduced as no type of the kind, we believe, is in
existence ; however it reads “ Condit ecclesiam Willelmus nobilis
istam intemerate nomine sancte virginis Hilda.” The noble
William builds this church in the name of the chaste holy virgin
Hilda. This stone of dedication is well-known to antiquaries,
ani is decidedly worth a visit.

Negarding flint instruments he wrote in 1901 ‘ thank you for
forwarding to me Mr. Auberon Herbert’s letter to the Standard.
It was mentioned to me recently that Mr. Herbert had been
contributing to the Times some account of his finds of flint
implements (or flints which he supposes to be implements). I
forset what his contention is, although I think it was mentioned
tome. I think he holds that his flints are the work of either
men or apes. The Geologists’ Association evidently holds the
chipping is due to the action of frost. I remember once walking
down the slopes of Shotover Hill, near Oxford, with Professor
Prestwich and his geological party. A member of the party
submitted to him a flint from which bits had been flaked off,
He pronounced it to be a case of frost-flaking. A member asked
him whether many of the so-called implements might not be
the work of frost. He answered to that extent frost might
simulate an implement, but an expert is usually able to pronounce
as to whether a flake has been struck off by an implement or is
due to frost-bite.’ Mr. Auberon Herbert evidently thinks he
knows better than the experts. Possibly he does. Let us hope
it may be so. Let him find a few skulls of his apes in his gravel
pits and even the Geologists’ Association will listen to him. If
I obtain more information about these matters I will write to
you.”

On the Boulder Question he wrote to us in 1908. ‘‘I was at
Horton-in-Ribblesdale last week with the Yorkshire Geological
Society, and took with me the interesting boulder specimen which
I brought away from your cabinet. Kendall did not turn up, but
I submitted it to two good petrologists. Dwerryhouse, Kendall’s
assistant at the Yorkshire College, and J. H. Howarth, the
Secretary of the Boulder Committee of the Yorkshire Nats.
Union. and neither of them remembered to have seen anything
like it. Howarth begged to take it away with him for further
study, and to submit it to other petrologists at the next meeting
of the Boulder Committee. He would inuch like, I think, to
place it in the collection of Yorkshire erratics, but will return it

17

to you if you wish. I hope you may be able to find more
specimens of it. The large white orthoclasses are very
conspicuous.”

In the introduction to the ‘Ingleby Greenhow Register,” he
says, in speaking of Glacial Boulders ‘we have measured and
taken notes of some hundreds occurring within the limits of the
parish. A collection made by us of specimens of different
varieties has been examined by Professor Bonney, and by Mr.
CG. T. Clough, of the Geological Survey, as well as by ourselves.
These specimens afford evidence of a stream of erratics flowing
into our locality from the South of Scotland, and from the Lake
District of Cumberland and Westmoreland. Local rocks, such
as the sandstones of the Inferior Oolite, and blocks, of Augite-
andesite from the Cleveland Whinstone Dyke are, of course,
numerous. Next to these in point of number come Porpliyrites
from the Lower Old Red District of the Cheviot Hills. The
varieties also include Shap Granite, Criffel Granite, Syenite,
Dolorite, Greenstones from Borrowdale, Volcanic Ash from
Cheviots, Porphyritic Felsite, Igneous Felstone, Igneous Rock
probably from near Loch Lomond, Old Red Trap, supposed to be
from near Kelso, Porphyritic Basalt from Carter Fell, Whinsill
from Upper Teesdale, Quartzite Greywacke, Hiilleflinta, Mud-
stone, Coniston Flagstone, Carboniferous Limestone, Carboni-
ferous Sandstone, Magnesian Limestone, Old Red Conglomerate,
Millstone Grit, Vein Quartz, (See Fifteenth and Sixteenth Reports
of the British Association Committee for recording the position,
etc., of the Erratic Blocks of England, Wales and Ireland). On
one occasion Mr. Hawell found Asbestos in the Whin Sill at Great
Ayton. In 1903 he wrote a most interesting letter on the Sun and
Glaciation. “Thank you so much for the cutting from the
Standard.” I think that if it is possible to suppose that the sun
may be a variable star we have the very simplest of explanations of
the cause of glacial epochs. All the other explanations have
presented difficulties to me, and it has been the fashion in the
past for geologists to assume that the sun has gradually cooled.
Still Astronomers, and even geologists have not been altogether
unmindful of the possibility of there being some variability. I
find, for example, in Geikie’s Text Book of Geology (Edition
1883) a quotation from Prof. Tait in which he suggested that
«the former greater heat of the sun may have raised such vast
clouds of absorbing vapour round that luminary as to prevent
the effective amount of radiation of heat to the earth’s surface
from being greater than at present.” A similar cause may, I
think have made it even much less. But I do not remember to

18

have seen the matter discussed by any physicist, astronomer or
glacialist. Thank you for calling my attention to the fossil tree
on Carlton Bank, as I am especially interested just now in the
Lower Oolitic Vegetation. I will try to get over there some day
soon. And so he did on January 4th last year, when we met in
the quarry and found the tree had unfortunately been covered up
with debris, however, we saw parts of other fossil trees which
are fairly common. This was one of the last scientific walks he
took and not long after he began to feel unwell little thinking
how soon alas he would see no more of this world’s structure !

Geologists sometimes meet with amusing incidents, Hawell
used to relate with great glee, an encounter he and a geological
party once had with a crusty old farmer on the Yorkshire Coast ;
they were passing through a field when up came the farmer to turn
them out for trespassing, he was very rough and in any but an
amiable mood, as he ordered them away. ‘‘ We are a peaceful
party ’’ urged Mr. Hawell, ‘‘ we have simply come to look at the
rocks and examine the stones and we shall not do any damage,”
however, this polite remonstrance had little effect. Mr. Hawell
in his turn, became rather annoyed at the man’s uncouth manner
and remarked ‘‘ why, you might think we were a party of fools.”
“TIT dunno but what ye are!” was the answer, and then the
party went on rejoicing and merry at the compliment which had
been paid them. With this anecdote we may fairly include one
or two extracts from Sir Archibaid Geikie’s ‘ Scotch
Reminiscences.”

Some capital stories illustrating at once Scotch caution and Scotch rural
simplicity are told in connection with the author’s geologising experiences.
It was often a great puzzle to the countryside why he should spend his time
chipping off pieces of the “‘stanes ” of old Scotland to carry away in a bag.

A member of the Geological Survey, whose daily ayocation consists in
such pursuits, is, of course, specially liable to become the victim of curiosites
and suspicion. He finds himself set down now for a postman, now for a
doctor, for a farmer, a cattle-dealer, a travelling showman, a country gentle-
man, a gamekeeper, a poacher, an itinerant lecturer, a ganger, a clergyman,
a play-actor.

If he happens to be chatty with strangers he may find himself put down
for something else as well Writes. Sir Archibald :—

I was dining with an old friend, the late Mr. Cathcart of Knockdolian,
who told me he was quite sure I must have been recently in his neighbour-
hocd. ‘*Only yesterday,” he said, “I met the old farmer of G——, who had
a strange tale to tellme. ‘Dod! Mr. Cairtheart,’ he began, ‘I ran across
the queerest body the itherday. As I was comin’ by the head o’ the cleugh
I thocht I heard a wheen tinkers quarrellin’, but when I lookit doon there
was jist ae wee stoot man. Whiles he was chappin’ the rocks wi’ a hammer,
whiles he was writin’ ina book, whiles fetchin’ wi’ the thorns, and miscain’

19

them for a’ that was bad. When he came up frae the burn, him and me had
a long confab, Dod! he tell’t me a’ aboot the stanes, and hoo they showed
that Seotland was ance like Greenland, smoored in ice. A very enterteenin’
body, Mr. Caitheart, but—an awfu’ leear.’ ”

And now, having used up the very scanty materials—all we
could obtain— relating to a very interesting and noble life, devoted
to the service of God and the study of nature, we end our very
imperfect sketch of the late “ guide, philosopher, and friend ’’ of
our Club, We take leave of one who was, in the words of a
scholarly man—a Cleveland Rector—“ head and shoulders above
the rest of us.” He was indeed a loss to the whole neighbour-
hood and like poor Clifton Ward, (a Vicar in Mr. Hawell’s own
Country some 20 years ago, the brilliant Geologist of the Lake
District,) he has been greatly lamented; both died long before
their natural course was run.

Whatever may be said about the so-called conflict between
Theology and Science, it in no way applies to Geology. Theology
is not religion but the philosophy of religion, and may from time
to time require to be modified as the human mind can grasp more
and more of the Divine idea; like science it is inclined to be
over-dogmatic at times. Science is by no means free from this
defect ; forgetful that “ nothing continueth in one stay,” in this
World, even in its domains; over and over again science has been
obliged to retract her position. Only a few years ago we were
told we must believe in some 70 elements, all of which were
atomic, but now ‘“ Radium ” has suddenly come to light, and dis:
persed the “‘ mighty atom,” which is no longer an atom at all!

With this the Geologist has no complaint to make, he was
satisfied with some 16 of the so-called elements as entering into
the composition of the oater part of theglobe, but he did sometimes
complain when Lord Kelvin only allowed him 100,000,000 of
years “unless (as he said) some new source of energy were
discovered.”” That source of energy has now been found and he
can have as many millions of years as he requires, and so he is
content and happy.

The Church has always been intimately connected with the
study of Geology: Past Presidents of the Geological Society
having amongst them the great names of Buckland, Adam Sedg-
wick, and Whewell. Professor Bonney, another one being still
alive, and one of the foremost Geologists of the day.
Many Clerical Fellows and others have done, and are doing
much to promote the study of this grand science.

20

«The Naturalist’ for August, 1904, gives an obituary notice
in which it says ‘‘The news of the recent death of the Rev.
John Hawell, at the comparatively early age of 49, will come as
a sad surprise to all naturalists throughout the country, so many
of whom were his personal friends. Yorkshiremen will par-
ticularly mourn his loss, whilst his own parishoners of Ingleby
Greenhow have lost a Vicar to whom they looked for advice and
help during the last 24 years.

To the Yorkshire Naturalists Union Mr. Hawell was of great
assistance, and his place will be exceedingly difficult to fill. He
was President of the Geological Section, Divisional Secretary for
N.E. Yorks, and served on several committees. Whatever he
undertook to do he did promptly and well. The excursions which
he organised in his district were always most successful.

He was largely instrumental in bringing the Cleveland
Naturalists’ Field Club into its present flourishing condition.
Of this Society he was President in 1891, 1895-6, and 1903-4.
Under his editorship the Cleveland Club has issued valuable
Annual Proceedings since 1895, which contain contributions to
the natural history, &c., of the Cleveland area. In these
Proceedings Mr. Hawell himself published papers dealing with
Mollusca, Geology, Physiography, &c., of N.E. Yorks. The
Yorkshire Geological Society is also indebted to him for papers
on geology and paleontology. Under the latter head special
mention might be made of his ‘ Description of Two New Species
of Gasteropoda from the Upper Lias of Yorkshire’ (1897).

To ‘The Naturalist’ Mr. Hawell was a frequent contributor
and so recently as August last a paper appeared from his pen
dealing with the plant remains which he had found in the Oolitic
beds of North Cleveland. In this paper he gave an account of
the last piece of scientific work he was permitted to accomplish,
his subsequent illness preventing him pursuing a work which to
him was a pleasure and to science a profit. In addition to the
natural sciences Mr. Hawell was well acquainted with the
antiquities, folk-lore, &c., of his neighbourhood.”

Our thanks are due to the Editor of the ‘‘ Naturalist” for kind
permission to use the block from which the portrait has been
printed, also to Mr. Baker Hudson, Curator of the Middlesbrough
Free Library, for the extract from Mr. Hawell’s Will which we
have appended, so far as it relates to the Dorman Memorial
Museum.

March, 1905. : J. C. FOWLER.

21

ABSTRAC! FROM A LETTER RECELVED FROM THE SOLICITORS
OF THE LAYE REV. JOHN HAWELL.

“T bequeath to my friends Thomas Ashton Lofthouse, of 62, Albert
Road, Midalesbrough, aforesaid, Esquire, William Young Veitch, of The
Crescent, Middlesbrough, aforesaid, L.R.C.P. Edinburgh, F.G.S. London,
Thomas F. Ward, of Parkfield Road South, Middlesbrough, aforesaid,
Esquire, and James Matthew Meek, of 10, Nelson Terrace, Redear, in the
County of York, aforesaid, Esquire, my collection of fossils, rocks, minerals,
and shells, with the request and in the confidence that they will deposit the
same in some institution for the benefit of the people of Middlesbrough, it
being my desire that they should if possible deal with the same so that the
Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club and the New Museum at Middlesbrough
may benefit by this bequest. 1 also bequeath to them such of the books in
my library bearing on the subjects of Geology and Conchology as they may
select to be deposited at the same place as they may select for my collections
of fossils, rocks, minerals and shells. And I desire my said friends after
this expression of my wishes to exercise their uncontrolled discretion as to
the disposal of my said collection of fossils, rocks, minerals and shells, and of
the books from my library bearing on the study of these branches of science,
and I declare that the above expression of my wishes as to the disposal of
the said articles and effects shall not create any trust or legal obligation,

Referring to the bequest of books, Mrs. Hawell desires us to inform you
that the before-named gentlemen are at liberty to take all deceased’s books
on geological and conchological subjects, while Mrs. Hawell herself desires to
give all other her late husband’s books on scientific subjects to the Middles
brough Museum Authorities.”

SSS
~Ss OS

22

THE HISTORY OF EASBY.
By tHe Late Rey. J. Hawern, M.A., F.G.S.
Extracted from ‘‘ he Stokesley and Ingleby Parish Magazine,”
1901-1903, by J.C.F.

When I think of Easby I think not only of the Church and
the Hall, the village and the farms, but I think of the stream
and the hill and the solid rock which forms the foundation of all.
And in considering where I ought to begin in putting down a few
notes regarding Easby my thoughts naturally turn to that which
lies at the foundation—that which existed first. One might go
back a long way in tracing its origin. It is perhaps enough to go
back a few millions of years to the time when the rock over
which the Leven flows at Easby was being formed. The waters
of a sea then covered the site at Kasby, a sea peopled by all sorts
of creatures. There was the big ichthyosaurus—a fish lizard
some 40 feet in length, not unlike those beasts depicted on the
pillar in Ingleby Church next to the West of the lotus-pillar.

I have never found his remains at Easby, but I have got a bit
of his tail in Baisdale out of beds of about the same age, and on
the Coast at Staithes, I have found his ribs and paddles and
spinal column ; so I know he was on the prowl in the neighbour-
hood, seeking what he might devour—especiaily, perhaps the
Ammonite. I have found beautiful little Ammonites at Easby,
and I dare say that old Saurian reptile did the same, and enjoyed
getting there quite as much, a long time ago; munching a
mouthful, measuring from one to six inches in diameter. I
have no absolute proof that this old scavenger of the ocean
loved this particular diet, but I know he liked fishes for I have
seen their scales still existing in his fossilised paunch, and a
school inspector once told the Ingleby school-children that a
lobster was a fish, and therefore I see not why we should not
call the Ammonite a fish. Besides the Ichthyosaurus may have
been no more intelligent that a school inspector, and may not have
drawn a clear distinction between two classes of animal life,
especially if he happened to be hungry. Now the Ammonite was
a sort of sea-snail akin to the pearly nautilus and his shell was a
beautiful spiral which reminded the men who gave him his name
of the horns of Jupiter Ammon. At Whitby they call this shell

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23

a snake, and they tell how St. Hilda charmed off all the heads of
the snakes which were a great nuisance there when she founded
the Abbey. The sea at Masby at this date was moderately deep.
There was a shore some way to the North West and through a
wooded land a large river brought trunks of trees which became
water-logged and sank and formed the origin of what is now jet.
At w later time, the site of what is now Hasby was near to a
shore, nay at length was dry land or land that was far from dry.
At one period —about the time when the sandstone now forming
the cap of Roseberry was being deposited—horsetails thick as
a man’s arm grew in the neighbouring marshes and are at this
moment to be seen still in the upright position in which they
grew. Then down went Easby beneath perhaps 2,000 yards
perpendicular of rock and a deep ocean on the top of that. An
intelligent person seated on the summit of Roseberry on a bright
summer’s day, and opening his eyes as an intelligent person may
be expected to do, cannot well fail to see that he is sitting on a
bed of sandstone which shows current bedding and other
evidences that it has been laid down in somewhat shallow water,
and that the bed is continued round the hill on which Captain
Cook’s monument stands, and round Greenhow Botton and
Hasty Bank, standing out very prominently at the Wainstones ;
and it must be evident to his assumed intelligence that the bed
must once have been continuous from where he sits right up into
Botton and right across to the Wainstones. And if he will
reflect, as an intelligent person may be expected to do, he will
conclude that the washing out of the material which once filled
the Ingleby corner up to the level of the hill tops was a work
which must have kept Dame Nature’s old scrubbing brush in
employ for many a long day, and that there is not a little
“history ’’ involved in the operation. But ages intervened before
Madame Nature’s old scrubbing brush got a start upon that
particular little bit of work.

Let our intelligent person pay a visit to the Yorkshire Wolds;
and he will find thick chalk deposits which were evidently laid
down in a deep sea. Where was the shore of that sea? It is
difficult to imagine that it could be anywhere between the Wolds
and the Pennines. Therefore it is likely that the chalk, or
deposits of that age—an age which alone must have extended
through millions of years, for the chalk is largely composed of
very minute organisms which lived on the surface of the sea and
dropped to the bottom when they died —must once have extended
over the Cleveland hills and moors, and that at that date the

present site of Kasby was thousands of feet below the surface of
the sea.

24

Burns tells us how John Barleycorn was buried—how ‘“ they
took a plough and ploughed him down, put clods upon his
head, but in spite of everything, John Barleycorn got up again
and sore surprised them all.’’ But wonderful as the resurrection
of a grain of barley must be admitted to be, the rising again of
the site of Easby into the light of the sun is almost more
notable.

After the time at which the chalk was deposited there are.
many missing chapters in the history of the neighbourhood of
Easby. and though much might be inferred, we will pass on
rapidly towards the present epoch. The land is rising from the’
sea—probably by the most gradual stages, since He with whom
a thousand years are as one day never needs to hurry— must have
suffered very serious waste. Possibly at more than one age this
battling with the waves had to be carried through. And when
the Jand had risen well out of the wild waters it was still liable
to be acted upon by water in the shape of rain and running
streams not to speak of the disintegrating action of frost and
other atmospheric agencies. So some 100,000, or it may be.
50,000 years ago the neighbourhood came to have pretty much
the same general configuration as now. Then for some reason or
other a period of intense cold set in. Some say the North Pole
changed its position. Some say the Solar System passed
through an intensely cold portion of space. Some say that
instead of the Gulf Stream which now wraps our islands as in
a blanket, we had frigid currents from the North. Be that as it
may there was continuous ice from the Scandinavia to the
Yorkshire Coast. Ice rivers from Scotland and Cumberland
flowed down to Easby bringing with them, Scotch and Cumbrian -
rocks which even to-day you may pick up in every field in the
township.

The intelligent person I have before imagined—and such
persons are not altogether imaginary—would naturally enquire
the reason why the river Leven hugs so closely the Easby hills
from Kildale round to Hasby. The explanation is interesting.
I spoke before of the glacier which flowed from Scandinavia in
volumes so huge that it infringed on the Yorkshire Coast. It
pressed inland as far as about where Lealholme now is, and was
of such thickness that it blocked the end of Eskdale and formed
a lake therein. I have traced many channels formed by the
water which ran into and out of this lake, which I know to have
been so deep that there must have been an ice block at the Kasby
end of Eskdale too. This ice we will take to have come mainly
from Teesdale, though there were, as the period went on.

25

fluctuations of an interesting ‘character, and which are so far
somewhat obscure to the scientists investigating them. LEskdale,
then, had an ice block at each end—the ice being possibly about
1,000 feet in thickness, or perhaps considerably more. As a rule
the water from the Guisbrough side flowed into the [skdale
lake, and the outlets were in the direction of Goathland. But,
I have recently discovered that there was almost certainly an
overflow at one time from the Eskdale lake into Sowerdale—the
dale between the Roman ‘“ Castle,” at Hasby and Captain Cook’s
monument. Anyone looking at Sowerdale will be able to see
that the denudation of it cannot well have been entirely due to

the insignificant stream which now percolates through it.

I have before described how at one time at least during what
is known as the ‘‘Glacial Period’’ or the ‘: Great Ice Age,” a

.great barrier of ice blocked the Ingleby end of Hskdale, so that
the water of the Eskdale lake flowed over into Sowerdale and
helped to form that dale. Somewhat later this water was able
.to flow out at a lower level between the ice-mass and what is now

Easby Castle Hill. As the ice gradually shrunk the out-flow
came to be at a progressively low level, but still hugged the
Castle Hill, clearing away from the slopes of that hill as it
gradually descended, the drift material which had accumulated
there. And so when the ice had quite gone the Leven had cut
its channel close under the hill instead of flowing out in the
direction of Battersby Junction, as it probably did before the ice
age, and as it might be expected to do under circumstances of
normal denudation.

There is a world of interest involved in the tracing of pre-
glacial river courses. We find, for example; that the Swale was
once a tributary of the Tees, but I cannot stop at present to tell
the tale how it was captured by ‘“ the all-devouring Humber.”
It concerns us more to notice at present that the stream flowing
down the upper part of Kildale is aiming directly for the Hsk.
Why does it all of a sudden change its mind and twist round to
the Tees? That it went into the Esk once there can be no
doubt. This query is probably connected with another which
was put to me one day at dinner by a distinguished geologist who
sat next to me; whether did the Scandinavian ice or the Tees-
dale ice retreat first from the Cleveland Coast? Of course, the
Scandinavian ice was the larger mass, but it was further from
home. So my friend’s query cannot be answered on a priori
grounds. ‘To answer it one must go into the field and use one’s
eyes as well as one’s reasoning powers. I think that it is possible

26

that in the twists of Kildale Beck, and in the undercliff position
of Easby Beck, we have very important evidence tending to a
solution of my friend's problem, which by the way, I had tried
to solve before he put it to me. If the Teesdale ice blocking
the Ingleby end of Eskdale, retreated first, the water of the Esk-
dale lake would flow out at the Ingleby end cutting a channel
under Kasby Castle Hill; cutting also a channel in the same
direction for the upper part of the Kildale Beck. Therefore, at
the end of that mighty warfare of ice-masses which was fought
out in the region of the Tees mouth and the Cleveland Coast in
the days of long ago, the big mass although further from home,
gained the final victory. This ancient history is repeating itself
now in South Africa.

It is difficult for us to picture to ourselves the state of the land
surface as it existed around Easby when the war of the ice-
masses was over, and the glaciers had gradually retreated towards
the Scandinavian Peninsula, and the Scotch and Lake Country
Mountains. The Ingleby corner proved a veritable cul-de-sac
for the Teesdale ice-streams especially. How did we get the wide
embayment running up into Botton, so different from the valleys
of natural denudation such as we find them where atmospheric
forces had the same rocks to deal with in Bilsdale, Bransdale,
and Farndale? In my judgment the present form of the Ingleby
Valley is largely due to causes which operated during the glacial
epoch. The ice came into our corner and found itself opposed
by the barrier of the hills. It knew not where to turn, and as
it twisted this way and that way, its mighty and aiding force was
exerted upon the rock, much of tt of a soft character, which
formed the lower portion of the hill-slopes. Then again when
the ice-age was coming to an end, and the glaciers to leave our
locality, there would be I think a mighty swirl of waters derived
partly from the melting ice sweeping round between the hills
and the still remaining ice, washing away the rock fragments
rubbed off by the ice, and having removed the ‘‘scree’’ eating
into the solid rock and removing that too, until the superincum-
bent rock, weakened and undermined, fell with a plashy thud
into the mordent waters, which still swirled on, reducing all solid
matter into the form of sand and gravel, and the slips and the
sand-beds are there until this day. Of course, it ig not likely
that the ice took a sudden departure like that of a man who has
robbed a bank. I have just been explaining how it had robbed
the Ingleby bank, but for all that I think the leave-taking was
more like that of a lover saying farewell to his sweetheart, with
sundry returnings before he gets fairly on his homeward road.

27

The ice which had melted back a bit in the Summer advanced
again in the Winter. The retreat caused by a few mild seasons
may have been counterbalanced by a few succeeding severe ones.
IT should not be surprised if it took the ice a century or two to say
farewell There is evidence all around us relating to these
matters, but the reading of it is a task of pecular difficulty. But,
at length the ice moved off, and must have left the surface of our
neighbourhood in a dirty mess. ‘The surfaces of our higher
moors were not ploughed by ice rivers, but much ice and snow
must have collected on them, and it is doubtful whether there
would be much vegetation clothing them when the ice-age came
toanend. The lowland tract would consist of muddy expanses
with boulders of all sizes here and there, and numberless little
tarns scattered over its surface. Life would gradually find its
way back. Some life there would be indeed, all along, Bears and
a few other animals and some birds would be there, but now from
the droppings of birds would begin to spring a varied vegetation.
Seeds would come floating in the wind, or adhering to the bodies
of animals. Ducks would come to the little tarns, and to their
webbed feet there might be sticking little pond snails, which they
had brought from a hundred miles away, and the pond so visited
might thereby become in a short time filled with snail-life to
furnish food for wild ducks for centuries to come. I have lately
made some investigation into the process of filling up one of
these glacial tarns of Kildale.

I have already remarked ‘there is a world of interest involved
in the tracing of pre-glacial river courses,” but, I stated that I
could not then stop to speak of them. I had said there was
reason to believe that the chalk sea had extended over Cleveland
right up to the Pennines. Well, when the land was raised above
sea-level after the age of the chalk, there was a gradual slope
from the crest of the Pennines to the Eastward, and a series of
rivers would be initiated flowing downwards, according to the dip
of the beds. Such rivers are called ‘‘ consequent”’ rivers. The
upper portion of some of these consequent rivers probably
survive to-day in pretty much their original position as the Wear,
Tees, Swale, Ure, Nidd, Wharfe, Aire, Calder. These rivers, in
all probability, flowed right down to the East Coast. ‘lhe Ouse,
a ‘‘ subsequent,” tributary of the original Aire- Humber, working
back among the soft strata of the Triassic Valley, has captured
many of these rivers, and the Tees and Wear have been captured

-by “subsequents”” working from the other end of the valley.
What course then did these rivers originally follow? It is easy to
race the Ure through the Gilling Gap to the Coast near Filey. I

28

think it is equally easy to trace the Tees through the Kildale Gap
to the sea near Whitby. When the land had been reduced to the
-condition of a “peneplain,’’ or more or less level track represented
to some extent approximately by the tops of our moors, the
Cleveland district was raised about the beginning of the Miocene
time—the axis of the principal uplift running from Ingleby to
Robin Hood’s Bay. Then the streams received new force, due to

‘deeper gradients, and the Esk has gone on ever since deepening
the valley originally formed by the Tees.

I have said that when the ice finally retreated from Cleveland
‘the surface of the ground would be sprinkled with many ponds.
‘Nature would set to work to get rid of these—she would do this

by two principal processes. On the one hand the rains would
often fill some ponds to overflowing, and at the point of overflow
a channel would be cut. This would in many cases deepen until
. the pond had been permanently drained off. On the other hand
the ponds, especially those without a permanent outlet, would
tend to become filled up by the solid matter carried into them by
rain-wash. Even where there was little overflow of inorganic
matter, Nature’s efforts at obliteration would be helped forward by
organic agencies. For example, pond snails would live and
multiply in many of these ponds, and their dead shells would
gradually accumulate at the bottom until they might form a very
considerable thickness. Mosses and other plants too, might in
course of time, form a great thickness of a peaty deposit. Ihave
recently, with the kind help of Mr. P. Huntington, put down a
series of borings into the matter filling up one of these old ponds
at Kildale, and I found that near the centre of the pond, the
peat and shell deposits were more than twenty feet in thickness.
The Railway cutting near Kildale Station has been cut through
this dead pond, and recently we put down a boring to a depth of
thirty feet below the point reached by the cutting, or something
like forty feet below the original surface at that point. At that
depth we had got through the peat and the shells, but we did not
meet with any obstruction, and were apparently in a deposit of
sandy blue clay washed into the pond in the early stages of it’s
post-glacial existence. When the Railway was made, remains of
the Red Deer and the Reindeer were found near the surface at
the junction of the peat and marl.

These I understand, were taken away by the contractor, and I
- have been unable to trace them. As I have a paper in prepar-
ation on this deposit for one of the learned Societies, I should
be obliged to any reader of this note who could and would help

29

me in the quest. A member of the Geological Survey some
years ago published an account of the deposit, but it is very
imperfect and misleading. For example, most of the shells
which he records as being found in it are the shells of the land-
snails occuring on the surface! Some time ago I examined care-
fully a sample which I had obtained with equal care. From this
I obtained 1,846 shells of pond-snails belonging tc a half-a-
dozen species, but not a single specimen of land-snail. Alto-
gether I obtained 2,094 organisms from my samples. I have
referred to the circumstance that some of the old glacial ponds
were filled up with peat, with shelly marl and with soil washed
into them. Some were to some extent filled up with iron. Mr.
EK. H. Wynne-Finch some months ago took me over to inspect
certain deposits occuring on his property at Stanley Grange.

These deposits had been laid down in shallow marshy post-
glacial ponds in which much vegetable matter had been present.
Iron, the universal pigment of nature, is present almost every-
where.

In marshy flats, where the organic acids are freely supplied
by rotting vegetation the salts of iron are dissolved, and exposure
to the air leads to their oxydation,.and the iron is thrown down
in the form of ferric oxide, which we more commonly call
‘vust.” This becomes mixed with other substances and forms
“bog iron ore.” But according to Ehrenberg, the formation of
bog-ore is due, not merely to the chemical actions arising from
the decay of organic matter, but to a power possessed by diatoms
of separating iron from water and depositing it within their
silicious framework. There is quite a thick deposit of bog-iron-
ore at Stanley Grange, and in an adjoining field the deposit
forms a hard thin iron-pan about half-an-inch thick below the
present surface ; forming an obstruction to the natural drainage
of the land.

It is quite time we were getting into the human period of
history, though it is perhaps the least interesting. In these
scrappy notes we cannot pretend to give even a bare outline of the
early history of the neighbourhood. For more information, I
would refer readers to a paper which I am pledged to write in the
course of the next day or two for publication in the ‘“ Proceedings
of the Cleveland Field Club,” on ‘‘ The Evolution of Cleveland
Scenery.”” One of these days it is possible I may write a little
volume on the Geology of Cleveland, but there are several
investigations to be made first. There is buried knowledge
around us on every side only needing disinterment by the capable

30

scientist. My friend Professor Kendall’s recent paper on the
“Glacial Lake System of Cleveland,’’ has been a revelation even
to the most distinguished scientists of the day. But the solution
of one problem only brings into view a score of other problems
demanding solution. A few days ago my friend wrote “TI feel
that my work was very superficial, except so far as the very edge
of the ice in this district was concerned. Could you not
complete the case by working out the details of the closing stages
of glaciation in the area between you and Whitby? I am sure
there are interesting things to be done, and I have most of the
six-inch maps, which are quite at your service if you will do the
work.’’ To this I can only reply that there are many things
which it would be interesting to do if there were not a thousand
other things claiming to be done. With regard to the recession
of the ice, I will merely say at present, that it was a slow and
irregular process, occupying possibly centuries. Paleolithic man
may possibly have lived in our area before the ice came on, but,
if so, the ice more forceful than Kishon of old, swept him away.
On the retreat of the ice Neolithic man probably closely followed
that retreat in company with animals which we now find only in
sub-polar regions, and others which have disappeared altogether.
Neolithic man was a long: headed fellow whose remains are found
in long burial mounds, of which we have so far as I know no
example in Cleveland, though they occur just outside the area.
He was apparently followed and subdued by Bronze man of whom
we have probably a very interesting memorial at Easby. He was
a round-headed type of man, and built for his departed friends
burrows of a round form.

The earliest remains of man that have as yet been discovered
in the neighbourhood of Easby were first brought to the attention
of archaeologists by myself some years ago, and they are of
singular interest. In a commanding position surmounting that
remarkable and beautifully wooded and precipitious bank girdled
by the Leven before reaching the village of Easby is an earth-
work of ancient date, and in an unusually perfect state of
preservation. I was guided to its discovery by two local names.
The name “ Burrow Greens’? seemed to imply a ‘‘burh” or
entrenchment of some sort; the name “Castle Hills’’ seemed to
imply something of the same sort, for in the North of England
numerous Castle Hills occur of which the name is due not to a
building of wood and stone, but to a simple earthwork, which
doubtless originally carried on its circling mound a more or less
strong wooden stockade. Where then was this ‘‘ burh”’ this
“castle” of Easby. I set out one day to make this quest, and

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31

without much hope of finding any valid surviving evidence, for
Cleveland had had several describers of its history and antiquities,
and none of them had said a word of this castle. While believ-
ing that an earthwork must once have existed there I fully
expected to find that no trace was left; that agriculturalists, who
usually set little or no value on these remains of the remote past,
who would have levelled the mound, filled in the ditch, and
ploughed over the whole. It was therefore with as much surprise
as pleasure that I found that the castle still survived in an
excellent state of preservation.

In my last note under this head I referred to the ‘ Castle”’
which once existed on the Easby Bank. But it must not be
supposed that it was a castle of the usual modern kind. It dates
from a time when strongholds were of a much simpler description.
What remains at present is simply an earthwork consisting
mainly of a raised mound enclosing a horse-shoe shaped piece of
ground. Of course the figure of a horse-shoe does not enclose
anything, but in this case the enclosure is completed by what I
have elsewhere described as ‘‘an almost perpendicularly falling
bank.’ The sides of the shoe are parallel instead of being some-
what convergent as in an ordinary horse-shoe, and the toe of the
shoe is, of course, the part furthest away from the precipitous
bank-edge. On the outer side of the mound there is a ditch
which must once have been deep. The mound, too, must origin-
ally have been of considerable height. A year or two ago, with
Mr. Emerson’s kind permission and help, an excavation was made
in the interior of the earthwork, not far from its centre, and it
was found that there was an accumulation of about four feet of
soil over the original surface of the ground. Most of this must
have formed part of the original mound. Perhaps that is not
quite a correct statement, for this ancient strength may have been
in use possibly for at least a century or two, and as the soil
became denuded it may have been replaced time after time with
fresh soil brought from outside. This will explain why there
is apparently a much greater quantity of soil fallen into the
interior than into the ditch, which of course would be kept open
so long as the strength was in use. On the occasion of the
excavation referred to a flint scraper was found on or near the
original surface of the ground, some four feet below the present
surface. This was of a type which I have often found on our
moors, and which is plentiful in connection with the burial
mounds with which the higher points of our moorland are
usually studded. We know that these were the tombs of the men
who lived during the bronze age, that is from say 1,500 B.C.

32

to 500 B.C. They had not much bronze, however, and these flint
Scrapers are the commonest type of implement found among
their relics. It is usually supposed that they were used for
scraping the skins of animals. Sir Henry Howorth suggests, not
very seriously, that they also used them for scraping their own
skins. These round-headed, bronze-using men, then, who were
buried on the moor tops, formed this Easby earthwork, which of
course would have a wooden stockade on its crest. Within this
space measuring some 50 yards in one direction by 40 in the
other they either lived permanently, or took refuge with their
flocks and herds and other belongings in time of danger.

That materials should exist for a history of Easby from far-
away pre-historic time to the present day is, of course, by no
means to be expected. All-conquering Rome sent to our Island
her legions in the middle of the first century before Christ, and
more effectively in the middle of the first century after Christ and
they were not finally withdrawn until the year 410. But if any
evidence whatever of the Roman occupation exists in the neigh-
bourhood of Easby it is yet to be brought to light. Through
Cleveland the Romans made roads—straight-up-hill and down-
hill roads as was their wont, for they were a go-ahead people,
and drove no motors. They passed along these roads from York
and other stations to the coast, breaking their journey perhaps on
the way now and then for a few days’ hunting. Our neighbour-
hood was then probably a forest swamp to a great extent, unin-
viting for settlers certainly, and not without danger for the
intrepid hunter. At the present moment; there is in Raisdale
an unfenced bog into which a beast not long ago fell, and in
which it disappeared entirely. And there must have been a
great deal of such ground on the Cleveland lowlands 1,800 years
ago. It may be that in days to come the sites of these ancient
Swamps may yield relics of Roman times entombed on some
bright day devoted to the risky pleasures of the chase.

But now let us skip the centuries and come to the Danes who
came in swarms upon the Yorkshire Coast in the ninth century.
Clevelaud appears to have remained to a large extent in its
condition of virgin forest until their arrival, They were good
farmers, and settled down in dry places, clearing away the trees
around them, and bringing the land under the domination of
their primitive ploughs. What has Easby to tell us about the
Danish period ? The name itself is eloquent in this regard. The
Danish farmers, having seized upon lands in Yorkshire, were
naturally desirous to “call their lands after their own names.’
And the name ‘“‘ Easby ” and the great majority of place names

33

terminating in the suffix-‘‘ by ” witness thereby to their Danish
origin. The word originally meant an abode or a single farm,
but in time, as other houses rose around the first established one,
it came rather to signify a village. A cow-byre is a place for
cows, and a bye-law a law made by the village or township. So
Kasby, Battersby, Ingleby signify the houses or villages either
belonging to certain individuals whose names are disguised in the
first element of the place-name, or named after some local
feature.

The second half of the name ‘‘ Kasby” appears to tell us that
the Danes made a small settlement there some eleven hundred
years ago. What then, does the first half of the name whisper
to us? Truth to tell, the whisper is so faint that it is very
difficult to catch its accents. Easby is the ‘‘place”’ of something
or someone, the question is ‘‘of what or whom?” Ingleby and
Battersby a'e'the places of two Danish farmers whose names have
been crystallized in those names. Poor serfs, they little dreamt
that their names would be in daily use century after century in
the ‘ Cliffland” which they had so courageously invaded. It
is not at all improbable that the name of Easby may also be
derived from a personal name. The “s’’ in the centre of the
word suggest a possessive case. Some might be inclined to
derive it from one of the corruptions of the Celtic “ uisge,”
which, according to Isaac Taylor, gives us the first part of the
name of the River Hamont, which name, by the way, is a
corruption of ‘‘Kamot,’ derived from that most remarkable
** motte,” or ancient place of assembly, Maybrough, “ the fortifi-
cation on the boundary,’ near Penrith. The Celtic word
mentioned is certainly responsible for the names of Danby Wiske
and of Whiskey, but for a plausable explanation of the name
of Easby we do not want to stick a Danish affix on to a Celtic
prefix. Mongrel names do occur, such as Nunthorpe, but they
are usually open to suspicion. Graves, in “ History of Cleve-
land,’’ guesses that Easby signifies Eastby, and was so denomin.-
ated because it was at the east end of the Parish of Stokesley.
This is a guess which is quite certainly wrong, and, though the
parochial system is said to have been introduced into England
some two centuries earlier, I am far from being certain that the
locality of Masby was at this date at the east end of a parish of
Stokesley, and if it were, the Stokesley people would hardly have
the honour of performing the functions of Godfathers and
Godmothers in the naming ceremony. If I remember rightly—-
Iam unable to make any reference—there was an Anglo-Saxon
word, which probably had also a Danish form, which signified, in

34

the first place, “a beam,” and in the second place, ‘a long ridge,”
from which the name might have come. And certainly, the long
ridge round which the Leven winds is a natural feature such as
might well have given name to settlement. But most probably
the place-name is due to a Danish personal name.

THE COMMON CROSSBILL (LOXIA CURVIROSTRA)
IN CLEVELAND IN 1904.

B: Frank R. Atkinson.

The Crossbill is a bird I have always taken a’ considerable
interest in, as he is so much out of the ordinary run of birds and
one sees so little of him in these parts. Up till last year I had
only seen two at large, both derelict migrants. The one I had
most opportunity of watching was stranded in treeless Shetland
where he had small chance of shewing off the arboreal habits of
his kind amongst the stones and seaweed of that rocky coast. It
was therefore with very great pleasure that last New Years Day
while out for a long tramp over the hills that 1 spotted a
suspicious band of birds in a fair sized larch tree which on nearer
inspection proved to be the long hoped-for Crossbills. There
were about 30 individuals in this flock which I had only short
time to watch as something or other alarmed them and away they
went calling loudly to one another and were no more seen. ‘The
call is rather like the rolling note of a greenfinch but much louder
and the birds are very vociferous on the wing.

After this I took every opportunity of searching for the
interesting strangers and after many days had the luck to come
across them again some way from where I had made their
acquaintance the first time. After this second rencontre I had
frequent opportunities of observing them. I generally found that
they were wild at first but on being quietly approached a second
time they took very little notice of the intruder. They are
remarkably interesting to watch at work on the pendant branches
of some cone-laden larch as they busily feed. In form they are
portly, plump, heavy, sedate looking birds, but whilst feeding on
their favourite food, the seeds of the larch, they show great activity.
Climbing and clambering about the branches in any and every

35

position, upside down, sideways down and all ways they are
busily engaged in raking out the seeds from the cones. Silent
and busy! I never heard one call while in a tree and the only
sound to be heard was the pattering on the ground as they let
the rifled cones fall. Busy they must be as anyone who will try
to take the seeds from a larch cone will easily understand. The seeds
are small and there are not manyina cone. The Crossbill is not
a small bird and has a plump muscular body to support. Perforce
therefore he must work busily during the short winter day to
obtain sufficient to satisfy his appetite. But if he has to labour.
hard for his living he need never fear being out of work. His_
only competitor, here at least, is the squirrel and be the weather
ever so hard his food is still within his reach.

Parrotlike they crawl and climb with help of beak and foot
and gather together in bunches where cones are many. Well
disposed to one another they seem, and there is no quarreling
although they feed so close to one another and the same cone must
often be coveted by two or more. Perhaps they have no time
to quarrel.

One would often break off a cone and holding it in his beak
swing himself up into the nearest horizontal bough and sitting
there, holding the cone parrotwise in one foot would take out the
seeds from the cone at leisure. Having finished, the cone is
dropped and away sidles the crossbill down the nearest branch to
the store of cones. It does not take long before the combined
efforts of the flock or of as many as can get into the one tree, clear
off all the cones, which they do most effectually, and then they
move off to the nearest inviting looking tree again.

During the whole time I had them under observation I never
saw them in any other tree than a larch and only on one occasion
on the ground. This time they flew right out on to the moor
and settled on the ling, where they remained quite a long time.

While feeding they generally seem to have several sentries posted
in the tops of the neighbouring larches.

I took these birds to be sentries as if they or one of them rose
with a loud call the rest of the flock followed them without more
ado, generally however leaving two or three busy feeders behind
who joined the main body later.

About sunset they seem to cease feeding and sit about in the
tree tops.

36

There is a very conspicuous difference in the sizes of the
various members of the flock, the red and reddish ones being
the largest and the green yellow and grey flecked ones the smaller.

Between the first time I saw them and the last occasion on
which they were assembled in one flock they received considerable
accessions to their numbers so that at the last there must have
been close on 200 of them.

Some time about the beginning of March the original large
flock had split up into many small companies and three weeks
later there were a fair number of odd pairs to be seen about the
woods, but the main lot had left their former haunts. I am in
hopes that some may have even bred here as I saw one pair as
late as the beginning of May.

An unexpected opportunity gave me the chance of examining
several specimens of this interesting bird more closely and this
investigation proved most interesting.

The Crossbill is very well adapted for his mode of life and is
highly specialized in many directions.

When examining this bird the first thing that strikes one is the
outstanding feature of the beak from which he derives his popular
and scientific names. It is very unlike an ordinary beak and the
first glance suggests that the bird has suffered some accident in
youth which had caused the points of his beak to cross instead of
being opposed to one another as in the case of nearly every other
kind of bird except Crossbills. But far from this unusual
formation being a deformity it is as we shall find on looking more
closely into the matter an adaptation of the beak to form a
wonderful and ingenious tool for extracting the seed from the
larch cones. The beaks do not cross in the same direction in all
cases but cases in which the under beak curves up on the right
side of the upper mandible as we look at the bird facing us are
considerably more common than in which it comes up on the left
side.

I have picked up many cones which had been rifled and with
their aid have rehearsed the act of getting out the seed.

The holes and scratches on the cone gave the clue to the manner
in which the beak was used.

It is apparent that there is a considerable side leverage on
the lower mandible while the seeds are being extracted and if we
examine the head of the bird it will be found that the musc es

37

Supplying the force to counteract this side leverage are so developed
-that the side of the head on which the point of the under beak
curves up is quite considerably larger than the other. Assymetry
such as this is a rather rare phenomenon in nature.

- Continuing our scrutiny we see that the birds nostrils are
covered by stiff and woolly looking feathers which apparently exist
either for the purpose of preventing dust or chips getting drawn
in while they are engaged in robbing the cones of their burden
or perhaps to exclude the keen air of their far northern habitat.

I incline to think that their use is to keep out dust and chips.

The plumage is very dense and there is a thick substratum of
down. This down and the bases of the contour feathers are
always grey, the varying colours of the birds being due to the tips
and edges of the contour feathers which are of different colours in
different individuals. Birds of all colours between light grey
through green and yellow to deep vermillion may be found but
the female appears never to assume the red plumage

Their feet are large and strong with metatarsus short (the
“Ietatarsus is the unfeathered joint of the leg between the foot
‘and true heel of the bird, which is often called the knee
uuscientifically). The three toes in front and one behind are
covered with coarse scales above and beneath are rough and warty
with large muscular pads at the joints. The nails are long and
pointed and the two edges beneath are very sharp. 3

Their wings are long and narrow and the first pinion is
“generally the longest. The flight feathers are always brownish
- black with lighter edges partaking of the general colour of the
individual bird. The tail is short and forked and of the same
colour, the under and upper covering feathers being very long,

Their flesh when dead remains good a very long time perhaps

-owing to some preservative action of the turpentine contained in
their food.

© . Thus far my own observations.

I, however, add some details gleaned from « Die Voegel Mittel
_Huropas ” of Naumann which seem to me of great interest.

‘irstly, as to the beak and its shape.

38

“Quite young crossbills have the beak normally formead s in
other birds but the already unequally developed muscles of the
head shew in which direction the under mandible will cross the
upper one. This condition of the beaks crossing on the one side
or the other is therefore not determined by the way in which the
bird uses its beak (as was formerly thought) but is already fixed
in the embryo (or young before birth.)”

Secondly, as to breeding habits.

‘‘ They breed not only in spring but sometimes in the depth
of winter, sometimes in summer and sometimes in _ spring,
according to the plenty of food and with small regard to the
weather.

Their nests, eggs and young, have been found in exceedingly
severe weather and while much snow was present.”’

Thirdly, with regard to their plumage and its changes.

‘“‘The young, before their first moult, are grey spotted and
flecked with black. At the first moult they become yellowish or
yellowish green and at the second the females acquire a more
decidedly yellow or green dress while the males take on the red
plumage for the first time, been deep dusky red or reddish. At
the third moult and onwards the females do not change but the
males become a brighter red and take on a more vivid hue at
each succeeding moult.”’

The consecutive changes detailed above form the normal course
but there are all sorts of graduations and variations to be met
with owing to the fact that these birds do not undergo a complete
moult at any definite time of year as in the case of the majority
of birds, but gradually during the whole course of the year they
change their old feathers for new, so that it isa rare thing to
come across a bird in one uniform dress except in the case of
the very old birds which are, of course, in a great minority.

In this gradual moult we may see another instance of the
adaptation of the bird for life in a high and cold latitude.

I have every hope of again meeting with my friends the Cross-
bills another year and of making further observations of their
most interesting and unusual manner of life.

39

EXCEPTIONAL INFLUX OF BUZZARDS ON THE
N.E. COAST DURING THE AUTUMN OF 1903.

By Franx R. Arxtnson.

The months of September, October and November, of 1903,
witnessed an unusual influx of various species of Buzzards on
the N. EK. Coast and of these Cleveland received a fair share.

The Rough Legged Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus) was by far
the most plentiful, the Common Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris) much
less so and of the Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) one in-
dividual only was obtained (Redcar, Oct. 3rd.) to the knowledge
of the present writer.

The first date of the appearance of the Buzzards seems to
have been about September 14th, and they were still arriving on
the coast in the middle of November. This seems to go to shew that
the exceptional circumstances which led to their visiting us in
such unwonted numbers were of long duration and operated for
a period of two months at least.

The rough legged Buzzard appeared in comparatively large
numbers and flocks of from three to five individuals were seen
in many localities. A flock of even seven is said to have been
seen at Glaisdale. These dispersed in a day or two and probably
lived a good long time on the extensive moors in the neighbour-
hood. A fair number of others also were able to persist on the
moors, as isolated individuals were shot at intervals up to the
summer of 1904. The majority of the immigrants however
would pass on and leave the district.

Many of the visitors fell victims to the gun and of those the
writer had an opportunity of examining, the majority were
young birds. This however, is only to be expected on the
autumn flight when about 60/70 per cent. of the flocks are
young of the year.

This exceptional influx was in all likelihood due to some
unusual weather condition in the main breeding haunts of the
buzzard in the North and North-east of Europe, We are able
to surmise this from the fact that birds such as the Great Grey
Shrike (Lanius Excubitor) a partial migrant, the Waxwing

40

(Ampelis Garrulus) and the Crossbill (Loxia Curvirostra) birds
that have no regular migration but which visit us in some
seasons, which are erratic wanderers in fact, from the same
regions in which the Buzzard birds find their chief breeding
haunts appeared in unusual numbers daring the same season.
Their arrivals continued after the stream of Buzzards had
apparentiy dried up, and in the case of the Waxwing and
Crossbill lasted till the end of January, 1904.

What the causes were which brought about these movements
we can never know for certain but apparently what affected the
buzzards affected the other birds mentioned also.

EXCURSION TO REDCAR ROCKS.

By Henry Simeson.

An extra meeting was arranged on Saturday, Sept-
ember 12, 1903, when the members of the Club to the number
of upwards of twelve spent a very enjoyable and instructive
three hours on Redcar Rocks. Undoubtedly more would
have been present, but it was necessary on account of the
tide to fix the visit for the morning. It is at no time, either on
Saturday or any other day, possible to profitably arrange an excur-
sion to these rocks for an afterngon, because when the tide is low
during the afternoon it is always neap, and the rocks are never
bare enough to allow of the study of marine botany, &c. - Thus
the seaside naturalist at Redcar must turn his attention to other
fields of observation on the Saturday afternoons. In order to
be, to some extent, independent of the tide the party requisitioned
two boats, and visited first Saltsear, on which they spent the
greater part of the time, and then Westscar. On the Saltscar
rocks there was a general search for the sea anemones (actinia),
for which these rocks are well-known. A considerable number
of fine specimens were observed, but of two varieties only—the
Tealia crassicornis, or Dahlia Wartlet, and the Sagartia troglo-
dytes (cave-dwelling). The members looked in vain for the
beautiful Beadlet (actinia mesembryanthemum) which is so
plentiful to the east of Saltburn. Crabs in considerable
numbers were captured and examined, and some large specimens
of the edible crab (Cancer pagurus) were appropriated for

41

home consumption, but had to be returned afterwards to their
native element, as it was found that the crabbing season
having closed on August 81st it was illegal to take them
ashore. The Portunus puber (fiddler crab), one of the few
that can swim, and the spider and masked crabs were also
met with. The hermit or soldier crabs (Pagurus bernhard-
ensis) were a disappointment, they belied the second name.
There were plenty of them and of all sizes but they could not
be induced to entertain us with exhibitions of their pugnacity,
and show what adepts they are in mutilating each other.
Evidently on September 12, 1903, those on Saltscar were
peacefully inclined. Of thé echidna there were observed the
uraster rubens, (common five-fingered starfish), the ophiocoma
neglecta and rosula (brittle stars), and solaster papposa (sun
star), two of the last-named being very fine specimens. No sea
urchins were seen, they having apparently returned to the deep
sea. Of shells noted during the day there were :—Murex
trunculus, purpura lapella (dog whelk), fone ae undatum
(common whelk), fittorina vulgaris (periwinkle), frivia pediculis
(nun cowry) frochus zizyphinus, ynactra solida, golen siliqua,
donax antinus, and joytilus ¢dulis (mussel). Among the sea-
weeds examined were the beautiful delesseria sanguinea, iridia
edulis (dulse), lva latissima (green sea lettuce), porphyra vulgata
(brown sea lettuce), fucus serratus and nodosus. On Saltscar,
wedged in some of the holes, the members came across a number
of small dressed blocks of granite, of course water worn. It
was thought that these had been lodged there for nearly a hundred
years, for they probably were part of the cargo of the Caledonia, of
Aberdeen, which was wrecked on these rocks on March 25,
1£08, when 16 out of a crew of 23 were drowned. The vessel
was laden with granite. It would be well if excursions could be
organised more frequently for the study of marine natural history,
not only to Redcar but also along the foot of the cliffs to the
south east of Saltburn.

[The Club would be glad to receive papers on the Marine
Fauna and Flora of the Cleveland Coast for the Proceedings.

Our thanks are due to Mr. Simpson for kindly arranging this
meeting, which I am quite sure was appreciated by all who
attended it.—T.A.L. ].

42

OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK RAT (MUS RATTUS)
AT MIDDLESBRCUGH.

By T. Asuton Lorruovuse.

Some few months ago at one of the Winter Meetings held by
the Club, a case of Black Rats [Mus rattus] was exhibited, the
specimens having been taken at Stockton-on-Tees, where the
species seems to occur frequently in the old warehouses and
buildings in the vicinity of the river Tees. The above exhibit
led to one of our members remarking to me (when seeing him some
little time after the meeting at his Printing Works, at Middles-
brough), that his workmen had been trapping rats for some time,
and he, noticing they were very dark coloured, it occurred to him
that they might be the Black Rat. I asked him to send me the
next one that was trapped, the result being that I received a
specimen on November 11th, 1903, which proved to be, as he
surmised, a specimen of the Black Rat (Mus rattus). This is
a rather interesting addition to our Fauna, especially seeing that
Middlesbrough is altogether a modern town, and has practically
none of the old warehouses and buildings which this species is
said to frequent, our oldest buildings. with one or two exceptions,
only dating back a matter of 60 or 70 years. A local taxidermist
informs me that on two occasions within the past two years he
has had Middlesbrough specimens. It is possibly a species that
is very much overlooked, and is probably of very much commoner
occurrence than is generally credited. In regard to this species it
statesin Bell’s British Quadrupeds that ‘‘The old English or Black
Rat, which is now becoming a rare animal in this country, was,
previously to the introduction of its more powerful congener and
persecutor, the Brown Rat, as numerous and as extensively
distributed as that species has since become.”

Since the above paper was written I have seen specimens of
the Black Rat that have been taken at Sir Raylton Dixon & Co’s.,
Shipyard, Middlesbrough, recently, where I understand it is fairly
common.

43

THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF CLEVELAND.
By T. M. Fatuow, M.A., F.S.A.

Cleveland is not rich in Monumental Brasses, and there are
none of any special interest or beauty. There are three brasses
with engraved effigies, three plates with inscriptions, and two
stones from which brasses have been stripped.

The most important, as it is also the most interesting of the
Cleveland Brasses, is that in the little church or chapel of Roxby
in the Parish of Hinderwell. The reduced facsimile of a heel-
ball rubbing of the brass, which is given here, explains its
character better than a verbal description can. ‘he brass is to
the memory of Thomas Boynton, Esquire, who died in 1523, and
who, the inscription states, ‘‘caused this chyrche fyrst to be
halowed and was ye fyrst corsse that was beryed in yt.’’ He
was the son of Henry Boynton, Esquire, and married Cecily,
daughter of James Strangeways, Esquire, of Sneaton, near
Whitby. It will be seen, that the composition of the brass is
that of a full length figure in armour in the centre, below which
at an interval, is a plate with a black-letter inscription in
English, and that there are four shields at the corners. The
brass has been relaid on the present slab, and part of the sword
has been broken off. In the reproduced rubbing the two lower
shields have been brought nearer the centre to avoid too great a
reduction of the whole device. Each of the shields bears the
Boynton Arms—a fesse between three crescents. The figure, says
Mr. Mill Stephenson, ‘‘ which is clumsy and illproportioned, is
armed in a collar of mail, breastplate, skirt of taces, with
fringe of mail, over which are three very small leaf-shaped
tonleteis. The pauldrons, or shoulder pieces, differ slightly in
shape, that on the left shoulder having an upright ridge. The
elbow-pieces also differ slightly. The knee-pieces are very large
and the sabbatons round-toed, with gussets of mail at the insteps,
and large rowel spurs. The sword, the greater part of which is
lost, is supported by a narrow belt crossing the hips diagonally
and having a somewhat complicated fastening.’’ *The figure, it
should be added is 25 inches in height.

* Yorkshire Archeological Journal, Vol. 17, P. 307.

44

man forthe fuuleof=stious Somton of
quod tins cuunctic Hint td Detaloryedt
HAG HCD ID ME TDeccHled the FETED AD cf

ontyn Slow Whe
Was ntnstonie
wartethend of0 Wt

ud ch Yaad zeTy ot HOHE Jule TuLyee ceeeD UE

45

The most interesting feature of the-brass is the inscription in
four lines, as follows :—

Pray for the soule of Thom’s Boynton of Roysby
Esquier who caused this chyrche fyrst to be halowed
and was ye fyrst corsse that was beryed in yt and
decessed the XXIX day of marche the yer of or Lord
god Ml Ve and XXIIJ on whose soule Jhu haue
mercy amen.

The church can only have been renewed, as there is evidence that
a chapel existed at Roxby long before Thomas Boynton’s time. The
existing church (which was in a disgraceful state of neglect
when the writer last visited it in 1903) was mainly rebuilt in
1818, though portions of the north wall are of the seventeenth
century, but none of it is as oldas Thomas Boynton’s ‘‘chyrche.”
It contains one or two tombs of importance, and ought to: be
better cared for than seems to be the case. Close to the Church
once stood the Mansion House of the Boyntons. Only a small
corner remains near the west end of the Church. Each year, it
is said, crops of large sized snowdrops flower in what was once
the garden of the house.

The brass next in importance is that on the floor south of the
Altar in Kirkleatham Church, to the memory of Robert Coult-
hirst. It is a notable instance of a brass of the seventeenth
century, following in its arrangement the features of a brassof much
earlier date. In the centre is a full length effigy of Robert Coul-
thirst, 3ft. 10ins. in height. He is represented in civilian costume,
and, as in late brasses, is standing in perspective on a pavement
or floor. The figure conveys the idea that it is a real portrait of
Robert Coulthirst, and not merely the conventional figure of an
old man. Round the slab. as was common in earlier brasses, is
& narrow rim of brass bearing the legend, and at the four corners
of the slab are four shields, each charged with the arms of the
Merchant Taylors’ Company of London. The legend reads :—
“HERE LYETH BURYED THE BODY OF | ROBERT
COVLTHIRST FREE OF = MARCHANTAYLORS OF
LONDON. AND LATE OF VPLEATHAM | GENT: WHO
DEPARTED THIS LIFE & 71H OF | AVGVST 1631 BEING
OF THE AGE OF 90 YEARES WHOSE SOVLE RESTETH
W"? © ALMIGHTEY.

KAO WA. ISMALTACDG@LUATO

os
2
isa
5
3
=
2)
A
‘?.
o
le)
ba)
ei
3
2)
4

>
S
os

AG adO. ALY A

Robert Coulthirst was the son of Henry Coulthirst, of Uplea-
tham, by Elizabeth Rudd his wife. His daughter Elizabeth
married {John Turner, of Kirkleatham. One is tempted to
moralise on the striking changes in creed, manners, and customs,
which old Robert Coulthirst must have witnessed during the six
reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth, James I,
and Charles I, in which his life was cast.

47

The other brass, with an engraved effigy, is a plate 11 inches
in height, also at Kirkleatham, and just to the east of Robert
Coulthirst’s. It is of a type of a child’s brass not uncommon at
the period to which it belongs. The illustration practically
deseribes all that there is to say as to it.

"HERE. LYETH ¥ BODY OF fe Doraray”
DAVGHT? OF [OHN WRNOR GENT AND |
ELIZA: HIS WYFE,°VHO DEPTED
“THIS LYFE THE 2.6 OF FEBRYARY
AN Dni'162.5- BEING OF YAGE.
OF 4: YEARES 2,'N MONETHES, ‘ze 6 DAYS

~~

Dorothy Turner, it may be added, was the third daughter of
John and Elizabeth Turner, and sister of John Turner, Serjeant-
at-Law, and of Sir William Turner, Lord Mayor of London
in 1669, the munificent founder of the Hospital at Kirkleatham,
and other charities connected with that parish.

48

Besides these two brasses, there is a third at Kirkleatham, in

the middle walk of the nave. It is an inscription, in black letter, —

on a plate measuring 214 by 44 inches. The letters are raised

instead of being incised, and the inscription is much worn, and °
portions of it are very bad-to make out. It seems to read-in- ’

four lines :—

Orate pro ai’abz Thome Lambert et agnetis ux’is sue de
Keyrk letham

qui quidem Thomas obiit qui’to (?) die mensis
septembris Anno domini.

mill’mo CCCCLIIJ (?) et dicta agnes obiit...... die mensis
Marcii

Anno domini mill’mo CCCCLIIIJ (?) quorum ai’abz

p piciet’ d’s amen.

Thomas and Agnes Lambert were probably the parents of
William Lambert, Master of Staindrop Collegiate Church, to
which establishment the rectory of Kirkleatham was appropriated
in 1423. William Lambert bequeathed in 1485 a silver gilt pix
for the Sacrament of the Altar at Kirkleatham.

Westward of this brass is a slab, bearing a much worn indent
of a large brass, of a priest in chasuble. Round the edge was
an inscription, at the four corners of which were the symbols of
the four Evangelists.

At Guisbrough there is a brass plate, 19 by 7 inches, with the
following inscription in Roman capital letters :—

A VERTVOVS WIFE, THIS MARBLE STONE DOTH HIDE,
ASSVREDLY, A SAINT IN HEAVEN SHEE’S TRYDE;
RELIGIOVS WAS HER LIFE, TIE LIKE HER END,

In SEEKING CHRIST, SHE MOST HER TIME DID SPEND.
Ir READER THOV HER NAMK DESIRE TO KNOW ?
SvsANNA CHASTE THE SAME, PyCKERING IOYN’D TOO.

Oxiir 22° Sept: A° 1641.
The remaining brass, with an inscription, is at Brotton. It

is much damaged and broken, and is fixed to a small stone cross
in the churchyard. ‘Lhe brass was probably cast out of the old

church when it was rebuilt in 1740. At the top of the brass -

a i ei il

49

-(which in its present broken condition measures 12 by 8} inches)
has been a shield of arms of the Blacksmiths Company of
London. Only a little of this remains. Below it, in cursive
lettering, is the legend :—

Here lyeth ye body of Tho Pressick,

Blacksmith who departed this life

March ye 24th, Anno Dom’ 1710
Aged 74 years

Wrong him not when he is gone
For whilst he liv’d he wronged none
Mors mea vita mihi.

The remaining trace of a brass is in the chancel of the old
Church of Skelton, where, on the floor, is a slab with the indent
of a brass of a man and wife and several chiidren, and with
scrolls for legends. It looks as if it may have held a brass of
the latter part of the fifteenth century. Whom it commemorated
is unknown.

A GRAVEL DEPOSIT IN LONSDALE.

By Frank ELceEr.

In September, 1904, I discovered a gravel deposit in Lonsdale,
which I think is of sufficient interest to be placed on record, as
it has some bearing upon the origin of that curious gap in the
Cleveland Hills at Gribdalegate.

The deposit in question I found exposed in, the side of Lons-
dale Beck about half way between Lonsdale Farm and Lonsdale
Cottages. The section was as follows :—

ne a a

Wo6.

Soil and sub-soil.

Stiffish bluish clay with small stones.
~ Bedded gravel with shale and sandstone pebbles.
Thin band of blue clay. ,

Coarser gravel consisting almost entirely of local sand-

‘stone and shale, with quartz ‘pebbles, and a smali boulder of
“Shap Granite.

50

The origin of this bed of gravel is not far to seek. According
to Mr. P. F. Kendall, Gribdalegate has been formed during the
Ice Aga, by an overflow of water from the Ayton side of the
hills into Lonsdale, caused by a pounding back of the drainage of
the small streams that flow into the Leven by the ice.« Hence
a considerable quantity of detritus produced by the erosion of
the gap would be carried into Lonsdale and laid down under the
static waters of Lake Eskdale, of which Lake Lonsdale would
form a branch. Gribdalegate has been cut in sandstone and
Upper Lias shale ; hence the preponderance of those materials
in the gravel bed. At the same time the boulder of Shap
Granite would be carried into the dale from the ice front together
with the vein quartz pebbles and a small piece of Carboniferous
Limestone which I found in a field near the gravel bed. These
three erratics are very characteristic of the Stainmoor Teesdale
glacier.

I think, therefore, that this gravel deposit proves in a conclu-
give manner that Gribdalegate is a deserted glacier lake overflow
as suggested by Mr. Kendall. Another fact in favour of this
conclusion not mentioned by Mr. Kendall is that the level at
which Gribdalegate commenced to be formed is the lowest point
in the escarpment between Newton Moor and Easby Moor; and
consequently the impounded waters would overflow at this lowest
point into Lonsdale.

* ate 8., Vol. 58, p. 515.

CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1908.
By T. Asuton Lorrnouss, F.E. S.

*Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time.

On the whole the weather prevailing during the season was
very unfavourable for insect life, in fact, the conditions were
little, if any, more favourable than that prevailing in 1902,
which was one of the worst (if not the very worst) season I have
ever experienced, for the study of insect life.

Owing to the high and cold winds prevailing in the early part
of the year, the sallow bloom (which is one of the early attrac-
tions to moths) was out and over in a very short time and proved
of no use for collecting purposes.

51

A noteworthy feature of the season was an immigration of
the Painted Lady Butterfly (Vanessa cardui), the Silver Y Moth
(Plusia gamma), &c., which took place after a period of fine, dry
weather, about the third week in September, and of which
further particulars are included in my notes.

DIURNI. Vanessa cardui. This butterfly was very
common in the district (and along the Kast Coast from N. to 8.)
from the 19th to the end of September. Reported as being very
abundant at Redcar, (Ingham). Great numbers on sea wall and
banks adjoining between Middlesbrough and Redcar. Single speci-
mens noticed in gardens at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Several
noticed in fields near Ingleby Arncliffe on the 26th. Five
specimens noticed at Ingleby Greenhow on the 28th (Frank
Elgee).

NOCTURNI. Acherontia atropos. A worn specimen of
the “Deaths Head’”’ moth taken off the staircase window of
house Cambridge Road, Linthorpe, about 7-30 a.m., on June
25th, after very wet night. Most probably a migrant, being very
worn ; it appeared to be a female and had apparently laid its ova,
the body being quite empty.

*Nola confusalis. Took a fresh specimen off beech tree
trunk in Mulgrave Park, Sandsend, in early June.

Saturnia pavonia. Took a freshly emerged female to
Kston Moors, on May 23rd, for the purpose of “ assembling ”’
males. I tied it up in the net and suspended it from a post on
the open moor between 1.45 p.m. and 3.30, males soon began to
“‘assemble,’’ sometimes five or six flying round at one time and
during the above period I should say some forty or more males
were attracted, they seemed to come most freely when a little
breeze sprang up and the sun shone brightly, they were quite
easy to take and did not require netting. One or two males
were attracted even after I had placed the female in a chip box
in my pocket. One specimen taken was a rather nice variety
the colouring being very much darker and blacker and the orange
colouring much less conspicuous than usual.

NOCTUE *Xylophasia zollikoferi. I was fortunate in
taking a specimen of this, one of our greatest British rarities,
off sugar in my own garden at Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, on
September 26th. The specimen was sent to Mr. C. G. Barrett
(on the recommendation of my friend Mr. G. T. Porritt) for
identification. He was uncertain as to its identity and took it

52

to South Kensington Museum, where he, along with Sir Geo.
Hampson, Bart., identified it by comparing it with Kuropean
specimens in that collection.

There are only two previous British records of this insect as
far as I know, one being taken at Deal, in 1867, and one near
Aberdeen, in 1871.

It is perhaps worthy of note that the insect was captured
during the period when the immigration of Vanessa cardui took
place.

The specimen taken by me was in good condition and has
been exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological Society in
London, and a coloured plate of it has been included in the
Lepidoptera of the British Islands, by Charles G. Barrett, F.E. S.,
which is now in course of publication.

Apamea basilinea. A fine, dark variety taken off sugar in
garden, at Linthorpe.

Stilbia anomala. A damaged specimen, netted at dask,
near Great Ayton, in August.

Noctua stigmatica. Taken at flowers of wild sage, near
Glaisdale, in August.

Noctua festiva var. conflua. Several fine specimens
taken off sugar, at Glaisdale, in August.

Xanthia citrago. Two specimens noticed at Great Ayton.
_F. R. Atkinson).

GEOMETRA:. Eurymene dolobraria. Specimen taken
at Thornaby, by Mr. Proud, on July Ist.

*Acidalia inornata. Taken in August, near Great Ayton.

*Eupithecia abbreviata. Bred from larve beaten out of
oak near Kildale.

*Thera firmata. Near Ayton, in September, also been
taken on Eston Hills.

Anticlea nigrofasciaria. Sandsend.
Cidaria prunata. Taken at Great Ayton (F. R. Atkinson).

*Cidaria associata. Great Ayton (F. R. Atkinson), also
taken at Normanby, in 1904. (T. B.)

OO a ae

53
*Hydrocampa nymphzata. Specimens taken at sugar in
garden, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

*Pterophorus monodactylus. At sugar in October at
Linthorpe.

*Crambus inquinatellus. Great Ayton.
*Aphomia sociella. Taken at light, Glaisdale.
*Amphisa gerningana. Great Ayton.

*Pzedisca solandriana. Kilton Woods, near Loftus.

*Halonota bimaculana. On August 29th, at Ingleby
Greenhow.

*Pleurota bicostella. Taken off grasses on Glaisdale
Moors.

CLEVELAND . LEPIDOPTERA IN 1904.

The weather prevailing during this year was a great improve-
ment on the past two or three years and much more likely to be
favourable for insect life, but notwithstanding the favourable
weather the macro ledidoptera were, if anything, even scarcer than
during the past years, this result no doubt being attributable in
a great measure to the cold, wet and sunless weather prevailing
during the past two or three summers having proved very
destructive to insect life in the earlier stages. Another factor
which probably militated to a great extent against ‘“ sugar”
which proved a total failure throughout the season, was the great
abundance of ‘“‘honeydew’’ which prevailed as a result of the
fine, dry weath:r, which we had for the most part of the summer.

Owing to the scarcity of the larger insects, I devoted my atten-
tion more to the meros than usual with the result that I have
been enabled to add a good many new species to our local list,
and one of which proves to be an addition to.Mr. Porritt’s list of
Yorkshire Lepidoptera.

- Iam indebted to Mr. Jno. Gardner, of Hartlepool, and Mr.
Eustace Bankes, of Corfe Castle, for assistance in naming most
of the mzcros recorded below.

54

Nocturni. Sphinx convolvuli. Convolvolus Hawk Moth.
‘«‘T had a specimen of this moth sent from Acklam, in September,
but having been put in a match box (!) it was unfortunately
quite spoiled:” (Frank Elgee).

Trochilium crabroniformis. Hornet clearwing. ‘ This
fine insect was very abundant in the Albert Park, in July. Its
wood feeding larve are working havoc among the black poplar
trees there.”’ (Frank Elgee).

Noctuz. Xylophasia rurea var combusta.—-Taken off
sugar, at Linthorpe.

Agrotis saucia. Two specimens at sugar in garden,
Linthorpe, in October.

Tzniocampa munda. ‘Taken off sallows in Saltburn Wood,
in April.

Hadena adusta. ‘On July 4th, at sugar, in Kensingston
Road, forming an addition to the list of Kensington Road species,
and hitherto only recorded from Kildale in our Proceedings.”
(Frank Elgee). ie

Heliaca tenebrata. Several flying in sun at Great Ayton,
in early June, also noticed near Stainton, in Cleveland.

*Chariclea umbra. Noticed flying over Restharrow flowers;
near Redcar.

*Plusia pulchrina. At valerian flowers in garden, at
Linthorpe.

Geometrze. *Acidalia remutaria. Taken in Kilton
Woods, on June 18th.

*Numeria pulveraria. Taken in Kilton Woods, in June.

*Oporabia autumnaria. A variable series of this insect
taken at Kildale in October.

*Eupithecia oblongata, Two specimens taken by Mr.
Clutton at Marske on August 10th.

*Eupithecia sobrinata. _ Specimen bred from larve taken
off juniper in garden at Linthorpe, no doubt introduced with
shrubs, which probably came from Dutch nurseries.

55

Hypsipetes ruberata. Bred from Kildale pupa, also taken
at Ingleby Greenhow and Glaisdale,

Melanthia bicolorata v. plumbata. Few nice specimens
of this variety taken at Kildale.

_ Coremia ferrugata A fine narrow banded variety captured
near Great Ayton.

*Melanippe galiata. Noted on occasion of Field Club’s
excursion at Glaisdale on July 9th.

PYRALIDES. *Scoparia ambigualis. Common. Great
Ayton, Kildale, Eston, Kilton, etc.

* Scoparia cembree. At light in July at Grangetown
Station.

*Scoparia dubitalis:=[Pyraleila]. Common at Glaisdale
in July.

*Scoparia murana. Great Ayton.

PTEROPHORI. *Platyptilia gonodactyla. Taken at
dusk at Skinningrove on June 18th.

*Mimezseoptilus plagiodactyIus. Great Ayton in July.

je CRAMBID. *Crambus margaritellus. Great Ayton.
uly.

*Crambus perlellus. Single specimen. Redcar.

PHYCIDA:. *Anerastia lotella. Common near Redcar
in July.

TORTRICES. *Peronea mixtana. Kildale in April.
*Rhacodia caudana. Kilton Woods. August.
*Cnephasia politana. Glaisdale in May.
'*Cnephasia musculana. Glaisdale and Eston,
*Sciaphila virgaureana. Redcar. July.
- *Sciaphila pascuana. Kston Hills. August 27.
*Clepsis rusticana. Glaisdale.

*Bactra lanceolana. Ayton, Grangetown, etc.

56

*Phoxopteryx lundana. Ayton.
*Ephippiphora cirsiana. LKilton Woods. August.

*Ephippiphora grandzvana. Redcar. This insect is not
recorded in Porrit’s list of Yorkshire Lepidoptera. I have taken
it occasionally previously on the Durham side of the Tees.

*Symethis oxyacanthella.=(Fabriciana). EHasby.
*Xanthosetia hamana. Redcar.

*Aphelia osseana. Common among benty grass on sand
banks at Redcar. Also taken at Great Ayton.

TINEAE. *Blabophanes rusticella. Great Ayton and
Kston.

*Micropteryx semipurpurella. Several noticed among
beech at Carlton-in-Cleveland in April.

*Plutella cruciferarum. Glaisdale.
*Depressaria applana. Glaisdale.
*Gelechia longicornis. Eston Hills in June.
*Lita maculea. Two bred, Glaisdale.

*Lita marmorea. Redcar.

*Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella. On railway embankment
near Ayton in June.

*Elachista kilmunella. Kildale.

ROBERT GEORGE CLAYTON.
Diep, June 277TH, 1908.

Mr. R. G. Clayton was the son of Mr. John Clayton, now of
Stokesley. On leaving school Mr. Clayton was indentured to
the firm of Messrs. J. P Hornung and Sons, and when that
firm mutually dissolved, joined Mr. W. J. Watson, and for over
18 years he was his principal assistant.

He was very well-known in the town and district and enjoyed
the confidence of.a lar;e circle of friends. He took an active

57

part in many affairs of the town of Middlesbrough, being a
member of the Free Library and Museum Committee, a member
of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Conservative Club,
and a prominent Freemason, being, at the time of his decease,
W.M. of the Orde Powlett Lodge.

He had been a prominent member of the Cleveland Naturalists’
Field Club for many years, having joined the Society in 1889;
he was elected on the Committee in 1891 and served as a member
of that Committee up to the time of his decease, taking an active
part in the management of the Club and being a regular attender
at the Meetings. He was also Sectional Secretary to the
Ornithology and Mammalogy Committee, and _ frequently
contributed notes to the Club’s Proceedings on Ornithology,
Mammalogy, etc.

He was a very keen and enthusiastic observer of nature, he
having a particularly good acquaintance with the birds occurring
in the Cleveland District, which he had made a special study of
for many years.

ANGUS MACPHERSON.
Born, 307TH Marcu, 1827, Diep, Fesruary 2np, 1904.

‘« Grow old along with me!
The best is yet to be,
The last of life, for which the first was made.”

By the passing onwards of Mr. Angus Macpherson a note-
worthy personage has been removed from among Cleveland
Naturalists. Although of late he was not often found at the
Field Excursions of the Club, in the early years of its existence
he was one of the most familiar figures at its meetings. One of
the first members of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club he
always took a deep interest in its proceedings since its foundation
in 1881 and, despite the fact that he did not claim to be a
specialist in any department of Natural History, his keen powers
of observation and well trained mind made him ever an interest-
ing and instructive companion. He was thrice elected to the
Presidency of the Club, 1886, 1887 and 1894, and has at various
times lectured to the members.

58

Mr. Macpherson was a man of no small literary ability, and
during his long lifetime was the author of many books and
pamphlets. In early life he was joint editor with his brother
of the West of Scotland Magazine, and later was one of the
proprietors and a constant ¢ontributor to a weekly journal
entitled Domine which was started*in Middlesbrough in May,

1875. One of the most popular editions of Burns’ poems was.

edited by Mr. Macpherson, and locally we are indebted to him
for a booklet entitled “‘Rambles in South Durham and North
Yorkshire,” which was published in 1888.

- Born in Glasgow, in 1827, Mr. Macpherson led a long and
useful life, and when he passed away in February, 1904, in
his 77th year, all who had the privilege of his acquaintance
mourned the loss of a valued and loved friend. Although
living to a ripe old age, Mr. Macpherson always retained a
vigour of body and a youthfulness of spirit, which, combined
with a ready wit, made him the pleasantest of companions.
Mentally he was alive to the latest discoveries in every
department of human knowledge, for he had one of those rare
minds which preserves the freshness of youth whilst attaining
the wisdom of years

——

59

REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN
CLEVELAND.

By M. Lawson Txuompson, F.E.S.

In the following notes on the occurrence of Beetles in 1903
and 1904 I have brought together the result of visits to two
or three well-known localities in Cleveland. Very few of the
rarer species were met with during these years. I- have,
however, included ‘in this report a number of common insects
known to inhabit these parts of the district, and which may
appropriately be recorded here.

CoLEopTERA.
Nebria livida, F.—Common on the Coast at Saltburn.

Nebria brevicollis, F.—Common, Saltburn; Stanghow Moor;
Kildale.

Nebria gyllenhali, Sch. —Saltburn, on the Coast; Reservoir
at Lockwood Beck.

Clivina fossor, L.— Common at Saltburn.

Bradycellus similis, Dej.—Common on the Cleveland
Moors. ~

Calathus cisteloides, Panz.—Common, Saltburn; Kildale.

Calathus flavipes, Foure. — Kildale ; Stanghow Moor;
Redcar.

Calathus mollis, Marsh.—Common at Saltburn.

Calathus melanocephalus, L.—Common; Saltburn; Siang:
how Moor.

-Anchomenus albipes.—Common; Saltburn Reservoir at
Rpelwood Beck; Kilton Wood.

Bembidium nitidulum, Marsh.—Saltburn; Stanghow Moor;
Common.

| Bembiduim atroceruleum, Steph. and B punctulatum,
Drap. Common in Saltburn Wood.

Trechus minutus, F.—Common at Saltburn; Eston.

60
Trechus rubens, F.—On the margin of the Reservoir at
Lockwood Beck near Saltburn. One specimen in August, 1904.

Agabus guttatus, Payk, and A. bipustulatus, L—Common
Saltburn; Stanghow Moor.

Octhebius rufimarginatus, Steph.—In a pond at Saltburn
(May, 1908).

Spheridium scarabezoides, F. and S. bipustulatum, F.—
Common at Saltburn. *

Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh.—Common; Saltburn;
Kildale.

Oxypoda longiuscula, Er., O. Opaca, Grav., and QO.
alternans, Gravy.—Common at Saltburn.

Ocalea castanea, Er.—Saltburn.

Homalota vicina Steph., H. fungicola, Thoms, H.
atramentaria, Gyll, and H. fungi, Gray—Common at
Saltburn.

Autalia impressa, O1.—Common at Saltburn.

Agaricochara levicollis, Er—Saltburn Wood, in decaying
fungi (Octber, 1904).

Conosoma lividum, Er, and C. pubescens, Grav.—
Conimon at Saltburn.

Tachyporus obtusus, L.—Guisborough ; Common in
Cleveland.

Tachyporus chrysomelinus, L., T. hypnorum, F., and T.
pusillus. Grav.—Common at Saltburn.

Tachinus pallipes, Grav.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying
fungi (September, 1903).

Tachinus rufipes, L., and T. marginellus, F.—Common
at Saltburn; Guisborough. ;

Megacrouus inclinans Grav. Saltburn Wood, in decaying
fungi. One specimen on August 28th, 1908.

Bolitobius lunulatus, L. Bolitobius trinotatus, Er. and
po oe pygmeus, F.—Common at Saltburn, in decaying
ungi.

61
Mycetoporus splendidus, Grav.—On the sea banks at
Saltburn (June, 1904).

Quedius lateralis, Grav.—Saltburn Wood, in decaying
fungi.—Common in September, 1903.

Ocypus olens Mill, and O. morio, Grav.—Common in
Cleveland.

Philonthus laminatus. Creutz.—Common at Saltburn;
Redcar. :

Xantholinus glabratus, Grav.—Common, Saltburn ; Redcar.

Stenus flavipes, Steph. (filum Er.) and S. similis, Herbst.
Common at Kildale.

Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. and O. tetacarinatus. Block.—
Common; Saltburn; Kildale; Guisborough.

Anthophagus testaceus, Grav.—-Saltburn Wood; Kilton
Wood. Common.

Deleaster dichrous, Grav. Var. Leachi. Curt.—Saltburn;
at the foot of the sea-banks. One specimen in June, 1904.

Geodromicus nigrita, Miill.—On the margin of the Reservoir
at Lockwood Beck, near Saltburn (July, 1904).

Proteinus brachypterus, F.—Common in decaying fungi,
Saltburn; Kildale.

Choleva grandicollis, Er.—On the moor at Kildale, in a
dead hedgehog (August, 1903).

Coccinella 10-punctata, L., and OC. 11-punctata, L.—
Common at Redcar and Saltburn.

Halyzia 14-guttata, L.—Saltburn; Kilton Wood.

Brachypterus urticz. IF. and B. pubescens, Er.—Common
at Saltburn; Kildale; Guisborough.

_ Meligethes zneus, F., M. viridescens and M. picipes.
Sturm.—Common at Saltburn and Kildale.

Coninomus nodifer, Westw.—Common, Saltbum ; Guis-
borough.

Enicmus minutus, L. and E. transversus, 01 —Common
at Saltburn and Kilton Wood.

62
Micrambe vini, Panz.—Saltburn; Guisborough Common.
Aphodius fimetarius, L., A. ater, De G., A. merdarius, F.
A. punctato-sulcatus, Stm., and A. rufipes, L.—Common
at Saltburn. ;

Aphodius pusillus, Hbst.—Saltburn. One specimen in
June, 1904.

AXgialia arenaria, F.—Common at Saltburn on the
sandhills.

Geotrupes stercorarius, L.—-Common in Cleveland.

Athous hzemorrhoidalis, F—Common. Salturn; Guis-
borough ; Kildale.

Adrastus limbatus, F.—Kilton Wood; Guisborough.
Common.

Agriotes obscurus, L.—Common. Saltburn; Kilton Wood.
Agriotes sobrinus, Kies.—-Saltburn.

Corymbites quercus, Gyll—Saltburn; Kilton Wood.
Common.

Telephorus lividus, L., T. pellucidus, F., and T.
flavilabris, Fall. Common at-— Saltburn.

Rhagonycha fuscicornis, O].—Saltburn (July, 1903).

Rhagonycha limbata, Thoms, and R. pallida, ’—Common
in Kilton Wood.

Malthodes marginatus, Latr, and M. minimus, L.—
Common at Saltburn and in Kilton Wood.

Malthodes atomus, Thoms.—Kilton Wood.

Chrysomela polita, L., and C. staphylea, L.—Common
in Cleveland.

Phedon tumidulus, Germ.—Common in Cleveland.

Phyllodecta vitellinze, L.—Common at Saltburn.

se a

63

_Longitarsus anchusex, Payk, L. melanocephalus, De G.
and.L. Jacobzeze, Wat —Kilton Wood; Saltburn. Common.

Haltica oleracea, L.—Common at Saltburn.

Crepidodera smaragdina, Fourc.—On sallows in Kilton
Wood (July, 1903).

Chetocnema hortensis, Fourc.—Redcar.

Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.—Saltburn ; Kilton Wood.
Common.

Rhinosimus planirostris, F.—Saltburn, Kildale. Common.

Anaspis frontalis, Land A, rufilabris, Gyll.-—Common
at Saltburn.

Apion ulicis, Forst. and A. pallipes, Kirby.—Common at
Saltburn and Guisborough. |

Apion unicolor, Kirby (platalea, Germ).—Kildale ; August,
1904.

Apion violaceum. Kirby. - A apricans, Hbst. A carduo
rum, Kirby, and A. humile, Germ.— Kildale; Saltburn
Common.

Otiorhynchus picipes, F.—Saltburn ; Kildale, Common.

Strophosomus coryli,F.—Saltburn; Kilton Wood. Common.

Strophosomus lateralis, Payk.—Common on Stanghow
Moor.

Sciaphilus muricatus, F.—Common. Saltburn; Kilton
Wood ; Kildale.

Polydrusus pterygomalis, Boh.— Common. Saltburn ;
Kilton Wood.

Phyllobius urtice, De G., P. oblongus, L., P. pyri, L.,;
and P. yiridizris, Laich.—Common. Saltburn; Kilton Wood.

Philopedon geminatus. F.—Common on the Saltburn
sandhills.

64
Sitones regensteinenis, Herbst, S. tibialis, Herbst, S.
flavescens, Marsh, S. sulcifrons. Thumb, S. hispidulus,
F., and S. lineatus, L.—Common at Saltburn.

Liosoma ovatulum.—Clair, Saltburn, Kilton Wood, Guis-
borough. Common

Orchestes fagi, L. On the beech at Guisborough.

Dorytomus pectoralis, Gyll.—On sallows at Saltburn
(July, 1904).

Mecinus pyraster, Hubst— Common on Plantago lanceolata;
Saltburn; Kildale.

Celiodes quadrimaculatus, L.—Common on nettles in
Cleveland.

Ceuthorrhynohus erice#, Gyll—Common on ling and
heather ; Stanghow Moor; Kildale.

Ceuthorrhynohus pollinarius, Forst.—Common on nettles
in Cleveland.

Rhinoncus pericarpius, L.—Kilton Wood, on Polygonum.

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71
CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1903-4.

In presenting to the members my Srixra Annuat Report
it is once more my pleasing duty to record that the work of
the Society during the past twelve months has been quite as
successful as during any previous peviod of the Club’s
existence. Summer and Winter Meetings have been held
regularly.

Before giving my Report in detail it would perhaps be
interesting to preface my remarks by informing you that, on
referring to the First Minute Book of the Club. I find that
this is the 23rd year of the Club’s existence since organised
as the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club, the Club being
established at a meeting held in the “ Lit. and Phil.,” on
April 4th, 1881. During the first year the Club appears to
have had 72 members. Of these 16 are at present members,
and 4 who attended the first meeting are members of the
Committee, 3 of them still taking an active part in the work
of the Club. The Club during its first year of existence held
both summer and winter meetings, and also published a hand-
book of Middlesbrough and district for the use of the members
of the British Association, who visited the district in the
autumn of 1881.

Summer Mrerines.—The programme arranged for the summer
months provided for 8 meetings, exclusive of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union meetings. The whole of the meetings were
held, and when the weather was anything like fine there was
generally a good attendance. During the whole of the summer
months, however, the weather was exceptionally cold and
unsettled, and it materially interfered with the attendance at
two or three of the meetings. At several of the meetings
members of the Club or others acquainted with the localities
to be visited kindly assisted in arranging the programme and
also acted as guides, which arrangement added very greatly to
the interest and value of the outings I hope that more
members will assist in this, and it would also be a great
assistance if a few of the members would undertake to be
responsible for the arrangements of, say, one meeting each
during the summer.

72

The First meeting of the season was held on Saturday,
May 2nd, to Dinsdale, for the purpose of visiting the woods,
&c., on the banks of the Tees, and the old Churches at
Diusdale and Sockburn. The weather for some days preceding
having been very unsettled and wet, and the outlook on the
day not being very promising, no doubt accounted in a great
measure for the small number (6) who took part in our first
outing. As it happened, those who attended were well repaid
for the risk taken, as the afternoon was fine and warm, the
walking was good, and the outing generally was a particularly
interesting and enjoyable one. The party, on arrival at
Dinsdale Station about two o’clock, walked from there through
the woods to the Spa and along the Durham banks of the
Tees to Dinsdale Church. (It was noticed en route that a great
many trees had been or were in process of being felled in
these woods, which will tend to destroy the beauty of this
part for some time to come.) The Church appears to be
mostly of recent date, what old remains having been very
much restored; the old part remaining—vz.e., the Nave, Arcade,
and a few stones near the base of the Nave walls——being
apparently the only remains of the Church erected about 1196,
this church being, according to historians, on the site of a
former Saxon Church.

In the Church were noticed a Norman Font (plain circular),
a rather fine Grave Cover of Hog-backed fashion, and a
-Memorial Brass with Wivill Coat of Arms on, dated 1668.
In the Porch walls were built in some remains of Pre-
Conquest Crosses and an old Grave Cover with fine floreated
cross carved on and an inscription to one of the Surtees
family. In the Churchyard was a Stone Sarcophagus in
rather good preservation, and dating probably from about the
12th century. After leaving Dinsdale Church the party crossed
the Tees, and walked through the fields on the Yorkshire side
of the river to Girsby, a small out-of:the way village pleasantly
situate on the banks of the Tees. Very fine views of the river
and surrounding country were obtained all along the route
from Dinsdale to Girsby. The River Tees was again crossed
at Girsby, and after walking a short distance Sockburn Hall
was reached, a modern building erected on the site of an older
building, very pleasantly situate at the southern point of a big
bend of the Tees. In the grounds are the remains of Old
Sockburn Church, for which permission to visit had kindly
been granted by W. H. Williamson, Esq., the present occupier
of the Hall. The Church, which is yery much in ruins, is

73

principally of the Early English period. The owner of the
estate, Sir Mdward Blackett, has had a portion of the ruins
covered in for the purpose of protecting the extensive remains
of Pre-Conquest Crosses, Grave Covers of Hog-backed fashion,
Sepulchral Remains of Anglican Crosses, etc., and a very fine
Mailed Effigy of a Conyers of the early part of the 14th
century, and some Memorial Brasses of the same family.

Sockburn originally belonged to the Conyers’ family, one of
whom, Sir John Conyers, a Knight of the 11th century, is
said to have slain a large ‘‘ Worm”’ or serpent which infested
these parts, and to have received the Estate as a reward, on
the tenure of his rendering up his Victorious Sword to every
new Bishop of Durham entering at this point. The Sword
or Falchion is at present in the possession of the Owner of
the Estate, Sir Ed. Blackett, of Matfen.

After looking over the many objects of interest at Sockburn,
the party returned to Dinsdale Station along the Durham
side of the river by way of Neasham. During the afternoon
a number of plants were noticed in flower by the Botanists,
but not so many as are usually noted at this season of the
year, on the occasion of our first outing. Foliage was very
well forward up to the first week in April, but after this it
received a very severe check, hard frost in many cases having
killed the foliage entirely, and the blight generally has been
the means of keeping many plants back that would have been
well on but for this

No insects of any moment were noted by the Entomologists
of the party. With regard to Birds the Spring Migrants were
not very prominent, the only one noticed in abundance being
the Willow Wren. ‘The Sand Martin was seen, and the
Cuckoo and Tree pipit heard. Resident Birds seemed to be
busy nesting, and a Yellow Hammer was flushed from a nest
containing three eggs.

The Club were indebted to Mr. H. Hylton Taylor for in-
formation supplied with regard to the route, and to W. H. A.
Williamson, Esq., and Rey. E. H. Greatorex for permission to
visit the Churches of Sockburn and Dinsdale.

Kinpate to Hurron.—At the meeting held at Kildale on
Saturday, May 16th, there was a good attendance, upwards of
25 being present, including members from Middlesbrough,
Redcar, Ingleby, Whorlton, Ayton, Stockton and Nunthorpe.

74

The afternoon kept fine, although it was threatening, especially
in the early part, and this no doubt kept some of our members
from attending. The party on arrival at Kildale were met by
the President of the Club, the Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., who
conducted them over some of the most interesting ground (of
geolovical interest) in the immediate neighbourhood, giving a
description of the most prominent features Among the places
visited were a filled-up pool, in the Kildale Moraine, in which
he (the Rev. J. Hawell) lad bored some 30ft. through fresh
water shells, etc. The old ironstone workings were also
examined near Kildale Station, and from this point the various
geological and physical features of the surrounding country
were commented upon by Mr. Hawell. Before leaving Kildale
the archeological features of interest were examined in Kildale
Church and Churchyard. These included two old Fonts,
probably early Norman and Early English respectively. These
are laying about exposed in or near the Churchyard. In my
opinion, it would have been much better if one of them,-at
any rate, had been used in the new Church, instead of being
thrown outside and left exposed to the weather. It is a great
pity that more respect has not been paid in the past to old
Fonts and other Church fittings which have, no doubt, been
of great service to past generations. A few remains of an
Early Church were noticed scattered about the Churchyard,
and there were also some Crosses (consecration ?) built into
the Torch walls, and a little zigzag ornament, which may
have been the remains of a Norman Church. In the Porch
were several Gravestones bearing the Arms of the Percys
(formerly Lords of the Manor). JI should be glad if some
member would give a detailed description of these and the
other remains, and also of the Danish Bronze and Iron
Weapons which were discovered when excavating for the
present Church (and which, I believe, are in York Museum),
for our Proceedings.

After. investigating the ironstone workings a portion of the
party walked over to Hutton, by Sleddale, as outlined in the
programme, but the bulk of the members walked over by
P.rcy Cross (only the stump of which remains), Sleddale being
viewed en route.

Very little of interest was noted by the Ornithologists,
Intcmologists, and Botanists of the party. The afternoon
being dull and rather cool, Birds and Insects were conspicuous
by their alsence, and the continued cold weather has kept all
plant life very backward.

75

Boossrck TO GuisBoroucH.—On Saturday, June 6th, a
meeting was held at Boosbeck. Owing to the inconvenient
train service members had to leave Middlesbrough at 12-55,
and this no doubt militated against a good attendance, for
though the afternoon was quite fine (although cool) under a
dozen attended

The party on arrival at Boosbeck walked by a path through
the fields to Slapewath, investigating the woods, ete., en route.
At Slapewath the members who came by a later train were
met, and tea was taken at the inn there. Wiley Cat Wood,
the moors above and the woods along the hill side to
Guisborough were investigated, but although the ground
looked promising very little work of any moment was done
by any of the party investigating. Only some 50 species of
plants or so were noticed in flower by the Botanists, a very
small number for this period of the year, but no doubt this
is accounted for by the long-continued occurrence of Hasterly
and Northerly winds. Very few insects were noticed by the
Entomologists for similar reasons, only a few odd specimens
being taken, including Z. biwndularia, Eupithecia indigata, and
lariciata, A. myrtilli, and a single larve of <Agrotis agathina
about half grown, taken off the heather.

The Club were indebted to Mr. Garbutt, of Kilton Mill, for
giving us an outline of the best route to follow from Boosbeck.

The district between Guisbro’ and Slapewath is well wooded
and the Wiley Cat and Waterfall Woods, would probably well
repay working at a little later period.

Carutton, Swaixsy.—The weather just previous to this
meeting, held at Carlton, on June 20th, being very cold and
unsettled no doubt prevented many members from securing
wagonette acccmmodation and attending this meeting, how-
ever, the day turned out fine and a party of about 21 members
and friends attended, some of the members travelling to
Carlton by Wagonette, others by rail and one or to by bicycle;
the party, on arrival at Carlton, about 8 o’clock, were met by
Mr. Harries, of Carlton, and had the advantage of his local
knowledge, he acting as guide and conducting the party, some
of the members, under his guidance, proceeded up Carlton
Bank to a Quarry with a view to securing some fossils but
were not very successful, from there the party proceeded to
Bryant's Pond, which is surrounded by a moss of some extent,
the Botanists’ here found, among other interesting plants, the

76

Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), leaving Bryant’s Pond a descent
was made into the valley to examine some o!d jet workings
and many signs of jet were found although of poor quality,
from here the party walked across the heath down into
Snotterdale, and from thence into Scugdale, eventually arriving
at Swainby.

The thanks of the Club are due to Mr. Harries, of Carlton,
for information as to route and for kindly acting as guide,
also to the Rev. J. C. Fowler, for information with regard to
the locality. I have to thank Mr. Sachse for assistance
rendered in carrying out this meeting.

Lorrus.—The meeting fixed to be held at Carlin How, on
July 6th, was attended by upwards of 15 members and friends,
but owing to the party going on to Loftus instead of Carlin
How, they missed the gentleman (Mr. Garbutt) who kindly
came to meet the party and give them the benefit of his
local knowledge with regard to route, etc.

On arrival at Loftus a section of the party went over a
portion of the route outlined on the programme, viz.: from
Loftus to Rockliffe and, the day being fine, they no doubt
had an enjoyable and instructive outing.

Several of our members and some friends journeyed to
Loftus by an earlier train and walked from there to Kilton
Woods, working the locality for Lepidoptera, but ulthough the
afternoon was fine and favourable, insects were not at all
plentiful, even common species, and no new species were
added to the list for this locality.

LraLHoim-GuaispaLE.—The sixth meeting of the season was
held at Lealholm, on Saturday, July 18th, the route being
from Lealholm to Glaisdale, over ground specially interesting
to all who have followed up the Cleveland Glacier Lake
system as described by Mr. Percy, F. Kendall, F.G.S., and
our President, the Rey. J. Hawell.

The weather being cold and threatening at Middlesbrough,
and coming after a very cold week, it no doubt deterred many
members from attending and it was perhaps surprising, under
the circumstances, that the attendance was so good, there
being 14 members and friends present; unfortunately the Rev.
J. Hawell was prevented from attending owing to clerical
duties in Bilsdale, and another of our members who was
well acquainted with the route and promised to attend, failed

77

to put in an appearance; this rather left us in a dilemma
as to the route, however, by the aid of maps in the possession of
Rey. J: C. Fowler and Mr. Simpson, and with assistance the
obtained from the “ natives’? we were able to trace out the
principal features as outlined in the programme; but owing
to the mist and drizzle it was not possible to obtain a fine
view of the district. Very little work was done by any of the
members owing to the miserable state of the weather. The
route seemed to be a very interesting one, and it would be
well to repeat the meeting at some future time, when it is
hoped that better furtune will await us both as regards
weather and guides.

Ineresy Greennow.—A party of 15 took part in the meeting
held at Ingleby Greenhow on Saturday, August 20th, when
the afternoon being fairly fine (although threatening as usual)
and having the advantage of our President, the Rev. J.
Hawell, as guide on ground with which he is naturally well
acquainted, the outing proved to be a successful one. The
route taken by the general party was along the Rosedale
Railway as far as the incline foot, from thence into
‘Midnight,’ and back across the fields to Ingleby Greenhow.
Some interesting plants were obtained by the Botanists, one
or two being, I understand, particularly noteworthy. Mr.
Hawell pointed out the various features of interest en route.
Botton Head, the highest point in the Cleveland Hills, was viewed,
but not ascended by any of the party to my knowledge.

Two or three of the members who were interested in
Entomology, went up to the moors near “Turkey Nab” and
worked the heath for one or two insects that it was expected
might occur there, but without success,.the afternoon being
very windy and cool—the evening being worse, if anything —
with the result that insect life was notable by its absence, a
not unusual occurrence this summer.

Yorxsuire Naturauists’ Union Meutincs.—Members of the
Club attended the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union meetings at
Walshford Bridge, Filey, Goathland, and Bowes.

The only meeting held in our district—viz., Goathland, on
June 27th—was attended by 7 of our members. The day
being exceptionally fine, they had a very enjoyable and
instructive outing, the Geologists being especially fortunate in
having Mr. Perey F. Kendall as guide on ground with which
he is very familiar and very widely known in connection with,
through his able work on ‘The Glacier Lakes of the Cleve-
land Hills.”

78

Winter Mertines.— Five meetings were fixed for the Winter
Session, four of which have already been held. ‘There has
been a good attendance of our members at all the meetings,
especially seeing that the weather on three out of the four
nights was of the worst description, we seeming to be
singularly unfortunate in this respect.

The first meeting was held in the Literary and Philosophical
Society’s Hall, on Saturday, November 7th, when a paper was
given by If. 7. W. Woodhead, F.L.S., entitled ‘ Natural
History of Water Plants.’”” The Lecture was open to Lit. and
Phil. members, and a fairly large audience attended (especially
so having regard to the state of the weather, the night being
very foggy and cold), our members being very well repre-
sented, members attending from Redcar, Saltburn, Stockton,
Middlesbrough, ete.

The Lecturer traced the history and development of water
plants from primitive forms, and gave very graphic descriptions
of the development of certain plants, illustrating their adapta-
tion to circumstances, their means of propagating their species,
etc., under often very adverse conditions.

The paper was illustrated by means of Lantern slides, some
of which were exceptionally fine.

The Lecture being one of the Y.N.U. series, the Lecturer
at the conclusion laid before our members and others the
desirability of supporting the Union by becoming members,
and thus further the aims and objects of the Union in
exploring and publishing the various fauna and flora of the
County. A vote of thanks was proposed by the President of
the Lit. and Phil. (Mr. F. H. Marshall), seconded by our
Vice-President (Mr. T. F. Ward), and carried unanimously.

On December 8rd the second Lecture was delivered by Mr.
Percy F. Kevdall, F.G.S. (ex-President Y.NU), his subject
being entitled, “ Hariy Man and his Relation to the Ice Age.”
There was a good attendance of our members, and the paper
proved to be a most instructive and interesting one. It was
well illustrated by means of a good series of slides. Mr.
Kendall traced the succession of races of man in the South
of England by means principaily of the flint and metal
instruments used in the chase, beginning with the iron and
bronze weapons and tracing backwards to the very rudest form
of flint arrow heads. He also treated on the course of events

a

79

during the Ice Age, the growth cf British Glaciers and their
Confluence with the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, Invasion of the
East Coast of England by the Ice Stream from the North
Sea, the Limits of the Ice, Paleolithic Man and the Associated
Animals, Occurrence of Remains in River Gravels and in Caves,
Geographical Distribution and Relations to the Glacial Deposits.

At the conclusion of the Lecture a vote of thanks was
proposed to the Lecturer by the President of the Literary and
Philosophical Society (Mr. F. H. Marshall), seconded by our
President (the Rev. J. Hawell), and carried with acclamation.

The Club are indebted to the Rev. J. Hawell in a “great
measure for inducing Mr. Kendall to come over and give us
this Lecture.

Yhe Third Winter Meeting was held on February 4th, 1904’
at the Lit. and Phil., when a miscroscopical exhibition was
given under the direction of Messrs. Hy. Simpson and
J. W. R. Punch. who had the assistance of Messrs. Percy
Hodges, A. E. Ward, and J. W. B. Wright.

Althongh the night was a very unpropitious one from a
weather point of view, it raining as usual, and was altogether
disagreeable, the attendance was much better than expected,
there being well on to 80 members and friends present,
members attending from Stockton, Eaglescliffe, Grangetown,
Redcar, Saltburn, and Middlesbrough.

Microscopes were kindly lent by H. Simpson, J. W. R. Punch,
J. Percy Hodges, J. W. B. Wright, A. i. Ward, T. F. Ward,
R. Howson, Middlesbrough High School, Thos. Brown, J. EH.
Stead, Stevens, and objects by Mr. Simpson, including a trout
fry and other living objects, and slides by many of the
members, including a set of bacteriological slides by Mr.
Hodges. Mr. 8. Lithgow kindly supplied the lamps used for
providing the requisite lighting to the microscopes.

A few members exhibited objects of interest, among them
being Mr. C. Milburn, who exhibited a Black Redstart that had
been taken at the Tees mouth recently, Mr. Simpson a Map
of the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire published in 1610,
with some very interesting notes as to the district at that
period, Rev. J. Haweil and Mr. Punch specimens of a new
fossil plant discovered near Marske by Mr. Hawell, and named
after him (by Mr. Seward) Lictyozomites Lawelli. Mr. Punch
also exhibited several other fossil plants, etc., from the same
secton as above. T. A. Lofthouse exhibited a case containing
representatives of most of the British Thorn Moths, ete.

80

An exhibit of ‘ Radium” by Mr. J. E. Stead, F.R.S., proved
of great interest to all present.

The next meeting was held in the Literary and Philosophical
Society’s Hall, on March 16th, from 7 to 9-80, when a very
fine series of slides was exhibited by I. R. Barnes, of
Harrogate (formerly Head Gardener at Saltburn Pleasure
Gardens, and well known to many of the members). The
meeting was well attended, there being upwards of 25 members
and friends present, and the meeting was one of the most
successful of its kind held by the Club. The slides, which
had all been prepared by Mr. Barnes himself, were exceedingly
fine. not only as illustrating fully the development of Mosses
and Ferns, but also to microscopists as examples of very skilful
workmanship. Mr. Barnes explained the various slides to those
present, and as we only saw a portion of his extensive series
of slides, I hope to arrange for a further exhibition by him at
some future winter meeting.

The best thanks of the Club are due to Mr. Barnes for
kindly coming over from Harrogate and providing material for
one of the most successful meetings held during the winter
session, ‘I'he Club were also indebted to Messrs. Simpson,
Punch, Hodges, and others for assistance in arranging the
slides, and also to the following for the loan of microscopes :—
Mrs. C. Hood and Messrs. J. E. Stead, J. J. Burton, Thos.
Brown, J. W. R. Punch, R. Barnes, J. W. B. Wright, J. Percy
Hodges, M. L. Thompson, T. F. Ward, and H. Simpson.

As hitherto, the Lectures have been given voluntarily, the
out-of-pocket expenses being paid by the Club, fees for lanterns,
and the expenses in connection with printing and postages.

I should be glad to hear from any member who would work
the Lantern for us, and save cost in this direction, which

might be devoted towards holding one or two more winter
meetings.

I should also be obliged to hear from members who are
willing to contribute papers or arrange meetings for the new
Winter Session as soon ‘as possible, as it would be a great
advantage to have the dates fixed at the beginning of the
season.

Commirtee Mertixnes.—During the year eight Committee
meetings have been held, with an average attendace of six.

81

We are again indebted to the Council of the Cleveland
Literary and Philosophical Society for permission to use their
rooms both for Winter Meetings and Committees.

Memeersuip.—The Club has a membership of 114, this being
about the same as last year. Twenty new members have been
elected, one of whom has since left the district. During the
year several members have resigned or left the district, two
have died, and some have had to be strnck off owing to non-
payment of subscriptions.

It will perhaps be interesting to know that we have members
at present in the following places :—Middlesbrough, EHagles-
cliffe, Nunthorpe, West Hartlepool, Redcar, Saltburn, Ingleby
Greenhow, North Ormesby, Ormesby, Great Ayton, Stockton,
Carlin How, Darlington, Stokesley, Whorlton, Marske, Nor-
manby, Guisborough, Boosbeck, and Grangetown.

The Rey. J. Hawell and one or two other of our members
have been the means of adding to our membership during the
year, and I am quite sure if all members had done what they
could in this direction that we would have had a very material
increase on last year, in place of being practicaliy the same.

The two members who have died during the past twelve
months were both prominent supporters.—Mr. R. G. Clayton,
who died suddenly in June last, was at the time a member of
your Committee and also Secretary of the Ornithological
Section. He was a keen Naturalist and an active worker for
the Society, being a frequent attender at the meetings, and
having contributed a good deal of material to the proceedings
during past years.

Mr. Angus Macpherson, who died in the early part of this
year, had been a member of the Society since its formation,
and served three years as President, viz.: in 1886, 1887 and
1894. He for many years was a regular attender at our
meetings, but latterly owing to stress of work he had only
attended very occasionally. The Club were frequently indebted
to him for papers at the Winter Meetings, the last occasion
being in December, 1902, when he gave a very interesting
paper on Rome. He was well known and greatly respected
by all, and both he and Mr. Clayton are members who will
be very much missed. Short obituary notices are included in
these Proceedings.

82

BoranicaL Survey.—Since our last Annual Meeting I have
received some copies of a paper on Botanical Survey for Local
Naturalists’ Societies, by Dr. Smith, of the Yorkshire College,
Leeds, to which I should like to call the attention of all inter-
ested in the plant life of the District, and I trust some of our
members will assist in this work which is being taken up by
members of other Societies in other parts of Yorkshire.
Quoting briefly from the paper, I may state that ‘‘the first
step in the case of starting a record is to select a place where
the vegetation is fairly uniform, for example, a wood, a portion
of a moor, or some swamp. The size of the area is of minor
importance, although there are many advantages in having it
as large as possible—say, at least an acre. The identification
of the place should be ensured by colouring it on a 6-inch
Ordnance Survey Map. For each Plant—Association dealt
with there should be a record book, suitable for carrying and
using out of doors.

Each worker may begin with one association and extend
his operations. This may be done either by recording associa-
tions quite distinct in character (¢.g., a moor, a wood, or a
marsh), or by comparing different areas with similar vegetation
(e.g., several oak woods).

The scheme aims at more than mere identification of plants,
it will train in observation on the social conditions of life in
plants. Common plants in time become familiar not only by
their flowers, but by their leaves and other organs, and the
winter ;eriod will furnish material for observations quite as
interesting as the summer. After an association has been
carefully studied, it would form a suitable topic for a paper
to the Society.’ I should be glad to supply any of our
members interested with copies of the Paper.

I have also received from the Secretary of the Durham
County Naturalists’ Union a Record Book for the use of Field
Clubs, which is intended for working districts according to
the Botanical Survey method, but they suggest not only
recording the plants of the particular area investigated, but
the geology and the whole of the Fauna.

I should be pleased to hand the Record Book with the in-
structions to any member or members who would be willing
to make a trial of it during the coming summer.

83

Lrsrary.—The following Works have been added to the
Society’s small Library during the year, Vol. II and Vol. III,
Part 1 of the Hull Society’s Proceeding, presented by the
Society; The County Naturalists’ Hecate oke presented by
the Durham County Naturalists’ Union; The Naturalist for
1908, and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Transactions,
Parts 24, 25, 28 and 29; Derwent Naturalists’ Field Club
Publication, Vol. II and IV.

Districts OF CLEveLAND.—At the last Annual Meeting I
suggested that it would be worth the consideration of the
Society as to whether it would not be advisable to divide the
Cleveland district into 4 or 5 divisions, and during the summer
months hold a meeting in each division, and that some
member should take one of the divisions and make all necessary
arrangements as to programme, route and guides, and personally
attend the meeting. This would enable more members to
take an active part in the work of the Society. Nothing
definite was decided as regards this, although the meetings
held last year were arranged so as to cover each portion of
Cleveland as far as possible.

Microscory.—With regard to the Microscopist Section, the
members of this Section, especially Messrs. Simpson and Punch,
have rendered great assistance at two of the meetings held
during the winter, and it has occurred to me, seeing the great
interest that has been taken in these meetings, whether it
would not be worth while this Section considering the
practicability of holding meetings in the winter months for
the purpose of furthering the study of Microscopy and
comparing and assisting one another as regards methods of
working, &c.

Puoro Survey.—I should be glad if some of our members would
take up the question of a Photographic Survey of the Cleveland
district, and by this means record all features of interest both
Physical, Geological and Archelogical. We have a number of
members who are Photographers, and if each contributed 3 or 4
Photographs a year, we would soon have a good number of
- Records for the Cleveland district. These should be placed in
an Album or albums, which would be placed in the Society’s
Library and be accessible to members. This is a most
important subject and is being taken up by many Societies in
other parts of the country; a Record of the Physical and
Geological features, of the remains of Archelogical interest,
and also Customs still lingering in out of the way country

84

places, is of the utmost importance in these times, when toy
are making such rapid strides and obliterating promin
features of interest so rapidly, they would be invaluabl
students and others in years to come; it is also valuab
regard to the River and Sea Coast, and would show in ful
years if any alteration had taken place through the d
dredging and reclamation works that take place in the river,
and by the ravages of sea and weather, and in regard to —
Archelogical objects by weather and also through human
agency. ie

os

The thanks of the Club are again due to Messrs. Punch, ~
Ward, Sachse and F’. Elgee for having had part of the notices
of meetings distributed, and by this means saving the Club a —
considerable sum in postage. I hope they will continue © 4
assist in this way and also that some more of our membe =
will volunteer assistance in this direction. We are also —
indebted to the Press for notices of our meetings printed from _
time to time, and also to the North Eastern Railway for the ~
special privileges granted to our members by them. “ee

In conclusion I have pleasure in acknowledging the g
assistance rendered me by my Co-secretary, Mr. Frank El
also by the President, the Rev. J. Hawell, and other mem
for assistance and help at various times, and I trust that 2
members of the Club will in future support and further the
interests of the Society by extending its membership, by con-
tributing matter for its proceedings, and by assisting in the
carrying out of the arrangements for Summer and Winter
Meetings. Ee

“

a
tk
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[15 JUN 29

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One Shilling.
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Two Shillings.
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CONTENTS.

PA
Notes relating to Ingleby Greenhow, etc. (Illustrated).

Rev. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S.

The River Tees: Its Marshes and their Fauna—

R. Lofthouse ...
The Ruff in the North of England—T. H: Nelson

Cleveland Lepidoptera in 1905—
T. A. Lofthouse, F.E.S.

Cleveland Coleoptera—
- M. Lawson “Thompson, F.E.§.

Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club—Secretary’s
Reports 5 A Sy Cn

Inuusrrations.—Ingleby Manor, 85; Ingleby Church, In- i
terior, 86; Ingleby Church, Exterior,
88; Ingleby, near Church, 90; Ingleby ~~

Vicarage, 92; Ingleby, 94;
Ingleby Manor, 98;
Turkey Nab, Ingleby, 100;

Nest, 122.

_ 187-140

he

85-105

106-121 |

121-194 ees
125-127

128-186

Ny

Avenue,

Bank Foot, with 2am

Reeve’s —

«PROCEEDINGS.

fe

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS

FIELD @ClbdB

1905-06.

VOL. II. PART II.
a Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

~ >

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1907.

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OFFICERS.

Os

President:
J. J. Burron.

Vice-Presidents :

TY. M. Fattow, M.A., F.S.A. J. M. Mrex, M.A.
Rey. J. Cowney Fowtrr, B.A., J. W. R. Ponca.
F.G.S. H. Simpson.
- Committee :
Mrs. C. Hoop. W. Sacuse.
W. H. THomas. M. L. Tnomeson, F.E.S.
P. H. Monk. G. B. WatsH, B.Sc.

Hon. Treasurer :
T. F. Warp, Park Road S., Middlesbrough.

Sectional Secretaries :
Archwology—l. M. Fattow, MA., F.S.A.
Botany—T. F. Warp.
Conchology—BAakER HUDSON.
Entomology—T. A. LorrHouse, ¥.E.S.

Geology—
Ornithology and Mammalogy—F. R. ArKinson.
Microscopy—H. Simps6n.
Hon. Secretary: :
T. A. Lorrxousr, 129 Albert Road, Middlesbrough.

Hon. Assistant Sec.:
Frank Enein.

Hon. Librarian:
Baker Hupson,

Past Presidents:

1881—Mr. W. Y. Veircu, M.RC.S. {| 1895—Rev. J. Hawen, M.A.
1882— Do. | 1896—- Do.

1883—Mr. J. S. Catvenrr. | 1897—Mr. J. M. MEEK.
1884—Mr. I. F. Warp. | (1898—Mr. W. H. ‘Homas.
1885— Do. 1899— Do.

1886 - Mr. Ancus MAcrHERSON. 1900 — Do.

1887-— Do 1901—Mr. I. F. Warp.
1888—Mr. J. M. Merk. 1902 — Do.

1889—Mr. W. Y. Verreon, M.R.C.S. 1903—Rev. J. Hawe tr, M.A.,
1890— Do. E.G.S.

1891—Rev. J. Hawec1, M.A. 1904. — Do.

1892—Mr. R, LorrHovse. 1905—Rey. J. CowLey Fowurr,
1893—Mr. T. D. Riviry. B.A., F.G.S.
1894—Mr. Ancus MaceHrerson 1906—H. Simpson,

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vo. acy eee
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nts vi

“YONVYN AGA IONI S con amnaee
uoresruwad fis, |

85

NOTES BY THE LATE REV. J. HAWELL, M.A., F.G.S.

Extracted from ‘‘ The Stokesley and Ingleby Greenhow
Magazine,’ 1887-1902.

_ Some time ago, a lady in Stokesley kindly lent me several
bound volumes of ‘‘ The Stokesley and Ingleby Greenhow Parish
Magazine,’ containing many contributions during a series of
years, beginning with 1887, from the versatile pen of the late
Rey. J. Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., Vicar of Ingleby.

We are now publishing the greater part of these little essays
in our ‘‘ Proceedings,’’ omitting some of the papers which related
to the Lake District, Buxton, etc.

In these writings we get a glimpse of the many-sided mind of
our late friend, whose death was such a loss to the Field Club
and to the neighbourhood generally.

We may say that nothing came amiss to Mr. Hawell in the
domain of Nature—animate or inanimate alike, and with his
years grew his enthusiasm.

We might imagine him saying, as Thomas Edward, the
Scotch Naturalist, said of himself: ‘‘Every living thing
“ that moves or lives, everything that grows, everything created or
“ formed by the hand or the will of the Omnipotent, has such a
“fascinating charm for me, and sends such a thrill of pleasure
“through my whole frame, that to describe my feelings is utterly
“impossible.”

As a paleontologist he shone most of all, and was an expert
at cataloguing—a thing requiring an immense knowledge of
genera aud species, the varieties in species being often so minute
and perplexing, even to the scientific mind.

The great facts of nature in which he revelled do but recall the
saying of Agassiz, that scientific systems are but translations
into human language of the thoughts of the Creator. And
so Mr. Hawell always felt in his labour of love, peopling the
vast geological ages with forms and organisms (once more almost
living to his active imagination). Botany also had a charm for

6

io 2)

him, and he was always ready for an antiquarian ramble or a
controversy about words and folklore. But, it must not be
imagined that he was any the less alert in regard to his duties as
a Parish Priest, which office he admirably fulfilled, and his study
of Nature and cast of mind made him a scientific theologian,
ready to discuss matters of abstruse and deep meaning in that
mysterious realm, which he did at times, with the usual force of
his character and powerful mental grip.

We trust the members of the Field Club will appreciate these
extracts, entombed as they are in such a humble literary
production as a Parish Magazine, from which we have rescued
them, so that they may again see the light, and add to the
enjoyment of many who did not read them before.

Whorlton Vicarage,
April 6, 1907. J. C. Fowner.

Jung, 1887. Tur Guactat Pertop.—Some time ago nearly 400
boulders, transported into our Parish during the Glacial Epoch,
were examined by the Vicar, and notes and measurements made—
more recently, specimens of the different kinds were forwarded
to Dr. Crosskey, of Birmingham, Secretary of the Boulder
Committee of the British Association. They have subsequently
been examined by Professor Bonney, and also by Mr. Clough,
F.G.8. The very valuable notes of these two distinguished
Geologists have been forwarded to us. Dr. Crosskey says—
‘‘The collection of specimens you kindly forwarded is very
interesting, and will throw important light on various problems
of Glacial Geology. The specimens show the action of ice
descending from the Cheviots and South of Scotland over your
district. Another stream of blocks has been evidently (from
your collection) brought down by the ice travelling on the Hast
side of the Lake district, and the glacial work done by it has to
be studied in relation to the Physical Geography of the district
generally. Could, or could not, the ice-work of your district
have been effected by glaciers filling the valleys, and pressing
downwards, carrying the debris from the upper regions from
which they started? This and many other kindred questions
will be helped to a decision by such collections as you have
sent.”

Avucust, 1887. List or Incumsents or IncLeBy GREENHOW. —
Circa 1180, Reiner—‘‘ R—. Persona de Englibi” (Whitby
Chartulary, 88). ‘‘ Reinerii Clerici Sui,” (W.C. 55). “ Reinero

[NOlLVNO1S3Y 3y0439]
(HOIN3LNI) AGATONI “HOYNHO S.MAYGNY ‘LS

*U0}204G “ML

(15 JUN 29
«&

87

Clerico”” (W.C. 52). The date of Charter 55 is certainly not
later than 1181; and the date of 52 certainly not earlier than 1143.
From 55, it would appear that Reiner had been ‘“‘ Persona’’ (that
is “‘Parson”’) when Ingleby Church was originally granted to
Whitby Abbey, Circa 1211—‘‘ Adam Capellano de Ingleby”
(Whitby Chart, 216). Circa 1300—* Vilks de Wrelton Capellan,”
(effigy in Ingleby Church), 1587—Henry Routre. 1590 (?)—
1606 (?). John Blackburne. 1626 (?)—1631 (?). George
Levingstonne. 1634 (?)—1680, William Boweston (elected as
Registrar in 1658, and continued as such during the period of
Cromwellian rule). 1680 (?)—1703 (?). Henry Mason. 1703—
1710 (?). George Spencer, 1710(?)—1719, Peter Moone.
1722 (?)—1758, Samuel Hassel. 1758—1784, William
Spedding. 1784—1795, William Pennyman Consett. 1795—
1846, John Dixon. 1847—1859, John Fletcher. 1860—1870,
Ralph Prowde. 1870—1880, Henry Toovey. 1880, John
Hawell.

SeptemBer, 1887.—In our list of Incumbents last month we
inadvertently omitted two. We hasten to rectify the omission
now. They are both mentioned in Archbishop Gray’s Register.
The first was Michael, who was Rector in 1287:—‘ Michael
Rectori Ecclesie de Lengeby”’. The other was Simon de Nevill,
who, in May, 1248, was instituted -‘to the Church of Langheby,
at the presentation of the abbat and convent of Wytteby.’’ The
spelling of Ingleby in these two cases is peculiar, and we had at
first some doubts as to whether our Parish was really meant.
But we now feel convinced that the inference that it is so, is
correct. It is unfortunate that the Torre M.5. gives no list of
Incumbents of Ingleby Greenhow, though one or two interesting
notices of the Parish occur.

Octosrer, 1887. Tue Torre M.S.—In the last number of the
Magazine, we mentioned that it was unfortunate that the Torre
M.S. gave no list of the Incumbents of Ingleby. Since then,
that portion of the M.S. which relates to our Parish, has been
printed in the Yorkshire Post. We were previously in possession
of this extract, which is as follows :—-“ There is a Church or
Chappell at Ingleby under Greenhow served by a stipendiary
curate—Testamentary burialls—25 Feb. A.D. 1505. Tho.
Ayscogh gent. of Ingleby Greenhawe made his Will (proved
) giving his soul to God Alm, St. Mary and All Saints’,
and his body to be buried in the Parish Ch. of Yngleby before
the Ymage of St. Mary in ye n. sideof the church. 29 Julii
A.D. 1507, Edw. Ayscought of Greenhow made his Will (proved

88

17 Aug., 1507) giving his soul utsupra, and his body to be buried
in ye Parish Kirk of Ingleby, near the buriall of his fader.”
The Askews appear to have been persons of some importance in
the Parish in the 16th Century. In 1542, William Askew
bequeathed £60 to the poor of the Parish, the interest of which
is still annually paid to them.

Novemser, 1887.—Mr. Hawell lectured to the Young Men’s .
Society at Ingleby Greenhow on “The Christian Names,
Surnames, and Place-Names of the Parish of Ingleby. He stated
that Ingleby and Battersby were derived from two Danes, Ingialldr
and Buthar. Greenhow from the natural ‘“‘houe,’”’ or small
round hill, near the centre of the township: Greenhow Bottom
from O.N. ‘‘ dotn, a bottom, or depth,” applied to the innermost
recesses of a sea, or a dale: Farnsides from ‘“ Fernes (A.8.) a
wilderness ’’: Blue Mells from Gael, “ maol,a hill.” He regretted
the unfortunate blunders in the names of places on the
Ordnance Survey maps, such as *‘ Tidy Brown Hill,”’ for ‘‘ Tarry
Brown Hill,” ‘“‘ Blue Bell Trough,” for ‘‘ Blue Mells.”” As these
maps are put forth by authority, it is practically impossible to
correct the mistakes, and interesting old names run great danger
of being lost. He defined Barker as meaning a “ tanner,” and
derived Hepburn from Hebburn-on-Tyne, Havelock from Dan.
‘* haf, sea and deck, sport, an appropriate name for one of a race
to whom the ocean “ was a delight’: Hogeart either from the
Dutch, meaning “ high-natured,” or from the English, meaning
Keeper of Hogs: Garbutt from ‘ gar, spear’”’ and ‘‘bod,”’ envoy:
Medd and Metcalfe from ‘‘ med, reverence’’: Alonzo from ‘‘ Aild
battle,” (the name of the holy abbess of Whitby, signifying
‘*battle-maid’’) and “ funs, vehemence,”’ its genealogy being
Hildefuns, Ildefonso, Illefonso, Alfonso, Alonzo.

On November 4th, same year, Mr. Hawell lectured to the
Young Men’s Society above-named, on ‘‘ The Earthworm, the
Friend of the Farmer.’’ He showed how worms excavate the
ground: drain the soil and make it fertile: manufacture
manure: carry it, and spread it: cover up stones, ete. :
that if it be rightly estimated (but, for us it is certainly an over
estimate) that 10 tons of earth are cast up by worms on each acre,
then the farmers of the parish of Ingleby had to thank the poor
despised worm for 70,000 tons of good manure every year. Some
interesting facts were told about their nature and habits, and
Mr. Hawell endeavoured to show that worms have played a most
important part in the world.

[('NOILV¥O1S3Y 3YO4Ra|
‘AGSTONI ‘HOYNHO S.MAYGNY “LS

"U07704g ‘mM ‘Cc

89

In January, 1888, a Lecture to the Young Men’s Society
was given by Mr. George Markham Tweddell, of Stokesley,
entitled ‘‘ A glance at the History of Ingleby.’’ The parochial
history was reviewed from the earliest times to the latest, and
some notice given of the families of Baliol, Eure, Meinill, D’Arcy,
and Foulis, all of which have been connected with the parish.
Mention was also made of the interest which the Abbeys of
Whitby and Hexham and the Knights Templar of Westerdale
once had in the parish. An extract given from the ‘‘ Black
Book’’ of Hexham was peculiarly interesting, as several of the
old place-names of the parish occurred in it.

June, 1890. Some curious Christian names. - A review of
“The Register Booke of Inglebye juxta Greenhow,’’ which
recently appeared in the Atheneum calls attention to some interest-
ing matters relating to the parish. Some notice of one or two of
these will perhaps not be unacceptable.

“From 1653 to 1659, Births, not Baptisms are "registered. “Tn
those years, England was a Commonwealth, and the opinions of
our lawgivers, combined with the legal advantages of such a
course, caused the passing of a statute, entitled—-‘ How
Marriages shall be solemnized and registered, and also a Register
of Births and Burials’”’ During these seven years eighty-eight
births are recorded. This was the precise time, if the novelist’s
view of history were correct, when we should find the largest
crop of those strange theological names which go by the
nickname —Puritan. It is, therefore not amiss to remark that
there is not one among them which can fairly bear that
character; Dinah, Esther. and Josias are the only ones which
can, without hesitation, be attributed to the influence of the Old
Testament. An examination of the remarkably good index with
which the volume is furnished, leads to a like conclusion. There
are, of course, a few names strange to our ears, the source of
which is certainly not Holy Scripture, such as Bethalina, 1797;
Heroina, 1684; Anastache, 1743; Pontia, 1664; Munday, 1544;
and Merrill, or Merroll, which seems to have been a by no means
uncommon name.” Bethalina occurs but once, and about the
name Bethalina Beagerie, there is a quaint euphony, which may
be parallelled by another name in the Register, viz.:—‘‘An Man.”
One would rather expect to find that the females bearing such
names were village characters. The form Bethalina is extremely
rare, but we take it to be one of the very numerous names for
which we are debtors to the name of Aaron’s wife Elisheba,
which signifies, ‘‘ God hath sworn.” Other forms are Elizabeth,
Eliza, Elspeth, Bessie, Betsy, Betty, Libby, Liza. Heroina, a

10

feminine of Hero, occurs as the name of a certain Heroina Foulis,
of whom we have never met with mention in any pedigree of that
family. Anastache is a name formed from the Greek word for the
Resurrection, and has a somewhat Puritan flavour. The
circumstances attending the occurrence of Pontia in the Register
are to our mind more than a little amusing. To a certain
Robert Ripplay there was born about mid-day on Jan. 10th,
1648, a daughter, who was baptized on Jan. 14th, by the name
of Bridgett. It was the parson’s custom at the time to enter all
the names in Latin, but he had a difficulty about the Latinization
of Bridgett—this ‘‘learned Theban,”’ as Sir Walter would have
called him, knew, however, that ‘‘pons’’ was the Latin for a
bridge, and was familiar with the Latin name Pontius in the
Creed. Bridgett, however, struck him as being a diminutive form
signifying apparently a dttle bridge. He, therefore, after writing
the name Bridgett, put as an alternative “‘Pontia vel Pontiola” in
the margin—the latter form being the Latin diminutive. Later
on in 1664, he boldly put Pontia in his list of entries, and relegated
Bridgett to the margin. Bridgett has, in reality, nothing in the
world to do with bridge, but is a good old Irish name, coming
from a Keltic root, signifying ‘‘strength.”” Munday Williamson
was very possibly born on a Monday. Merrill, or Merroll is a
corruption of Muriel, which is said to signify Myrrh. The
following is another Extract from the ‘‘ Review alluded to on
‘‘Nicknames.”’ ‘‘The Ingleby juxta Greenhow Registers don’t
furnish many nicknames—-one however, is curious. There was
in the Parish, a highly prolific race of the name of Ripley, one
branch of which for some generations went by the name of Ripley,
alias Midnight. Entries regarding these people occur between the
years 1669 and 1694. It would be interesting to know from what
deed of darkness they acquired their second name.’’ The Reviewer
has here fallen into the same mistake as a friend of ours, who,
on reading the announcement of a Meeting to be held in this
Parish, was much scandalised to observe that it was to be held
at midnight. The fact is, that it is simply the name of a farm-
house in the Parish—the appellation was probably given to it on
account of its sunless situation. We were indeed at one time
under the impression that for a while, in the depth of winter,
the sun did not shine upon it—and in fact Graves in his
excellent ‘‘ History of Cleveland,’’ indicates a place in Greenhow
Bottom, which he describes as being in this predicament. We
happened, however, to be calling at the house about mid-day on
the 21st of December last, and found the sun’s beams clearly
striking it. But in an estate book of the date of 1764, kindly

‘-HOYUNHOD AHL YVAN ‘AGSTONI

WOA0LT “AML

1.M
/EER
{ 15 JUN 29
47 UNS

a1

lent to us recently by the owner of the Ingleby Estate, we found
that at that date (nearly a century later than the entries relating
to Ripley, alias Midnight) the house was still standing on a site
yet easily recognisable in a position upon which the sun would
not shine in mid-winter. The nickname of Midnight appears to
have stuck pretty close for the time, and almost to have
superseded the original name, for in 1692 we have the entry of
the burial of Thomas Midnight. But we have no evidence that
the nickname survived in any degree to after generations, though
the Ripleys came down to quite recent times. There was,
apparently, at least one other Thomas Ripley living in the
Parish at the same time, and this made the employment of the
distinctive place-name of great utility. It is by no means
uncommon even now, in the neighbouring dales and in other
country districts in the North of England, especially in cases where
men with the same christian and surname live near each other, to
distinguish them by applying to each the name of his respective
dwelling-place. We remember a similar case where there were
two neighbouring hamlets named Middle Row and Far Row.
The common surname was seldom mentioned, and we knew the
owners of it as Middle Tommy and Far Tommy. We have here
interesting survivals of what was once a common practice, or
what a petrologist would term a “recurrence of phase.” If in
such cases as these there is confusion between two or three
persons in a district bearing the same christian and surname,
what must the confusion have been before surnames became
general? It was necessary to distinguish between the many
bearing the name of Robert or William or Henry. They could
distinguish so far by writing, as they often did ‘‘ Robert, the son
of Robert,” and still further, by writing ‘‘ Robert, the son of
Robert, the son of William, but carried further this mode of
nomenclature became clumsy. And therefore, in addition to the
patronymic surnames such as Robertson, Williamson and
Harrison, it became customary to make use of the place-name.
Thus, we get in the records of our Parish such names as Adam
de (that is ‘‘of’’) Ingleby, William de Stokesley, Nicholas de
Ayton. Later on, the de was dropped in most cases, and the
name became William Stokesley, etc. Ripley itself is a name
of the same kind, and amongst others in our Register will be
found the following:—Aldus, Appleby, Appleton, Barton,
Barwick, Bertley, Blenkarne, Bousfield, Bowes, Bradley,
Braithwaite, Bushby, Carington, Castle, Charleton, Chilton,
Clifton, Consett, Cornforth, Craven, Cowtas, Croston, Dale,
Denton, Dinsdell, Dinsley, Dousland, Douthwaite, Duffield,

92

Easby, Easton or Eston, Eden, Ellerby, Ewbank, Farnaby,
Featherstone, Fintres (elsewhere Ventriss, signifying “five
trees), Flankland, Flintoft, Flinton, Fotherley, Fullerby,
Galloway, Gatenby, Gill, Goulton, Grange, Greenside,
Hackworth, Harlesey, Harrop, Hepburn (commonly written
Hebbron), Heddon, Hill, Hornby, Howe, Hugill, Hutton,
Kearsley, Kildale, Kirby, Lauthorpe (¢.e.: Linthorpe), Lythe,
Maltby, Marwood, Middleton, Milburn, Mountain, Newton,
Sherwood, Skelton, Slingsby, Stockton, Thornaby, Trenholme,
Trousdale, Wellbury, Wilton, Yorke. This list might be
considerably extended, and there are few villages in the
neighbourhood, the names of which do not recur as surnames in
our Parish records.

From tore Cuoir Trip Recorp, Octoser, 1890.—‘‘ Much of the
district through which the route lay (to Rievaulx) was, in the
days of its prosperity, in the possession of Rievaulx Abbey. In
fact the ancient territory of this great Religious House was
entered before the limit of the Parish of Ingleby was reached.
We were reminded of this on coming to Hagg Yat, just at the
entrance of Bilsdale, for an old document still existing recounts
how Stephen de Meinill, Lord of the Manor of Greenhow,
granted to the Abbot and Monks certain lands in the neighbour-
hood of Haggesgata. Since those days the word “ gate” which
then signified a road has changed its meaning, and has come to
signify the wooden structure which obstructs the road. We here,
therefore, have an interesting survival of an old name, the
meaning of the word and its application having in this instance
correspondingly changed. In like manner, Chop Yat, which was
shortly afterwards reached, was probably originally ‘‘ Market
Road,’’ that is, either the road to the Market, or the road upon
which, or near which the actual buying and selling was done.

Novemper, 1890. An Anctunt Castite.—It has occurred
to us that the following note written for another purpose may
not be without interest to some of the readers of the Parish
Magazine. ‘‘The term ‘‘Castle’’ is a very grandiloquent one,
whereby we describe the subject of this note, but the subject
appears to be worth a note. Those who have visited this part
of Cleveland will be aware that the south-eastern slopes
of the hill upon which Captain Cook’s Monument stands, are
ornamented at about half their elevation by a belt due to the
superior hardness of the Margaritatus rocks as compared with
those immediately above and below. Below the belt the space is
occupied by the picturesque woods of Hasby and Kildale. Just

“ADVYVOIA HLIM ‘AGSTONI

“U0}0LT M £

93

above the belt the denuding forces have quarried back the shale
in such a way as to leave an extensive platform surmounting the
steep wooded slopes. Upon this platform stands the farm-house
of Burrow Greens, and along the verge of it on the Ordnance
Maps, the name “Castle Hills”’ is written. I have learned
that the name “Castle Hills’’ survives as that of two fields in
that position, and it was probably obtained by the officers of the
survey from some old field book or farmer’s agreement No
historian of Cleveland, so far as I am aware, has made any men-
tion of a Castle, or the indication of the former existence of a
castle at that place, and the latest of them—Dr. Atkinson—once
mentioned to me that he had never visited it The Ordnance
Survey Maps give no indication of an earth-work, as they usually
do where one exists.

Suspecting that something of interest might turn up I recently
paid a visit of exploration to the place, and soon discovered that
my suspicions had an excellent foundation. At the angle of the
platform I found a space railed round and occupied by trees of
fairly ancient growth, such as the beech, the oak, and the haw-
thorn. Here had evidently been the structure responsible for the
names of “ Castle Hills’ and “ Burrow Greens.”’ Around three
sides of the space indicated there runs a well preserved moat, the
fourth side being formed by the almost perpendicularly-falling
bank. The enclosure thus formed is approximately square, the
corners behind being, however, somewhat rounded. It is about
50 yards in diameter in each direction. Immediately within the
moat is an irregular raised ridge, highest about the corners away
from the cliff. The centre of the enclosed space is slightly de-
pressed, but ths enclosure as a whole is somewhat raised—partly
by natural and partly by human agency—above the level of the
field behind. No trace of the stonework survives at the surface.
The situation is, in some of its features, not altogether unlike
that of Knaresborough Castle, but is considerably more elevated
above the encircling stream. Anyone visiting the spot must be
struck with its commanding position, overlooking as it does, the
entrance to the dale which connects Whitby with the Cleveland
plain. I must leave it to others to deduce from the name, the
appearance, and the position, the probable date of this so-called
Castle.

Marcu, 1893. Tue Guass Wrinpow.—Mr., William Brown, of
Trenholme, sends us the following extract from an old will which
he lately met with :—‘ 19th April, 1526. Rob. Ascoo of Grenowe
of the par. of Yngleby in Cleveland. My body to be buried in

a4

Yngleby Churche, under the glasse wyndoo of the Southside of
the Churche. To the Churche warke and for my beriall yjs viijd.
To Yngleby Church ij torches.” Mr. Brown points out that this
was perhaps the only glass window in the Church at that date.
The manufacture of glass has of course long been known.
We have in our possession some bottles dating from the period
when the Romans were the masters of the country, or what after-
wards became such. Its use for Church-windows also was early.
About 675 Benedict Biscop, who was at the time erecting a
religious house at the mouth of the Wear, sent to Gaul for men to
make glass for the windows thereof. The historian tells us that
there had been no glass makers in this country previously.
Before they returned they taught the English the art of making
glass. It did not however become general in the windows of
country Churches till long after this.

May, 1893. Gop anp THe CxuRcH.—On page xii of the
Introduction to the Ingleby Parish Register, of which so many of
the subscribers to the magazine possess copies, there is printed
a Latin document, with the following English translation :—
‘«« Let all men know, present and future, that I, Stephen Hay,
have given and by this my present charter confirmed to God and
the Church of St. Andrew of Ingleby, one half acre of land in
Ingleby, namely on the outside at the north of my two oxgangs
in Aistangarthes, for the salvation of my soul and the souls of
my fathers and mothers and ancestors, for a free and pure and
perpetual alms :—To be held of me and my heirs, freely and
exempt from every secular service and exaction. And I and my
heirs will warrant the aforesaid alms to the aforesaid Church for
ever. These being witnesses R. ... Parson of Ingleby, Walter a
Chaplain, Henry a Deacon, Arnald a Deacon, William Lane:
and others. There we have an illustration of the way in which the
property of the Church of England was given to it. Stephen Hay
was on his death bed. He was the possessor of a virgate or yard-
land, the usual size of holding throughout England, consisting of
two oxgangs or bovates of land. The size of the oxgang varied much
on account of the nature of the land and because the big manor-
plough with its eight oxen could turn up a great deal more soil in
light land than in heavy. So there were bigger oxgangs on light
land. In Little Broughton where there must have been some strong
clay, there were some oxgangs of only eight acres, and in Great
Broughton, where there must have been light land, there were
some with as many as eighteen acres. The average size of the ox-
gang in England was about 15 acres, and it so happens that it was
of exactly this size in that part of the parish of Ingleby in which

“APS TONI

"U0}}01 “MM £

95

Mr. Hay’s land lay. Perhaps he had other land, but at any
rate he had a normal peasant holding of 30 acres in Aistangarthes,
a remarkable district partly in Ingleby and partly in Little
Broughton. The name survives in “ Hasty Garth,” a field name
on the farm occupied by Mr. John Seaton, and in some adjoining
field-names it has been further corrupted into ‘‘ Hayle Garths.”’
In memory of his pious ancestors, and in the hope, and with the
prayer that the gift may bring a blessing upon himself, he dedi-
cates to “God and the Church of St. Andrew of Ingleby” a
portion of his worldly possessions, to be their heritage for ever.
Carefully note that he does not leave it to the Church of England
as a corporation, for the Church of England is not a corporation
for property-holding. Hach incumbent is a ‘‘ Corporation Sole”
in whom is vested God’s property. So Stephen Hay leaves his
land to ‘‘ God, and the Church of St. Andrew of Ingleby,’ the
very identical Church of St. Andrew in which we worship every
Sunday (though some portions of it have been rebuilt since then)
which at that date, 740 years ago or a little more, had then been
newly built or re-built, for the services of that same identical
Church of England to which we ourselves are so truly proud to
belong.

Rainraty in 1896.—The fall of rain at the Vicarage during
1896, amounted to 32:93 inches. One inch is equal to about 100
tons per acre, so that the entire fall was equal to about 8,298 tons
per acre. And as the parish contains 7,002 acres the entire fall
upon the parish would be about 23 millions of tons, giving about
46,000 tons, or over 10 millions of gallons to each inhabitant.
And yet we are talking about a deficient water supply! In the
first six months the fall was exactly eight inches, or less than a
quarter of the whole. The average fall at the Vicarage for the
last 13 years has been 31-14 inches, so that in spite of the dryness
in the early part of the year the fall of 1896 has been more than
an inch above the average. In 1895 it was nearly the same,
namely 32°64 inches. We had last year 201 wet days, the average
number being 198. The monthly falls of rain were as follow :—

January ... 0°89 inches July ... 2°04 inches
February ... 047 ,, August ene A ee
March van ty eed Gn ee September ... 38°80 ,,
April Fu Orbe af October fas) an hao Ovens
May see UNO ee November ... 2.99 ,,
June Go, Oe Ore ae December ... 4°55

December, 1897. St. Cuapv.—As the parish of Ingleby joined
the old parish of Lastingham, which, (if our information be

96

correct), included the present parish of Bransdale-cum-Farndale,
a short account of this great Northumbrian Saint may not be
without interest. You will have noticed, no doubt, the name of
this Saint opposite the date of March 2nd, the day of his death,
in the Calendar in your prayer book or your almanack. Chad
lived about the middle of the seventh century, and was one of
four brothers, of whom the eldest was probably Cedd, and all of
whom became priests. They were no doubt born in the North,
but it is not known where. We first hear of Cedd in the year
653, when the son of Penda, King of Mercia, was converted to
Christianity, and married a Northumbrian princess. Cedd and
three other priests accompanied them into Mercia, which was
the Kingdom then including the central portions of England, and
up to that time was heathen. Their missionary work was very
successful, and large numbers were daily brought into the Church
of Christ through the waters of baptism, or as it is expressed
‘were daily washed in the foundation of faith.” After a -short
period of missionary work in Mercia, Cedd was sent to preach the
Word in the kingdom of the East Saxons—the men of Essex—
whose King had become a Christian. A little later he was made
Bishop of the East Saxons, being consecrated by Finan,
Bishop of Lindisfarne, assisted by two other Bishops. On one
occasion when Bishop Cedd had come to pay a visit to his
brothers in the north, Oswy, King of Northumbria—which
included Yorkshire—asked him to build a Monastery in his
kingdom “ to which the King himself might frequently resort, to
offer his prayers to the Lord, and hear the Word, and where he
might be buried when he died.’”’ He accordingly founded the
monastery of Lastingham. Here Cedd died and was buried after
he had appointed his brother Chad to succeed him in the Govern-
ment of the Monastery. Chad did not, however, long remain
Abbot of Lastingham, but was appointed Bishop of York. Just
at that time there was, as it were, two streams of Christianity
mingling in the North of England. There was the older stream
from Iona, and the newer one from Rome Wilfrid had been
appointed Bishop of York by the Rome party, and had gone to
Rome for consecration. When he returned, Chad who had been
appointed by the Iona party, was in possession of the see.
Wilfrid, like a good man and true, made no trouble about it, but
quietly retired to the monastery at Ripon. A little later that
grand man, ‘Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, came
down and tried to make out that Chad had not been properly
consecrated. Chad said, ‘‘ If you are persuaded that I have not
duly received episcopal ordination, I gladly resign the office, for

97

I never thought myself worthy of it, but, though unworthy in
obedience to authority, I yielded so as to undertake it.”” Theodore
was greatly touched by his humility, and exclaimed that he
should not resign the bishopric. But Chad insisted on doing so,
and retired again to the monastery of Lastingham. There we
will leave him for the present.

January, 1898. St. Chad— When Chad was recommended
for the Bishopric of York he was described as ‘+a holy man,
grave in character, well read in the Scriptures, and diligently
practising what he learnt therein.” For the three years during
which he held the Bishopric ‘he toiled humbly and quietly in
true Apostolic fashion, travelling about, generally on foot, and
preaching the Gospel in the towns and open country and the
villages, wherever an opening was found, whether it was in the
peasant’s cottage, or the great man’s castle.’’ Last month we
left Chad in retirement at Lastingham after he had resigned the
see of York. But he did not stay there long, for Archbishop
Theodore persuaded him to accept the Bishopric of Mercia.
Theodore found fault with him for walking so much, and com-
manded him to ride whenever he had a long journey to make,
‘and finding him very unwilling to omit, out of love to it, his
former pious labour, he himself, with his own hands, lifted him
on the horse; for he thought him a holy man, and therefore
obliged him to ride wherever he had to go.”

And so Chad went into Mercia, and fixed the seat of his rule
at Lichfield, where he died and was buried. Bede tells us that
for two years and a half he gloriously governed the church there.
He often used to retire to a monastery near the Church, where
he was wont to pray and read with seven or eight of the brethren,
as often as he had any spare time from the labour and ministry
of the Word—The legend of his death is very beautiful. One of
his pupils, we are told, was at work outside the little Church
where Chad was praying, when he suddenly heard the sound of
persons singing most sweetly and rejoicing, and appearing to
descend from heaven to earth.—The voices gradually drew near
to him, till they came to the Church where the bishop was, and

entering, filled the same, and all round about it—The good man
listened awhile, and after some thirty minutes heard the same
song of joy ascending, and returning to heaven by the way it
came, with inexpressible sweetness. Suddenly the bishop signed
to him, and bade him come with the seven brethren of the house
to the Church. ‘‘ When they were come, he first admonished
them to preserve the virtue of love and peace among themselves,

18

and towards all others; indefatigably to practice the rules of
regular discipline, which they had either been taught by him, or
seen him observe, or had noticed in the words or actions of former
fathers. Then he added, that the day of his death was at hand ;
for, said he, “that loving guest who was wont to visit our
brethren has vouchsafed to come to me also this day, and to call
me out of this world—Return, therefore, to the Church, and
speak to the brethren, that they in their prayers recommend my
departure to our Lord, and, that they be careful to provide
beforehand for their own, the hour whereof is uncertain, by
watching, prayer, and good works.’” When he had spoken thus
much, and they had gone away in much sorrow, he who had
heard the heavenly song returned alone and besought leave to
ask a question. ‘Ask what you will’ answered the bishop.
Then he said, ‘I entreat you to tell me what song of joy was
that which I heard of beings descending upon this oratory, and
some time after returning to heaven.”’ The bishop answered, “ if
you heard the singing, and knew of the coming of the heavenly
company, I] command you, in the name of our Lord, that you do
not tell the same to anyone before my death. They truly were
angelic spirits who came to call me to my heavenly reward,
which I have always loved and longed for; and they promised
that they would return seven days hence, and take me away
with them.” And seven days later the soul of the gentle Chad
passed away from earth.

May, 1898. A Lenten Hymn.—The following simple hymn,
written during a walk from Bilsdale to Ingleby, on Sunday,
January 30th, was sung in Ingleby Church, on Sunday, March
6th :—

1. I feel that I have erred and stray’d
And that my sins are sore,
And yet I feel that God is good,
And shutteth not the door.

2. Iseem to see with eye of faith,
Though dim and distant still,
A place reserved for me on high,
That none but I may fill.

3. Lord Jesu! grant me grace to pray
With earnest loving heart,
That I may gain that Blessed Home,
Thence never to depart;

4, That I may love God’s House on earth,
Still more His Home above ;
That I may reach His Dwelling-place
And give Him all my love.

Brotton.,

, INGLEBY MANOR.

AVENUE ENTRANCE

eS

{

15 JUN 29 |
NAT HISY

9

5. And may these holy days of Lent
Lead me to fix in faith
My thoughts on Him who rules the earth,
And doeth what He saith.

6. So when the World’s great Easter comes
And all the dead shall rise,
E’en I—though I have err’d and stray’d—
Shall reign beyond the skies.

[This touching hymn is the only one we have met with as showing
Mr. Hawell as a Hymn writer].

Aueust, 1898. Rainfall at Ingleby Greenhow.—The fall of
rain as registered at the Vicarage, for the first six months of the
present year has been as follows :

January ... ... 0°65 inches on 10 days
February ... cece PLOO! 8 aia 19).
March ... co cee eA 16
April sce te eeeLOm <5 15) ¥5
May = Ae ere aA ss
June Ree nae Ih 5 16555
ToraL vee 12°25 93

Marcu, 1900. Rainfall.—The following is the measurement
of the fall of rain as taken at the Vicarage during 1899 :—

January ... ... 3°38 inches on 20 days
February .. Bao ly ° V2.5
March ... Seely noe 55 16h ees
April Se po eee 3 PPB ie
May Se seid Olan Ass Si.
June Soc coe ae Seer
July 30 Rey ICED op ers,
August... ais ORE) Fe Th ane
September ... 3°40 5 1S)
October... w. 3'd4 53 LOWS:
November... Poon een Be 13t,;
December... cep bee Biee sue UN oe

ToraL .-- 31°08 inches on 169 days

100

Since 1884 the number of inches and the number of wet days
have been as follow :—
26-95 (2); 88-54 (207); 89°64 (204); 29°74 (185);
28:55 (193); 80°55 (185); 80-61 (194); 33-18 (191);
30-48 (189); 27-38 (165); 28°61 (205); 82-64 (196) ;
82-93 (201); 28:82 (196); 27-31 (170); 81-08 ((169).

From the above figures it appears that the average yearly fall
is 80°75 inches on 190 days. Last year, therefore, we had prac-
tically the average amount of rain, but the wet days were 21 few-
er than the average. The present year has been more wet than
1899 so far as it has gone. In January we had 3-56 inches on
23 days. The average rainfall in January for 17 years has been
2°42 inches on18 days. ‘The fall of rain at Ingleby Manor is usually
greater than at the Vicarage, while the fall at Easby is less. In
order to elucidate to some extent the law governing the fall of rain
in the neighbourhood we are endeavouring to establish a rain-gauge
in the vicinity of Botton Head, the highest point of Eastern
Yorkshire.

Aprit, 1900. Rainfall—In February we had a greater rain-
fall —of course including snow—than we have ever before had in
that month since our measurements began. The depth register-
ed at the Vicarage was 5-48 inches, which fell on 23 days. The
nearest approach to this was the fall of February 1893, when we
had 8:23 inches on 16 days, and only in two other years has it
exceeded two inches, namely 2°29 inches on 19 days in 1892,
and 2-17 inches on 12 days last year. In February 1891, we
had only 0-11 inches of rainfall on 6 days, this being the driest
month in 17 years. The average fall in February has been 1°78
inches on 14 days. Until this year the largest number of wet
days was 20 in 1889. Up to the end of February this year we
have had a fall of 9:04 inches on 46 days the average being 4:20
inches on 82 days. So that the fall of the first two months of
1900 has been more than double the average.

January, 1901. Water borings at Stokesley.—It has been
suggested that the results of certain operations in boring for
water should be placed on record in the pages of our magazine,
and by the kindness of Messrs Carrick, Wiggins, and Wetherill,
who have supplied the following information, we are able to give
certain facts which may be of more or less general interest, as
showing the results in different parts of the town. Mr. Carrick,
whose borings were considerably the deepest has unfortunately
met with disappointing results, having left off without finding
water.

“AVN ABSWYNL HLIM ‘LOOS ANVa

UOOLT “AL “¢

faN\. Mi~>

( 1 JUN 29 |

101

ig Mieeins & Son’s eta made in 1887.

2 ft. “A ss ‘- :{ Soil
1 ft. .:| Yellow clay
Water rises ; to within q ft of ‘| Sand and gravel, but not so much
the surface in the tube meals gravel as at old bore-hole
35 ft. ae ate .../'| Greatest supply of water here
2 ft. ‘| Bookleaf loam
2 2| Lower boulder clay, some parts contain-
i ing more stones than others. All
: the stones water-worn.
68 ft. 25 ar avs .../'| Small quantity of water about middle of
: clay bed
2 ft. are a neh ...|!| Red marl, very dry. No sign of water
: here
110 ft. ... 255 ss ..|:} Left off boring.

The Auction Mart Co’s. yale at the New Inn, made in 1899:—
Light spring at 8 ft. Crparent:

ly much contaminated .|:| Blue sandy loam
31 ft. a ka ar --.|:| Blue Clay, mixed with small stones
56 ft. :
Light spring 1 ft. ... ..-|:| Sandy bed
z| Blue clay
64 ft. =
Light spring ... a: --.|-| Gravel bed [Analysis]
110 ft. ... =e osc || Hard blue clay, mixed with small stones
‘| Red marl stone, or red shale
A powerful* spring 140 ft. ../:| [Analysis]

*This spring rises in the pipe to 8 ft. above surface level, and
has continued running from a tap night and day since November
16, 1899, on which date it was found.

ecalyst s Report on Water obtained at a depth of 64 feet :—

Boroveu Haut, Stockton-on-TExs,
July 31st 1899.

I hereby certify that the following are the results of an analy-
sis of the sample of water received on the 26th instant, from Mr.
G. W. Weatherill, High Street, Stokesley :—

Gains per Gallon

Description of sample eed Sec ... from spring (64 ft).
Drawn we ae ... on the 26th instant
Appearance it in 2 ft tube ... .. Pale straw and milky
Smell when heated to 100 degrees | es ee
Chlorine in Chlorides ee & me waa Seo SUHETD
Phosphoric acid in phosphates ... Trace
Nitrogen in Nitrates and Nitrites... ... Slight trace

_ Ammonia... — “or te dee a re “04760
Albuminoid Ammonia is ave eas ‘00700
Total solid matter dried at 212 degrees F. . 233°24

Microscopical examination of deposit ... Mineral matter, ete.

102

This water is not suitable for drinking purposes or domestic
use. It is a very hard water, and is polluted with organic
matter.

As witness my hand this 81st day of July, 1899.
(Signed), A. C. WILSON, F.C.S.

Analyst’s Report on Water obtained at a depth of 140 ft.—

BoroveH Hat, Strocxron-on-TrEs,
February 2nd, 1900.

I hereby certify that the following are the results of an
analysis of the sample of water received on the 31st ulto. from
Mr. G. W. Weatherill, Stokesley :—

Grains per Gallon
Description of sample feo ee .... Spring water :
Drawn cee oS ot or ... from well (140)
Appearance in two-foot tube ec ... Clear, pale straw

(almost colourless)

Smell when heated to 100 degrees F. ... Very slightly earthy
Chlorine in Chlorides ve a ec 10°52
Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates ... ... Very slight trace
Nitrogen in Nitrates and Nitrites ... ... Very slight trace
Ammonia... bce eae sce em cee sae eae 0016
Albuminoid Ammonia __.... <a ee we ie eS “0007
Total solid matter dried at 212 degrees F. er es 2) 2oerae
Microscopical examination of deposit ... Satisfactory

This water is remarkably free from organic pollution, but is
heavily charged with soluble salts, and will be found extremely
hard.

As witness my hand this 2nd day of February, 1900.
(Signed), A. C. WILSON, F.R.S.E.

Mr. Carrick’s boring, 1900 :—

63 ft. ee ae ee tC ...|;| Sand with thin beds of clay
4 ft. 55 fice 06 ...[;| Clay and boulder-stones
124 ft. 3 Red marl, dry and hard

19D tt. <:. aes at --|'| Left off boring

103

Marca, 1901- Rainfall in 1900.—The following is the
monthly record of rainfall during 1900, as measured at the
Vicarage : —

January ... .. 8°56 inches on 23 days
February ... Bone eR 23 =,
March ... e934 ee Oe
April a oop ABA - 5 23 LE Las
May ee fas) | L3o sf 1S ee
June one tee toeaeel te 20
July = nap le Gaae as Gin
August... coat LU See TOR.
September ... 0°82 _ eee
October ... Seon (ugibh = is ae
November... sas PAO a5 24 ys
December... ea I ay 1 Sa
Toran oe) OBL O02= 5 220

The average rainfall for the 16 previous years has been 30°75
inches. The fall last year was 7+ inches above this and brought
up the average for 17 years to 31:18 inches. Only in one year
has last year’s total been exceeded, namely, in 1886, when the
measurement was 39°64 inches on 204 days. In no other year has
i exceeded 33:54 inches. The lightest fall recorded was 26:95
inches in 1894. Until last year the number of days on which at
least one hundredth of an inch of rain fell had never exceeded
207. The average number of wet days for 16 years has been
192. But though the year was one of excessive wet, it was
apparently by no means unhealthy. It seemed to us that there
was less sickness than usual prevalent, while the only two per-
sons who died in the parish during the year were each over 80.

Fesrvuary, 1902. Rainfall in 1901.—It was mentioned in
the March number of the Magazine for last year that the average
annual fall of rain as measured at the Vicarage for 17 years up
to and including the year 1900 was 31:18 inches. At the end of
‘October last we had only had 21:45 inches of rain, or about
two thirds of the average annual fall. ‘There was 9-78 inches to
make up, and only two months to do it in. But in November
we had some drenching rains, especially on the 12th when 2-35
inches fell. And the fall in December was greater still, including

104

1:16 inch on the 12th. So by a remarkable coincidence the
year’s rainfall was brought exactly up to the average. The
average remains, therefore, precisely as before. - Appended is the
monthly fall during 1901, together with the number of wet days
in each month :—

January ... ... 1:78 inches on 17 days
February ... sy . 2599 is tee
March. ... fe Oe Ba 24 ,,
April ee ses Wha 35 Lo ye
May ne pee See 10:3;
June 2c wae 206 g3 1S oes
July SE tee ARDS” oa Lae
August... ea BT 5 1B Thee
September oo OLOO NM tgs 1B,
October ... S. 92700 Ee 18...
November... ... 484 ,, rb flat
December... Rete 33 20;
31°18 202

The average number of wet days in the previous 16 years was
192.

Apri, 1902. An Old Inscription——On a stone placed over
the door of an old building near Battersby Hall is an inscription
which is meant to read as follows: “ Anno Domini 1670—R.W.
—R.H.” We take it that most of our readers are familiar with
our Ingleby Register and Parochial Monograph, and are conse-
quently aware that at the close of the 16th and in the early
portion of the 17th Century Battersby Hall was occupied by a
branch of the Ridley family, connections of Dr. Ridley, burnt at
the stake in 1555, and of the present Lord Ridley. A Pedigree
of this branch will be found on page xtvm of the Monograph.
This branch apparently became extinct in the male line in 1689.
In the above-named inscription the ‘“‘ R W.” probably represents
Robert Ward who married Anne Ridley, May 4th, 1640. This
Anne was probably a daughter and not improbably heiress, of
Nicholas Ridley of Battersby Hall, who was buried at Ingleby
as an “ Octogenarius,”’ June 29th, 1639. ‘The only son of whom
we find mention in the Ingleby Register is William, baptised in
1595, and buried June 9th, 1639. A Robert Warde, son of
Richard Warde, was baptised in 1595. Anne, wife of Robert Ward

105

of Battersbie, was buried in 1675. Then in 1677, Robert
Ward (not improbably the same) married Mary Marwood. In
1680, Robert Ward de Battersbie, was buried. In 1684, Mary
Ward, widow, married Geo. Cooper. In 1699, Mary, wife of
Geo. Cooper, died at Battersby.

Lecture at Hassy.—On Wednesday evening, March 5th, at
the conclusion of the Lenten Service in the Church, the congre-
gation adjourned to the carriage-house of the Hall, where they
were joined by several friends, : and a lecture illustrated by lime
light views was given by the Rev. J. Hawell. -Referring to the
service they had just left the lecturer said there was no incon-
gruity between the successive addresses. The great green book
of Nature was but a companion volume of the old brown Book
which they had just closed. The Bible stated that God made
the world “in the beginning.’ It neither told us when that
beginning was, nor how the world was made. These things it
remained for the geologist to ascertain by investigation. Glanc-
ing at the birth of the moon during the earth’s liquid youth, and
pointing out the reasons for its airless condition and rugged face,
he expressed the opinion that it was probably not very long after
the moon’s birth that the earth began to get its solid crust, and
the hills and valleys, and the solid material out of which add hills
and valleys should subsequently be formed, began to be. On-
wards and downwards from that time—some fifty millions of
years ago—he briefly sketched the earth’s history, shewing how
hypogene forces are ever tending to elevate portions of the earth’s
surface above ocean level, and how immediately thereupon
epigene forces set to work to reduce them to ocean level again.
He showed by means of diagrams thrown on the screen how
some of the original rivers of the Cleveland area had once flowed,
and traced the successive changes up to the time of the great ice
age.

The blocks illustrating this paper have been kindly lent by
Mr. J. W. Brotton, of Battersby.

106

THE RIVER TEES:
(TS MARSHES AND THEIR FAUNA.*

BY THE LATE R. LOFTHOUSE.

Tue River Tees (Teyse, Tesi, Teisa, Tesa, Teise, These, Teysa—
of old records) separates the counties of York and Durham. At
the mouth of the river there is a vast extent of mud-flats (or, as
they are locally called, slems), some thousands of acres in extent.
These mud-flats or ‘slems’ used to be bordered by marshes more
or less all the way to Stockton, a distance of about ten or twelve
miles, and in former times were resorted to by vast numbers of
wild fowl. The marshes on the south side of the river, and a
good deal of the fore-shore from Stockton to Eston, have been
for the most part re-claimed and filled with slag, and are now
occupied by ironworks, wharves, and ship-building yards; and
of late years ironworks have been established on the Coatham
Marsh opposite to the extreme mouth of the river, on the site of
a rabbit warren, and close to a wild duck decoy, which existed
there down to the years 1870-2. On the north side of the river
one or two ironworks have been established at Port Clarence,
opposite to Middlesbrough, a distance of seven or eight miles
from the sea: that of Messrs. Bell Brothers is the principal, and
one of the oldest in the district. To the east of Port Clarence,
the north side of the river is still open and unoccupied, and the
Saltholm Marsh remains in much the same state as in former
times, but extensive reclamation works are being carried out
on the shore opposite by the Tees Conservancy Commissioners,
who have reclaimed or have in course of reclamation over 2.500
acres of land, their operations being confined to the area
principally of the foreshore on both sides of the estuary,
comprised between high water at spring tides and high water at
neaps, and who have constructed over a dozen miles of
reclamation-embankments, principally of slag. The mud-flats
at the mouth of the river are succeeded by a sandy beach, on the
one side reaching from Seaton Snook to Hartlepool, and on the
other by perhaps one of the finest stretches of sand in Great
Britain, extending from Tod Point to Saltburn, a distance of
seven or eight miles, and firm enough for horses and vehicular

*This Paper was contributed to the ‘‘ Naturalist”’ in 1887.
The notes referring to Seals on the Tees have been omitted For
paper on Seals in the Tees, see C.N.F. Proc. vol. 1, pp. 87-99.

+See vol. 1, pp. 100-105, for description of this decoy.

~~»

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ah).

107

traffic. These sands are thus referred to in the Cottonian MS.,
as quoted in Graves’s ‘ History of Cleveland,’ p. 399:—‘ From the
passage of the sands, by Reason of the Fyrmenesse and Smooth-
nesse frequented by such as delight in Swifte Horses, you next
come to Redcarre, a poor fysher Towne.’ The Tees Conservancy
Commissioners have erected a magnificent breakwater at Tod
Point, on the south side of the river, and are now erecting
another on the north side. This, when complete, will leave the
entrance to the river about 700 yards wide. From this break-
water to Middlesbrough there is an area of between 5,000 and
6,000 acres, between the high-water embankments of the Tees
Commissioners, which is covered at high tide only, except the
channel; the greatest extent of mud-flat is on the north side,
and is called Seal Sand; that on the south side is called Bran
Sand. Geologically, the basin of the Tees may be said to consist
principally of Boulder Clay, with detached patches of an estuarine
deposit of sand and gravel in places—the old part of the town of
Middlesbrough being built on one of these. Under the Boulder
Clay is found the New Red Sandstone; and below this again, at
depths varying from 1,000 feet to 1,500 feet, has been found a
bed of rock salt, about 100 feet in thickness, and underlying the
town of Middlesbrough and adjacent district. It will probably
be found to form a kind of basin, and to cover no very extensive
area; yet, taking into consideration its great thickness and its
quality, it may reasonably be expected to give a great impetus to
the town and trade of Middlesbrough and district, with the
development of the chemical trades connected with it. Itis now
being pumped up in the form of soluble brine in one or two
places on the north side of the river, and has been reached at
boreholes on the south side of the river at Middlesbrough and
Eston. The method of raising the salt is thus described in a
paper on ‘The Iron Trade of Cleveland and the Industries of
Middlesbrough,’ by Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, Bart., published in
a handbook of Middlesbrough and district :—‘ A tube, 16 inches
diameter, is carried from the surface to the bottom of the bed of
salt—the portion which traverses the salt being pierced with
holes. Inside this a second tube is placed, open at the lower
end. Water is run down the annulus formed by these two tubes,
and, becoming saturated with salt, rises in the internal tube
until it is balanced by the outer column of fresh water. The
proportional weight of fresh water and brine is as 1,000 is to
1,200, so that the inner column stands considerably below the
outer. A pump is placed at the top of the inner column, and by
this means the brine is raised to the surface.’

108

It would appear that the manufacture of salt is an old industry
on the Tees, though operations appear to have been confined to
the surface in former times. Brewster thus refers to it in his
‘History of Stockton’:—‘Near the mouth of the Tees, on
Seaton and Greatham Marshes, anciently were very considerable
salt works. Traces of these works are still to be seen, and have
the appearance of breastworks and fortifications. By an
inquisition post mortem (an° 36, Hatfield, 1380), it appears that
Robert, son of Marm. de Lumley, Knight, died seized of 25s.
rent and one quart of salt issuing out of three messuages and one
saltwork in the tenure of John de Carrowe in Seaton. And by
another inquisition of the same kind (an° 15, Langley, 1421),
that Arnisia, the widow of Thomas de Elmedon, died seized of a
quarter part of the manor of Seaton, consisting, among other
things of a saltwork value 2s., another saltwork, and a fourth
part of a saltwork, and the passage of the river Teese. The
farms in the parish of Greatham, bordering upon the marshes,
holden by leases under the Master and Brethren of the Hospital
of God in Greatham, are covenanted to pay a stipulated number of
bushels of salt as an acknowledgement to the hospital, which, of
course, are now commuted for a money payment.’ In Burton’s
Mon. Ebor. it is stated that the canons of Guisborough possessed
considerable saltworks here: and in the Cott. MS. before quoted,

is the following reference to salt and other minerals :—< As the.

Tyde comes in, yt bringethe a small wash Sea-cole, which is
imployed to the makinge of Salte, and the fuell of the poore
fisher Townes adjoininge: the oylie sulphurousness beinge mixed
with the salte of the sea as yt floweth, and consequently hard to
take fyre, or to keep in long without quenchinge, they have a
meanes, by making small vaults to passe under the hearthes,
into which, by fore-setting the wynde with a board they
force yt to enter, and so to serve instede of a pair of bellows,
which they call in a proper word of art, a blowcole. The shells,
sand, and sea-rock serve instead of marle to enrich the land,
which is fruitfull of itself, but much bettered by the neighbour-
hood of the Sea, making the good husbands of the lowe towns
fatt in purse and merry in the hearte. Within the sea-marke on
oone syde lyeth a rock of excellent plaister, cankered by the salte
water; but if it werr searched from sande, yt is probably that it
would prove pure alabaster.’

On the north side of the river at Canoe Point, near to Greatham
Fleet, are a series of low shelving banks or cliffs of sand and
gravel, four or five feet high, grassed over on the top; the face

we Tee

— LTT . 2S oe ee ee

109

of these reveal a large mixture of shells. chiefly cockles, mussels,
and whelks, at a depth of about 18 inches from the the surface,
which would almost suggest that the river had at some remote
time emptied at a higher level, and covered much of the adjoining
marshes and Jand which is now under cultivation; or perhaps,
more properly speaking, that the beach had been raised. In the
vicinity of the river, near Middlesbrough, are found patches of
peat, in which occur large quantities of timber, in most cases
hard and sound, and with the bark still on. In digging for
drainage and foundation works, the stems of trees have frequently
to be sawn through at each side of the cutting; in this peat have
also been found deer’s horns in perfect condition. ‘lhe dredges
of the Tees Conservancy Commissioners have at various times
brought to the surface semi-fossil remains. In the Albert Park
at Middlesbrough is a gigantic tree, dredged from the bed of the
river some years ago, and said to be oak; it is perfectly sound and
hard—indeed, sound enough to be made into furniture. I have
also seen a fairly perfect skull of an animal of the genus Bos:
(probably Bos primigenius), which measured 2 ft. 4 in. across the
horns—which were, however, imperfect— 8 in. across the skull
just below the horns, 103 in. at the eyes, and 1 ft. 9 in. in
height, though imperfect. I have also seen part of a very large
skull, probably a Mastodon, and a single vertebra (of some
animal) fully a foot in diameter. and two very large and perfect
deer’s horns, besides many other bones; these are all in private
hands, and have not been examined by any expert, so far as I
am aware.

. Turning to the fauna of the Tees, if we look over the Ordnance
and other maps,.we find many names suggestive of the same,
some. of animals long since extinct. We have Seal Sand in the
river estuary, and Seal Goit on the coast beyond Saltburn,
Wolviston and Wolviston Grange on the north side of the river,
and, as might be expected, Cowpen in the same neighbourhood ;
then we have Hartburn, near Stockton, and Hart and Hartlepool
on the adjoining coast, and, of less significance, Hunter Hall and
Cat Coat; ‘and on the south side, Warrenby at the mouth
of the river, Eaglescliffe near Yarm, and probably Ayresome near
Newport, North Ilern near Hartlepool, and Dabholm Beck
adjoining Coatham Marshes.

Porpoises (Phocena communis) are abundant in the sea at the
mouth of the river, and frequently enter and are sometimes
captured in the river. One was seen in the river at Newport,

110

near Stockton, quite recently; efforts were made to capture it,
but without success. They are generally mentioned together
with Seals in old records; and Porcus Marinus appears to have
been a favourite dish with the old monks and the aristocracy, as
appears from numerous entries in the ‘Durham Household Book’
before mentioned, and from their frequent mention in bills of
fare of famous feasts. Otters (Zutra vulgaris) are found in the
higher reaches of the Tees, but not often at the estuary. Some
years ago one was caught at the Middlesbrough Docks, and I
have heard. of another caught near Stockton Racecourse.
Brewster, in his ‘ History of Stockton’ before referred to, states
that the Otter is rare, but occasionally caught in the Tees. Two
were seen on the rocks at Winston Bridge, about the end of April,
1883. The Water Rat (Arvicola amphibia) is common in all the
tidal ‘stells’ which run into the Tees. The-common or Norway
Rat (Jus decumanus) swarms in all the reclamation embankments
constructed by the Tees Commissioners, particularly those
constructed of slag, and make short work of any wounded birds
taking refuge there. The old English or Black Rat (Mus rattus)
still lingers in: some old warehouses at Stockton, and, I believe,
in an old building at Middlesbrough,* and probably at Yarm

also Three fine specimens in Newcastle Museum were procured

at Stockton, in 1868; they are jet black, and finer and larger
than other specimens in the same museum from the south of
England. Hares (Zepus timidus) have a peculiar partiality
for the reclaimed land on the Tees’ banks; at one place where
the game is preserved they are very numerous. In the Saltholm
and adjoining marshes several Kestrels (Fulco tinnunculus) may
often be noticed at the same time, hovering over the rough grass,
on the look-out for Mice and Shrews, which there abound,
particularly the Long-tailed Field Mouse (Mus Sylvaticus), the
Field Vole (Arvicola agrestis), and the Common. Shrew (Sorex
tetragonurus). Notwithstanding the aversion which the carnivora
are supposed to have for the last, I once shot a Weasel (Jlustela
vulgaris) which was carrying one in its mouth, but on picking the
Shrew up I found it impossible to discern any wound on it what-
ever We have also in'the neighbourhood, I believe,*two Water

Shrews, S. fodiens and S. remifer Macg. I have myself caught:

the latter with eight young. In the drier part of the marshes
and the adjoining land, Moles (Zalpa europea) are common,
cream-coloured individuals being occasionally met with.

*See C.N.F. Club Proceedings, Vol. II., p. 42.

111

The sands and mud-flats of the Tees estuary and the adjoining
marshes have always been the resort of vast numbers of wild
fowl, and many very rare birds have at various times been
procured here ; their numbers have, however, greatly decreased
of late years, owing to the increase of shipping and boating on
the river, the reclamation works, and the yearly increasing
number of shooters, who take advantage of the reclamation
embankments which have been made to intersect the mud.flats,
or, as they are locally called, ‘slems.’ As these banks are formed
of slag from the ironworks, small huts are easily formed in them,
where a shooter can sit completely concealed, and wait the rising
of the tide, when the Waders are compelled to leave and seek
refuge in the adjoining marshes, and, of course, have to cross
the banks; at times great numbers are thus shot, both of Waders
and Ducks. At various places on the mud-flats may be observed
the tops of casks, protruding out of the mud eight or nine inches.
These have been put down by wild-fowlers to conceal themselves
in (before the slag banks were built). They had to be approached
on mud-pattens, or flat pieces of wood fixed to the boots, to
prevent sinking into the mud. The casks had to be baled out
every time they were used, not a very pleasant proceeding on a
frosty day in winter; nor would they form a very comfortable
waiting place when they were baled out. Curious experiences
are related by some old wild-fowlers, who in former years were
in the habit of using these casks. I have heard of one man who,
after baling out his cask, was in the act of lowering himself into
it when he accidently caught the trigger of his gun with his foot,
and had his hand shattered. The wild-fowlers frequenting
the Tees at the present time are chiefly working men from
Middlesbrough, and the guns they carry are a study in them-
selves, every conceivable kind of weapon being brought into
requisition, from the modern breech-loader to adaptations of the
flint and steel guns of our forefathers; the greater number are
single muzzle-loaders. Some have old duck guns, such as were
formeriy used in the fen districts, fully six feet long over the
stock, and almost as heavy asa punt gun. Some of these guns
will kill at very long distances. One man I have met carries a

-double-barrelled ‘Joe Manton,’ which has been a very expensive
gun in its day, and formerly belonged to Wynyard. Punt guns
are also still used on the river, and, I understand, were much
more frequently so formerly. when the river was periodically
visited by wild-fowlers from Lincolnshire and other places, who
usually took up their quarters on the river for some time.

112

In the Coatham marshes, on the south side of the river, there
existed down to the years 1870-72 a Wild Duck decoy, in which
used to be taken the Mallard (Anas boschas), Sheldrake ( Zadorna
vulpanser’, Widgeon (Mareca penelope), Pintail ( Dafila acuta),
Shoveller (Spatula clypeata), and Pochard (Fuligula ferina),- and
occasionally the Scaup Duck ( Fuligula marila). On the 17th of
March, 1850, a Ferruginous Duck ( Nyroca ferruginea), was taken.
Very little indication of this decoy now remains, the establishment
of the ironworks in the neighbourhood would soon scare the birds
away. That most beautiful of our native ducks, the Sheldrake
(Zadorna vulpanser), used to breed in some numbers on the
sandhills at both sides of the estuary, and does yet in limited
numbers.’ I lave frequently seen old birds in the breeding
season; and the birds shot early in the autumn are chiefly young.
In‘ 1880 a pair nested in a metal pipe that goes under a slag-bank
at Tod Point. In 1883 a pair nested in a slag-bank at the north
side of the river. The young birds were caught by some navvies
who were working there, and, I am afraid, destroyed. I have
heard of several other nests being found within these last few
years, but I am afraid in most cases the eggs have been taken.
There is-an accession of numbers in winter, when flocks of from
three or four to a dozen or more are not unfrequently met with.
The Mallard (Anas boschas) is sometimes met with in large
numbers in the autumn and winter months, flocks of one hundred
or more being not unfrequently seen. A few years ago a number
were washed ashore dead at Tod Point after a severe gale. The
other ducks most commonly met with are the Widgeon (JMJareca
penelope) and Teal (Querquedula crecea). The Mallard and Teal
breed here in the marshes, and it is possible that the Garganey
Teal (Querquedula cireia) way occasionally. I have known an
old and a young bird to be shot together in August. Others of the
duck tribe frequently met with are the Goldeneye (Clangula
glaucion), Shoveller (Spatula clypeata), Pintail (Dafila acuta),
Pochard (Fuligula ferina), Scaup Duck (F. marila), Tufted Duck
(F. cristata), and occasionally the Long-tailed Duck (Harelda
glacialis) and the Common Scoter (@demia nigra), in considerable
numbers at times in the autumn and winter months. The Hider
Duck (Somateria mollissima) has been met with a few times in the
Tees. The Goosander (Mergus merganser) has frequently been
met with; one was shot in the winter of 1888. The Dabchick
or Little Grebe (Zuchybaptes fluviatilis) is a winter resident. The
Sclavonian or Dusky Grebe (Podiceps auritus) and the Eared
Grebe (P. nigricollis) have also been met with.

es ee eee

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»

ae ie bee

113

It appears that two centuries ago the sands and marshes by
the Tees estuary were remarkable for the number of birds which
nested there, as the following quotation from the Cott. MS.,
copied from Graves’s ‘ History of Cleveland’ will show :—‘ Neere
unto Dobham, The Porte of the mouth of the Teese [now called
Cargo-fleet, or, more properly, the Cleveland Port| the shore
lyes flatt, where a shelf of sand raised above the highe water
marke, entertaines an infynite number of sea-fowle*, which lay
theyr Egges heere and there scatteringlie in such sorte, that in
Tyme of Breedinge one can hardly sett his Foote so warylie, that
he spoyle not many of theyr Nests. These curious Buylders may
furnish themselves with choice of shells and particoloured stones
fytt for the makinge of artifyciali works.’ In the memory of
man large numbers of birds, I have been informed by a friend
who was born there. still frequented the shore opposite Cargo-
fleet, and nested on the shingle there and in the adjoining ditches
and marshes. Wild Ducks, Wild Geese, Snipe, and Water-hens
were some of the birds mentioned as breeding here. Snipe may
be taken as including the Redshank and others, as I find birds of
that kind are called Snipes indifferently by many people in the
district. The fore shore at Cargo-fleet is now covered with
ironworks and a graving dock. The Ring Dotterel (Zyialitis
hiaticula) no doubt nested on the shingle, as it does still at a
particular place, in some numbers, every season. I have before
me, while writing, two eggs of this bird, taken from a nest
containing four, found in a slag-bank last year (1885). They
are spotted with dark brown, on a drab ground, and also with
less distinct greyish-purple spots. Dunlins remain all the
spring and summer. The Redshank (Zotunus calidris) used to
nest in Coatham Marshes, and may do still occasionally ; a pair
nested, to my knowledge, on the north side of the river in the
summer of 1884. ‘T'wo or three Spotted Redshanks (Zotanus
fuscus) were shot at the estuary last autumn.

It is not improbable that the Rufff (Jluchet-s pugnax) bred
here formerly. I have seen a very fine pair of male birds that
were shot in the month of March, in the act of fighting, twenty-
five years ago. Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), still nest in
the cliffs beyond Saltburn, and during the breeding season they
are observed to make daily visits to the Tees mouth.

*Probably Terns, with a few Oyster Catchers and Ringed Plovers.
_ {See note on Ruff in present Proceedings.

114

Numbers of non-resident birds sojourn for longer and shorter
periods on the sands and mud-flats in the spring and autumn—
or, perhaps, more properly speaking, there is a succession of the
same species. Autumn birds begin to arrive at the beginning of
August, and continue passing southwards until late in October;
these are the Whimbrel (Numentus phoeopus), Dotterel (Hudromias
morinellus), Pygmy Curlew (Zringa subarquata), Little Stint
(Zringa minuta), in limited numbers, and others of the Sandpipers.
The Dotterels pass here, going north, early in May, and return
early in September. The numbers are said to be on the increase;
a few years ago, before there was a close time for birds, a local
sportsman, who is an expert at tieing trout-flies, shot seven in
one day; he uses the feathers for many flies. They are stupid
birds, and easily shot, allowing themselves to be walked up to
and shot in succession. Unlike many of the other migrants,
they appear to be oftener met with in the spring than in the
autumn migration. In 1883 one killed itself against the
telegraph wires, and in the same year over a dozen were observed
flying over Cowpen Marshes. The Little Stint (Tringa minuta)
is occasionally met with; I came across four on the 22nd
September last year, and shot one, Their note is a feeble
plaintive whistle; nothing like that of the Dunlin.

The Common, Sandwich, and Arctic Terns (Sterna fluviatilis,
cantiaca, and macrura) also appear at this time, the first some-
times in great numbers. If one of these birds be shot, the others
will hover round it, regardless of their own danger, even after
several shots have been fired. The Roseate and Black Terns
(Sterna dougall and Hydrochelidon nigra) are also occasionally
met with; one of the latter was observed among others of the
common species this last autumn. The Little Tern (Sterna
minuta) and the White-winged Black Tern (Hydrochelidon
leucoptera) have also been met with. Ali the commoner Gulls
are abundant during the winter and autumn months, and in less
numbers the whole year. The Iceland, Glaucous, and Little
Gulls Larus leucopterus, L. glaucus, and L. minutus) have been
met with occasionally; one of the latter in November of last
year (1885); and an Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea) on the 14th
February, 1880.

Herons (Ardea cinerea) are also very common in the autumn,
chiefly, if not entirely, young birds; at least, all those I have
known to be shot were birds of the year. I remember seeing ten
or eleven on the wing together on the 2nd of September, 1884,
skimming along lazily just over the surface of the ground. They

115

leave before the winter sets in. They must come from a
considerable distance, as there is no heronry in the neighbour-
hood ; there used to be one at Kildale, another at Sedgefield, and
I have been informed there was one at Greatham, but none of
them exist at present that I am aware of. Other birds, such as
the Grey Plover (Squatarola helvetica), are resident, but in
diminished numbers, most of the winter ; as is also the Turnstone
(Strepsilas interpres), Oystercatcher (Hamatopus ostralegus), Purple
Sandpiper (Zringa striata), Knot (Zringa canutus), and Bar-tailed
Godwit (Limosa lapponica). The Common Curlew (Numenius
arquata), Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis), and Redshank
(Totanus calidris) are resident all the year, but in greatly increased
numbers in autumn and winter. ‘I'he Dualin (Zringa alpina) and
and Ring Dotterel (4gialitis hiaticula) are also resident all the
year, and congregate in immense flocks in the autumn and winter,
occasionally associated with Knots (7Zringa canutus), Turnstones
(Strepsilas interpres), Greenshanks (Zotanus canescens), and
Redshanks (Zotanus calidris). Dunlins (Zringa alpina) shot on
August 7th still retained the black pectoral patch, but it had
entirely disappeared in birds shot on September 22nd. These
birds vary greatly, not only in plumage, but in the length of the
bill and other members, so much so, that a taxidermist of my
acquaintance maintains there are two distinct species, one having
a bill much longer and more bent, and more slender legs, than
the other.

Of the winter migrants, the average date of the arrival of the
Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula) at the Tees mouth is about the 5th
of October, generally with north-east or easterly winds. They
begin to arrive early in September, and continue until late in
December, but the greatest number usually arrive about the date
named, and, curiously enough, often accompanied by Golderested
Wrens (Regulus cristatus). The breakwater, which is built of
slag, at times swarms with these pretty diminutive birds, which
arrive in an exhausted condition. In Sharpe’s List, published in
1816, it is recorded that many Woodcocks were found drowned
on the north sands about twelve years previously, ‘in the spring,
supposed to have met with a contrary wind,’ Redwings (Zurdus
tliacus), and Fieldfares (7. pitarts) begin to arrive about the end
of September, but the second week in October for the Redwings
and the third for the Fieldfares is about the average time of
arrival. There is generally, too, a very large immigration of
other Thrushes about the same time, or a little earlier, chiefly
the Missel Thrush (Zurdus viscivorus), with a sprinkling of the

116

Common Thrush (7. musicus) and the Blackbird (7. merula)
amongst them. I have several times noticed the fields suddenly
literally to swarm with these birds - they, however, soon disperse,
or probably pass on in a body further south. Short-eared Owls
(dsio brachyotus) arrive chiefly in September and October ;
Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix) about the middle of October; and
Snipes (Gallinago calestis) from October, probably on to December.
Large numbers of Wild Geese pass over in September and
October in flocks of from a dozen to one hundred, and occasionally
stay a short time on the mud-flats; they do not, however,
frequent the mud-flats much until later on, when cold and frosty
weather sets in and they are driven down from the moors. Wild
Swans [? Cygnus musicus and bewicki] frequent the estuary in
severe winter weather, and are seen passing over in the autumn
months. Individual birds are shot almost every winter, both
mature and young birds in grey and white plumage. Sometimes
they are observed singly or in pairs, at other times in flocks of
from five to upwards of one hundred. I have examined many
birds in private collections that were procured on this river. In
Brewster’s List it is described as follows:—‘The Wild Swan
visits the marshes near the Tees in large flocks in severe winters.
In the beginning of the year 1823, several were killed at Cowpen,
and also in January, 1827.’ The following actual records of the
occurrence of Swans in the Tees are copied chiefly from the last
six years’ Reports of the Committee appointed by the British
Association to collect statistics from the lighthouse-keepers on
the migration of birds :—

1879. December 4th.—Six at ‘'eesmouth, flying N. to S.
8th.— Five at Teesmouth.

z ,, 14th.—Nine at

Me , 415th.—Forty-three _,,

” », 16th.—Three i

= » 18th.—Two >

o », 20th.—Ten Ps 10am.

us », 20th.—Ninety-five ,, tule
1879-) yy): One shot in Billingham Bottoms: a youn
isso, | Winter, { bird in grey plumage. pin
1881-

1982, } Vinter,—Two noticed at Durham side of estuary.

1882. August 5th.—Six at Teesmouth.

» October 24th.—Six _ ss
1888. March 25th. One, Tees Light-vessel.
1884. October 5th.—Nine at Redcar, flying N

Ee

117

Semi-wild birds of the tame species or Mute Swan (Cygnus olor),
that have escaped from confinement on ornamental waters, are
frequently met with in the estuary. Last winter one was shot ;
and on August Ist this year (1886) eighteen put in an appearance,
and on the following day eight or ten were shot for wild birds; a
few of the remainder were observed about for several days; three
were seen by a friend (some distance inland), who supposed them
to be wild birds from their strong, steady flight. Bewick’s Swan
(Cygnus bewicki) has been shot in the estuary on two or three
occasions. Snow Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis) frequent the
margin of the river in winter, arriving about the beginning of
November, and departing again early in the spring. They may
be seen in vast flocks or clouds, sometimes associated with Larks
and other small birds; in severe weather feeding on the stubbles
—they eat grain and other seeds, and always appear to be in
good condition. I have examined them at all times during their
stay here, and never saw one in bad condition ; they are exceed-
ingly fat when they arrive in November. I witnessed their
arrival on a cold and stormy day the 8rd of November at Tod
Point, last year. They appeared to be somewhat exhausted, but
heading inland in great numbers; they apparently did not wait
long to rest. Larks (Alauda arvensis) swarm at times in the
winter months by the margin of the river ; and vast numbers of
Brown Linnets (Zinota cannabina) and Redpoles (Linota rufescens)
frequent some patches of Sea Lavender (Statice imonium) on the
north side of the river, feeding on the seeds. Starlings (Séurnus
vulgaris) and Lapwings (Vanellus vulgaris), associated with
Golden Plovers (Charadrius pluvialis), congregate in immense
flocks on the marshes; and in very severe winter weather Wood
Pigeons (Columba palumbus) come down to feed after the receding
tide. Reed Buntings (Hmberiza scheniclus) frequent the reeds
and long grass by the sides of the saltwater ditches, and breed
there; and Meadow Pipits (Anthus pratensis) are abundant all the
year. Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida) are frequently met with by the
river-side, and in the small tributaries, but are sadly persecuted
by gunners, their skins being readily purchased by the dealers
for half-a-crown each. Wheatears (Saaicola wnanthe) are
common on the river-banks during the summer months, and
nest there; their numbers are greatly increased during the
autumn months when migrating—on August 22nd last year the
banks literally swarmed with them. This is one of the earliest
of the migrants to arrive with us, generally appearing about
March 29th or 80th, and I have seen it so late as October 9th.

118

The Spotted Crake (Porzana maruetta) breeds in the marshes
on the north side of the estuary, and is frequently shot in the
autumn. Baillon’s Crake (Porsana bailloni) and the Little Crake
(Porzana parva) have been met with in the same place.

In stormy weather the Storm Petrel (Procellaria pelagica) and
the Little Auk (Mergulus alle) are often driven into the estuary.
On the 22nd November, 1884, I got a fine specimen of the latter,
and others were seen.

The Great Snipe (Gallinago major) is occasionally shot in the
marshes. The Jack Snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula) and the
Common Snipe (Gallinago celestis) were, until late years,
abundant, the latter breeding there. In speaking of the Common
Snipe, Brewster, in his List, says :—‘‘I am informed that there
is a Snipe sometimes shot in the marshes, which is commonly
called the Russian Snipe; it is larger than the Common Snipe,
and differs from it in the white lines on the back, and some other
marks of the plumage. As I have not yet seen a specimen, I
know not whether it be a distinct species or only a variety of the
Common Snipe.”

Of rare birds that have been procured here, I may mention the
Avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta), the Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia),
and some Pallas’ Sand Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), shot at
Port Clarence in 1868, which went to Mr. Oxley’s collection at
Redcar; two bought at his sale are now in the Newcastle
Museum.

A Bee-Eater (Merops apiaster) was shot some years ago under
peculiar circumstances. A wild-fowler had seated himself in a
slag-bank to wait for birds, when suddenly a bird alighted on the
barrel of hisgun. He shot it, and it turned out to be a specimen
of this rare bird.* The commonest of the Falconide are the
Kestrel (Zinnunculus alaudarius) and the Sparrow Hawk (Aceipiter
nisus) ; and the Merlin (Falco esalon) is by no means uncommon
in the autumn and winter months; while the Iceland Falcon
(Falco islandus), the Hobby (falco subbuteo), and the Rough-legged
Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus) lave been shot here, and I have
heard of one of the latter being noticed inland this autumn (1886).

* Mr. Hancock (‘ Birds of Northumberland,’ &c., p. 28) says an example
of the Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philipinus) ‘was shot near the Snook,
Seaton Carew, in August 1862.’ I have not been able to ascertain whether
the above refers to the same bird as my own note, made several years ago
from information communicated by a friend, who saw the bird.

os

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119

In the antumn of 1883 a Kite (Mlvus ictinus) was shot near
Warrenby, and has been purchased for the Middlesbrough
Museum ; it was a female bird, and in good condition. A Golden
Hagle (Aguila chrysaétus) is reported in Brewster’s List as having
been shot near the Tees on the 5th November, 1823, by Mr. L.
Rudd, of Marton, Cleveland. It weighed 12 lbs. ; its length was
8 ft. 4 in.; the extent of its wings 7 ft. 5 in.; bill, 3 in. long.

BIRD-NOTES FROM THE TEES DISTRICT
DURING THE LATE AUTUMN AND
WINTER MONTHS, 1889-90.

Smatx flocks of Dunlins (Zringa alpina) and Ringed Plovers
(Aigialitis hiaticula) frequented the mud-flats and sands at the
Tees estuary all the summer as usual.

The autumn migration set in about the end of July. On the
31st, Terns were noticed, probably the Common or Arctic species
(Sterna fluviatilis or 8. macrura).

On the 5th of August the flocks of Dunlins and Ring Dotterels
had increased in size, and a few Knots (Zringa canutus) were seen,
also two or three Sheldrakes (Zadorna cornuta). On the 17th,
Sanderlings (Calidris arenaria) were first observed, and a mature
bird was shot; Knots were also observed. On the 21st Sanderlings
were more common. On the 22nd an extremely large flock of
Arctic Terns was noticed in the early morning resting on the sands
(they were associated with Gulls of various kinds) ; one or two were
shot for identification. These Terns were noticed in the same
place on several successive mornings. On the same date a Curlew
Sandpiper (Zringa subarquata) was shot—a good specimen, and
I heard of another being shot about the same date. On the 23rd,
early in the morning, I fell in with a flock of about fifty Little

_ Stints ( Tringa minuta), and shot one or two for identification; they

settled by the margin of a small pool close to where I happened
to be concealed, and I had a good chance of observing their quick
and lively movements in the shallow water as they probed their
bills into the mud. Knots and Sanderlings were more common

120

at this date, and there were immense flocks of Dunlins and Ring
Dotterels while a good many Curlews (Numenius arquata) were
about. I also noticed about half a dozen Duck, which I think were
Teal, but the light at the time was not very good. On the 24th
several Bar-tail Godwits (Zimosa lapponica) and Turnstones
(Strepsilas interpres) were noticed, and two of the former shot, and
one or two Common Terns (Sterna fluviatilis) were shot for identifi-
cation in the place frequented by the Terns before mentioned. A
smal lflock of Little Stints were also noticed, and Sanderlings were
frequently seen; this is one of the most restless of shore birds,
being always in motion, and running at a very rapid pace for so
small a bird. On the 25th I noticed three or four darker birds
in the flock of Terns; these were probably Black Terns
(Hydrochelidon nigra). On this date I picked up a fine Turnstone
in winter plumage. About the end of August I heard of two
Little Stints being shot at the Durham side of the Tees estuary,
and one at Redcar. Some Sandwich Terns (Sterna cantiaca) were
also shot at Redcar.

About the second week in September I noticed a flock of Terns
about ten miles up the river, apparently Arctic or Common Terns,
or probably both. About the 17th September an immature Ruff
(Machetes pugnax) was shot in Cowpen Marshes, and on the 18th
two Spotted Crakes (Porzana maruetta). On a visit to the Tees
Breakwater in the early morning of the 18th September, I noticed
four or five Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) fishing on the sea
side of the breakwater close into the shore; this is a favourite
fishing-ground for Cormorants. The morning was bright and the
birds seemed singularly large as they circled round and round,
every now and again dashing with lightning rapidity into the
seething water, sending the spray several feet high, and emerging
again in a few moments. A few hours later these same birds may
be seen sitting on the rocks opposite Huntcliffe, with their wings
spread out to the sun to dry, and presenting a very odd and
curious spectacle. Numbers of Gulls and a few Skuas were about,
and we witnessed some very pretty chases, the latter invariably
seeming to effect his purpose, as evidenced by his sudden drop
after a severe chase, to intercept the fish given up by the Gull.
On this same morning the sands between the breakwater and
Redcar were alive with Wheatears (Sasxicola wnanthe) and Pied
Wagtails (Motacilla lugutris), particularly the former, and there
was evidently a migration taking place overhead as well; numbers
of Larks seemed to be coming in from the north or north-west,
and passing on inland.

aia

121

Great flocks of Lapwings (Vanellus vulgaris) and Starlings
(Sturnus vulgaris) have been about this district all the winter,
owing, I suppose, to the very open weather we have had. A
Wryneck was shot in the district in the late summer, and a
Rose-coloured Pastor (Pastor roseus) was shot out of a flock of
Starlings at Redcar, and came into the hands of Mr. T. H.
Nelson. Fieldfares (Zurdus pilaris), Redwings (7. tliacus), and
Hooded Crows (Corvus corniz) have been here in their usual
numbers.

Of the Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) which favoured this
district with their presence in some numbers during the late
invasion, I have heard nothing lately, and I question very much
whether there is one alive in the district.

THE RUFF IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.*

The account of the breeding of the ruff in England, as described
by Montagu, has been so frequently quoted as to have become
familiar to the majority of ornithologists, though at the present
day the bird is not included among the nesting species of this
country. It is, therefore, with feelings of great satisfaction I am
enabled to announce the fact that, for three successive seasons,
a pair, at least, of these interesting and peculiar birds have
successfully nested and brought off young within a very short
distance of this corner of Cleveland. The first intimation I
received of their presence in the neighbourhood was late in June,
1901, when my friend Mr. C. Milburn informed me that a ruff
had been seen several times by his friend C. and himself on the
edge of the marshes. A diligent search for the nest was,
unfortunately, not attended with success, and, in the light of
subsequent experience, it appears to be probable that the reeve
would by that time have hatched off her eges and taken her
brood away. The ruff disappeared about the end of July.

In the following season an anxious watch was kept for the

appearance of the visitors, and on May 10th notice was forwarded

to me that the ruff and two reeves had arrived on the scene.
The following observations, as noted in my journal, while the

Reprinted from ‘* Country Life” by permission of the Editor.

122

events were fresh in my memory, are given in diary form, and
may prove interesting being the impressions of what occurred as
recorded on the spot:

May 15th.—Went with M. to the marshes, where we met C.
The ruff had been observed “courting.” C. had found the nest
of No. 1 reeve (as we termed it), about the centre of the marsh,
containing four eggs of a dark green ground colour, blotched and
streaked with black; a lovely clutch. On our proceeding to the
place the reeve ran off the eggs, which were quite warm. The
nest was situated in a tussock of grass, not unlike the position
chosen by a redshank, but the cup-shaped depression was deeper
aud rather greater in diameter than that usually made by the
latter species.

May 17th.—Visited the marsh again, and, on my approaching
the nest, the ruff appeared on a little hillock, where I watched
him through a pair of binoculars for some minutes. He had a
yellowish frill with dark edges, and black or purplish ear-tufts ;
he ran away for a few yards, then hid in the grass, and after a
short interval, reappeared in another place, repeating this
performance several times. I walked to the nest and flushed the
female at about 6ft. distance; she tumbled headlong on the
ground, and shuffled along on her breast as though severely
wounded and in great distress, her feathers all dishevelled and
Wings drooping, a truly pitiable object; after dragging herself in
this fashion for a few yards, she lay perfectly still, apparently
simulating death; next she quietly crept away round a tuft of
grass, and slying peeped back to see what had become of the
intruder on her peace (I was prone on the ground, watching her
through the glasses); she then lay still again for a little time,
and finally, no doubt thinking all was right, stole off among some
long grass and tussocks, where she disappeared. The ruff now
made his appearance on a slight elevation, whence he flew up and
around where I was concealed, as though he wanted to assure
himself that no harm was being done to the treasures hidden
near. He came directly towards the nest, and alighted close by,
put back his ruff, and, after looking round for a few moments,
rose and flew off again. I then, after examining the eggs, that
were hot and near hatching, walked away out of sight of the nest
and awaited developments. Once or twice I saw the ruff’s head
pop up among the grass, then disappear, and shortly afterwards
reappear at another spot. After waiting half an hour I flushed
the reeve again (the ruff was still hovering about). She repeated

‘LSAN S.3AR3U

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Za\\. MO

15 JUN 29
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123

her former tactics, crept off crouching close to the ground till she
was some 20yds. distant, and then walked away, seemingly
unconcerned, in the bunches of long, coarse herbage. I watched
her dodging in and out among this for a little while, till she
finally disappeared. The ruff, when courting, lowered his wings
like a blackcock, and strutted round the females, now and then
rising and flying in a circle. He spread his ruff, and repeated
these antics for fully twenty minutes. No. 2 reeve’s nest is as
yet undiscovered.

May 20th.—Went to the marshes with M. We saw the ruff
near the nest, where the eggs were partly hatched; but some
unfortunate accident had befallen them, as they were broken, the
chicks dead, and the nest deserted. The ruff rose, and in flying
away hovered suspiciously over a certain patch of grass, whence
one of the reeves flew up, and on going to the spot M. found the
second reeve’s nest with three eggs, similar to those first described
in ground colour, though not so heavily marked, and of rather
smaller dimensions. We saw both the reeves, and No. 2 flew
over our heads, calling out in a low tone, not unlike a godwit’s,
but more feeble. While we were watching the birds, some cattle
that were pastured on the marshes approached the place, and, one
of them coming in the direction of the nest, alarmed its owner,
which flew at the beast’s head in an excited manner that had the
effect of turning it, otherwise the eggs would probably have been
trodden upon.

May 29th.—On the marshes, I saw all three birds. No. 1
reeve was evidently nesting again; she flew round me for a long
time, then settled on a bare patch of ground, and fell on her
breast as though wounded, endeavouring to lure me from the
locality. M. joined me about 6 p.m., and we watched the ruff
and one reeve at quite close quarters. The ruff stood motionless,
looking at the reeve, which continually ran in and out of the
grass. No. 1 reeve had, doubtless, made another nest, and No. 2
was about to build again. We kept them under observation until
about eight o’clock, when they departed to a swampy part of the
ground to feed.

June 10th.—I had been from home for ten days, and was
unable to visit the marshes until this date. C. had meanwhile
found No. 2 female’s second nest near the place where the first
had been built, but, owing to the marsh being flooded by heavy
rains, it was deserted. 1 photographed the nest and eggs, which
C. then took.

124

June 21st.—M., C., and I were on the marshes. I discovered
the third nest of No. 2 reeve, quite close to the same locality as
the others. After photographing the eggs, I waited till the owner
returned. This bird eventually hatched the eggs, but the second
nest of No. 1 reeve was not located, although it is certain she got
her young away, as one was caught by M., who liberated it again.
Another very young bird was picked up, having been injured by
_ cattle, and a third was procured when the shooting season
commenced. Until the eggs were hatched, the male was always
attentive to both sitting birds; afterwards he seemed to desert
them entirely, and was last seen on July 16th, when both reeves
had their offspring within a week of being able to fly.

An interesting scene occurred one day on the occasion of the
ruff attacking a redshank that showed great solicitude about its
nest and young in the vicinity of the reeves’ nests; lowering its
head and extending the ruff, with its bill pointed like a battering-
ram, or a spike on a shield, it furiously rushed at the redshank,
which nimbly sprang into the air and alighted a yard or two
further away. The ruff continued its attacks most energetically,
until the redshank was defeated and took its departure.

In the year 1903 the ruff and one female arrived in May, but,
no doubt, having profited by their experience of the previous
season, selected a different part of the marshes for their nest, and,
despite the united efforts of my friends and myself to discover its
whereabouts, we were obliged to confess ourselves outwitted. In
1904 no sign of either of the birds was seen, nor have they been
observed since that time, and it is to be feared that some mishap
has overtaken one or both of them during the autumn or winter
season.

T. H. Nxtson. -

Nore on Pre-Norman Remarns at Wetsury.—During a
recent visit to Welbury, I was informed that there were some
carved stones in the greenhouse. I asked for permission to see
them and found that two of the stones bore unmistakable marks
of pre-Norman work. One forms the side or top limb of a cross
ornamented with knot work, the other is a fragment of a much
smaller cross of the cross patée type; this fragment has formed
part of two limbs and a bit of the middle, there is no knot work
upon it, but the remains of a more or less carved centre piece.

C.V.C.

125

CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1905.
By T. Asuton Lorrnovuss, F.E.S.

*Denotes Species recorded in our Proceedings for first time.

The conditions prevailing during the year were, on the whole,
more favourable for insects than for some years previously. The
early spring moths (P. pedaria and H. leucophearia) were noticed
about the middle of February ; a fair number of insects occurred
on the “ Sallows” in April; Spring Larve were fairly abundant
in April and May; and Sugaring proved attractive at the end of
June and early in July, but during August and the autumn
months was most unproductive.

The season proved favourable for the smaller moths, and of
these I have added a good many new species to our local list, one
of them being an addition to the Yorkshdre list, and one or two
others are insects for which there are only one or two previous
Yorkshire records.

Owing, probably, to the warmer weather prevailing during the
summer, JV. dictea was bred on September 1st from Zarve, taken
in July, and one or two Eupisterta obliterata were bred as a second
brood in September. The following insects also occurred as a
second brood at sugar in September :—. brassicae, N. plecta, and
HH, oleracea, in addition to .4. segelum, A. suffusa, ete.

NOCTUAZ. Cymatophora duplaris. Fairly common at
sugar at Kildale, mostly dark forms.

Xylophasia hepatica. Noticed on sugar in garden at
Linthorpe.

Apamea unanimis. Noticed on sugar in garden at
Linthorpe, and at Redcar.

*Celena haworthii. Worn specimen taken in September
at Glaisdale. A single specimen on sugar in garden, Linthorpe,
Middlesbrough, in 1906. ©

Noctua stigmatica. A few specimens taken at sugar near

Kildale.

Calocampa vetusta. Single specimen taken at sugar at
Linthorpe, on September 28rd.

Calocampa solidaginis. Specimen taken at sugar in
garden, at Linthorpe, on September 1st.

126

GEOMETR4. *Eupithecia fraxinata. Larve beaten
out of ash at Kildale, in August.

*Eupithecia absynthiata. Bred from Great Ayton and
Eston larve taken off Ragwort flowers.

*Coremia munitata. Female taken at Great Ayton.

PYRALIDES. *Pyralis costalis, Specimens taken in
outbuildings, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, only recorded for two
Yorkshire localities previously.

*Scoparia olivalis. Kilton, Loftus.

*Scoparia prunalis. Bred from monkshood in garden,
Linthorpe.

PTEROPHORIDAE. *Mimezseoptilus pterodactylus.
At Redcar, on July 8rd.

CRAMBID4E. *Crambus pascuellus. Redcar.

*Crambus hortuellus. Including dark BEES specimen at
Kildale, in June.

TORTRICES. Tortrix palieana. Kildale.

*Peronea sponsana. Middlesbrough; also at Guisborough
in 1906.

*Peronea schalleriana. Kildale.

*Peronea comariana. Kildale in September. Only one
previous Yorkshire record.

*Peronea hastiana. Hibernated specimens taken in May,
and a few very nice forms in the autumn, at Kildale.

*Peronea maccana. Four or five specimens, including both
sexes, taken at sugar, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. This confirms
my previous record (the only Yorkshire one), which was made from
a single specimen taken some years ago.

*Peronea ferrugana. Beaten out of spruce, Great Ayton.
*Teras contaminana. Middlesbrough, Kildale, etc.
*Penthina variegana. Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
*Hedya neglectana. Redcar.

*Mixodia schulziana. Kildale.

»127

*Orthotznia antiquana. A fine specimen taken at Redcar,
on July 38rd. This species is an addition to the Yorkshire list.

*Sciaphila conspersana. Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

*Phloeodes tetraquetrana Great Ayton, in October.

*Hypermecia angustana. Redcar.

*Pzdisca ophalmicana. Among Aspens at Kildale.

*Pzedisca occultana. Among Larch and Fir, Kildale,

Pedisca solandriana, Glaisdale. Common and very
variable at Kildale in 1906.

*Ephippiphora brunnichiana. Kilton, Loftus.

*Ephippiphora turbidana. At Kildale in early July, flying
in sun, about 5-30 p.m.

*Olindia ulmana. Kilton Woods, Loftus, in July; also at
Kildale in 1906.

*Catoptria fulvana. Swainby in Cleveland, June 17th.
Only one previous record in Yorkshire list.

*Argyrolepia cnicana. Kilton Woods, Loftus.
*Conchylis straminea. Redcar.

TINEA. *Tinea pallescentella. Linthorpe (F. R.
Atkinson). ‘

*Swammerdammia combinella. Kildale.
*Depressaria arenella Saltburn. Glaisdale.
*Bryotropha terrella. Swainby in Cleveland.
*CEcophora stipella. Kildale, in June.

*Gly phipteryx cladiella. Kilton, Loftus.
*Argyresthia nitidella. Middlesbrough.

*Argyresthia pygmeella. Kilton Woods, Loftus; and
Kildale.

*Coleophora cespititiella. Kildale.

*Lithocolletis frolichiella. Kildale.

128

REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN
CLEVELAND.

By M. Lawson Tuompson, F.E.S.

In the following report on Beetles occurring in the Cleveland
District in 1905, I have not confined myself to notes on the
species met with during that year. My purpose has also been (as
in my previous report) to bring together in one place some
additional, and at present, scattered information on local species,
which shall contribute to our knowledge of the distribution of
Coleoptera, as it affects our district.

The notes for 1906, however, refer strictly to that year, the
species marked with an asterisk being new to Yorkshire, and
therefore of some interest.

I had the pleasure of accompanying Mr. Richard §S. Bagnall,
of Winlaton-on-Tyne, on a short visit to Saltburn Wood in
November, when the results of his work proved very gratifying.

CoLEOPTERA.
Cicindela campestris, L.—Common on the Cleveland Moors.
Carabus violaceus, L.—Saltburn.
Notiophilus biguttatus, F.—Common in Cleveland.

Leistus rufescens, F., L. ferrugineus, L., and L.
fulvibarbis, Dej—Common at Saltburn.

Elaphrus cupreus, Duft.—Redcar, common on the margin of
a large pond.

Elaphrus riparius, L.—Saltburn, on the margin of a large
pond. -

Badister bipustulatus, .—Common at Saltburn.

Harpalus ruficornis, F., and H. eneus, F., (proteus,
Payk).—Common at Saltburn.

Harpalus latus, L.—Common on Stanghow Moor, near
Saltburn.

129
Stomis pumicatus, Panz,—Saltburn, under stones.

Pterostichus madidus, F., P. vulgaris, L., P. Strenuus,
Panz., P diligens, Sturm, and P. striola, F—Common at
Saltburn.

Pterostichus nigrita, F.—In Arncliffe Wood, Glaisdale; on
Stanghow Moor, near Saltburn.

Amara fulva. De G., A. apricaria, Pk., and A plebeia,
Gyll.—All these species occur at Saltburn.

Calathus (Amphigynus) piceus, marsh.—In Saltburn Wood;
also at Redcar. (W. C. Hey).

Taphria nivalis, Panz.—Saltburn, on the coast.

Anchomenus dorsalis, Mill., and A marginatus, L.—
Common at Saltburn.

Bembidium zeneum, Germ.—Common on the margin of a
large pond at Redcar.

Bembidium lampros, Herbst., and B. littorale, Ol.—
Common at Saltburn.

Bembidium monticola, Sturm.—In Saltburn Wood, by the
stream.

Bembidium mannerheimi, Sahl.—On Stanghow Moor.

Trechus obtusus, Er. and F. secalis, Pk.—Saltburn, single
specimens.

Patrobus excavatus, Payk.—Saltburn Wood, by the side of
the stream ; Common; also Glaisdale.

Dromius linearis, Ol., D. melanocephalus, Dej., and D.
nigriventris, Thoms,—Common at Saltburn.

Haliplus ruficollis, De G— Common at Saltburn.

Laccophilus obscurus, Panz., (hyalinus, De G).—Common
at Saltburn.

Deronectes depressus, F’., and D. 12-pustulatus, F.—
Saltburn, in the stream.

Hydroporus lepidus, 01.,H palustris, L., H. erythroce-
phalus, L., and H. pubescens, Gyll— Common at Saltburn.

130
Hydroporous septentrionalis, Gyll., and H. davisi, Curt.
Saltburn Wood, in the Stream (August, 1894).

Hydroporus dorsalis, F.—Common at Middlesbrough, in a
pond.

Agabus nebulosus, Forst., and A. Sturmi, Gyll—Common at
Saltburn ; also at Coatham Marsh. (W. C. Hey).

Platambus maculatus, L.—Saltburn, in the stream.

Ilybius fuliginosus, F., I. ater. De G., and I. fenestratus,
F.—Common at Saltburn.

Colymbetes fuscus, L. Saltburn in a pond; Coatham.
(W. C. Hey).

Dytiscus punctulatus, F.—At Saltburn, but not common.

Gyrinus natator, Scop—Common at Saltburn; Redear.
(W. C. Hey).

Hydrobius fuscipes, L.—Common in Cleveland.

Anacena globulus, Payk., and A. limbata, F—Common at
Saltburn.

Laccobius sinuatus, Mots., (nigriceps, Thoms.,) and L.
alutaceus, Thomas.—Both species occur at Saltburn, the first
being common.

Limnebius truncatellus, Th.—Common at Saltburn.

Helophorus quaticus, L., zneipennis, Thoms., and H.
brevipalpis, Bed—Common at Saltburn.

Cercyon hemorrhoidalis, F’., C. flavipes, F., C. lateralis,
Marsh, C melanocephalus, L., and C analis, Payk.—Common
at Saltburn.

Aleochara lanuginosa, Gravy.—Common at Saltburn.
Chilopora longitarsis, Er.—Common at Saltburn.

Homalota gregaria, Hr. and H. analis, Grav.—Common at
Saltburn.

Homalota elegantula, Bris.—Saltburn Wood (May, 1905).

Gnypeta labilis. Er—Common at Saltburn, and on the
margin of the Reservoir at Lockwood Beck.

131
Falagria sulcata, Payk., and F. thoraica, Curt—Common
at Saltburn.

Gyrophena minima, Er. and G. lucidula, Er.—In Saltburn
Wood.

Phytosus balticus, Kr.—Saltburn, on the coast.

Myllena Kraatzi, Sharp.—Saltburn, on the margin of a
pond. One specimen in July, 1894.

Hypocyptus leviusculus, Mann.—Common at Saltburn :
Redear. :

Cilea silphoides, L.—Sattburn, in dung.
Tachinus humeralis, Grav.cCommon in Cleveland.

Quedius cinctus, Payk, (impressus, Panz), Q. fuliginosus,
Gray., Q. tristis, Gray., and Q. molochinus, Gray.—Common at
Saltburn.

Quedius boops, Grav.—On Easby Moor and Stanghow Moor ;
Common.

Creophilus maxcillosus, L.—Common in Cleveland.

Leistotrophus nebulosus, E.—Saltburn, in decaying fish
and garden refuse.

Staphylinus pubescens, De G.—Saltburn, in decaying
garden refuse.

Staphylinus erythropterus, L.—On Stanghow Moor, under
a stone (April, 1890).

Philonthus zneus, Rossi, P varius, Gyll, P. marginatus,
F., P. cephalotes, Gray., P. sordidus, Grav., P. varians,
Payk, and P. ebeninus, Grav.—Common at Saltburn.

Leptacinus linearis, Gray.—Saltburn, on the sea banks,
(1894).

Baptolinus alternans, Gray.—Common under loose bark in
Cleveland.

Othius fulvipennis, F.—Common at Saltburn.
Lathrobium fulvipenne, Grav.—Common at Saltburn.

Lathrobium brunnipes, F.—Saltburn and Stanhow Moor;
common.

132

Stenus guttula, Miill., S. impressus, 8. brunnipes, Germ,
Steph., S. pubescens, Steph., S. nitidiusculus, Steph., S.
picipes, Steph., and S. tarsalis, Ljun —Common at Saltburn.

Bledius arenarius, Payk— Common on the coast at
Saltburn.

Platystethus arenarius, Foure—Common at Saltburn and
Stanghow Moor.

Oxytelus sculptus, Gray., 0. laqueatus, Marsh, 0.
sculpturatus, Gray., and O. nitidulus, Grav.—Common at
Saltburn.

Lesteva pubescens, Mann.—Saltburn, at the foot of the sea
banks, May, 1905.

Olophrum piceum. Gyll.—In damp places on Stanghow
Moor.

Homalium rivulare, Payk.—Common at Saltburn.

Eusphalerum primule. Steph.—In flowers of the primrose
at Saltburn.

Anthobium torquatum, Marsh, and A. sorbi, Gyll—
Common at Saltburn.

Liodes humeralis, Rug.—In Saltburn Wood.

Anisotoma lunicollis, Rye.—In the Proceedings for 1898
(p. 45) I recorded this species from the Saltburn Sandhills. This
is an error and must be deleted, the specimen having since
turned out to be a form of the very variable dubia.

Hydnobius punctatissimus, Steph.—On the Saltburn Sand-
hills, in October ; Common.

Necrophorus humator, Goez, and N. ruspator, Er.—
Common at Saltburn.

Necrodes littoralis, L.—Saltburn, on the coast.
Silphar rugosa, L., and §. atrata, L.Common at Saltburn.

Choleva cisteloides, Froh., ©. nigricans, Spence, C.
chrysomeloides, Panz, and C. fumata, Spence——Common at
Saltburn.

Choleyva kirbyi, Spence.—In decaying fungi, near Saltburn,
(September, 1905.)

133

Adalia obliterata, L., and A. bipunctata, L.—Common at
Saltburn.

Rizobius litura, F.—Common at Saltburn.

Coccidula rufa, Herbst.—Common at Saltburn, and in
Coatham Marshes.

Hister 12-striatus, Schr, and H. bimaculatus L.—At
Saltburn, in decaying garden refuse.

Epureza diffusa, Bris.—Salburn, by sweeping on sea-banks.
One specimen in September, 1894.

Epurea zstiva, L., and E. melina, Er.—Common at
Saltburn.

Nitidula bipustulata, L.—Saltburn ; Common.

Antherophagus nigricornis, F., and A. pallens, Gyll—On
Stanghow Moor.

Cryptophagus dentatus, Herbst, and C. cellaris, Scop.—
Common at Saltburn.

Atomaria fuscipes, Gyll, A. atricapilla, Steph., and A.
analis, Er—Common at Saltburn.

Ephistemus globosus, Waltl.—On the Sea-banks at Saltburn.
One specimen in June, 1893.

Dermestis lardarius, L.—At Middlesbrough, in bacon.
Cytilus varius, I'.—On the sea banks at Saltburn.
Parnus auriculatus. Panz.—On the sea banks at Saltburn.

Aphodius lapponum, Gyll, A. putridus, Sturm, (borealis,
Gyll), and A. contaminatus, Herbst.—Common in the dung of
sheep on Stanghow Moor.

Aphodius fossor, L., A. prodromus, Brahm, A.
contaminatus, Herbst, and A. depressus, Rug—Common at
Saltburn.

Cryptohyptnus riparius, F.—Under stones, &¢., on
Stanghow Moor; common.

Athous vittatus, F.—On young trees in Kilton Wood and
Saltburn.

134
Limonius cylindricus, Payk.—Saltburn, on the sea banks.
Helodes minuta, L.—Common at Saltburn.
Cyphon coarctatus, Payk.—Common at Saltburn.

Podabrus alpinus, Payk.—In Saltburn Wood (on young oak)
and on Stanghow Moor (on Whitethorn).

Telephorus nigricans, Miill, Var., discoideus, Steph., and
T. hemorrhoidalis, Fr.—Common at Saltburn.

Malthinus punctatus, Fourc.—Kilton Wood; Saltburn
Wood; common.

Cis boleti, Scop—Common in boleti on bark of rotten trees
at Saltburn.

Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll— Common in boleti on old
stumps at Saltburn.

Donacia versicolorea, Brahm, (bidens, 01,)—Common at
Saltburn, on Potamogeton.

Phytodecta olivacea, Forst, Var., litura, F.—Common on
the broom near Saltburn.

Gastroidea polygoni, L.—Common on Polygonum and
Rumex at Saltburn.

Longitarsus levis, Duft.—Common on Ragwort at Saltburn.

Phyllotreta undulata, Ruts, and P. nemorum, L.—Both
species occur at Saltburn on Crucifere.

Batophila rubi, Payk.—Common at Saltburn on Rubus.

Spheroderma testacea, F., and §. cardui, Gyll—Common
at Saltburn.

Crepidodera transversa, Marsh, C. ferruginea, Scop., and
C. rufipes, L.—Common at Saltburn.

Psylliodes chrysocephala, L., and P. cuprea, Roch.
(cupronitens, Forst).—On Crucifere at Saltburn; common.

Blaps mucronata, Lat.—Saltburn; Middlesbrough; common.

Tribolium ferrugineum, F.—In granary refuse at Thornaby-
on-Tees.

135
Salpingus ater, Payk—On Whitethorn on Stanghow Moor.

One specimen in June, 1905.

Anaspis geoffroyi Mill, (fasciata, Foure)—On whitethorn
blossom at Saltburn (June 1894).

Apion hematodes, Kirby, A. vicie, Payk, A. onopordi,
Kirby, A. striatum, Kirby, A. immune, A. ononis, Kirby, and
A. ervi, Kirby.— Common at Saltburn.

Otiorhynchus atroapterus, De G., and 9. ovatus, L.—
Saltburn, on the sea banks; common.

Otiorhynchus ligneus, Ol.—Saltburn, on the sea bank,
May, 1905.

Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh, (elevatus, Herbst).—
Common on Mercurialis perennis at Saltburn.

Phyllobius argentatus, L.—Common at Saltburn.

Alophus triguttatus, F.—Saltburn, under a piece of wood,
end of March, 1894.

Sitones puncticollis, Steph—On Stanghow Moor; and at
Saltburn.

Hypera punctata, F., and H. plantaginis, De G—Common
at Saltburn.

Pissodes pini, L.—Imported into Middlesbrough with timber
from Northern Europe.

_Dorytomus tortrix, L.— Saltburn, on aspens.

Dorytomus pectoralis, Gyll.—In Kilton Wood, on sallows,
July, 1905.

Anthonomus rubi, Herbst—Common on Rubus at Saltburn.
Coeliodes quercus, F.—On young oaks in Saltburn Wood.

Calandra granaria, L., and C. oryze, L.—Common in a
granary at Thornaby-on-Tees.

1906.

Agabus biguttatus, Ol.—In a dried-up watercourse at
Boosbeck, near Saltburn. Common in September.

Tachyusa atra. Gray.—Saltburn, on the sea banks, July.

136

Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk.—At Guisborough in August.

*Quedius fumatus, Steph., (peltatus Hr.) and Q. umbrinus;
Er.—In Saltburn Wood, among dead leaves, November (Richard
8. Bagnall).

*“Quedius auricomus, Kies.—In Saltburn Wood, in moss by
the stream side, November (Richard S. Bagnall).

Choleyva velox, Spence, and C. wilkini, Spence.—Saltburn
Wood among dead leaves, November (Richard 8. Bagnall).

*Ptenidium punctatum. Gyll.—Saltburn, among seaweed
on the shore (Richard §. Bagnall).

Cryptophagus acutangulus, Gyll.—At Saltburn in a porch.
One specimen in October.

Cyphon variabilis, Thumb.—At Saltburn in July.

Donacia simplex, L.—In a pond at Saltburn ; also found in
Coatham Marshes (W. C. Hey, 1895).

Lema Lichenis, Vcct.—At Guisborough in August.

Luperus rufipes, Scop.—At Guisborough in August.
Coeliodes cardui, Herbst —At Saltburn in May.

Poophagus sisymbrii, F.—In a pond at Saltburn in July.
Ceuthorhnychus quadridens, Panz.—At Saltburn in June.

Rhinoncus perpendicularis, Reich.—In a pond at Saltburn,
July.

Phytobius quadrituberculatus, F.—In a pond at Saltburn,
July.

rr

137

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1904-5.

I have pleasure in presenting to the members of the Cleveland
Naturalists’ Field Club, the Annuat Report, this being my 7th
Report and the 24th of the Club’s existence.

Summer Merrincs.—Seven Meetings were arranged by your
Committee to be held during the summer months (exclusive of
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Meeting, none of which were held
in the immediate vicinity).

The start was rather disastrous; the first meeting arranged to
be held at Kettleness, and the second at Upleatham, had to be
abandoned owing to very unfavourable weather conditions. This,
unfortunately, did not end our misfortune in this respect, as the
fourth meeting, arranged for Hilton, was abandoned from the
same cause, and the sixth meeting at Kildale, the party only
arrived to spend the afternoon indoors, owing to a very heavy
thunderstorm coming on. If the Kilton meeting had not been
altered on account of the Mayor’s Garden Party, we would have
had to chronicle yet another unfavourable day.

It is many years since the summer programme was so interfered
with by the weather conditions, and this, in spite of the summer,
generally, being much more favourable than had been the case in
the two or three previous years.

Five Meetings were held, viz.:—at Kilton, Lealholm, Kildale,
Eston and Kettleness, the latter being refixed again at a later
date. The meetings held were fairly well attended: the meetings
at Lealholm and Kilton Woods were the most successful.

The thanks of the Club are due to W. H. A. Wharton, Esq.,
Captain R. B. Turton, Lord Downe, Earl of Zetland, and the late
Hon. James Lowther, for permission to visit their estates, also to
Dr. Veitch for acting as guide of the Kettleness excursion.

138

Winter Merrtines.—Since the last Annual Meeting, 6 Winter
Meetings have been held, these have, on the whole, been fairly
successful and fairly well attended by our members, but still I
consider there is room for improvement both in the attendance
of our members and also for assistance by members in giving
papers and assisting more at the microscope and exhibition
meetings.

The Lectures that have been given since the last Annual
Meeting are—a paper by Mr. W. H. Thomas, on “ Earlier
Civilizations of Ancient Greece,” delivered in April of last year.
“The Underground Waters of N. W. Yorks.,” by the Rev. W.
Lower Carter, M.A. F.G.S., on November 24th. ‘“ Plant Life on a
Heather Moor,” by Dr. W. G. Smith, on February 9th, the two
latter being given by Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Lecturers.
On March 28rd, a paper, entitled “Cleveland: its Geology and
Scenery,” was given by Mr. J. 8. Calvert, and illustrated by a
very interesting series of sketchs of local scenery.

Microscope and Exhibition Meetings were held on December
15th and January 28th, under the direction of Mr. Simpson and
the Microscopy Sectional Committee. Exhibits were made by
M. L. Thompson, J. M. Meek, Frank Elgee, and T. A. Lofthouse,
and a number of our members and others kindly lent microscopes
and slides.

All the Lectures were illustrated by lantern slides or diagrams.

Mempersuip.—The Club membership is 111. This being, I
regret to say, a slight decrease on last year, when the membership
was 114.

Twelve new members have been elected during the year, 8 have
resigned or left the district, 1 died, and 6 have been struck off
owing to their subscriptions being in arrears.

The work that is being done by the Club is, I venture to think,
worthy of more general support from the Cleveland district, and
I trust members will do their utmost to induce any interested in
Natural History or Archeological Pursuits, to join the Society.

Procerpines.—Since the last Annual Meeting, Vol. 1, part 5
of our Proceedings has been issued to members, together with
index and list of members, this completing our First Volume.

Tas

139

The cost of Volume 1 in parts (5) has been reduced to 5/-
to Members, and they may also obtain single parts at a
reduction of 20 per cent.; as there are a fair number of copies of
most of the parts in hand, I trust that members who have not
complete sets, will avail themselves of the opportunity of
purchasing them before the stock is exhausted.

Your committee appointed the Rey. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A.,
F.G.§., to the position of Editor, which, we are pleased to say, he
has accepted.

Liprary.—The following works have been added to the Society’s
Library during the year:—Vol. 1, Part 2, of the Hull Society’s
Proceedings; Vol. 1, Part 2, of the Weardale Naturalists’ Field
Club Transactions, both presented by the Societies.

The Naturalist for 1904, and the Yorkshire Naturalist Union
Transactions, Part 31 :—

If the Society had a permanent room and _ Library
accommodation (that is if there is a desire for such by the
members), I think the Library is a portion of our work which
might be further developed, and prove of practical use to our
members.

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1905-6.

I have pleasure in submitting the following Report, this being
my 8rH Annuat Report, and the 25th year of the Club’s
existence.

While no great advance on previous years has been made, I
think the value of the work done by the Club has been maintained.
During the past 12 months, 7 Summer Meetings and 8 Winter
Meetings have been held, and another part of our Proceedings
has been published. The Club has had, I think, during the past
year, more assistance from its members in arranging its Summer
and Winter Meetings, than, has been the case in any previons
year.

140

Summer Mrerines.—The following Meetings have been held
during the summer months; Upleatham, Crathorne and Hutton
Rudby, Loftus to Grinkle, Swainby to Snotterdale, Danby to
Castleton, and Stokesley to Wainstones. ‘Two meetings on fhe
fixture list were abandoned; the one from Ayton to Hutton on
account of inclement weather, and the other owing to it being in
“Stockton Race Week,” when a good many of our members
are usually away.

The districts visited were all interesting, some of them opening
out quite new ground. A good attendance took place at all the
meetings except Crathorne, which was interfered with by the
weather. The Club was indebted to Mr. John Garbutt, of Loftus,
the Rey. J. Cowley Fowler, Mr. J.W. R. Punch and Mr. Cozens, for
acting as guides and giving information as to routes, etc., at the
meetings at Grinkle, Swainby, Danby and Wainstones, their
personal attendance and guidance adding very much to the interest
of these meetings. The Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, our President, and
Mr. and Mrs. J. W. R. Punch kindly entertained our members to
tea at the Swainby and Danby meetings.

The Club was also indebted very much to local landowners, for
permission to visit their estates on the occasion of our meetings,
viz.:—The Earl of Zetland (on two occasions), Sir Chas. Mark
Palmer, M.P., J. Lionel Dugdale, Esq. (who also kindly sent
someone to meet the party, and explain to them the various
objects of interest in Crathorne Church), and J. J. Emerson,
Esq.

Winter Meetines.—Since the last Annual Meeting, papers
have been given at Winter Meetings by the Rev. J. Cowley
Fowler, B.A., F.G.S., on “ Brittany,” in April; by Rev. W. Lower
Carter, M.A., F.G.S., on “Early Man in Britain,” Y.N.U.
Lecture; by Rev. F. Grant James, on “ Ancient Worthies of
Marske”; and J. W. R. Punch on the “ Spectroscope,” illustrated
by experiments; Thomas Sheppard, F.G.S., on a “ Geologicai
Ramble along the Yorkshire Coast,’ Y.N.U. Lecture; Two
Microscope and Exhibition Meetings, and an evening visit to the
Dorman Museum, completed the year’s Winter Meetings.

Mr. Simpson kindly obtained the microscopes from members
and friends, and arranged them for these meetings, with the
assistance of Mr. Punch and other of our members. At the
second of our Microscope Meetings, the members had the pleasure

141

of seeing Mr. Barnes’ beautiful and instructive slides, mostly
botanical, and principally illustrating ‘“ Mosses,” with the life
history of which he is well acquainted.

The attendance of members at most of the meetings was fairly
satisfactory, although on the occasion of one or two meetings, other
attractions and engagements probably militated against as good
an attendance as might have been expected.

Mempersuir.—The Club membership is 106, including 2
Honorary members. This being a slight decrease on last year,
when the membership was 111.

During the year 10 new members have been elected and 9
members have resigned (mostly through leaving the district), 5
have been struck off for non-payment of subscription, and one
member has died, namely, Col. Chas. Lothian Bell, a member
who, although he did not attend the meetings, he was interested
in the Club’s work, especially the Proceedings, to the recent part
of which he contributed a very complete Meteorological Record for
Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, in 1904.

A satisfactory feature in regard to the membership during
recent years is, that we are receiving a much more representative
Cleveland membership than we have hitherto had.

I regret to say, that in my opinion, there seems to be a lack of
active workers in ‘“ Natural History and Kindred Pursuits” in
our midst at the present time, this is not as it should be, as
Middlesbrough is favourably situated for all branches of Natural
History. There seems to be no one working at the Mollusca, the
Marine Fauna and Flora, and many other branches in which
there is ample scope for workers in this district.

ProckEpiInGs.—Part 1, Vol. 2, of the Society’s Proceedings has
been issued to members during the year. This number is of
particular local value, and has been favourably commented on in
the Naturalist, Yorkshire Weekly Post, and other papers. All
the papers were of local interest.

It is rather unfortunate that our membership is not large
enough to permit of printing Proceedings every year as we have
in hand at the present time, and could obtain from our members
papers that would keep the Proceedings going for some
considerable time.

—

A ee ow f ¥ 5 ee ee

ore et Le he 2S Ve te be

142

The thanks of the Club are due to the Rey. J. Cowley Fowler,
B.A., the Editor of Part 1, Vol. 2, and to all the members who
contributed papers to the number. ; kK le,

The sale of the Proceedings, as will be noticed from the ie
Treasurer’s Report, is an increase on previous years, and if
members would only make them more widely known, we should
probably have a considerably larger income from this source. ae

Lisrary.—The following Works have been added to ie a
Society’s Library during the year :—Vol. LII., Part 3, of the nae 1 c
Society's Proceedings, and the Naturalist for 1905. zs

Musreum.—Mr. Baker Hudson has informed me that the |
Museum authorities have given permission to us to hold our_
meetings at the Museum, and have placed a room at our disposal
when required. Under the Curator, Mr. Baker Hudson, and the ~
Assistant Curator, Mr. Frank Elgee, the Museum collection is j
being got into shape, and will, no doubt, in time become of very
valuable assistance to local students, and should also stimulate —
workers and possibly become the means of enlarging the Club —
membership, but to do this it must not be lost sight of that the 7
collection should become more an index of the Natural Fauna and |
Flora of the Cleveland district, and the more this is kept in |
view the more valuable will the Museum, as an educational
agency, become, in my opinion.

7a

15 JUN 29
ay. HIoy

yas

MEMBERSHIP.

Any persons interested in the work of our Society
are invited to become Members, even if they are not
able to be active Members. Their support would be
valuable and would also show that the work of the

Society was not altogether unappreciated.

The Annual Subscription is 5/-. Further partic-

ulars would be supplied by the Hon. Secretary.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ©
CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB. ~*

Votume 1 in 5 Parts. (Complete to Members 5/-.)

CONTENTS.—Part 1.—Remains of Norman Architecture in Cleveland
Churches, by R. Lofthouse; Geological . Notes
Runswick Bay, Dr. W. Y. Veitch ; Ornithological
Notes, &c., RK. G. Clayton; Notes on Clevéland
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Price Sixpence.

Part 2,—(Three Illustrations.) Prehistoric Middlesbrough,
’ Dr. W. Y. Veitch; Norman Architecture in Cleve-
land Churches, continued; Mollusca of Cleveland,
Rev. J. Hawell; Cleveland Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera ; Ornithological Notes, &c., by R. G.

Clayton and R. Lofthouse. Price One Shilling.

Parr 3.—(Six Illustrations.) Life of Rev. Canon Atkinson,
by Rey. J. Hawell; Salt Boring Sections near
Middlesbrough ; The Sealin the Tees Estuary, and
Coatham Marshes and its Duck Decoy, by R.
Lofthouse ; Ornithological Notes, by C. Milburn,
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and Snow Bunting, by R. Lofthouse; Norman
Font and Early Cross at Marske, T. M. Fallow;
Evolution of Cleyeland Scenery, Rev. J, Hawell ;
Study of Nature, J. A. Jones; Cleveland Lepidop-
tera and Coleoptera; Ornithological Notes, by
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Cleveland, Rev. J. C. Fowler; Liverton Church, by
T. M. Fallow; Bird Nests in strange places, and
Notes on the Hedge Hog, by R. Lofthouse; Little
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History, by W. G. Clarke; Cleveland Lepidoptera
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H. Simpson; Rainfall, &e. Price Two Shiilings.

Vouomg II.

CONTENTS.—Parr 1.—(Six Illustrations.). Life of Rey. J. Hawell, by
Rev. J. C. Fowler; History of Easby; Crossbills
and Buzzards in Cleveland, by F. R. Atkinson ;
Black Rat at Middlesbrough; Cleveland Brasses,
by T. M. Fallow; Gravel Deposit in Lonsdale,
F. Elgie; Lepidoptera and Coleoptera Notes ;
Meteorological Record, &e. Price Lwo Shillings,

Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the
Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club may be obtained of
the Hon. Secretary, Mr. T. A. Lofthouse, 129, Albert
Road, Middlesbrough.

4
4
a
d

PROGEEDINGS

OF THE

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS
Be HELD CUB:

1907-8.

VOL. Il. PART III.
Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

PeiCeerwO- SMELEINGS

(FREE To MEMBERS.)

MIDDLESBROUGH :
Wn. AppitEvyarD & Sons, Lp., Printers, &c., ALBERT Roap.

1909.

CONTENTS.

FAUNA OF CLEVELAND, PAST AND PRESENT
(Illustrated)

FRANK ELGEE

. JURASSIC PLANTS FROM THE CLEVELAND HILLs
(Illustrated)

Rev. Geo. LANE, F.G.s.

A Larce GpactaL BouLDER AT WHORLTON,
(Illustrated)

AN INTERESTING GEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY
A Counter Temp. Epwarp III (Illustrated)
Rev. J. C. FOWLER, B.A., F.G.S.
CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1906 anD 1907—
T. A. LorrHovsgE, F.E.S.
CLEVELAND COLEOPTERA—
M. L. THompson, F.E£.S.

SECRETARY’S REPORTS—
T. A. LoFrrHoUSsgs, F.E.S:

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

143-171

172-173

174-175
176-177

178-179
180-185
186-193

194-202

Trigonia lingonensis, Astarte sulcata, A. duboisiana,
A. striato-suleata, p. 143; Rhyssa persuasoria and Mutilla
europea, p. 162; Zamites, p. 172; Boulder of Shap Granite,

Counter Temp. Edward III, p. 178.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS
FIeLD. CLUB.

1907-6.

VOL. Il. PART III.
Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

ESBICe. EWOCSHILELLINGS

(FREE TO MEMBERS.)

MIDDLESBROUGH :
Wn. AppLteYaARD & Sons, Lp., Printers, &c., ALBERT Roan.

1909.

ae: ;
re hs oe

a Se ne eee eee ee

Orie ks.

President :
J. J. Burton.

T. M. FALLow, M.A., F.S.A.
Rev. J. CowLey Fow ter, B.A.,

F.G.S.
T. A. LoFTHOUSE, F.E.S.

Vice Presidents :

J. M. MEEK, m.a.
W. R. Puncu.

H. Simpson.

je EP STEAD; OER:S,

Committee :

Mrs. C. Hoop.
W. H. THOMAs.
P. H. Monx.

W. SACHSE.
M. L. THOMPSON, F.E,S.
G. B. WatsH, B.Sc.

Hon. Treasurer :
T. F. Warp, Park Road S., Middlesbrough.

Sectional Secretaries :
Archeology—T. M. FaLiow, M.A., F.S.A.

Botany—

Conchology—BAKER HuDsoNn.
Entomology—T. A. LOFTHOUSE, F.E.S,
Geology—J. J. BurTOoN.
Ornithology and Mammalogy—F. R. ATKINSON,
Microscopy—H. SIMPson.

Hon. Secretary :
FRANK ELGEE, Dorman Memorial Museum, Middlesbrough,

Hon. Librarian :
BAKER HuDSON.

Past Presidents :

1881—Dr. W. Y. VEITCH, M.R.C.S.

1882— Do.
1883—Mr. J. S. CALVERT
1884—Mr. T. F. Warp

1885— Do.
1886—Mr. ANGus MAcCPHERSON
1887— Do.

1888—Mr. J. M. MEEK

1889—Dr. W. Y. VEITCH, M.R.C.S.

1890— Do.

1891—Rev. J. HAwELL, M.A.
1892—Mr. R. LorrHousE
1893—Mr. T. D. RIDLEY
1894—Mr. Ancus MACPHERSON
1895—Rev. J. HawELt, M.a.

1896—ReEv. J. HAwELL, M.A.
1897—Mr.J. M. MEEK
1898—Mr. W. H. THomas

1899— Do.

1900— Do.

1901—Mr. T. F. Warp

1902— Do.

1903—ReEv. J. HAwELL, M.A.,
F.G.S.

1904— Do.

1905—Rey. J. CowLEy Fow Ler,
B.A., F.G.S.

1906—Mr. H. Simpson
1907—Mr. J. J. Burton
1908— Do.

Trigonia lingonensts, Matn Seam OF IRONSTONE, MrppLe Luis.
Eston MINEs.

~

Astarte striato-sulcaia, MrppLe Lias, CLEVELAND.
2. Astarte duboisiana, CORALLINE OOoLiTE, PICKERING.

yy]

. Astarie sulcata, RECENT, REDcaR.

_ ee

ee Se ee —. e-”hC

143

THE FAUNA OF CLEVELAND—PAST AND PRESENT.

BY FRANK ELGEE.

CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
THE MarINnE FAuNA.
Past Marine Fatnas.
THe TERRESTRIAL Fauna.
Tue History OF THE TERRESTRIAL FAUNA.

Pee bose

Do

CONCLUSION.

1.—INTRODUCTION.

The history of the animals of our district, including those
inhabiting both sea and land, is a subject which must be of
interest to all the members of a society, having for one of its
objects the investigation of the fauna of Cleveland. During
the last few decades, the zoology and paleontology of North
Eastern Yorkshire have been zealously studied by numerous
enthusiastic observers, many of whom are prominent mem-
bers of this society. Thanks to their labours, we now possess
a tolerably comprehensive idea of the character of the local
fauna, its constituent species, and their local distribution—
though it must be admitted that very much more work re-
mains to be done, before our knowledge of it can be regarded
as anything like complete. Nevertheless, an attempt will here
be made to survey the zoology and paleontology of Cleveland
as a coherent whole; to consider the distribution of the
various animals in space and time ; to ascertain the elements
of which the fauna is composed, and the natural groups into
which it can be divided ; and to trace the faunas that have
at different periods lived within the district.

144

As will be gathered from the statistical tables given in this
paper, the fauna of Cleveland, both recent and fossil, is a
very rich one, nearly four thousand species having been
recorded. This richness is primarily due to the great variety
of natural habitats the area possesses, each one of which’is
inhabited by a special suite of animals. For not only is
there a varied coast-line with sheltered bays, low sandy shores,
a tidal estuary, precipitous cliffs, and long stretches of inter-
tidal scars; but there is likewise a varied land surface with
hills and valleys, woods and moors, swamps and streams.
To the residents have also to be added the animals which
visit these localities, either as regular immigrants, casual
visitors, or as accidental introductions by man. On turning
to the rocks of the district we find that they contain a great
suite of organic remains, numbering over a thousand species
occurring in groups in the different strata, and now all
extinct.

Regarding this fauna as a whole we shall deal with it from
two standpoints, the statical and the dynamical. The
statical aspect treats of the fauna as it is at present, its
species and their local distribution, its divisions into natural
groups or associations, and the likenesses and differences
of these groups as compared with one another, and to similar
and dissimilar groups in this and other countries.

The dynamica! aspect of the fauna treats of the history
of the animals which have lived within the district and their
origin; the lines of past migration and distribution, and the
changes the fauna has undergone mm relation to past climates,
and fast vicissitudes of geography. in other words, it deals
with the evolution of the fauna, and the causes which have
contributed to that evolution.

It will be convenient to consider first the present marine
fauna, to see of what species it is composed, and their status on
the district coast-line. Unfortunately, it will not be possible
to treat of the divisions of the marine fauna into groups or
associations, corresponding with the different habitats of
the different species, since few observations except those of
a very general kind have been made on this subject.

We shall next pass on to the history of the marine animals

of the Cleveland coast, and ascertain the period when they
entered the district. We shall then discuss the past marine

——

145

faunas of Cleveland, as revealed by a study of the fossils
in the local strata, and the conclusions to be drawn therefrom
regarding past climatic and geographical conditions.

The terrestrial fauna will next be dealt with, which will
furnish data for its history during recent geological periods.
Finally will come a resumé of the marine, the fossil, and the
terrestrial faunas as a whole.

2.—TuHEe MARINE FAUNA.

The annexed table No. 1 gives so far as I have been enabled
to ascertain, a census of the species and genera of marine
animals, occurring on or off the coast as far south as Whitby.
The figures there shown cannot be otherwise regarded than
as considerably below the actual number inhabiting the
coast-line ; since there are many groups of marine animals
which have hardly received any attention from local
naturalists. This table does not call for any special comment
at our hands, but it will be noticed that it shows the fishes
and the mollusca are the most numerous forms of life on
our coast-line, so far as number of species is concerned.

TABLE I.
CENSUS OF THE MarINnE Fauna OF CLEVELAND.
CLASS. SPECIES. GENERA.

Mammalia se 4 se 2
Reptiles Me 1 wag 1
Fishes e, 131 x 79
Crustacea ee 44 Bee 33
Tunicates _ 1 at 1
Cephalopods ad 4 re 4
Univalves Li 59 ae 43
Bivalves Be 53 ae boc
Polyzoa ae 31 nid V7
Wornis ae 15 ae 15
Echinoderms oo 16 ine 11
Medusze ae 2 eae 2;
Hydrozoa Kae 37 ss 18
Actinozoa a 9 M65: 6
Sponges ie 2 cP 2
Protozoa Pie 4 4

Total ae 413 ix: 271

146

fs This marine fauna can be divided into groups according
to the status of the various species, whether these be residents,
migrants, irregular visitors, or accidental stragglers. The
first of these include most of the familiar fishes, molluscs,
echinoderms, worms, and sea anemones of our shores ; and
these animals, especially the mollusca, can be further sub-
divided into groups, corresponding to the geographical regions
to which they belong. Generally speaking the molluscan
fauna of Great Britain, forms part of the Celtic Province
of marine conchologists. This province also -includes the
coasts of the North Sea, the Baltic, Sweden, and Denmark.
Local species characteristic of this geographical region are
Cardium edule, Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Pecten maximus,
Ostrea edulis and numerous others.

Intermingled with these Celtic species are others ranging
much further northwards, and generally typical of the Boreal
and Arctic Provinces. To the first of these provinces, cor-
responding to the west coast of Norway, Iceland, the
Shetland and Faroe Islands, and the north coast of North
America, belong such local molluscs as olis despecta
and Doto fragilis, two sea-slugs ; Buccinum undaium, Littorina
vudis, Lacuna divaricata, Skenia planorbis, Gibbula cineraria,
Modiolaria discors, and Solen ensis ; and the species which
range into the Arctic Province and there mix with true

Arctic shells, include Chrysodomus antiqua, Sipho islandicus, -

Nassa_ incrassata, Acmea testudinalis, Turtonia minuia, and
Saxicava rugosa,

Two species found at Redcar may be cited as examples
of forms, which extend southwards into the Lusitanian Pro-
vince; an area embracing the Mediterranean and the coasts
of France and Spain. These two species are Chione.gallina
and Tellina tents.

In a similar manner the other marine organisms of our
coast might be classified, but it must be carefully borne in
mind that such divisions are not exact. Owing to the absence
of barriers to dispersal marine animals often have a very
much wider geographical distribution than land animals.
Hence some marine shells are genuine cosmopolitans, being
found in all seas. The Common Mussel (Myéilus edulis)
and the Boring Shell (Saxicava rugosa) are said to belong to

a

ie
this class, and there can be little doubt that their dis-
tribution is practically world-wide.

Accidental stragglers to our coast are not infrequent, and
the only marine reptile given in the table may be taken as

an instance, viz.: the Hawk’s Bill Turtle (Chelone imbri-

cata), a resident of tropical waters, found dead off Redcar
in 1849. Other rare stragglers are the Opah or King Fish
(Lampris luna), of brilliant colours, a native of the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans; the Tunny (Thunnus thynnus), a warm-
blooded fish; the Pilchard (Clupea pilchardus); and the
Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus), the latter being the
so-called ‘‘grampus,’’ which created such a sensation on
Redcar Sands two years ago.

Concerning the history of the marine fauna of Cleveland
very little can be said here. We may endeavour to find out,
however, the period when the animals first appeared on our
coast. Of course, the obvious answer to this problem is, after
the North Sea was formed, but when this took place the
geologist can only assign a relative date. That the North Sea
existed in. pre-glacial days is certain, and that it contained a
fauna even richer than the present one is also certain. For in
those well-known formations of Pliocene times—the Crags of
Norfolk and Suffolk—are to be found shells precisely similar
to those in the present sea, together with species now extinct
or living elsewhere, and indicating a somewhat warmer climate.
In many of the glacial beds of the Cleveland district, frag-

mentary shells of Cyprina islandica, Tellina balihica, and _

Dentalium enialis are of frequent occurrence, and they also
prove the existence of the North Sea in pre-glacial times
from the bed of which they were carried by the great northern
ice-sheet. For during the Ice Age it seems fairly well estab-
lished that the German Ocean was filled with thick glacier-ice,
and that consequently the pre-glacial marine fauna was either
driven away southw ards or became extinct locally; but with the
retreat of the ice and the gradual amelioration of the climate,
the various species would return to repopulate their old haunts.
We have to picture to ourselves this great movement of
marine animals, some creeping from rock to rock along the
coast, others being carried helplessly by the currents and tides,
and yet others actively swimming through the water. At
first the northern forms now confined to the Arctic Province

148

would prevail, to be followed by the more temperate types of
the Boreal and Celtic Provinces. With the retreat of the ice
beyond the point where the North Sea becomes one with the
Atlantic, an influx of animals would then ensue from the north
which continues at the present time.

According to the eminent French conchologist, M. Paul
Fischer*, the Straits of Dover are somewhat of a barrier to
a large number of shells peculiar to the Lusitanian Province,
or otherwise they would extend into the North Sea, and this
may perhaps explain the rarity of Lusitanian forms on. the
Cleveland Coast. But if this barrier has been effective with
one group of shells, it seems difficult to understand why it
should not have been effective with the Celtic and Boreal
groups, as they spread northwards after the Ice Age. This
may have been so, but in that case the marine fauna must
to a great extent have entered the German Ocean from the
north, as just described. Movements of marine animals
through the Straits of Dover northwards, and from the
Atlantic southwards, -must have taken place, though perhaps
on a smaller scale in the former than in the latter. Again,
these distributions would be interrupted by the conversion
of the sea floor into dry land, an event which certainly oc-
curred in. post-glacial times. After the subsidence of the
land the sea would once more prevail and bring with it its
inhabitants.

Thoroughly to trace the history of the marine fauna, we
should have to investigate the geographical distribution of
every species, and that of the genus to which it belongs. Next.
we should have to ascertain the distribution of the genus in
time, and find out at what geological epoch, and in what
country it became most numerous in species. Only after we
had collected this vast body of facts, would we be in a position
to discuss the history of our local marine fauna. To do so
here is out of the question, but to illustrate this line of research
let us take the case of the genus of bivalve shells known as
Astarte, of which two species have been recorded from the
coast, A. sulcata and A. compressa. The first of these ranges
far north to Novaya Zemlia, the White Sea, and North America,
and extends southwards to the Canaries and throughout the

* Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 145.

149

Mediterranean ; the latter also extends far north to Greenland
and Novaya Zemlia and according to Gwyn Jeffreys, is ex-
tensively distributed throughout the North Atlantic to the
North Eastern Coast of America.

Besides these two local species there is another, A.
triangularis, found locally on all the British Coasts and ex-
tending to the Canaries; whilst about twenty other species
flourish in the Northern and Arctic Seas of Greenland, Iceland,
Norway, Northern Europe, and North America. Thus it
wil] be seen that the genus at the present day is of essentially
northern distribution, and associated with cold climates.

Turning now to the paleontology of the genus, we find
that the three British species are found fossil in the Pliocene
deposits of Norfolk and Suffolk, where, however, they
occur with nearly twenty other species most of which
are extinct. Further back in time the living forms
do not go. and omitting the Miocene Astartes which do
not occur in Britain, we meet with the group again in the
lower Eocene beds of the South of England, whence half-
a-dozen species have been recorded.* It is also numerous in
the Tertiary deposits of the Continent and North America.
In these formations, however, it is associated with animals
and plants having a decidedly tropical aspect, indicative of
warm climates.

Several species occur in the Cretaceous formations, but
not until the Jurassic is reached does the genus attain its
maximum dimensions. In this great geological system, the
species are perhaps most numerous in the Upper Corallian
and Lower Kimmeridgian strata, where they are so abundant
that they constitute a definite geological horizon, known to
continental geologists as the Astartian. Even in the Upper .
Oolitic strata of North Eastern Yorkshire they are com-
paratively abundant, over a dozen species having been
obtained, and of which the commonest is Astarte duboisiana
from the Coralline limestone of Pickering and neighbourhood.
Altogether nearly 300 species of fossil Astarte are known
and attain their maximum development in the Secondary

* Bullen Newton, Catalogue of British Eocene and Oligocene
Mollusca.

150

Period, where, however, they are found in deposits, not only
indicating a warm climate but actually forming the fossilized
remains of coral reefs such as we find at Hackness, East
Ayton, and Pickering.

The genus Aséfarte, according to Von Zittel, is first definitely
known from the Triassic formation. It then gradually began
to increase in numbers, and reached its maximum growth in
adaptation to the warm tropical seas of later Jurassic times.
After this epoch it slowly but surely begins to decrease, pro-
bably not so much owing to the varied changes of geography
and climate which the genus witnessed (though these factors
have doubtless played some part in its diminution), but
perhaps owing to the competition of more vigorous molluscs
and animals. The pressure of these rivals may have caused
the present descendents of the semi-tropical Jurassic A startes
to become adjusted to the colder seas of the Northern
Hemisphere, and that far from regarding these seas as the
original home of the genus, we must probably place it, so far
as our continent is concerned, in Central Europe in late
Jurassic times. The present forms, including our two local
species, are the relicts of a once numerous family of semi-
tropical shells.

We thus see that the common shells we so carelessly crush
with our feet on the sea shore, have a very complex history
extending many millions of years into the past, and of which
we can only form a very indefinite idea. What has just been
said is applicable to, every marine animal on the Cleveland
Coast ; for some, an imperfect picture of their evolution can
be formed, for many others even this imperfect picture is
an impossibility, since all or nearly all records of their
encrmous past have vanished for ever.

3.—Pasr MARINE FAUNAS.

What we have just considered concerning the geological
history of Asfarte, naturally leads us to the third division of
our subject, the past marine faunas of Cleveland. Although
we have learned that the present marine fauna has undergone
many vicissitudes in its development, we have yet to see
that our district was occupied by many marine faunas, not

151

only altogether different from the present, but also very
different from one another. To do this we must go back to
that far distant time when Cleveland was under the seas of
the Mesozoic or Secondary Epoch. No Quaternary or
Tertiary deposits exist in our area, so that the history of the
past marine faunas is necessarily very imperfect, and has
to be filled in with details drawn from other parts of the
country. It is proposed, however, to contrast the fossil
animals of the local stratified rocks with those inhabiting
the coast to-day, ascertain in what way they differ or agree,
and see what conclusions can be drawn from them regarding
the climate of Cleveland when they flourished.

TABLE II.
CENSUS OF THE FAUNA OF THE LIAs.

CLASS SPECIES GENERA
Pterosaur ee 1 1
Crocodilia 4 Fj 3
Plesiosauri a 9 3
Ichthyosauri ne 7 1
Fishes Sfp 20 12
Crustacea ae 23 9
Insects ee Ds 2
Cephalopods

(other than Nautili
Ammonites and

Belemnites) ra 4 3
Nautili we ay 1
Belemni es as 4] 1
Ammonites Ae 117 7
Univalves ye 86 19
Scaphopods aa 5 1
Bivalves ae 190 42
Lamp Shells me 27 7
Worms Mies 10 3
Echinoderms By 20 14
Corals ae 4 2
Protozoa ( Foraminifera) 74 21

Total aie 654 152

|
|

152

The New Red Sandstone of the Triassic System, which
underlies the lowlands of Tees-side, contains no local organic
remains of enough importance to be considered here. It
may be remarked in passing, however, that these rocks are
composed of sand formed under desert conditions, and pro-
bably blown by the wind into lakes saturated with salt, now
lying at a depth of nearly two thousand feet. Succeeding
the Triassic rocks comes the well-known Lias, but the change
of g ographical condition which first supervened, is indicated by
a set of beds termed the Rhetic (after the Alps of that name
where they are characteristically developed), containing a
few stunted marine fossils. Of these the most important is
the shell known as Avicula contorta, remarkable for its wide
distribution in various parts of Eastern, Western, and Southern
Europe, of course on the same geological horizon. The teeth ~
of Sharks are of frequent occurrence, and are of interest from
the fact that their nearest living representative, is the Port
Jackson Shark of the Australian Seas.

With the Lower Lias, so picturesquely developed on the
scars at Redcar, Saltburn, and Robin Hood’s Bay, we are
introduced to a rich and varied fauna, the statistics of which
can be gathered from Table 2. On comparing the fauna
of the Lias with that of the Cleveland coast, we find that the
number of species in the former is greater than in the latter.
But as we have seen the full number of living species is still
far from being known, if these could be enumerated the
total would probably be greater than that for the whole of
the Lias.

This comparison would be misleading, however, if we do
not bear in mind the fragmentary character of the fossil
faunas. This mperfection of the geological record is owing
to the circumstance that only animals which secrete hard
parts leave any remains in the stratified rocks, such soft-
bodied organisms as jelly-fish, worms, and sea-slugs, disappear
altogether, and many other animals must, though possessing
hard parts, decay away before they can become petrified.
Joining these considerations with the long period of time
during which the Lias was laid down, we may feel sure that
animal life was more abundant in those days than it is now,
as far as the immediate district is concerned.

153

The differences of the Liassic Fauna from the present one
constitute those palzontological features so characteristic of
the Mesozoic ages. None of the species except perhaps a
few Foraminifera are now living, and of these, whole groups
have become extinct; the Reptilia, the Ammonites, and
Belemnites being the most noteworthy. With regard to
the Mollusca other than the Cephalopods it has to be remem-
bered that. including Inferior Oolite forms, thirty-four genera
of them are extinct ; whilst twenty-three genera presently to
be dealt with in detail although still living, are non-existent
in the British area. The nearest points of resemblance between
the living and the fossil faunas, is in the occurrence of a num-
ber of genera still represented on our coast, such as Mytilus,
Pecten, Ostrea, Modiola, and Littorina amongst the Mollusca.

Let us now take a brief survey of the succession of marine
faunas whose records are to be found in the Lias and the
Inferior Oolite of the district. Beginning with the Lower
Lias, the most remarkable zoological feature it possesses is
the great abundance of what are known as the Arietan Am-
monites, characterised by their keeled and radiately ribbed
shells. Avtetites Bucklandi from the rocks on which Redcar
Pier stands, is a familiar type. Now, the Rhetic Beds below
the Lias contain no Ammonites at all, yet on ascending
through a few feet of strata, we come across them in swarms.
What, therefore, is the implication of this fact ? Well,
probably that the conditions of life during the deposition of
the Trias in England, were unfavourable to their existence,
and that the Ammonites entered the Cleveland Liassic Sea
from elsewhere. The researches of an eminent continental
geologist, Von Mojsisovics, have shown that these chambered
shells attained their maximum development, not in the Lias,
but in the open Triassic Seas of South Europe, Asia, America,
and the Arctic Regions; during which epoch over one thousand
species belonging to over thirty distinct genera flourished.
With the disappearance of the unfavourable conditions exist-
ing in our district during Triassic times, the Ammonites in-
vaded the Liassic Seas from the south, west, or east, but
probably not from the north, where there is supposed to have
been a land surface.

Associated with the Arietan Ammonites are other genera
of Molluscs, including the familiar Miller’s Thumb (Gryphea

154

arcuata), a species of oyster, strictly confined to the Lower Lias,
and forming hard scars of limestone at Redcar. Amongst
the other bivalve shells of the Lower Lias, Cardinia, is most
noteworthy and characteristic, though now quite extinct. The
beautiful univalve, Pleurotomaria anglica, is somewhat numer-
ous at Redcar, and belongs to a genus which is abundant
in the stratified rocks, but is at the present time almost
extinct, a few living examples having been found in the
Antilles and Japan.

The nature of the Lower Lias rocks, shale with thin bands
of limestone, indicates the conditions of life at that epoch,
viz., moderately deep water, clear when the limestone bands
were formed, and muddier when the shales were deposited.
In the Middle Lias still shallower water existed, as is testified
by the ripple marked sandstones of the Sandy Series, with
their oyster beds and swarms of Cardium truncatum. These
littoral conditions were followed by deeper water in which
the shaly beds of the Ironstone Series were deposited, a life
condition which prevailed up to the close of the Liassic
period.

In the Middle Lias, which includes the Ironstone Series,
we are confronted with a rich and varied fauna quite different
from that of the Lower Lias. Not only have nearly all the
species died out which are characteristic of the inferior beds
but also whole genera. The Arietan Ammonites, so numerous
in the Redear Rocks, are replaced by species belonging to
new genera. Of these £goceras capricornus, and Amaltheus
spinatus, may be taken as typical examples. The Cardinias
are reduced to one or two feeble representatives, whilst
peculiar genera of bivalve Mollusca become very dominant,
viz.: Gresslya, Pleuromya, Goniomya, Arcomya, Ceromya, and
Pholadomya. All of them are extinct, except Pholadomya,
two or three species of which have been dredged from the
bottom of deep parts of the Atlantic.

A famous bivalve of the Ironstone is Tvigonia lingonensts.
one of the earlie:t members of a genus which attained an
extraordinary and beautiful development in later Jurassic
times, but is now only represented by a few species in

155

the Australian Seas. This rare shell is practically confined
to the Ironstone of Eston and Upleatham Hills, but specimens
have been obtained at Boulby and Roseberry Topping. Not
only is it of great rarity but it is’seldom found with both
valves in opposition.*

The Brachiopoda, or Lamp Shells, are not uncommon in
the Ironstone Beds though scarce in the North Sea to-day.
The familiar Rhynchonella tetrahedra is very abundant and
frequently occurs in pockets, whilst Terebratula is also
numerous. Table No. 3 shows the fauna of the Ironstone
Series of the Middle Lias.

TaBLe III.

CENSUS OF THE FAUNA OF THE IRONSTONE SERIES OF
THE MippLE Ltias.

CLASS. SPECIES. GENERA.
Reptiles set 2 dea 2
Cephalopods PEA 16 ae 3
Univalves ie 23 ate 10
Bivalves as 62 ee 35
Lamp Shells ag 11 ea) 4
Worms ‘3 4 aie 2,
Echinoderms ar 3 sea °3)

Total fea EAL vee 59

In the Upper Lias, we meet with another distinct group of
fossils. New genera of Ammonites, Stephanoceras, Phyllo-
cervas, and Harypoceras abound together with many unique
bivalves, such as Inoceramus dubius from the Jet Rock; Leda
ovum and Trigonia literata, from the Alum Shale. Fishes
are comparatively numerous in the jet shales, and com-

* Mr. T. W. Saunders, of Saltburn, has a beautiful and perfect
specimen found by him in Boulby Mines.

B

156

prise forms (Leptolepis saltviciensis) related to the Herring,
and others related to the Sturgeon and the Bow-Fin of the
United States.

But it is for the Reptiles that the Upper Lias is so celebrated,
and the species which then flourished are now extinct. . The
most important of them are undoubtedly the Fish Lizards,
or Ichthyosauri, of which six species have been obtained
from the Upper Lias of Cleveland. The Ichthyosaurus was
a huge carnivorous animal, often attaining a length of twenty
feet, and it is worthy of note that these great marine reptiles
were of a very fish-like shape and even provided with fins,
as ‘some specimens from the Lias of Wiirtemberg have shown.

Less numerous in species than the Fish Lizards and
probably less ferocious, were the Plesiosaurs, differing from the
former in having long flexible necks. Besides these there were
several reptiles closely related to the modern Crocodiles, as
well as Flying Dragons (Scaphognathus), the remains of which
have all been discovered in the Alum Shale.

There is a curious feature connected with the fauna of this
stratum, tending to show that even in a limited area like
Cleveland, different conditions of life must have prevailed
even during the deposition of one bed. At Peak and Whitby,
and along the coast generally, the common fossils of the Alum
Shale are extremely numerous, but on Carlton Bank they are
very scarce, even Leda ovum, the typical bivalve of the horizon,
being very far from abundant. Evidently the life conditions
must have been less favourable in the western, than in the
eastern part of our area during Upper Liassic times.

The fauna of the Inferior Qolite (see Table 4) is less rich
than that of the Lias, owing to the Estuarine conditions
under which it lived. The records are to be found in thin
marine strata intercalated between massive grits and sand-
stones, the chief of them being the Dogger, the Eller Beck
Bed, the Millepore Bed, and the Grey Limestone Series.
Difterent suites of animals eccur in each of these, and the
most striking feature of the Bajocian fauna as a whole, is its
richness in bivalves, in this respect even exceeding the Lias.

a

157

TaBie IV.
CENSUS OF THE FAUNA oF THE INFERIOR Oo LirTE.
CLASS. SPECIES. GENERA.
Reptiles re 3 3
Fishes oe: 3 3
Nautili ve: Be 1
Belemnites oe 7 1
Ammonites A 16 5
Univalves zis 81 27
Bivalve ; s, 216 48
Lamp Shells at 26 6
Polyzoa oe 3 3
Crustacea res a, 5
Worms es 9 3
Echinoderms 7 20 14
Corals ae 7 (o)
Total a MAGE ne 125

Before concluding this section, attention must be directed
to certain conclusions that may be drawn from the fossils of
the Lias and Oolite. The following genera of shells though
found fossil in the district, are also found living in tropical
and semi-tropical seas at the present time.

Nautilus Anatina
Pleurotomaria Cardita
Nerita Corbis
Neritopsis Cucullea
Onustus Cypricardia
Phasianella Cvtherea
Pitonilius Macrodon
Turbo Solenomya
Hinnites Trigonia
Perna Waldheimia
Plicatula Lingula

They seem to indicate that the climate of Cleveland during
Mesozoic Ages, was distinctly warmer than it is to-day. This
inference receives verification from the fossil Cycads of the
Oolite, and the famous Coral Reefs of the Tabular Hills.

158

Against these tropical genera, have to be set thirty-seven
genera of Molluscs still living in British waters, but as these
are existent in nearly all seas, they rather help than contradict
the general verdict of the local fossi!s. The abundance too, of
a rich Cephalopod fauna, as well as the number of Reptilian
types, tends to show the favourable conditions for marine
life during Liassic times.

Another feature of the Liassic fauna is the extraordinary
change of life forms, in comparatively speaking, such a small
vertical thickness of rock. Liassic rocks a few hundred feet
thick show, not merely change of species, but in some
instances change of genera; the differences between the
Redcar Rocks, and the Ironstone Series, being both striking
and remarkable with the geneva of the Ammonites, and the
species of Bivalves. From the pre-glacial Crags of Norfolk
and Suffolk, we know that these beds indicate a marine
fauna similar to that of to-day, in fact the same, so far as
the species of Mollusca are concerned. The time, however,
since the Crags were deposited must be very considerable,
perhaps tens of thousands of years. If in the case of the
‘Crags, after. the lapse of tens of thousands of years, little if
any change even in species has occurred, how long a_ period
of time must have elapsed during the deposition of the Lower
and Middle Lias, to permit of such great evolution of form ?

This remarkable change in form is best illustrated by the
Ammonites, of which nearly 120 species have been described
from the Yorkshire Lias alone. As is well-known the majority
of the species are confined in groups to separate beds or zones.
Twelve such zones have been determined in the Lias of Cleve-
land, each characterised by a special Ammonite, or set of
Ammonites. Hitherto, no explanation has ever been afforded
of these peculiarities of geological distribution. Before any
solution can be attempted, the following factors ought to be
borne in mind.

Each zone or bed of the Lias was deposited under
different conditions of sedimentation, and to these conditions
is undoubtedly due the ordinary paleontological features of
the strata. This alone cannot have been sufficient to pro-
duce the great generic distinctions of the Ammonites. A more
important factor must have co-operated with the changing

159

life conditions, viz., the high organisation of these curious
Molluses. They constitute an important section of the highest
class of the Mollusca, the Cephalopods, which with the excep-
tion of Insects, must be ranked amongst the most complicated
and highly organised Invertebrates. Complexity of organisa-
tion is accompanied with greater delicacy, if we may so term
it, of physical constitution, which being adjusted to numerous
external conditions is singularly liable to be overthrown by
changes in the environment. Consequently in the case of
the Ammonites, these changes of environment indicated by
the varied strata of the Lias, joined with the long period
during which the rocks were deposited, may have led to
more rapid modifications of form as compared with the other
classes of Molluscs.

4.—TuHeE TERRESTRIAL FAUNA.

TABLE V.

CENSUS OF THE TERRESTRIAL FAUNA OF CLEVELAND.

CLASS. SPECIES. GENERA.
Mammals oes 25 dee 15
Birds _ 249 “si 175
Reptiles Re 5 oe 4
Amphibia aah ) ae 3
Coleoptera ae 930 oft 330
Lepidoptera aut 610 = 270
Land Snails ive 73 soe 24
Freshwater Bivalves 9 da 5

Total oe 1,906 826

On the annexed table is summarised the chief results
of the researches of zoologists on the land fauna of the district,
from which may be obtained a fairly comprehensive idea, of
the total number of species of all classes of the animal kingdom,
to be found in Cleveland or which have visited Cleveland. Al-
though the figure there given, 1,900 species, seems a large

160

one, yet it must be far below the actual total. The Mammals,
Birds, Reptiles and Mollusca, cannot be very much increased,
if at all, but the Insecta with further research will perhaps
be more than doubled. For not only are the figures of the
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera by no means complete, but the
great orders of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Orthop-
tera have as yet few or no records. It will be noticed too,
that there are no records of Spiders, Land Crustaceans,
Earthworms, and other low forms of animal life, but which
if the species could be enumerated would still further swell
the total. Taking everything into consideration, it may
be roughly estimated, that between four and five thousand
species of animals inhabit Cleveland to-day.

This fauna can be classified according to the status of the
various species composing it, viz. :—

Introductions by Man.
Accidental Stragglers and Visitors.
Irregular Visitors.

Regular Visitors.

Resident Species.

This classification, as we shall see further on, provides a
partial solution to the manner in which animals, now resident,
may have entered the district. Neglecting, therefore, the
various Classes of visitors for discussion in the next section, let
us devote some attention to the residents, since these offer
many suggestive problems for investigation.

Though the highest point of Cleveland, on Urra Moor, is
but 1,489 feet, still many interesting facts illustrate the
altitudinal range of local animals. Thus, the Mole, the Angles
Shades Moth (Phlogophora meticulosa), and the Black Slug,
ascend from sea-level almost to the highest watershed. I
have noticed the Mole on grassy moorland slopes, at 1,200
feet, near Ralph Cross, Castleton; the Moth (essentially a
lowland species not dependent on ericetal plants for its food,
and therefore a straggler to the uplands), on the promenade
at Saltburn, and on Kildale Moor (1,000 feet); whilst the
slug (Arion ater) can often be seen crawling on the peaty soils
of the hills. The Mole, however, appears to be absent from
the true heather moors, perhaps owing to the general

161

absence of earthworms. The non-occurrence of the earth-
worm on peaty moors, is probably due to the nature
of the soil, but its absence from them must be of no little
account in explaining their botanical aspect.

In investigating the vertical range of animals, more es-
pecially invertebrates, in Cleveland, distinction must be
made between stragglers to the uplands, and residents on
the uplands. The higher watershed between the great dales
has not yet been explored by zoologists, and will probably
yield rare and interesting species throwing light on the zoo-
logical evolution of the district. A few cases are on record
of essentially moorland insects occurring in the lowlands,
where they cannot possibly have bred since their special
food plants are wanting. Thus, the Cotton Grass Moth
(Celena Haworthii) frequents boggy places on the hills,
where Eviophorum grows and on which its larve feed. Never-
theless, specimens have been taken by Mr. T. A. Lofthouse,
F.E.S., in his garden at Linthorpe, and Emperor Moths
(Saturnia pavonia) have also occurred at the electric lights
of the ironworks, though the insect is confined to the
moors. Facts such as these. indicate movements on the part
of moths, for purposes that must be wholly conjectural in
our present state of knowledge regarding the migrations of
Lepidoptera.

As we shall presently find, numerous animals are peculiar to
the moors, but apart from limited or unlimited vertical range,
there are indications of a limited longitudinal range of species.
I say indications advisedly, for the distribution of many forms
is still very imperfectly known, and any conclusions are likely
to be rendered nugatory by the discovery of fresh localities.
Thus, Aspilates strigillaria, a heath-frequenting moth, has
not yet been found by local entomologists further westwards
than Danby; a fact not explicable on the assumption of the
westerly ground being inadequately worked, since the insect
fauna of that area is much better known than that of the
eastern area. The species, however, occurs further eastwards
at Cloughton Newlands. The Solitary Ant (Mutilla europea)
seems to be confined to the moors of the seaboard between
Robin Hood’s Bay and Scarborough.

162

The richness of the land fauna of Cleveland is due to the
variety of natural habitats the district affords. Coast sand-
dunes, salt marshes, rocky cliffs, wide moors of different
types, woods, lanes, fields, hills and valleys, all have different
resident faunas adapted to the varied conditions of life in
each. We may term these faunal groups, ‘* associations,’’
analagous to the plant associations of the botanist, and it
will be of no little interest to contrast the faunal associations
of the local sand-dunes, pine woods, and moors with one
another.

In the case of the Coatham sand-dunes, the first point
which strikes the observer is the great abundance of Mollusca,
nearly a dozen species of land snails being more or less
numerous. In this respect the dunes are in marked contrast
to the moors which posses no molluscan fauna except the
Black Slug (Avion ater). For this contrast there must be
some cause, either in the nature of the vegetation, or the
differences of climate and soil. No doubt the moors are un-
favourable to molluscan life, but it remains to be shown
how the various botanic, climatic, and edaphic conditions
act injuriously upon these organisms. In the pine woods,
slugs are fairly numerous but other Molluscs do not seem to
be at all common.

Numerous species of insects are peculiar to each habitat,
and this arises from the fact that they are confined to the
special plants growing in these localities. On the sand hills
several special Lepidoptera are to be met with, Tapinostola
elymi, and Agrotis valligera among others, as well as peculiar
Coleoptera. In pine woods the restricted insect fauna is
much more numerous, and to confine our attention to those
living on the Scots Pine there are nearly a dozen species of
Lepidoptera (such as Trachea piniperda, Ellopia prosapiania,
etc.) ; numerous Beetles (such as the Pine Weevil, Hylobius
abietis); and Sawflies (such as Sivex juvencus and gigas,
Lophyrus pini) together with their parasites. Rhyssa
persuasoria is the most extraordinary of these parasites on
account of its laying its eggs in the burrows of the Giant
Sawfly, (S. gigas), on the larve of which it feeds. These
insects form a most heterogeneous association, all united by
the fact of their being ultimately dependent upon the pine
tree for their existence.

Rhyssa peysuasoria, AN INSECT PARASITIC ON LARVE LIVING
IN THE WOOD OF PINE TREES. Eiston HIx1s.

Soritary Ant (Mutilla Europea), FEMALE, ENLARGED.
SEcoND YORKSHIRE EXAMPLE; FROM Moors NEAR RosIN Hoop’s Bay

4 Sis

Paige

Ok: :
f a

i=
JUN 29

163

The faunal association of the moors is also peculiar, in-
cluding among birds, the Grouse, the Merlin, the Ring Ouzel
and the Twite; among beetles numerous forms such as
Haltica ericetit, and the weevil (Ceuthorhynchus erice) ; saw-
flies, hemipterons, and spiders, as well as the Viper amongst
Reptiles. The heath-frequenting Lepidoptera, besides being
restricted to special moorland plants, are also restricted to
habitats but little altered by man. For centuries the moors
have remained as they are now, and moreover unlike birds
or mammals, the insects have never been disturbed. We
feel, therefore, that any conclusions we may deduce from
their distribution, which is better known than that of any
other order of insects, will be found to be of permanent
value.

The subject of faunal associations has had to be treated
somewhat cursorily, not only owing to lack of space but also
from the circumstance that very much more zoological work yet
remains to be done in Cleveland, before exact and accurate
comparisons can be made. Interesting results would be
bound to appear, and would throw light, on the local distri-
bution of various animals and their past history.

It may be remarked that the nature of our woods,
when the natural origin of these is disputed, may be inferred
from the insect fauna. Recently planted woods of con-
iferous and deciduous trees in different parts of the district
never contain the Wood Ant (Formica rufa). This insect,
so far as my observations go, is confined to localities on the
edge or slope of moorland valleys, and the ant hills may often
be seen on the open moor far enough away from any wood.
The Wood Ant is not a moorland insect, and in one place,
Great Hograh Beck in Basedale, its nests are extremely
numerous along the sides of that wooded ravine. All the
evidence goes to show that this wood is natural, and that
wherever the nests of the Wood Ant occur, even if no trees
be now near (as in the lower heathery parts of Basedale),
they indicate the presence of former woodland.

In concluding this section, it is evident that in the same
manner as the botanist speaks of ecological botany, so the
zoologist can speak of ecological zoology. That is, the ascer-
tainment of the species of animals of any particular habitat,

164

a pie wood, a moor, a salt-marsh, or a sand dune ; the con-
ditions under which they live; the features they have in
common ; the features in which they differ; their relation-
ship to one another ; and their distribution over any district.
If plants are dependent on soil, climate, altitude, and other
factors, animals are also not only dependent on these, but
on the plants as well, factors which differ everywhere, not
only in different associations but in the same associations
occupying different localities. By thus noting in what these
faunal groups agree, and in what they disagree, some sub-
stantial basis will be found for an adequate discussion of the
history of animals which in its turn is largely dependent
on the geological changes any area has undergone. To this
history we must now turn.

V.—TueE History oF THE TERRESTRIAL FAUNA.

The dynamical aspect of the fauna deals with its evolution,
and the history of the succession of faunas which have lived
within the district. It is a branch of zoology beset with
peculiar difficulties. The lack of data so apparent when
considering the statics of the fauna could easily be obtained
by further investigation. Not so with the dynamics of the
fauna, the full history of which can never be written because
the records have absolutely disappeared. Hence, an inter-
pretation of the land fauna must to a large extent be specula-
tive, for in this enquiry paleontology helps us but little.
From it we learn, however, that the mammalia were once
extremely different from what they now are. The remains
found in the celebrated cave of Kirkdale proved that a
most extraordinary assemblage of mammais formerly lived in
North East Yorkshire. It seems probable that the occupants
of this hyzna den flourished in pre-glacial times, for the
mammalia found in the post-glacial peat bogs only include,
at any rate in Cleveland, the Red Deer, the Reindeer, the Wild
Boar. the Wild Ox, but not such animals as the Hyzena,
Mammoth, Rhinoceros, or Hippopotamus.

Arguing from analogy, it seems reasonable to infer that
the insects of the pre-glacial period must have presented
similar features to the mammalia, that is, a strong mixture of
African and northern species, but of this we have no
paleontological evidence. Nor does there seem to be any

165

trac » left in the present insect fauna of the extreme southern
species of pre-glacial times. In this respect they agree with
the post-glacial mammalia, and it may be inferred from this
that the Ice Age must have been the factor in exterminating
the southern fauna.

The relation of the Cleveland land fauna to the Ice Age
is one of extreme importance, and it is in this relation where I
think the special interest of our fauna lies to the student
of zoo-geography. For as Professor Kendall well remarks—
**The whole argument concerning the history of our fauna
depends upon a correct and sound conclusion regarding the
facts of glacial geology.’’ Accepting, therefore, the con-
clusions of the glacialist as thoroughly established, we may
remark that the pre-glacial animals would be driven from
those parts of our district covered with deposits left by the
ancient ice. But a large part of Cleveland was never over-
ridden by glaciers, and the driftless area corresponds
roughly to the moorlands and the great dales south of the
main Cleveland watershed. If now we turn to Greenland,
which contains a comparatively numerous fauna and flora
living close to a heavily glaciated land surface, it seems
natural to infer that during the Ice Age the driftless area of
Cleveland supported a somewhat similar Arctic fauna and
flora.

Merely noticing in passing that most of the moorland
plants flourish at the present day in Arctic climates, we
shall find that several species of insects now living in
Cleveland also live under the glacial conditions of Greenland,
and probably with various Arctic plants have existed
on the driftless region throughout the Ice Age. Of these
insects, I have so far been able to discover eight, four beetles
and four moths as follows :—

Morus

Agrotis occulta v. implicata. In Scotland and in
Greenland. Absent from Shetland. (Spiiler.)

Plusia interragationis. In Greenland (Rink.)

Cheimatobia brumata. In Greenland. (Rink)

Eupithecia nanata v. gelidata. A dark form from the
Shetlands, Greenland, and Labrador (Spiiler).

166

BEETLES.

Quedius fuligidus. As far north as Discovery Bay, and
extends over Greenland and the whole of North
America and Europe as far south as the Atlantic
Tslands (Fowler).

Creophilus maxillosus. Common throughout the king-
dom. Greenland (Fowler).

Otiorrhynchus maurus. Local. Greenland and Iceland
(Fowler).

Bradycellus cognatus. Local; on heaths and moun-
tains in high districts but occasionally found in
lowlands. Greenland (Fowler).

The present enquiry reveals very clearly the extraordinary
adaptability of certain species of insects, the same kind often
ranging from a warm to an Arctic climate. As I have else-
where pointed out the approach of the Ice Age would be
gradual, and joining this fact with the great adaptability
of insects we may infer that numerous other species survived
the Ice Age on the driftless area of Cleveland.

The course of events, therefore, in the Quaternary history
of our fauna seems to have been a pre-glacial fauna similar
to the present but containing more species; then, the Ice
Age with extinction of most forms except those that survived
on the driftless area; and finally, a re-advance of the
temperate and southern forms with commingling of northern
species after the retreat of the ice. Hence the fauna of
Cleveland must consist of diverse elements, viz. :—

1.—Pre-glacial survivals.
2.—Northern forms, coming ‘with the Ice Age.

3.—Temperate and southern forms, coming into the
district after the Ice Age.

Generally speaking, the land fauna of Cleveland belongs
to that typical of England—the ‘‘ Continental or Germanic ”’
tvpe—with a faint mixture of Arctic forms on the hills; and
a still fainter Gallic facies represented by Mutilla europea.

ee

167

Paleontology being of little assistance in solving the history
of the local fauna, we have to fall back on temporary explana-
tions indicative of the various parts of the world whence.
our local animals have come. For all species except resi-
dents this is comparatively easy, since we can readily trace
them back to their homes. Various insects and shells are
introduced by man from the different countries of the Con-
tinent, and the singular point about some of these intro-
duced species, is the fact of their very rarely, if ever, becoming
residents in the district. Thus, the Timberman Beetle
(Astynomus edilis) occurs commonly at Middlesbrough in
imported timber and has even been taken in the neighbour-
hood Yet despite the very favourable plantations of fir
and pine this insect has not become established.

Colonies of the Kentish Snail (Helix cantiana) introduced
in railway ballast flourish for some time and then die out.

Turning next to the migratory and visiting birds of Cleve-
land, these animals coming to us from distant countries
only need a change in their life conditions here, to make
them permanent residents. Doubtless in the past, changes
have taken place and converted a visiting species into a
resident species.

It is generally accepted by naturalists, that all species of
animals have arisen by descent with modification from proxi-
mate or remoter ancestors. The species of a genus, however,
are not uniformly distributed. In some localities they are
more numerous than in others, and if the species have
been derived from some common ancestor, it is clear that
where they are most thickly clustered the evolution of
forms will there have been most active. Gradually the
various individuals advancing further and further from a
centre of distribution give rise to less numerous forms,
and by tracing back our native species to their original
centres we can readily comprehend how they have dispersed
from different countries.

The gradual approach of the Ice Age brought with it a
great number of Arctic animals and plants, some still surviving
in parts of our district. We may take as an example the

168

genus Lagopus, to which the Grouse belongs, and which
includes the Ptarmigan, the Willow Grouse, and other species.
The Grouse is a species considered to be peculiar to Britain,
though closely related to the Scandinavian Willow Grouse.
Belonging to a genus of strictly northern and even Arctic
range, it follows from the theory of centres of distribution
that it came from the north. Its history seems to have
been the dispersal southwards by the Ice Age of a bird
extremely like, if not identical with the Willow Grouse,
its gradual adaptation to the post-glacial climate of Great
Britain, and consequent loss of white plumage in winter
owing to the less abundant snowfall. In other words the
Red Grouse is simply a southern form of the Willow Grouse,
evolved during the complex movements of animals during
the glacial and post-glacial periods.

Several other northern animals came with the Grouse,
including the Little Yellow Underwing Moth (Anarta myrtill),
and various beetles. But the competition of southern forms
has driven most of the true arctics from Cleveland, and it is
now chiefly on the higher r-ountains of our island that they
are to be found.

If the Ice Age drove out most of the pre-glacial species, it
would seem likely that these northern animals constitute
the oldest elements of our fauna, but indications are not
wanting that som» forms may have survived from Pliocene
times.

The beautiful Emperor Moth so abundant on our moors,
belongs to the genus Saturnia, which has its head-quarters
in Asia. Hence, on the theory, Asia is to be regarded as the
home of the Emperor Moths which have gradually spread
westwards across the Old World. The present distribution
of the Emperor Moth supports this contention, as it occurs
all over Europe, except in the Islands of Sardinia and
Corsica, and extends far into Palearctic Asia.

Various other animals inhabiting the district can similarly
be traced back to centres of origin. An American element
is to be found in the Pearl Mussel (Unio margarittfer) ;
an Asiatic element in the Nightjar and the Death’s Head

169

Moth; a South-Eastern European element represented by
the Tiger Beetle, and the Clausilia amongst the Mollusca ;
and a central European element in the beautiful Thorn
Moths.*

Although this theory undoubtedly accounts for the distri-
bution of many species of animals, it by no means accounts
for all. Species may have arisen in centres that are now
lost, because the species there have died out ; and where a
genus is now most highly developed, this has not always been
the case, as paleontology shows. For instance, in the first
section of this paper we saw that the genus Astarte, though
now so abundant in northern seas, was in Jurassic ages
most numerous in the warm seas of Central Europe.

Where fossil evidence is lacking, as in the majority of
insects, speculations as to their original homes must at the
best be hazardous. One of the beetles mentioned as living in
Greenland belongs to the genus Creophilus, which attains its
maximum development in New Zealand where there are six
species, a seventh occurs in South America, and the eighth, C.
maxillosus, is the European form. According to the theory
of centres of distribution New Zealand should be regarded
as the place of origin of these insects, but it is quite clear that
the species of this group originated at a time when the present
distribution of land and water was quite different, and that
the home of the genus may have been in lands now beneath
the sea. That the species of a genus originated in a centre
cannot be disputed, but it would be erroneous to suppose
the present distribution of the species indicates this centre.

VI.—CONCLUSION.

Having reached the end cf our survey of the zoology of
Cleveland, past and present, it only remains to sum up
the chief conclusions we have drawn from it, and to take a
comprehensive view of the evolution of the fauna as a whole.
We saw that the earliest fauna of the district is a marine one,
and dates back to the late Triassic Period. This fauna was
_ in its turn succeeded by the numerous faunas of the Lias and

*For further details see Scharff’s ““ European Animals, their Geological
History, etc,” and ‘‘ History of European Fauna.”

170

Inferior Oolite, all distinct from one another, all now totally
extinct, all very different from the present inhabitants of the
local coast line, and indicative of a warmer climate. Not in
this district, but in Eastern Yorkshire, we can further trace
the evolution of marine animals to the close of the Cretaceous
Period. Age after age, fauna succeeded fauna, until just
before the Glacial Period, the North Sea contained a suite of
animals very similar to those now living there. With the
advent of the Ice Age the pre-glacial animals were slowly
driven from the sea, and replaced by Arctic species, until
even these were driven out by the advent of the great
northern ice-sheet.

After a longer or shorter period of refrigeration, the climate
gradually began to ameliorate, the ice-sheets retreated north-
wards, and were followed by the marine species characteristic
of the Arctic province; these in their turn were succeeded
by the temperate species with a few southern forms, until
the present status of the marine fauna was reached. This
succession of events was probably interrupted by the con-
version of the sea-floor into land, and minor fluctuations of
climate.

The land-fauna can only be traced back to late Tertiary
times. What it may have been before then we have no local
evidence to show, but from data found in other parts of
Britain, it may in the future be possible to fill in the Tertiary
history of our animals. In Pliocene times the mammalia were
of African, northern, and temperate types, features probably
characteristic of all the other land animals of the district.
The approach of the Ice Age brought with it numerous Arctic
species, many of which survived that period on the driftless
area. In post-glacial times, the temperate and southern
animals belonging to our fauna once more entered the district,
unaccompanied, however, by any African or extreme southern
species. These gradually ousted the true Arctic species,
occupied all those habitats for which they are adapted,
and in so doing formed faunal associations very distinct from
one another. We also saw that many of our residents originated
in various parts of the world, the Arctic regions, Europe,
Asia, and America, long before the Ice Age, the Glacial
Period being merely an incident in their complex evolution.

Pils cab se =

171

Finally, it may be observed that since the whole of Britain
was severely glaciated, the return of the land-fauna must have
taken place from the Continent, across lands now covered
by the North Sea and the English Channel. Doubtless
the fluctuations of climate in post-glacial times affected the
terrestrial animals to a greater or less degree, but a consideration
of these changes must be left for a future occasion.

Of course, in a short paper like this, only a very imperfect
outline can be given of such an extensive subject. Many
interesting aspects of the fauna have had to be omitted, and
others just briefly touched: upon. We have, however, been
enabled to perceive clearly the largeness and variety of the
fauna of Cleveland, and the interesting problems it presents.
Above all we have learned that it is far from being fixed,
and that like all other existences it conforms to the great
law of evolution.

JURASSIC PLANTS FROM THE CLEVELAND HILLS.

By Rev. GrorGcEe J. Lanz, F.G:S.

Paleobotanical records afford striking evidence on the
study of plant evolution.

The Permo-carboniferous vegetation reveals a compara-
tively homogeneous flora of wide geographical distribution,
consisting largely of Jycopods, Calamites and Vascular
Cryptogams.

That the ‘‘ Cycads,’’ the abundance of which is one of the
most conspicuous features of the ‘‘ Mesozoic Flora,’’ existed
in Paleozoic Ages, there is no conclusive proof. Only limited
evidence can be supplied of the occurrence of genera which
can be confidently placed in any of the existing families of
the Conifers.

At the close of the Wealden period a second evolutionary
wave occurred in the world’s vegetation, as shown by the
decrease of the Cycads and the emergence of Angiosperms.

The testimony of the Yorkshire rocks contributes much
to our knowledge of the vegetation of the Lower Oolitic
period. Since the days of Young, Bird, and Phillips, York-
shire has been classical ground for Bajocian plants.

The comparative absence of records from the Cleveland
Hills is, however, a regrettable fact. Our area if persistently
worked will, I am fully persuaded from my own personal
experience, yield valuable contributions to our knowledge
of Bajocian vegetation. To the late Rev. J. Hawell we are
deeply indebted for his researches in this particular, but
much remains to be done. Our knowledge at present is very
circumscribed. Coming into this district in 1904 and _re-

Zamites sp. (ef. Buchianus).

INFERIOR OOLITE SANDSTONE, CARLTON BANK.

PHOTO. | [F. ELGEE

173

cognising this department of study as aitractive and offering
scope for investigation I essayed the task. After laborious
journeys, meeting with non-success, | was rewarded with
some valuable finds in 1906. Some of these were entirely
new records for our district and were given by me to the
Middlesbrough Museum. . Among the fossil plants were :—

1.—Equisetttes columnaris. It consisted of the crushed
part of a stem, near the apex where the leaf sheaths
are close.

2.—Otozamites graphicus.
3.—Baiera Lindlevana.

4.—Zamutes species. This is a remarkably fine specimen
deposited in light brown sandstone (see illustration).

With the valuable aid of Mr. Elgee, Assistant Curator of
the Dorman Memorial Museum, we determined three of these
plants correctly, but the plants were subsequently forwarded
to Mr. Seward, who confirmed our determinations.

Zamites species has not been recorded previously from
the Bajocian in Yorkshire. It bears a striking resemblance
to a species named Z. Buchianus discovered among the
Wealden Flora, and suggests that the character of the vegeta-
tion of the world from the Upper Triassic period to the Wealden
to have been remarkably uniform and constant in its main
features.

Otozamites graphicus, and Baiera, Lindleyana are new
records for the North-West Cleveland area.

The geological horizon from which these plants were de-
rived is the Inferior Oolite of Estuarine origin. This sand-
stone bed in the neighbourhood of Carlton Bank is full of
plant remains, and some short time age a fossilised tree a
few yards in length was seen and awakened much interest.
This sandstone attains a greater thickness in this locality
_and contains less shale than further east and was _ probably
deposited in the estuary of a river flowing from west to east
in early Oolitic times.

174

A LARGE GLACIAL BOULDER AT WHORLTON.

By THE Rev. J. C. FowiER; B.A., F.GS.

I have recently had a photograph taken of an immense
boulder which les in the beck about three-quarters of a mile
from the village of Swainby, up Scugdale. The block
accompanying this paper is from the photograph, which
shows the erratic in situ. It is of Shap Granite, sub-angular
like the majority of erratics showing what rough usage it
has had—long continued—so as to wear down all the angles
even of such hard stone. It lies in the moraine of the great
glacier which pressed up Scugdale and overcame the local
one coming down the valley, as these valleys probably all
contained local glaciers, and here it has been at rest for
some 50,000 years; which appears to be a fair estimate of
the time since the Glacial Period according to our present
knowledge, the tendency of the present time, however, being
to lower that estimate somewhat.

The boulder is very large, the dimensions being as follows :
Round the stone at the water level it is 23 feet. From the
water level at the left (looking at the photograph) over the
back down to the water level on the right 17ft. 2in. In the
foreground, from the water level over the highest point
to the water on the other side 10ft. We do not know the
shape under ground or how far it rests out of sight.

The distance from Shap on the Pennine Chain in West-
moreland in a straight line is sixty miles or more and this
boulder must have been brought with countless others down
the direction of the Tees Valley. There are boulders of
Shap Granite and Basalt (chiefly) scattered over the North

175

and East Ridings of Yorkshire in particular. One very
large boulder may be seen in a street in Darlington ; another
one as big at Seamer Junction near Scarborough in the station
master’s garden (both Shap Granite). I have noticed two
rather large boulders of Basalt at Barnby, near Market
Weighton, and on the Yorkshire Coast they may always be
found of all sizes up to large blocks; there is a fine erratic
preserved in the churchyard at Grosmont, brought from
High Burroughs farm in 1892—345ft. above sea level.—it
is of Shap Granite and probablyfcontains about one cubic
yard.

We have many other erratics in this parish but of the
glacial boulders I have seen, the one here illustrated is amongst
the largest and of great interest. I have a large collection
of drift stones which I have picked up from time to time,
and about which I may have something to say in the future.

176

AN INTERESTING GEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY.

By THE Rev. J. C. Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

An addition has recently been made to the old churchyard
at Whorlton of half an acre, on a slope, at the west side facing
the village of Swainby. In the process of digging the drains,
eight of which were made, draining into a main drain at the
bottom, a uniform depth of 6ft. of drift clay was found full of
boulders, except at the N.E. corner where the shale was
met with in a confused mass nearer to the surface.

In the third cutting from the road near the top, the drainers
found a tree stump at the depth of 6ft. from the surface, the
stump was about 2ft. high and the roots were in the shale
below : the drainers broke off the stump and left the roots in
the shale and the stump is now in my possession.

The tree was evidently about 15 or 16 inches diameter
at the bottom, and the stump is in a rotten condition,
some of the weod is still hard and biack and appears to be
oak, but of this T can say nothing positive: ‘the interesting
thing about it is that it was found as it grew, overwhelmed
by glacial drift 6ft. deep. These shales are Lower Lias.

Before the glacial period the physical geography of this
country was in the main as we see it now, the chief features
not being greatly altered. It is quite certain, however,
that the outline of the Cleveland Hills extended much further
north than at present, a large part being worn away by
glacial action, especially that of the melting ice streams.
It would appear that this tree grew at the close of the glacial

177

period when vast quantities of Lias had been removed and
this particular spot worn down to the Lower Lias shales.
The drift full of boulders of -all sizes up to stones as much as
one can lift was deposited under torrential conditions, and
the tree was evidently overwhelmed.

Most of the stones are of local rocks, but specimens of
limestones, including Dent Marble (so-called), Shap Granite,
Basalts, and other travellers, are common; in one place
quite a number of Dogger boulders occurred,

This is the first time that I have met with any announce-
ment of a tree having been actually found as it grew in one
of the mild inter-glacial seasons, if there were any; or at
the end of the Ice Age before the mantle of drift was dis-
tributed by torrential waters.

178

A COUNTER, TEMP. EDWARD III.

By THE Ray. J. C. Fow er, B-A.,F.G.S.

The coin of which we give illustrations was found some years
ago in the inner moat of Whorlton Castle, it was dug up and
came into my possession at the time. I have now had a
couple of blocks made so as to reproduce it for our Proccedings.
It is in very fine preservation—not a current coin of the
realm, but a Counter used by the King’s Chamberlains for
counting the expenses of his privy purse. I showed it to
the officials of the coin department at the British Museum ;
the late Sir John Evans happened to be present, and he
was most interested in the coin, which he greatly admired ;
it was made after the coins of France of the period. As a
matter of course, a duplicate coin was produced, but it was as
thick as a florin, and my coin is quite thin like Elizabethan
coins. On the ‘‘Obverse’’ the coin has a shield in the centre
charged with three keys—indicating the chamberlain’s office,
on a bend surrounded with crowns and lions; and round the
whole EDWARDUS REX REGNAT, crowns also being
interspersed between the words. On the ‘‘Reverse’’ there is
an arrangement of ‘‘ Fleurs-de-lys ’’ at the four extremities
of a cross with equal arms in a kind of square with four more
“* Fleurs-de-lys ’’ in the angles, and round the whole the
words GARDE ROBE REGIS, the words being separated
by crowns as on the ‘‘ Obverse.’’ ‘* Garde-robe ’’ meaning
wardrobe or private apartments of the king.

Coins are still used as counters by old fashioned people at
whist, and Shakespeare’s ‘* As you like it,’’ ii, 7., says
‘* what for a counter, would I do but good ? ”’

LarGE BouLpDER OF SHAP GRANITE, SWAINBY

CounTER, TEMP Epwarp III

OBVERSE REVERSE

ee

45 JUN 29

179

Tally-sticks may still be seen hanging from the sides of
huxters’ carts in Brittany.

It would be interesting if we could find out how this particu-
lar counter came to be at Whorlton Castle. There is no evi-
dence to show that Edward III was ever here. Graves
informs us that Nicholas de Meinill ‘‘ was summoned to
Parliament among the Barons, from the 9th to the 16th
Edward III,’’ so that Whorlton was not unknown to the
King by name and representation. Then again in those
days monarchs travelled about a good deal over their domains
and frequented the castles of their Barons and sometimes
paid royal visits to monasteries, and many a time an Abbott
or a Prior has been delighted to see the back of some royal
or dignified person who has honoured him with a visit, and
depleted his larder to the no small hurt of the monastery.

However, the coin has survived so far, as a link with the
past, and may have fallen out of the doublet of one of the
royal retainers who might have been sent to the castle on
some royal errand. This coin carries us much further back
than the date of the gatehouse of the present castle, viz.,
Richard III. An interesting article on the expenditure of
Edward III may be found in the first volume of ‘* The
Antiquary,’’ by Sir James H. Ramsay, Bart.

Since writing the above, during a search in the Public
Record Office, I discovered in ‘“*The Patent Rolls” and
“Calendar of Close Rolls,” that Edward II or his Chancellor
with his seal was at Whorlton on August 6th and September
4th, 1323, where several letters were dated. Letters were also
dated from Darlington, Northallerton, Thirsk and Stokesley ;
but I did not find any mention of a visit from Edward III.

}

180

CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1906.

By T. AsHton LOFTHOUSE, F.E.S.

*Denotes species recorded in Proceedings for first time.

The weather in the spring and early summer was cold
and inclement as has been usual in the district for the past
few years. ‘‘ Sallows’’ in the spring were early and soon
over and nothing of any note was taken off. The summer
was somewhat finer on the whole but insects were mostly
late ; towards the end of August and in early September a few
days of fine hot summer weather occurred and insects were
specially noticeable at this time, the heather bloom which
was very late was more than usually attractive while at the
same period *‘ Sugaring ’’ absolutely failed. Many interest-
ing species occurred on the heather bloom, among them being
Noctua dahlii and Triphosa dubitata insects both new to
the local list, other insects that occurred were Ovthosia
suspecta (a belated worn specimen, only the second recorded
for Cleveland); Cloantha solidaginis in numbers; Noctua
glareosa, very plentiful and very variable, some specially
fine rosy specimens being noticeable; Polia chi, Thera
firmata, Cidaria populata, timmanata and testata, Larentia
cesiata, and many other common species. ‘‘ Sugaring ’’
as an attraction proved of very little use this year with one
or two exceptions, one warm evening in September it
attracted seven specimens of Efpunda_ lutulenta, one
Anchocelis lunosa and other common species.

NOCTUA, Cymatophora flavicornis. A notable feature
of the season was the finding of this insect in abundance
and very variable in March among Birch on Eston Hills
by Mr. J. W. Harrison.

181
Acronycta leporina. Larvez taken off Alder at Castleton.
Acronyeta menyanthidis. Taken at Danby on June 4th.

Celzena haworthii. A specimen of this insect taken at
sugar in garden at Linthorpe on September 3rd, a rather
unusual locality for this species.

*Noctua depuneta. Taken at sugar at Kildale in August.

*Noctua dahlii. Taken at Heather bloom and sugar at
Kildale.

Triphena fimbria. Imagines taken at Thornaby by Mr.
Proud. lLarve also taken near Middlesbrough by Mr.
Harrison.

Orthosia suspecta. Single worn specimen at Heather
bloom at end of August.

Dianthecia cucubali. Took number of Larve off Silene
seeds in garden at Linthorpe also off Silene flos-cuculi seeds
at Kaildale.

GEOMETRAE. Epione apiciaria. Fairly plentiful about
Sallow bushes at Kildale in August.

Eugonia alniaria. Noticed at Kildale in September.

Oporabia filigrammaria. Kildale.

*Thera firmata. Common on Heather bloom at Kildale.

*Triphosa dubitata. Taken at Heather bloom Kildale.
_ PYRALIDES. *Scoparia crategella. At sugar Kildale.

PHYCICA. *Homzosoma nimbella. Middlesbrough.

TORTRICES. *Tortrix unifasciana. Redcar.

Tortrix costana. Bred from Mandale Bottoms.

*Peronea caledoniana. Battersby and Kildale Moors.

*Argyrotoza conwayana. Beaten out of Wild Rose at
Great Ayton in June.

*Ptycholoma lecheana. Guisborough.

182
*Hedya lariciana. Kildale, only two previous Yorkshire
records for this species.
Hedya neglectana. Middlesbrough.

*Seiaphila subjectana. Bred from wild parsley, Mandale
Bottoms, and taken at Redcar.

*Seiaphila hybridana. Redcar.

“Phoxopteryx myrtillana. Eston and Great Ayton on
Heath.

*Peedisea corticana. Taken from Firs, Guisborough.
“Peedisea sordidana. Among Alders. Great Ayton.
*Ephippiphora pflugiana. Kildale.

*Pamplusia mereuriana. Battersby.

*Retinia pinivorana. Kildale.

*Stigmonota internana. Fairly common about Gorse at
Eston, also occurs at Ayton and Kildale.

*Stigmonota regiana. Bred from Larve taken under
bark on Sycamore trees at Ayton and Guisbrough.

*Catoptria cana. Kildale.

*Trycheris aurana. Kildale.

*Eupecilia atricapitana. Redcar.

*Xanthosetia zoegana. Redcar and Marske.

TINEA. Lemnatophilaphryganella. Off Oak, Kildale.
*Epigraphia steinkellneriana. Saltburn.

*Seardia cloacella. Middlesbrough and Kildale.

“Tinea semifulvella. Great Ayton and Tollesby.

*“Ineurvaria muscealella. Flying plentiful in sun along
hedges at Linthorpe in May. Kildale in June.

*Harpipteryx xylostella. Bred from Honeysuckle,
Middlesbrough and Guisbrough.

183
*Depressaria costosa. Marske and Kildale.
*Depressaria alstremeriana. Saltburn.
*Depressaria angelicella. Kildale. —
*Gelechia ericetella. On heath Kildale and Swainby.
*Gelechia dodecella. Kildale.
*Anacampsis ligulella. Kildale.
*Ceratophora rufescens. Redcar.

*Argyresthia spiniella. Among Mountain Ash at Great
Ayton and Guisbrough.

*Ornix anglicella. Swainby.

*Coleophora fabriciella. Great Ayton, only one previous
record in the Yorkshire list.

*Coleophora albicosta. Among Gorse at Eston in June,
also at Kildale and Stokesley.

*Coleophora laripennella. Redcar.

*Elachista rufocinerea. Saltburn.

1907.

For the most part of the spring and summer of this year
the weather was cold, showery and sunless, June was ex-
ceptionally wet, there being over 3in. rainfall registered
at Middlesbrough. The result of this was that insects were
scarce and what occurred were mostly exceptionally late ;
as evidence of the lateness of the season the dates on which
the following species were noticed will give some idea:
Melanthia bicolorata, three specimens on October 5th;
Xylophasia monoglypha at sugar on October 22nd and 25th ;
and two specimens of Cosma trapesina on October 12th.

‘* Sallow ’’ bloom in early April attracted a large number
of the commoner Teniocampide and also a few Trachea
pintperda, and one or two specimens of Tviphosa dubitata.
** Sugaring” proved a complete failure.

184

NOCTUA. Mamestra abjecta. One on sugar at Redcar
in July, also several M. albicolon.

Celeena haworthii. A few dashing about on moor at Danby
(very worn) on September 28th.

*Cucullia verbasci. Larve on Mullein in garden at
Linthorpe.

GEOMETRZ. Selenia lunaria. Two or three specimens
at Great Ayton in May.

*Boarmia gemmaria. Common in gardens all over district,
comes freely to light. Some of ‘he specimens quite dark.

Hybernia leucophearia var. marmorea. ‘Took very nice
specimens of this variety at Guisbrough in March.

*Eupithecia innotata. Specimen taken on banks at Redcar
at end of June.

PYRALIDES. *Ebulea sambuealis. At Valerian flower
in garden, also common at light.

PTEROPHORIDA. Amblyptilia acanthodactyla. Danby at
end of September.

TORTRICES. *Penthina dimidiana. Redcar.
*Spilonota trimaculana. Bred Middlesbrough district.
*Capua favillaceana. Among bracken near Great Ayton.
*Stigmonota orobana. Staithes.

*Dichrorampha plumbagana. Redcar and Staithes.
*Pyrodes rheediella. Kildale.
*Eupecilia angustana. Staithes, Kildale and Glaisdale.
TINEA. *Tinea fuseipunetella. Linthorpe, Middlesbrough

/

*Lampronia rubiella. Eston.

*Nemophora swammerdammella. Great Ayton.

*Adela rufimitrella. Swept off grass plentiful near Ayton.
*Adela viridella. Kildale.

185

*“Swammerdammia ceesiella and var _ griseocapitella.
Kildale.

*Plutella porrectella, On Valerian flower at Linthorpe.
*Bryotropha politella. Staithes.

*Nannodia stipella var neviferella. Redcar.

“Parasia metzneriella. Sandsend.

*Chelaria hubnerella. Kildale.

“Gracilaria alchimiella. Great Ayton.

*Gracilaria tringipennella. Kildale.

*Graeilaria syringella. Common about privet in garden
in June.

“Coleophora aleyonipennella. Bred Saltburn.

*Coleophora laricella. Common among Larch at Great
Ayton.

“Coleophora fuseedinella. Bred from Birch and Alder,
Ayton and Middlesbrough.

*Chauliodus cherophyllellus. Great Ayton.
*Chrysoclysta aurifrintella. Redear.
*Elachista cinereopunctella. Kildale.
*Tischeria complanella. Great Ayton.
*Lithoeolletis faginella. Kildale.
*Lithocolletis corylifoliella. Redcar.

*Cemiostoma _laburnella. Common at Eston and
Middlesbrough.

186

REPORT ON THE COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN
CLEVELAND.

By M. Lawson THompson, F.E.S.

The following report on Beetles occurring in the Cleve-
land District consists chiefly of records made in the early
part of last century by the late Rev. G. T. Rudd, m.a., and
L. Rudd. Many of them may be found published in Stephens’
** Manual of British Coleoptera (1839).’’ G. T. Rudd was
Vicar of Sockburn and resided for a number of years at
Worsall Hall, near Yarm. He died in London on March
4th, 1847, at the age of 52. He appears to have been a
regular correspondent of Stephens, as may be seen by a
reference both to the ‘* Manual’’ and the ‘‘ Illustrations
of British Entomology ’’ (Coleoptera) (1828).

The remaining notes refer to my own earlier observations,
and those of my friend, the Rev. W. C. Hey, m.a., of West
Ayton, near Scarborough, who has visited Redcar and
Coatham marshes in former years.

COLEOPTE?PA.

Cychrus rostratus, L. At Saltburn; and in Arncliffe
Woods, Glaisdale.

Carabus nitens, L. On Eston Nab (G. T. Rudd).

Carabus arvensis, Ff. On Stanghow Moor near Saltburn
(May, 1893).

Notiophilus aquaticus, L. On Easby Moor.
Notiophilus palustris, Duft. On Stanghow Moor.
Nebria livida, F. Redcar (G. T. Rudd).

Elaphrus cupreus, Duft. Marton (L. Rudd); Saltburn.

187
Miscodera arctica. Payk. On Stanghow Moor under a
stone. One specimen in July, 1891.
Acupalpus meridianus, L. Banks of the Tees (L. Rudd).

Bradyeellus placidus, Gyll. Banks of the Tees (L. Rudd).

Bradycellus distinctus, Dej. Saltburn, on the sea banks.
One specimen in May, 1892.

Bradyeellus harpalinus, Dej. On the sea banks at Saltburn.
Bradyeellus collaris, Payk. On the moor at Kildale
(August, 1903).

Dichirotrichus pubescens, Payk. Banks of the Tees.
Common (G. T. Rudd).

Harpalus rubripes, Duft. Banks of the Tees (L. Rudd).
Pterostichus picimanus, Duft. Banks of the Tees (L. Rudd).

Amara auliea, Panz., A. convesxiuscula, Marsh, and A.
tibialis, Payk. Banks of the Tees (L. Rudd).

Calathus flavipes, Fourc. Banks of the Tees (L. Rudd).

Calathus micropterus, Duft. In a plantation below Stang-
how Moor; also at Glaisdale.
Calathus piceus, Marsh. At Kildale.

Anchomenus fuliginosus, Panz. In Arncliffe Wood,
Glaisdale. Common.

Bembidium minimum, F. At Eston (W. Hey).
Bembidium affine, Steph. Marton (G. T. Rudd).

Bembidium anglicanum, Sharp, (Andree, F.) and B.
paludosum, Panz. Banks of the Tees (G. T. Rudd).

Trechus rubens, F. Saltburn, on the sea banks. One
specimen in July, 1892.

Cymindis vaporariorum, L. Shores of the Tees. Six
specimens in April, 1828 (L. Rudd).

Brychius elevatus, Panz. In the stream at Saltburn.

Haliplus obliquus, F. Marton (L. Rudd); Coatham
Marshes (W. C. Hey).

188

Haliplus fulvus, F. Marton (L. Rudd).
Haliplus variegatus, Stm. Marton, rare (G. T. Rudd).

Haliplus rufficollis, De G. Redcar (W. C. Hey); Arncliffe
Wood, Glaisdale.

Hyphydrus ovatus, L. Marton. Common, the males in
the proportion of five to one (L. Rudd).

Colambus inzqualis, F. Maron, scarce (L. Rudd) ; Coatham
Marshes.

Ccelambus impressopunetatus, Schal. (picipes, F.) Coatham
Marshes. A single specimen March, 1887 (W. C. Hey).

Deronectus latus, Steph. Marton Lodge (L. Rudd).

Deronectus depressus, F. Marton, common (L. Rudd) ;
Coatham Marshes (W. C. Hey).

Hydroporus pictus, F. Coatham Marshes (W. C. Hey) ;
Marton (L. Rudd).
Hydroporus lineatus, L. Marton Lodge (L. Rudd).

Hydroporus incognitus, Sharp., H. memnonius, Nic; and
H. nigrita, F. Common in Arncliffe Wood, Glaisdale.

Agabus nebulosus, Forst. Marton, not common (L. Rudd).

Agabus melanarius, Aubé (tarsatus, Zett). In a pool in
Arncliffe Wood, Glaisdale. One specimen in September,
1894. A very rare insect.

Agabus bipustulatus, L. Coatham Marshes (W. C. Hey) ;
yrncliffe Wood, Glaisdale.

Copelatus agilis, F. Marton, 1828, in pools on the hills
near Marton Lodge, but very scarce (L. Rudd).

Dytiseus punetulatus, F. Marton, 1829; not of very
frequent occurrence (L. Rudd).

Acilius suleatus, L. Coatham Marshes (W. C. Hey).
Gyrinus minutus, F. Marton (L. Rudd).
Gyrinus urinator, Ill. Marton (G. T. Rudd).

Helophorus aquaticus, L., and H. brevipalpis, Bedel. At
Redcar (W. C. Hey).

189
Helophorus dorsalis, Marsh. Marton Lodge; uncommon
(L. Rudd).

Cyclonotum orbiculare, F. On the margin of a pond at
Saltburn.

Spheridium bipustulatum, F. At Redcar (W. C. Hey).

Cercyon littoralis, Gyll., C. unipunetatus, L.; and C.
quisquilius, L. At Redcar (W. C. Hey).

Cereyon hemorrhous, Gyll. On the margin of a pond at
Saltburn.

Cryptopleurum atomarium, Ol. Eston (W. Hey).

Aleochara fuscipes, F., A. lanuginosa, Grav., A. nitida,
Grav., also var bilineata, Gyk., and A. morion, Grav. All
these species are found at Redcar. (W. C. Hey)

Callicerus obseurus, Grav. Stockton-on-Tees (G. T. Rudd).
Homalota vestita, Grav. Eston (W. Hey).

-Homalota pilicornis, Th. In Saltburn Wood, under the
bark of a rotting fir stump. One specimen early in October,
1893.

Homalota trinotata, Kr. Common in vegetable refuse at
Saltburn.

Homalota serdida, Er. At Redcar (W. C. Hey).
Tachyusa constrieta, Er. Yarm (G. T. Rudd).

Autalia rivularis, Grav. Common in vegetable refuse at
Saltburn.

Eneephalus complicans, West. Marton Lodge (G._ T.
Rudd).

Oligota inflata, Man. Common in vegetable refuse at
Saltburn.

_ Myllzna kiraatzi, Shp., and M. brevicornis, Mat. By the
streams in Grinkle Wood (1907).

Tachyporus hypnorum. F. At Redcar (W. C. Hey),

190

Tachinus proximus, Kr. In decaying fungi in a plantation
just below Stanghow Moor. Two specimens in September,
1905.

Tachinus elongatus, Gyll. Near Marton, very rare
(L. Rudd).

Mycetoporus lepidus, Grav. On Stanghow Moor, near
Saltburn.

Myeetoporus elavicornis, Steph., var., forticornis, Fauv.
On the sand hills at Saltburn in September, 1907.

Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh, var., fageti, Th. In Saltburn
Wood.

Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh, and Q. tristis, Grav. At
Redcar (W. C. Hey).

Ocypus olens, Mull., and O. brunnipes, F. At Redcar (W. C.
Hey).

Philonthus intermedius, Bois. In vegetable refuse at
Saltburn. (July, 1907)

Philonthus zeneus, Rossi, P. politus, F., P. marginatus, F.,
P. sordidus, Gr., P. cruentatus, Gmel., P. varians, Pk., and
P. trossulus, Nord. All these specimens are found at Redcar
(W. C. Hey).

Philonthus debilis, Grav. In a dead bird on the coast at
Saltburn (1906).

Cafiu;s fucicola, Curt. Redcar, in profusion (G. T. Rudd,
vide Steph., Ill., 1833).

Cafius xantholoma, Grav. Common at Redcar (W. C. Hey).
Xantholinus punctulatus, Pk. Redcar (W. C. Hey). Com-
mon at Saltburn.

Leptacinus batychrus, Gyll. Marton (G. T. Rudd).
Leptacinus linearis, Grav. In vegetable refuse at Saltburn.
Lathrobium brunnipes, F. Marton (G. T. Rudd).
Eveesthetus scaber, Grav. Marton (G. T. Rudd).

Stenus guttula, Mull. Marton (G. T. Rudd); Redcar
(W. C. Hey).

191
Stenus bimaculatus, Gyll. Marton (G. T. Rudd).

Stenus providus, Er., var., rogeri, Kr. On Hutton Moor
near Guisbrough.

Stenus erassus, Steph. At Saltburn (1892).

Stenus argus, Grav. Saltburn, at the roots of grass on
the sea banks (1893).

Stenus subzeneus, Er. Saltburn, on the sea banks (1892).

Stenus erosus, Er. In Arncliffe Wood, Glaisdale, on
herbage (1894).

Bledius tricornis, Herbst. Redcar (G. T. Rudd, 1828,
vide Ent. August, 1878).

Bledius bicornis, Germ. Banks of the Tees (G. T. Rudd).

Bledius arenarius, Payk. Common along the shores of
Tees (G. T. Rudd).

Platystethus arenarius, Foure. At Kildale.

Platystethus arenarius, Fourc., and P. eornutus, Gyll.
At Redcar (G. T. Rudd and W. C. Hey).

Homalium riparium, Thems. In decaying fish in Saltburn
Wood (1894).

Phleocharis subtilissima, Man. At Yarm (G. T. Rudd).
Silpha nigrita, Cr. Marton Lodge (G. T. Rudd).

Choleva morio, F. Saltburn, in a dead bird (May, 1892).
Choleva nigrita, Er. At Saltburn.

Euconnus denticornis, Mull. Marton Lodge (G. T. Rudd).

Eumicrus tarsatus, Mull. In vegetable refuse at Saltburn
. (July, 1907).

Euplectus sanguineus, Den. In vegetable refuse at Saltburn
(July, 1907).

Trichopteryx grandicollis, Man. In vegetable refuse at
Saltburn (July, 1907).

192
Hippodamia Ib. punctata, L. At Saltburn. One specimen
in February, 1893.

Saprinus zeneus, F. Shores of the Tees (W. C. Hey) ;
also at Redcar.

Epurea prusilla, Ill. In Kilton Wood, near Saltburn.

Soronia punctatissima, Il]. In Saltburn Wood. One
specimen in August, 1894.

Corticaria umbilicata, Beck. Saltburn, on the sea banks
(July, 1893).

Corticaria elongata, Gyll. At Kildale.
Melanophthalma fuscula, Mum. At Kildale.

Silvanus surinamensis, L. Common in a granary at
Thornaby-on-Tees.

Cryptophagus distinguendus, Stm. Saltburn Wood, in
decaying fungi (September, 1902).

Atomaria ruficornis, Marsh; One specimen at Saltburn
in 1897.

Ephistemus gyrinoides, Marsh. Common in _ vegetable
refuse at Saltburn.

Typhza fumata, L. At Kildale.
Aspidiphorus orbieulatus, Gyll. At Marton (G. T. Rudd).
Heterocerus levigatus, Panz. Marton (G. T. Rudd).

Aphodius seybalarius, F., A. sordidus, F. and A. tristis,
Panz. On the Redcar Sandhills (W. C. Hey).

Elater balteatus, L. At Eston, 1907 (G. B. Walsh).

Limonius cylindricus, Payk. Banks of the Tees near
Yarm (G. T. Rudd).

Helodes minuta, L. At Kildale.

Cyphon pallidulus, Boh. Common on Stanghow Moor
(July, 1907).

Toxotus meridianus, L. At Saltburn.

193
Donacia discolor, Panz. (comari, Suffr.). On Stanghow
Moor in July, 1907.

Labidostomis tridentata, L. Roseberry Topping (G. T.
Rudd, Steph., Man:, p 307).

Lamprosoma concolor, Stm. In Saltburn Wood (June,
1907)).

Chrysomela marginata, L. Roseberry Topping (G. T.
Rudd).

Phedon cochlearie, F. On the margin of a pond at
Saltburn.

Lochmea suturalis, Th. Common on Stanghow Moor
near Saltburn, also Castleton and Kildale Moors.

Galerucella tenella, L. Common in a bog at Kildale.

-Longitarsus suturellus, Duft., var., fuseicollis, Steph.
Taken at Saltburn and Kildale.

Longitarsus jacobzex, Wat., and L. gracilis, Kuts. Common
on Ragwort at Kildale.

Haltica ericeti, Al. Common on Stanghow Moor; Kildale
Moor.

Aphthona nonstriata, Goeze. Common at Seamer, near
Stokesley (June, 1907).

Cassida nobilis, L. Marton Lodge, very rare (L. Rudd).
Cassida flaveola, Thumb. At Kildale in September, 1907.
Melandrya caraboides, L. Near Middlesbrough.

Salpingus eratus, Muls. On Stanghow Moor, and at
Saltburn (July, 1907).

Notoxus monoceros, L. Redcar, in profusion (G. T. Rudd,
1828).

Apion cruentatum, Walt. At Kildale in September, 1907.

Trachyphleus alternans, Gyll. On the sea banks at
Saltburn (July, 1907).

Ceuthorhynchus contractus, Marsh, and C. quadridens
Panz. Common at Redcar.

194

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1906-7.

In presenting to the Members of the Cleveland Naturalists’
Field Club my NintH Annvuat Report, I hay» pleasure in
stating that the season, generally speaking, has been a success-
ful one, both Summer and Winter Meetings being on the whole
fairly well attended; the attendance at the winter meetings
being above the average. The membership is practically the
same as last year, and there is, I consider, room for improve-
ment in this respect.

SumMMER Meretines.—Eight meetings were arranged for the
Summer months (exclusive of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
Meetings,) and with one exception (Kirkleatham) the weather
conditions prevailing were favourable. The meetings were
held at the following places: ‘‘Saltburn Gill,” ‘‘Slapestones”’
“* Kirkleatham ’’ (owing to unfavourable weather only seven
members attended this meeting), ‘‘ Stanley Grove, Ayton,’’
‘Mulgrave Woods,” ‘‘Westerdale, via Basedale,” ‘‘Raisdale,”
and ‘‘ Saltscar, Redcar.’’ The attendance was quite up to
the average.

In nearly every case localities were visited that had not
recently been investigated by the Society. We were specially
favoured by permission from various owners given to our
members to visit their estates; in no case was the Club met
with a refusal.

I am pleased to acknowledge the great assistance I had
from members and others in making arrangements and acting
as guides at our meetings during the past year. The meetings
were by this means more than usually interesting.

195

The following assisted in making the arrangements and
acted. as guides to some of our meetings :—Rev. J. Cowley
Fowler, B.A., F.G.S., Messrs. T. J. Cozens, H. Frankland,
H. T. Hallimond, 8. H. Harries and J. W. R. Punch.

On the occasion of the Westerdale Meeting Mr. and Mrs.
C. Hood kindly entertained the party to tea.

A special meeting was held to investigate the Marine Fauna
on Saltscar Rocks, Redcar, in September, when the President
(Mr. H. Simpson) made the arrangements and acted as guide
The meeting was a successful one in every way. At the
conclusion the President hospitably entertained the party
to luncheon at Redcar.

Permission was granted to visit estates belonging to the
Marquis of Normanby, The Earl of Zetland, Messrs. W. H. A.
Wharton, Newcomen and Lowther. Your thanks are also
due to Mr. Wynne Finch, for permission to visit his
property at ‘‘ Stanley Grove,’’ and also for placing a workman
at our disposal to assist in the ‘“‘ hunt ’’ for ‘‘ iron pan.”’

A Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Meeting was held at Guis-
borough in August, and was in every way successful. Mr.
J. J. Burton was local secretary for the meeting, and others
of our members assisted in the arrangements. About fifteen
of our members attended the meeting.

WiInTER MEETINGS.—Since the last Annual Meeting Eight
Winter Meetings have been held ; this series being one of the
most successful we have had. With one exception (the Y.N.U.
Lecture by Mr. Bayford) the whole of the papers have been
given or the arrangements made by our own members.

The attendance, with one or two exceptions, was good, the
Saturday evening meetings especially being well attended.
The papers read were as follows :—‘‘ A Chat about Beetles,’’
by Mr. E. G. Bayford, this being a Y.N.U. Lecture ; ‘‘ Smugg-
ling days at Marske,’’ by the Rev. F. Grant James, a most
interesting and amusing paper; ‘‘ Among wild plants in
Teesdale,’ by Mr. J. T. Cozens, with lantern illustrations ;
**Colour,’’. by Mr. Geo. B. Walsh, B.Sc., illustrated by
experiments and sketches; ‘‘ The Origin of the Cleveland

196

Moors,’’ by Mr. Frank Elgee, illustrated by maps, sketches,
and specimens. Mr. Elgee has had this paper printed.
** History of Middlesbrough,’’ by T. A. Lofthouse, illustrated
by plans, sketches and photographs.

Two microscope and exhibition meetings were held, our
President kindly arranged these, and provided some of the
interesting exhibits. _ Many of our members lent microscopes

and slides. Exhibits were made by Messrs. M. L. Thompson, .

Whiteley, Dodson, Frank Elgee, Saunders, Lane, Harrison
and Lofthouse.

The meetings with two exceptions have been held in the
rooms of the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society,
and the Club are again indebted to them for placing rooms
at our disposal. z

Two of the meetings were held in the Dorman Museum
kindly placed at the disposal of the Club.

By permission of the Lit. and Phil. and by invitation of
the Lecturer, members had the privilege of attending a
Lecture on the ‘‘ Isles of Greece,’’ delivered by Mr. W. H.
Thomas.

Our thanks are due to Mr. F. W. Pearson for kindly working
the lantern at two of the above meetings.

We have several microscopists connected with the Society,
and probably others will join if a short series of demonstrations
or lecturettes on practical microscopy could be arranged for
during the winter months, certain members being responsible
for the subject on each evening. I should be glad if the
microscopy sectional committee would take the matter up.
I do not think there is any question as to its ultimate success,
and it, no doubt, would stimulate work in branches of the
local Fauna and Flora that have hitherto been neglected.

MemBersHip.—The membership now stands. at 105. The
following new members have been elected since the last
Annual Meeting, Messrs. Arthur Appleyard, T. Brayshay,
H. F. Dodson, William Hudson, J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc.,
T. W. Saunders, and Geo. B. Walsh, B.Sc.

SSS SIE

197

PRocrEDINGS.—At present the Society’s income only allows
of the Proceedings being published once in two years. If our
membership could be materially increased or a larger sale en-
sured for our Proceedings we might be able to. publish pro-
ce-dings annually instead of bi-annually. There is a good
deal of material available at present and I do not anticipate
that there would be any difficulty in obtaining suitable local
matter of interest to enable us to publish annually, besides
local papers that have been read at our Winter Meetings that
are suitable for publication. We have the promise of a
valuable geological section through the Cleveland Ironstone
district with notes thereon, by Mr. F. W. Allison. Papers
such as these we should be in a position to publish at once
to ensure the matter not being published out of the district.

There is a large number of back Proceedings (which include
many valuable local papers) in the hands of the Society, the
full set of Vol. I, in parts, may be obtained at 5s., this is 33 per
cent. less than the published price. We shall be glad if mem-
bers who have not complete sets would complete, and also if
they would induce any interested in local records to purchase
them.

' Lisrary.—The following works have been added to the
small library during the past year. Hull Society’s Proceedings
Vol. III, part 4; Y.N.U. Transactions, parts 31 and 33 ;
Baker’s North Yorkshire; Yorkshire Geological Society’s
‘Transactions for 1906, The Naturalist for 1906, and Report
of the Bradford Natural History Society.

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1907-8.

In presenting to the Society my Tenth Annual Report I
have pleasure in stating that the season generally speaking,
has been quite as successful as any previous season in the
Club’s existence. The Summer Meetings arranged were held
with one exception, more than the usual number of Winter
Meetings were held and the papers presented were equal to,

198

if not in advance of, what we have had in previous sessions.
During the past year another part of our proceedings was
published, and the Membership shows a slight increase over
last year.

SumMER Mrrtines.—The programme arranged for the
Summer months provided for eight meetings (exclusive of
Y.N.U. Meetings) and with one exception (Boosbeck-Aysdale
Gate, which was abandoned owing to very unfavourable
weather) the meetings were all held; the weather conditions
at the Seamer and Harlsey Meeting were, however, anything
but favourable, and prevented any satisfactory investigation
being made.

Meetings were held at Great Ayton, when Easby and Kildale
were visited ; Stokesley to Seamer ; Hart when the sea banks
between Hart and Black Hall were investigated and the
rich characteristic limestone flora noticed ; Staithes to Runs-
wick; Marske to Saltburn along the banks, where many
interesting plants were noticed ; Egton Bridge, and Harlsey.

I have again to acknowledge with thanks valuable assistance
I have received in making arrangements for many of the
meetings from members and friends, which have made the
meetings much more enjoyable and_ profitable.

At the Stokesley—Seamer meeting Messrs. Cozens and
Elgee acted as guides, and Mr. Frank Elgee contributed to
the circular for the meeting an interesting resumé of objects
of interest to be observed. Mr. John Gardner, F.E.S., of
Hartlepool, acted as guide to the Hart Meeting, and Mr.
T. W. Saunders at the Staithes—Runswick Meeting. Mr.
Simpson piloted the party at the Marske to Saltburn Meeting
and thanks are also due to Mr. and Mrs. Monk who kindly
provided tea for the party on arrival at Saltburn. Mr. Frank
Elgee provided notes on the geological features to be noticed
at the Egton meeting and also attended the meeting and acted
as guide. At the Harlsey meeting the Rev. C. V. Collier,
M.A., F.S.A., gave the party a short description of the various
objects of interest in Harlsey Church, and also pointed out
various objects of archceological interest in the immediate
neighbourhood. The Rev. and Mrs. Collier kindly enter-
tained the members to tea.

199

Permission was granted to visit estates belonging to J. J.
Emmerson, Esq., R. B. Turton, Esq., W. H. A. Wharton, Esq.,
Sir B. Samuelson & Co., Ld., and Joseph Constantine, Esq.,
and the thanks of the Club are due to them for the privileges
kindly granted.

The only Y.N.U. Meeting held in the district was at Robin
Hoods Bay at Whitsuntide. It proved very interesting to
those who spent the week end in the district, but to some
others who essayed to visit it on the Whit Monday it will
be remembered more for the rapid railway journey than
anything else, members leaving Middlesbrough at 9-30,
arriving at Robin Hood’s Bay at 5-30, returning again at
about 8-30 and arriving in Middlesbrough between one and
two o’clock next morning, surely an event to be remembered.

Winter MeeEtTINGS.—Since the last Annual Meeting 15
Winter Meetings have been held, this being the longest series
ever held in a season since the Club was formed ;_ with three
exceptions the papers have been given by members of the
Club, and have been more than usually interesting..

The attendance at the meetings on the whole have been
fairly satisfactory, especially at the Saturday meetings.

The first meeting was a Microscopic AND EXHIBITION
MEETING, at which Mr. Simpson undertook the arrangements,
and he had the assistance of Mr. Stephens and others of our
members many of whom lent Microscopes. Natural History
objects were exhibited by Messrs. Lawson Thompson, Frank
Elgee, and T. A. Lofthouse.

At the following meetings papers were read and demon-
strations given by Mr. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc., on the ‘‘ Atomic
Theory,’’ and ‘‘ Flame’’; Mr. J. Percy Hodges on ‘‘ Dia-
toms,’’ with microscopic demonstrations; Mr. Frank Elgee
on ‘‘ Shells,’’ and the ‘‘ Marine Fauna and Terrestrial Fauna ”
past and present, of Cleveland (2 lectures), illustrated by
diagrams, specimens, etc. ; ‘* Microscope mounting ’’
demonstration, by Mr. Bertram Cockburn, of Redcar ; ‘‘ Bats,
their structure and senses,’’ illustrated by lantern slides,
a Y.N.U. Lecture by Mr. Arthur Whitaker, of Barnsley ;

200

‘<The Royal Arms,’’ illustrated by lantern slides, by the
Rev. C. V. Collier, M.A., F.S.A., Vice-President of our Society ;
‘* Nature’s Marvels,’’ by Mr. T. J. Cozens, B.Sc., F.C.S. ;
‘* Some Notes, chiefly Geological, respecting the origin of
Natural Scenery,’’ (illustrated by lantern slides), by the
President, Mr. J. J. Burton; ‘‘ The Ancient Citadels and
Temples of Greece,’’ by Mr. W. H. Thomas; ‘‘ The Beauties
of the Insect World as revealed by the Microscope,’’ by
Mr. Henry Hall, illustrated by lantern slides, by arrangement
with the Manchester Microscopical Society, and ‘* Seaweeds
as Food,’’ illustrated by lantern slides, by Mr. H. Simpson,
Vice-President.

The meetings with three exceptions have been held in the
rooms of the Cleveland Literary and Philosophical Society,
and the Club are again indebted to them for placing rooms
at our disposal. Three of the meetings were held in the
Dorman Museum kindly placed at the ‘disposal of the Club
by the authorities.

Our thanks are again due to Mr. F. W. Pearson for kindly
working the lantern at our meetings.

The Club’s thanks are due to our members for so kindly
coming forward and giving papers at our meetings during
the Winter Season, two or three offers of papers we have not
been able to avail ourselves of, but these will, no doubt, be
taken advantage of for next Session.

MemBerrsuie.—The Membership now stands at 109. The
following new members have been elected since the last
Annual Meeting :—Miss Appleyard, Mr. Jos. Constantine,
Dr. W. J. Fordham, Messrs. Geo. Knight, Harold A. Scruton,
B.Sc., Herbert and Fred Outhwaite and Mr. and Mrs. Benham.

During the year the Society lost two members by death,
the Rev. F. Grant James, Vicar of Marske and a Vice-President
of the Club at the time. Many members of the Club will
remember with pleasure the two occasions on which he gave
most interesting papers to the Club on the ‘* Ancient Worthies
of Marske,’’ and on ‘‘ Smuggling Days at Marske,’’ both
papers that would be well worth printing in our Proceedings
if it is possible to obtain the manuscript. He would have

201

liked to have taken a more active part in the Club’s work,
but was prevented owing to his time being very much taken
up with his Parish Work. By his decease the Club lost a
most valuable member. A vote of condolence was passed
with his widow at the meeting held at Ayton in May, and a
letter of acknowledgment and thanks was received from
Mrs. Grant James.

Mr. Jno. Garbutt, of Loftus, the other member who passed
’ away early this year was a member who generally attended
the meetings in the Loftus district, and was always willing to
assist in making arrangements and act as guide to our members
when in his locality. Only a few days before his death I
received a bird skin (a. Bramble Finch) from him that he
wanted identifying.

PrROcEEDINGS.—During the past year Proceedings for the
year 1905-6 (Vol. II, part 2) have been published and issued
to members. The number is well up to the average both as
regards size, illustration, and value of the papers contributed.

Blocks for illustrating the Rev. J. Hawell’s paper in it
were kindly lent by Mr. J. W. Brotton, of Battersby. The
Club is indebted to the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, Mr. H. Simpson
and others for seeing the above through the printer’s hands.

Papers should have been got together for another part of
the Proceedings before this but I have been much too busy
to attend to it. In my opinion any quantity of suitable
material could be got together for printing, amongst it being
the local records and references contained in many papers
delivered to the Society’s Meetings at various times, namely :—
the Rev. Grant James’ ‘* Marske Worthies,’’ and ‘‘ Smuggling
Days at Marske,’’ and other local notes collected by him ;
** Cleveland, its Geology and Scenery,’’ by Mr. J. 8. Calvert ;
** Origin of the Cleveland Moors,’’ and ‘‘ Cleveland Fauna,
Past and Present,’’ by Mr. Frank Elgee; ‘‘ Historic Mid-
dlesbrough,’’ by the late R. Lofthouse ; Mr. Burton ‘‘ Notes
on origin of Natural Scenery ’’ (local part); ‘‘ Seaweeds,’’
by Mr. Simpson ; *‘ Insect Notes, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, &c.”

I regret to say that our Proceedings seem to have a very
small sale, and that they do not seem to be made widely
known by our members.

202

Lisprary.—The following works have been added to the
Society’s small Library during the past year :—Hull Society’s
Proceedings for 1907; The Naturalist for 1906; and the
Yorkshire Geological Society’s Transactions for 1907.

GENERALLY.—Our meetings have been frequently reported
in the local press, and our thanks for this are due to the
Editor of the ‘‘ North Eastern Gazette,’’ the ‘‘ Northern
Keho,’’ and the ‘‘ North Star.’’ Our thanks are also due
to the N.E.R. for kindly granting members special privileges
for travelling at reduced fares and also for specially stopping
trains at non-stop stations for two of our Meetings.

My thanks are due to members for kind assistance in making
arrangements for meetings, and the Club’s thanks are specially
due to those who have given papers and acted as guides at
our meetings. I personally am very much indebted to the
great assistance rendered me by Mr. Frank Elgee as Assistant
Secretary, and also to Mr. H. Simpson who has seen to the
reporting of many of the meetings, and has also assisted me
very much in connection with meetings where Microscopes
were required.

In concluding my final report it will probably interest
members to know that the Club since formed as the Cleveland
Naturalists’ Field Club has been in existence 27 years, and of
this period I have now been Secretary for the past 10 years.
When formed the Society had 72 members ; when I took up
the position of Secretary it had about 65, now the membership
is 109, and with a more active Secretary I am quite sure this
number should be considerably increased. During the past
years the number of Winter Meetings has increased year by
year, and in the past season 15 Winter Meetings have been
held, this being a record for the Club. During the time I
have been Secretary 1 Volume (consisting of 5 parts) of the
Proceedings has been completed and 2 parts of Volume II
published.

T. A. LorrHovusE,

Gaia»

15 JUN 29
he “Liege
Ni IAs

CONDITIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF
MEMBERSHIP.

MEMBERSHIP.—The Terms of Membership are the subscription

of an annual sum of not less than 5s. Members receive
the Proceedings, copies of all Circulars for Summer and
Winter Meetings, Associate Card of Membership of the
Yorkshire Naturalists Union, have access to the Society’s
small Library, and also the privilege granted by the N.E.R.
for travelling at reduced rates at excursions,

WINTER MEETINGS.—A Series of Meetings are held during

THE

the Winter months, particulars of which are sent out in
the Autumn. The Secretary will be glad to hear from
Members willing to give papers.

LIBRARY, which consists of works on Science, Natural
History and Archeology, is placed (on loan) in a case in
the Dorman Museum, andesis accessible to Members on
application to the Hon. Librarian, Mr. Baker Hudson.
Donations of works on the above subjects, especially those
relating to Cleveland, are at all times acceptable.

HAWELL BEQUEST.—Under the will of the late Rev. J. Hawell,

M.A., F.G.S., Members have the special use of the Library
of geological, conchological, and other works, as well as
access to the large and valuable collections of Mollusca and
Fossils bequeathed by him for the benefit of the Cleveland
Naturalist’s Field Club and the Dorman Museum. These
may be inspected at any time by Members at the Museum,
on application to the Curator or his assistant.

Any persons interested in the work of our Society are
invited to become Members, even if they are not able
to be active Members. Their support would be valuable
and would also show that the work of the Society was not
altogether unappreciated.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE
CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

VoLuME I 1N 5 Parts. (Complete to Members 5s.)
CoNTENTS.

Part_1,—Remains of Norman Architecture in Cleveland Churches, by
R. Lofthouse ; Geological Notes, Runswick Bay, Dr, W. Y.
Veitch ; Ornithological Notes, &c., R. G. Clayton; Notes
on Cleveland Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Price Sixpence.

Part 2.—(Three illustrations.) Prehistoric Middlesbrough, Dr. W. Y.
Veitch ; Norman Architecture in Cleveland Churches, con-
tinued ; Mollusca of Cleveland, Rev. J. Hawell; Cleveland
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera ; Ornithological Notes, &c., by
R. G. Clayton and R. Lofthouse. Price One Shilling.

Part 3.—/Six Illustrations.) Life of Rev. Canon Atkinson, by Rev.
J. Hawell; Salt Boring Sections near Middlesbrough ;
The Seal in the Tees Estuary, and Coatham Marshes and its
Duck Decoy, by R. Lofthouse; Ornithological Notes, by
C. Milburn, R. G. Clayton and R. Lofthouse; Cleveland
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera ; Rainfall ; Secretary’s
Reports. Price.Two Shillings.

Part 4,—(Five Illustrations.) Notes on the Herring Gull and Snow
Bunting, by R. Lofthouse ; Norman Font and Early Cross
at Marske, T. M. Fallow; Evolution of Cleveland Scenery,
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_C. Milburn; Secretary’s Report. Price Two Shillings.

Parr 5.—(Seventeen Illustrations.) Bajocian Plant Beds of Youkshire,
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in strange places, and Notes on the Hedgehog, by R. Loft-
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VoLuME II.—CoNTENTS.

Part 1,—(Six Illustrations.) Life of Rev. J. Hawell, by Rev. J. C.

Fowler; History of Easby; Crossbills and Buzzards in

’ Cleveland, by F. R. Atkinson ; Black Rat at Middlesbrough ;

Cleveland Brasses, by T. M. Fallow; Gravel Deposit in

Lonsdale, F. Elgee; Lepidoptera and Coleoptera Notes ;
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Part 2.—(Nine Illustrations.) _Notes relating to Ingleby Greenhow,
by the Rev. J. Hawell; the River Tees, its marshes and
their Fauna, by R. Lofthouse; the Ruff in the North of
England, by T. H. Nelson; Cleveland Lepidoptera and
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Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’
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Dorman Memorial Museum, Middlesbro’. Members may obtain
single parts at a reduction of 20 per cent. on published prices.

PROCEEDINGS .

OF THE

Cleveland Naturalists’

Field Club,

1908-9.

VOL. II. PART IV.
Edited by the Rev. J.. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

PRICE - TWO SHILLINGS

(FREE TO MEMBERS.) ~

MIDDLESBROUGH :
Jorpison & Co., Lrp., Printers, Booxsinpers, &c.

1910.

rere = eg i ae eae on! Se ea
C) t
i .

\%)

Novrs on THE GuactaL GEOLOGY OF THE
CoUNTRY BETWEEN LOFTUS AND -
KeErrLEnEss— ; 4s

| FRANK ELcEE ny (a ®

Dierons oN THE JURASSIC Fiora OF Cunve-
LAND— ~

Bac i tier -F.G.S.

Roman REMAINS AT WuHorLtron—
Rev. J. C. Fow Ler, B.A.

MoorLanpD RESEARCH IN 1909— sae
Frank ELGEE .. ts aba 209

| Report OF THE a a OBSERVED IN
CLEVELAND—

M. Lawson THOMPSON, ‘F.E.S...

_ CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1908-9—
i T. Aston LOFTHOUSE, F.E.S...

_ Tuer SPIDERS OF THE abi ar amen Dis-
(3 TRICT— ee
J.) W. Hi, HMnaNeea: B. Sc.

~Locat Marine Mottusca— ig
T. W. SauNDERS ug 1 uh)

SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR 1908-9—

_ SEcRETARY’s REporT FoR 1909—
Frank ELGEE .. Pera ah 4h

PROCEEDINGS

ORS THE

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB.

1908-9.

VOL. II. PART IV.
Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A., F.G.S.

PatCe TWO) SHILLINGS

(FREE TO MEMBERS.)

MIDDLESBROUGH :
Jorpison & Co., Lyp., Prisrprs AnD PUBLISHERS,

1910.

OFFICERS:

President :
T. A. LorrHovusgs, A.R.I.B.A., F.E.S.

Vice-Presidents :

J. J. Burton, F.G.s.
T. M. Fattow, M.A., F.S.A.

M. MEEK, M.A.
W. R. Punca.

J.
J.

Rev. J. CowLEy Fow.er, B.A.,F.G.Ss. H. Srupson.
J Bs

J. E. SreaD, F.R.S.

F. Warp.

Committee :

Mrs. C. Hoop.
P. H. Monk.
W. SAcHSE.

W. H. THomas.
M. L. THomMpsSoN, F.E.S.
G. B. Watusu, B.Sc.

Hon. Treasurer :
H. FRANKLAND, LINTHORPE.

Sectional Secretaries :

Archeology—T. M. FAuLow, M.A., F.S.A.
Botany—T. J. Cozens,
Conchology—T. W. SAUNDERS.
Entomology—T. A. LOFTHOUSE, F.E.S.
Geology—J. J. Burton, F.G.S.
Ornithology and Mammalogy—F¥. R. ATKINSON.
Microscopy—H. Simpson.

Hon. Secretary :
Frank ELGEr, Dorman Memorial Museum, Middlesbrough.

Hon. Librarian:
BakER Hupson.

Past Presidents :

1881—Dr. W. Y. VEITCH, M.R.C.S.

1882— Do.
1883—Mr. J. S. CALVERT.
1884—Mr. T. F. Warp.

1885— Do.
1886—Mr. Ancus MAcPHERSON
1887— Do.

1888—Mr. J. M. MEEK.

1889—Dr. W. Y. VEITCH, M.R.C.S.

1890— Do.

1891—Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A.
1892—Mr. R. LorrHouseE.
1893—Mr. T. D. RiIpLey.
1894—Mr. AnGus MACPHERSON.
1895—Rev. J. HAWELL, M.A.
1896— Do.

1897—Mr. J. M. MEEK, M.A.
1898—Mr. W. H. THomas.,

1899— Do.

1900— Do.

1901—Mr. T. F. Warp.

1902— Do.

1903—ReEv. J. HAWELL, M.A.,
F.G.S.

1904— Do.

1905—ReEv. J. CowLEy FowLeR

B.A.,-F.G.S.

1906—Mr. H. Simpson.

1907—Mr. J. J. Burton, F.G:s..

1908— Do.

1909—Mr. T. A. LorrHovuss,.
A.R.I.BLAW

203

NOTES on tHe GLACIAL GEOLOGY or tHe COUNTRY
BETWEEN LOFTUS anp KETTLENESS.

BY FRANK ELGEE.

In July, 1907, I made a glacial survey of the country
between Loftus and Kettleness. The result proved some-
what disappointing, very few striking features due to ice
action being met with. No opportunity to make a further
investigation of the area having since arisen, I propose in
this paper to bring together my observations with a view to
their being expanded at some future date.

Generally speaking, the district is intersected by two main
valleys, that of Kilton Beck and its affluents and that of
Roxby and Easington Becks, with moderately elevated land
between them. A wide amphitheatre of hills sweeps around
Runswick Bay from Borrowby to Newton Mulgrave Moor,
and thence via Mickleby and Barnby to Goldsborough and
Lythe.

The chief glacial! deposit of the district is boulder clay, but
in some localities there are large spreads of gravel. One of
these covers the country to the south of Loftus as far as
Wapley, on the ridge dividing the eastern branch of Kilton
Beck from Roxby Beck. Wapley itself stands upon it. A
much larger spread occurs on Easington High and Roxby
Moors towards the boundary of the drift. On the former
moor, the ice margin is indicated by a line of fine gravelly
moraine, first described by Professor Kendall. Not far
from Tranmire, where a large overflow into Eskdale crosses
the North Cleveland watershed, the following section was
observed in a gravel pit :—

Moor Soil.
Fine gravel passing into coaly sand.
Few inches of fine gravel.
Fine sand at base.
The erratics here were mostly small and of Cheviot Porphy-

rites. In one place there was a patch of ruddy boulder clay
near the surface.

204

According to Barrow (Survey Memoir, p. 67) these gravels
can be seen passing under the Upper Boulder Clay in Eskdale,
and that, therefore, they are of middle glacial age. But the
exact relation of the red Upper Boulder Clay to the position
of the ice front at the period of maximum glaciation is a very
difficult question to settle and to which I have not yet been
able to devote sufficient attention. It may be remarked
that as the ice margin at its maximum extension is frequently
indicated by gravel mounds not overlain by the red Upper
Clay, it seems difficult to understand why gravel beds should
underlie the red Clay on the lower grounds—supposing the
two to be continuous—unless this clay indicates a readvance
of ice at a later period but not to so great an elevation.
Barrow states that very little Upper Clay exists at heights
much above 400 feet but the patch noted in the Tranmire
section occurred at an elevation of 700 feet.

Gravel mounds occur at Greenhow, near Ellerby Bank
Top at Stump How, just north of Mickleby, and just north
of East Barnby at Wade’s Hill. These seem to form a line
of irregular moraine, a fact rendered more probable from the
‘circumstance that the watershed from Ellerby Bank Top to
Wade’s Hill is trenched by several shallow grooves falling
and deepening on the slopes above Lythe Beck. They are
probably due to streams flowing from the melting ice margin
as it stood along the watershed.

Overflow channels, with two exceptions, appear to be
completely absent from the area, a fact that is somewhat
surprising, seeing that the country is intersected by valleys
whose drainage must have been obstructed by the retreating
ice. The two exceptions are very insignificant but perfectly
distinct. The most westerly occurs at the end of the ridge
between Roxby and Borrowby Becks and stands at 550 feet,
falls eastwards and is about 25 feet deep. Its chief peculi-
arity is the fact that the intake to the west is bifurcated,
forming what Mr. Kendall has termed a “lateral intake.”
It arises from a retreat of the ice front at the intake end of
the overflow, the impounded drainage then running into the
first channel from another position. The channel thus some-
what resembles a letter Y laid horizontally, the two arms
forming the intake. Although on a very small scale, it is,
I believe, the only example of its kind in Cleveland.

205

The other channel occurs near Goldsborough, and is called.
Stangoe Carr. It is a flat floored trench falling eastwards
from 550-525 feet, and is cut in drift. Both this and the
preceding channel are indicative of obstructed drainage
falling eastward for a very brief period.

The courses of the streams in this area in relation to their
old valleys and to the drift are too well-known to need repeti-
tion here, and full details will be found in Barrow’s Memoir,
page 68.

Finally must be mentioned two or three valleys which
though now streamless can hardly be regarded as glacial
overflows, owing both to their position and their form. One
of them occurs near Moor House Farm, south of Roxby
Village. It falls from 660 feet westwards down the eastern
slope of Roxby Beck, to about 550 feet or even lower, and
occupies the position a tributary would, except that it
is perfectly dry. It is excavated in the country rock.

The other valley is close to Buck Rush Farm, near Kilton
Pit. It falls eastwards on the slopes of Kilton Beck, and is
about 25 feet deep near the farm. It has a flat floor, and
lies at an elevation of between 475-400 feet, these altitudes
representing the slope and not the depth of the channel. It
is perfectly streamless and excavated in drift.

That these valleys once contained streams is obvious, but
whether these streams were of glacial origin, or existed at a
time when the rainfall was greater, is not so obvious.
Further investigation of the area will doubtless throw light
on their origin.

206

NOTES ON THE JURASSIC FLORA OF
CLEVELAND.

By Rev. Grorce J. LANE, F.G.S.

In the month of September, 1808, the Yorkshire Geologists
visited the Marske Quarries. Many specimens of plants
were obtained on that occasion, and the task of further
investigation was urged on Mr. Saunders and myself. To
this interesting work we addressed ourselves with vigour.
A list of our finds was published in the Naturalist for March,
1909, and further genera and species in my possession will
appear in a later issue, as I have opportunity. Members
of our Field Club are acquainted with the geological horizon
of the Marske Quarry, so that any general description. is
superfluous and unnecessary. Difficult specimens of the
plants obtained have been submitted to Professor Seward
for examination. I also had the great honour of a visit
from Prof. Nathorst, of Stockholm, who determined all the
plants in my possession, and encouraged me in the work.
As stated in a previous number of the Proceedings of our.
Club, Mr. Elgee collaborated with me in determining the
plants, and it is gratifying to him and myself to know that
with few exceptions, Prof. Nathorst confirmed our results.
As stated in my article in the “ Naturalist,” we, as a Club,
acknowledge our indebtedness to the Rev. J. Hawell, who
did some excellent pioneer work in the Marske Quarry,
which resulted in the identification of seventeen species,
finding for the first time in England a Dictyozamites, which
was named after him Dictyozamites Hawelli.

The following list has been found by Mr. Saunders and
myself :—
I. EQUISETALES—

Equisetites columnaris (Brongn).
= beani (Bunb.) ?

ee MO
15 SUN 29
arn ;

207

II. LYCOPODIALES—
Lycopodites, sp.

II. FILICALES—

Teniopteris major (L. & H.)

» vittata (Brongn).
Sagenopteris phillipsi (Brongn).
Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn).

fe haiburnensis (L. & H.) (see illus.)
Laccopteris polypodioides (Brongn) ?
Todites Williamsonia (Brongn).
Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn).

IV. CYCADOPHYTA—

Flower of Williamsonia pecten (Phill.)

” 9 gigas (L. & H.)
Williamsonia gigas (L. & H.)

<5 pecten (Phill.)
Otozamites beani (L. & H.) ©.

RS graphieus (Leck.)

“ parallelus (Phill.)

a feistmantelli, Zign.
Nilssonia compta (Phill.)

» Mediana (Leck.)

55 tenuinervis, Nath.

» schaumburgensis (Dunk.) (see illus.)
Dictyozamites Hawelli, Sew.

V. GINKGOALES—

Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.) (see illustration)
‘Baiera gracilis, Bunb.

»» Phillipsi, Nath.

» lindleyana (Schimp.)
Czekanowskia murrayana (L. & H.)
Beania gracilis, Carr. ?

VI. CONIFERALES—

Cheirolepis setosus (Phill.)
Araucarites cone

Pagiophyllum williamsonia (Brongn.)
Brachyphyllum mammilare (Brongn.)

ROMAN REMAINS AT WHORLTON.

By Rev. J. C. Fow.mr, B.A., F.G.S.

It is always interesting to watch excavations, for you
never know what may turn up. A year or more ago, during
draining operations in the piece of land added to the old
Churchyard, the workmen came upon some broken pottery
which I recognised as Roman. On taking the fragments
up to the British Museum, the Professor of the British
Roman Department at once pronounced each and every
fragment to be Roman, very coarse and of local make—
there was no Samian ware.

This find proves occupation, so I have now the satis-
faction of having proved Whorlton (whatever Roman name
it had) to have been a Roman Settlement. In connection
with this discovery, it is interesting to note that one of the
Earthworks across the road, N.W. of the Old Church, has
a decided Roman look, and appears to have been a four-
square Roman Station, and it is worth mentioning that a
Roman Road extended from Thornton-le-Street through
Bullamoor and Deighton straight to the Tees, and therefore
only some five or six miles from this supposed camp—
merely an outpost, of course—and yet one of considerable
military importance. A large number of Roman Coins
were found at Whorl Hill, near the Church, a century ago,
but they did not prove settlement, as coins may be found
anywhere.

Dr. Atkinson discovered a Roman Road in the Parish of
Danby, but we cannot, so far, link it up with Whorlton.
The fragments of pottery are in the Museum at Middles-
brough, and may be seen there.

.

209

MOORLAND RESEARCH ry 1909.

BY FRANK ELGEE.

The investigation of the Cleveland Moors having reached
the systematic stage, it is proposed to embody the chief
results in a series of annual reports in the Proceedings, of
which this paper is the first. Many of the facts contained
in the ensuing synopsis were the subject matter of a lecture
delivered to the Club on November 6th, 1909.

CLIMATE

The climate of the moors is of great importance in their
economy, and it will, therefore, be of value to place on record
the atmospheric conditions of the moors from year to year.
The effect of the weather of 1909 upon the moorlands was
marked. Owing to the extremely heavy rains of June, July
and August, normally dry moors became wet, moderately
wet moors were half converted into bogs, and the wettest
moors of the watershed and the slacks were almost im-
passable. On the moors just east of Saltersgate Inn large
pools, hollows and artificial drains were full of water on
August 7th, after four days’ hot sunshine which caused the
submerged vegetation to putrefy and emit quantities of
marsh gas.

Weather, such as we experienced during the year, would,
if continual, produce a type of vegetation peculiar to the
wettest moorlands. The saturation of the vegetation would,
doubtless, lead the plants typical of wet moors to spring up
on the normally drier moors. The absence of sunshine and
saturation of the atmosphere caused the heather to develop
fewer flowers than usual. This indicates a smaller absorp-
tion of food materials both from the soil and from the
atmosphere. Although the inrolled leaf of the chief ericetal
plants enables them to transpire under very unfavourable
conditions, the super-saturation of the air with water vapour
has this year clearly interfered with the process of transpira-
tion. The moor soil was likewise cold and wet up to the end
of July, a circumstance which still further retarded the
development of blossom:

210

On warm days, after rain, the water vapour that is being
drawn from the damp moor soil and plants can be easily
seen when the moor edge is projected against the skyline
in proximity to the observer. The air, though clear, is seen
to flow over the tops of the plants, and presents a somewhat
similar appearance to heated air rising from a stove. In the
local dialect this appearance is known as “ summer geese,”
or “‘ summer colts.”

SWIDDENS.

The bare spaces caused by burning the moor are called
swiddens, and present special features of plant life differing
considerably from those of the undisturbed surrounding
vegetation. Special attention was directed to these swiddens
during the year, and the results published in the Naturalist
for January, 1910, under the title of ‘“‘ The Vegetation of
Swiddens in North East Yorkshire.”’ This paper dealt solely
with the present appearance of the swiddens, but observa-
tions are still required which will elucidate the succession of
species upon them. Hence it is proposed to follow the
aspects of the burnt spaces from year to year, and as it is
necessary to commence with newly burnt swiddens, it will be
advisable to note the dates on which they are formed.

The lower parts of Ewe Crag Slack were burnt in the spring
and thousands of grit boulders rendered conspicious on the
slopes.

An extensive fire occurred on the summit of Kempswithen
on Easter Sunday (April llth) and took some hours to
extinguish.
PLANT ASSOCIATIONS.

The survey of the moorland plant communities has been
continued during the year, and though much interesting
material was obtained, nothing of a very remarkable nature
has to be recorded. Notes, more or less detailed, were made
of the following moors :—

Stony RipGE Eriophoreta (Cotton Grass Moor)

PrKkE Hi~t Moss do.

YarRLsEY Moss Large Juncetum

May Moss Erica tetralix Moor, the finest
hitherto observed in N.E.
Yorkshire.

The above named moors are on the watershed and are very
wet at all times.

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211

GLAISDALE RIDGE (lower end). Nardus Moor.

FREEBOROUGH SKIRT (east of the hill). Molinietum
(Flying Bent) on large scale.

BiowortH Breck. Extensive Junceta.

EASINGTON AND GirRIcK Moors. Junceta and wet
Calluna Moors with Molinia varia.

CoLp Moor. Bilberry Slopes.

StockpDaLe. Woodland Vegetation and Bilberry
Slopes.

Crantmoor. Bilberry Slopes.

Besides the above, notes were taken of the Bilberry and
Bracken Slopes in Westerdale, Danby Dale, and Baysdale.
A hitherto undetected feature was the difference to be ob-
served in slopes facing north and south respectively ; the
former being almost invariably wetter with Junceta and much
Bilberry ; the latter being much drier and more dominated
by Bracken and Calluna. Observations.were also made on
the plant life of thick peaty moors other than Eriophoreta.
No Sweet Gale was found within the areas investigated, a
circumstance confirmatory of its restriction to the south
eastern moorland region probably to the south east of a line
drawn from the north of Robin Hood’s Bay to the village of
Hutton-le-Hole.

Pzrat Brps.

Several Peat Beds have been examined with special refer-
ence as to their containing the remains of trees with results
confirming previous conclusions, viz.:—that the higher
moors were never forest or woodland, and that the slopes and
slacks were formerly clothed with Birch and Oak. The
following are the peat deposits in question :—

SLOPES OF KEMPSWITHEN. Trees, Altitude, 775 feet.

NortH or Danspy Beacon. Trees, Altitude, 900 feet.

PrKkE Hitt Moss. No trees, Altitude, 1,050 feet (see
illustration).

Stony Rives. No trees, Altitude, 1,400 feet.

EasTERN Heap or FarnpaLz. Trees, Altitude,
1,200 feet.

Sravy Hriu (near Trough House). No trees, Altitude,
1,390 feet.

Tue Swane, St. Hetena, Danpy Date (on ledge on
side of valley). Trees, Altitude, 1,000 feet (see
illustration).

212

Four kinds of peat deposits may now be recognised on the-
moors :—

1.—Hill peat on the flat high moors.
2.—Peat of the glacial slacks.

3.—Peat at the head of moorland valleys.
4.—Peat of moorland slopes.

The last three kinds almost invariably contain the remains:
of trees, the first never. During the coming year it is intend-
ed to ascertain definitely the character of the tree remains
and the proportion of Birch to Oak established. Our peat
beds present one marked contrast to those of Scotland. The
Scotch deposits contain Birch and Pine in abundance ; the
Cleveland, Birch and Oak in abundance, but the Pine tree is
rarely or never met with. Nor do the peaty beds of the water-
shed exhibit that denudation into peat hags which is con-
spicuous on the Scotch Hills (see Lewis, Peat Dep. of Scot-
land, Trans. Royal'Society of Edin.)

Moor Pan.

Special attention was also directed to this important
feature of moorland soils, and its existence proved in various.
parts of the moors where it probably covers a very large area.
It has been noted at the ensuing localities :—

Great Ayton, Danby Low Moor, Rosedale Head Moors, .
at the head of Stockdale where a section several yards in
length was observed in a gully, on the ridge between Glais-
dale and Butler Beck, above the Kellaways Rock on Girrick
Moor, on Rudland Rigg between Farndale and Bransdale.
In the last locality the section was very remarkable, the pan
being contorted and nearly two inches thick. Pan is not
always visible in sections owing to the action of frost, and
therefore conclusions as to its non-occurrence must always be
doubtful.

Fauna.

Some work was done on the insects, especially Coleoptera
and Lepidoptera, but no regular series of observations was
made. Nevertheless some facts of interest have to be noted.
Scodiona belgiaria was abundant on the Castleton Moors
during the first week of June, whilstin May, Cnephasia politana
was numerous on the summit of Cold Moor at an elevation of
1,300 feet. At the same altitude Hadena glauca occurred.

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ig wien ese
ATA

213

Whatever insects were collected were carefully labelled with
full details as to their locality and altitude. A peculiar
species of blind Centipede (Geophilus, sp.) was frequent on
Kempswithen under stones.

A Viper was found dead by some visitors on Danby Low
Moor near the Guisborough road. This snake is decidedly
rare in this district. In the course of years of rambling on
the moors I have only seen one, and that was on Sleights
Moor, in August, 1907. Natives of the district confirm this
rarity of the Viper. The name Hagworm is no clue to the
presence of the snake for the same term is also applied to the
Slow Worm, a totally different reptile.

In June, a deserted Curlew’s nest was found on Kemp-
swithen on a dry swidden, and a Grouse nest with newly laid
eggs was found on Easington High Moor, on June 6th.

“PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY.

Progress has been made with a photographic survey of the
moors, and photographs have been taken of geological,
archaeological and botanical subjects. Several prints of
these were presented to the Club’s Albums.

214

REPORT ON COLEOPTERA OBSERVED IN
CLEVELAND.

By M. Lawson THOMPSON, F.E.S.

The following Report on Beetles occurring in the Cleveland
District is compiled from observations made during 1909,
except in a few instances. Mr. G. B. Walsh, B.Sc., has
kindly contributed some notes on local species, the result
of his own examination of various localities within the area
of our investigations. Notwithstanding the weather con-
ditions being far from favourable during most of the season,
our combined efforts have added some interesting insects
to the list of previously recorded Cleveland Coleoptera,
which now numbers 950 species.

CoLEOPTERA.
Cychrus rostratus, L. On Eston Nab (G. B. Walsh).

Notiophilus substriatus, Wat. At Eston, on the Coast.
June.

Dyschirius globosus, Herbst. At Eston Marshes; also
near Goathland (Y. N. U. Meeting, 1903).

Bradycellus placidus, Gyll ; B. eognatus, Gyll; B. collaris,
Payk; and B. similis, Dej. On Eston Nab (G. B. Walsh).

Bradycellus verbasci, Duft. Near Eston, on the Sandhills.

Amara convexiuscula, Marsh. At Eston, on the banks
of the Tees. Common in September.

Bembidium quinquestriatum, Gyll. On the banks of the
Tees at Eston. September.

Aepus marinus, Strém. At Eston, under masses of
Zostera at high-water mark on the shore, May.

215

Celambus confluens, F. At Marton (G. T. Rudd); C.
novemlineatus, Steph. On Eston Nab (G. B. Walsh).

Hydroporus umbrosus, Gyll, and H. morio, Dej. On
Eston Nab (G. B. Walsh).

Rhantus bistriatus, Berg. Marton, 1839. (Steph, Man.
p. 72). Eston Nab (G. B. Walsh).

Oxypoda opaca, Grav. At Middlesbrough (G. B. Walsh).

Drusilla canaliculata, F. On Eston Nab, in nests of
Formica fusca (G. B. Walsh). :

Homalota zneicollis, Sharp. At Saltburn, under bark.
One specimen in 1896.

Homalota nigricornis, Th. At Eston, in a dead bird on
the coast. One specimen in September.

Phytosus balticus, Kraatz. At Eston, under masses of
Zostera on the shore. May.

Hygronoma dimidiata, Gr. At Kildale, in a marshy place.
Early in September.

Tachyporus pusillus, Grav. Common at Saltburn ; Kildale.

Tachinus laticollis, Grav. At Middlesbrough (G. B.
Walsh).

Heterothops binotata, Grav. At Eston, on the shore.
May.

Quedius umbrinus, Er. At Kildale, amongst rotting
wood, in a marshy place. Early in September.

Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. At Kildale (G. B. Walsh).

Ocypus fuseatus, Grav. At Eston, on the coast. One
specimen in September.

Philonthus splendens, F. At Kildale (G. B. Walsh).

216
Xantholinus longiventris, Heer. At Eston, on the Coast.
Lathrobinm boreale, Hoch. At Saltburn, in May, 1893.

Stilicus orbiculatus, Payk. At Hutton Rudby (G. B.
Walsh).

Stenus speculator, Lac. ; S. pubescens, Steph. ; S. brunni-
pes, Steph; and S. impressus, Germ. Common at Marton
(G. B. Walsh).

Stenus pusillus, Er. At Eston.

Stenus juno, F.; S. nitidiusculus, Steph. ; and S. similis,
Herbst. At Kildale (G. B. Walsh).

Homalium septentrionis, Th. In Saltburn Wood, amongst
decaying fish used to attract beetles. One specimen of this
rare insect in July, 1894.

Homalium riparium, Thoms. At Eston, in a dead bird
on the shore.

Homalium striatum, Grav. At Kildale, in a marshy place.

Eusphalerum primule, Steph. Common at Kildale (G. B.
Walsh).

Anthobium sorbi, Gyll. At Grinkle.

Proteinus ovalis, Steph; and P. brachypterus, F. At
Marton (G. B. Walsh); also at Eston.

Megarthrus affinis, Mull. At Marton (G. B. Walsh).
Choleva angustata, F. At Saltburn.
Choleva agilis, Ill. At Middlesbrough (G. B. Walsh).

Trichopteryx sericans, Heer. Saltburn, in vegetable
refuse. July, 1907.

Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. At Kildale, in a marshy
place.

oa Wi

Seymnus suturalis, Thunb. Common at Scotch fir. Eston
(G. B. Walsh); Grinkle.

Micropeplus poreatus, Payk. At Kildale, in a marshy
place.

Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh. Common at Marton (G. B.
Walsh).

Melanophthalma fuscula, Hum. At Eston, on the coast.
Atomaria fuseata, Sch. At Eston, on the coast.
Byrrhus fasciatus, F. At Eston, on the shore.

Aphodius rufescens, F. Common on the coast at Estom
in dung. August.

Serica brunnea, L. At Kildale.
Melolontha vulgaris, F. At Stokesley.

Corymbites quereus, Gyll. At Runswick; also near
Goathland.

Helodes marginata, F. At Kildale (G. B. Walsh); also
at Runswick.

Cyphon coarctatus, Payk; and C. variabilis, Thunb.
Common at Kildale and Runswick.

Ancistronycha abdominalis, F. At Great Ayton, May,
1900 (O. C. Hudson); also near Goathland (J. T. Sewell).

Telephorus paludosus, Fall. Near Goathland (Y.N.U.
Meeting, 1903—H. Ostheide).

Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G. Near Goathland (Y.N.U.
Meeting, 1903—H. Ostheide).

Pogonocherus bidentatus, Th. Near Goathland (Y.N.U.
Meeting, 1903—H. Ostheide).

Leiopus nebulosus, L. At Kildale, June (G. B. Walsh).

218

Phytodecta pallida, L. Near Goathland (Y.N.U. Meeting,
1903—H. Ostheide).

Luperus flavipes, L. At Kildale, June (G. B. Walsh).
Longitarsus luridus, Scop. Common at Kildale.
Crepidodera smaragdina, Fond. At Runswick, July.
Tenebrio molitor, L. Common at Middlesbrough.

Rhinosimus ruficollis, L., and R. viridipennis, Steph. At
Kildale (G. B. Walsh).

Apion radiolus, Kirby. Common at Runswick, July ;
also A. ethiops, Herbst.

Otiorhynchus rugifrons, Gyll.. Near the coast at Eston
(G. B. Walsh).

Hypera pollux, F. At Kildale, in a marshy place. One
specimen early in September.

Hypera trilineata, Marsh. At Saltburn.

Grypidius equiseti, F. At Runswick, on Equisetum
maximum, July.

Erirhinus acridulus, L. At Kildalc, in a marshy place.

Dorytomus pectoralis, Gyll. At Runswick, July.

219

CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1908.

By T. Asuron LoFrrHovUsE, F.E.S.

*Denotes Species recorded in Proceedings for first time.

_ During the Spring and Summer of this year I was unable
to devote much time to working for Lepidoptera; on the
few times that I tried “ Sugar,’ in July, common moths
came to it fairly freely, but, during August and early Sep-
tember practically nothing came at all; towards the end
of September and in early October a few Orthosia macilenta
were attracted at Kildale.

RHOPALOCERA Cenonympha typhon. A few speci-
mens of this butterfly occurred at Glaisdale in July; they
are much darker than the Scotch specimens of this butter-
fly I have seen, and some of the undersides approach
somewhat the forms taken on the Lancashire Mosses ; they
seem to be a form in between the Scotch and Lancashire
forms.

BOMBYCES. Hepialus hectus. This moth was flying freely
near Battersby on the evening of June 25th, from 8 to 8-30,
including males and females, the latter mostly being very
dark, and some of the males were nicely marked.

TORTRICES. *Tortrix podana. Occurs in garden at
Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

*Tortrix viburnana. On Moors at Glaisdale in July.
Mixodia schulziana. On Moors at Glaisdale in July.
Pamplusia mereuriana. On Westerdale Moors.

*Coccyx tedella. Among Spruce Fir at Ingleby Greenhow
in May.

220

*Dichrorampha tanaceti. Flying freely about Yarrow at
Normanby in early July.

*Argyrolepia hartmanniana. Single specimen at Ingleby
Greenhow in June.

TINEA. *Scardia corticella. Several sitting about on
decayed Alder tree trunk at Kildale in July.

*Micropteryx thunbergella. At Easby in May.

*Teleia proximella. On Alder tree trunks at Ingleby
Greenhow in May.

Elachista kilmunella. Westerdale Moors in July.

*Lithocolletis frolichiella. On Alder at Ingleby Greenhow.

CLEVELAND LEPIDOPTERA IN 1909.

*Denotes species recorded in Proceedings for first time.

The conditions prevailing during the Spring and Summer
were not very favourable, for the most part being sunless,
wet and cold, with the exception of a few days in early
August.

The first insects noticed were on February 20th, when
Phigalia pedaria, Hybernia leucophearia, and a good number
of Hybernia rupicapraria were noticed, although it was
extremely cold.

BOMBYCES. Nemeophila plantaginis and Var. *hospita.
Took a female specimen of this moth off a _ wall
alongside Kildale Moors, from which I obtained ova, and
succeeded in rearing a most interesting second brood
of over one hundred specimens, which included about
twenty-six specimens of the Hospita variety (in which the

creamy yellow ground colour in the male is replaced by .

white), 31 type males and 55 females, some of which varied
considerably.

221

Hepialus sylvanus. Very plentiful on one or two favour-
able evenings in August at Kildale.

NOCTUZ. Tapinostola fulva. Plentiful and variable
about Bents on Eston Moors in September.

Neuronia popularis. A female taken on Eston Moors in
September.

Celzena haworthii. A few at heather bloom on Eston
Hills.

Stilbia anomala.. Specimens taken among Bracken at
Kildale, also single specimen at Eston.

Orthosia suspecta. Several at heather bloom on Eston
Hills, mostly worn specimens, in September.

Orthosia macilenta and lota. At sugar at Normanby
and Middlesbrough.

Anchocelis lunosa. Specimen at sugar at Normanby.

Xanthia eitrago. At sugar at Normanby in September.

Polia flavicineta. | Normanby.

GEOMETRA. Sceodiona belgiaria. Larvae fairly plentiful
on Heath near Glaisdale, also noticed on Moors at Kildale.
The specimens bred are much darker than southern -

examples of this insect.

Oporabia filigrammaria. A few specimens in fine con-
dition taken on Kildale Moors at end of August.

Larentia salicata. Kildale.
Coremia designata. Kildale.
PYRALIDES. Scoparia angustea. Normanby on sugar.

CRAMBI. Crambus pascuellus. Common and quite
fresh on Marshes near Redcar at end of July.

222

Crambus inquinatellus. Common among bracken at
Kildale. .

TORTRICES. Peronea sponsana. Normanby.

*Peronea comparana. Few about hedge at Normanby,
also noticed at Kildale.

Peronea variegana. Plentiful about Normanby, including
vars. Albana and Semi-albana.

*Penthina sororeulana. Danby.

Penthina dimidiana. In garden at Linthorpe.

Pardia tripunectana. Several at Kildale.

Grapholitha ramella. Among Birch at Ingleby Greenhow.
Grapholitha geminana. Kildale, flying in sun about Heath.

*Phicodes tetraquetana. Beaten out of Birch on Eston
Hills.

Ephippiphora similana. Common among Birch at Ingleby
Greenhow, also noticed at Eston.

Ephippiphora turbidana. Kildale.

Olindia ulmana. On leaves of Butterbur at Kildale.
Trycheris aurana. Staithes.

TINEA. *Tinez lapella. Hasby-in-Cleveland.
*Micropteryx ecalthella. Easby-in-Cleveland.
*Gelechia mulinella. Kildale.

*Gelechia diffinis. Castleton.

*Gelechia celerella. Redcar.

*Lita zthiops. Near Kirby-in-Cleveland.

223
*Teleia notatella. Redcar.
*Glyphipteryx thrasonella. Staithes and Kildale.
*Glyphipteryx fischeriella. Kildale.
Argyresthia sorbiella. Danby.
*Argyresthia_ brochella. Kildale.
Ornix anglicella. Kildale.
*Coleophora discordella. Redear.
*Coleophora murinipennella. Redcar.
Coleophora laripennella. Kildale.

*Coleophora gryphipennella. Staithes.

224

THE SPIDERS OF THE MIDDLESBROUGH
DISTRICT.

By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc.

The above title in general terms describes the district
that has produced the Spiders included in the following
catalogue. Nevertheless, certain species have been included
which have occurred on the Durham Coast, because these
Durham localities have been worked previously by the
Field Club for other groups.

An examination of the list will betray the fact that the
bulk of the species belong to the Theridiids (sens. lat.)
Several reasons may be given for this fact. First, the
Theridiidae and Argiopidae are by far the most extensive
of the families represented in Britain. Again, as no collect-
ing was done for nine weeks in summer, other families which
mature during the summer months to a greater extent than
the Theridiids do, have thus escaped observation in the
adult condition. Probably, too, the sub-alpine character
of the chief localities worked has further extended the list
of this family.

The district is apparently a very rich one in Arachnids,
and two species have been discovered new to Britain. One
of these, Hypselistes florens, provides the first European
record. The other has been recorded previously from
France. Besides these, there are several species new to
Yorkshire. These, amongst others, include Hrigone arctica,
Troxochrus scabriculus and Cnephalocotes interjectus. Other
records extend the range of very rare and little known forms.
Particularly worthy of notice in this group are Caledonia
evansii, Evansia merens, Leptyphantes nebulosus and Porr-
homma miserum.

In all, a little more than five months’ collecting has
produced these species. Investigations made further afield
in localities of a more varied nature will considerably
extend this list.

225

My best thanks are due to the Rev. J. E. Hull, M.A.,
of Ninebanks, Northumberland, who has _ kindly
examined every specimen, whether its identification has
been certain or not, in order to make the list as
accurate as possible.

ORDER I.—ARANEAE.

FAMILY—DYSDERIDAE.

Segestria senoculata (Linn.) This peculiar-looking Spider
is common everywhere in the district under bark, but is
very abundant in the walls which cross the moors.

FAMILY—OONOPIDAE.

Oonops puleher (Templ.) This curious pink species is not
uncommon in the district. It occurred freely among stones
and in dead leaves at Eston in spring, and also in hedge-side
rubbish near Nunthorpe Station in October.

FAMILY—DRASSIDAE.

Drassus lapidicola (Walck.) This species occurs abund-
antly under stones on the Moors at Eston and Ayton.
Individuals may be obtained at all seasons, but adults
were most plentiful in June.

Drassus troglodytes (Koch.) Commonly and widely
distributed with the last species.

Clubiona trivialis (Koch.) One or two examples were
beaten from the heather in May and June at Eston and in
~Lonsdale. Commoner at Eston in October.

Clubiona reclusa (Camb.) Shaken from hedge debris at
Marton, Gunnergate, Nunthorpe and Eston in May and
June. Females spun up with ova were very common on
various plants at Hesleden in July.

Clubiona grisea (L. Koch.) A single adult female was
shaken from Artemisia maritima in June in Greatham Marsh.

226

Clubiona holosericea (De Geer). One female at Black
Hall Rocks, taken from Jris pseudacorus.

Clubiona lutescens (Westr.) Very common indeed in the
Park in dead leaves, scraps of paper; also common on the
waste ground between Grove Hill and North Ormesby.
Rare at Nunthorpe and Black Hall Rocks. Adult in June.

Clubiona diversa (Camb.) Beaten not uncommonly from
heather at Eston in April and October; Lonsdale in June.

Clubiona brevipes (Bl.) Beaten from alders by Mr. Walsh
and myself in June. Rather a rare species.

Clubiona compta (C.L.K.) One of the most distinct of
the Clubionw, very common in grass on Eston Moor. Less:
common at Marton in hedge-sides.

Anyphoena accentuata (Walck.) A somewhat uncommon
species, but an adult female was beaten from Alders in
Kildale Woods in June.

Micaria pulicaria (Sund.) I took this ant-like Spider from
nests of Lasius niger at Eston and in Lonsdale. It is not
recognised as a genuine mymecophile, although its appearance
suggests such a habit.

Agroeca brunnea (Bl.) Not very common at Eston on the
heather. Immature in July, but an adult male in October.

FAMILY—THOMISIDAE.

Xysticus eristatus (Clk). This very common crab-spider
has been found in May and June at Eston, Ayton and in
Greatham Marsh. At Redcar in October.

Philodromus cespitum (Walck.) Common everywhere
with the next species, from which it is but doubtfully distinct.

Philodromus aureolus (Clk.) Beaten with the last from
whins, laurel, etc. Forms connecting it and P. cespitum.
occur on the continent.

Tibellus oblongus (Walck.) Shaken from long grass at
Eston. This spider can perform the apparently impossible,
by making itself invisible on a rush stalk.

221

FAMILY—SALTICIDAE.

Salticus scenicus (Clk.) Common on ash trees, walls,
fences and gate posts. Can be seen any sunny day in June
stalking its prey. I have seen it in town running up and
down a wall at the top of Abingdon Road. There is a fairly
‘strong colony on a fence near the Park.

Salticus cingulatus (Panz.) This rather rare spider has
occurred freely in several places; abundantly at Ayton
under bark on larch trees, one in a wall in Lonsdale, common-
ly on Pinus sylvestris on Kildale Moor, and one on a gate
post at Nunthorpe.

FAMILY—AGELINIDAE.
Cryphoeea silvicola (C.L.K.) A very common spider
among the pine needles and under bark at Eston and Ayton,
and on Kildale Moor. A northern form.

Cryphoeca (Sp. ?) An immature individual of the genus
Cryphoeca, not referable to C. silvicola, was taken on Eston
Moor. 1 believe the specimen was in a nest of Lasius niger.

Ceelotes atropos (Walck.) Another northern spider found
under stones on all the moors. Extraordinarily abundant
in the quarry on the brow of Eston Nab.

Tegenaria derhami (Scop.) This is the common house-
spider of the district, although I have found both of the two
common Amaurobii in houses here. ‘

Textrix denticulata (Oliv.) Very common in the walls
crossing the moors.

FAMILY—HAHNIIDAE.
Hahnia montana (Bl.) Common enough in moss on all
the moors.
FAMILY—LYCOSIDAE.
Pirata piraticus (Clk.) Common in all the bogs in the
Hills in June.

Trochosa ruricola (De Geer.) A very large wolf spider,
found commonly under stones at Grangetown, Eston, Ayton.

228

Trochosa terricola (Thor.) Common under stones every—
where.

Lycosa amentata (Cik.) This and the following five
species are the blackish spiders one sees dashing about
amongst the herbage in early summer. Common on all the
moors, and also found at Redcar.

Lycosa lugubris (Walck.) Immature specimens were very
plentiful at Eston in May.

Lycosa pullata (Clk.) Common everywhere.

Lycosa herbigrada (Bl.) Immature individuals in early
May on the North side of Eston Moor. A rare spider.

Lyeosa palustris (Linn.) One in Lonsdale at the end of

May.

Lyeosa nigriceps (Thor.) Common on all the Moors.
Was exceedingly abundant amongst Frica tetralix and
Empetrum nigrum in Normanby Intake Plantation in Sep-
tember.

FAMILY—DICTYNIDAE.

Dictyna arundinacea (Linn.) Immature examples were to
be found in profusion in early spring, both at Eston and
Ayton.

Dietyna uncinata (Westr.) Not uncommon at Marton,
Gunnergate and Nunthorpe. Chiefly on whins.

Amaurobius fenestralis (Stroem.) One of our commonest
spiders. There is a very strong colony in Albert Road,
which seems badly infested with ichneumons. I hope to
breed this ichneumon and thus discover the species later.
Although plentiful here from sea level to an altitude of
1,000 ft., it is rare in the South and on the Continent.

Amaurobius similis (Bl.) Common in town in walls,
greenhouses, etc. Not uncommon at Marton and Redcar.

—_—

229

FAMILY—MIMETIDAE.

Ero fureata (Vill.) Common at Eston and Ayton. The
cocoon, which curiously resembles a captive balloon with

cable complete, was very plentiful under stones on Eston
Nab in March and April.

FAMILY—THERIDIIDAE.

Theridion lineatum (Bl.) This is the very pretty, but
common, spider which spins the herbage together in August.”

Theridion sisyphium (Clk.) Another very beautiful species
beaten from gorse at Nunthorpe.

Theridion pallens (Bl.) Beaten from various trees—yew,
laurel, etc., at Gunnergate, Nunthorpe, Lonsdale and
Ormesby.

Steatoda bipuncta (Linn.) On old windows in a stable
at Ayton in May.

Robertus lividus (Bl.) A perfect nuisance, under stones
everywhere, from sea level to the highest moors.

Pholeomma gibbum (Westr.) Occasionally from grass in
the Park and up Marton Road. Commoner at Eston.

FAMILY—ARGIOPIDAE.

SUB-FAMILY I.—LINYPHIINAE.

Ceratinella brevis (Wid.) Eston, in October, amongst dead
leaves.

Ceratinella brevipes (Westr.) Several specimens were taken
in Lonsdale in June.

Lophocarenum Mengii (Simon). I took several specimens
of this somewhat local species from ants’ nests and rushes
at Eston in April and October.

Cnephalocotes interjectus (Cb.) This rare spider was very
common indeed at Redcar. I saw more than thirty under
one stone on the beach.

230.

Cnephalocotes elegans (Cb.) With the last-named species
at Redcar, but only sparingly.

Tiso vagans (Bl.) Widely distributed in the district
covered in these notes—Kston, Guisbrough, Hesleden and
Middlesbrough.

Troxochrus scabriculus (Westr.) A male on the Redcar
sand-hills. Also at Leven Bridge.

Troxchrus Sp.? Another species of this genus, in all
probability 7'r. ignobilis, occurs at Ayton.

Caledonia Evansii(Cb.) Fairly plentiful under old rubbish
from a garden on the North side of Eston Nab. Also taken
in Normanby Intake Plantation. This is a very interesting
take, as it has only been taken in four localities previously.

Savignia frontata (Bl.) Common enough at Eston and in
Lonsdale, both in spring and autumn.

Diplocephalus Beeckii (Camb.) This very rare species has
occurred in moss both at Eston and at Ayton.

Diplocephalus cristatus (Bl.) Common enough at Nun-
thorpe and at Redcar, also in Normanby Intake Plantation.

Diplocephalus latifrons (Camb.) Apparently quite com-
mon everywhere, even in the Park.

Diplocephalus fuseipes (Bl.) Common and widely distri-
buted—Kston, Ormesby, and even in grass tufts in Middles-
brough.

Diplocephalus picinus (Bl.) Fairly plentiful on oaks and
alders in Kildale Woods in June.

Tapinocyba praecox (Cb.) Shaken from moss in Lonsdale
in June. A rare species.

Tapinocyba pallens (Camb.) Shaken from pinewood debris
in Normanby Intake Plantation.

Lophomma punctatum (Bl.) In boggy holes on Eston
Moor.

CON OUR wWN =

Hypselistes florens, (cb.)

Male.

Caput of Male, side view.

Caput of Male, front view.

Left palpus of male, tarsus and tibia, side view.

Left palpus of male, tarsus and tibia, side view but rather more from behind and above.
Eyes of female, from above.

Epigyne of female.

Left palpus of female.

Female, tibia and patella of front leg.

as
LQ MO
15 JUN 29_
AT HIS

231

Lophomma herbigradum (Bl.) Rather plentiful every- |
where on Eston Moor, but scarcer in Middlesbrough. Found
amongst rushes and leaves.

Poecadicnemis pumila (Bl.) A curious little spider taken
among grass at Hesleden. Also at Staithes.

Pepocranium ludicrum (Camb.) Not uncommon on the
Moors at Eston and at Lonsdale.

Metopobactrus prominulus (Camb.) Two or three speci-
mens were taken at Hesleden in July.

Minyriolus pusillus (Wid.) Amongst pine needles in Nor-
manby Intake Plantation. Also in Wilton Wood.

Entelecara (Hypselistes), florens (Camb.) This very inter-
esting addition to the British fauna was discovered in one of
the bog holes on the northern slope of Eston Nab. Three
specimens in all were taken—a male in October and two
females in November. With the females a cocoon was
found. This cocoon was the shape of a tabloid, and contained
at the most thirty eggs. Similar cocoons were discovered
amongst rushes near the brow of the hill.

This species had previously been reported from North
America, and forms another member of the somewhat large
group of animals and plants common to both hemispheres,
of which we have so many representatives in the Cleveland
District. (See plate).

Evansia merens (Camb.) This mymecophile spider is
very abundant in our district, and is just as common on the
other side of the river. It occurs with Lasius niger and
Formica fusca, both at Eston and in Lonsdale. Affected
nests are easily distinguished, for the characteristic flat
cocoon containing but few eggs may be found on the roofing
stone of such nests. They are apparently two broods each
year in this district, for adults of both sexes followed by
immature specimens may be found in spring, and there is a
new generation of “babies” in September. A large number
of the specimens found with Formica fusca on the Guisbrough
side of Eston Moor are much darker and more clearly marked
than Pickard-Cambridge’s type

232

Wideria antica (Wid.) Found pretty commonly under
stones and amongst the herbage in Normanby Intake
Plantation, Eston and Lonsdale.

Cornicularia cuspidata (Bl.) In sphagnum and among
rushes on Eston and Easby Moors.

Cornicularia unicornis (Camb.) Pretty generally distri-
buted. Eston Moor, Marton, Nunthorpe, etc. Generally
beaten from tufts of grass.

Cornicularia vigilax (Bl.) Iam informed by Mr. Falconer
that he got this species in Coatham Marsh.

Notioscopus sareinatus (Sim.) This species is new to
Britain and has only been previously reported from Nurem-
burg, Germany, and the Department of Aisne, France.
It seems widely distributed in this locality in wet places
on the moors, and is far from uncommon. Considering the
remarkable structure of the male, it seems extraordinary
that it should hitherto have escaped observation at other
points in Britain. Localities:—Eston Moor (1) In the
swamp in the middle of the moor; (2) amongst moss on the
edge of the stream near the mine. Lonsdale :—Near the
Alder wood in sphagnum. Since I first discovered it, Mr.
Falconer has taken females at Boosbeck. Females may be
taken all the year round, but the males seem to be adult in
late October and early November.

Walckenaera acuminata (Bl.) A northern spider, pretty
generally distributed in this district. Found amongst dead
leaves, ete.

Walckenaera nudipalpis (Westr.) Sparingly in boggy spots
on Eston and Easby Moors.

Gonatium rubens (Bl.) A very variable spider, seems
equally at home on the highest moors and in the country
lanes.

Gonatium rubellum (Bl.) Not common in Lonsdale.

Neriene bituberculata (Wid.) Shaken very commonly from
tufts of grass, etc., at Eston and in Lonsdale, Redcar.

233
Neriene cornuta (Bl.) One female on Eston Moor.

Dismodicus bifrons (Bl.) Very common on whin bushes
at Nunthorpe, Gunnergate, Hesleden, &c.

Gongylidium rufipes (Sund.) Not very common amongst
crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) at Eston and in Lonsdale.

Gongylidum agreste (Bl.) Found sparingly in October
on Eston Moor and near the Toll Bar on Marton Road.

Gongylidum fusecum (Bl.) Occasionally turned up in
Lonsdale. Not uncommon in Middlesbrough.

Gongylidium retusum (Westr.) Found in fair numbers
under stones in Greatham Marsh. It seemed odd to take
these and shrimps under the same stone. Also taken in
Lonsdale.

Gongylidium tuberosum (Bl.) This was discovered fairly
freely in June at Ayton amongst rushes and was not un-
common at Eston in October.

Gongylidium gibbosum (Bl.) Barely separable from the
last species, but not uncommon at Eston and in Lonsdale.

Erigone dentipalpis (Wid.) Common on all the moors,
and not uncommon near Middlesbrough.

Erigone atra (Bl.) Pretty generally distributed. Not
uncommon amongst grass in the Park.

Erigone aretica (White). This species formerly considered
so rare that Mr. Walsh’s specimen taken among stack refuse
at Marton formed the only Yorkshire record, has proved
very abundant in all suitable spots. I took it at Grange-
town in February, and in very large numbers at Redcar in
November. Originally recorded from Spitzbergen.

Maso sundevallii (Westr.) Has been found not uncom-
monly at Eston, Guisbrough and Lonsdale, and-once even
jn Middlesbrough.

234

Hilaira uneata (Camb.) This rare species seems of pretty
general occurrence among Sphagnum on our moors, and has
been taken in some numbers on Eston and Easby Moors,
and at other points in Lonsdale.

Coryphaeus distinetus (Sim.) I had the pleasure of taking
this species at Linthorpe on November 27th. This is the
first published Yorkshire record. I only secured one female,
but I had no chance of searching further, the weather was
so bad.

Coryphaeus reprobus (Camb.) Has occurred on the mud
flats at Grangetown.

Tmeticus huthwaitii(Camb.) Not uncommon under stones
on the mud flats on both sides of the Tees Mouth.

Macrargus rufus (Wid.) Rather common Normanby In-
take Plantation, Eston Moor, Guisbrough, Lonsdale. -

Plaesiargus abnormis (Bl.) Common on all the moors.
I took one male specimen on Eston Moor with a very curious
fungoid growth on the abdomen.

Pedina scopigera (Grube). Amongst the rushes near the
mine on Eston Moor.

Centromerus silvaticus (Bl.) Wilton, Guisbrough, Nor-
manby on the moors, and commonly at sea level at Redcar,
also at Linthorpe.

Centromerus expertus (Camb.) Not common on the Wilton
side of Eston Moor, but apparently of more general occurrence
at the Normanby side.

Centromerus prudens (Camb.) Common enough at Eston
and at Redcar, forming one of the few known examples
amongst the Arachnids of species, having both a maritime
and a sub-alpine distribution.

Centromerus arcanus (Camb.) A rare spider, but not
uncommon in Lonsdale.

235

Centromeria bicolor(Bl.) This species is excessively
common everywhere. I once took a female, having six instead
of the normal eight eyes. This occurred near the Park.

Centromeria coneinna (Thor.) Perhaps only a reduced
form of the preceding, which it accompanies everywhere.

Porrhomma pygmaeum (Bl.) Not very common in Guis-
brough Park Wood; also taken once near Middlesbrough.

Porrhomma oblongum (Camb.) This spider occurs in
Wilton Woods amongst pine needles, but is anything but
common.

Porrhomma microphthalmum (Camb.) Another rare spider
taken two or three times on Eston Moor.

Porrhomma miserum (Camb.) This seems to be the
commonest of the genus in this neighbourhood, and is
apparently not uncommon in Lonsdale and on Eston Moor.
Shaken from moss at both places.

Sintula diluta (Camb.) A very small spider found amongst
the debris in woods—Wilton, Normanby Intake, Guisbrough
Park.

Microneta viaria (Bl.) Common at Eston and in Lonsdale,
but has occurred sparingly in Middlesbrough.

Microneta subtilis (Camb.) This has occurred two or three
times in Lonsdale.

Microneta conigera (Camb.) One female was found in
the Pine Wood on Eston Moor.

Microneta rurestris (Koch.) Seems to be fairly common
on Eston and Easby Moors.

Microneta gulosa (C.L.K.) This spider recorded for so
long as M. sublimis (Camb.) has occurred in Lonsdale and
also in the Borough, where I secured a fine pair early in
November.

236

Microneta beata (Camb.) A female apparently referable
to this species was taken at Hesleden, and one exactly the
same on Eston Moor.

(The genus Microneta is in a very unsatisfactory condition,
and specimens belonging to two or three species not men-
tioned above have been taken chiefly on the moors, and
with many others of the same genus are in the hands of
Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge awaiting identification.)

Bathyphantes nigrinus (Bl.) Very common everywhere.

Bathyphantes gracilis (Bl.) So far this species which is
usually very common everywhere has only occurred sparingly
and this in the town itself in dead leaves.

Bathyphantes concolor (Wid.) Abundant and generally
distributed even in town.

Bathyphantes variegatus (Bl.) Almost as common as the.
last and in the same localities.

Leptyphantes ericaeus (Bl.) Pretty common everywhere
on the moors.

Leptyphantes pallidus (Camb.) This seems to be a rare
spider in our district, and has only been taken on whins
near Nunthorpe Station.

Leptyphantes obscurus (Bl.) Another spider which is
almost absent here but common in other places. I have
beaten it from yews near Old Ormesby.

Leptyphantes Mengii (Kulcz.) Common everywhere, from
sea level at Grangetown to the Renee moors I have visited.

Leptyphantes flavipes (B1.) . rare spider in the North,
but apparently not uncommon in Lonsdale.

Leptyphantes tenuis (Bl.) Common enough under stones
etc., on all the moors and also under stones and rubbish on
the ‘hesall at Redcar.

237

Leptyphantes tenebricola (Wid.) A fair number were
shaken from dead leaves at Linthorpe.

Leptyphantes Blackwallii (Kale). This has the same
range as L. Mengii, but is even more common. Has been
taken in the town.

Leptyphantes cristatus (Menge). Not very common, but
has been taken in Wilton Wood and near Middlesbrough

Leptyphantes minutus (Bl.) I have only taken this
spider once, at Normanby.

Leptyphantes nebulosus (Sund.) This very rare spider has
occurred in Abingdon Road, Middlesbrough, and under
stones on the beach at Redcar. These are the first adults
taken so far north in England.

Linyphia clathrata (Sund.) Very common everywhere.
I have taken it in hedges near the town from old bird nests.

Linyphia montana (Clerck.) Have beaten this from laurel
near Gunnergate.

Linyphia triangularis (Clerck). Seems very sparingly rep-
resented in this district. Has only occurred at Eston.

Linyphia peltata (Wid.) Beaten fairly freely from the
alders in Lonsdale.

Linyphia insignis (Bl.) Not uncommon in Wilton Wood,
and once in dead leaves in Middlesbrough.

Drapetisea socialis (Bl.) Very common in the fallen twigs
at the base of the firs in Wilton Wood.

Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linn.) Very common every-
where, generally spun up in dead leaves. Shaken from
scraps of paper in the Park and elsewhere in the Borough.

Bolyphantes luteolus (Bl.) Rather common everywhere,
but particularly so on the higher moors and on the coast
sand-hills at Redcar.

238

Bolyphantes alticeps (Sund.) Only sparingly found
amongst grass in Wilton Wood.

Tapinopa longidens (Wid.) Not uncommon on Eston
Moor and in Normanby Intake Plantation.

SUB-FAMILY II.—TETRAGNATHINAE.

Pachygnatha De Geerii (Sund.) This species is very
common, but perhaps is most abundant in watery places.
Has occurred in every locality from Redcar to the highest
moors.

Pachygnatha Clerckii (Sund.) As common generally as
the last, but has not been taken freely near the town.

Meta segmentata (Clerck). Very common everywhere.
Most freely beaten from furze in localities where that plant
is abundant.

Meta Merianae (Scop.) Very common indeed under the
ledges on the gateposts of the Park Gates, and also at other
points in the Park and the Borough. Has occurred less
freely at Marton and in Kildale.

Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck.) A lover of dark, damp
localities; has only been taken under stones near a brook
running through a wood at Nunthorpe.

Zilla x-notata (Clerck.) Very common everywhere, even
in the Park.

Zilla atrica (Koch.) The same remark applies to this as
to the last. I once found one in Abingdon Road.

Epeira diadema (Clerck.) This fine large spider known
popularly as the “‘ Garden Spider ” is excessively abundant
on whins on Eston Hills, and is common enough elsewhere.
A slate-coloured form, occasionally replaces the brown type
in this district.

239

Epeira cornuta (Clerck.) Widely distributed in damp
places, but is not very common anywhere except at Hesleden.
It is generally found spun up in rush heads. At Hesleden
it is badly attacked by a small apterous ichneumon, which
may be seen ovipositing in the cocoons.

Epeira quadrata (Clerck.) Another fine spider of wide
but scanty distribution on the moors.

Epeira umbratiea (Clerck.) A large but repulsive looking
spider, found abundantly under bark on fences at Ayton
and under alder bark in Lonsdale. At Ayton about 50
specimens were observed on one occasion.

ORDER II.—CHERNETIDEA.
FAMILY—CHERNETIDAE.

Obisium museorum (Leach). Very abundant everywhere
on the moors under stones, in sphagnum moss and amongst
debris of all descriptions. Found freely enough amongst
dead leaves, etc., near Middlesbrough, and at Nunthorpe.
Once shaken from seaweed in Greatham Marsh.

ADDENDA.

The following additional species have been captured since
the above list was written :—

Xysticus erraticus (Bl.) Taken not uncommorly in the
rubbish under whin bushes on Eston Moor.

Oxyptila trux (Bl.) Very common with the above.

Tarentula andrenivora (Bl.) One fine female on Eston
Moor running over sandy ground.

Entelecara erythropus (West). Common at the Black
Hall Rocks.

240

Cnephalocotes obseurus (Bl.) One female amongst sphag-
num on Eston Moor.

Troxochrus hiemalis (Bl.) Very common amongst moss
and dead bracken in Wilton Wood.

Dicymbium tibiale (Bl.) One specimen from grass on
Eston Moor.

Bathyphantes approximatus (Camb.) One female taken
from flood refuse at Leven Bridge.

Linyphia pusilla (Sund.) A male was shaken from a
grass tuft overhanging the beck near Nunthorpe Station.

Tarentula pulverulenta (Clk.). Common on all the moors.
Dicymbium nigrum (Bl.). Not uncommon at Eston.

Diplocephaius permixtus (Cb.). Fairly common in Lons-
dale.

Hilaira excisa (Cb.). One female at Ayton.

Entelecara acuminata (Cb.), Several females at Hinder-
well.

Linyphia hortensis (Sund.). One female at Nunthorpe.

Dictyna latens (Fab.). Vety common at Staithes and

Runswick Bay.

Meta menardii (Latr.). One male in Lonsdale and a
female not far from Ayton Station.

Se ae a

LOCAL MARINE MOLLUSCA.

By T. W. SaunpeErs.

The following list of Marine Mollusca has been compiled
from specimens collected by me between Redcar and Brid-
lington during 1908 and 1909. All the shells have been
examined by the Rev. F. H. Woods, Bainton Rectory,
Driffield, who is an acknowledged authority on the subject.
The nomenclature adopted is that of the Conchological
Society’s list. The specimens from the Dogger Bank were
brought in by a Staithes fishing boat. Specimens marked
with an asterisk are additions to the late Rev. J. Hawell’s
list in the Proceedings, vol. I., page 19.

‘CHITONIIDA.

*Craspedochilus cinereus (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn,
Skinningrove and Runswick Bay ; common.

ANOMIID 2.

Anomia ephippium (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay, Brid-
lington ; common.

Anomia patelliformis (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn.

*Anomia patelliformis var. striata (Loven); Redcar,
Saltburn.

MYTILIDA.

Mytilus edulis (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,
Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

NUCULIDZ.
*Nucula nucleus (Linn) ; Skinningrove.

*Nucula nitida (G. B. Sowerby) ; Skinningrove.

242

LUCINID 2.

*Tellimya ferruginosa (Montague) ; Skinningrove.
OSTREIDZA.

Ostrea edulis (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,.

Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

PECTINID~.
Pecten maximus (Linn); Staithes.

Hinnites pusio (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove
Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

Chlamys varius (Linn); Redcar.

7Equipecten opercularis (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn,
Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

KELLIELLID 2.

Turtonia minuta (Fab.); Runswick Bay, Redcar,
Saltburn, Skinningrove ; fairly common.

CYPRINIDZ.
Cyprina islandica (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Runswick
Bay, Whitby, Bridlington; common.

SCROBICULARIDZ.
Syndosmya alba (Wood); Redcar, Saltburn.

Serobicularia plana (Da Costa); Staithes.
TELLINIDA.

Tellina tenuis (Da Costa) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,
Runswick Bay, Robin Hood’s Bay, Bridlington; common.

Tellina fabula (Gronovius); Redcar, Saltburn.

Macoma balthica (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove
Robin Hood’s Bay, Bridlington ; common.

a

243

DONACID.

Donax vittatus (Da Costa); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

MACTRID 2.
Mactra stultorum (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Runswick
Bay, Robin Hood’s Bay, Bridlington; common.

Mactra stultorum var.; Saltburn.
Spisula solida (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn.
Spisula elliptica (Brown) ; Saltburn.

Lutraria elliptica (Lamarck); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinin-
grove, Whitby.

VENERIDZ.
*Dosinia lupina (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Staithes.

*Clausinella fasciata (Da Costa); Redcar, Saltburn,
Skinningrove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin
Hood’s Bay, Bridlington; common.

Tapes virgineus (Linn); Saltburn.

Tapes pullastra (Montague) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Runswick Bay, Bridlington; common.

Tapes pullastra var. perforans (Montague); Saltburn.

-CARDIIDA.
Cardium echinatum (Linn); Saltburn.

*Cardium tuberculatum. ;

*Cardium faseciatum (Montague); Redcar, Saltburn.

Cardium edule (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,
Staithes, Whitby, Runswick, Robin Hood’s Bay, Brid-

lington ; common.

*Levicardium norvegicum (Spengler) ; Staithes.

244

GARIIDZ.
Gari ferroensis (Chemnitz); Redcar, Saltburn.

MYIDZ.

Mya truneata (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,,.
Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay, Bridlington ;.

common.

SOLENID &.
Ensis ensis (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn.

Ensis siliqua (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn.

SAXICAVIDA.

Saxicava rugosa (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,,.
Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,,.

Bridlington ; common.

PHOLADIDA.
Barnea candida (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn.

DENTALIID &.
Dentalium entalis (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn.

PATELLIDZ.
Patella vulgata (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,

Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,,

Bridlington ; common.

*Patella depressa (Pennant) ; Staithes.

Helcion pellucida (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Runswick ; common.

Helcion pellucida var. levis (Pennant) ; Redcar, Saltburn,
Skinningrove, Runswick Bay.

ACM AID 2.
Acmea testudinalis (Muller) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skin-
ningrove, Runswick Bay.

Acmeza virginea (Muller) ; Saltburn.

a a

245

TROCHIDZ.
Eumargarita heleina (Fab.) ; Redcar,Saltburn, Staithes.
Gibbula cineraria (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-

grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

*Gibbula cineraria var. electissima (Bean) ; Saltburn.
*Eumargarita grenlandica (Chemnitz) ; Skinningrove.
Calliostoma zizyphinus (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Staithes.

LITTORINID~.
*Lacuna crassior (Montague) ; Saltburn.

Laeuna divaricata (Fab.); Redcar, Saltburn, Skin-
ningrove, Runswick.

*Lacuna parva (Da Costa); Saltburn.
Lacund pallidula (Da Costa); Redcar, Saltburn.

Littorina obtusata (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

*Littorina obtusata var. zstuarii (Jeffreys) ; Redcar, Salt-
burn, Skinningrove.

Littorina rudis (Maton) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,
Staithes, Runswick, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay, Brid-
lington ; common.

Littorina rudis var. saxatilis (Johnson) ; Saltburn.

Littorina littorea (Linne); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington.

RISSOID ZA.

Rissoia parva (Da Costa) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Runswick ;
common.

246

Rissoia parva var. interrupta (Adams) ; Redcar, Saltburn,
Runswick; common.

Alvania punctura (Montague); Redcar, Saltburn, Runs-
wick ; common.

*Manzonia costata (F¥. Adams) ; Saltburn.

Anoba striata (J. Adams); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove.

Cingula semistriata (Montague) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skin-
ningrove ; common.

*Cingula trifasciata (T. Adams) ; Redcar.

SKENEIID 2.
Skenia planorbis (Fab.) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove.

CAPULIDZ.
Capulus hungaricus (Linn) ; Redcar, Saltburn.

CYPRAEIDA.

Trivia europea (Montague); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

NATICID 2.
Lunatia pallida; Saltburn.

*Lunatia catena (Da Costa) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes ; common.

*Lunatia Alderi (Forbes) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,
Bridlington ; common.

CERITHIID Z.
Bittium reticulatum (Da Costa); Saltburn.

PYRAMIDELLIDZ.
*Spiralinella spiralis (Montague) ; Redcar.

247

TURRITELLIDZ.
Turritella communis (Lamarck) ; Redcar, Saltburn.

APORRHAIDZ.
Aporrhais pes-peleeani (Linn) ; Redcar, Staithes.

BUCCINIID A.

Buccinum undatum (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

Neptunea antiqua (Linn); Redcar, Skinningrove, Staithes,
Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay, Bridlington ;
common.

Volutopsis norvegicus (Chemnitz) ; Dogger Bank.
Beringuis turtoni (Bean) ; Dogger Bank.

Tritonofusus gracilis (Da Costa); Redcar, Skinningrove,
Staithes, Whitby, Bridlington.

*Donovania minima (Montague) ; Skinningrove.

MURICIDZ.
Ocinebra erinacea (Linn) ; Bridlington.

*Trophon clathratus (Linn) ; Saltburn.

Purpura lapillus (Linn); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove,
Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common. -

NASSID Z.

*Nassa reticulata (Linne); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove, Staithes, Runswick Bay, Whitby, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Bridlington ; common.

PLEUROTOMID/.

*Bela turricula (Montague); Redcar, Saltburn, Skinnin-
grove.

248
Bela rufa (Montague) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skinningrove.
*Bela trevelyana (Turton) ; Skinningrove.

*Clathurella linearis (Montague) ; Redcar, Saltburn, Skin-
ningrove.

Mangelia costata (Donovan) ; Skinningrove.

TORNATINID&.
*Tornatina truncatula (Brug.) ; Redcar, Saltburn.
*Tornatina obtusa (Montague) ; Redcar.
*Diaphana hyalina (Turton) ; Saltburn.

*Diaphana expansa (Jeffreys) ; Skinningrove.

PHILINIDZ.

*Philine catena (Montague) ; Skinningrove.

LAMELLARUDG.

*Velutina levegata (Pennant) ; Skinningrove.

EE ———<— oe

249

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1908-9.

In presenting my First Annual Report, I have pleasure
in stating that the past season has been a very successful
one. The Summer and Winter Meetings have been as well
attended as we have known them to be, and the work done
by the Members of the different Sections has been of a
most valuable character.

SumMeR Meetines.—Eight Meetings were held during
the summer, and, with two exceptions—those at Middleton-
in-Teesdale and at Swainby—the weather conditions were
fairly favourable. The excursions were held at the following
places :—Hutton Rudby, Boulby, Middleton-in-Teesdale,
Roxby, Swainby, Ralph Cross and Westerdale, the Falling
Foss, and Castleton ; the average attendance being 19 to 20.
At the Middleton and Swainby Meetings, heavy rain pre-
vented any outdoor work; this was very disappointing,
since a large number of Members attended both excursions.

I have to acknowledge the great assistance I have received
from the following Members in making arrangements :—
Messrs. T. J. Cozens, H. Frankland, Rev. J. C. Fowler,
T. W. Saunders, andJ.W.R. Punch. At the Hutton Rudby
excursion, Messrs. Alexander Park and Wilson gave the
Members the benefit of their local archeological knowledge.

An outcome of the Middleton-in-Teesdale Meeting, when
the Club met the Members of the Durham County Natura-
lists’ Society, was an invitation for the Members of the
Darlington Naturalists’ Field Club to join our Society in
the Swainby excursion. Bad weather spoiled this Meeting
which would otherwise have been a most successful one.
The Rev. J. C. Fowler kindly entertained the Members of
both Societies to tea.

Our Members also enjoyed the hospitably of Mr. and Mrs..
C. Hood at the Westerdale Meeting, and of Mr. and Mrs.

' J. W. R. Punch at the Castleton Meeting, and the thanks

of the Club are due to them for their kindness.

250

A few Members attended the Y.N.U. Meeting at Osmother-
ley, on August Bank Holiday. When I say Osmotherley,
I mean Northallerton, for though ostensibly held at the
former village, it was really held at Northallerton. This
was not without its compensations, the most pleasurable
part of the Meeting being undoubtedly the long drives
from the town to the foot of the hills and back again.

The Club are indebted to Mr. T. C. Hutchinson, of Saltburn,
for permission to visit the Boulby Alum Quarries.

Winter Meretines.—EHleven of these have been held,
but, with one or two exceptions, the attendance thereat has
been very moderate. When it is borne in mind that the
lecturers put themselves to no little inconvenience and
trouble in preparing their lectures, it is somewhat dis-
couraging to have to record such meagre attendances.

The Exhibition Meeting arranged for October 17th was,
for some unaccountable reason, a complete failure, only
seven Members attending and no exhibits being sent in,
although Mr. Henry Simpson had been good enough to
arrange microscopes and to have one or two special objects
for inspection. Usually, these exhibition meetings are very
successful.

General lectures, not dealing with any branch of science
were given on ‘ Richard Jeffries,’ by the Rev. George
Lane; and a Y.N.U. lantern lecture by Mr. Godfrey Bingley,
of Leeds, entitled : ‘“‘ From Cornwall to Shrewsbury.” Mr.
G. B. Walsh also gave us a physical lecture on “ Rest and
Motion.”

Our thanks are due to the lecturers for giving their papers,
to the Literary and Philosophical Society for the use of
their rooms, and to the authorities of the Dorman Memorial
Museum for allowing two meetings to be held there.

We are indebted to Mr. Simpson for reports of our meetings
in the local press, and to the editors of the ‘‘ Star,” “‘ Echo” |
and ‘‘ Gazette’ for inserting same.

251

WorkK OF THE SEcTIONS.—This, on the whole, has been
of a most valuable and interesting character, and in reporting
upon it, I have included the work done at the Summer
Meetings, and the different kinds of Lectures we have had
during the winter. My thanks are due to the Sectional
Secretaries and Members for notes, enabling me to make
this report.

ARCHEOLOGICAL SEcTION.—In reporting upon the work
of this Section, the Secretary, Mr. Fallow, says that he has
been unable to do any local research during the past year,
most of his time having been spent at the Record Office.

At the Hutton Rudby Excursion, the Archeological
‘features of the Church were kindly explained by Messrs.
Alex. Park and Wilson. North of the Church, and parted
from it by a distinct moat, a rectangular mound of con-
siderable dimensions was pointed out. It was formerly
the moot hill, round which the public assembled for the
transaction of business.

On the occasion of the Boulby Meeting, Easington Old.
Church was examined, and the Club are indebted to Mr.
Stubbs for pointing out various objects of interest, and the
site of ancient earthworks, etc.

At the Roxby Meeting, St. Nicholas’ Chapel of Ease was
studied. It contains one of the finest monumental brasses
in the district, dating back to 1523.

At the Swainby Meeting, the Rev. J. C. Fowler kindly
explained the Archeological features of Whorlton Church
and Castle.

Botanica SectTion.—Mr. Cozens reports for the Botanical
Section as follows :—

I have been asked to contribute a few notes regarding the
work of the Botanical Section during the past year. To my
mind, the excursions were admirably planned, so that a
good many parts of the immense area of the Cleveland
district were investigated in turn, purely rural districts,
alternating with sea-side localities, and these again, with
the moors and more isolated spots which the various Sections
- had never, or very little, specially studied. To two of these
latter places I regret bad weather kept me from going.

252

As in the previous year, a great departure from the
ordinary scheme of summer meetings was introduced, a
visit being arranged to some spot outside the Cleveland area,
and this excursion, as in last year, drew forth the best
muster of the season. I refer to Middleton-in-Teesdale.
Unfortunately, the weather marred what I am sure would
otherwise have proved a most enjoyable meeting.

The first excursion was fixed for that delightful spot,
Hutton Rudby, on May 9th, but the season was not sufficient-
ly advanced to meet with a great variety of plants, nothing
specially being noticed, although had we been able to go
through Skutterskelf Woods, Aconitum napellus might have
been seen. Near the same spot by the Leven side there is
a remarkable growth of Coniwm maculatum, the plants
sometimes reaching 5 to 6 feet in height.

The Meeting, however, which had been looked forward to
with considerable expectancy was that fixed for Teesdale
on June 13th. The writer had communicated with friends
in Middleton, who were lovers of plant life, and obtained a
promise that they would, if possible, procure some of the
gems of that unique district. Mrs. Ford, the wife of the
Rector, and Miss Dent, a keen botanist, troubled themselves
in this matter, and it was indeed fortunate for us they did so,
for their endeavours were of great assistance, the rain
commencing to descend immediately we left the train, and
continued persistently until we took our departure, thus
shattering all our good intentions—but it was not all dis-
appointment. There were several varieties of plants await-
ing us, notably Gentiana verna, Bartsia alpina, Geranium
rotundifolium, Galium boreale, Primula farinosa, and Trollius
Europaeus.

Some of the members who feared not the inclement weather
made a little excursion by the Skear’s Beck, where the
Astrantia major, one of the rarest of our plants, was pointed
out, with Sazxifraga umbrosa, and Lymachia nummularia in
close proximity. The Botrychium lunaria was found, and
several species of the liverworts were also noticeable, as
were a great variety of mosses and lichens.

oe

253

At the High Force, other naturalists from Durham County
exchanged courtesies, and we were able to examine several
species which they had gathered earlier in the day before
the rain stopped investigations. Amongst those inspected
were Viola lutea and Potentilla fruticosa.

The excursion fixed for July 11th, at Swainby, was a
duplication of the one at Middleton—Jupiter Pluvius inter-
vening, and by ubiquity spoiling it. Remarkable features
noticed on the tramp from the Station to Swainby were the
immense quantities of Agrimonia ewpatoria on each side of the
road, the Bryonia dioica on the hedges, and the luxuriance
of the Lonicera periclymeniuwm, which in one spot on the
slope of Whorl Hill grew so densely that it some distance
away the hedge presented a patch of crimson and gold.
This phenomenon was only noticeable in this district, and
the writer wonders whether the geological formation had
anything todo withit. This leads me to suggest the wisdom
of mapping out the various localities according to their
soil and keeping a record of the plant life of each particular
soil. For instance, round Stokesley there are distinct lines
of separation between the various formations—the Trias
(Red and Green Marls and Gypsum), the Lower Lias (Shales)
Alluvium, Rhaetic bed outcrop, and the Whin Dyke, and
I have noticed a considerable diversity of growth.

I was prevented from attending the meeting at Sleights
for the Falling Foss, therefore my knowledge of what took
place is limited, but from my experience of the Falls in
Teesdale, I should imazine the growths of the Cryptogams,
or so-called flowerless plants on the wet rocks would be
plentiful and worthy of investigation.

The last meeting of the season at Castleton, on September
5th, produced a fairly good muster, but the weather again
somewhat marred the enjoyment. The Quarry by the
Station proved interesting, the Cheiranthus cheiri and
Matricaria parthenium thriving in the insterstices of the
rocks. The walk across the moor produced nothing of
interest, except the abundance of Calluna vulgaris (alba)
Drosera rotundifolia and Empetrum nigrum, as it proved to be
the period when vegetation is on the wane.

254

With regard to my own individual work round this
district, | cannot chronicle anything fresh, except Scutellaris
galericulata at Turkey Nab; Alchemilla alpina (evidently
been brought into the place), Claytonia perfoliata, Aconitum
napellus, and Helleborus viridis at Ingleby ; Daphne laureola
and Ononis spinosa at Tanton. I have been told that
Gagea lutea is to be found in one of Mr. Wynne-Finches’
plantations close to Stokesley, and I hope to make sure
of the record shortly.

T. J. Cozens.

During the year, Dr. Smith, of Leeds, and the Hon. Sec.
made a botanical survey of the South Cleveland Moors at
Easter, and of the Hambleton Moorlands in August, on the
occasion of the Y.N.U. Meeting. Some of the results of
these surveys were given in the Hon. Sec.’s lectures on
‘** Moorland Types ’”’ and “ The Cleveland Moors,” but full
details will appear in Dr. Smith’s botanical maps of Cleve-
land, which will be issued shortly.

Mr. H. G. Scruton, B.Sc., lectured on March 6th on the
‘* Function and Structure of the Leaf,’ and a discussion
followed on the adaptations of the leaves of ericetal plants.

ConcHoLocicaL Section.—Mr. T. W. Saunders reports
for this Section, and states that between Whitby and the
Mouth of the Tees he obtained about 60 species of marine
shells, one of them being a very good specimen of the Sunset
Shell (Psammobia ferroensis) from Saltburn. From sea coal
he has also obtained multitudes of small shells, which have
still to be determined. 300 of these minute shells will lie
on a threepenny piece.

Mr. Saunders records 39 species of Land and Freshwater
Mollusca, including that rare northern slug, Limaz tenellus,
taken at Osmotherley at the Y.N.U. Meeting. It was
identified by Mr. Denison Roebuck, and constitutes a new
record for the Cleveland area. Mr. Saunders was also
fortunate enough to find two examples of Achatina acicula
at Hutton Rudby. The only other record for this species
in the district is that of Dixon and Watson, who found it
in flood refuse near the River Tees at Middlesbrough. Its
occurrence at Hutton Rudby proves that it is an inhabitant
of our area.

255

ENnToOMOLOGICAL SEcTIon.—This Section has been very
active asusual. Mr. Lofthouse, the Secretary, reports on the
Lepidoptera as follows :—

The past season, so far as my experience goes, has been
very little different from the two preceding years; for
certain reasons, I was unable to do anything in Entomology
until the end of May, and much less than usual during the
summer months. April, May and June were, on the whole,
very cold, and so far as my experience goes, insects were
very little in evidence. From July into the autumn, moths
came to “‘ sugar’ much more freely than has been the case
during the same feriod in recent years, but the species
were of the commonest. The “ Yellow Underwing”’ (7.
pronuba) being more than usually abundant. On an evening
towards the end of June, one of the “ Swifts” (Hepialus
hectus) was noticeably abundant flying about over the
Bracken near Battersby, from 8 to 8-30 p.m., some of the
specimens were very well marked, and one or two interesting
forms were noticed. In November, the Death’s Head Moth
occurred at Redcar.

So far as I know, no additional species in the ‘‘ Macros”’
has been added to the local list during the past year, but in
the Tortrices I have at least six additional species, and about
the same number of Tinee.

It may be interesting to note here the number of species
of Lepidoptera that have been recorded in our Proceedings,
or that I know as having been taken in the Cleveland district
up to the present time, viz. :—

Butterflies , 23 species.
Hawk Moths, Bombyees and —

Notodonti ae Sas ct eee
Noctuz .. de he Ps L5Gis 5,
Geometers (5) ee
Other Orders to end of Morertces S2enes
Tine ite a5 ae 3 SO asc

Total... Sear ba COMMS

In addition to above, between 30 and 40 additional species .
are recorded in the Yorkshire List for the Cleveland district,
mostly by the late Jno. Sang, of Darlington.

256

I should say it will be possible to add from 250 to 300
species to the above number for the district, mostly
Tortrices and Tinee.

T. A. LorrHouse.

Mr. Lawson Thompson reports that he was unable to do
any work amongst local beetles last year, most of his inves-
tigations having keen carried on in other districts of York-
shire.

At the Y.N.U., Osmotherley Meeting, the Hon. Sec. read
a paper on “The Problems of the Fauna of North-East
Yorkshire,” in which the history of various local insects was
dealt with.

Under this Section may a!so come the following report on
the spiders of Cleveland from Mr. G. B. Wa'sh :—

Some preliminary work has been done on the Spiders of
the district, and already thirteen species have been added
to the North Riding list, of which one is new to Yorkshire,
and in the case of two others, there is only one previous
record. One, Pseudo-Scorpion, has been added to the local
list.

G. B. WatsH.

It is gratifying to report that some work is being done on
the “neglected group’ of animals for which this district
affords a splendid field of work.

Mr. Walsh’s lecture on “ Parasites,” held on February
27th, dealt very largely with insects, and several of the more
conspicuous local insect parasites were on exhibition.

GxoLocicaL SEectTion.—I have pleasure in stating that
this Section has also been doing valuable work in the district
during the past season, and its Secretary, Mr. J. J. Burton,
reports thereon as follows :—

During the past Session, the field work of the Geological
Section has been interesting, but somewhat restricted, as
the excursions have been planned to give all Sections of the
Society an opportunity of making investigations and records
rather than to give special opportunities to any particular
Section. One of the most interesting days of field work

257

was on the occasion of the visit to Boulby, where, under the
leadership of Mr. T.W. Saunders, the huge quarries of Alum
Shale were visited, and its characteristic fossils obtained in
abundance. The occasion was made memorable by not only
a visit to the vast remains of the old Alum Works, consisting
of kilns, boiling and evaporating vats, etc., but by having
the opportunity of examining the last sample crystals made
at the works, which had, by a fortunate accident, been
preserved amongst a quantity of untreasured remains.
Here, the dogger underlying the estuarine-series of the
inferior oolite was examined, and on this and other occasions,
the broken-uy and worn fossiliferous contents were noted
and it is hoped on identification that much light will be shed
on the obscure problem of the condition and nature of the
pre-existing strata from which this formation was derived.
At the Alum Quarries, the dogger is of a very ferruginous
nature, and is about four feet in thickness, but is variable
in this respect and also in its lithological character. The
enormous thickness of the Alum Shale (zone of ammonites
communis) is well shewn in the workings of these old aban-
doned quarries.

The: Geological Section had also an opportunity on the
subsequent visit to Roxby of identifying the dogger outcrop
on the opposite side of the valley, and of noting its general
position corresponding to the cliff exposures. On this
occasion, too, were noted some very fine examples of current
bedding in the exposures in a sandstone quarry, and photo-
graphs were taken of them.

The visit to Hutton Rudby, under, the guidance of the
Rev. J. C. Fowler, gave the members an opportunity of
noting the Rhetics in the Leven, where there were some
fine exposures with layers and pockets of veined and clear
gypsum intercalated in the strata. Not far away in a bore-
hole at East Harsley, the same strata appears to have been
cut through, but the contractor having charge of the boring
operations, not being a geologist, did not carefully preserve
the material from the boring, but an uncertain twelve feet
seems to be in the position where one might expect the
Rhetics to occur. As a source of water supply, the boring
was unfortunately a failure, but it will be of interest to
preserve a record of the strata passed through, and this will
be obtained.

258

Again, under the guidance of the Rev. J. C. Fowler, the
members visited Whorlton and found much food for dis-
cussion as to the condition under which Whorl Hill became:
cut off from the main moorland.

Some of your members had. an opportunity of visiting
Richmond on the invitation of the Yorkshire Geological.
Society, and of a close inspection of the remarkable glaciated
surfaces of the limestone in Barton and Forcett Quarries,
and also of inspecting on the spot the physical features.
which have led some authorities to the conclusion that the
Tees in ancient times flowed down Gilling Valley into the.
Swale. The opinion generally come to on this occasion was.
that it was possible, but that the arguments in favour were
not strong enough to accept the theory as demonstrated,
and that the arguments against were very difficult to meet.
On a later occasion, by the kindness of the same Society, the
Geological Members were invited to the excursion to Saltburn ~
and Whitby. Under the leadership of Professor Kendall,
the coast from Whitby to Saltwick was examined, and
further investigation of the dogger was made. On the
following day the plant bed at Marske was, by the permission.
of the land owner, very carefully explored. The writer
engaged two competent miners, and by the aid of drills and
picks and crowbars and a few shots, a large quantity of
rock was dislodged and new exposures made, with the
result that on this and on subsequent visits by Members
of our own Society, a large number of new varieties to the
district were obtained. These have sinc2 been identified,
and a record made of them. About 40 different varieties
were obtained.

The excursions to Castleton and Iburndale provided good
work for Geological study.

The general result of last season’s Field Work may be
considered to have been very satisfactory. Much detail
work has been done by Mr. Elgee, and some of this has been.
given to the members during the winter session. The mem-
bers may be congratulated upon having found the man who.
has the true field spirit in him with the opportunity of
indulging in it, and their thanks are due to him for his
generous desire to give the members the benefit of his

259

original researches. He has carried out Professor Lamp-
lough’s ideal, where he recommends to all the cultivation
-of the amateur spirit in scientific enquiry.

As a result of the visits to Richmond and Marske, the
Middlesbrough Dorman Museum will have its Geological

cases enriched.
J. J. Burton.

It should be added that Messrs. Lane and Saunders have
published the results of their researches at the Marske Quarry
in a paper in the ‘“‘ Naturalist’ for March, 1909, entitled
“Fossil Plants from the Marske Quarry.” They have in
this investigation made frequent use of the Hawell Bequest
at the Dorman Museum, and Professor Seward, of Cambridge,
has kindly assisted in the identification of doubtful species.

At the Saltburn Meeting of the Y.G.S., Mr. F. Elgee read
4 short paper on the “Glaciation of North Cleveland,”
which has since been published in their Proceedings.

Only one Geological lecture was given during the winter,
viz. :—that of Mr. J. W. Patterson, of West Hartlepool
Technical College, on the “‘ Elements of Micro-Petrography,”
illustrated by beautifully coloured lantern slides taken on
Lumiere Plates.

VERTEBRATE SECTION. —T wo Zoological lectures were given
during the Winter. At the Dorman Museum, Sir Alfred Pease
explained the habits and haunts of the African, Indian and
other-Mammals in his unique collection, in a most entertain-
ing and interesting manner.

Mr. Arthur Whitaker, of Barnsley, gave a Y.N.U. Lantern
Lecture on the “ Habits of Bats,” on which subject he is
an authority. It would be an interesting branch of research
for some of our members to take up, seeing that practically
nothing is known of the Bats of the Cleveland district.

Mr. A. Beckwith reports that he has done a good deal of
work amongst the birds at Teesmouth South, and has
furnished notes dealing with the arrival of autumn migrants.

*

260

A Dormouse was found in Girrick Woods in January, a

new record for the Cleveland district.

MempBerrsuip.—This stands at 110, an increase of one

over last year. During the year 7 members resigned, and
the following eight new members were elected :—Messrs.
C. H. Goodwin, J. R. Ritson, J. G. Smiddy, T. Smith, J. E.
Stead, H. Waddington and Miss E. Clapham.

PRocEEDINGS.—These are now in the printers’ hands, and
I hope to issue them to members during the coming month.

YorRKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ Unton.—Seeing that it is now

nearly ten years since the Y.N.U. held an Annual Meeting at
Middlesbrough, I would suggest that an invitation be sent

to them to hold their Annual Meeting at Middlesbrough in.

1910.

GENERAL.—To encourage a more active local interest in
our Society, I think it would be a good plan if any of our
members could arrange to give lectures in Middlesbrough
and district on Geology, Natural History, &c., to the general
public. I feel sure that they would arouse interest in the
work of the Society, lead to an increase of membership,
increase the sale of our Proceedings, and lead to further

investigation being done in Cleveland. I for one should be

pleased to lead the way in such an undertaking.

It is also gratifying to state that our members are beginning
to make use of the collections in the Museum, and have
in their turn presented specimens to the Museum Collections.

FRANK ELGEE,
Hon. SEc..

EE

261

SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR 1909.

I have pleasure in presenting my Second Annual Report
upon the work accomplished by our Society during the past
season. Taken as a whole, the work of the Club in 1909
has been up to, if not beyond, the standard of previous
years, but active investigations were seriously interfered with
by the wet and cold weather.

SUMMER MEETINGS.— Eight excursions were arranged for
the summer, but only six of these were held. The Middleton-
in-Teesdale Excursion, arranged for June 26th, had to be
abandoned owing to excessive rain, whilst the Ayton Meeting,
arranged for July 24th, was not held, owing to various
unavoidable alterations in the dates of the July Meetings.

Fine weather attended all six Meetings, the average
number of Members present being, however, somewhat
small considering the interesting nature of the localities
visited. The most Successful excursion was that to the
Marske Quarry, on May 8th, with an attendance of between
80 and 40. Messrs. Lane and Saunders kindly acted as
guides, the latter gentleman Superintending the blasting
operations.

Mr. T. J. Cozens kindly acted as guide at the Cold Moor
Excursion, on May 22nd, whilst at the Runswick Bay
Meeting of the Y.N.U., in July, Mr. J. J. Burton guided

A few of our Members attended the Y.N.U, Meeting at
Runswick Bay in J uly.

262

WintEeR MeEeEtINGS.—Eight Winter Meetings have been
held, but, with one or two exceptions, the attendance at
these has been lamentably small, but this has been com-
pensated for by their quality. The members who con-
tributed to the Meetings having, more or less, dealt with
their own investigations. This, I take to be the chief object
‘of our winter meetings, viz. :—to expound and read papers
on our own work. It is so easy to degenerate into a mere
magic lantern entertaining society, that it is refreshing to
have to report to the contrary.

Our best thanks are due to the lecturers for their papers,
and to all who have in any way contributed to the success
of the exhibition meetings.

A suggestion made by Mr. Frankland that the different
Sections should assist in having exhibition meetings, has
only partially been carried out. Still a start has been made
with this, which may be the seed of future development.

I would venture to suggest for your consideration that
we limit our summer and winter meetings to one per month.
The small attendance at many of the meetings seems to
demand this. In this way we would hold 12 meetings per
annum, 5 summer and 7 winter meetings, exclusive of
the Annual. With regard to the Field Meetings, we have
now visited most parts of Cleveland, and to prevent too
much repetition, a limitation of the number of excursions
seems desirable. Fuller arrangements, too, could be made
for these meetings, and they might, in many instances, be
extended to the whole day.

Our thanks are due to Mr. Simpson for kindly reporting
our meetings in the ‘‘ Gazette,” “Star”? and “ Northern
Echo.”

Work OF THE SEcTIONS.—I have included here the work
done at the Summer Meetings and the nature of our Winter
Meetings.

ARCHZOLOGICAL SrctTion.—There is little to report in
this Department. The Rev. J. C. Fowler discovered some
fragments of Roman Pottery at Whorlton, which were on
view at the Exhibition Meeting on March 5th.

rs

263

At the Crathorne Meeting, Members were enabled to
examine, under the guidance of the Vicar, the 14th Century
Church there.

On February 12th, our President gave a most interesting
and original address “‘ On Details of Norman Architecture,”
illustrated with special lantern slides.

BoTANICAL SEcTION.—Little work appears to have been
done by this Section. During the year I paid special
attention to moorland plant communities, the results of
which I had the honour to lay before you in a lantern
lecture on ‘‘ Moorland Research in 1909,’ on November 6th.
Some details of moorland plant life also appeared in the
‘“* Naturalist ’ for January and February, under the title
of “ Vegetation of Swiddens in N.E. Yorkshire.”’

In July, and again in September, Dr. W. G. Smith, of
Edinburgh, and myself botanically surveyed part of the
South Cleveland Moors and Mulgrave Woods, and the shore
vegetation at Runswick Bay.

Dr. Smith’s botanical map of the district is rapidly
nearing completion, and will probably be issued this year,
It will form a valuable contribution to local plant geography.
One fact has come out very clearly, that the English Maple
is a very characteristic tree in some woods near the sea.
and also inland. The lowland woods are dominated by
oak and ash, the upland woods by oak and birch.

ConcHOLOGIcAL Sxction.—Mr. T. W. Saunders reports
on this as per his notes in this part of Proceedings.

Mr. Saunders also had: a choice collection of rare marine
shells on exhibition on March 5th.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SEcTION.—The usual work has been
done in this Department by Messrs. Lofthouse, Thompson,
_ Walsh and Sachse.

To Mr. Walsh we are also indebted for an interesting

lecture on ‘“‘ Insect Myths and Superstitions,” on December
4th.

264

GEOLOGICAL SEcTION.—A successful exhibition meeting of
this Section was held at the Museum on October 9th, and a
full report of the season’s work presented by the Secretary,
Mr. J. J. Burton. On March 19th, the Rev. G. J. Lane
delivered a most instructive and original address on
“The Jurassic Flora.”

Mr. Burton’s report is as follows :—

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Presented at Meeting, held on October 9th, 1909.

The past Session has been one of considerable disappoint-
ment, as the weather generally has been so bad that outdoor
investigation could only be pursued under physical dis-
comfort, but members of this Section have done good work
in between meetings when opportunity offered, and I must
mention in particular the work done by the Rev. G. L. Lane
and Mr. T. W. Saunders in investigating the fossil flora of
Marske and Upleatham Quarries, also the plant beds at
Whitby and Castleton. Some of the results of their inves-
tigations have been published in the “‘ Naturalist.’’ The
most noteworthy records as supplied to me by Mr. Lane
are as under :—

1. Zamites Sp. Marske. New, not recorded in
Seward’s catalogue.
2. Taxites zamiodes. Marske. New record for Cleve-

land.

3. Nilsonia tenuiecatus. Marske. Do.

4. * sehaumburgensis. Do.

Marske. A wealden species.

5. Todites williamsonia. Marske New record for -
Marske.

6. Zamites buchianus. Marske. New record for
Cleveland.

A wealden species.

7. Pterophyllum Sp. Marske. New record for
Cleveland. Not
catalogued by
Seward.

8. Cladophlebis lobifolia. Marske. New record for

9. Coniopteris hymenophylloides. Marske.

Nilssonia Schaumburgensis (Dunk.), Marske Quarry.
Hitherto only recorded from the Wealden. Specimen identified by Professor Nathorst.

Cladophlebis haiburnensis, L. and H., Marske Quarry.

Only two specimens of this species have been recorded from Yorkshire.

fo. MUS
15 JUN 29
NAT IS

265

10. Williamsonia gigas Whitby.
ll. Cladophlebis denticulata -
12. Williamsonia pecten is
13. Taeniopteris major 5
14, a4 minor BR

It is a signal honor to our Field Club, through Mr. Lane*
that the publication of his short paper in the “ Naturalist ”’
caused Professor Lamplough to ask me to put Mr. A. Newall
Arber, M.A., of Cambridge University, in communication
with him, but perhaps the greatest honour the Club, and
also Mr. Lane personally, have received, was a visit from
Professor Nathorst, of Stockholm, who is reputed the
greatest authority on Paleobotany on the continent. After
an inspection of Mr. Lane’s collection, he congratulated him
on his success.

At the Meeting at Marske Quarry, the attention of the
members was drawn by Mr. Saunders to a very interesting
example of a wash-out, where the seam of ironstone had
been almost denuded by some ancient stream, and the gully
thus formed filled in with boulder clay. Cases of this sort
in a mine are not unknown in mining operations, and when
they occur they cause much trouble. Mr. Saunders is
sending to the meeting a section of Faulting at Boulby Mine,
a section of the main seam of Cleveland ironstone shewing
the pecten bed and the two-foot seam at Brotton, also a
section of the coast between Redcar and Ravenscar.

There was a very interesting meeting at Runswick Bay
when the coast section and the Kettleness Alum Quarries
were investigated. Perhaps the most interesting part of
the excursion was an examination of the streams which flow
into the Bay over the boulder clay which has filled up the old
river valley. The beds of the streams are composed almost
entirely of erratics which have been washed out of the clay.
Here we found many big blocks of basalt from the Whin Sill,,
much Teesdale limestone, many granites from the Cheviots,
and boulders of Shap granite of all sizes. One boulder from
Shap would weigh about three tons.

At Goathland there was an interesting meeting, but not
much time for investigation, and the Geologists would do
well to have a field day to themselves in this district, as the
glacial and solid geology will well repay study ; and we are
there getting close to oolitic exposures which do not exist
in our immediate neighbourhood.

266

One interesting observation only indirectly connected with
Geology was made at Beck Hole, viz. :—the presence of a
considerable slag tip and the “ old bear ”’ of two small blast
furnaces. These furnaces appear to have been erected by
the Whitby Iron Co., Limited, in 1859, but into blast in 1860,
but when blown out and dismantled I have not yet been able
to ascertain, but hope to do so for the purposes of a record.
The stone used was the dogger or top bed as it is variously
named.

J. J. Burton.

VERTEBRATE SECTION. —|I have no report for the Vertebrate
Section, but we are indebted to Mr. A. L. Kershaw for a
Lecture on “ Birds,’ on February 19th.

Microscopy Srction.—A successful exhibition meeting
under the auspices of the Microscopy Section was held in
March, .and the other Sections also contributed to the
success of the meeting.

Mempersuip.—Our membership now stands at 112.
During the year 8new members were elected and 4 resigned.
We appear to have reached the maximum number of
members, since for some years past the number has remained
very nearly the same, 110-120.

Y.N.U. ANNuAL Mretine.—As you are aware, the Y.N.U.
accepted our invitation to hold their Annual Meeting at
Middlesbrough, on December 17th, 1910, and although it
seems somewhat early to mention arrangements for that
date, I would suggest that a small Committee be formed to
deal with the matter.

ProcEEDINGS.—Another part of Proceedings was issued
during the year a few copies of which have been sold.

Papers for another part have been gathered together.

In conclusion, I would like to thank all those members who
have assisted me in my work. I am specially indebted to
our President and to the Hon. Treasurer for valuable
suggestions and help during the past year.

FRANK ELGEE,

VSLIN Hon. Sec.

(15 JUN29 }

AT AND

PROGR EetNGS

OF fhe

CLEVELAND NATURALISTS

i oat Os ol oe

WOR ahh.
1903-1909.

Edited by the Rev. J. Cowley Fowler, B.A. F.G.S-

MIDDLESBROUGH 3
JorpIson & Co., Lp.. PrrnrTERS AND PUBLISHERS.

1910.

ays
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The completion of the second volume of the Transactions
is an interesting event. We hope this record will be
succeeded by many more volumes of like kind as time goes
on. The contents are varied, of more than local interest,
and touch upon the Flora of the Jurassic age, Entomology,
Archeology, Botany, and other branches of Science.

The love of nature in all its aspects is certainly spreading
abroad, and is a cheering sign of the times: the widening
of scientific culture amongst all classes must, at all events,
make life fuller and richer, and certainly happier. The
pursuit of science is a bright spot in many a hard-worker’s
life, and he often follows his heart’s hobby with more energy
than his daily work: it is to him an inspiration, a joy
deeper than words can express, or perhaps his friends
understand ; a delight of the highest order.

To nature then we go with all her treasures which she
never withholds from the diligent student.

Beautiful Cleveland satisfies the members of the Club,
so far, and seldom do we wander to some ‘‘ Terra aliena,”
although sometimes we do make an excursion beyond its
bounds.

There is surely plenty to employ the keenest observer
between a live beetle and an extinct mammoth, and between
“The Cedar of Lebanon and the hyssop that groweth on
the wall.”

J. C. Fow er.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Rev. J. Hawell ..
Easby Church ..
Low Easby
Thomas Boynton Ry Bie
Robert Coulthirst Brass, Kirkleatham
Dorothy Turner Brass ..

Ingleby Manor

Ingleby Church (interios)

Ingleby Church (Exterior)

Ingleby, near Church

Ingleby Vicarage

Ingleby ae

Avenue, Ingleby Manor ;
Bank Foot, with Turkey Nab, Taalaby.
Reeve’s Nest

Trigonia lingonensis, shots silent, i dicborsiana

A. striato-sulcata
Rhyssa persuasoria and Mutilla europa
Zamites, sp.

Boulder of ee Grate at ion! Temp. 1 maward
1 Bid

Ginkgo aii 5

Pike Hill Moss Peat Holes

Cotton Grass in Fruit, Danby Dale
Hypselistes florens, a Spider new to Britain

Nilssonia schaumburgensis and Cladophlebis

haiburnensis

100
122

143
162
Li2

178
206
210
212
230

264

CONTENTS.

ARCH AZOLOGY.,
Collier, Rev. C. V. ; Pre-Norman Remains at Welbury
Fallow, T. M.; Monumental Brasses of Cleveland ..
Fowler, Rev. J. C.; Counter Temp. Edward ITI.
Fowler, Rev. J. C.; Roman Remains at Whorlton..
Hawell, late Rev. ie History of Easby
Hawell, late Rev. J. ; Notes relating to ely G@reen-
how i ‘ : e
BOTANY.
Elgee, Frank ; Moorland Research in 1909
CONCHOLOGY. ;
Saunders, T. W.; Local Marine Mollusca
ENTOMOLOGY.
ANNUAL NoTES—
Coleoptera, 1903-1809—
Thompson, M. L. oF FSS 1235 186:
Lepidoptera, 1903-1909—
Lofthouse, T. A. a sei DOs 12580:
ARTICLES—
Harrison, J. W. H. ; se raga of the Middles-
brough District f
GEOLOGY.
Elgee, Frank ; Gravel Deposit in Lonsdale .
Elgee, Frank ; Notes on the Glacial Geology of fits
Country between Loftus and Kettleness. .

Fowler, Rev. J. C. ; Large Glacial Boulder at Whorlton

Fowler, Rev. J. C.; An interesting Geological Dis-
covery a ae ae be be S

Lane, a: G. J. ; Jurassic Plants from the Cleveland
Hills

Lane, Rev. G. J.; Woter: on ihe Wdeaenie Vlora of
Cleveland

PAGE
124
43
178
208
22

85

209

241

214

219
224

49
203
174
176

172

206

vi.

METEOROLOGY.
Rainfall Report ..

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

Elgee, Frank ; Fauna of Cleveland, Past and Present
Simpson, H.; Excursion to Redcar Rocks. ..
Secretary’s Reports, 1903-4

1904-5

1905-6

1906-7

1907-8

1908-9

1909-10

OBITUARY.
Hawell, Rev. J., by Rev. J. C. Fowler
Clayton, R. G.
Macpherson, Angus

VERTEBRATE SECTION.

Atkinson, F. R.; Crossbills in Cleveland

Atkinson, F. R.; Buzzards on N.E. Coast
Lofthouse, T. A.; Black Rat at Middlesbrough
Lofthouse, R.; River Tees—its Marshes and Fauna
Nelson, T. H.; Ruff in the North of England

65

106
121

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Addison, H., Woodlands Road, Middlesbrough.

Allison, F. W., Guisbrough.

Allott, Miss M., Ashbury, Westwood Avenue, Linthorpe.
Appleyard, Miss L., Laceby House, The Avenue.
Appleyard, Arthur, do. do.

Atkinson, Miss, Windsor Road, Linthorpe.

Atkinson, F. R., Post Office Chambers, Middlesbrough.

Barnley, George, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.

Belk, Thos., White House, Normanby.

Bell, Sir Hugh, Bart., Rounton, Northallerton.
Blewitt, A., Middlesbrough Road, South Bank.
Brett, E. P., London Joint Stock Bank, Middlesbrough.
Brown, Thos., Royal Exchange, Middlesbrough.
Burns, A. E., Cambridge Street, Saltburn.

Burton, J. J., F.G.S., Rosecroft, Nunthorpe.

Calvert, Miss E., The Avenue, Linthorpe.

Calvert, J. S., The Avenue, Linthorpe.

Clapham, Miss E., St. John’s School, Middlesbrough.

Clarke, W., 153, High Street, Stockton.

Collier, Rev. C. Vale, M.A., F.S.A., East Harlsey, North-
allerton.

Constantine, Herbert, Hazeldene, Linthorpe.

Constantine, Joseph, J.P., Harlsey Hall, Northallerton.

Cozens, T. J., Levenside, Stokesley.

Dickie, Mrs., 13, Ryedale Terrace, Middlesbrough.

’ Dixon, Waynman, J.P., Ayton House, Great Ayton.
Dodson, H. F., Lune Street, Saltburn.

Dorman, A. J., J.P., Grey Towers, Nunthorpe.

Elgee, Frank (Hon. Member), Dorman Museum, Middles-
brough.

Elgee, T. C., 23, Kensington Road, Middlesbrough.

Emerson, J. J., J.P., LLD., Easby Hall, Great Ayton.

Fallow, T. M., M.A., F.S.A., Coatham House, Redcar.
Fowler, Rev. J. C., B.A., F.G.S., Whorlton, Northallerton.
Frankland, J. D., The Crescent, Linthorpe.

Frankland, H., The Crescent, Linthorpe.

Vii.

Gilbert, Harry, The Avenue, Linthorpe.

Gjers, Lawrence, J.P., Busby Hall, Northallerton.
Goodwin, Mrs., 17, Turner Street, Redcar.
Goodwin, C. H., 17, Turner Street, Redcar.

Hallimond, H. T., Exeter Street, Saltburn.

Harwood, R. Westbourne Grove, Redcar.

Hinton, Amos, J.P., Hilda House, Middlesbrough.

Hodges, J. P., Oak Road, Middleton St. George.

Hood, A. G., Hill View Terrace, Newport.

Hood, Mrs. C., Woodlands Road, Middlesbrough.

Hood, C., Woodlands Road, Middlesbrough.

Howcroft, T. Y., Oxford Road, Middlesbrough.

Hudson, Baker (Hon. Member), Free Library, Middlesbrough
Hudson, W., 5, Tower Street, Stockton.

Ingham, W. Porritt, Blenheim Terrace, Redcar.
Inglis, Alex., 25, Hartington Road, Stockton.

Jackson, E. W., c/o Messrs. Pattinson & Stead, Middlesbro’.

Kaspar, Hermann, Berlitz School, Middlesbrough.
Kedward, T. J., 6, Grove Road, North Ormesby.

Kelly, Alfred, 4, Grove Road, North Ormesby.

Kershaw, A. L., London & Joint Stock Bank, Middlesbro’.
Kingdon, W. T., Norton Lodge, Stockton.

Kirby, Miss, B. J., Park Road N., Middlesbrough.
Kirkpatrick, Miss A., Claude Avenue, Linthorpe.
Kitching, A. E., D.L., J.P., The Firs, Great Ayton.
Knaggs, W. T., Nunthorpe.

Knight, G., 61, Lorne Street, South Bank.

Lane, Rev. G. J., F.G.S., Saltburn.

Lawrence, E., Claude Avenue, Linthorpe.

Lofthouse, T. A., F.E.S., A.R.I.B.A., The Croft, Linthorpe.
Lofthouse, A. W., F.S.I., Woodcroft, Marton.

Linton, Henry, Cambridge Road, Middlesbrough.

Lithgow, Samuel, F.A.I., Linthorpe.

Marshall, F. H., Grove Hill, Middlesbrough.
Meek, J. M., M.A., Coatham, Redcar.

Monk, Mrs. P. H., Ruby Street, Saltburn.
Monk, P. H., Ruby Street, Saltburn.
Moorhouse, Miss, 24, Ashgrove Terrace, Redcar.

ee,

Ux.

Outhwaite, F., The Laurels, Linthorpe.
Outhwaite, H., 21, Albert Road, Middlesbrough.

Pearson, F. W., 39, Granville Road, Middlesbrough.
Pease, J. H., J.P. Carlbury Hall, Darlington.
Punch, Mrs., Hastoe House, Middlesbrough.
Punch, J. W. R., Hastoe House, Middlesbrough.

Reed, Frederick, Hartburn Lane, Stockton.
Ridley, Thos., Coatham, Redcar.

Ridsdale, F. D., Linthorpe Road, Middlesbrough.
Righton, 8., Clifton, Cambridge Road.

Ritson J. R. Middlesbrough Road, South Bank.
Robinson, Dr. A. S.,/B.A., Dundas Villa, Redcar.
Robson, Miss J., Park Road N.,; Middlesbrough.

Sachse, W., Asgard, Linthorpe.

Sadler Sir, S. A., J.P., Preston-on-Tees.
Sanderson, Mrs., Middleton-one-Row.

Saunders T., W., High Street Brotton

Scholes, Alfred, 20, Spring Street, Stockton.
Shaw, Fred, Grove Hill, Middlesbrough.

Simpson, Henry, 17, Turner Street, Redcar.
Smiddy, J. G., 1, Aske Road, Middlesbrough.
Smith, J. Fothergill, 121, High Street, Redcar.
Smith, Thomas, 102, Cromwell Road, South Bank.
Snowdon, Dr., Ravensthorpe, Hutton Rudby.
Stead, J. E., F.R.S., Queen’s Square, Middlesbrough.
Stephens, G. W., 7, Cleveland Terrace, Redcar.
Stuart, Dr. C., Great Ayton.

Taylor, J. G., 3, Outram Street, Stockton.

Thomas, W. H., Roman Road, Middlesbrough.
Thompson, M. L., F.E.S., Gosford Street, Middlesbrough.
Titley, Miss L. C., 19, Spring Street, Stockton.

‘Turton, R. B., J.P., Kildale Hall, Grosmont.

Waddington, Herbert, 13, Princes Road, Middlesbrough.
Walsh, G. B., B.Sc., 6, Lancaster Road, Middlesbrough.
Walton, Sir Joseph, Bart., M.P., D.L., J.P., Saltburn.
Ward, A. E., Highfield, Highfield, Eaglescliffe Junction.
Ward, T. F., Park Road S., Middlesbrough.

Whiteley, J. W., Zetland Terrace, Saltburn.

x.

Williams, Dr. W. J., Grange Road W., Middlesbrough..
Wilson, T. R., Dovecot Street, Stockton.

Wood, E. W., Albert Road, Middlesbrough.
Woolston, T., 22, Wilson Street, Middlesbrough.

List oF PUBLICATIONS received by the Society as Donations
or Exchanges which are deposited at the Dorman Memorial
Museum, Middlesbrough, and may be seen on application
to Mr. Baker Hudson, Hon. Librarian to the Club.

“The Naturalist,” 1886-1909.

Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club “* Record of Proceedings,”
1889-1909, Vols. 1 and 2.

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Transactions, parts 15.
Baker’s “‘ North Yorkshire.”
Crossland & Massee’s ‘‘ Fungus Flora of Yorkshire.”

Weardale Naturalists’ Field Club Transactions, vol..1, part 1,
part 2.

Hull Scientific & Field Naturalists’ Club Transactions, vols.
fe hee yo) bY, part: dL.

Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, vol. 14,
part 1—Hawell’s “ Peat Deposit at Stokesley.”

Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society—F. Elgee’s
“ Glaciation of North Cleveland.”

Vale of Derwent Field Club Proceedings, vol. II. and IV.

Proceedings of the Darlington & Teesdale Naturalists’ Field
Club, vol. I.

Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association, part 14,
1905-8.

Bradford Natural History & Microscopical Society—Recorders
Reports for 1906.

Elgee’s “‘ Origin of the Cleveland Moors,” 1907.
Fawcett’s “‘ Historic Places in the Derwent Valley.”

Salt’s “ List of Plants collected chiefly in the neighbourhood
of Sheffield.”

xi.

Keeble & Gamble’s “ The Colour- Physiology of Hippolyte-

varians.”’
Keeble’s “ Observations on the Loranthacez of Ceylon.”
Keeble’s “ The Hanging Foliage of certain Tropical Trees.’’
Gurney’s ‘“‘ Diurnal Birds of Prey.”
Smith’s “ Botanical Survey for Local Naturalists’ Societies.”’
Grant’s ‘“‘ List of Pease’s Somaliland Collection of Birds.”’

1” Geological Maps of the following districts :-—

Ure and Nidd ; Middleton-in-Teesdale and Brough ;
Weardale and Bishop Auckland; South Shields and
Seaham; Tyne and Mid-Durham ; Hartlepool and
Durham ; Tees, from its mouth to Croft ; Thirsk ;
Stokesley and Northallerton ; Malton, Pickering and
Helmsley; Sandsend and Scalby ; Scarborough and
Filey.

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Conditions and Advantages of

Membership.

Ee MEMBERSHIP. —The Terms of Membership are the subscription

Bh. of an annual sum of not less than 5s. Members receive the
4 Proceedings, copies of all Circulars for Summer and Winter
Rk Meetings, Associate Card of Membership of the Yorkshire
my) , Naturalists’ Union, have access to the Society’s small Library,
By: and also the privilege granted by the N.E.R. for travelling
ae AL? at reduced rates at excursions. :

WINTER MEETINGS.—A Series of Meetings are held during
the Winter months, particulars of which are sent out in the
Autumn. The Secretary will be ee to hear from Members
willing to give papers.

THE LIBRARY, which consists of works on Science, Natural
History and Archeology, is placed (on loan) in a case in the
Dorman Museum, and is accessible to Members on application
to the Hon. Librarian, Mr. Baker Hudson. Donations of
works on the above subjects, especially those relating to
Cleveland, are at all times acceptable.

HAWELL BEQUEST.—Under the will of the late Rev. J. Hawell,
of geological, conchological, and other works, as well as

access to the large and valuable collections of Mollusca and
_ Fossils bequeathed by him for the benefit of the Cleveland

Naturalist’s Field Club and the Dorman Museum. These ;
may be inspected at any time by Members at the Museum, ~

on application to the Curator or his Assistant.

to become Members, even if they are not able to be active Members. —

work of the Society was not altogether unappreciated.

M.A., F.G.S., Members have the special use of the Library — Rf

Any persons interested in the work of our Society are invited —

Their support would be valuable, and would also show that the : :

Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’
Field Club.

Vouume I., In Five Parts. ComMPLeETE TO MEemBERs, 5/-.

Votume II., in Four Parts. .CompLeTE To MEMBERS, 5/-.

Votume II.—Contents.

rel 1.—(Six Illustrations.) Life of Rev. J. Hawell, by Rev. J. C.
Fowler ; History of Easby ; Crossbills and: Buzzards in
Cleveland, by F. R. Atkinson; Black Rat at Middles-
brough ; Cleveland Brasses, by T. M. Fallow; Gravel
Deposit in Lonsdale, F. Elgee; Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera Notes; Meteorological Record, &. Price
Two Shillings.

Parr 2.—(Nine Illustrations.) Notes relating to Ingleby Green-
how, by the Rev. J. Hawell; the River Tees, its
Marshes and their Fauna, by R. Lofthouse ; the Ruff
in the North of England, by T. H. Nelson; Cleveland
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera; Secretary’s Reports.
Price Two Shillings.

Part 3.—(Seven Illustrations.) The Fauna of Cleveland, Past
and Present, by Frank Elgee; Jurassic Plants from
the Cleveland Hills, by Rev. G. J. Lane ; Large Glacial
Boulder at Whorlton, interesting Geological Discovery,
and Counter Temp. Edward III., by the Rev. J. C.
Fowler; Cleveland Lepidoptera in 1906-7; Cleveland

- Coleoptera ; Secretary’s Reports. Price Two Shillings.

Previous numbers of the Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’
Field Club may be obtained of the Hon. Sec., Mr. Frank Elgee,
Dorman Memorial Museum, Middlesbrough. Members may obtain
single parts at a reduction of 20 per cent. on published prices.

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