FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’
' FIELD CLUB

1918-1920

VOLUME XX.

Part I., 1918. Part II., 1919. part m.t Ig2Q

BRISTOL: J. W. ARROWSMITH LTD.

Mil «c*

VM'Uli: J/J.UUI! ,

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XX.

PART I. pag t.

List of Council and Officers . . . . . . . . ii

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 15th, 1918. . 3

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . . . 6

Financial Statement, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . 9

The Effect of the Cold Spring of 1917 on the Flowering

of Plants, by Sir Francis Darwin, F.R.S. . . . . n

The Crickley Hill (Birdlip) late Celtic Finds of 1879, by

the President (Plate I.) . . . . . . . . 21

Mineral Waters in and near Gloucester, with some sugges-
tions as to how the important constituents have been
formed, by George Embrey, F.I.C. . . . . . . 29

Miserden and its Owners, by the President . . . . 45

Notes on a Romano-British Burial-Ground ( Sepulcretum )
at Barnwood, near Gloucester, by Roland Austin,
with Note on Pottery found there, by the President
(Plates II.— IV.) 59

Botanical Notes, 1918, by J. W. Haines and H. H. Knight 65

PART II.

List of Council and Officers . . . . . . . . iv

List of Members . . . . . . . . . . . . v-viii

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 21st, 1919.. 69

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . . . 72

Reports of Field Meetings . . . . . . . . . . 74

Financial Statement, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . 84

Ancient Cirencester, by the President . . . . . . 85

Notes on the Quaternary Period in the Cotteswold-Malvern

Region, by J. W. Gray, F.G.S. With Map . . . . 99

Further notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of

Gloucestershire, by Charles Upton . . . . . . 143

The Field of the Cotteswolds and the Field of the Naturalist,

by Frederick John Cullis. [Abstract.] . . . . 147

Another Deep Boring at Shipton Moyne, near Tetbury,

Gloucestershire, by L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. . . 151

PART II. ( continued ) PAGE

Carex Tomentosa, by H. J. Riddelsdell . . . . . . 161

Buckman’s “ Botany of the Environs of Cheltenham,” by
H. J. Riddelsdell. Supplementary note, by Roland
Austin . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 162

Wild Birds observed in Painsvvick district, 1919, by the

President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Barnwood Gravel Pits, by the President . . . . . . 166

Survey Memoirs, by Roland Austin . . . . . . 166

A find at Wanswell, by the President . . . . . . 167

The County Flora, by H. J. Riddelsdell . . . . 168

PART III.

List of Council and Members . . . . . . . . x

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 27th, 1920.. 171

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . . . 173

Reports of Field Meetings . . . . . . . . . . 175

Financial Statement, 1920 . . . . . . . . . . 184

The Silurian Rocks of May Hill, by C. I. Gardiner, M.A.,

F.G.S. With an Appendix on two Trilobites, by Dr.

F. R. Cowper Reed, M.A., D.Sc. . . . . . . 185

The Hepatics of Gloucestershire, by H. H. Knight, M.A. . . 223

Additional Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, by C. Granville

Clutterbuck, F.E.S. . . . . . . . . . . 235

Notes on the Flaking and Pitting of Flint Surfaces,

communicated by J. W. Gray, F.G.S. . . . . 239

Remains of Macrourous and Brachyurous Crustacea in
the Inferior Oolite of the Stonesfield (Oxon.)-Burton-
Bradstock (Dorset) District, by L. Richardson . . 243

On Nautilus Pseudotr uncat us n. sp., from the Liassic Rocks

of England, by the late G. C. Crick, F.G.S. . . . . 245

On some Dibranchiate Cephalopoda from the Upper Lias

of Gloucestershire, by the late G. C. Crick, F.G.S. . . 249

Critical Plants recently identified, by H. J. Riddelsdell . . 257

The presence of the Kite in the Cotswold Area, by W. L.

Mellersh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Collection of Mosses, by H. H. Knight, M.A., in Cheltenham

Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

igi8

Edited by the Honorary Secretary

Vol. XX. Part I

1

COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE CLUB

Elected January 15 th, 1918

president :

W. St. Clair Baddeley

Uice=il>resit>cnts :

Christopher Bowly, F.R.A.I.

M. W. Colchester-Wemyss,
C.B.E.

Charles Upton

Sir Francis Darwin, M.B.,
F.R.S.

W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S.,
F.R.G.S.

Elected Members:

G. M. Currie i E. C. Sewell

F. H. Bretherton j J. W. Gray, F.G.S.

L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

Ibon. {Treasurer:

J. H. Jones (Eldon Chambers, Gloucester)

Ibon. Secretary ant> librarian :

Roland Austin

(38 Brunswick Road, Gloucester)

THE ABOVE CONSTITUTE THE COUNCIL

flMiblication Committee :

W. St. Clair Baddeley
L. Richardson
J. H. Jones

Roland Austin
H. H. Knight
Charles Upton

3

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB

AT THE

SEVENTIETH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

JANUARY 15TH, 1918
W. ST. CLAIR BADDELEY, President,

IN THE CHAIR

The Minutes of the Sixty-ninth Annual Meeting, held on Tuesday,
January 16th, 1917, were read and confirmed.

The Hon. Secretary reported that the number of Members was 109.
Four had died during the year, viz. Rev. Walter Butt, Archdeacon Scobell,
Major Wenden, and Mr. J. W. Skinner. Mention of these Members has been
made in the Proceedings. The Council regretted the resignation of five
Members, the Rev. H. H. Winwood (Vice-President), Mr. W. Crooke
(Vice-President), Mr. W. Thompson, Mr. S. J. Coley, and Mr. S. S. Marling. Mr.
Winwood was one of the oldest Members, having been elected in 1876, and
rendered valued services to the Club. Until recently he had been a regular
attendant at the Meetings, in which he always took an active part. He
contributed several papers to the Proceedings, and his resignation, due to
ill-health and consequent inability to travel, is a great loss to the Club.

Six Members were elected during the year.

Three ordinary Winter Meetings were held and five Excursions arranged,
all of which were fully reported in the Proceedings (xix., pt. 3).

The Hon. Treasurer presented his financial statement for 1917, which
showed a balance carried forward of £5 is. 4d.

Mr. F. H. Bretherton was voted to the chair for the purpose of the
election of the President, and upon his proposition it was agreed to suspend
Rule 9 so far as it related to the period during which the office of President

4

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

shall be held. He then proposed the re-election of Mr. St. Clair Baddeley
as President for the year 1918, and in doing so spoke of the benefit and
delightful experiences which the Club had enjoyed under his guidance. Mr.
Baddeley’s re-election was carried with acclamation, and in returning thanks
he expressed his feeling that they were pursuing the right course in steadily
keeping the interests of the Club before them during the terrible conflict
which was raging in Europe, and that when the days of Peace returned they
would have the quiet satisfaction that they had done this for the sake of
learning and history.

The election of Vice-Presidents, elected Members of Council, and Officers
proceeded. Mr. J. W. Gray, F.G.S., was elected a Member of Council in
place of Mr. Thompson resigned, and the Club learned with much pleasure
that Mr. L. Richardson, F.G.S., had accepted a seat on the Council. Mr.
Richardson’s resignation as Secretary was reported at the December (1917)
meeting (Proceedings, xix., p. 181), when due expression was given as to the
loss which it meant to the Club. Mr. J. H. Jones was re-elected Hon. Treasurer
and Mr. Roland Austin, who had carried on the secretarial duties since
January, 1916, was now formally elected Hon. Secretary.

Arrangements were made to hold Field Meetings as follows : —

June 4 — Chedworth,

July 6 — Longhope and Mitcheldean,

September 3 — Malvern,

but in view of the military situation which arose in the Spring, and the urgent
request which was made to restrict railway travel, the Council considered it
desirable to postpone all these Meetings.

THE ENCAUSTIC TILES OF HAYLES ABBEY.

The President exhibited a series of slides of the fine examples of Encaustic
Tiles of the I3th-i6th centuries which were found when excavating the site
of Hayles Abbey in 1898-1907, and in the course of his remarks said : —

“ The tiles obtained from this royally-founded Cistercian Abbey may
be classified under four headings, each one of which was once fully (perhaps
magnificently) represented there. No evidence as yet discovered, how-
ever, has given rise to the supposition that there was any local Abbey
kiln, while abundant evidences suggest that certain tiles may have been
supplied from moulds used in common by the Premonstratensian Abbey
of Halesowen, in Shropshire, Waverley in Surrey, Stanley (Wilts), and
perhaps, first, at Chertsey Abbey, near London. Other tiles can be
identified with their fellows at Bredon, at Gloucester, and elsewhere.
Kilns are known to have existed at Malvern, St. Mary Wilton, and
Droitwich, whence, at least, some of the later tiles at Hayles may have
derived. The building of Hayles followed so closely the rebuilding of
Westminster, where fine pictorial tiles containing figures in costume were
laid down in one of the King s Chapels in 1237, that it is not surprising
to find that its chapels were decorated in a similar manner, albeit the

VOL. XX. (i)

ANNUAL MEETING

5

fragments of pictorial work (apart from floral and heraldic designs) that
have survived are few in number. None the less, if we consider the
number of tiles that have been taken in former times from Hayles (in 1853
by Lord Ellenborough) to adorn Southam-Delabere, as well
as those now carefully laid down in Hayles Parish Church, it will be
evident that the Abbey must have been very richly paved. The tiles
include, besides those found on the spot, many collected from old cottages
in the neighbourhood.

“ Many of the Heraldic single tiles likewise date to the latter half of
the thirteenth century (c. 1270), although examples occur which can be
dated as late as to 1507. Hence we have some of the earliest heraldic
tiles in Europe : those of men who fought at Evesham (1267), possibly
of men wounded there and buried at Hayles.

“Among the tiles are those of Richard, Earl of Cornwall (founder),
his son Henry of Almaine, his wife Sanchia of Provence, Warren, Clare,
Ferrers, Mortimer, Beaufort, Beauchamp, Berkeley, Corbet, the Bishops
of Lichfield, and of Worcester.

“ The second category includes the so-called ‘ Chertsey ' Tiles — the
justly famous work of an unknown master, and possessing very singular
beauty and originality. Examples of these were first found among the
remains of the Benedictine Abbey at Chertsey. The red clay tile, while
still wet, was impressed by means of a mould with a design forming
patterns and canals which, when dry, were presently filled in with fine
white clay or cement. Over this, when set, was painted a coat of thin
lead glaze. In other examples the design was simply painted on in white,
and coated with glaze. (Cf. The Chertsey Tiles, by Dr. Mainwaring
Shurlock, F.S.A., 1880 ; J. R. Holliday on Hales Owen in Transactions of
the Birmingham and Midland Institute, 1871. See also British Museum
Catalogue of Pottery.) At Hayles these were probably laid down at
various dates between 1251 and 1300. None represented religious
subjects. Among these are large- tile-panels with foliated designs.

“ The third category is represented by panels and the single tiles of
Abbot Anthony Melton (1509-1527) and of Abbot Thomas Stafford
(1483-1503), and the fourth category consists of large red clay unglazed
tiles bearing a large fleur-de-lis between four sex-foils all in high relief.
These were presumably used for wall-decoration.”

The President also showed a slide of a mediaeval candlestick (c. 1480),
perfect in design, which was found at Hayles, and a good example of a spindle
whorl of the Stone Age credited to Rodmarton Long Barrow.

Mr. J. W. Haines exhibited some “ Dog’s Mercury ” found by him in bloom
that morning at Newnham, remarkable in such severe weather.

6

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS.

Tuesday, February 19th, 1918.

The President in the Chair.

The following exhibits were made : —

Mr. H. E. Norris : Fine specimens of Anglo-Saxon coins of Edward the
Confessor, Athelstan, and Ethelred II., minted at Huntingdon, and examples
of straw plaited work made by the French prisoners confined at Hunter’s
Cross, Hunts.

By Mr. A. E. Hurry : A copy of Mappa Mundi, published in Venice about
the end of the sixteenth century.

By Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck : A specimen of Cyaniris Argoluis (Holly Blue)
of gynandro-morphous form, found at Torquay, August 8th, 1904.

By Mr. C. I. Gardiner : (1) A piece of Coral said to have been taken
from the Great Oolite, Minchinhampton ; (2) A new species of Lidias Maia
from the May Hill beds, found in a quarry above Longhope Station, which
bore no resemblance to ordinary forms ; (3) A new variety of Calymene

papillaia, Lindstr, var. nov. puellaris.

Sir Francis Darwin read a paper on “ The effect of the Cold Spring
of 1917 on the Flowering of Plants,” printed post, pp. 11-20.

Tuesday, March 5th, 1918.

The President in the Chair.

The President exhibited a silver Osella of Doge Domenico Contarini of
Venice. Oselle ( uccelle ) were struck first in the year 1521. Early in the
thirteenth century the Doges began to usurp the right of hunting and fishing
then possessed by the Venetian nobles over the shallow waters (lagoons) of
the city, and in return it became the custom to make compensation by pre-
senting each of the nobles on the 1st December of every year with five wild
ducks. In 1521 the Doges substituted a money payment for this tribute, and
ducat-like coins of the value of one-fourth of a gold mark were struck and
presented with the same ceremonies as were the birds. The example exhibited
was one struck (anno III.) by a Doge in 1659-1675.

The President also exhibited a Spanish Crystal Reliquary in its original
stamped-leather case, and a forger’s plate of copper used for producing coinage,
this particular plate containing forged pieces which had not been cut out.

VOL. XX. (l)

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS

7

Dr. W. O. Jenkins, D.D., read a paper on “Archaeological Problems
of Pre-historic Rhodesia,” in which he traversed the various suggestions
and theories advanced as to the date and workmanship of the ancient ruined
towns and buildings found in that part of South Africa, illustrating his
interesting discourse by an excellent collection of photographs.

Tuesday, March 19th, 1918.

The President in the Chair.

Mr. George Embrey, F.I.C., read a paper on “The Mineral Waters

IN AND NEAR GLOUCESTER AND THE IMPORTANT CONSTITUENTS OF WHICH

they are Formed,” printed post, pp. 29-43.

Tuesday, November 19th, 1918.

The President in the Chair.

Mr. Basil P. Marmont, proposed by Mr. Walter Lucy, seconded by
Mr. E. W. Fyffe, was duly elected a Member of the Club.

By the kindness of Mrs. Clifford, the President exhibited two almost
perfect Romano-British pots 1 of possibly the first century, found at a depth
of 5-6 feet in the gravel pits at Barn wood, one being of double-curve Samian
ware with clear potter's mark.

Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck exhibited specimens of the rare Round-headed
Rush ( scirpus holoschaenus) and of the Great Sea Rush (juncus acutus) from
Braunton Burrows, N. Devon, and a coloured drawing of Viola tricolor var.
curtisii also from Braunton.

On behalf of Mr. J. W. Barnett, a visitor, the President exhibited three
very finely chipped leaf-type flint implements found on Robinswood Hill.

The President read a paper on “The Late Celtic Finds of 1879, at
Birdlip,” printed post, pp. 2 1-28, and through the kindness of the Curator of
the Cheltenham Museum was enabled to exhibit the skull of the lad}7 found
at Birdlip, which was formerly in the possession of the late Mr. John Sawyer,
a Member of the Club, and after his death presented to the Cheltenham
Museum. The Bronze Mirror, Fibula, large Bowl, Necklace, and the Knife-
handle found at Birdlip and now in the Gloucester Museum were also exhibited,
together with the beads which, as mentioned in the President’s paper, had
been acquired in 1902 under circumstances which might lead to their being
considered part of the Birdlip Find.

1 See Illustrations and Notes, pp. 61-64.

8

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

Tuesday, December 17th, 1918.

The President in the Chair.

The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following Candidates for Membership were proposed and declared
duly elected : —

J. \V. Barnett, Reservoir Road, Gloucester, proposed by Roland Austin,
seconded by A. E. W. Paine.

Lieut. -Col. J. P. Freeth, Braeside, Leckhampton, proposed by A. S.
Montgomrey, seconded by Lieut. -Col. J. C. Duke.

Harry W. Holloway, 2 Whitehall, Stroud, proposed by E. N. Witchell,
seconded by A. E. Smith.

Alex. J. Mitchell, M.D., Norton Bury, Wotton, proposed by Roland
Austin, seconded by C. Upton.

Rev. G. M. Smith, Stroud Road, Gloucester, proposed by T. S. Ellis,
seconded by Roland Austin.

Mr. A. E. Hurry exhibited two highly-polished metal mirrors from Chamba
State as examples of those in use at the present day by natives in the N.W.
Himalayas. The mirrors are hung over the left breast, and are attached by
sharp skewers of the same metal to the blankets worn by the natives.

Mr. J. W. Gray, F.G.S., communicated notes on “The Pleistocene
Geology of the Malvern-Cotteswold Area.” The completed paper will
be printed in the next part of Proceedings.

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 1918.

VOL. xx. (1)

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

^ 0

O

N

<o

000

M

*

73* T**

N

0

M NM

CN

Cl

•N

^ ft

O

lO

W

CO O O

O

34

r^

O'

Hi

000001

O 0 CO |

O CO

.1 co 0 m 10

O 0 !

I

II

£1

O' 'O CO M m

HH0

0 <0

P

H

3

£

W

o

X

w

z

o

H

<

H

^73

- c
• o

H.B

g O .5 ^ —

3 z ^ ft ft o

->

s _

O Q

O^S J
h o o .t; v ^ o

z « pq d, pq 5 PL

o
- SjO
* ««
O • *

■5 S

2 *>

o o
ft ft

73 O

on:

>,

|-<

o

M

o

0

c/3

d

o

Oh S g
J s ^

2 1 d
w £ o
z
w

o

w Vh -

HS

•c

c

GjO

c

c ;

Q)

CL

X

W

g< 8
^75 5

9

^ 10

O ION

o n in

o» *o
o

o o o o c
«o >n >n u-> o

v-P o o c >n m

-t-

M

Cn

w

§

o

o

2;

I

o '• w ^ ?

o O ^ i-1 ►-<>-■ *-(

.r* ^

*n^ t^OO CO
O' & Q\ C\ Q\

jv :

15

o

H

3

'a

X

* This docs not include Subscriptions or Entrance Fees for
1919 paid before the 31st December.

. JONES, Treasurer, Audited and found correct. F. HANNAM-CLARK,

January 20th, 1919. January 20th, 1919.

/

VOL. XX. (i)

FLOWERING OF PLANTS

ii

THE EFFECT OF THE COLD SPRING OF 1917 ON
THE FLOWERING OF PLANTS.

BY

SIR FRANCIS DARWIN, F.R.S.

(Read 19th February, 1918.)

The following pages give the results of observations on
the dates at which the commoner plants flowered at Brook-
thorpe, near Gloucester, as well as the dates of a few other
facts, such as the days in which the songs of birds were first
heard.

My observations began in April, 1917, originating in the
obvious lateness of some of the vegetation. The record extends
from April 1st to August 21st, and contains only 160 observa-
tions, whereas in Blomefield’s Naturalist’s Calendar, 1 with which
I have compared them, the number of recorded facts is much
greater. I may express my indebtedness to the minutely
accurate work of this author ; I only wish that my small
contribution to his subject were more worthy of my guide.

What interest my observations may possess depends on the
fact that the Spring of 1917 was exceptionally cold. For this
statement I rely on the weekly Weather Report of the Meteoro-
logical Office, in which for each week of the year, the deviation
from the normal temperature is given for a large number
of stations in the British Islands. 2 I have taken as a standard
the temperature at Clifton, which seems to be the station
nearest to Gloucester.

Now though the temperature has undoubtedly a great effect
on the time of flowering, it is by no means the only element in

1 A Naturalist's Calendar kept at Swaffham Bulbeck, Cambridgeshire. By Leonard Blomefield
formerly Jenyns). Edited by Francis Darwin. Cambridge: at the University Press, 1903.

1 I am also indebted to Mr. Embrey for his kind help in this matter.

12

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

the problem. The first plant on my list is Ranunculus ficaria,
which I noted as flowering on April 1st, whereas in Blomefield
the mean of seventeen yearly observations is February 28th,
the earliest date for this plant being January 21st, the latest
March 28th. The extreme lateness of the Celandine was
doubtless due to the cold Spring of 1917. But what are the
elements of the problem which fixed on this plant the general
habit of flowering early in the year ?

In some cases we can see the advantages in early flowering.
Thus the average date on which the Hazel comes into bloom is
January 26th, and this, for a plant of which the pollen is
distributed by the wind, may be an advantage, since there are
no leaves to obstruct the dispersal of the pollen grains.

It may be answered that those Conifers which do not shed
their leaves in winter, e.g. the Yew or the Scotch Fir, are never-
theless wind-fertilised. But this, though a point not to be
forgotten, is no argument against what has been said of the
Hazel.

On the whole, however, we are excessively ignorant as to the
biological meaning of the dates at which plants flower. What
advantage does the orchis Spiranthes, well called autumnalis,
gain from flowering in August or September ? Or again, what
biological characters are there to distinguish the plants flowering
in June from those which do not show themselves till July?
It looks, to put the thing fancifully, as if a parliament of plants
had met and decided that some arrangement must be made
since the world would be inconveniently full if they all flowered
at once ; or they may have believed that there were not enough
insects to fertilise the whole Flora, if all their services were
needed in one glorious month of crowded life. Therefore it was
ruled that the months should be portioned among the aspirants,
some choosing May, others June or July. But it must have
been difficult to manage, and must have needed an accurate
knowledge of their own natural history. I must apologise for
this outbreak, and I will only add that this does seem to me an
interesting problem, namely what are the elements in the
struggle for life which fix the dates on which plants habitually
flower.

VOL. XX. (i)

FLOWERING OF PLANTS

*3

The most striking instance of the effect of the temperature
is the behaviour of arctic plants. 1 In Nova Zembla the summer
consists of two months, July and August, during which the
mean temperature is about 50 C. In these conditions, cases
such as the following occur : at Pitlekaj the last nine days of
June showed a mean temperature of below o° C., while the
average for the first nine days of July was between +4° and
+6°, and on July 10th all the four species of Willow were in
full bloom, the dwarf Birch, Sedum -palustre, Polygonum,
Cassiope, and Diapensia were in flower, and within a week the
whole vegetation was flowering. There was, in fact, a great
rush or explosion of all sorts of flowers as soon as the tempera-
ture rose : not that dropping fire which begins with us with
Mezereon in January and ends with Ivy in the autumn.

In the Arctic Regions temperature seems the absolute
master, but in our climate this is clearly not so. The best
evidence of an inherent tendency to flower on a certain date is
that given by Askenasy 2 in his observations on Primus avium
(the Gean or wild Cherry). He recorded the weight of 100 buds
at regular intervals throughout the year, and thus got the
following results : —

grams. grams.

July 1st

1 1

November 1st 4 |

August 1st .

• 2 1

Period I.

December 1st 4 - Period II.

September 1st 3 1

January 1st 4 )

October 1st

4 J

grams.

February 1st . .

March 1st

6 i Period III.

April 2nd

23 j

April 8th

43 j

There are

thus three periods : I., Formation ; II., Rest ;

IIP, Development. So much for preliminaries ; the really
interesting point is the reaction of the buds to forcing by

1 Kjellman, in Nordenskiold’s Six* dun und Forschungen , 1885, pp. 449, 467.

2 Botan : Zeitung, 1877.

14

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

artificially raising the temperature. Thus branches put into a
warm room at the end of October showed absolutely no tendency
to develope. In December, however, they could be forced, and
as time went on they proved to be more and more amenable to
the effect of a rise in temperature. In other words, the invisible
process of preparing for the spring was automatically proceeding.
The following figures give the number of days of forcing needed
at various dates to make cherry branches flower : —

My object in discussing this case is to show that the
effect of temperature on plant-development is not a simple
problem. The most picturesque association with what is known
as the science of Phrenology (i.e. the lore of the appearance of
flowers) is its practical connection with ancient agricultural
maxims. Blomefield puts the thing very clearly 1 : " The
middle of March may be in the long run the most suitable time
for sowing various kinds of grain,” but the husbandman may
easily go wrong in this or other operations if he sticks to a
fixed date. But if he knows that the conditions necessary for
his purpose are also necessary for the flowering of some familiar
herb, he will be safer in waiting for his guide to show itself than
in going by dates. Wrongly or rightly, this assumption has
been commonly followed.

Stillingfleet quotes from Aristophanes that “ the crane points
out the time of sowing ” and “ the kite when it is time to shear
your sheep.” An old Swedish proverb tells us that “ when you
see the white wagtail you may turn your sheep into the field,
and when you see the wheatear you may sow your grain.”
I have come across an English proverb : “ When the sloe tree
is as white as a sheet, you must sow your barley be it dry or

December 14th
January 10th
February 2nd
March 2nd

. 27 days.

. 18
• 17

March nth
March 23rd . .
April 3rd

1 A Naturalist’s Calendar, p. xii.

VOL. XX. (i)

FLOWERING OF PLANTS

IS

wet.” Miss Jekyll in her book Old West Surrey, speaking of the
wryneck, quotes : “ When we hears that, we very soon thinks
about rining (barking) the oaks.”

There is something delightfully picturesque in the thought
of man thus helped and guided in some of his most vital opera-
tions by the proceedings of the world of plants and animals, to
whom that hard task-master Natural Selection has taught so
much.

I have gone through Blomefield’s Calendar, recording for
each species the number of days between the earliest and
latest known dates of flowering. Thus the Mezereon did not
flower earlier than January nth or later than February 2nd ;
this means that the date of flowering may, as far as we know,
vary to the extent of twenty-three days.

If we look at the recorded dates for all flowers appearing in
February, we find great irregularity. Thus Daphne laureola
has a range of 22 days, whereas for Vinca minor the figure is
114. The average for February is 75.6, that for March is 55.6,
for May 29.5, July 29.6. These figures suggest that the range
of dates of flowering diminishes as the temperature becomes less
variable. But the variation in summer temperature, though
small relatively to the same factor in the cold months, may
nevertheless be sufficient to affect the flowering habit. But
there must be many factors in the problem of which we know
nothing. It is a curious little fact that the summer range
should be roughly one month.

Let us now consider my observations for 1917 as compared
with Blomefield’s record of the mean date of flowering of the
same species.

The most striking feature occurs at the beginning of April,
when Blomefield’s observations are on the whole markedly
earlier than my record of corresponding facts. Of those noted
by me as flowering in April, one should have flowered in January,
four in February, five in March, six considerably earlier in April,
and two slightly earlier in that month.

In May Blomefield’s dates are still mainly earlier than mine,
in spite of the fact that in this month the temperature was above
the normal. In June, on the whole (though with much

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1 6

1918

variability) his dates do not seriously differ from mine. In the
first three weeks of June the temperature was above the normal.
In July, except at the beginning and end of the month, my
observations are clearly later in date than Blomefield’s, and
during rather more than half of July the temperature was below
the normal. On the whole, and in spite of many doubtful
points, the difference between my results and Blomefield’s
seems to me to be related to the curve of temperature, in an
irregular manner it is true, but sufficiently to be worthy of
record. It has been said 1 that Thoreau, the American recluse
and naturalist, knew the look of the country-side so intimately
that had he been miraculously transferred to an unknown time
of year, he would have recognised the season “ within a day or
two from the flowers at his feet.” If this is true, either American
plants are much more business-like than ours (which is as it
should be), or else Thoreau did not test his opinions too severely,
and this seems even more probable.

TABL E.

No.

Name.

Fact

Observed.

F. D.

Blomefield

*

I

Celandine ( Ficaria )

April 1

Feb. 28

2

Blackbird

S§

, , 2

„ 19

3

Bramble

L

,, 2

Mar. 25

4

Daisy ( Beilis )

» 4

Jan. 29

5

Wild Rose

L

>. 6

Mar. 15

6

Wild Violet

,, 16

April 16

7

Lamium purpureum

» 17

Feb. 19

8

Willow

„ 19

Mar. 19

9

Elder

L

,, 21

Feb. 13

10

Raspberry

L

,» 21

April 2

11

Hazel

L

,, 21

„ 2

12

Caltha

„ 22

Mar. 5

13

Chiff-chaff

S

,, 22

April 7

14

Humble Bee

„ 22

Mar. 17

1 The Times Literary Supplement, January 12th, 191 7, p. 326.

Notes.

* This column gives Blomefield’s mean dates.

§ S is the date on which the song was first heard.
L is the date of leafing
N that of nesting.

The other entries are the dates of flowering.

VOL. XX. (i)

FLOWERING OF PLANTS

J 7

No.

Name.

Fact

Observed.

F. D.

Blomefield

*5

Cuckoo

s

April 23

April 29

16

Dandelion

» 25

Feb. 21

17

Martin

N

May 1 '

May 3

18

Lady’s Smock

>> 2

April 19

19

Nepeta glechoma

,, 2

Mar. 30

20

Blackthorn

» 3

April 4

21

Ash

.. 3

April 11

22

Cowslip

.. 3

April 1

23

Beech

L

.» 4

April 25

23a

Pedicularis sylvatica

„ 6

24

Pear

„ 6

April 13

25

Sycamore

„ 6

.. 29

26

Bugle (Ajuga) . .

» 7

May 3

27

Oak

L

» 7

* y 5

28

Lamium album

„ 10

Mar. 13

29

Ranunculus auricomus* . .

„ 10

,, 21

30

Nightingale

S

„ 10

April 21

31

Arum

.

,, 10

May 1

32

Blue Bell ( Scilla )

,, 11

32a

Stellaria holostea

,, 11

33

Lamium galeobdelon

,, 11

May 13

34

Plantago lanceolata

,, 12

April 27

35

Red Clover

,, 12

May 8

35a

Vida sepium

» 12

36

Myosotis arvensis

.. 12

May 18

37

Geranium robertianum

I ,, 12

» 7

38

Veronica chamcedrys

,, 12

April 28

39

Ash

L

„ J3

May 3

40

Ranunculus bulbosus

.. 13

April 24

4i

Alliaria

M 14

,, 22

42

Asperula odorata

» *5

May 1

43

Ranunculus acris* . .

» 16

„ 2

44

Allium ursinum

„ 16

45

Orchis mascula

„ 16

,, 26

46

Wistaria

.. 17

47

White Thom

„ 18

.. 7

IS PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1918

No.

Name.

Fact

Dbserv'Ed.

F. D.

Blomefield

48

Chcerophyllum silvestre . .

May 18

April 18

49

Alchemilla vulgaris . .

„ 21

5°

Car ex pendula f

„ 22

51

Orchis morio

.. 23

May 12

52

Geum urbanum

,, 28

>. 25

53

Rubus ccesius

,, 28

,, 28

54

Sorrel

„ 29

>. 27

55

Veronica beccabunga

„ 29

25

56

Dog Daisy

30

>. 25

57

Stachys sylvatica

„ 30

June 11

58

Rhinanthus cristagalli

.. 3i

May 30

59

Lychnis flos-cuculi . .

>. 3i

.. 19

60

Leoniodon hispidus . .

|

•

.. 3i

61

Ranunculus arvensis

June 3

May 30

62

Vicia saliva

.. 3

June 8

63

Snowberry

.. 4

>> ^

64

Galium aparine

.. 4

May 29

66

Urtica dioica (male) . .

>> 5

J une 6

67

Plantago media

„ 6

May 27

68

Cornus sanguinea

„ 6

June 9

69

Tamus communis

„ 6

7

70

Euonymus europceus

6

7i

Solanum dulcamara

„ 6

13

72

Scrophularia nodosa

.. 7

75

Polygonum bistorta . .

„ 8

May 25

76

Linum catharticum . .

„ 8

June 7

77

Lathyrus pratensis . .

„ 8

„ 23

78

Poterium sanguisorba

„ 8

May 12

79

Bryonia dioica

” ^

„ 28

80

Garden Honeysuckle

>. 9

81

Dactylis glomerata . .

,, 10

June 7

82

Rumex obtusifolium . .

,, 10

23

83

Elder

„ 10

May 31

84

Horse Radish

„ 11

85

Wild Rose

„ 11

June 16

86

Quaking Grass

„ 11

.. 15

VOL. XX. (i)

FLOWERING OF PLANTS

No.

Name.

Fact

Observed.

F. D.

Blomefiei.d

87

Orchis maculata

May

11

June 6

88

Matricaria camomilla

y >

12 ’

,, 16

89

H elianthemum vulgare

y >

12

May 27

90

Wild Thyme

i f

12

June 9

9i

Milkwort

y )

12

May 15

92

Linaria cymballaria

» f

12

93

Groundsel

> y

12

94

Epilobium montanum

> )

12

July 2

95

Tway Blade

June

12

May 17

96

Trifolium repens

y )

13

23

97

Carduus palustris . .

y )

14

June 21

98

Genista tinctoria

y t

14

99

Centaur ea nigra

t >

17

„ 20

100

Chrysanthemum prcealtum

1 1

1 7

IOI

Privet

y t

17

„ 26

102

Meadow Sweet

y >

17

„ 30

103

Potentilla reptans

y >

18

15

104

(Enanthe crocata

y y

18

105

Galium mollugo

y y

18

15

106

Convolvulus arvensis

y y

18

» 9

108

Lapsana communis . .

y y

18

23

109

Papaver rheas

y y

21

.. 4

no

Centaurea scabiosa . .

y y

21

July 3

III

Orchis pyramidalis . .

y y

21

1 > 1

112

Malva moschata

y y

21

113

Galium verum

y y

21

.» 5

114

Sow-thistle

y y

21

June 16

115

Blackberry

y y

22

„ 30

Il6

Potentilla tormentilla

25

May 16

11 7

Orchis latifolia

y y

25

» 31

118

Enchanter’s Nightshade . .

ry

26

June 24

119

Cirsium arvense

y y

27

July 6

120

Agrimonia eupatoria

y y

27

„ 8

121

Convolvulus sepium

t f

27

June 28

122

Hypericum hirsutum

y y

27

14

20

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

191S

No.

Name.

Fact

Observed.

F. D.

Blomefield

123

Ononis arvensis

July 1

July 2

124

Scabiosa arvensis

„ 1

125

Lime Tree

„ 2

„ 2

126

Onobrychis sativa

>, 3

June 8

127

Lysimachia nummularia

», 5

July 5

128

Campanula rotundifolia . .

> 3 6

,, 1

129

Calamintha clinopodium

„ 6

„ 12

130

V erbascum nigrum . .

>. 7

„ 4

131

Achillea millefolium

» 7

June 29

132

Scabiosa columbaria

» 7

„ 20

133

Carduus acaulis

.. 7

July 6

134

Wild Parsnip

>> 7

June 16

135

Clematis vitalba

„ 10

July 14

136

Bee Orchis

„ 11

June 19

137

Anthyllis vulneraria . .

„ 11

„ 14

138

Stachys betonica

„ 11

139

Wild Carrot

„ 11

„ 20

140

Sedum album

„ 11

141

Senecio jacobcza

„ 11

July 20

142

Parietaria officinalis

„ 12

June 19

143

Plantago major

» 13

„ 28

145

Campanula trachelium . .

1 7

July 12

146

Origanum vulgare

>. 17

„ 8

147

Bartsia odontites

i7

„ 20

148

Mthusa cynapium . .

>. 1 7

„ 20

149

Helosciadium nodiflorum

,, 18

„ 16

150

Burdock

,, 19

„ 22

151

Verbena officinalis . .

„ 25

„ 12

152

Reseda luteola

27

June 13

153

Inula dysenterica

» 29

July 24

154

Centranthus ruber . .

„ 29

June 5

157

Euphrasia officinalis

Aug. 3

158

Inula conyza

3

159

Mentha aquatica

„ 8

160

Habenaria viridis

„ 11

VOL. XX. (i)

LATE CELTIC FINDS OF 1879

21

THE CRICKLEY HILL (BIRDLIP) LATE CELTIC
FINDS OF 1879.

BY

ST. CLAIR BADDELEY, President.

(Read November 19th, 1918.)

“ Look on its broken arch, its ruined wall,

Its chambers desolate, and portals foul :

Yes, this was once Ambition’s airy hall.

The Dome of Thought, the Palace of the Sold :

Behold through each lack-lustre, eyeless hole,

The gay recess of Wisdom and of Wit
And Passion s host, that never brooked control :

Can all Saint, Sage, or Sophist ever writ.

People this lonely tower, this tenement refit ? ”

Byron.

Partly owing to the great advance made in our information
as to early races in Britain and their burial customs, and partly
to the fact that imperfect, as well as too-long-delayed, reporting,
at the time, has somewhat obscured the subject of this par-
ticularly valuable find, and lastly to the deplorable separation
of the human remains found from the furniture of the interment
(the former remaining in Cheltenham and the latter ultimately
despatched to Gloucester) — the need for re-writing funda-
mentally the subject-matter has long pressed itself upon me.
Even so recent an authority on Romano-British and other
ancient remains as Mr. Rice Holmes, 1 has had to complain of
the dearth of detailed information about this Gloucestershire
find of bronze ornaments.

My attention at last became pointed to the fact that the
uncommonly beautiful skull (PI. I.) of the lady found, together
with her ornaments, at Birdlip, has, at last, reappeared in the
Cheltenham Museum, at first somewhat misdescribed on the

1 Ancient Britain, 1907, p. 435, a.i.

vol. xx. (i) LATE CELTIC FINDS OF 1879 23

label (but now correctly re-labelled) as Romano-British from
Bircllip, having formed part of the possessions of the late
Mr. Sawyer. It would seem that the latter gentleman received
it long years ago from Dr. Cook, formerly of that town (cf.
Cheltenham Examiner, November 7th, 1883), together with a
damaged skull from a totally different, and later, interment,
found in the latter year. The last-mentioned skull was then
found at a distance of only some twenty or more yards from the
former one, but lying in a shallow grave, and at a very different
level, moreover, accompanied bv iron objects and the bronze
bucculce, or bronze check-pieces of a Roman helmet. The main
corroborative evidence of the identity of the larger skull with
that described in the 1879 find, besides Mr. Sawyer’s description
of it, lies in the exceptional preservation thereof (as remarked at
the time of discovery), but also in the peculiar blue stain, due
to contact with a bronze object, occurring upon the left frontal
bone, about two inches above the occiput. De facto, the
bronze bowl at the time of the discovery was found lying
actually on the face of this skull, where, no doubt, it had been
placed at burial.

The teeth of the lower jaw are actually complete, while
eight of them are now missing from the upper. They are of
exceptional whiteness, and bear no traces of decay or abscess,
though all are distinctly ground-down, in part due, perhaps, to
a practice of eating hard foods, or, of permitting more sand
than we should tolerate to mix with their eatables, and in part
to advancing years. The ossification of the coronal and sagittal
sutures is so complete that these are in places barely traceable.
We may incline, therefore, to the conclusion that the individual
was an elderly lady, and a personage of no small importance.
We may also infer that the two male skeletons found buried in
a line with her need not have been (as then surmised) her
husbands, or slaves, but quite possibly were her father and her
son — the one at her head, and the latter at her feet. All lay
(G. B. Witts) in one direct east-to-west line, 1 and were enclosed
and protected by several thin slabs of white-washed stone
forming a fence, or extended cist, around them. The length of

1 John Bellows, Trans. Brist. and Gloucs. Arch. Soc., v. 137, says North to South. Cf.
Proceedings Cheltenham Nat. Science Soc., Nov., 1683.

24

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

191S

the female skeleton is recorded as having measured 5 feet 5
inches. The skull is further remarkable for the beauty of the
temporal-bone-mouldings, for the typical brain-capacity, 1 and
the strong-modelled chin-bone, which latter feature may have
possessed plenty of decision, a characteristic of the later
inhabitants of Britain. The following are the measurements
taken by me from the meatus auditorius or ear-cavity : —

Vertical height of skull

hi mm.

Horizontal length

178 mm.

Breadth

132 mm.

Nasion to M.A.

97 mm.

M.A. to base-angle (rear of skull) . .

90 mm.

M.A. to Alveolar

104 mm.

Alveolar to Nasion

63 mm.

Length from M.A. to prominent point

1 13 mm.

Length of profile (lower jaw)

90 mm.

Height of lowrer jaw (to teeth)

30 mm.

This shows the skull to be just within the Dolico-cephalic limit
of 75, of which type it is a fine representative.

The larger of the two bowls, of finely-hammered bronze,
which was found lying upon the face of the lady, and which has
left its blue stain on the temporal bone (1) has a diameter of
195 mm. without counting the two lathe-turned rims ; which
measure 10 mm. apiece. The gross total width of bowl, at upper
circumference, therefore, is 215 mm. In its central bod}' the
bowl, however, projects 12 mm. still more, giving it a very
graceful profile. The total depth of the vessel is (exterior)
87 mm. ; the depth of neck being 12 mm., and from neck to
base 75 mm.

The rounded inner portion of the top or upper member, has
two lines and hollows for a moulding. Then follow two outer
lines. This member, as a whole,— 4 mm.

There is a small oblong hole in the neck, presumably for the
single side-handle, now wanting. This probably was of
decorated metal.

The second, or smaller bowl, is similar in type and make,
though far from as perfect in preservation as its fellow ; and

1 Index, 74.18 (Width of skull, 132 ; length, 178).

VOL. XX. (l)

LATE CELTIC FIXDS OF 1879

25

it may have suffered more from use already when it became
interred as part of the funeral furniture. It is likewise of
hammered bronze, has a height (or depth) of 50 mm. and a
diameter of 102 mm. The top and neck being proportionately
shorter than in its companion (width 7 mm. apiece). It bears
a plain raised moulding running externally below the neck,
and a simple line ornament along the top. The imperfect
handle or carrier of this bowl (45 mm. in width) has been
mis-described as a “ key.”

The Fibula or Brooch is of a very uncommon type, and it
belongs to that known in Celtic Gaul as “ a masque hmnain,”
some examples of which hitherto have come from the Rhine
Provinces. It is probably no older that the rest of the finds.
It may be described as of silver-gilt, chased and moulded ;
having a bi-lateral coil, or spiral spring ; an open-work, or
pierced, foot-plate ; while its more special peculiarity consists
in having attached to the bow, and rising from a moulding, a
small hook. It measures 60 mm. in length, and in width
1 7 mm. This appendage is not functional, but purely decora-
tive, and has occurred in Hungarian examples assigned to the
first century a.d.

The Knife and Handle, the blade of which has perished
(and was of iron), has a length of 63 mm. and the form of a
conventional chamois-head, the horns being tipped with balls
( bouletees ) in the manner we use to cows’ horns ; and probably
this does represent the usage in regard to pet animals by early,
but civilised, tribes. The eye sockets once had jewels, or
perhaps glass. Examples resembling it have occurred at
Heppenheim (cf. Dechellette, p. 1364). Cows’ heads in bronze
found at Aube and Isere illustrate this same treatment. The
small triangular object, not understood at the date of the
discovery, is the handle or top of that useful article, a
“ scratcher.” Ancient tribal-life was naturally just as subject
to verminous conditions as it is to-day. One recalls the bitter
experiences of the English Court and Royal Family of
Charles II. during the magnificent embassy paid it from the
Tzar Alexis. After the first day no one there could keep still.
And yet withal such a glorious display of jewels, costly furs and

2(5 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 191S

silks as was never before seen in Britain. Total length 25 mm.
(ring 10 mm.)

The Tweezers (another toilet and personal instrument) are
imperfect, one limb having disappeared. Length 65 mm.

There are four bronze finger rings of varying sizes (1.40,
2.35, 3.25, 4.26 cm. diameter), showing that they were worn
on different fingers, and no doubt these also were gilded.
Bronze, therefore, was still very precious at the date in question.
There is no doubt that bronze occurs far more frequently in
the tribes of Southern Britain, and especially S.E. near the
Continent.

We now come to the famous Necklet, which again greatly
resembles certain necklets in the St. Germain Museum, near
Paris ; and which came from Gaulish cemeteries of the Marne,
and from Ciry-Salsogne on the Aisne, and at least one found
in Wiltshire.

The discs, or beads, of which it is composed vary greatly
in size ; observing an uncertain graduation, the largest or
central discs attaining as much as 50 mm. by 20 in thickness.

Seventeen of these are of red Sicilian amber, probably
derived from the slopes of Etna, while only two very small
ones are of Baltic pale amber. Two (also very small ones)
are of greenish glass and seem scarcely belonging to this necklet.
There are besides two large jet ones and one of grey marble,
probably Purbeck.

From what has come to my knowledge since the days of the
find, I should be inclined to believe that the whole of the
objects then found is not yet complete. This, of course, may
well be the case. For we are told that Joseph Barnfield, the
quarryman and trader, carried some of the objects about on
his person for months after he had found them, before disposing
of them to the Gloucester Museum. In 1902 several interesting
vitreous patterned beads and one of amber (since polished) were
brought to Hayles by another Barnfield, who had also obtained
them from Birdlip. These he offered with some recent coins,
of no account, for a trifle to the late Miss Edwards, the church-
warden, who then lived there ; and by my advice they were
secured. On submitting them to scrutiny, it was possible to

"VOL. XX. (i)

LATE CELTIC FINDS OF 1879

27

pronounce these also to be late Celtic, and they closely resemble
examples found likewise in the Aisne and Marne collections.
Hence (and having good reason to suspect that these probably
belonged to the same find at Birdlip) , I have the great pleasure
of handing them over now to the case in Gloucester Museum.
They have evidently formed part of another and smaller necklet
of Celtic Beads, and again they illustrate the close intercourse
maintained during the first century with the Continent.

We now' come to the Capolavoro of the find, namely the
Bronze Mirror belonging to the Lady ; weighing 38J oz. and
having a circular (oval) disc. This is engraved upon its reverse
with typical divergent floral scroll-work, having a basket-
pattern filling, or ground-work, heightened by dark-red enamel
spots distributed in symmetrical couples. It measures 273
by 250 mm., and is bound in by a hollow or tubular rounded
rim (10 mm.) gradually swelling from the outward circumference
to the handle. Ring-and-dot punching occurs freely.
Basketry was a speciality of the British. The length of the
twisted solid bronze handle measures 190 mm. It consists of
three sections, and it is riveted to the disc very neatly, finishing
there in trumpet-formed twin terminals. Above these, and
forming a section of ornament (to set off the proportion of the
ring to the handle), occur twro small inverted trumpet-designs,
with interspaces decorated with three couples of enamelled
circles. The entire rim is not here, one section having been
lost ; but our mirror still remains the finest of the four examples
of its Period known to us. The fourth of these came to light
in 1908 in the ironstone quarry at Desborough (Northampton-
shire) ; the other twro having occurred in Lancashire and at
St. Keverne, Cornwall. The Birdlip Mirror, if not quite so
complete, is slightly more elaborate and interesting than the
Desborough example. 1

This Period of late Celtic Art has been identified pretty
securely as coinciding with the early and middle years of the
first century ; it belongs to the last' period of La Tene Art.
We may therefore conclude that this Lady with the beautiful
skull and teeth, and the remains of those found belonging to,

Compare illustrations in Archcsologia, lxi, pp. 330, 338.

2S PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1918

and buried with her, were highly important personages of the
local tribal-centre of the Dobuni at Corinium, who we know
were among those Celtic tribes (if not Belgic) which used both
gold and silver coinage. It is greatly to be regretted that no
expert Archaeologist was present to examine, and hand down
to us, the entirely-lacking details respecting the two male
skeletons, their measurements, and any ornaments that
accompanied these. It is not likely that their weapons were
not traceable in so well-preserved an interment, which we are
told the rain or surface-water had never penetrated. The
probabilities, it will be understood, point to the burial-place
having been purposely selected or appropriated by a leading,
probably the leading, family of the neighbouring tribal capital
Corinium. There is no need to connect it either with battle
or with the far earlier camp on Crickley Hill. To overlook
the fairest possession owned by the Dobuni, namely the Vale
of Severn, constituted a sufficient reason for the choice of
locality. The non-cremation interment is not a sufficient proof
that the Dobunic Tribe was non-Belgic.

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

29

MINERAL WATERS IN AND NEAR GLOUCESTER,
WITH SOME SUGGESTIONS AS TO HOW THE
IMPORTANT CONSTITUENTS HAVE BEEN FORMED.

BY

GEORGE EMBREY, F.I.C.

(Read March 19th, 1918.)

Some explanation may be advisable as to why I have
selected a study of the Mineral Waters in and near Gloucester
as the title of a paper to be read before the Members of the
Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. There are portions of it
which might better have been submitted to a society of chemists,
yet as they all refer to a locality limited in extent, it seemed
advisable to deal with it where it would be best understood.

The observations and inferences which I propose to place
before you have been collected from many thousands of analyses
made during the past forty-four years, and as the character of
the water derived from the earth is entirely controlled by the
nature of the rocks through which it has passed, there can be
no impropriety in placing the results before the Members of
this Club.

What is meant by a mineral water ? All natural waters
contain mineral matter, and it may be supposed that the
quantity of this would be a guide in deciding as to whether
they are entitled to such a designation.

The surface waters of this district vary considerably. The
total solid matter may be anything between 20 and 200 grains
per gallon, the surface waters running over the Middle Lias
vary in mineral contents between 20 and 40 grains per gallon,
while that from wells sunk in the Lower Lias clays may contain

30 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1918

from 100 to 3,000 grains per gallon, and it is a consideration
of these facts which will occupy our thoughts this afternoon.

The term Mineral Waters is by no means a suitable one,
it would be far better to describe them as Medicinal Waters,
and this being so it will be advisable to consider what are the
curative substances present.

Until quite recently the amount of common salt present
was the deciding factor in estimating the value of a mineral
water, but this practice has been abandoned, and now its
absence, or its smaller quantities, is looked upon as a merit.
Yet this attitude is not altogether right, as common salt is
always accompanied by traces of Bromides and Iodides, both
of which are considered as having curative properties.

The following salts have generally been assumed to have
some medicinal value : —

The Sulphates of Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Ammo-
nium, and Lithium.

Carbonates of Sodium, Magnesium, Lithium, and Iron.

Bromides and Iodides of Potassium, Sodium, and
Ammonium.

Chlorides of Lithium and Magnesium.

Sulphuretted Hydrogen and 'Radioactive bodies.

As to which of these is most valuable I cannot undertake to
say. I have had the advantage of hearing the opinions of
medical experts at Cheltenham, Bath, Llandrindod, and
elsewhere, and for more than twenty years have been employed
both at Llandrindod Wells and Llanhurtid in advising as to
the composition of the water. The impressions I have received
are as follows : —

Sodium sulphate and sulphuretted hydrogen are most
important, and as the former salt is decomposed in the intestines,
yielding sulphuretted hydrogen, it may be that this gas is the
real curative agent.

The Magnesium salts, both sulphate and carbonate, are well-
known medicines.

Iron salts are regarded as tonics.

Lithium is thought to be specific for uric acid troubles.

Iodides and bromides are beneficial in the cure of eczema.

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

3i

There is an impression among medical men that artificial
waters containing the bodies enumerated above are far less
potent as curative agents than the natural waters, and if
this be so, the practice at some Spas of boiling down to con-
centrate seems unwise. Some light may be thrown upon this
subject by the discovery of numerous radioactive bodies loosely
referred to as Radium. These were first proved to exist in the
waters at Bath, but within a few months of this discovery I
was requested by a client at Llandrindod Wells to examine the
waters on the Rock Park Estate. I had special plant erected
and operated on 500 gallons of water, from which I obtained
enough radioactive matter to impress a photographic plate
through a piece of cardboard one-sixteenth of an inch tlfick.
On my return to Gloucester I operated on our spa wraters,
and established the fact that they also contained radioactive
matter.

Possibly the superiority of natural medicinal waters over
those artificially prepared is due to their containing this
mysterious radioactive matter. It may help us if we examine
the composition of some typical medicinal waters, and I select
for this purpose turo at Llandrindod Wells. (Table I.)

I am not responsible for the names given to them, these
were fixed by the proprietor of the Wells.

We first notice the comparatively small amount of salt
which is a characteristic of the best waters in this district.
The presence of calcium salts is injurious, but this is com-
pensated for by the Lithium, Thallium, and Magnesium.

As to the Gloucester Spa wraters, I may mention that I
have made analyses of these, and select those of 1905 as fairly
representing their composition, which varies very much owing
to dilution with wrater from the superficial beds. (Table II.)
A glance at these will show the presence of bodies having
therapeutic value, notably Sodium and Magnesium Sulphates,
Magnesium Carbonate, Iron Salts, and Sulphuretted Hydrogen.

Nine 3-ears afterwards, in 1914, I again made an anal)-sis
of No. 2, and give the results in Table III.

The enormous increase in common salt is very striking,
there is also a diminution in the Sodium Sulphate. These are

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

the waters for which at one time Gloucester hoped to become
famous as a residential city for invalids, or rather for people
who fancied they were such ; and had suitable steps been taken
to encourage the use of them, there was no reason why such
hopes should not have been realised ; but the wealth brought to
the city by the ship canal had more attraction than that from
invalids residing here, and so the spa became neglected.

In 1874 I was asked by the late John Bellows to examine
a well in the cellar of the Shakespeare Inn, Northgate Street,
and found that it had a temperature of 90 degrees Fahr. This
was turned into the sewers a few years later. (Table III.)

A very striking instance of high mineralisation in a local
water was that from an excavation made at Hempstead in
1874. At a depth of only 20 feet a spring was discovered
containing 3,260 grains of common salt per gallon, nearly
7! ounces.

The Members of the Club are no doubt aware of the fact
that the greater part of this district is shown on the Ordnance
Survey Maps as Lower Lias, but in our Proceedings will be
found papers showing this is overlaid by deposits of a much
later period, and these vary greatly in thickness, from a few
feet to as much as 35 feet. These deposits were examined by
Mr. W. C. Lucy and shown to be variable in character, con-
sisting of decayed Forest Beds, clays, sands and gravels. The
extent of the Forest Bed is very considerable, and it is met
with at Sharpness, Frampton, and Gloucester. In 1874 I found
it myself at a depth of 12 feet in Howard Street, Gloucester,
and it has since been discovered in other parts of the city.

In connection with these superficial deposits, I may here ,
refer to a boring made in 1874 on the Town Ham, Gloucester.
(Table IV.)

The boring was carried to a depth of 35 feet, and here was
found a bed of pebbles, mostly quartz containing some frag-
ments of melaphyre identical in composition with the Clee Hill
stone. Most of these were forwarded to Mr. Lucy, but I was
so struck with the presence of some pieces of a basaltic rock
that I kept a fragment, and ground and polished it so that I
could make out its structure with certainty.

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

33

When the water was pumped up the solids were found to
be in the folio wing proportions : Mineral matter, 75 per cent. ;
Organic matter, 25 per cent. The water was clear when first
brought to the surface, but in about half an hour a cloudiness
began to appear, white at first but gradually becoming red.
At the end of three or four hours this subsided as a dark red
mud which had the following composition : Iron Oxide, 2.1
grains per gallon ; Iron Carbonate, 2.8 grains per gallon. The
filtered water had the composition shown in Table IV.

The object of this boring was to discover if wells near the
city could yield suitable waters for drinking purposes.

As to the changes already indicated. I find that in my
report to the Corporation of Gloucester I say : —

“ The following explanation of the behaviour of this water
may be offered. At a depth of 35 feet the pressure of the soil
and air is sufficient to enable the water to hold in solution a
considerable amount of carbonic acid, and this in its turn keeps
the protocarbonate of iron in solution ; on the removal of the
pressure, and on exposure to the air the carbonic acid escapes
and the Ferrous carbonate precipitates, which explains the
cloudiness of the water on standing, oxygen is then absorbed
and the precipitate becomes red.”

In 1898 I examined some water from Badgeworth from a
well 20 feet deep, having the same characters as that from the
Town Ham, Gloucester, behaving in exactly the same manner
on exposure, and containing the same excess of organic matter.

We may now inquire from which beds come the medicinal
waters, the Lias or the superficial deposits. I may answer,
from both ; but more especially from the Lower Lias.

If it be desired to obtain potable waters fit for domestic
use, it is advisable to avoid sinking a well into the Lower Lias,
as in every case in which I have been consulted as soon as the
Lower Lias is entered a strongly mineralised water has been
obtained quite unfit for domestic use.

This is well illustrated by an attempt to secure a site for
an Infectious Diseases Hospital for Gloucester. An otherwise
desirable spot w’as selected, but before purchasing it a boring
was made and the Lowrer Lias entered. I believe an abundant

3

34 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 191&

supply of water was found, but as I could have predicted, it
was useless for the purpose required, though it might have been
of service if used for a hydropathic institution.

The place to which I refer is Down Hatherley. Table V.
illustrates my point.

In ( a ) we have a dirty muddy water containing much clay
suspended in the water, which did not clear for several days,
so that only a partial analysis was made ; in ( b ) we had clear
water, but as you see it contained more than an ounce and a
half of mineral matter, and nearly half an ounce of salt per
gallon, but as much sulphate of soda as is found in the best
saline waters and also a very notable quantity of sodium
carbonate. About this time a generous lady, knowing the
difficulty of obtaining good water in the village, kindly under-
took to provide a well for the use of her neighbours, and this
unfortunately contained 166 grains per gallon of mineral
matter, 52 of which were common salt and 20 of sodium
sulphate. (Table V.)

Concerning this question of sodium sulphate, which is
probably the most important curative substance present in
mineral waters, I would point out that the sulphuric acid may
be divided between the sodium, magnesium and calcium,
forming respectively Glaubers salt, Epsom salt, and Gypsum.
It should be noted that the last (Gypsum) being the least
soluble, will have the first claim on the sulphuric acid, in
obedience to a well-known chemical law, that “ whenever the
materials requii'ed to form an insoluble salt are present, that
salt will be first formed,” and thus the calcium will be a first
charge on the sulphuric acid, and as this is not only a useless
body but positively injurious, it may interest you if I give a
method by which the objectionable lime may be got rid of and
tire valuable sodium sulphate substituted.

In the year 1890 I examined the water from a well at
Ashle worth which had the composition shown in Table VI.
We see that it has valuable salts in small amounts but the
objectionable Gypsum in excess. If such water be suitably
treated the Gypsum may be got rid of and Glaubers salt formed.
The method is extremely simple.

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

35

If a solution of common washing soda be added to water
containing an excess of Gypsum, the carbonic acid previously
united to the sodium will unite with the calcium, forming chalk
which will subside in about twelve hours, and the sulphuric
acid previously combined with the calcium will pass to the
sodium, forming the valuable sodium sulphate, so that in this
Ashleworth water the 133.5 parts of Gypsum will be replaced
by 139.3 parts of sodium sulphate.

As calcium sulphate is the chief substance forming
permanent hardness in water, I have frequently advised this
method of softening, and it has been carried out with success
in many parts of this county during the past twenty or thirty
years.

In 1904 a client, who had suffered for many years from
uric acid troubles (which his medical adviser considered wrere
aggravated as a consequence of his drinking a pint of wTater
each morning before breakfast), submitted a sample of this
water to me for analysis. Its composition agreed closely with
the Ashleworth sample mentioned. I advised softening with
soda, and in a few weeks the uric acid troubles ceased, his general
health improved, and quite recently he passed to rest, having
lived considerably more than ninety years.

Let us now see the composition of a few surface wraters
collected within the City of Gloucester having characters
entitling them to be ranked with mineral waters. Those in
Table VII. wrere drawm from wells from 14 to 20 feet in depth,
which of course were sunk in the recent deposits resting on the
Lias clay, not deep enough to receive matter from the Lias.
Magnesium sulphate occurs in two of them, sodium sulphate
in two, and sodium nitrate in one.

In Table VIII. wre have twelve waters from w’ells near the
city, two of which were derived from the surface deposits and
ten from the Lias, most of them contain considerable amounts
of salt and nine of them useful quantities of sodium sulphate.
In Table IX. we have ten waters collected from districts some
little distance from Gloucester, eight from the Lias and two
from the Trias, all of which may have substances possessing
medicinal qualities.

36

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

iyi8

Some interesting results were obtained from an examination
of water taken from a boring at Oxenhall (Newent) in 1894
(Table IX.), the most striking feature of which is the increase
of the sodium chloride as the depth increased. The lower
beds were plugged, and the beds containing the minimum of
salt used for obtaining potable water.

So far I have dealt with water containing sodium chloride
and sulphate. The presence of Iron salts is considered as
conferring tonic properties, and one of this class, the so-called
“ Holy Well ” at Matson, is worth consideration. (Table X.)
The water is derived from the Middle Lias (marlstone series),
and is evidently of great value ; it contains very little salt, a
fair quantity of Magnesium carbonate, and a relatively large
amount of Iron carbonate.

The sides of the trough into which the water flows are covered
with a red deposit, having the composition shown in Table X.

Having dealt with facts, we may now venture into the
region of speculation, and consider some questions of great
interest to geologists. I cannot expect that you will all agree
with my hypotheses (for they do not pretend to be anything
more), but they will at least furnish matter for consideration.
Yet I feel that they are probably true, and in a few cases have
been borne out by observation.

The occurrence of salt presents little difficulty. Being a
very soluble body it easily passes from the rocks into water,
and its amount when large may be taken as a fair estimate,
whether such rocks have a marine or freshwater origin. We
may fairly conclude that the salt has been derived from sea
water, as also have the Iodides and Bromides, but the origin of
the sodium sulphate is a little obscure. No doubt a small
amount may have accompanied the salt in sea water, but the
large amounts frequently met with must have another origin.

I venture to offer the following as a possible explanation

Amongst vertebrate animals common salt in large quantities
is not only tolerated but sought after, and needed. We find
chlorine compounds and even Hydrochloric acid in the juices
needed for digestion, and the chlorine needful to form this has
no doubt been derived from the sodium chloride. Then the

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

37

sodium would be at liberty to unite with sulphuric acid, a
product formed by the oxidation of the sulphuretted hydrogen,
a body usually found in the intestines of most vertebrates. In
this way sodium sulphate would become a waste product and
would accumulate in the soil. As this may seem a little involved
I will state the facts on which I have relied.

First, vertebrate animals use salt ; secondly, salt is decom-
posed in the digestive processes ; thirdly, sulphuretted hydrogen
or other sulphur compounds are plentiful in the intestines, and
my inference is that the oxidised sulphur compounds form
sodium sulphate with the liberated soda from the common salt.

If my suggestion be accepted, then the amount of sodium
sulphate may give some indication of life existing during the
formation of the rocks.

As to the calcium sulphate (Gypsum), this presents no
difficulty, as wre can watch its formation at the present time.

On the black shales at the Garden Cliff, Westbury, may be
seen numerous star-shaped masses of white crystals consisting
of Gypsum, and their mode of formation may be easily observed.
Many of the beds contain abundance of Iron pyrites (Sulphide
of Iron), and these on exposure to air and wrater oxidise, forming
Oxide of Iron and Sulphuric Acid. This acid, passing through
limestone, decomposes the carbonate of lime, forming with it
the calcium sulphate. The solution then dries on the shale,
and the crystal masses to which I have referred above are
formed.

The origin of the Iron is quite understandable. It is partly
derived from the bodies of animals during decomposition, and
also by the gases given off uniting with the iron in the rocks.
The strongest Chalybeate waters in this district are derived
from the Marlstone and from the recent deposits covering the
Lowrer Lias.

The traces of Iodides and Bromides have the same origin
as the Sodium Chloride wffiich they accompany.

. Whence come the Lithium and Thallium ? I know not.

As to the radioactive matter, it is too little known to permit
of even a wild guess.

The only gas of importance for which I have to account is

38

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

Sulphuretted Hydrogen, and the origin of this will vary in
different localities.

At Llandrindod Wells I think I am in a position to say
how it originates.

On the high ground surrounding the town a vein of Galena
(Sulphide of Lead) exists, and under the influence of air and
moisture oxidises, the exposed fragments being covered with
Lead Oxide. The sulphur combining with the hydrogen of the
water yields the gas which is dissolved and carried through
fissures of the rocks into the Wells.

It maybe asked, Does the water become polluted with the
Lead ? No, it does not, nor cannot, as a portion of the sulphur
has been oxidised to sulphuric acid and formed the very in-
soluble lead sulphate. In the many analyses I have made of
the waters of this district I have not found a trace of Lead.

The origin of this gas in the waters of this district interests
us most, but I fear its presence cannot be accounted for with
as much certainty as in the case above quoted. I think the
following explanation may be provisionally accepted.

As most of our medicinal waters are derived from the Lias,
a series of beds containing both organic matter and sodium
sulphate, we may conjecture that the sulphate has been reduced
by the organic matter and the sulphuretted hydrogen set free,
or in consequence of the frequency of Iron pyrites a reaction
similar to that at Llandrindod may account for its presence.

I will conclude with a little speculation in the region of
Archaeology, in which a study of some well-water will help to
explain an interesting monument. No doubt you are all
acquainted with a rather picturesque well in the Cloister Garth
at Gloucester. At intervals the late Dean asked me to make
an analysis of the water, but unfortunately I neglected to do
this during his lifetime, so am unable to know why he was so
anxious for this to be done.

With the kind permission of the Archdeacon of Gloucester
I have now obtained a sample and made an analysis (Table XI.).

We see from this that it is a surface well of no great depth,
and could therefore have been of little value as a supply for the
monastery, and yet it was dignified by the somewhat ambitious

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

39

structure surrounding it. From its position it could contain
only the water from the cloister roof and a portion of that from
the nave of the church, an examination of these roofs showing
that ample provision has been made for collecting the water
falling upon them and distributing it on the ground so that it
could find its way into the well.

It seems, therefore, that this well received only the water
from the roofs of the monastic buildings and falling on the
ground within the rectangle formed by the cloisters.

I would suggest that the water from this was only used to
fill the stoups, and the font for baptisms. Neither the amount
collected, nor the quality, would have rendered it of much
value for the domestic purposes of the monastery.

TABLE I.
Llandrindod Wells.

Sodium Chloride . .

Grains per
Radium
Sulphur.
1904.

80.7

gallon.

Lithia

Saline.

1906.
279. 8

Calcium Chloride . .

30.8

73-26

Magnesium Chloride

14-34

14.91

Potassium Chloride

•93

Lithium Chloride . .

•34

3.83

Thallium Chloride

1 .2

Calcium Carbonate

1 .6

—

Lithium Carbonate

—

•57

Silica

.82

.28

Iron Oxide

■ 41

trace

Magnesium Carbonate

2.49

—

Radium Chloride . .

•03

trace

Sulphuretted Hydrogen

GASES.

. . cu. in.

>4-35

trace

TABLE II.

Sample of Water from Well in Pump Room, Spa, Gloucester, 1905.

Grains per gallon.

Sodium Chloride (common salt) . . . . . . 593 . 24

Sodium Sulphate .. .. .. .. .. 45.02

Calcium Sulphate .. .. .. .. .. 20.31

Magnesium Sulphate .. .. .. .. .. 36.23

Magnesium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . 3.6

Oxide of Iron .. .. .. .. .. .. .55

Alumina .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .21

Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03

Dissolved gases, 3.01 cubic inches per gallon.
Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 1 .64 cubic inches per gallon.

4o

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

From Well in Garden at St. Luke’s House, 1904.

Sodium Chloride (common salt)

Sodium Sulphate

Calcium Sulphate

Magnesium Carbonate

Calcium Chloride

Oxide of Iron

Alumina . .

Silica

Grains per gallon.
519. oS
36.21
25.67
4.92
10.5
.89
•3
.84

Dissolved Gases, 1.8 cubic inches per gallon.

Each of the above waters contained traces of Iodine and Bromine.

Water from Tap

TABLE III.
in Pump Room,

Sodium Chloride
Sodium Sulphate
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Sulphate
Magnesium Carbonate . .

Magnesium Sulphate
Oxides of Iron and Alumina
Silica

Sodium Bromide
Sodium Iodide
Well in Cellar at Shakespeare Inn, Xorthgate Street
had a temperature of 90° Fahr.

Spa, Gloucester, 1914.

Grains per gallon.
1238.24
21.5
25 • 59
22.63
3-63
10.23
1.68
i-73
.42

•63

Gloucester, 1874,

Boring at Hempstead, 1875.

Sodium Chloride

Grains per gallon.
3260

TABLE IV.

Boring, Town Ham, Gloucester, March iith, 1891.

Per cent.

Mineral Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Depth of Boring, 35 feet.

Mineral Matter in Suspension contained :

Grains per gallon.

Iron Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

Iron Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8

Mineral Matter in filtered water :

Grains per gallon.

Sodium Chloride .. .. .. .. .. 3.01

Calcium Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . 2.6

Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . 28.66

Magnesium Carbonate .. .. .. .. .. 7-35

Organic Matter, etc. .. .. .. .. .. 11.58

Total Solids.. .. .. 53-20

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

41

TABLE V.

Wells at Down Hatherley, July, 1902.

Bore hole in Meadow 60 feet deep, near Cheltenham Road.

Grains per gallon.

(«) Solids in Solution .. .. .. .. .. 132

Solids in Suspension . . . . . . . . . . 268

Sodium Chloride .. .. .. .. .. 15.2

Bore hole. Woods Farm, Down Hatherley.

(6) Total Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . 195 •

Sodium Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . 96

Sodium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . 42

Depth, 56 feet.

Public Well, Down Hatherley.

(e) Total Solids .. .. .. .. .. .. 166

Sodium Chloride .. .. .. .. .. 52.1

Sodium Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . 20.2

TABLE VI.

Well at “ Foscombfj” Ashleworth, 1890.

Depth of Well, 40 feet.

Grains per gallon.

Sodium Chloride .. .. .. . .. 8.76

Sodium Sulphate .. .. .. .. .. 13.26

Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . 9.5

Calcium Sulphate .. .. .. .. .. 133-3

Magnesium Carbonate .. .. .. .. .. 34-45

Oxides of Iron and Aluminium . . . . . . .7

Iodine and Bromine . . . . . . . . . . traces

Total Solid Matter .. .. 236.6

Sulphuretted Hydrogen . . . . . . . . .1

If the Calcium Sulphate be converted into a Sodium Salt, the amount
would be 127.7 grains of the latter body.

TABLE VII.*

Wells within

the City of

Gloucester.

Quay

St. Mary’s

Northgate

Eastgate

Street.

Street.

Street.

Street.

Total Solid Matter

100.8

61 .0

65 158

1 14 100

Sodium Chloride . .

32-34

9.2

9.4 21.2

28.7 34-3

Sodium Sulphate . .

4.41

—

— 30-0

Magnesium Carbonate

1.76

—

Magnesium Sulphate

8.4

11.24

Sodium Nitrate . .

—

—

20.0

* The results given in Tables VII., VIII., IX. IXa are in grains per gallon.

42

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

TABLE VIII.

Wells near Gloucester.

Innsworth.

Elmbridge

Court.

Wotton. Twigworth. Norton.

Total Solids

270

576

856 200

440

Sodium Chloride . .

113-2

244.2

323-4 20

42

Sodium Sulphate

—

40

— —

24

Sodium Carbonate

—

38

— —

Ouedgeley.

Tuffley.

Sneedhams Green.

Hardwicke

Total Solids

358— 799

296 — 830

0
00

1

00

LO

LO

312

Sodium Chloride . .

48—369

16—183

84 — 192

32

Sodium Sulphate

40—50

30 — 20

50 82

40

TABLE IX.

Wells near Gloucester.

Uckington.

Churchdown. Badgeworth.

Tredington.

Total Solid Matter

202.5

546—204

294.6

5H

Sodium Chloride. .

33*5

10.9 — 8

45-3

72.5

Sodium Sulphate

20

50 — 10

*

52.5

Sodium Nitrate . .

—

77

* This water agreed in

composition with that taken from

well sunk on

the Town Ham, Gloucester,

and was strongly Chalybeate.

Stanley

Newnham.

Frampton. Berkeley.

Taynton.

Park.

Total Solid Matter

162

440 462

144

100

Sodium Chloride . .

35

140 54.5

56.4

25

Sodium Sulphate

25

30 40.0

—

—

Sodium Carbonate

—

20 —

—

—

Sodium Nitrate . .

—

— —

51.2

—

TABLE IXa.
Boring at Newent,

1894.

Depth in feet.

Solids.

Common Salt.

300

160

12.52

350

166

13-17

400

162

I3-I7

450

152

11.85

500

158

12.84

550

184

14.49

600

160

13-17

650

152

13-5

700

152

19. 1

750

140

22.73

800

206

50.84

The solids were almost entirely composed of Gypsum and common salt.

vol. xx. (i) MINERAL WATERS NEAR GLOUCESTER

43

Water from base of Marlstone Series.

Sodium Chloride . .

Calcium Sulphate
Sodium Sulphate
Magnesium Carbonate
Iron Carbonate (Ferrous)

Alumina

Silica

Composition of mud on trough.

Silica (Sand)

Iron Oxide (Ferric)
Organic Matter
Calcium Sulphate . .

TABLE X.

Red Well, Matson.

Grains per gallon.

3-7

36.12

3.65

16.31

3.05

.46

1.4

Per cent.

. . 41.8

27.8
.. 18.7

11. 7

TABLE XI.

Well in Cloister Garth, Gloucester.

Grains per gallon.

Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.12

Calcium Sulphate .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.69

Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . 5.5

Magnesium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . 5.3

Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

Oxides of Iron and Alumina . . . . . . . . 3-78

Sodium Carbonate.. .. .. .. .. .. 10.3

The water contained much organic matter, both in solution and suspension.
Depth of Well . . . . . . . . 16 feet

Height of Parapet
Diameter
Mud at Bottom
Depth of Water

2 feet 4 inches.
2 feet 6 inches.
1 foot.

4 feet.

Well contained approximately 31 gallons.

VOL. XX. (l)

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

-15

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS.

BY

ST. CLAIR BADDELEY, Pre SIDENT.

With all its various beauty of forest-land, Sevem-land and
up-land, it may be doubted whether even highly-endowed
Gloucestershire can discover within her borders a wilder, bolder
or more lovely demesne than this of beautiful Miserden, with its
deep and magnificent combes of rolling beech-land, and its
once castled mound, overlooked as they are by the much-
altered houses of later period, and by the more ancient village
church, 1 2 in which the ladies of the local Breton lords, known
as the Musards, were wont to take their husbands at the altar,
as is shown by, at least, one inquisition that survives. 3 Even
the acquirement (as well as the evolution) of its present name
is entirely out of ordinary rule, the place and Manor in the
Red King’s day was simply known as Green-Hampstead, and
it had then (1086) recently formed part of the vast estate of a
Saxon Thane (probably known as (A.-S.) Earnsige, although
written down by the Norman scribe as Ernesi), and most of
whose estate had recently been passed over to Walter de Laci,
a great Norman noble, one who had held high command in the
Conqueror’s forces of invasion.

This particular Manor (of 2,168 acres), however, became the
reward not of De Laci, but of Hascoit ( i.e . Hascoed) Le
Musarder, 3 i.e. the Muser, or dreamer (a soubriquet) ; and here,

1 Thomas de Cobham, Bishop of Worcester, re-consecrated the Church in October, 1315,
which should mean that it had been desecrated by some violence or other.

2 I.P.M. John Musard, 1271.

3 For this peculiar Norman trick of nick-naming cf. Oil de Larrun=Thief’s-eye : Vis-de-chat :
Cat’s face. Hascoed, in Breton, signifies the wood-cutter.

46

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

191S

in a Norman Castle, crowning this steep mound above the then
great forest over the Severn, for more than two centuries
flourished his descendants, until the dawn of the fourteenth
century saw the extinction of the male line and the estates
passing to Hugh le Dispenser, and then to Edward, Earl of
Kent, by gift of the Crown. 1

Thus, even the last Musard here may still have hunted the
wolf on his property, perhaps roused it in Clymperwell and
killed it in Honeycombe, or up near Winston. There were
728 acres of woodland and but eight of meadow, and no mill.
For as late as 1290 Roger Corbet, the King’s Receiver of
Estate, had license to hunt this animal in Gloucestershire,
wherever he might find it, and there was a wolf-hey and pit at
neighbouring Brimpsfield of the famous Giffards, and another at
Cobberley ; and the large Manor at Painswick 2 hard by still
included miles of oak- and beech-land, out of which its own
castellated Manor House that had descended from Pain Fitz-
John and his De Laci wife to her heirs (and nephews), the
De Monchensi family, 3 * peeped out commandingly beside still
another small Norman Church. There were thus three castled
Norman Manors (besides Bisley and Througham) up in this
wild hunting region, where, by inch and by ell, the various
monks of Gloucester, and the Cirencester and Llanthony Austin-
Canons, were edging their ways to presently very7 extensive
possessions of field, and farm, and buck-holt, with an unerring,
businesslike instinct. But Miserden kept the monasteries more
at bay than did her neighbours.

But though the Giffards, who over-lorded the entire Irmin
Street with their fierce mvrmidons and with their gallows, at
Brimpsfield, presently (to compound for their crimes) kept a
small priory of French monks within that “ bailey,” and the

1 It is perhaps well to recall at this point that Earl Harold’s Manor of Brimpsfield was given
to Osbern Gitfard, who had aided the Conqueror with ships. Wyke (later, Painswick) was given
to De Laci that had been Emesi’s and Green Hampstead, also Emesi’s, went to Hascoit Musard.
Througham and Bisley were bestowed upon Hugh D’Avranches, Earl of Chester. That forms
the main group of local Norman and Breton owners.

2 20,600 acres; then (1086).

3 The De Monchensis held Painswick onwards, until 1313, when it passed to Aymer de Valence

and so to the Talbots,

VOL. XX. (i)

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

47

De Laci made over the Church at Wyck (Painswick) to the
Austin-Canons of Llanthony in Wales — the Miserden lords kept
their local little Church in their own hands, except two-thirds
of the tithes, which they gave to Tewkesbury (before 1150)
with a small pension ; and when they compounded for their
misdeeds they only gave Wyshanger to the Templars at
Ouenington, or parted with rent at Siddington (Over) and at
Chesterton, close to the rich Abbey of Cirencester. The
Canons of the latter were careful to cartularise all such little
increments, which now peep out of the enduring vellum after
the turmoil of the centuries, assuring the student how these
matters stood six or seven hundred years ago. 1

Still, even with such aid as Church documents give, added
to the ancient charters and taxations that survive, it is not
possible to give with truly close detail the history of these
Musards, nor a completely satisfactory pedigree of the
family.

In this county Hascoit Musard was also owner (1086) of a
manor 2 3 4 of six hides in (Over) -Siddington, another (formerly
Ulfwin’s) in Sezincote, of a manor of ten hides in Saint-
bury — he was under-tenant to the King there ; a manor 2
also in Eyford and a manor (also of Emesi’s) in Aston
(Somerville) of 860 acres. The head of his barony, however,
was not here, but at Staveleigh in Co. Derby, where he held
other manors. In Bucks he held the Manor of Quainton, and
in Co. Warwick Lunnington, and other lands (four manors) in
Oxfordshire. As the Castle of Miserden was built perhaps by
him, it was, though small, evidently an important stronghold.
The other Musards, Enisan (whose manors at D.S. were in
Yorkshire) and Hugh, 1 are conjectured (by Mr. A. S. Ellis) to
have been younger brothers of Hascoit. (Cf. also Yorks. Arch.
Jour., vol. v., p. 299.)

1 I desire to express my thanks to the kind owner of Thirlestaine House, Cheltenham, for
'permitting me to scrutinise the two Registers of the Abbey of Cirencester, and to the Librarian

who so ably directs the Bodleian.

2 Also formerly belonging to the Saxon Ernesi.

3 Also formerly Ernesi’s : of 8 jo acres.

4 His property was in the town of Stamford.

48 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 191S

The next Musard mling here, of whom we learn but little,
was Robert Musard, 1146 (cf. Gesta Stephani), who was
accidentally captured by Philip, son of Robert, Earl of
Gloucester, wandering beyond his castle walls, and there and
then menaced with instant hanging if he did not yield up the
castle. This shows that Musard was on Stephen’s side in the
struggle. This was a time when ransoms were being wrung
from gentry of all degrees, and hunger and flames duly
agonised this afflicted land.

This unfortunate lord of Miserden was probably the father
of Hascoit (II.) and of Richard (dead in 1166), who had made
return of his twelve Knights’ Fees (1130) under the enfeoffment
of Henry I., and from whom the widow of Richard Musard held
two of the fees in Dower under the new enfeoffment of Henry II.

The Carta of 1166 (Lib. Rub., p. 342 P.R.O.) give the
following : —

De vetere feffamento ( i.e . that of Hemy I., or before 1135).

Astorp (i.e. Eutropius) Hasteng 1 tenet Feoda v. militum.

Oliverus de Mara tenet 2 militum.

Maenius (i.e. Main : a Breton name) de Hatrope

( H either op ) 2 militum.

Walterus de Estone ( Aston-Somerville ) 2 militum.

Galfridus de Cheleworthe 1 militus.

Summa de suo Veteri feffamento 12 milites.

Et de suo Dominio de Novo feffamento.

Wilhelmus de Caisneto (Chesney) tenet feodum dimidii
militis.

Et Uxor Ricardi Musardi tenet de dote feoda, 2 m. de
novo (f°).

Fulco de Monasteriis tenet xv. partem f.m. de novo (f°).

There was due, that is to say, from Hascoit Musard (II.)
the sendees of twelve knights to the King. The above are the
names of his feudatories or tenants. The five fees held by
Astorp Hasteng were those of Warwickshire, which are
mentioned later (in 1196-97) under that county, and under

1 Hasten : Hasting : a Danish name. Astorp is Latinised into Eutropius in the Leicestershire
Carta.

VOL. XX. (i)

JIISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

49

Leicestershire, “ Eutropius Hasteng xxs. per Radulfum Musard.”
That is to say, Eutropius paid then 20s. of scutage to King
Richard I. on the Warwickshire fees held by Ralf Musard.

In Fulk de Monasteriis we have the source of the family
name of the Nottinghamshire Musters. (Cf. Chaworth-
Musters) .

The lands held by the wife of Richard Musard were perhaps
parts of those at Over-Siddington and at Chesterton by
Cirencester, consisting of one hide at each place. That the
“ Carta ” is registered under Nottinghamshire and not under
Gloucestershire is perhaps misleading, but we have seen that
the “ Caput Baroniae ” was at Staveley, in Co. Derby.

It was in these days, at any rate, about the middle of the
twelfth century, that Alan le Rous, 1 a noble Breton neighbour,
Lord of the Manor of Harescombe (and perhaps a relative by
marriage of the Musard family), at Sudgrove, gave a virgate
or (c) thirty acres of his land to the new Priory of Lanthony
by Gloucester. This gift was confirmed (c) 1216 by Ralf
Musard and Henry (Fitz-Roger) le Rous, who were tenants and
relatives of De Bohun, at the former Castle of Harescombe.
(Note. — Perhaps situated at Stockend, with a deer park.)

It was probably the next 'successor, Hasculf Musard 2
of Miserden, who gave Wyshanger to the Preceptory of the
Templars at Quenington, to which Gilbert (d. 1163) and Agnes
de Laci his neighbours were likewise benefactors. It may here
be remarked that the Breton blood thus strongly imported into
this neighbourhood has survived. Villages far and near, as

1 His name was given to Alansmore in co. Hereford.

Alan le Rous (the Red) =

I

Roger=
(1166) |

Henry=

(1216) |

Roger=Eleanor de Avenbury.
(1284, I
d. 1294) |

John=Hawisa.

(i3M) |

Thomas (1340).

2 Literally Hascwulf ; Latin : Hasculfus.

4

50 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1918

well as Painswick and Pitchcombe, still abound in Birts (i.e.
Le Breton) ; Brets-Moreton is to-day Birts-Moreton. Haseulf
Musard gave his sister Constance the hides he held at Siddington
and Chesterton, when she married Peter de Laci, 1 her first
husband ; also Richard Musard, another donor of the same land,
is mentioned in the Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey.

Haseulf Musard died in 1175, 2 and was doubtless succeeded
in his barony and lands by his youthful son Ralf, who afterwards
fulfilled a considerable career as Sheriff of Gloucestershire in the
last years of King John, and in the opening ones of Henry III.
(1216-25), at whose coronation in Gloucester he must have
prominently figured, together with the Marshalls and the
De Burghs. Later still we find him acting as Justice in Eyre
for the Forest of Dean (1229-31). In 1201 he had paid 30 marks
on his twelve fees in chief (Oblate Rolls, p. 146), and again
in 1210 he paid assessment upon two of his Gloucestershire
fees, Eyeford (1) and Aston Somerville. In 1205 another
20 marks (p. 279 idem). In the Pipe Roll of Richard I., in (3)
1191, he is mentioned as owing £100 for license to marry whom
he willed, and for fine for his lands. His name appears as a
witness to two Berkeley Charters (c.) 1190. One wife is known
to have been Isabel, widowr of John Nevill. Robert Musard,
his son, (holding his lands in 1235 and 1243), Ralf, and a Clement
(le Musarder) witnessed (c. 1230) a grant made by Isabel de
Longchamp (d. of Henry de Miners) to the Cistercian Abbey of
Ivingswood near Wotton-under-Edge. This Clement Musard
had a son Richard, who calls himself “ Filius et haeres dementis
de la Musardere,” who gave 2s. of land to Cirencester Abbey.
Ralf Musard probably died in 1231-2, as the executors of his will
are referred to in the Pipe Roll, a. 17 Henry III. (1232-33), and
Robert Musard succeeded his father as Baron, paying assessment

1 I am unable to place this hitherto unknown member of the great baronial family : perhaps
he was a brother of Gilbert de Laci, but he may have been his son. His Charter in the Cirencester
Cartulary (f. 219, vol. 1), calls him “ mariti Constancie Musard de 1 hyda terre.” Moreover, in
another deed he says, “ f, Peter de Laci and Constance, my wife, give a hide at Chesterton which
Hascul(f) Musard gave me with the same Constance, his sister, in free marriage.”

2 In the Pipe Roll of a. 32 Hen. II. we find the daughter of Asculf Musard is in ward to the
King, which points usually to the decease of the lady’s father. There is a curious entry that
Reginald of Seynesbury is fined 20 marks for refusing to marry her. Her mother is mentioned
as Johanne, and rod. a week was allowed for her board and raiment. (Cf. Introduction by J. H.
Round to vol. xxxvi.) The Sheriff of Gloucestershire accounted for £60 for the ferm of the lands
of Haseulf Musard by roll of the justices with the land of the son of Walter de (Somerville) Aston
also in custody of the King.

VOL. XX. (i)

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

5*

upon Eyeford Manor and Aston (Somerville) in 1235 (two and
a quarter fees). He had to pay, moreover, for a quarter of a
fee more than Ralf, bis father, paid in 1210. He does not
appear to have married, and was certainly succeeded by his
brother, another Ralf (c. 1246-47). It is not easy to learn
what took place with regard to some of the other Gloucestershire
lands of the family ; but it is certain that there had been a
division of some of them among the brothers, for Hasculf
(as we have mentioned) had granted the hide at Chesterton
to his sister Constance, when she had married Peter de Laci,
before-mentioned. She likewise received the other hide at
Siddington (Over), and she retained these properties when
later she married (2) Alexander (“ vir meus ”) and (3) Robert
de Cardonville, 1 as having been given her by her brother in
free marriage (Reg. B. Abb. Cirences.); A gift of 2s. of land
held in Duntesbourne to the Abbey of Cirencester by Clement
Richard, son and heir of Clement de la Musardere, occurs in the
Register of Cirencester Abbey (fol. 699), c. 1250.

The lands and barony owned by the heir in 1263-64, Ralf (2)
Musard, were these : Seynesbury [Manor and Musardene Manor
(Gloucestershire) ; Staveley, Wodesthorp, Hynkershill, William-
thorp, Witwell (Derbyshire), and one fee of the Barony at
Staveley, held in Co. Berks, i.e. 2 curucates ( plough-lands ) at
Sparsholt. Seynesbury was worth /30 per annum and
“ Musardyr ” /io, and Ralf, the heir of the late Ralf 2 Musard
and Matilda was of full age (I.P.M. 49 Hen. III., No. 10).

Here we do not see mention of Aston (which was partly
alienated to the Somervilles in 1250) as a Musard holding, nor
do we find the manors of (Over-) Siddington and Chesterton
mentioned, though both duly reappear in the I.P.M. of 1272
(a. 56 Hen. III. and a. 1 Edw. I., No. 13).

We do not find the Musard family figuring in the War of the
Barons. 3 Again, in 1274 (I.P.M. c. a. Edw. I.), we see that

1 The De Cardonvilles were sub-infeudists to De Laci at Stratton and Baunton near Cirencester
and were benefactors to that Abbey. By Robert de C. Constance has issue Isabel who married
one Asketil. R. de Cardonville was living 1210 and held half a virgate in Cirencester of Humphrey
Torel (Reg. B. 2, p. 80, Abb. of Cirencester).

2 Arms of Ralf Musard : Gules 3 plates.

3 The heir was a ward in King Henry’s hands.

4 A

PROCEEDINGS COTTE5WOLD CLUB

1918

Hasculf Musard’s heirs sold land in Siddington Langley held
by service of the eighth of a fee and worth 20s. and a mill
worth 5s.

Whether from fire or from neglect (more probably the
former), the Castle of Miserden went to ruin upon its steep
mound, and in 1289 it was held by jurors to be of no
value and entirely waste. “ There is a garden there with
Ditches.” Probably its masonry became used for the later
house on another site. The lord at this time had been John
Musard (son of Ralph and Christiana),1 who, having been a
minor in the King’s custody, came of age in 1287. An I.P.M.
shows him to have been bom at Miserden Castle on the Feast
of S. Wulfstan, January 19th, 1266-67, and baptised in the
Church. His reign was brief, for he was dead in 1289, and
succeeded by his uncle Nicholas Musard, and the manor was
valued at £8 15s. 3d. He presently, being without issue,
alienated the manor to Hugh Dispenser.

In 1300 we find Malcolm Musard, John Musard’s uncle
(and brother of the preceding Nicholas) holding the Manor of
Seynesbuw, °f which Aston (Somerville) was a member ; but
the King’s Escheator came upon inquiry and found that he had
entered upon possession without a royal license. Consequently
that manor is valued at /16, and Aston Somerville (which was a
member of Saintsbury) at £30. Malcolm desired to enfeoff the
Abbot of Evesham as to Saintsbury, but the jurors said this
would be to the damage of the king of the value of the marriage
of the heir to the estate. In 1302 Miserden was no longer a
Musard possession. In 1303-04 the village Advowson, and
Manor of Miserden are all entered as the property of Hugh le
Dispenser of Tewkesbury, holding from the King in Chief, 2
and the Musard family has disappeared from the county. 3

1 Note that Isabel de la Musarder married Helias de Giffard of Brimpsfield as his first .wife
and Alice Maltravers as his second. Isabel has two sons and one daughter. (See p. 215 I.P.M.*
vol. 2).

Sir Geoff, de Brockeshale (I.P.M. 1288) said he was at Brimpsfield with Sir John Giffard in
the year following the Battle of Evesham, and he there saw the said John Musard an infant
running with his mother (Christiana M.). William Clement savs he carried the said John from the
baptismal font in the Church of Musardem.

2 Charta a. 28 Edwd. I., Inq. Ad. Q.D., a. 12 Edwd. II., No. 38.

3 We find Malcolm Musard, however, serving as King’s Forester beyond Trent for the Forest
of Feckenham, 1313 (Fine Roll, p. 30L Also in the same year the lands there beyond Trent
belonging to Margaret Musard deceased, escheated to the Crown (ibid., p. 353).

VOL. XX. (i)

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

S3

For a very few years longer Wyshanger remained the
property of the Order of Templars at Quenington. But on the
suppression of that Order in 1312 it passed to the Priors of the
Hospital of S. John of Jerusalem, though Hugh le Dispenser,
still had some claim upon it, and probably did temporarily
enjoy it, under his right of Free Warren, etc., at Miserden. (Cf.
Charta a. 28 Edw. I.)

On the fall of the Dispensers, Edward II. gave the Manor of
Miserden, together with the Barony of Staveley, to Edmund of
Woodstock, 1 Earl of Kent, his own ill-fated brother (beheaded
1330). The Crown, however, allowed inheritance to his heirs.

The only other lands of the Musard Barony which seem to
have come to him were the Manor of Over-Siddington, with its
hall, chamber, grange, garden, and curtilage and dovecote,
worth £12 19s. 6|d., the farm of the Seven Hundreds at
Cirencester, from the Abbot there (who held to the King) , and
probably Chesterton. The honours and lands which the young
King, Edward III., had taken were permitted to pass to a
grandson, Edmund, who died in 1333 (January 5th), and his
son John, Earl of Kent, succeeded to and enjoyed these until
1352.

In 1331 (I.P.M.) we obtain a fairly close glimpse of what the
estate at Miserden consisted. We have seen that the castle
had gone. This was not rebuilt. There was then standing a
chief mansion, however, upon another and neighbouring site,
and some other (small) houses stood in the park. There were
seven acres of underwood, one acre of which could be sold each
year and was worth 12 pence. In the same park were forty
acres of great timber (beech) and 60 acres of pasture, worth 40s.
per annum, beyond the repairs of walls and the maintenance of
wild animals (deer, hares, boars, etc.). In demesne were
96 acres of pasture (worth 3d. an acre), and four acres outside
the park. There were eight free-tenants who paid 55s. 2d.
per acre, and four villein half-virgaters, or fifteen-acre men,
who paid 20s., while their works and customs were worth
13s. 4d., and three villein-fardellers, quarter-virgate men, who
paid 8s. 6d. per annum, and whose works and customs were

1 Cf. Close Roll a. 4 Edwd. III. ; I.P.M. a. 4 Edwd. III., No. 38 ; a. 26 Edwd. III., No. 36.

54

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

worth 5s. per annum. There was a watermill paying 18s. per
annum, and seven cottagers who paid 12s. 3d. per annum, and
four other villeins who held half-virgates and did no work, and
paid 26s. 8d. per annum. The advowson of the Church, valued
100s. , belonged to the Manor. The total value of the Manor
was £zi 10s. gd. (say £120 per annum of to-day’s money,
clear).

The Manor (of which little indeed is heard henceforward)
continued in the possession of the Earls of Kent until 1401,
when Miserden Manor and Advowson, together with Siddington
(Over), Lechlade, and Barnsley Manor, were all seized into the
King’s hands for the rebellion in favour. of Richard II. of the
Earl of Kent, for which the latter lost his life, being summarily
beheaded in the market-place of Cirencester at the hands of the
loyal townsfolk there.

From the Earls of Kent it descended down through their
various fifteenth-century heirs to Cecilia, 1 Duchess of York,
heiress of the Mortimers, as part of the dowry of Elizabeth,
Queen of Henry VII. (her granddaughter), whose son, Arthur
Prince of Wales, finally had it. From him it came to enrich
Henry VIII., who granted it to his favourite, Sir William
Kingston, K.G. (c. 1537), then Governor of the Tower and
Controller of the Household, Steward of the Abbey of
Cirencester. 2 With him and his son Anthony and John
Dudley, that King and Anne Bullen, on their honeymoon,
had here hunted from Prinknash House in 1535. 3 Kingston
presently acquired and resided at Painswick Lodge, and died
there in September, 1540, and was buried in Painswick Church
in a grandiose monument, probably appropriated from one of
the fifteenth-century Talbots, Lords of that Manor. Neither
the Manor of Miserden nor that of Painswick (but much else
in the county) passed to his son, Sir Anthony Kingston, of evil

1 For grants of the Manor of Miserden a. i Edwd, IV. see Add. MSS. 6693 (p. 57), Add.
Rolls 28272 and 28274 (Brit. Mus.).

2 In 1522 he had been enriched by pickings of the Thornbury (Buckingham) Estates in this
county. He presently had custody of Wolsey ; later still, that of Anne Bullen.

* Cf. A Cotteswold Manor, pp. 144, 145. The King had made Kingston Warden of all the
Hunts in the county.

VOL. XX. (i)

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

55

fame ; and he died (April 14th, 1557) a prisoner, arrested for
rebellion, on his way to London, under Queen Mary. 1 But
YVyshanger Manor did pass to him. As his children were not
legitimate, his father’s properties (including Haresfield Park
and Manor which Edward YI. gave him in 1551) passed to his
niece, Frances, wife of Sir Henry Jerningham, Master of the
Horse. Consequently some of the later Kingstons, the effigy of
one of whom we see in Miserden Church (1614), built and lived at
Hazel House. Wyshanger Manor became granted in 1558 to
Lord William Howard and Sir H. Peckham. These alienated
it to Christopher Bumstead, and he soon after (c. 1598) to
John Browne, and the latter alienated it again to William
Partridge and Margaret his wife, whose monument is still seen
in the chancel of Miserden Church. There is a fine of a. 3
Eliz., 1591 (Easter), between William Lambarde, Esq., with
Robert Blacker, Esq., and Robert and William Partridge, by
which the latter are acknowledged owners of Syde Manor and
other lands in Miserden, Wyshanger, and Througham. In the
following year, 1592, another fine acknowledged Henry (sen.)
and Francis Jerningham as Lords of the Manors of Miserden,
Painswick, Haresfield, Shepscombe, Edge, and the advowsons
of Miserden and Haresfield. In 1605 (Mich.) Henry Partridge
(gen.) held it, who leased it to the Rev. John Mortimer and Anne
his wife (perhaps a Partridge). (Feet of Fines a. 2 James).
Miserden itself w^as granted in fee-simple to Thomas Throck-
morton and Edward Ramsay, Esqrs. (trustees) July 9th, 1613,
for the benefit of their kinsman, Henry Jerningham, “ ancient
tenant ” (kinsman of the Kingstons) then suffering from
“ melancholia and rheumatism.” About 1619-20 Sir Henry
Jerningham sold his interest in the Manor to Sir William Sandys
of Fladbury and Brimsfield, near Pershore (Co. Wore.) in whose
family it remained until the nineteenth century, and w-hose
beautiful effigies of Derbyshire alabaster, a perfect masterpiece
by Nicholas (or else Harris) Stone, of Westminster, adorn the
South Chapel.

1 As in 1558 Lord Wm. Howard was granted “ Wynshangre, manor of the Monastery of
S. Peter’s ” (GIos.),it becomes likely that Queen Mary gave it to that Abbey on Kingston’s decease
and did not grant it to the Jerninghams. Sir Wm. Peckham also had a grant of £46 10s. out of
the same.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

lyl8

56

DESCENT OF MANOR OF MISERDEN.

Sir William Kingston,* K.G.=Elizabeth (?).

d. 1540. j d. of Richard Scrope.

Sir George Baynham=Bridget.

I

F ancis=Sir PIexry Jerningham,

d. 1572 (Master of the Horse to Queen Mary)
and s. of Mary 2nd w. of Sir W. Kingston.

Henry Jerningham=Frances,
d. 1619 (June 15th) j d. and h. of Sir John Jerningham.

Sir Henry Jerningham, B1:.=Eleanor Throckmorton.

* Sir Anthony Kingston was son to Sir Wm. Kingston by the same
Elizabeth (?). He did not marry, but had numerous descendants.

In 1915 Captain Noel Wills, the present owner of Miserden,
discovered masonry of Edward I. date in the mound where
earlier stood the Castle. Among the remains occurred portions
of a ridge-crest made of tiles which have been decorated with
small holes intended for the wind to whistle through (faitage,
faitiere, Norman-French), and with crockets (perforated also).
The latter, no doubt, wore away to the weak point, that of the
holes, and then dropped off. Along the tiles were once inserted
and attached a set of little collared “ bears,” each animal eleven
inches in length, the fur being represented by little stabs all
over, and the feet being made to fit into holes by means of pegs.
The figures were yellow-glazed and stood processionally. The
crocketted tiles measure twenty inches in length, eleven inches
in width, six inches in height. This mode of decoration was
practised in mediaeval France, and it may be conjectured that
it had something to do with the character of the building, no
doubt a low one, perhaps a parker’s lodge. This may have
been erected for Hugh le Dispenser the elder, or by the Earl of
Kent, but there is nothing in the collared bears indicative (in
the heraldic sense) of any such connection.

Sir William Sandys, of Brimpsfield, 1 purchased Miserden
when he was already fifty-five, and had married Margaret,
daughter of Walter Culpepper, of Hanborough, co. Oxford.
She was thirty-seven years of age when she came to Miserden.
As I find their daughter “ Culpepper ” baptised at Brimpsfield

1 The Bridges family, of Sudeley Castle, sold Brimpsfield (which Edward IV. had granted
them) to the Sandys family.

VOL. XX. (i)

MISERDEN AND ITS OWNERS

57

Church, October 27th, 1617, it is clear that they were not yet
occupying Miserden House. Four months earlier (in July)
Mistress Jane Sandys of Brimpsfield was married there to
Mr. John Higges of Cheltenham, so it is evident that the Sandys
family had already established itself there. The same register
(of Brimpsfield) gives interesting light on the last of the local
Kingstons, and shows them to be living at Hazel House, not at
Wyshanger House below it. 1620. July 30 : “ Mr. William
Kingston of Hasle House and Mrs. Anne Culpepper 1 of Brimps-
field were married.” Their name last occurs in 1624-25. This
entry is interesting because it shows the connection between the
Kirgstons and Lady Sandys. Mr. Kingston was a son of
Edmund Kingston, of Hazle House, and a great-grandson of
Sir Anthony. On December 21st, 1621, Miserden Church saw
the baptism of Edmund his first-born, who left no issue. In
1624-25 Sandys, daughter of Mr. William Kingston of Hazle
House, was baptised at Brimpsfield. This is the last mention
of the Kingstons that I have in connection with Miserden.
The eldest son of Sir William Sandys became a distinguished
personage for his great achievement in making navigable the
River Avon from Tewkesbury to Stratford by means of sluices,
■cuttings, and weirs. He was supported in this enterprise by
Lord Windsor. He ultimately, in 1640, succeeded his father
at Miserden. His younger brother, Sir Myles, lived on at
Brimpsfield, which property was sold later in the century by a
grandson, another Myles Sandys.

In 1640 Sir William Sandys had died at the ripe age of 77,
predeceasing his wife by four years and more. It may be
surmised that the troubles incident to the Civil War may have
hastened her end. For in the winter of 1643-44 Massey of
Gloucester lodged about 300 foot in Miserden House, while
another far less fortunate body he placed at Lypiatt. The
second son, Thomas Sandys, was a declared Royalist ; but on
November 9th, 1648, he compounded for his past delinquency
and submitted to the Governor at Gloucester and took the
Covenant, being fined £39. 2 One of the family (but only a

1 Daughter of Sir Martin Culpepper, Kt., of Dene, co. Oxford. Her will 1646-47 (17th
February) proved by her grandson Bridgeman Sandys.

2 Cf. Cal. Proc. of Committee for Compounding (1643-60) London, 1891 (p. 1883).

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

;8

1918

kinsman, I think), Captain Sandys, was captured while fighting
for King Charles down at Berkeley. Lvpiatt and its small
garrison presently was surprised by Sir Jacob Astley from
Cirencester, and surrendered. Miserden succeeded in resisting
his forces and remained in Massey’s possession. Nevertheless,
the family of Sandys continued to live on at the House, and
only parted reluctantly with it early in the nineteenth century.

The jubilee of George III. had been loyally celebrated here
in 1810 by the Rev. Sir Edward Baynton Sandys, Bart, (died
December 31st, 1838), with two feasts to the inhabitants served
around two bonfires. Miserden was afterwards sold to Mr.
Lyon, who (1865) re-sold house and manor to Sir John Rolt,
whose son, Mr. John Rolt, died of an accident while
hunting with the FitzHardinge Hounds at Wanswell Court,.
December 23rd, 1876.

PEDIGREE.

Myles Sandys— Hester Clifton (1563),
of Middle Temple, j and bought Brimpsfield Ircm (Bridges)
and Fladbury, j Lord Chandos, of Sudeley.
co. Worcester.

(Sir) William Sandys^Maroaret Culpeper,
d. 1640, bought I (c. 1595-6), d. 1644.
Miserden.

William. Thomas, (Sir) Myles=Mary Hanbury,

d.s.p. 1658. of Brimpsfield 1 of Kilmarsh, Northants.

William=Elizabeth Soames.
of Miserden.

Myles=Mary Soames.
sold Brimpsfield.

William=Barbara Kyrle.
d. i 7 i 2 .

Arms : Or, a fess dancette between three crosses-crcsslett fitche gules ;
a crescent with annulet.

The chimney-piece in the hall of Miserden gives eleven quarterings.
(Cf. Trans. Btist. & Glonces. Arch. Soc., xxviii., 417). The fine tomb of
SirWilliam and Lady Sandys in the church retains the escutcheons in colours.
This tomb with effigies in Derbyshire alabaster should be compared with those
of the Spencers at Brington, Northants ; they are all the work cf the family
of Nicholas Stone of Westminster.

William,

d.s.p.

Plate II

First Trench. Second Trench.

^TRENCHES EXCLOSING INTERMENTS AT BARXWOOD.

STAMP ON SAMIAN- WARE BOWL: OF. CO. IVC.

vol. xx. (i) NOTES OX ROMA' O-BRITISH BURIAL-GROUND 59

NOTES ON A ROMANO-BRITISH BURIAL-GROUND
(. SEPULCRETUM )

AT BARNWOOD, NEAR GLOUCESTER.

BY

ROLAND AUSTIN,

WITH

NOTE ON POTTERY FOUND THERE,

BY

ST. CLAIR BADDELEY.

In the course of excavation begun by Messrs. Chambers
and Co. in October, 1918, at their Barnwood gravel pits, a new-
opening some 25 feet in width was cut on the north side of the
Irmin Street, a short distance beyond Barnwood House and
immediately by the site occupied by Barnwood Cottage.

Digging started close to the side of the road, which is about
6 feet below the level of the field, and as the accumulated
humus vras cleared three successive trenches, running roughly
east and west, were found. A large quantity of soil had to be
removed from the top of the gravel bed, and wrhen this was
reached it was obvious that it had at some time been very much
disturbed, and interments, some twenty in all, were found,
ranging from to 6J feet in depth from the first level. In
spite of the dangers inseparable from using pick and shovel
many of the skeletons were uncovered in almost perfect state,
and some of the skulls and bones carefully removed.

The south side of the first trench (at the western side of the
cutting) was 18 feet, of the second trench 30 feet, and of the
third trench 80 feet, from the nearest tram-rail.

<5o PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1918

The first trench, the bottom of which was 4 feet 10 inches
from the snrface of the soil, was 4 feet across at the top and
3 feet at the bottom, and 3 feet in depth. The second trench
was shallower, being only 2 feet 6 inches in depth, and 3 feet
across at the top. The third trench was of varying width of
about 3 feet, and not formed so definitely as the others, but
corresponded roughly to the second.

The first of the interments uncovered was 19 feet from the
second trench, and all the twenty burials were found within
an area of about 13 feet by 26 feet.

The line of the first trench can be seen on the eastern side
of the cutting, as this has not been disturbed, and shows that it
turns away slightly from due east, the distance from the centre
of the road being 18 feet on the western side and 22 feet 10 inches
on the eastern side of the opening. When photographed,
about 8 feet of the second trench wrere exposed, the humus
having been cleared and the trench presenting a very clean
circular form.

In the course of digging distinct evidences of cremation
were met with : burnt and charred bones, and pieces of burnt
pottery. There was no uniformity in the positions of the
skeletons, the bodies having been laid in various directions.
One of the last interments uncovered wTas at a depth of 6 feet
•6 inches, the skeleton being in good preservation, and of a tall,
well-developed person. No implements of any kind were
found, but there was a good deal of Romano-British pottery,
among which were the Samian-ware bowl and the Pot (Plates
III. and IV.) exhibited at the November meeting of the Club
and described by Mr. Baddele}?, who has been in close touch
with the workings at the pits.

There were also three water-bottles, almost perfect, and
many fragments of other pots and utensils.

The site is almost exactly two miles from Glevum, and it is
possible that the burials were those of some of the inhabitants,
though the distance is rather further than would be customary.
At Colchester burials have been found by the high road for a
mile outside the City*, and there are other records of such
interments.

vol. xx. (i) NOTES ON ROMANO-BRITISH BURIAL-GROUND 61

Plate III.

SAMIAN- WARE BOWL, WITH POTTER'S STAMP : OF. CO. IVC.

FOUND AT BARN WOOD. ? FIRST CENTURY, A.D.

REPRODUCTION BY SYDNEY A. PITCHER.

6 2

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

The illustration (PI. II.) shows the first and second trenches
quite clearly. No decided opinion has been expressed as to the
enclosure. All the burials were found several feet north of the
second trench, and the reason for such an additional protection
as the first trench does not seem clear. 1

So far, the digging has not been continued on the western
side of the opening sufficiently to observe whether the trenches
are continued at right angles, but this may yet prove so, and
afford the explanation required.

My thanks are due to Mrs. Clifford for giving me every
facility for visiting the spot. Whatever may be the meaning
of these intrenchments, or the history of those who are buried
within the area which they enclose, the opportunity of securing
a record of them seemed desirable in the interest of local
history. 2

Note by St. Clair Baddeley.

The specimen of “ terra sigillata” bowl (PI. III.) with double-
curve (diam. 93 mm.) came from a cremation interment at a
depth of 6 feet 6 inches at Barn wood, close to the present main
Irmin Street. The stamp (PI. II.) of its maker, carefully
examined, yields OF. CO. IVC. (? Officina Coci Jucundi), and I
am not aware of it having occurred previously in Britain. It may
belong to the first century, as probably did a larger and coarser
water-jug with bold rim-profile, which was broken in the
digging. The smaller pot (PI. IV.) of ordinary clay, measuring
in height but 82 mm. by 77 mm., must be very late in that
century. They are reproduced by kind permission of Mr. and
Mrs. Clifford, who found them and observed great care and
interest in the excavation. It should be noted that among the
burials, but two exemplified cremation, the rest being burials
without coffins and generally with a common water-bottle
undecorated. In one case two fatal blows of some hammer-like
instrument had been the cause of death : the blows being close
together, one of them penetrating the brain. In this case the
jawrs w?ere wide open : the individual young.

St. C. B.

1 Mr. Baddeley offers the interesting suggestion that as there were villas in the vicinity the
burials may have been those of folk and slaves from the lands allotted to them, and that the
trenches may prove to denote separate little areas belonging to the different estates.

2 My thanks are due to Mr. Sydney Pitcher for kind help given.

vol. xx. (i) NOTES ON ROAIANO-BRITISH BURIAL-GROUND 63

Plate IV.

ROMANO-BRITISH EARTHENWARE POT,

FOUND AT BARNWOOD.

REPRODUCTION BY SYDNEY A. PITCHER.

VOL. XX. (i)

BOTANICAL NOTES, 1918

6?

BOTANICAL NOTES, 1918.

BY

J. W. HAINES and H. H. KNIGHT.

This year was in some ways a strange flowering year. I
found a great quantity of Caltha palustris in full bloom on
August 27th at Bilson and no less than eighteen flowering plants
at Newnham on the last day of the year, including such unlikely
plants as Hcracleum sphondylium and Anthriscus sylvestris. I
found white specimens of Orchis mascula at Rodborough
and of Knautia arvensis at Charlton (Seven Springs). There
was a great quantity of Lepidium latifolium in at least two
streams in its old district of Westbury-on-Severn this season
and more than usual of the beautiful Althcea officinalis at
Fretheme. Of the Sundews Drosera rotundifolia and D.
Ion gi folia still both grow near Drybrook and -the latter in great
quantities in a speedily drying bog near the Plump. Drosera
rotundifolia grows too on May Hill and definitely on the
Gloucestershire side of it. Hottonia palustris was this year
abundant on Walmore Common and Cuscuta Europcea turned
up for the fourth consecutive year at Hucclecote. Marrubium
vulgare is to be found, apparently, native on many of the patches
of common land in the Forest of Dean, especially in the
neighbourhood of Yorkley. Leonurus cardiaca, which I first
found near Nailbridge in 1917, is still there in even greater
quantities and a smaller patch grows near Cinderford also.
Herminium monorchis was absent from at least one of its habitats
last year, but grew on Painswick Beacon right down to the level
of the Cheltenham Road. I found it also on a fresh spot at
Crickley Hill, facing west.

Blysmus compressus I found in a bog between Crickley
and Shurdington Hills as well as on Crickley itself. I came upon

■66 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1918

a small patch of Eriophorum latifolium growing in a bog near
Newnham, along with Epipactis palustris , Habenaria conopsea,
Anagallis tcnclla, and Achillea ptarmica. I believe this is only
its third station in the county and in this case it grew alone,
unaccompanied by the commoner E. polystachion.

I made some inquiries as to the Fritillaria meleagris at
Elmore and was told that it never appeared there “ until the
year of the May flood,” and that folk “ thought the flood
brought it.” The May flood was, I think, in the “eighties ” and
this fact, and the fact that it only appears at Elmore in the
albino form, tends to show that the plant is not a native there.
Many aliens or doubtful natives grow in the Newnham neighbour-
hood such as Saponaria vaccaria, Potentilla noroegica, Coronilla
varia, Mcdicago falcata, and Melissa officinalis. Linaria repens
was last year abundant all along the G.W.R. from Westbury
nearly to Awre, sometimes mauve in colour and sometimes
white. I do not know whether it is thereabouts permanently.
A very strange form of Stellaria Holostea grows on Birdlip Hill
— half-way up— which is worth further investigation.

J. W. Haines.

Carex tomentosa L. James Buckman in his Botanical Guide
to the Environs of Cheltenham includes this among his list of
Sedges, but no one else had seen this plant in the neighbourhood
of Cheltenham till Mr. Greenwood in 1917 found it in Withington
Wood. I found it last summer in a field by the River Coin near
Withington.

Myosurus minimus L. In June last year I found this in a
cart track in a field by the Severn at Ripple in Worcestershire.
This plant should occur in alluvial ground by the Severn in
this county.

COTTESWOLD PLANTS AND THEIR PARASITIC FUNGI ( UrcdinaleS ).

Gymnosporangium clavariceformc DC. This fungus produces
its secidia on branches, leaves, and fruit of the Hawthorn, and
its teleutospores on branches of the Juniper, and is probably
common on the Cotteswolds wherever the latter is found.
There are some fine bushes of Juniper at Hilcot near Colesborne,

VOL. XX. (i)

BOTANICAL NOTES, 1918

67

which suffered considerable damage from the snowstorms of
March, 1916, and January, 1918, and here this fungus is very
plentiful. The aecidia which appear in June are very con-
spicuous on the fruits of the Hawthorn.

Chrysomyxa Pyrolce Rostr. is found on the leaves of Pyrola
minor in some of the woods in the district round Pains wick.
The uredospores appear in the early summer, and are not
followed by any teleutospores.

Puccinia Thesii Chaill. Thesium humifusum in its
Whittington habitat seldom produces flowers in the early
summer owing to the attacks of this parasite. Later on the
plant recovers, and flowers are produced, and may often be
found as late as October. In this fungus it is the aecidium-stage
that is most frequent ; I have not seen the other spore forms.

Puccinia Bulbocastani Fckl. In the Proceedings of last year
Mr. Montgomrey mentioned that Carum Bulbocastanum had
recently been, found in a cornfield near Cheltenham. Its parasite
has been introduced with it. This Puccinia has aecidiospores
and teleutospores, both of which were produced last year, while
Puccinia tumida, which is found on the closely allied Conopodium
majus, has teleutospores only.

Uromyces Poce Raben. In this the aecidia are found on
species of Ranunculus, especially on R. Ficaria, and the uredo-
spores and teleutospores on the common species of Poa. Last
summer I found this parasite on Poa palustris at the Lower
Lode near TewTesbury, on the west bank of the Severn. This
Poa is not given as a host of this fungus in works on the British
Uredinales.

Since my list of Gloucestershire Mosses appeared in the
Proceedings 1 of this Club for 1914, I have found the following
additional species : —

Dicranella cerviculata Schp. On Lias clay at the old Pilford
Brickworks, Pilley, Leckhampton, with the Hepatic Aplozia
ccespiticia. This moss is usually found growing on peat.

Dicranum strictum Schleich. On tree stump, Chatcombe
Wood, near Cheltenham.

Leptodontium gemmascens Braithw. On thatch near

1 Vol. xviii., pp. 257-91.

6S

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1918

Cheltenham. No doubt this was the moss recorded by Mr.
Beach in his Cheltenham list as Leptodontium flexifolium. Mr.
Beach used Wilson’s Bryologia Britannica, and his copy is now
in the Library of the Cheltenham Natural Science Society.
In that work this plant is mentioned under L. flexifolium ; it
is now considered a distinct species.

Hypnum cordifolium Hedw. By River Coin near Withington.
Previously only recorded from the Forest of Dean.

H. H. Knight.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

I9I9

Edited by the Honorary Secretary
Roland Austin

Vol. XX. Part II

XV

COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE CLUB

Elected January 21 st, 1919

president :

W. St. Clair Baddeley

luce=iprestOcnts :

Christopher Bowly, F.R.A.I.

M. W. Colchester-Wemyss,
C.B.E.

Charles Upton

Sir Francis Darwin, M.B.
F.R.S.

W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S
F.R.G.S.

Electee* /Members:

F. H. Bretherton E. C. Sewell

L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. J. W. Gray, F.G.S.

Ibon. {Treasurer :

J. H. Jones (Eldon Chambers, Gloucester)

Shrcctor of jficld /Ideetings:

J. W. Gray, F.G.S.

Ibon. Secretary and ^Librarian:

Roland Austin

(38 Brunswick Road, Gloucester)
THE ABOVE CONSTITUTE THE COUNCIL

[publication Committee :

W. St. Clair Baddeley
L. Richardson
J. H. Jones

Roland Austin
H. H. Knight, M.A.
Charles Upton

VOL. XX. (2)

PRESIDENTS AND HON. SECRETARIES

PRESIDENTS OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB

[The names of those deceased are printed in italics.]

1846 — 1859
i860 — 1888
1888 — 1894
1894 — 1900
1900 — 1902
1902 — 1904
1904 — 1906
1906 — -1908
1908 — 1910
1910 — 1912
1912 — 1914
1914 — 1916
1916 — 1919
1920 —

T. B. Lloyd Baker

Sir W. V. Guise, Bart., F.G.S.

W. C. Lucy, F.G.S. , F.A.S.L.

M. W. Colchester-Wemyss, C.B.E.

E. B. Wethered, F.G.S., F.R.M.S.

C. Callaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S.

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A.

W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.
Rev. Walter Butt, M.A.

William Crooke, B.A., F.R.A.I.

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A .

Prof. J. R. Ainsworth-Davis, M.A., F.C.P.
W. St. Clair Baddeley
C. I. Gardiner, F.G.S.

HON. SECRETARIES OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB

[The names of those deceased are printed in italics .]

1846 — 1854
1854 — i860
i860 — 1862
1862 — 1865
1865 — 1887
1887 — 1894
1894 [died 19th
1895—1897

1897 — 1898

1898 — 1904
1904 — 1916
1916 — 1919
1920 —

Sir Thomas Tancred, Bart.

Prof. James Buckman, F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.

John Jones

W. C. Lucy, F.G.S.

W. H. Paine, M.D., F.G.S.

E. B. Wethered, F.G.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S
Dec.] Prof. A. Harker, F.L.S.

The Rev. Canon E. Cornford, M.A.

A. S. Helps

S. S. Buckman, F.G.S.

L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

Roland Austin

D. E. Finlay, M.B., F.Z.S.

VI

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

1880

1902

1912

1913

1913

1913

1910

1893

1887

1918
191 I
1900
1902
1900
1913
1859

1908
1915

1919
1910
1896

1893

1913

1904

1888
1912
1893
1906
1904

1915

1917

1919

1913

1909

1903

1893

1915

LIST OF MEMBERS

( Corrected to 31 st December, 1919)

|lonorart| ^timbers :

G. Embrey, F.I.C., F.C.S., Hill-close, 47 Park Road, Gloucester
C. Lloyd Morgan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., The University, Bristol
Rev. Canon W. Bazeley, M.A., Matson Rectory, Gloucester
Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, M.A., The Rectory, Wigginton, Banbury

Ulnnbrrs :

Austin, Roland
Baddeley, W. St. Clair
Bailey, Charles, M.Sc., F.L.S.

Baker, G. E. Lloyd . . ^ .

Ball, A. J. Morton ..

Barnett, J. W.

Bathurst, Right Hon. Earl, C.M.G. . .
Baxter, Wynne E., D.L., F.G.S. . .
Bellows, William
Birchall, Major J. D., M.P.

Bledisloe of Lydney, Lord
Bowly, Christopher, F.R.A.I.
Bretlierton, F. H.

Brewis, R. A., M.D.

Bridges, P.

Bruton, Henry Tew
Bruton, H. W.

Bubb, Henry
Butt, Walter

Carles, W. R„ C.M.G., F.L.S.

Chance, H. G.. M. A.

Clutterbuck, C. G., F.E.S.

Colchester- Wemyss, M. W. . .

Cole, R. M., M.R.C.S

Collett, J. M., F.C.S

Cooke, The Rev. J. J. D.

Crane, C. A. . .

Crawley-Boevey, Sir F. H., Bart.
Crewdson, J. D.

Cullis, A. J. . .

Cullis, F. J. . .

Currie, G. M. . .

Darwin, Sir Francis, M. A., M.B. , F.R.S.

38 Brunswick Road, Gloucester
Castle Hale, Painswick, Stroud
Haymesgarth, Cleeve Hill, Glos.
Hardwicke Court, near Gloucester
The Green, Stroud
9 Belgrave Road, Gloucester
Cirencester Park, Cirencester
Granville Cottage, Stroud
Tuffley Lawn, Tuffley, Gloucester
Bowden Hall, Gloucester
Lydney Park, Lydney
Siddington House, Cirencester
Belgrave House, Gloucester
The West Gate, Dursley
Holm Place, Stonehouse
Quinsan, Horton Road, Gloucester
Bewick House, Gloucester
Ullen Wood, near Cheltenham
Hyde Lodge, Chalford
Sihvood, The Park, Cheltenham
Barmvood Court, Gloucester
16 Clarence Street, Gloucester
The Bell House, nr. Newnham
Northgate House, Gloucester
Wynstone Place, Brookthorpe
The Vicarage, Churchdown,

near Gloucester
The Reddings Cheltenham
Flaxley Abbey, Newnham
Syde House, Syde, near Cheltenham
Eastgrove, Barn wood, Gloucester
23 Brunswick Road, Gloucester
26 Lansdown Place, Cheltenham
Brookthorpe, near Gloucester

VOL. XX. (2)

LIST OF MEMBERS

vii

1906 Dixon, J. M. B.A., LL.B. ..

1919 Dowse, Lieut. -Col. E. C.

1914 Duart-Smith, F. W., F.G.S.

1853 Ducie, Rt. Hon. The Earl of, F.R.S. ,
F.G.S.

1899 Duke, Lieut. -Col. J. C.

1883 Ellis, T. S., M.R.C.S

1906 Finlay, D. E., M.B., B.S., F.Z.S.

1918 Freeth, Lieut. -Col. J. P.

1914 Frith, John C.

1914 Fyfie, E. W.

1912 Gardiner, C. I., M.A., F.G.S.

1891 Garrett, J. H., M.D., F.L.S., D.P.H.

1919 Gloucester, Very Rev. the Dean of

(H. Gee, F.S.A.)

1903 Gray, J. W., F.G.S.

1902 Grosvenor, W. W., B.A., M.D.

1883 Guise, Sir W. F. G., Bart.

1910 Haigh, Herbert

1914 Haines, J. W.

1894 Hannam-Clark, F.

1913 Hanson, C. O., M.B.E.

1872 Hartland, Ernest, M.A., F.S.A.

1903 Hedley, G. W„ M.A., F.C.S.

1919 Hobart-Bird, W.

1918 Holloway, H. W.

1917 Homer, G. W.

191 3 Hurry, A. E.

1917 Jeune, Colonel E. B.

1915 Johnstone, The Rev. P. M. C., M.A.
1877 Jones, John H.

1909 Knight, H. H., M.A

1896 Knowles, H. . .

1912 Lawrence, E.

1913 Leach, R. E., M.A.

1909 Little, E. P. . .

1917 Lucy, Walter
1891 Margetson, W.

1888 Marling, Major W. J. Paley
1913 Martin, J. Middleton, B.A., M.D.,
B.C., D.P.H.

1918 Marmont, Basil P. . .

1918 Mitchell, Dr. A. J. . .

Mickle ton, Campden
42 Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham
Duart, Cheltenham Road, Gloucester
Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O.

Gwynfa, Cheltenham
Park Road, Gloucester
Wells Dene, Park Road, Gloucester
Braeside, Leckhampton
Sunnyside, Painswick, Glos.

Trullwell, Box, Minchinhampton
5 Grafton Terrace, Cheltenham
Municipal Offices, Cheltenham

The Deanery, Gloucester
Glevum Lodge, Battledown Approach,
Cheltenham

Granville House, The Spa, Gloucester
Elmore Court, near Gloucester
Coed Ithel, Llandogo, Mon.

Midhurst, Hucclecote, Gloucester
12 Queen Street, Gloucester
3 Malvern Place, Cheltenham
Hardwick Court. Chepstow
x East Lawn, Old Bath Road,

Cheltenham

Lansdown Hotel, Cheltenham
2 Whitehall, Stroud
Rowcroft, Stroud
Hempsted Court, Gloucester
Whaddon Manor, Gloucester
All Saints’ Vicarage, Cheltenham
Barrow Hill, Churchdown
The Lodge, All Saints’ Villas,

Cheltenham

Egerton House, Spa Road, Gloucester
Southlands, Queen’s Road, Cheltenham
Fairview, Painswick
Amberley Court, near Stroud
Leasgill Cottage, Amberley
Bright Side, Stroud
The Croft, Amberley
The Chestnuts, Stoud

Windsoredge House, Inchbrook, near
Woodchester

Nortonbury, Wotton, Gloucester

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

vi 11

19x1 Montgomrev, A. S. . .

1878 Moreton, Lord
1919 Morrison, A. . .

1912 Mylius, F. J.

1902 Newton, Surgeon-Major Isaac, I.M.S.

1899 Norris, H. E.

1891 Paine, Alfred E. W.

1913 Palin, P. Nevine

1906 Paris, E. Talbot, B.Sc., F.C.S.

1919 Pilliner, F. F.

1895 Prevost, E. \V.,M.A., Ph D , F.R.S.E.

1905 Price, M. P. . .

1909 Price, W. R., B.A., F.L.S.

1900 Richardson, L., F.R.S.E., F.G.S. ..

1908 Rixon, W. A.

1915 Rogers, E.

1875 Sewell, E. C.

1919 Showell, Charles
1882 Smith, A. E.

1918 Smith, Rev. G. M. . .

1913 Smith, G. H. Pavey

1919 Smith, T. Graves

1909 Smithin, James A. . .

1908 Stanton, A. W.

1906 Stephens, A. J.

1887 Taynton, H. J.

1919 Terry, H. Cairns, M.B.

1914 Thomas, J. H.

1889 Upton, Charles

1916 Wait, Major H. W. K.

1889 Waller, F. W.

1894 Washbourn, William
1880 Wethered, E. B., F.G.S.

1914 Wilkin, L.t M.A., B.C.

1884 Winnington- Ingram, Rev. A. R. . .
189G Witchell, E. Northam

1885 Wood, Walter B.

1919 Wootton, R. G.

(115)

Sirsa House, High Street, Cheltenham
Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Oxon.
Horsepools House, Stroud
Winchcombe, Glos.

Broadlands, The Park, Cheltenham
Cirencester

The Poplars, Welford-on-Avon
Aylesmere Court, St. Briavels, Glos.
14 Waldemar Mansions, Bishop’s Park,

London

14 Pittvide Parade, Cheltenham
Weston, Ross

c /o. W. R. Price, Pen Mcel, Chepstow.
Pen Moel, Chepstow
10 Oxford Parade, Cheltenham
Turkdean Manor, Northleach, Glos.
Glendronach, Christ Church Road,

Cheltenham

The Beeches, Cirencester
Highlands Cottage, Minchinhampton
The Hollies, Nailsworth
Westvide, Stroud Road, Gloucester
High Beeches, Nailsworth
Aldreth, Stonehouse
Lloyds Bank, Gloucester
Field Place, Stroud
Badgeworth Court, Gloucester
8 Clarence Street, Gloucester
Hampden House, Barton Street,

Gloucester

2 Wedderbum House, Wedderburn
Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.
Rooksmoor, Tuffiey Avenue, Gloucester
2 Worcester Road , Chiton
Horton Road, Gloucester
Blackfriars, Gloucester
The Uplands, Cheltenham
46 London Road, Gloucester
Lassington Rectory, Gloucester
Upper Birches, Stroud
Bamwood, Gloucester
Mickleton Manor, Campden, Glos.

(Any corrections in this List should be notified to the Hon. Secretary)

69

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB

AT THE

SEVENTY-THIRD1 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
JANUARY 2ist, 1919,

W. ST. CLAIR BADDELEY, President,

IN THE CHAIR

The Minutes of the 17th December, 1918, were read and confirmed.

The Very Rev. the Dean of Gloucester (H. Gee, F.S.A.), nominated
by the President, and seconded by the Secretary, was duly elected a Member.

The Treasurer presented the Statement of Account for 1918, which
showed a balance in hand of ^34 2s. nd.

Mr. W. R. Carles (Vice-President) took the chair and moved the suspension
of Rule 9 so far as it relates to the period of holding the office of President,
which was agreed.

In proposing the re-election of Mr. St. Clair Baddeley as President
he spoke of the great interest which Mr. Baddeley had maintained in the
work of the Club during the years of the War and of the extreme thoroughness
and tact with which he had carried out the duties of President.

Rev. A. R. Winnington-Ingram seconded the motion, which was carried
with acclamation.

Mr. Baddeley thereupon resumed the Chair, thanking the Members for
electing him a fourth time in succession as their President, and expressing
his sense of the compliment they paid him.

1 The Club was established in July, 1846, and at the “ Winter ” meeting held 1st December
of that year “ the main business of the Club was transacted, the present officers being allowed
to retain their posts for another year, the accounts audited, the minutes of the last meeting read,
and the places of meeting for the ensuing year fixed.” This may be taken as the first annual
meeting, though the early minutes refer to similar meetings held in December, 1847, and in
January, 1849, and succeeding years as the “ Winter ” ones. Accepting the meeting in December,
1846, as the first annual one, the meeting held in January, 1919, counts as the 73rd. The first
printed reference to the sequence of these meetings occurs in the notice for the annual meeting
of 1909, which is called the " Sixty-first ” (instead of the 63rd), and that numeration was adopted
in the Proceedings and continued in the record of our meetings up to 1918. For the sake of
accuracy the correct numbering is now used.

7°

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

The President moved the following nominations to office, all of which
were agreed to : —

Vice-Presidents :

C. Bowly, Sir Francis Darwin, C. Upton, W. R. Carles, and M. W.

Colchester- Wemyss.

Members of Council :

F. H. Bretherton, E. C. Sewell, J. W. Gray, L. Richardson.

Treasurer :

J. H. Jones.

Secretary and Librarian :

Roland Austin.

On the motion of the President it was agreed to insert the words “ an
Hon. Director of Excursions ” after the word “ Treasurer ” in Rules 3 and 9
respectively, and to appoint Mr. J. W. Gray, F.G.S., as Director for the
year 1919.

The Hon. Secretary read the following Report : —

The number of Members is now in, compared with 109 a year since.
Three Members have resigned and one, Bishop Mitchinson, who had
been a Member since 1901, has died. Six new Members have been
elected during the year.

I am sorry to say that Mr. Christopher Bowly, one of our Vice-
Presidents and the second oldest Member in date of election to the Club,
cannot be here to-day. In his letter of apology he refers to this being his
59th year of membership. He was elected on the 15th of June, 1859,
so we hope to be able to congratulate him on having been a Member for
60 years. When the dates of election were placed against the names of
Members in our printed list I understood that it was difficult to trace
some. The date against Earl Ducie’s name is 1876, but he was elected
(as Lord Moreton) at the Annual Meeting held on the 31st of January,
1853, and so is within a few days of completing his 66th year of member-
ship. It is of interest to note that in September, 1853, Earl Ducie — as
he had then become — was present at a meeting held by invitation of the
late Mr. W. H. Hyett at Painswick House, and joined in a discussion on
the Combrash in the neighbourhood of Cirencester. Sir Wm. Marling
this year completes 54 years of membership, and other Members,
including our Treasurer, over forty.

Of the activities of some of our Members I may mention that during
the past year belated parts of the German Handbuch der Regionalen
Geologie, which is being compiled with the co-operation of European
geologists, have, through the agency of H.M. Stationery Office, reached
this country. Memoirs on the geology of the British Isles are included
in Volume III., for which Mr. Richardson has written on the Trias and
Rhaetic of England and Wales. In Professor Kendall’s monograph on
the Carboniferous, Permian, and Quaternary, he notes the work of Mr.

VOL. XX. (2)

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

7 1

J. W. Gray in summarising and discussing the conditions prevailing in
the Lower Severn Valley during the Glacial Period. Mr. Gray’s papers
were published in our Proceedings a few years ago.

The following programme of Field Meetings recommended by the
Council was adopted : —

June 3 — Ched worth.

June 19 — Dursley, Ozleworth, Uley.

July 12 — Longhope, Mitcheldean.

Aug. 14 — Berkeley Castle.

Sept. 9 — Througham, Sutgrove and Miserden.

The President stated that the Council had considered a suggestion to
make a presentation to Mr. Richardson in recognition of his most efficient
services to the Club during the twelve years he had held the office of
Secretary, and he asked Mr. Carles to move a resolution.

Mr. Carles said he had much pleasure in moving that Members be invited
to join in making a presentation to Mr. Richardson in order to mark their
sense of regard and esteem for the valued services he had rendered them
as Secretary. As a past President he was well able to bear testimony to the
untiring care with which Mr. Richardson had always made arrangements
for their meetings, and for the thoroughness of the information, not only in
geological matters, which he was ever ready to impart. He commended the
proposal to Members.

Mr. J. W. Gray seconded, and it was resolved unanimously that an appeal
be issued.

The President gave a most interesting address on “ Ancient Cirencester ”
(printed p. 85 et seq.). for which he was warmly thanked.

72

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS.

Tuesday, February 18th, 1919.

In the unavoidable absence of The President owing to stress of weather
Mr. F. H. Bretherton was requested to take the Chair.

The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following Candidates were declared duly elected Members of the
Club : —

Philip Bridges, Holm Place, Stonehouse, proposed by G. W. Homer,
seconded by E. Northam Witchell.

Lieut.-Col. E. C. Dowse, 42 Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham, proposed
by J. C. Duke, seconded by G. M. Currie.

Francis Frederick Pilliner, 14 Pittville Parade, Cheltenham, proposed
by Rev. P. M. C. Johnstone, seconded by Roland Austin.

It was agreed that if convenient to Mr. Richardson the presentation in
recognition of his services as Hon. Secretary should be made at the next
meeting

The Secretary gave some particulars of the Romano-British burial-ground
which had been found at Barn wood (reported in Proceedings, xx., pp. 59-62).

Mr. C. I. Gardiner read a paper on “ Nitrogen : the destroyer and
preserver of Life,” in which he dwelt on its use as an agent for enriching the
soil, for counteracting disease, and in the manufacture of explosives for
purposes of War.

Tuesday, March 18th, 1919.

W. St. Clair Baddeley, President, in the Chair.

The President said that before beginning the ordinary business of the
meeting the very pleasing duty devolved upon him of making a presentation
to Air. L. Richardson, as a mark of the gratitude felt by the Club for the
untiring services rendered during the period (1904-1916) in which he held
office as Hon. Secretary. No more pleasant act on behalf of a Society could
fall to its President, but unfortunately for him his term of office did not
coincide with Mr. Richardson’s, and he would therefore ask Mr. Carles, with
his more intimate knowledge, to speak of those services.

Mr. Carles said that it gave him the greatest pleasure to speak from
personal knowledge, covering many years, of the indefatigable and loyal
services which Mr. Richardson had rendered to the Club, and of the energy
and zeal which had marked all that he did to render their meetings
attractive. He also recalled Mr. Richardson’s close association with the late
Rev. Walter Butt, and his assistance in projecting the preparation of the
Flora of the County, which their late President had so much at heart. Mr.
Richardson’s own pubhshed work had established his reputation, for all his
writing had grit in it. His acquaintance with the geology of the country
extended far beyond Gloucestershire.

Mr. Upton spoke of an association with Mr. Richardson which enabled
him to endorse all that Mr. Carles had said, and he also referred to Mr.

VOL. XX. (2)

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS

73

Richardson’s geological studies and of his peculiar knowledge of the Jurassic
Rocks from Yorkshire down to the South of England.

The President asked Mr. Richardson’s acceptance of a cheque as a token
of the esteem in which he was held by the Club.

Mr. Austin said that the many letters which he had received from Members
who contributed to the presentation bore evidence of thorough appreciation
of Mr. Richardson’s work for the Club.

Mr. Richardson expressed his warm thanks for the kindness which had
prompted the presentation. The work which he had done had brought its
own pleasure, and he would always have the pleasantest recollections of his
association with the Club. He looked forward to carrying on his geological
work, especially in tracing the Oolitic Rocks across England, in which he
had already made good progress. He assured Members of his continued
interest in the Club.

Mr. J. W Haines read some notes on the occurrence of Carex tomentosa
and on certain records in Buckman’s Botany of the Environs of Cheltenham
(1844), which had been forwarded by Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell. These are
printed post, pp. 162-4.

Mr. F. J. Cullis read a paper on “ The Field of the Cotteswolds and
the Field of the Naturalist,” an abstract of which is printed post, pp. 147-50.

Tuesday, November 18th, 1919.

W. St. Clair Baddeley, President, in the Chair.

By permission of Mrs. Clifford the President exhibited a fine specimen of
a dark-ware cooking vessel of Romano-British first period (c. a.d. 120), found
in the Barnwood gravel pit, and human and animal remains also found there.

Mr. George Embrey read a paper on " The Ultra-Microscope and its
Relation to the Colloidal state of Matter,” for which he was warmly
thanked.

Dr. Finlay spoke of personal experience of the value of colloidal substances,
and said that drugs which had been used for years without any great success
were now, when used in colloidal state, producing good results. He mentioned
the application of copper for cancer and manganese for leprosy.

Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck exhibited a specimen of the common grass snake,
and the dried skin of an adder, and pointed out the distinguishing marks of each.

Tuesday, December 16th, 1919.

W. St. Clair Baddeley, President, in the Chair.

Sir Francis Darwin read a paper on “ The Method of Studying the
Stomata of Plants.”

CORRIGENDA.

In the report of the winter meeting of February 19th, 1918, (vol. xx.,

p. 6) : —

Line 7, for “Hunter’s” read “Norman’s.”

Line 11, for “ Argoluis ” read “ Argiolus.”

74

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

FIELD MEETINGS, 1919.

Owing to the War no Field Meetings were held in 1918, and it was with
feelings of pleasure that the Members of the Club w-ere able to resume them,
knowing that while the terms of Peace had not been actually settled, the
grim horrors of the great conflict had ceased.

CHEDWORTH MEETING.

June 3rd, 1919.

The first of the field-days was favoured with ideal spring weather, and
nearly thirty Members met at Chedw-orth. It is of interest to record that the
election of Mr. Christopher Bowly (who was present) to the Club was within
a few days of sixty years previous to this meeting, he having become a
Member on June 15th, 1859.

The Earl of Eldon had kindly given permission to Members to visit the
Roman Villa, and also Casey Compton House, and they were fortunate in
having with them Mr. H. W. Bruton, who for many years has been Agent for
the estate.

Walking from the station, a pause was made w-hen in view of the Church,
and the President said that though no priest belonging to it was mentioned
in Domesday Book, nevertheless the advowson of Chedw-orth w-as inherited
by Roger Fitz Osbem, who gave it to the Norman Abbey of Lire, which
continued to present the priest down to the time of Henry V. (1413). Henry V.
gave the Church to the Nuns of Sheen. At the dissolution the Advowson was
purchased by Hugh Westwood, and presented by him to Queen’s College,
Oxford, in whose gift the living remains at the present time. Moving on to
the Church, the President pointed out its principal architectural features :
the interesting Norman flattened arch of the West Tow-er, the characteristic
pillars on the north side of the Nave, and the carved (mediaeval) stone pulpit.
The north window of the Chancel is deeply splayed and is partly filled with
glass of the time of Edward IV. (c. 1480). The Norman font is made of local
Cotsw-old stone, unfortunately painted over. A very fine and well-preserved
copy of the Genevan Bible (1583), known as the “ Breeches ” Bible, presented
by the Vicar, Rev. G. E. Mackie, is placed in the Chancel.

Leaving the Church, the Members climbed to the ascent above the village,
where the President made a few remarks as to the place-name of the great
Combe upon which they looked — Lister Combe = perhaps representing M.E.
litestere, otherwise litster, , or dyer — and pointed out the directions of the
important roads which ran near, viz. the Foss Way, the road by Calmsden to
Cirencester, and the “ White Way.” The local term “Lains,” w-hich occurs

VOL. XX. (2)

FIELD MEETINGS, 1919

75

at Ched worth1 and also near Brimpsfield ( Blacklains ) and at Arle (Monklaines) ,
indicates divisions of arable land, sown in regular succession to prevent the
ground being too much exhausted. The “ White Way ” runs from
Cirencester between Chedworth and Withington Villas on (via Evesham) to
the Roman station of Alcester, and was made and used for conveying the
produce of the various Villas — Spoonley, Wadley, Withington and Chedworth
— to Corinium, just as the greater Ermine Street was the highway for bringing
the produce of other large districts into Glevum.

On reaching the Roman Villa Members partook of their luncheon under
the trees in the grounds, and before examining the various groups of buildings
the President gave a most interesting outline of the later years (third and fourth
century) of the Roman* occupation of Britain and the probable purpose of this
particular Villa, the site of which he described as quite unique. He said that
the Villa was only one of an extensive group of Villas which supplied Corinium.
The period of the Roman rule comprised only some eighty to ninety years
which might be called happy and really prosperous, and these he assigned as
roughly from the time of Diocletian (a.d. 290) to that of Gratian (a.d. 367).
The evidence of the mosaic-pavements, coins, and other remains all indicate
that the building of almost all the various Villas near here was later than the
second century, their existence showing that security of possession was by
then quite undisturbed, and the civil area enclosed by the Severn and Humber
was enjoying a period of peace. Beyond those rivers all was military.

The Villa at Withington, scarcely two miles away, was found in 1811 in a
field called Withington-on-the-Wall, probably from the ploughmen constantly
turning over the stone remains, and on one of the. mosaic floors (third or
fourth century) — now in the British Museum — is the figure of a man bearing
an instrument called a rake, but which equally suggests a large comb used for
“ currying ” cloth. The Chedworth Villa shows unmistakable evidence of a
large and flourishing dyeing establishment, and perhaps of the making of
cloth as well.

As a rule the occupation of a Roman Villa has become associated with the
idea of the luxurious life of a leisurely noble of the Empire, but here in the
remotest western province, looking at the fact that Chedworth faces almost
due east, stands on an elevation of about 500 feet, and is exposed to the
coldest winds of this northern climate, is it reasonable to suppose that it would
have been built merely as the residence of a rich man who could choose
practically any site he wished ? As a general rule Roman Villas in Britain
faced to the south. Reason seems to demand a simpler interpretation.

For evidence that this Villa may have been a commercial establishment,
the President stated that in the wood close above is a spring, so placed that
the water would have flowed right through the set of chambers on the northern
side, while in the hill behind also occurs a rich out-crop of Fullers’ Earth
(Creta Fullonia), the soap of the ancients. The discovery of soap, as we
know it, dates only some ten years before the destruction of Pompeii. When

1 Chedworth Laines is a hamlet half a mile away.

76

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

they examined the buildings now remaining they would see the actual vats
which may have been used in dyeing either cloth or leather ; and chambers
the entire floors of which have been specially strengthened by solid stone
piles, perhaps to support heavy presses.

In summing up his remarks the President said his interpretation was that
the purpose of the Villa was simply industrial and not one of luxurious sporting
life. The whole arrangement of the buildings clearly indicated this.

As with other typical Villas of South Britain, Ched worth was built on an
oblong plot, not without resemblance to the Elizabethan plan. The baths
and chief dwelling rooms occupy the centre. The industrial wing occupies
the left flank, but as the other, or right, wing has completely vanished, it is
not possible to reconstruct the appearance of the whole site. A court probably
occupied the space between the wings, flanked by alleys.

The party then proceeded to examine the various chambers on the western
and northern sides, the baths, and pavements, and afterwards visited the
well-kept Museum, the President’s clear explanations being much appreciated.

From the Villa a short walk brought Members to Casey Compton, where
Mr. H. W. Bruton had arranged for Members to take tea. Before leaving he
spoke of the old associations of the house — a large wing (as may be seen from
the plate in Atkyns’ Gloucestershire) of which has been taken dowm — with
the family of Howe, who were prominent in County affairs of their time.
The President also referred to the successive owners of the House, from the
time of Sir John Cassey (Lord Chief Baron) who married with a near
relative of the Bohun family.

Sir Francis H. Crawley-Boevey, Bart., of Flaxley Abbey, proposed by
the Hon. Secretary, and seconded by the President, was elected to membership
of the Club.

\

DURSLEY MEETING.

Tuesday, June 24th, 1919.

Members travelled by motor from Gloucester, and were met at Dursley
Church by the President, who described its history and features of interest.
The building now consists of a Nave, with North and South Aisles, Chancel,
and a Western Tower. Of the earliest building, dated thirteenth century,
only the walls of the Tanner Chapel remain. Two arcades and the walls of
the north aisle are of fourteenth-century work. Perpendicular windows were
inserted in the fifteenth century, when the old tower was taken down and
rebuilt and the porch, with a parvise, was added. The fifteenth-century tower
fell in January, 1699 (during “ ringing ”), and was rebuilt in the following year.

After viewing the so-called Priory at the town-spring, the journey was
then resumed to Ozleworth, which lies in a deep coomb far-hidden by
surrounding woods. The church is a building of very singular interest, having

VOL. XX. (2)

FIELD MEETINGS, 1919

//

an unusual ground plan, the polygonal tower with irregular sides being set in
line with the chancel and nave.

In each side of the upper stage of the tower there is a two-light Norman
window, each pair within a containing arch. The early pointed western arch
of the tower (or chancel arch) has a rare ornament in the compound chevron,
which, being deeply undercut, resembles exaggerated “ dog-tooth ” work.
The ornament of the arch of the south doorway consists of a combination of
an unusually large chevron pattern with, at intervals, a series of finely-
sculptured large “ stiff stalk,” making a singularly handsome design.

In the President’s opinion the windows in the upper part of the tower
clearly indicate its original use as a room rather than a belfry. The question
will probably always remain an open one whether the structure was originally
(c. 1130) intended for a church at all, or converted by Roger de Berkeley into
one and then given by him to St. Peter’s at Gloucester during Stephen’s
stormy reign. If such was the case the building will have been perhaps
intended for a fortified residence, which would account for a great deal of its
peculiarity. The circular font is decorated with bands of nail-head and
dog-tooth (“ projecting pyramid ”). It is of similar date with the chancel
arch, but possibly a little nearer 1190.

The famous long (chamber) barrow known as “ Hetty Pegler’s Tump,”
near the road from Uley to Frocester, was next visited, and described by the
President, who called attention to the general similarity of plan on which
many of the chambered Long Barrows w'ere built, and the commanding sites
chosen for these enduring tributes to the stone-age chiefs. The barrow has
been frequently described, and full particulars may be read in the Archceological
Journal, vol. xi., p. 315, the Proceedings of this Club, vol. iii. , pp. 184-88, the
Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Arch. Soc., vol. v., p. 86, and
Blunt’s Dursley, p. 227.

By the kind permission of Mrs. Trent-Stoughton, Owlpen old Manor House
was then visited. The older middle portion of the many-gabled building,
which was probably built early in the fifteenth century and is situated in a
deep coomb, was added to by Thomas Daunt in 1616. It appears that the
place-name is certainly not derived from that of the bird, as unwary students
of heraldry have been long inclined to believe, but most probably from- an
Anglo-Saxon bearing such a name as Olla. The Domesday and later forms
of the name of the Manor is Ollopenne, meaning the penfold of one Olla.
The name has not unnaturally been influenced by “ Owl ” and by “ Old ” in
later times. The Anglo-Saxon for owl is not “Olla” but “ Ule.” Figures of
the owl are, however, represented in stone on the gateway of the new mansion,
which has been built on more elevated ground. The coat of the Owdpenn
family is a “ punning ” coat borrowed from (?) that of Hill of Alveston, and
Papworth does not give it. The “ Ollepenns ” of the thirteenth and fourteenth
century holding the Manor of Owlpen were sub-tenants in Kingscote of the
Kingscotes. The later “ Oldpens,” who married with the Daunt family, were
not armorial and did not carry the Norman prefix “ de.” Like the Hobby

78

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

family they took out a late canting coat, and did not assume the “ de ” of their
earlier and feudal namesakes. There is ground for belief that the earlier
“ Ollepennes ” died out in the fourteenth century. The later ones appear
under Henry VI. without the prefix.

A letter dated April 13th, 1471, addressed by Edward, son of Queen
Margaret, to John Daunt, whose family then resided at Owlpen, has been
cited in support of a tradition that Queen Margaret slept in the Manor House
on her way to the Battle of Tewkesbury. Unfortunately the Daunts then
lived in co. Somerset, and had not yet wedded an Owlpenn. The Manor House
passed into possession of the family of the Stoughtons in 1815 by the marriage
of Thomas Anthony Stoughton with Mary Daunt, daughter and sole heiress.
The Members of the Club were kindly received by Mrs. Trent-Stoughton, who
permitted them to see the house and gardens and also entertained them to
tea, for which she was warmly thanked.

The following candidates for Membership of the Club were declared duly
elected : —

W. Hobart-Bird, at The Lansdown Hotel, Cheltenham ; proposed by
Roland Austin, seconded by J. W. Barnett.

A. Morrison, Horse Pools House, Stroud ; proposed by J. W. Barnett,
seconded by Roland Austin.

T. Graves Smith, Aldreth, Stonehouse ; proposed by J. W. Barnett,
seconded by Roland Austin.

LONGHOPE MEETING.

Saturday, July 12th, 1919.

Members met at Longhope Railway Station and crossed the railway bridge
into the lane to the east leading to Zion Chapel. In this lane are good exposures
of the Ludlow beds, consisting of brown sandstones and, towards their base,
several thin limestone bands. The top of the ridge on which the Chapel stands
is formed of hard Wenlock Limestone, and the valley to the east is carved out
of the soft underlying Wenlock Shales. Crossing this valley, Members took
the lane to the left and proceeded by Blakemore Wood to Huntley Hill. The
lane shows sections in the Woolhope Limestone, which here dips to the south-
east, being affected by the fault. After passing over the Woolhope beds, the
Llandovery Sandstone is seen for a few yards on the site of the lane. Taking
a track that runs northwards to Dursley Cross, a descent to the Ross road was
made. The cutting here is much overgrown, but formerly showed a good
section of the Woolhope Limestone. On the way to the Railway Station the
fine Wenlock Limestone quarries, on Hobbs's Ridge were inspected.

On passing through the village of Longhope attention was called to the
base of a cross standing in front of an inn. Efforts to obtain possession of

VOL. XX. (2)

FIELD MEETINGS, 1919

79

the cross in order to restore it to its original position in the parish churchyard
have not been successful.

Charles Showell, Highlands Cottage, Minchinhampton, proposed by
E. W. Fyfie, seconded by Walter Lucy,
was elected to membership of the Club.

BERKELEY MEETING.

Thursday, August 14th, 1919.

A large number of Members and visitors met at the station and proceeded
to the Parish Church, where they were met by the President and the Vicar
(Rev. H. C. Armour). The former first drew attention to the rather unusual
position of the Tower (which is some distance from the Church on the north
side), and explained that according to tradition it was so placed because the
then Earl of Berkeley objected to its being at the west end of the Church as
it would overlook the Castle ; but the President did not consider this a very
probable story, for he pointed out that, as would be seen later, only the
artizans’ and soldiers’ quarters were on that side of the Castle.

The fine font and the south door (both late Norman) are the oldest parts
of the Church, it having been practically rebuilt about 1.260. The stone
screen was unfortunately much altered by Sir Gilbert Scott. Attention was
directed to the beautiful sculptured capitals of the nave arcades, the “ Doom ”
over the chancel arch, and the Sedile at the end of the south aisle.

BERKELEY CASTLE.

By the President.

The story of the royal manor of Berkeley, apart from the Saxon monastery
(which evidently was broken up in the Confessor’s reign through the violence
of Earl Godwin and his sons, and was situated probably in the Parish of Hinton,
yonder, near Sharpness), begins with the Conqueror handing it over (with so
much else of strategic value), for the policy of mastering of the South Welsh
and the protection of the Severn, to his powerful minister William Fitz-
Osbem, whom he created Earl of Hereford. The solid, if small fortress which
the latter at once raised ( c . 1068-70) was probably at no such distance from
the river as is the present Castle (one and a half miles), for it was in direct
military relation with Striguil Castle (or Chepstow) , and must have commanded
the Severn both up and down for a very special purpose. The royal Vill of
Berkeley with its church, 1 however, was no doubt where it now is ; and when
presently it became plundered by William D’Eu and the Bishop of Coutances
in the rebellion under Rufus (1088), no castle or fortress figured or is even
mentioned by the chroniclers. King William, his father, together with the
court, had visited Berkeley in 1080, and perhaps oftener, and he was received
1 There is a possibly well-founded tradition that this stood nearer to the rebuilt bell tower.

8o

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

and provided for there by his appointed Provost, Roger de Berkeley, whose
office was made an hereditary one, and was retained by his heirs until 1153,
but again no castle is mentioned. These facts seem to point instead to the
existence of at least a safe and capacious Manor House at Berkeley, or next it,
and which gave place but little later to the Castle, where Henry 1. stayed when
he spent Easter at Berkeley (1121), and before which Roger (III.) de Berkeley
was captured in 1146 by Milo’s son, Walter de Hereford, to whom he was
compelled (by torture) to surrender it “ ante suum (quod in vicino habuerat)
Castellum.-’ That Castle was “ Keepless ” and, probably like its fellows of that
day, was largely built of timber and protected by a deep ditch. This is
shown by the granting to Robert Fitz Harding of the licence to build a Keep
by Henry II. in 1154, which is the present cylindrical “ turris ” or keep. The
licence and seal of the king is still in the Castle.

There is at Berkeley a special difficulty (owing to its nature) in determining
dates by masonry 1 as apart from mouldings, and of the latter we have probably
none of anterior date to Henry II. There are traces of Norman masonry
together with one Norman shaft and cap in the western end of the great hall,
and it is possible that a newel or two still secreted within the thickest outer
walls are of that date. For the rest of the Castle, apart from the keep, is of
the time of Henry III., Edward III., and later periods ; while its outer bailly
is practically non-extant above ground since the early eighteenth century.
Small oil-pictures, however, survive in the Castle which prove that numerous
buildings had surrounded it. The present outer gate is not ancient ; and the
original inner one has given way to the present complicated structure which,
minus portcullis and other features, does duty for it. Meanwhile a great deal
of 1790 construction figures as an unharmonious adjunctive to the Thorpe
Tower and elsewhere beyond it.

One of the specially aggressive and destructive features of these various
alterations has been the hiding in one case, and total destruction in two (?)
others, of the semi-circular dungeon-turrets of the keep. For, we should
picture the keep with at least four of these ; and in some of these were kept
munitions, and in others prisoners, while one includes still the well and above
it the Chapel of St. John.

The family of the Lords in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries lived
here in the upper keep and used the Chapel of St. John, which we see in front
of us, for their devotions, while the garrison and official staff and stables
occupied the building below. Access to the keep was originally by wooden
stairs to yonder vide Norman door, since 1170 approached by the present
stone flight within the fore-building. Within the keep two storeys and roof
were inter-connected by two or perhaps more stone newels, some traces of
which can well be followed. The arrangements in such keeps were devised so
as to deceive as much as possible any invader v'ho obtained access, and their
architects are proven to have seldom repeated their plans. Gradually, with
greater security, the outer buildings and galleries of timber became translated

1 The stone is chiefly from Bull rocks near Sharpness, and the puff-stone (yellow) near Dursley.

VOL. XX. (2)

FIELD MEETINGS, 1919

TUj^Tower
c. 15 Vi>

T

Szb'^X.

S'ijokns

PLAN AND VIEW OF KEEP, BERKELEY CASTLE

82

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

into solid stone, and the pent-up proprietor and his family found their way
to greater freedom in nobler and roomier apartments in the curtain wall of
the inner bailly, to which a great hall and another chapel (St. Mary) were
added, so that the keep probably became more official than domestic. It was,
in fact, the Constable’s domain ; hence it is probable that Edward II. was
lodged in some portion of the keep, and will have heard his prayers, made his
confession, and received his communion in the Chapel of St. John and not in
the later family chapel of his father’s date, of St. Mary. It should be recalled
that the constant danger in these castles was rather from treachery within,
on the part of bribed porters and garrisons, than from the violence without.
Hence discipline was perforce strict and responsibility very great. We hear
of one local family, Thorpe of Wanswell, holding the Thorpe Tower for genera-
tions, and being responsible for the defences of Berkeley. The various cross-
ailettes, or “ meurtrieres ” are, almost all of them, of Edwardian date, and owing
to the late wise destruction of perhaps three hundred years of unrestrained
ivy, a number of more of these in their original position have now come to
light, which we shall view in making our simple perambulation of the exterior,
adding very greatly to the interest of the walls, especially on the north-east
above the great moat or ditch. Lord Berkeley’s zealous care for his home
comes not a moment too soon.

We may here, while in the keep, recall the actual facts such as are known
(discarding all inflated conjectures) about the half imbecile Edward here. He
was brought to the Castle from Kenilworth in April, 1327, and was committed
to the charge of Thomas, Lord Berkeley (later one of the commanders at
Crecy), his brother-in-law, Lord Maltravers of Woodchester, and his kinsman
Sir Thomas de Goumay and a William of Ocle. He died on September 21st,
after five months’ detention, probably to the dismay of his keepers, who now
became responsible to the new king, his son (as they must have known they
would be). Berkeley, however, being (as he afterwards proved in court,
1331) indisposed, was not in the Castle, but at his Manor at Bradley, some
way off. But he came to his Castle soon after with his family, and took up
his residence there until the embalmed body of the dead king was removed
to St. Peter’s Abbey at Gloucester, for burial in the following January, when
he and his whole family accompanied it thither. Meantime Maltravers,
Goumay and William of Ocle had fled to the Continent, certainly to escape
vengeance, but not necessarily because they were guilty of murder. That
Maltravers was not guilty seems beyond doubt, owing to the fact that after
his absence for many years the son of Edward II. restored him both to his
lands and honours which had been seized, and received him untarnished at
Court. That Goumay was guilty can nowise be proved ; for, according to
one oft-repeated account, he was pursued and captured on board a ship on the
high seas, and beheaded then and there. But though even this was not the
case, his lands and possessions were all returned to his heirs by the stem and
martial Edward, son of his supposed victim.

The beautiful effigy of Edward in Gloucester was probably made from a
cast of his face taken while he lay dead at Berkeley by a Nottingham master.

VOL. XX. (2)

FIELD MEETINGS, 1919

83

in white alabaster, and is one of the earliest effigies we have in this fine (now
extinct) material. The dead king’s heart was placed in a silver vase by Lord
Berkeley, who received £5 a day while the body lay here. The flamboyant
account of the murder by De la More (probably of Bitton and no friend of
the Berkeleys) is our earliest detailed authority, and it is not only full of
impossibilities about “ heavy feather-beds more than fifteen strong men could
carry ” being thrown over the wretched prisoner, and to no purpose “ for his
shrieks were heard all over the town of Berkeley," but unfortunately his MS.
is not in existence, and was only copied (inaccurately) seventy years after
the event which it professes to describe after the manner of Harrison Ainsworth
or Mrs. Radcliffe.

It may be worth while to point out that as the Thorpe Tower and at least
one semi-circular turret vanished with it when it was rebuilt in 1346, perhaps
it had special and most unpleasant memories as having been the real prison
of Edward II., and so was gotten rid of not unwillingly.

We can here say farewell to the Castle, and perhaps faintly picture, on
this calm, beautiful September day, those other days when

“ Berkeley’s towers appeared in martial pride,

Menacing all around the Champaign wide.”

Drayton.

A hearty vote of thanks was given by the Members of the Club to the
Right Hon. the Earl .of Berkeley for the pleasure afforded to them in spite
of the perforce limited sight of the building.

The following candidates for Membership of the Club were declared duly
elected : —

Rev. Maurice Maltby, The Rectory, Longhope, proposed by C. I.
Gardiner, seconded by J. W. Gray.

H. Cairns Terry, M.B., Hampden House, Barton Street, Gloucester,
proposed by Dr. J. M. Martin, seconded by Roland Austin.

R. G. Wootton, Mickleton Manor, Gloucestershire, proposed by J. M.
Dixon, seconded by F. J. Mylius.

MISERDEN MEETING.

The meeting arranged for September 9th, had, for various reasons, to •
be abandoned.

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1919.

8l

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

M |

o I 'i- m

rj 00

0 0 0 0 0

00-0

C/3 ON M

H-l

CO CO ON O O'

t'- IT)

^ rt o

irj *-*

T(CH h-t M CC

1

O

2
O

« c
< rt
J “>
U

P

H

3

£

w

X

w

2 a •

j ft : :

x

0 X

S SjO

III!

»-. ^ 5 g

a : ^ h

c/j c/3 _T

g £

o 3

3

H O

£ «
£ <->

bo

3

o

g
H

gOE

x •£ o P ~ t?

6

D g :

s *

z
w

CT C/3
OO

bo bo
c3 rt

D c
O 3
W

z ^
< .£
j c

c« -£

o o

CL CL

I in H

<

Z

z

<

X

T3

C

3

.O

T3

3

ctf

"5

<

b>% *
(2 %

• N

c n '
^ 'T-

OOO
iCO o

o

1 u

>»

c3

10 o o>

o

to

c

c/)

W

Z

O

32 cl o :*■

-a ►“< ^

W U ^

B

D

CD

O

(h

C

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

85

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER.

BY

W. ST. CLAIR BABDELEY, President.

I. Romaxo-British.

As one walks along the highway, if one notices the various
traces made by passing animals, by vehicles and by people,
how they cross and re-cross and give way to one another,
one feels that even there is written a bit of history, could we
but read it clearly. There are the horse-shoe tracks, foot-prints
of oxen or cows, of dogs and those of their potent commander,
their feudal lord — even man !

Will you be surprised if I venture to assert here that, to
the student of town history, the various buildings, thorough-
fares, pavements, curious names, make a very similar impression,
offering to him the over-lapping evidences of the past story,
from which he is bound to draw the conclusions at which he
arrives.

I shall return to these tracks of the “ passers-by ” presently ;
but let me meanwhile make my meaning fuller by an ancient
story from the Persian.

This is a well-known story, in which a well-to-do Persian
merchant traveller complains in a hostel that, as he came
towards the town, he had lost three valuable laden camels
that got astray from the caravan a few nights before his
arrival.

Thereupon a listener asks if one of the beasts was a lame one
— lame of the left hind-leg ? “ Why, yes ! ” came the emphatic

reply. “ You then have seen it ? ” “ Oh no ! I did not,”

answered the questioner. “ Moreover, did it carry honey in
its load ? ” “ Why, yes,” retorted the owner, — “ there ;

you must have seen it ! ” “ No, I did not, indeed ; but you

may also say whether the other two camels carried flour and
dates ? ” The astonished owner immediately replied, “ Why

86

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

the very things ! How did you know ? ” The tranquil
response now came : “ As I was myself travelling, afar off,
to this same town, out westward I noticed tracks of three
camels, one of which by its irregularities discovered that the
beast was lame in the hind quarters : here and there I saw
several clusters of bees very busy, and I knew that meant honey.
Farther along, I picked up dates that were good, and I ate them
with my friend : and lastly, at another spot we saw that all
three beasts must have scattered in a panic, perhaps attacked
by a wild beast — for the tracks ran off in different directions —
and a lot of flour lay whitely about the spot ! I never saw any
of the beasts.”

Now, the scientific may chaff the history-writers and the
archeologues on the score of a certain inexactness in their
evidences as compared with those demanded by the chemist, the
geometrician and the mathematician ; but be it recollected that
often this story illustrates the only kind of evidence that has
survived for us to handle ; and if we do sometimes draw
incorrect deductions, at any rate these can be set right at
far less cost than can the miscalculations of the surgeon or of
the engineer !

Let us turn to the application of the image with which we
started, the tracks and footsteps of the passers-by on the
highway and the history of towns, and especially of this
beautiful and very ancient one, of Cirencester.

The first evidences that claim our attention concern the
Pre-Roman and the Roman possession of this early centre with
its neighbourhood beside the Churn river.

Historic information up to date seems to assure us that two
successive Celtic tribes from Belgium and Gaul may have
established their important cantonal town here about 200 B.C.,
and the earlier of the two displaced by conquest unknown
people of the round-barrow-period. The earlier of these
probably were the Cornavii, while the later called themselves
the Dohuni. At the time of or somewhat before the Roman
invasion Gaulish tribes occupied and ruled territory at least
as far as the Severn westward, and above the Humber in the
North, and in doing so had, of course, dispossessed and
perhaps partly enslaved the people whom they overcame.

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

87

They were, probably, far in advance of those people in
civilisation ; and though beset with quarrels among themselves,
the newer Celts had long been the dominant force in this
island. Most of their tribes possessed mints for both silver and
gold coins after 150 b.c., and they not only spoke the same
Celtic tongues used by their kinsfolk in Gaul and Belgium,
but fifty years before the coming of the Romans (a.d. 43)
their trade (though not their arts) so felt Roman influences,
that they had adopted the hated Latin title Rex (King) on their
coins, and certain of them had sent emissaries of high rank
to consult the Emperor Augustus about their wrongs and
entreat his help against their aggressive neighbours.

Of these Dobuni who by then owned Duro-Comovium,
later on the second town in Britain, and its surrounding
country, we know a few facts of some distinction. They struck
gold coins, several examples of which have been found ; and
one of their latest princes was one Bodvoc, specimens of whose
coins have been found even in Monmouthshire and beyond.
They appear to have offered no resistance to the Romans.

We have the further information about them that their
neighbours, the more powerful tribe of the Cattivellauni, not
long before the Roman coming had subdued a portion of them
and made them pay tribute. It is possible that the reason
the other portion of the Dobuni had not been conquered and
also made tributary was that already they were across the
Severn in contact and conflict with a savage dark-skinned
people (probably of Iberian origin) called Silures, who, though
Celtic-speaking, had no coinage, and were destined to give thirty
years of trouble (after the manner of Sinn Fein) to the Roman.
The Silures had their later tribal-centre at the place we know
as Caerwent in Monmouthshire (Venta Silurum). Doubtless,
there are not unrecognisable descendants of this people over-
Severn to-day ! Probably the actual origin of the camp beside
the Severn that became taken over and developed (c. 98 a.d.)
into a settled small town by the Romans and called Glevum
(and later Gleawanceaster by the Saxons, otherwise Gloucester)
was due to the Dobunic conflicts with this non-Celtic tribe
beyond Severn.

It is of interest to record here that down to the fourteenth

88

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

century some spot in the immediate neighbourhood of Hare
Lane, Gloucester (probably an outwork) was still known as
the Castle of Croydon, a name which, though regarded of
Saxon origin in eastern counties, is by no means certainly so
here, but may have been a Celtic survival.

If not the earlier, the later, or Dobunic name of their chief
town, Corinium (in Romanised form), or Corin, was probably
due to the local river-name, which may be far more ancient ;
for the river-names are usually the oldest of all the local-
names, and change less easily than do field or town-names.
Ciren seems nearer to Churn than does Corin for the reason
that the local British, as the Life of Alfred by Asser shows us,
in the tenth century called the place Caer-Ceri, and they had
quite softened out the earlier 0 into an e. He says that the
Saxons called it Chirrenceaster.

The Romans had found the town called Duro-Comovium,
but in the Seventh Century Itinerary of Britain (known
as that of Ravennas) it is styled “ Corinium Dobunorum ”
or Corinium of the Dobuni : so that the earlier name had
been dropped.

I must now explain in the main what the Roman did when
he came here (for what was to prove the establishment of
his rule and his abiding influence) from the year 43 until 577 a. d. ,
when the Saxons first made themselves masters here.

It is obvious that the Roman reached the site before he
reached and crossed the Severn ; but I may as well repeat here
that the story so current in the county-books, taking for
granted that the various rectangular and other camps along the
Cotteswold formed a defensive chain of forts made by the Roman
Generals Ostorius and Vespasian, is absolutely without founda-
tion, except on the acceptance of a mis-transcribed passage
of Tacitus. The Roman coins sometimes found in these are
invariably late.

There is nothing so truly indicative of the distinction between
advanced civilisation and barbarism (however cultivated this
may be) as the evidence of roads and camps — the straight fine
and the rectangle.

To the barbarian a camp has the local significance of settle-
ment and defensive position : his road or track is the cattle-

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

89

track and the war-path, and his burial-place is near it. But
to the Roman the road is strategic, and the camp is the road
or river guarder.

What did the Roman find here ? He found a marked
riverine town-settlement with its tribal huts, and probably
there were two or three important wooden courtyard mansions
of local British type of the ruling prince and his kinsmen.
To it led three or four ancient and very irregular old tracks,
some of which can still be traced and some of which (glorified)
are still in use, accompanied by those inevitable tokens
of antiquity the long-barrows and the later round ones.
Follow on any map the Daglingworth and Duntisboume road.

The first thing the Roman did lay in the General’s command,
and that was to establish a scientific camp. In this case, I
believe, it was made outside the town, and to its existence
we probably owe the district-name of Chesterton, on its
southern flank ; that may also give the reason why the later
Bull-ring became established there and not on another site.
The next thing the Roman did was to establish a temple, in
which the symbol of empire, the sacred majesty of the living
Emperor, or War-Lord Supreme, should be worshipped by a
brotherhood, or official College of Augustales, for the easier
Romanisation of the conquered and tributary Dobunic people,
and for the easier assimilation of local religious cults. In
its wake followed the Latin teacher and the Roman lawyer
and the money-lender. Meanwhile the surveyors and the
engineers carefully determined the outlay and directions of
the required roads and the places of the future stations, or block-
houses, along these. It may be asked if there is evidence
as to which of these many Roman roads of Cirencester,
the Fosse, the Ermine Street or the White Way had priority
in the making ? We can only approach the answer with proba-
bility by consideration of the known objectives of the conqueror
during the first century. To this we can then say, the design and
necessity of the all-important Fosse Way compels us to give
it a first-century date, and the Ermine Street probably followed
and even over-lapped its making. The Fosse, however, may
have been completed on one side (that was the north-east
side) of the town considerably before its extension to Bath

go

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

and onwards. The fine directness of line of these roads was
contrived by means of smoke columns and observation of the
marked eminences of the landscape. Their changes of direction
usually occur at the steeper hills, as at Birdlip, where was a
‘ statio.’

Meanwhile, the Roman soon glorified the tribal town-
market into a Forum, made a Justice Court or Basilica
near it and a prison, and presently baths and (perhaps) a
theatre.

Meanwhile, with the advance of the legionary centres
to permanent strongholds at Caerleon ( new post) and Deva
{Chester), Duro-Comovium ceased to be of military importance,
and it became more and more a commercial emporium on the
Fosse, with additional road-feelers stretching out farther and
farther into the land in all directions.

It is probable that the solid eight-foot walls which enclosed
the well-developed area of this prosperous town were only
built after Duro-Comovium 1 (later, Corinium), became the
capital of one of the five departments of Diocletian s Britain,
that is in the end of the third or beginning of the fourth
century after Christ. It was then the second largest town in
Britain. By that date it was undoubtedly handsome, with
many a columned mansion and public building, a central Basilica,
having statues of important people, elaborate drainage, tesselated
floors and stencilled-coloured wall-plasters, and with temples
and baths, oftentimes improved or rebuilt, all paid for by a
thriving trade in cloth and corn. The houses, some of wood
and some of stone, were tiled with stone ; and plenty of small,
rather debased coinage passed from hand to hand.

At this date provincial cities of importance, whether of
military character or not, imitated Rome herself, and surrounded
themselves with solid defences. And doubtless the neighbour-
ing villas looked to them as places of natural retreat in times
of crises or civil war.

This state and type of Roman civilisation lasted (though
after a.d. 360 in' a declining condition) right on until the
Romano-British influences and customs became extinguished

1 Note — It is quite likely that the change of name may have become official
when the Diocletianic revision of the province came about.

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

91

by the violent Saxon conquest following the battle of Dyrham
in 577-

II. The Mediaeval Period.

What was the condition of Cirencester in the first Norman
Period ? That is, before the great Abbey had been re-founded
(a.d. 1128) out of an old Saxon College of a few Prebends with rich
gifts and provisions by Henry I., and before its Abbot became
the owner and ruler of the destinies of the town and a good
deal besides ?

Manifestly, it was thus with it. The King was (as of old)
lord in chief, and his castle ruled it through a constable
and official stewards. Any privilege allowed to the citizens,
therefore, was from the King. In the similar towns of York,
Southampton, and Winchester the same thing obtained,
but in time these towns succeeded in becoming incorporated
boroughs, as Cirencester did not. The only others who besides
the King had any say here were the Sheriff of the County
(in the matters of jurisdiction and pleas), and two Feudal families
who had small estates held of the King and forming a Central
part of the Romano-British town, namely, the Archibalds and
the Piries. The local customs and agreements of tradition
were administered by the Crown officials just as upon any other
Feudal estate. The court was the King’s Court, the tolls were
his, and the townsfolk were the King’s tenants, and there were
the Hundred Courts.

It must not be supposed the people were badly off as such.
For the King (as owner) was usually absent or busy, and far
less of an interferer than a Bishop or a Baron, and it was not to
his interest as lord and sovereign to deny his tenants advan-
tages for which they were willing to pay or to compromise.
The benefits secured by the townspeople from time to time were
in proportion either to the grace of the Monarch or the price
which they could give, or else to the resisting power they could
successfully offer to exactions. Gloucester agreed to pay a
large Fee-ferm rent to the King at Westminster annually, and
so that city acquired its essential privileges of self-government
and freedom from interference. It was far more fortunate
in its onward course than Cirencester.

92

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

What were the essential privileges that all aspiring English
towns recognised as most desirable ?

1. The first was a right to deal in financial matters directly
with the Exchequer ; not to be treated as a mere fragment
of the shire through the Sheriff.

2. Next, to have a “ Guild-merchant,” with privileges
for trade-regulation, and freedom from toll to its traders,
throughout the Kingdom.

3. Next, to be permitted to administer justice within its
boundaries according to ancient custom, to elect its own officers
and to rule the citizens, who should not be removable except by
their own consent and council.

4. All townsmen should be sworn to defend their acquired
liberties.

5. Permission to have and to use a Common Seal.

Hence, an ancient or mediaeval town simply craved for

the governance of itself after the manner of a small republic,
not after the ordinances of feudal masters. We must recollect
that the life of such towns was very stationary compared to the
life in later times. The State as an entity was almost as tenuous
or foggy to them as a ghost, while their own little business
and town-crafts and guilds were everything. It was the only
systematic life they understood. Each man and boy was
a member of a narrow little commonwealth. If danger to it
was recognised, all were summoned by the town-bell to the
Market-place, where their duties were assigned to them, and their
arms dealt out by the common bailiff. Of course, if the King
summoned them to his aid the same thing occurred, and the
bailiff selected a contingent and appointed captains and made
provision for them. In the case of civil wars or family-battles,
the citizens were fairly indifferent, except to the winner, from
whom might perhaps be expected extensions of privilege.

Even if Cirencester had attained to the coveted and stable
possession of a “ Guild-merchant,” we can be certain it would
have had no easy or comfortably clear line before it. It would
have had to keep up constant friction with the Abbot of St.
Mary (its future Lord Paramount) while it perfected slowly its
municipal organisation. There would have occurred causes
of serious differences between the two, involving new and

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

93

expensive Charters, and the right to have Wills proven in its
Guildhall before the Master and the Abbot’s Steward jointly.
There would have been disputes over criminal jurisdiction
as causing damage to the Abbot or to the Township ; or else,
as to markets and fairs, and the dues upon these. The Abbot
would have had his choice of the Master from among the
members of the Guild presented to him. He would also
have had his say as to the election of Burgesses ; and half
the fines would have been his. Also he would have had the
appointing of the Keeper of the Seal for sealing the town cloth.

But Cirencester (as we shall see), becoming sold by Richard I.
to the local Abbot, remained incorporate and was effectually cut
off all hope of true liberty. That is to say, there was only one
tantalising, but very brief, flash of it when under Henry IV. (1401)
a dramatic event enabled it to escape with that King’s aid from
its feudal owner’s hands, like a bird from the net. The con-
spiracy of the Earls of Salisbury and Kent (his kinsman)
in favour of the deposed Richard II., with whom was associated
Lord Despencer of Tewkesbury, against Henry, having been
betrayed to the latter, the Earls fled to Cirencester from Oxford,
accompanied by a chaplain, called Maudelen, where they are
reported to have lodged at an inn ; their followers remained
outside the town. The Bailiff of Cirencester, becoming
aware that a national crisis was actually concentrating in the
midst of his quiet town, quietly took measures in favour of
the King, and at midnight, together with some bowmen and
a crowd of eager, if ignorant, citizens, who made fast the gates,
secured the persons of the lords 1 and their minions, after a
serious struggle involving the burning of some houses, and took
them to the Abbey prison. Their just entreaties to be sent to
the King being refused, they were led forth at sundown to the
Market-place and beheaded without trial. Despencer, who had
escaped, was taken at Bristol. The King being well-pleased,
therefore, with the people of Cirencester, granted them, besides
bucks from Braydon forest and wine from Bristol, a Guild-
merchant and Master thereof. But no sooner did his son,
Henry V., succeed him than the Abbot applied for a cancellation

1 The Earl of Kent then owned and hunted at Miserden Manor.

94

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

of the Charter, and obtained it, together with a heavy indemnity
for damages done by it to his ancient rights as Lord of the
Manor and of the Seven Hundreds and rector of the parish.
All appeals were in vain. The old yoke was refastened upon
its neck, and the town’s forward progress towards autonomy
was stayed by the work of its spiritual lord.

It is therefore interesting to recognise the exceeding
importance of the peculiar change that so unkindly altered
the prospects of the old town, and to emphasise at the same time
how significant in its story was the early loss by destruction of its
Castle. Here I cannot but notice that some local historians
have manifested uncertainty as to the true site of the Castle,
some declaring that it stood at the Querns. But the Castle
(as the late Rev. E. A. Fuller rightly declared), never stood
there. We can quite well fix where it did stand by evidences
which have been neglected. Let us look at the plan of the
town for a moment, and consider the peculiarities of the
place-names.

First, let us look at the irregular block of houses formed by
Silver Street, Castle Street, and Park Lane. This block shows
itself the result of a circle of structures instead of a square
like the rest of the blocks in this town. Next, there is the
presence of Castle Street, with a peculiar bulge in it.
But almost more conclusive than these points is the former
name of Park Lane, namely “ Law Ditch.” You will ask
why this should be evidence. The reason is this. A royal
castle in a mediaeval town was altogether independent of
the rest of the town or borough, or local magnates, whether
Abbots, Bishops, or Lords of Manors that encroached on
portions of the town. The inhabitants of the Castle, servants
and all, were exempt from town justice, and if they had to be
prosecuted they had to be sent to Gloucester to be tried in the
Sheriff’s Court. Hence, the moat or ditch of the Royal Castles
at Cirencester, Bristol and Gloucester became in due course
(especially when dried up) the resort of felons and malefactors
and excommunicated folk, of whom town-justice had to beware,
for it could not deal with them. Hence these Castle Ditches
took the curious name of Law Ditches. Thus we have in this
one name something like proof of where the Castle Ditch (or

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

95

moat) ran. The Castle orchard and meadows ran out over
the present Great Western Railway to the Querns.

It was suggested that the disappearance of this Castle of
Cirencester had greatly influenced the destinies of Cirencester.
Indeed, its disappearance was rather like a misfortune, as
will now be shown.

And first, when did it disappear ? This took place in
1 141-42, shortly after the Empress Maud, daughter to the
late King Henry I., had occupied it with a rich retinue and
powerful garrison during her war with her cousin, King Stephen.
The Empress being a little later at Oxford, and King Stephen
formerly her prisoner at Gloucester Castle, having escaped
thence, he and his followers set fire to the Castle to prevent
her re-occupation, and it never re-arose.

The misfortune for the town lay in this, that the rising
importance of Gloucester (owing to the Norman policy of
subduing Wales) diminished the strategic significance of
Cirencester. The need of re-building the Castle here was felt
far less than the need for strengthening Gloucester. Hence,
the money that would have sufficed for rebuilding the bumed-
out towers of Cirencester Castle went presently under Henry II.
(1170-75) to the erection of the fortress-gate and bridge (known
at Westgate Bridge) at Gloucester.

These facts caused the now enriched Abbot of St. Mary’s
here to cast a business-eye upon the remains of the Castle and
the possibility of extending his authority and possessions. With
the accession, and impecuniosity, of Richard Cceur-de-Lion,
his opportunity duly came. The Abbot knew precisely the
value and importance of the governance of the King’s Castle-
Manor : its real control of the town, its taxation, its levies,
and its defences. It became probable that for a price, which
his monastery could afford to offer, the crusading Richard,
sorely in want of money at any sacrifice, would not refuse to
part with a derelict stronghold, which had lost all strategic
value, and the upkeep of which, with its Constable and garrison,
was a burden to an impoverished Crown. If the Kings wished
to visit Cirencester the future Abbots would gladly enough act
as their hosts and place St. Mary’s at their disposal. They
often did soC

&6

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

Accordingly, at Westminster, in July, 1189, the Abbot
obtained a Charter granting the Abbey the whole of the Manor
of Cirencester with all its appurtenances, and the Vill of Minety,
and also the jurisdiction of the Seven Hundreds belonging to
this Royal Manor, in perpetuity, for £30 annually, with all
manorial rights, and powers of life and death, and Ordeal.
The consequences of this momentous transaction are not
difficult to apprehend.

At a stroke the tenants of the Crown in Cirencester and its
members, and Minety, became tenants of the Abbot. From
being a town on Royal Demesne, it -became a town on Church
Property with a Feudal Priest for its lord instead of the
absentee Kings. All local authority henceforward was settled
in the Abbot of St. Mary. He was bound, it is true, to continue
to administer the ancient customs and usages, and also in his
own interests to encourage profitable trade in wool and leather
and stone and com ; but he was, first and last, the trustee of
the vast spiritual Corporation called the Church, and, as such,
he could be no friend to aspiring municipalities. He could not
only refuse to discuss or bargain with suitors for privileges and
liberties, but he could wield a greater power than any mere
King or Baron ; he could threaten excommunication, body and
soul. Against such a pow-er, it is manifest, a tovm might vrell
struggle in vain and for centuries, as Cirencester did. His
Steward and Bailiff v-ould administer justice, collect taxes,
exact fines, overavre the Market-place, nip the aspiring “ guilds ”
and “ fraternities ” in the bud like a frost, and on his gallow-s
offenders would hang. Moreover, he could and did insist
that all com must be ground at the Abbey Mill. Presently,
under King John, the Abbot made further gift of £100 and a
palfrey to gain quittance of all interference by the Sheriffs.

In all probability, as at Gloucester, at the time v-hen King
Richard sold Cirencester to the Abbot, the townsfolk wrere
nearly ripe for borough rights and charters. Guild it may
have had. The local name Gildinebridge occurs before 1309,
but probably it vras a small bridge built from ‘ geld ’ of
some kind. It seems a pity that the old historic names of
streets should be allowed to give w-ay unduly to modern ones
often of far less significance. Painsvick has wisely reverted

VOL. XX. (2)

ANCIENT CIRENCESTER

97

to its Friday Street which it possessed for four centuries, named
from the Friday markets. For fifty years it was called after a
modem public-house. Cirencester should take heed. It may
not sound dignified for London’s centre to have a Gutter Lane ;
but when you have reason to believe it commemorates that
very Danish King whom Alfred converted and who kept his
oath at Cirencester, the matter is more interesting.

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

99

NOTES ON THE COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION
DURING THE QUATERNARY PERIOD.

BY

JOSEPH WILLIAM GRAY, F.G.S.

(Read December 17th, 1918.)

Contents.

I. Introductory.

II. The Local Deposits.

III. The Black Flints.

IV. The Cotteswolds and the Lower Severn Plain.

V. The Malvems and Adjacent Valleys.

VI. The Stour-Evenlode Watershed and Avon Valley.

VII. The Lower Severn Valley Drift Deposits.

VIII. The Close of the Glacial Epoch.

IX. Recent Changes.

X. A Bibliography.

XI. Map of the Region.

I. Introductory.

In a series of papers read before the Cotteswold and other
Naturalists’ Field Clubs during the last ten years I have given
the results of an attempt to solve the problems presented by
the superficial deposits of the Cotteswold-Malvem region in
their relation to the Glacial Epoch. The fragmentary nature
of the evidence and the uncertain origin of many of the Drift
pebbles naturally rendered some of my solutions of the problems
merely tentative.

100

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

Moreover the geological events in this district, of which the
greater part if not the whole is unglaciated, and much is devoid
of Drift, are more difficult to elucidate than in regions where
the passage of each of the ice-sheets has left its characteristic
marks of glaciation. Correlation with the Pleistocene deposits
of other areas is also rendered difficult by the absence of human
remains of Glacial age.

Continued observation of fresh sections shoving changes in
the constituents and modes of deposit, and the reference to
their source of many at one time doubtful Drift specimens, have
allowed a more complete classification to be made. The results
are now presented as a supplement to previous communications,
and as a summary of conclusions from the whole of the available
evidence. To render the following pages serviceable to
members who wish to gain only a general idea of the subject
some repetition of parts of my former papers and references to
contributions by other writers will be necessary. For the
convenience of future workers in this field of research those
papers will be bound in one volume and placed in che Library
of the Club.

A Bibliography numbered to correspond with the references
in the text and a sketch map of the region are appended. The
rivers and places on the map are referred to in this and
previous papers.

For assistance in the identification of some of the Drift
specimens I am indebted to Dr. Sir J. J. Harris Teall and
Dr. Aubrey Strahan, the late and present Directors, and Dr.
H. H. Thomas, the Petrographer, of the Geological Survey,
whose kind services have been of great value.

The following are the principal varieties of rocks in the
superficial deposits under review : —

Class

A. — Gravels, sands and clays, composed of the disintegrated

portions of the rocks upon or near winch they lie.

B. — Cretaceous materials consisting mainly of black flints and

blocks of chalk, probably derived from strata formerly
extending over the district.

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

IOI

Class

C. — Drift, composed of Permian and Triassic pebbles and

waterworn flints mainly scattered over the surface.

Many of the pebbles are “ wind polished.”

D. — Erratic boulders, pebbles, flints, sands, and fragments of

marine shells derived from the great ice-sheets.

E. — Siliceous sands without Drift pebbles.

F. — Silt and other alluvial deposits, peat, submerged forests,

and Calc-tufa.

Drift pebbles and flints occurring above elevations of about
700 feet on the Cotteswrolds and about 420 feet on the Malvems
have been carried to their present positions by man.

The term “ Drift ” given to various deposits by Lucy,
Symonds, and other authors being insufficiently distinctive,
the present writer has restricted its application to materials
foreign to the district, with the qualification where necessary
of a prefix, e.g. “ Bunter Drift,” “ Glacial Drift.”

The origin and mode of introduction of the above-named
constituents will, within the limits of available space, be
discussed in the approximate chronological order of the deposits
of which they form a part.

In this paper the term “ Severn Plain ” is used for that part
of the region hung between the Cottesw'olds and the Malverns ;
and the “ Severn Valley ” for the low ground through wdnch
the river winds.

At the beginning of the Pleistocene Period the Cotteswolds,
the Malverns, and the intervening Severn Plain, after long
exposure to sub-aerial denudation, were approximating to their
present contours, which were yet to be modified by more active
erosion during the Ice Age. The changes referable to that
period include the addition of a part of the drainage area of
the Dee to that of the Severn, the deflection of streams by banks
of debris carried from the hills and the ice-sheets, and the
deposition of gravels and sands.

It is improbable that, after the long period of elevation
above the sea, any remnants of marine or estuarine deposits of
Tertiary age then survived in the Severn Valley. Although it

3

102

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

is stated in Jardine’s Memoir of Strickland (181, p. clxvi., see
also 113, p. 217) that Falconer had found “ an old fluviatile
Pliocene deposit of great extent ” in the Severn Valley, no
beds of that age can now be recognised. Falconer’s opinion
seems to have been founded solely upon the discovery in
the Severn gravels of the remains of Elephas antiquus,
Hippopotamus major, and other animals of the warm climate
group, which however lived in Britain well into Pleistocene
times.

The reputed discovery by Allies of an Oliva “ in fresh
condition ” in a bed of gravel at Kempsey led Murchison and
others (133, pp. 532-34) to assume that when the gravel was
deposited “ the climate of the Vale of Worcester probably
approached a warm character.” The Oliva was, however,
associated with shells of Pleistocene and Recent species in a
gravel of Glacial age. Shells of Tertiary age may have been
carried by land-ice from the bed of the Irish Sea, but it is
improbable that the only Oliva alleged to have been found in
the Lower Severn Valley could have been in a fresh condition
when it reached Kempsey, where all the associated shells are
fragmentary and waterwom (31, pp. 184-88). There is no
other record of the discovery of unworn Tertiary marine shells
in the district. This matter is discussed at greater length in
a former paper (69, pp. 86-90).

The effects of early Glacial conditions in this region are
unknown, but there are reasons for believing that a prolonged
period of arctic cold with great precipitation preceded the
arrival of the great ice-sheets in the Midlands. During this
time the rivers were frozen and the Severn channel became
filled with snow, ice, and the debris of disintegrated rocks
brought down from the hills. The higher parts of the Plain
and the Cotteswold Hills were alsQ deeply covered with snow.
There is no trustworthy evidence of the invasion of the district
by the ice-sheets, such as the occurrence of till containing
striated boulders. The signs of crumpling of the rocks that
have been observed are probably due to the expansion by
freezing of saturated sub-soil during the Glacial epoch. The
weathering of thin, false-bedded limestones produces a curvature

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 103

suggestive of disturbance by moving ice, examples of which may
be seen in old quarries on the Cotteswolds, where that agency
could not have been exercised.

II. The Local Deposits.

The gravels, sands, and clays included in Class A are formed
of the disintegrated rocks of the district, and are found at all
elevations on the Cotteswolds, the Malvems, and the Severn
Plain, to which last area large quantities have been carried from
the hills by rivers, by floods from melting ice and snow, and by
torrential streams due to cloud-bursts. In combination with
Drift materials they also form a constituent of the valley
gravels. On the east of the Severn the superficial deposits
consist mainly of Jurassic debris and a small quantity from
Rhaetic and Keuper rocks near the river. The Jurassic gravels
are generally sub-angular, but in some places, even near the
Cotteswolds, as at Charlton Kings, 320 feet O.D., there are
seams of rounded and smooth pebbles. These are generally
in situations where streams may have assisted in transporting
the gravel. On the west of the Severn several of the Primary
and Secondary formations are represented, a large proportion
consisting of rocks from the Malvern Range. Between
Worcester and Gloucester the pebbles derived from rocks on
either side of the rivei are very rarely intermingled. On the
west of the Severn one pebble of oolitic limestone has been
found at Holdfast, while on the east Malvernian or other pebbles
from the western side have been observed only at Kempsey and
Ripple. The cause of this separation is not quite clear, but it
may be that the broken ridge that now partly borders the river
was formerly continuous, or that the Severn has for a long period
been of sufficient breadth and the current strong enough to
prevent intermingling.

The age of deposits composed solely of local materials is
difficult to determine unless they overlie peat or other recent
vegetable growths or contain unrolled mammalian bones, shells
of mollusca, or other identifiable remains. Parts of the super-
ficial deposits in this class may therefore be of any age during
which the original rocks have been exposed, and insolubility

104

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

has been maintained. At the foot of a freestone escarpment
near the King’s Beeches, at Cleeve Hill, 800 feet O.D., a bed
of angular and subangular oolitic gravel about 20 feet thick,
with some large blocks of freestone, is separated at about 6 feet
from the surface by a dark-coloured band of clayey earth that
formed the southerly extension of the floor of a Neolithic village
(64, pp. 49-56). The composition of this gravel above and
below the floor is uniform, although the upper part represents
the accumulations of at least the last two thousand years.
Land shells occur down to and for a few feet below the dark-
coloured band. Some of the less soluble constituents near
the base of this gravel, such as thick fossil shells, may be of
Glacial age.

The Jurassic gravels on the banks of the Frome, about
45 feet above the stream at Stroud, which contain no Drift
pebbles or flints, furnish typical examples of the angular,
waterwom, and intermediate varieties. At Cainscross the
section now shows, in descending order, 4 feet of sand}- rough
gravel, 2\ feet of sandy marl, and 12 feet of coarse and fine
waterworn and well-rounded gravel with seams and pockets
of oolitic sand and clay. The base is not exposed, but the
proprietor, Mr. F. Harper, informs me that the waterwom
gravel extends several feet deeper, and that the lowest part,
which overlies the Lias, consists almost entirely of large sub-
angular boulders of Oolite and Lias including Marlstone, a
heap of which was lying in the pit at the time of my visit.
Numerous tusks and teeth of the Mammoth and the teeth of
the Woolly Rhinoceros and Reindeer occur in the gravel.
Some of the masses of sand and clay appear to have been
enclosed in the gravel in a frozen condition. These beds, as
they appeared forty years ago, are carefully described by
E. Witchell, who says in some concluding observations :
“ During the gravel period the last change of level, the result
perhaps of the general re-elevation, probably converted the
Severn into an extensive lake, or chain of lakes, and the
gravel beds were its shores and beaches. In the course of time
the river deepened its channel at Sharpness and, lower down at
Aust Cliff, the lakes were gradually drained ” (206, pp. 146-53,

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

105

207, pp. 85-99). The condition of the pebbles may be attributed
mainly to the combined effects of long-continued river action,
the movement of flowing soils over frozen surfaces, and solution
due to the percolation of acidulated waters. Much of the
material must have been carried several miles by the Frome
from the original rocks at the head of the valley and the inter-
vening slopes before reaching the Stroud area, where a small
lake may have existed. The lake hypothesis is further dealt
with in Chapter VII.

The gravels around Gloucester are very variable in
composition and arrangement, and are largely composed of
debris from the Cotteswolds, with a smaller proportion from
the Malveins and a few northern erratics ; and some have
apparently been deposited in disturbed water, possibly that of
a shallow lake fed by the Severn and Leadon and streams
flowing from the hills. The currents appear to have been
strong enough to carry, in some cases, no doubt, on ice-rafts,
Jurassic pebbles as far as Highnam on the west of the river and
Malvernian pebbles to the distance of a mile on the east.

Some of the pebbles in the Jurassic gravels at Barnwood,
near Gloucester, are waterworn and rounded, and there is a
seam of fine light-coloured siliceous sand in the upper part of
the deposit. The probability that the Gloucester gravels and
sands are of late Glacial age is indicated by the occurrence, in
a bed of silt in gravels at Denmark Road, of boulders of once
frozen “ Cheltenham Sand ” that have evidently been released
from thawing ice-rafts (66, p. 374).

III. The Black Flints.

The Black Flints (Class B) that occur in many places in
the north-eastern section of the district may generally be
distinguished from other varieties by their fresher condition
and larger size. In the gravels at Mickleton Tunnel, Moreton-
in-the-Marsh, Evesham, and other localities they are, however,
somewhat waterworn. In the area between Ebrington Hill
and Moreton the fresh flints are plentiful in the surface soil of

io6

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

the weathered Lower Lias, and are occasionally associated
with blocks of chalk and a few quartzite pebbles and grey
flints.

Gavey (56, p. 35) states that some of the flints at Aston
Magna weighed as much as 2 cwt., and that the original white
coating was uninjured. He also found there blocks of hard
chalk, some “ greensand,” siliceous sand, and pebbles in the
Lias clay, which is much disturbed by landslips. (See also
115, p. 97.) The section is now overgrown, and the specimens
described by Gavey have not been preserved. At Compton
Scorpion and Goose Hill there are large and small black flints
in a condition quite suitable for the manufacture of implements ;
and it was, doubtless, from the above sources that the black
flints used by the Neolithic artificers on the Cotteswolds were
obtained (67, p. 74).

The unabraded condition of these flints negatives the
supposition that they could have been exposed to the attrition
inseparable from transport by land or floating ice, or that they
could have formed part of a river-gravel. They cannot,
therefore, be properly included in the Drift series or regarded
as a deposit of Glacial age.

The explanation offered by Conybeare (quoted by Buckland
22, pp. 196-97), and by Brodie (19, p. 209), that the abundance
of Flints, Chalk and Greensand in parts of the district under
review suggested a former extension of Cretaceous strata, is
still in my opinion the most satisfactory, and may be applied
to the Black Flints. Mr. S. S. Buckman is of opinion that
the Moreton anticline was a line of considerable movement in
Carboniferous time, of repeated movement in Jurassic time,
and was certainly a line of movement in post-Cretaceous time.
It is therefore possible that there was a thinning out of Jurassic
and Cretaceous strata resulting in the deposition of the
Micraster-cor-anguinum zone, from which the Black Flints were
derived, within a short vertical distance of the Lower Lias upon
which they now lie. On this subject Mr. H. C. Versey informs
me that the effect of the Islip anticline and the synclinal between
Islip and the Vale of Moreton would make the position of the
Micraster zone about (?) 1,000 feet above the present position

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 107

of the Black Flints at Compton Scorpion, but that the effect of
repeated axial movements in the Vale of Moreton would be to
lessen this distance by decreasing the thickness of the underlying
zones of chalk.

There is not, to my knowledge, any other example of overlap
of the Micraster chalk on to pre-Cretaceous strata, and there
is, therefore, some difficulty attending the adoption of my
hypothesis.

I find that, while there is a very small admixture of Oolitic
debris in the Moreton gravels, there are many ferruginous
box-stones from the Middle Lias, which suggests the possibility
that there was little oolitic rock to be removed by denudation
from that area.

IV. The Cotteswolds and the Severn Plain.

Although none of the superficial deposits of the district
can definitely be identified as of Tertiary origin, there are in
many places, between elevations of about 700 feet O.D. and
the level of the Severn, patches of scattered Drift composed
mainly of Quartzose pebbles and weathered flints (Class C),
the positions of which lead me to the conclusion that they are
the remnants of gravels deposited by rivers flowing in a south-
easterly direction at successive levels during Tertiary times.
The expert examination of the Drift specimens has confirmed
my opinion that, with the exception of a few igneous rocks,
too much altered or decayed to permit of identification, the
greater part consists of Quartzose pebbles originally derived
from the Permian and Triassic conglomerates and the Pebble
Beds of Staffordshire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire.
Beds at the base of the Waterstones at, the Berrow Farm,
Dymock, contain “ pebbles of quartz rock exactly similar to
those of the famous Budleigb Salterton pebble-beds in
Devonshire ” (187, p. 249). The flints and cherts and some
of the pebbles may be the remnants of rocks that formerly
extended over the district. The original gravels have been
reduced to these constituents by the elimination of the more
soluble rock-fragments, those that have survived remaining in

ioS

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

the surface-soil as it was lowered by the slow process of sub-
rerial denudation. It is important to bear in mind the difference
between the Drift above described and that containing debris
from the ice-sheets.

The Quartzose Drift is sometimes preserved in a capping
of sandy marl on low hills on both sides of the Severn, with
flints at Tunnel Hill Worcester, Apperley and Norton on the
east, and without flints at Dripshill and Gadbury on the west.
The occurrence of Quartzose Drift at the latter place seems to
indicate that at some time before the Ice Age a stream flowed
from the north at a distance of four miles from the position of
the present main river. Below elevations of about 150 feet
O.D. the pebbles and flints are intermingled with Glacial Drift
in gravels near the river, which has continued to transport some
Quartzose pebbles from the sources above mentioned until
more recent times.

The drainage has been diverted from some of the ancient
river channels, as at Tangley, or they are now occupied by
streams flowing in opposite directions, as in the cases of the
rivers Stour and Evenlode, leaving the Drift pebbles and flints
at various heights above the adjacent valleys. The great
antiquity of the original deposits from which this sporadically
scattered Drift has been derived is indicated by the denudation
that has taken place since the rivers flow’ed at the higher
levels.

The Drift on the east side of the Buckle (“ Buggilde ”) Street,
Upper Slaughter, at 700 feet O.D., is the highest at present
known in situ on the Cotteswolds. Similar pebbles and flints
occur also on Meon Hill, 637 feet O.D., and other places on the
uplands (65, pp. 260-61), but the full extent of these patches is
unknown, as much of the land is under pasture. There are no
quarries showing that anything more important has been
preserved, except at Tangley, where the composition of the
Drift and its mode of occurrence make it unique on the
Cottesw'olds. It lies at a height of 660 feet O.D. on a ridge
between the Evenlode and Windrush valleys, where the level
of the stream is about 340 feet below. The roadstone quarry
in which the section is exposed is on the east side of the road

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

109

from Stow-on-the-Wold to Burford and opposite to the lane
leading to Milton. The following are the particulars : —
ft. in.

1 6 Sandy marl with Bunter pebbles and decayed flints,

Chert (of uncertain age) with sponge spicules, fragments
of hard white oolitic limestone containing gastropods,
Rhyolite with flow structure, and a small proportion of
fine siliceous sand.

4 o Broken and weathered limestone of the Great Oolite
into which fissures from 1 to 2 feet wide extend. These
and some horizontal clefts are filled with hard blue clay
and Drift similar to that above described.

2 6 Evenly bedded limestone into which the fissures also

extend.

— Talus.

The Drift is also scattered over the surface of the fields
around Tangley. Some of the flints are pitted, probably by
exposure to freezing and thawing during the Glacial epoch.
Much of the face of the quarry was slickensided, and some of
it was covered with stalagmite upon which clay, containing
small pebbles, was clinging. These conditions suggest the
former existence of a cavern-fissure into which the Drift pebbles
and flints of an overlying gravel were carried on the falling-in
of the roof in course of denudation. A suggestion that the
clay and pebbles were pressed into the fissures by one of the
great ice-sheets is untenable. “ Northern Drift ” is recorded
as occurring at Long Compton at 730 feet O.D., Whichford
731 feet, and Chipping Norton 716 feet, but I have not found
at those places anything more than a few Bunter pebbles,
which may have been introduced by man.

Considerable areas on the hills and the Plain are devoid of
Drift. For instance, no foreign pebbles have been observed
on the North and Mid-Cot teswolds to the west of an irregular
line drawn from Chipping Campden to near Lechlade, thus
excluding the greater elevations. The only explanation of
this absence I can suggest is the possibility that the area was
not crossed by any of the rivers introducing Drift, and that the

IIO

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

main lines of drainage were those still indicated by modem
rivers or deserted channels.

V. The Malverns and Adjacent Valleys.

The oldest and, so far as is at present known, the most
elevated Drift pebbles (part of Class C) in situ on or near the
Malverns, occur at elevations between about 380 and 420 feet
O.D. in the surface soil of the “ Beacon ” and “ Martins ”
Farms, situated respectively on the north and south sides of
the Wain (“ Wayend ”) Street, above Eastnor. The Drift
consists of small and well-rounded quartz and quartzite pebbles,
which lie in a soil composed mainly of sandy clay with angular
fragments of local origin including Archaean granite and diorites,
Hollybush quartzites, conglomerates and sandstones of
Cambrian age and Silurian shales and limestones. No flints
or other foreign materials have been found. It has been
suggested that these pebbles have been derived from local
Cambrian or Llandovery conglomerates, but up to the present
time no rocks containing similar pebbles have been observed
in the vicinity. Dr. T. T. Groom described certain deposits
in the same area as “ Drift,” but did not state whether they
were composed of other than local rock fragments (72, pp. 131,
161-66).

At various lower levels in the valley extending from Sheep
Hill, Suckley, 310 feet O.D., to The Pinetum, Highnam, 216 feet
O.D., there are roughly-bedded gravels and sands (Classes A
and C), some of which, in addition to local debris, and Permian
and Bunter pebbles, contain flints, Jurassic fossils, mainly
Gryphcea arcuata, and fragments of Old Red Sandstone and
other rocks over which the River Teme still flows. Sections
of these deposits are given in 68, pp. 4-8, and a list of mammalian
remains on p. 9.

Drift pebbles are rare on the eastern side of the Range.
A few are recorded from the Imperial Hotel, 300 feet O.D.,
and they begin to appear on the Plain, at about 270 feet O.D.,
three-quarters of a mile from the eastern end of the Tunnel,
whence they extend to the banks of the Severn.

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION in

In a former paper (68, p. 16) I have suggested that the
River Teme, instead of following a course from Knightsford
Bridge to its confluence with the Severn below Worcester,
formerly flowed through the valley on the west of the Malverns
to a junction near Gloucester. Most of the deposits in this
valley appear to be the rearranged remnants of the gravels and
sands of the old river, and it is observed that the proportion
of one of the constituents, the Quartzose pebbles, which are
persistent in these gravels, increases towards the north. They
were probably transported from Permian and Triassic rocks
in West Worcestershire by an ancient tributary flowing across
the present Severn Valley from the direction of the Stour,
and joining the Teme on the north of the Malverns. This
hypothesis, however, necessitates some modification of former
ideas as to the position of the main streams of the region when
Drift pebbles were being carried into the Teme Valley, for any
river flowing in the present course of the Severn would separate
the Teme from the Permian and Bunter areas unless they then
extended farther to the west. Whether a former connexion
was severed by the cutting back of a stream along the course
of the Lower Severn, or whether the main stream in the Plain
was, at the period in question, only a southerly continuation
of the Avon and flowed farther to the east than at present,
can only be conjectured. The changes above outlined were
mere phases of the long Tertiary denudation that resulted in
the carving out of the Severn Plain, of which our knowledge is
too limited for the solution of the problem. The time-element,
however, presents no difficulty, though the transport of the
Quartzose Drift into the Malvern -area must have come to an
end before the great ice sheets invaded the Midlands and
scattered Arenig and Irish Sea erratics, and other Glacial
Drift, over the Permian and Bunter areas of West Worcester-
shire. Otherwise the two kinds of Drift would have been
carried together into the Teme Valley, where no far-travelled
Glacial Drift has yet been observed. Moreover, post-Pliocene
time does not appear to have been sufficient for the lowering
of the valley on the west of the Malverns to its present depth
below the position of some of the gravels. Two small brooks,

4

1 12

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

with little erosive pxnver, now flow in the valley in opposite
directions from a low7 watershed near the Herefordshire Beacon.

The diversion of the Teme through the faulted rocks of the
Osebury Gap, below Knightsford Bridge, was probably assisted,
if not initiated, by the cutting back of a short tributary of the
Severn, the old channel becoming the new course of the Teme.
That part of the Teme which now lies within the area under
review7 runs partly through a narrow valley much liable to
floods, hence the probability that most of the ancient gravels
have been rearranged or otherwise modified in recent times.
The flints and Jurassic fossils in the gravels may have been
derived from rocks formerly extending over the district, or
carried by pre-Glacial streams from North Shropshire where
they occur in gravels at Wollerton (29, p. 483 ; 130, p. 134).

Over the greater part of the Malvern area there are clays,
sands, and gravels derived from the disintegrated rocks of the
Range. There is a record of “ stiff red till, or boulder clay,
wdiich contained Northern Drift pebbles and angular erratics ”
in an excavation at the Imperial Hotel (188, p. 30) ; but I
find that the angular erratics are fine-grained Permian grits
of local origin, and that the clay is a decomposition product
of Malvernian rocks.

In the valley between the Malvern and Ledbury Hills
there is a deposit of rubbly gravel and sandy clay, with a proved
depth of 16 feet, the greater part of which has been carried from
the adjoining slopes, possibly into a small lake, during the Ice
Age.

There are no signs of a post-Cretaceous marine submergence
or of invasion by the great ice-sheets in any part of the Malvern
area. Snow7 and ice may have accumulated in favourable
positions, and the large blocks of Malvernian, Uriconian, and
Silurian rocks that occur on the higher ground of Castlemorton
Common were no doubt brought dowm by floods and moving
masses of snow, and perhaps ice, from accumulations in the
“ Gullet ” and “ Silurian ” passes, which are situated on the
south and north sides respectively of the Swinyard Hill.
Mr. Arthur Bennett informs me that these are the only passes
through v7hich boulders of the Silurian rocks, w'hich are in situ

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 113

on the western side only of the Range, could have been carried
across to the positions they occupy on the eastern side at
Castlemorton. This appears to be the only place in which
striation of the local rocks by ice was probably effected. In
other cases of smoothing and striation that have come under
my notice they are such as could have been produced by wind
polishing or by the movement of rocks upon each other beneath
the surface.

There has been a wide dispersal of debris from the Malvern
Range, probably commencing in Tertiary times with ordinary
transport by streams, and becoming increasingly active during
the Glacial Period, when, after thaws, sheets of snow mingled
with fragments of rock moved down to the Plain. The rock
fragments become more rounded as the Severn is approached,
and form part of the gravels on the west of the stream.

I have found Malvemian pebbles on Sarn Hill and, with
fragments of Llandovery rock, on Dripshill, both about 200 feet
O.D. On the summit of one of the hills at Gadbury, near
Eldersfield, at an elevation of about 180 feet O.D., there are
sub-angular pieces of Malvernian rock and Drift pebbles. As
gravel has been carried from the Plain for use in building a
reservoir at Dripshill ; and an adjacent road at Gadbury has
been metalled with stone from the Malvems, some doubt
arises as to the immediate origin of the rock fragments at the
two places last mentioned. Symonds states that “ many
angular fragments of Malvern syenite and Llandovery rock
were ploughed up on the summit of Gadbury Camp ” (188,
p. 48).

The Quartzose and Flinty Drifts of the Malverns and the
Cotteswolds cannot be correlated. There is a considerable
difference in the maximum height at which they occur, viz. : —
420 O.D. on the Malverns and 700 O.D. on the Cotteswolds.
On the former no flints have been found above 310 O.D., while
on the latter they are associated with Bunter pebbles up to
700 O.D. The Cotteswolds and the Malvems are 20 miles apart,
and the positions of the two large Permian and Bunter areas
in the Midlands indicate that transport of the Quartzose pebbles
was effected by streams flowing respectively from the eastern

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

114

and western exposures of those rocks, which are almost separated
by the South Staffordshire Coalfield.

VI. The Stour-Evenlode Watershed and Avon Valley.

On the watershed of the Stour and Evenlode rivers, between
elevations of about 300 and 500 feet O.D., there are gravels
and sands (Classes A., C. and D.), consisting of the debris of
local Jurassic rocks, Triassic and other pebbles, and a greater
proportion of Cretaceous material than is associated with the
superficial deposits of any other part of the region under review.
Some of the gravels to the east of Moreton-in-the-Marsh are
composed of Triassic pebbles and grey flints with a little dark-
coloured sand. At Great and Little Wolford there are in
addition pebbles of hard white and red chalk. Many of these
constituents were probably derived from Cretaceous strata
that formerly extended over the district, others from the
older Permian and Bunter Drift deposits, and from the Chalky
Boulder Clay ice that advanced from the north-east towards
the Cotteswolds approximately in a line extending from the
north of Stockingford to Berkswell, Rugby, Southam, Fenny
Compton, and Banbury.

Woodward inferred that a lobe of the Chalky Boulder
Clay ice extended from the main mass near Rugby for some
distance down the Avon Valley and into the Vale of Moreton
(212, pp. 485-86), but it seems unlikely that at this late stage
of its progress it could have retained sufficient volume and
propelling power to follow that course. If the contours of the
area were relatively the same as at present, the advance would
have continued along the falling gradient towards the Severn
instead of turning to the higher ground of the Stour-Evenlode
watershed, unless the Arenig or the Irish Sea ice filled the valley.
It is equally improbable that water from the melting ice front
would carry debris-laden ice-rafts over the same ground.
During the melting of the north-eastern ice erosion may,
however, have been much more active in the Avon Valley
than on the Stour-Evenlode watershed, thus altering their
relative levels. Another way by which ice or water could have

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 115

carried debris into the area in question is indicated by the
occurrence of mounds of gravel along the low ground on the
west of the Edge and Brailes Hills, between Fenny Compton
and Shipston-on-Stour (22, p. 196). The main mass of the
Chalky Boulder Clay ice does not appear to have advanced
over the high ground from the east, for I have found no Drift
at Long Compton or Chipping Norton or between those places
and Banbury.

The position of the flinty gravels in the Mickleton Gap,
on the edge of the Cotteswold escarpment, between the Campden
and Ebrington Hills, is difficult to explain except on the suppo-
sition that they were transported from an easterly direction
by a strong current flowing from the Chalky Boulder Clay ice
through the valley on the west of Edge Hill and deflected
towards the Gap by the high ground of Blockley and Batsford.
As a fine siliceous sand is the only Drift material found in the
Avon Valley at the foot of the escarpment, it would appear
that the coarser sediment was deposited in the Gap towards
which the level of the ground rises from the east.

Flinty gravels extend for some distance from the watershed
along the Valley of the Stour down to the Avon, and along the
Evenlode to Milton (65, pp. 262-63). Blocks of grit resembling
Sarsens occur at Bowl and Frescot and at other places in this
part of the Evenlode Valley (92, p. 96 ; 65, pp. 263-64 ; 148,
pp. 41-4).

Most of the Drift constituents of the Stour-Evenlode gravels
are found in those of the Avon Valley, and may have been
derived from the same sources. There are, however, some
minor differences. I have not found red chalk in the Avon
Valley. Rocks of the Chamwood type are common, some of
the boulders being of large size, but only a few doubtful
fragments have been found in the Stour-Evenlode area
(194, p. 627 ; 65, p.267).

There is no evidence that the Irish Sea or the Arenig ice'
reached the Avon, but it should be remembered that when the
Chalky Boulder Clay ice or its melt -water began to flow down
the valley, the traces of previous Glacial action would tend to
disappear. There is no difficulty in accounting for the

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

19x9

116

elevations at which the Avon Valley deposits occur, since they
fall with the gradient of the river from the assumed position
of the ice at about 380 feet O.D. below Rugby to 140 feet at
Beckford and 33 feet at its junction with the Severn. From
the nature of the Drift constituents in deposits at the New Inn,
on the Ridgewray, 430 feet O.D., Dunnington 280 feet, Church
Lench 355 feet, and Cracombe Hill 370 feet O.D., it appears
probable that they were partly derived from the northern
ice-sheets. The fact that no fragments of marine shells have
been found in the Avon Valley above the confluence of the
Arrowr points to the conclusion that the few discovered wrere
transported by w'ater flowing from the Irish Sea ice that
extended to the east and south of Birmingham, over the
watershed of the rivers Blythe, Alne and Arrow. The latter
now joins the Avon about two miles below Berry’s Coppice,
Dunnington, where a shell identified by Etheridge as Cyprina
islandica wras found.

I have suggested (69, p. 83) that the Avon formerly flowed
from near Evesham to the south of the Bredon outlier, and
continued its course between the Cotteswolds and a ridge,
portions of which still border the Severn between Worcester
and Gloucester, to a junction with that river below Wainlode
(see Buckman, 25, p. 218). Flinty gravels and sands at
Alderton, Little Washbourne, Beckford, and Kemerton
plainly indicate one part of this old channel, w'hich may have
been only a temporary deflection during the Glacial Epoch.

The greater part of the gravels and sands on the Stour-
Evenlode watershed and valleys and the Avon Valley are of
Glacial age, but some have, no doubt, been much modified.

VII. The Lowter Severn Valley.

Gravels and sands consisting of morainic Drift and the debris
of local and other rocks (Classes A, C and D) wrere deposited
during the Glacial Epoch in and near to the present channel of
the Severn. They wTere probably laid dowm in sheets varying in
breadth as the river encroached upon or receded from the high
ground that in places borders it on either side. The proximity

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 117

of these deposits to the present course of the river indicates
that it has been deflected very little since the seasonal or other
meltings of the ice-sheets commenced to release morainic
debris. The transport of the Drift continued throughout
the long ages during which the outlets of the westerly flowing
rivers were closed by the ice, and the Severn became the channel
for floods of considerable volume from ice and snow that
covered a much larger area than that of its present river system.
Some of the deposits have been rearranged or removed, and the
remnants now lie at intervals in terraces up to about 70 feet
above the present river level. Small patches of Drift occur
up to elevations of about no feet (145 O.D.), to which they have
been carried by exceptional floods. Examples of the latter
occur at about 100 feet above the Severn, at Apperley and at
The Eades, near Upton-on-Sevem, but are now overgrown.

A sand-pit near the summit of a low hill on the Hill Farm,
Pull Court, Bushley, described by Lucy in 1869 (115, p. 82),
is still open. It is about 1,300 yards to the west of the Severn,
140 to 150 feet O.D. and no feet above the river. The deposit
consists mainly of siliceous sand of various degrees of fineness
with seams (some lenticular) of coarse and fine gravel winch
are very numerous and, as is usual in these deposits, varied
in their arrangement as the face of the pit is cut back. The
pebbles are of the Bunter type, well rounded and of great
variety, including quartz, quartzites of several kinds, lydian
stone, sandstone, breccias, and conglomerates. The more
important divisions may be described as follows : —
ft. in.

3 o Sandy red marl with small pebbles and flints.

8 o Coarse dark red Quartzose sand with seams of small

pebbles and a fewr flints.

9 o Coarse grey quartzose sand with seams of finer grain,

small pebbles and flints. Base not exposed.

I found in the lower bed of coarse sand some fragments
of marine shells too small and w^atervvom for identification.
Small sub-angular Malvemian pebbles and slabs of Keuper
Marl occur in each of the divisions. There are no erratics

1 18

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

likely to have been derived from North Wales, the Lake District,
or the South of Scotland.

The age of the deposit is probably later than Mid Glacial,
as is indicated by the occurrence of bones of Mammoth and
Rhinoceros at the base (188, p. 31).

The conditions under which this deposit was formed are
difficult to define with precision, but the general appearance
of the beds of fine sand indicates ordinary stream action,
while the seams of coarse and fine gravel are suggestive of
torrential streams from the melting ice and snow. Some of
the irregularly shaped masses of sand appear to have been
enclosed in a frozen condition.

Among the Drift constituents of other Severn Valley gravels
there are erratics from Galloway, the Lake District, and the
northern counties of England and other districts over which the
ice-sheets moved in their advance towards the Midlands, to-
gether with waterwom fragments of marine shells from the
Irish Sea ice, and flints and Quartzose pebbles from various
sources. Most of these materials were transported by stream
action from the melting ice fronts or perhaps from the overflow
of a large ice -lake in the Midlands (84, p. 20 ; 83, p. 94). The
base of the gravels often contains large angular fragments
of local rocks released by the thawing of the frozen bed of the
river.

Theories of marine or lacustrine submergence and differential
earth movements have been advanced in the attempt to account
for the various elevations at which these and other deposits
occur. Neither of the explanations is in all respects satis-
factory, and it is doubtful whether they would have been put
forward except to explain the presence of the Drift at the fewr
exceptional elevations. The occurrence of waterwom Glacial
shells in the Severn Valley is regarded as the main support of
the marine submergence hypothesis, but their origin has now
been traced to shelly deposits ploughed up by the ice-sheets
from the bed of the Irish Sea and spread over a part of the
Severn Basin (104, p. 304). As similar shell fragments are
found only in the path of the Irish Sea ice or streams flowing
from it, and as no complete shells or other signs of marine

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 119

submergence in Glacial times have been discovered, this
explanation may be disregarded.

The existence of small lakes in the Severn Valley is possible,
yet it is difficult, in view of the present contours, to show how
water could have been held up to a sufficient height to allow
of the stranding of Drift bearing ice-floes on Apperley Hill,
137 feet O.D. and 100 feet above the present stream, or to
account for the rounded and smooth Jurassic gravels at
Stroud at 150 feet O.D., and at Cheltenham 320 feet O.D.
The supposed barrier would require one or more of the following
conditions : —

1. The accumulation, to a sufficient height, of debris
carried down by the rivers.

2. Unequal elevation of the land by tilting movements
due to the imposition and release of the weight of ice during
the Glacial Period.

3. The advance of ice from the Irish Sea and South Wales
into the Bristol Channel.

4. The lowering in late Glacial times of a ridge extending
across the river.

In support of the first it is proved beyond doubt that
enormous quantities of debris were brought down the Severn
from the melting ice front and from terminal moraines above
Worcester, as' well as from areas drained by tributary streams,
especially the Teme, Avon, Leadon, and Frome, and deposited
in and near the rivers. The gravels on the east of the Severn
at Gloucester and between Stroud and Stonehouse bear witness
to this transportation of a mass of Jurassic detritus.

The second assigned cause is difficult to establish, but it
is not improbable that earth movements produced changes of
level in the Severn estuary during the Glacial Epoch ; the signs
of elevation and depression in that region, such as the submerged
forest at Westbury, are, however, of a minor character and of
post-Glacial date.

An invasion of the Bristol Channel by ice sheets to an
extent that may have assisted in obstructing the stream
is possible, but there is no authentic record of the discovery

120

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

of any traces of a moraine. The unloading of ballast from
vessels in the Channel may lead to erroneous conclusions
(66, p. 372).

It has been considered probable that the former extension
of high ground across the estuary at Sharpness or Aust formed
the barrier of a Severn lake in which the gravels, sands and clays
were laid down. So far as can be ascertained there is no
Glacial Drift on the high banks bordering the Severn at either
of those places.

Such a barrier, whatever its nature, must have been in
existence in mid-Pleistocene times, and, although the operation
may have formed a part of the Tertiary erosion of the Severn
Valley, it is improbable that a wide gap could have been
excavated in hard rock, to a depth of about 150 feet, in the
comparatively short time that has elapsed since the Glacial
Drift was deposited.

Some of the above-mentioned causes would obstruct the
transport of debris to the sea, but, apart from the supposed
existence of a ridge across the valley, they do not appear
sufficient to raise the level of a Severn lake to the required
height or otherwise to account for the phenomena. They would
merely result in the formation of shoals and banks that may
have held up small lakes occupying different positions as the
floods shifted the debris.

There is no record of the occurrence of Glacial erratics or
other Drift material in large areas on the Severn Plain over
which a lake of the required depth would have extended,
and to which debris-laden ice-floes would have been carried
far beyond the present limits of the gravels and sands of Glacial
age. It has been argued that the ice-floes may have been kept
near the centre of the lake by the current due to outflow, but
such a condition must have been intermittent, and they would
occasionally have been driven towards the shores of the lake
by winds and currents.

Glacial Drift and northern erratics of many varieties occur
in gravels near Worcester up to heights of about 90 feet above
the Severn, an elevation not excessive in relation to the shelly
sands and gravels at 1,120 feet O.D. at Gloppa ; 1,250 feet at

vol. xx (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

1 2 1

Frondeg ; 1,200 feet near Macclesfield ; and 800 at Much

Wenlock. It is not until reaching The Eades near Upton-on-
Sevem, Pull Court, and Apperley that disproportionate heights
occur.

. In discussing the conditions under which gravels and sands
of Glacial age could have been deposited at exceptional eleva-
tions on the summits and flanks of low hills, up to about 100 feet
above the present level of the Severn.it is necessary to consider
the amount of denudation that must have subsequently taken
place in and near the river channel in excess of that on the higher
ground of the Plain on either side. At the commencement of
Glacial times the distance between the level of the yet diminutive
Severn and that of the Plain was probably less than at present.
During the Glacial Epoch the channel was, no doubt, at times
filled to a considerable height with accumulations of ice and
debris over which, especially in narrow parts of the valley,
torrential floods would carry, sometimes on ice-floes, sand,
gravel, fragments of shells, and erratic boulders to any of the
elevations at which the Glacial Drift occurs. The floods and
the Drift materials transported by them would be kept within a
short distance of the Pleistocene channel. Some of the greater
Severn floods of recent years have risen between Worcester
and Gloucester to a height of about 25 feet above low summer
level. The above hypothesis would account for the absence
of Glacial Drift from areas beyond the distance of about a mile
from the river. As the climate became warmer, the snow and
the greater part of the debris that encumbered the valley
were swept away, and the flow of the river, with the addition
of the upper part captured from the Dee in Glacial times,
became normal. During the last elevation of the land, winch
came to an end during the Neolithic period, differential erosion
of the river channel continued, and the rocky bed wras probably
still further excavated, with the effect of increasing the distance
between the water level and the Drift deposits at the greater
elevations.

The deposits dealt with in this chapter may therefore be
regarded as the successive terraces left in the process of removal
from the Severn Valley of the snowr, ice, and debris that had

122

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

accumulated during the Ice Age. It is probable that at the base
some portion of the early Glacial deposits had become frozen,
and remained so until eventually cut through by the river in
post-Glacial times.

It is submitted that the operations above described would
account for the position and arrangement of the deposits of
Glacial Age in the valley of the Severn, and that it is not
necessary to postulate an invasion of the area by the great ice-
sheets or any considerable marine or lacustrine submergence.

VIII. The Close of the Glacial Epoch.

Beds of fine light-coloured siliceous sand (Class E) form the
latest of the Pleistocene Drift series of the district. Where they
occur they underlie the surface soil, and there has been no
perceptible recession of the Cotteswold escarpment since
they were accumulated. They contain no Drift pebbles
or other foreign material, but seams of waterwom Jurassic
gravel, carried down by spring floods, are common and increase
in thickness as the hills are approached. Where fully developed
there is generally a bed of almost pure sand near the base,
overlying subangular J urassic pebbles. There is no trustworthy
record of the discovery of animal remains in the deposit, but
tusks of the mammoth occur underneath in the weathered
surface of the Lias Clay.

The more important beds of siliceous sand commence near
Mickleton with a thickness of about 10 feet and continue at
intervals, mainly within a few miles of the Cotteswolds, to
Cheltenham, where they reach a maximum of 40 feet. As thin
seams in the Jurassic gravel, they attain an elevation of 380 feet
O.D. in the Dowdeswell Valley. The beds decrease in thickness
towards the south, and are not recognised as a separate deposit
far below Gloucester. It is observed that there is very little
sand of the same kind on the west of the Severn.

The source of the sand has not yet been definitely ascertained.
As described at a previous page, a lobe or melt-water from the
Chalky Boulder Clay ice near Rugby may have flowed down

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

123

the Avon Valley carrying sand and other debris into the Severn
Plain. Another way in which the sands may have been
transported from a section of the ice that extended from Rugby
to Fenny Compton is indicated by Drift gravels that occur
on the low ground to the west of the Edge and Brailes Hills.
Flood water may have carried debris along this course to the
Stour-Evenlode watershed and the Mickleton Gap, only the
finer sediment reaching the Plain.

The means by which the sands were drifted towards the
Cotteswolds (66, p. 372) may be inferred from the conditions
existing in the Tundra and Steppe regions bordering the Arctic
Circle in Europe and America, a comparison with which will
enable us to form some idea of the aspect of the Severn Plain
when for long periods it was approached by the great ice-sheets
on the north, east, and west. There were heavy snow-falls
during the long severe winter. In the short hot summers
westerly winds swept with great violence over a desert surface
nearly devoid of vegetation, piling up the sand in sheltered
positions under the escarpment. Professor Percy F. Kendall,
M.Sc., whom I have to thank for useful suggestions, informs
me that similar conditions existed in the Trent Valley from
Newark to the Humber, and to some extent to the north of
the Humber, and that sands were bknvn by westerly winds
against and on to the escarpment of the Lower Lias.

The absence from the sands of remains of the larger
mammalia, winch indicates that they no longer frequented
the district, and the late stage of the Glacial period at which
the deposit was accumulated appear to coincide approximately
with the disappearance of the cold-climate group of animals
from Britain. The adverse effects of either Tundra or Steppe
conditions, which, amongst others, have been advanced in
explanation of the change, do not, however, appear alone to
have been adequate. Although the long winters wrere intensely
cold and fierce blizzards greatly destructive of animal life
frequent, they could not have caused complete exclusion
while Britain was joined to the Continent and w'arm summers
allowed migration to replace loss.

If a break occurred in the succession of animal life — and

124

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

this is suggested by the absence of overlapping or any appearance
of gradual passage from the Pleistocene to the Neolithic fauna —
it is probable that other than climatic causes were in operation,
of which the isolation of Britain from the Continent appears to
be the most effective, indeed, restriction of the area of the
unglaciated region would render it inadequate to provide food
for the larger mammalia. The length of time represented
by such a break would depend upon the existence of land
connexion with the Continent and the reafforestation of
Southern Britain.

The elevation that continued into Neolithic times probably
represents recovery from a depression that may have caused
isolation, but any evidences of such a change are now covered
by the sea. In referring to Scotland during the Mecklenburgian
or fourth Glacial Epoch, Dr. James Geikie says: “The seas
tenanted by an Arctic fauna then stood some 130 feet or there-
abouts above the present level, while the lowlands were treeless
tundras clothed with arctic plants” (60, p. 270). “The
succeeding Lovrer Turbarian Epoch (=Lower Azilian) was
marked by depression, the British area being separated from the
Continent ” (60, p. 289). Dr. A. Strahan says that the Neolithic
submergence of at least 50 or 60 feet “ appears to be the last
of a series of oscillations w-hich have affected the southern portion
of our Islands ” (175, pp. 474, cii.).

The soundings of the English Channel reveal the existence
of a valley of depression (Admiralty Charts), and show that a
considerable elevation of the area would now be necessary to
unite England with the Continent, in spite of the shoaling in
the Straits of Dover. A much knver sea level even than the
present would therefore have been sufficient to prevent
migration. If the earth movements that caused the late
Pleistocene changes of level wTere due to the imposition of
the load of ice and its release, or if the level of the sea was raised
by the flow of water from melting ice, the comparatively rapid
final recession of the ice-sheets must have resulted in submer-
gence of only a temporary character.

Although the foregoing solution of the problem depends
to some extent upon a chain of probabilities, it is submitted that

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

!25

the coincidence of a Tundra period with isolation from the
Continent would account for the supposed hiatus at the end of
the Glacial Epoch.

On the general question, it may be remarked that the
succession of animal life from the beginning to the close of
Pleistocene time appears to have been unbroken. The change
from the older to the newer group of animals was gradual,
Elephas antiquus and Rhinoceros leptorhinus having persisted
until the Mousterian stage, while Elephas primigenius and
R. tichorhinus are represented in earlier deposits, a per-
sistence that seems inconsistent with prolonged interglacial
periods of warm climate, or isolation from the Continent
until late Glacial times.

No satisfactory explanation of the remarkable absence
of trustworthy evidence of the occupation of this district by
Pleistocene man has yet been offered. The few recorded
discoveries of skeletal remains include “ a large lower jaw in
alluvial gravel beneath 12\ feet of undisturbed blue clay at
Cheltenham ” (91, p. 489) and “ a skeleton at about 9^ feet from
the surface in a bed of blue clay underlying peat ” at Mickleton
Tunnel (56, p. 26). The bones have not been preserved, and
no definite age can be assigned to them. As the remains
of Mammoth, Rhinoceros and other Pleistocene mammalia
are abundant, particularly in the Severn and Avon gravels
(69, p. 90), it may be that human bones were too friable to
survive. There is no reason to suppose that races of hunters
would avoid a region where game was plentiful.

Only three specimens of undoubted Chellean or earlier
type of flint implement have been recorded from the district.
Two were found in Drift gravel at the Sewage Works, near the
Severn, at Worcester. The other was found in Jurassic gravel,
with seams of siliceous sand, at Bamwood near Gloucester,
a deposit of considerable extent which has also yielded tusks
and teeth of the Mammoth. By the kindness of Mrs. Clifford
these objects have been exhibited at Meetings of the
Club.

It is possible that Britain was not entirely deserted by man
during an interval between the Magdalenian and Neolithic

126

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

periods, but there is no evidence in this district to support
the theory of an “ Azilian ” stage, beyond the occurrence of
so-called pigmy flints in association with Neolithic implements
on the Cotteswolds. A hardy race, whose weapons have a
general resemblance to some used by the Eskimo, and living
under the same general conditions, may have gradually replaced
the older type, and eventually retreated with the reindeer
to the north.

IX. Recent Changes.

With the final and presumably rapid retreat of the ice-sheets
the rigours of the tundra and steppe stages of the Glacial Epoch
came to an end, and were succeeded by conditions favourable
to the re-afforestation of the land. No satisfactory estimate
of the time required to effect this change can be formed, since
it depends upon the extent to which the higher forms of
vegetation had been destroyed in Southern Britain during the
Ice Age, which is still a debatable question.

When the restoration was sufficiently advanced, and while
connection with the Continent was still maintained, the migra-
tion of the Neolithic races with their flocks and herds commenced,
and successive invasions continued until subsidence set in and
again isolated Britain. By that time, however, the art of
navigation had developed sufficiently to make man independent
of land connexion, and enabled him to cross safely the gradually
widening seas. The early Neolithic arrivals, seeking suitable
places of settlement, w'ould soon be attracted by the wrell-
w7ooded valleys of the Severn Plain and the dry uplands of the
Cotteswrolds. Flint of workable quality lay near the surface
in the Vale of Moreton and other places. Smooth, round
quartzite pebbles for use as sling stones and pounders, and clay
for pottery wrere available in many parts of the district. The
rivers and valleys yielded fish and game, and the slopes of the
hills wrere well adapted for the cultivation of cereals. A
land possessing these advantages .would soon become the battle-
ground of the contending races that successively occupied
it and have left their remains in the Long and Round Barrows

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

127

and cists of the Cotteswolds. A large population is indicated
by the number and variety of these monuments and the
protective enclosures that still survive, as well as the
innumerable flint implements and flakes with which the
surface soil of the Cotteswolds is strewn.

On the Severn Plain the signs of occupation by Neolithic
man are comparatively rare, and but few of his implements
or remains of his villages have been found. The surface soil
at Beckford and Conderton have yielded a few specimens of
flint flakes and arrow heads. The cause of this scarcity may
be that on the depression of the land to its present level
the Plain became too marshy for settlements, and it is also
probable that the uplands were preferred for safety. Yet there
is a similar absence of the signs of occupation on the Malvems,
where flint implements have been found only at Summer Hill,
North Hill, and Mathon. Perhaps the general steepness of
the hills made them unsuitable for Neolithic man’s mode of life.

The line of fault on the eastern side of the Range generally
determines the upward limits of cultivation and also the
positions of the ancient roads. Above this line the nature of
the rocks, the steepness of the gradients, and the scantiness
of the soil have always been unfavourable to cultivation.
Below the fault, along which the principal springs are thrown
out, the slopes of the hills and the valleys were mainly swamps,
and the roads naturally came to be developed above them.
By these conditions the greater part of the Malvern Range
was almost isolated in Neolithic times.

While no flint or other stone implements of Chellean or earlier
date have been found on the Cotteswolds, many of the worked
flints that occur there are claimed to be of later Palaeolithic
types, varying from Solutrian to Magdalenian. There
are, however, very similar types in Yorkshire and other regions
to which Palaeolithic man is supposed, not to have penetrated.
These may with greater probability be attributed to the
Neolithic period. The art of flint implement making had
deteriorated after Solutrian times, and some of the Cotteswold
forms may have been brought from the Continent by Neolithic
races, whose occupation continued long enough to allow of

5

128

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

the evolution of the more elaborately worked lance and arrow
heads. The association of Palaeolithic and Neolithic types
on the Cotteswolds does not prove that Pleistocene man lived
in that region, for not only are the whole of the flakes, cores,
and implements confined to the surface soils, but the uplands
were probably uninhabitable during the greater part of the
Glacial Epoch on account of the severity of the climate. The
mingling of the different types has been accounted for on the
supposition that some of the Neolithic peoples before their
arrival in Britain may have been in contact with surviving
remnants of primitive Continental races, by whom the
fabrication of the Paleolithic types had been continued
(60, p. 299). The only chronological arrangement that can at
present be suggested is that which assigns the small finely-
worked leaf-shaped arrow-head to the Long Barrow period
and the tanged and barbed varieties to that of the
Round Barrows. The latter varieties have not been
observed in primary interments in Long Barrows on the
Cotteswolds.

The few physical changes on the uplands and slopes
of the Cotteswolds in Recent times are ascribable to the slow
work of atmospheric denudation and underground solution,
to which latter cause the formation of some of the dry coombs
may be assigned. The results of landslips, some on a large
scale, are apparent in the Fuller’s Earth at Chalford, in the
Freestone on the northern slope of Stroud Hill, on Charlton
Common, and many other places. Superficial changes on the
Malvems have been mainly confined to disintegration of the
granites and diorites, the products of which may be seen in
the clayey gravels and sands, especially on the lower slopes
of the Range.

Conditions in the Severn Plain have been modified during
the Neolithic period by the depression that submerged the
Bristol Channel area and extended tidal water in the Severn
as far as Worcester. The balance of elevation and depression
in Recent times has resulted in the present sea level, which is
supposed to have been reached about 3,500 years ago (154,
p. 1 15). There has' been no perceptible change in the Lower

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

129

Severn since the Roman invasion. The summer level of the
river at the Diglis Locks near Worcester is now 34.65 feet above
Ordnance datum. The river level rarely falls below it, but this
occurred in the dry summer of 1887. The stream has cut its
channel through silt and other deposits (Class F) to a depth of
about 20 feet below the level meadows bordering the stream.
Sections in the banks between Worcester and Gloucester
show the successive laminae with thin seams of carbonaceous
matter, small pebbles, and an occasional boulder. In some of
the alluvial flats (“ Hams ”) these deposits extend to a depth
of about 35 feet, with Drift pebbles at the base. At Tewkesbury
the upper layers have yielded flint flakes and Roman coins,
horns of the stag, roe-deer and Bos longifrons and tusks of wild
boar, the vertebra of a small wfliale, and freshwater shells
(188, pp. 59-60) .

Beds of peat and submerged forests occur in many parts
of the district, mainly near the rivers. Lucy describes a section,
exposed in constructing the docks at Sharpness, having a
maximum thickness of 14 feet and containing many forest
trees, including an oak 80 feet in length and with a diameter
of 5 feet at the base. A few Drift pebbles ware found in the
peat (117, p. 113). In the estuary near Westbury-on-Sevem
peat and the boles and stools of trees are now visible. This bed
is fully described by Prevost and Reade in No. 147, pp. 15-46.
Peat beds at Over Bridge, Epney, and Stroud have been
recorded.

Near Dursley there is a deposit of Calc-Tufa winch is still
in progress of augmentation (142, pp. 81-89).

Very little coarse gravel is nowr carried down by the Severn
even in times of flood, and it is evident that the thick beds of
clean gravel and sand that lie above the river up to heights
of about 100 feet could not have been formed under present
conditions even wflien the stream flowed more rapidly at a
greater height above sea level.

During the last century the Severn wras deepened to provide
a minimum depth of 10 feet below Worcester for navigation
purposes, an operation that was carried out by the construction
of locks and wreirs, by excavating the hard Keuper Marl and

130

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

Sandstone rock at the fords and by dredging. The river was
previously fordable at several places, notably at Worcester,
during the low summer levels. In other parts, as at Wainlode
and Pool House, near Upton-on-Sevem, pools that had been
prevented by currents from silting up were often crowded
with vessels waiting for freshets or spring tides to carry them
over the shallows.

In conclusion, I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to
former members of the Club whose papers on the superficial
deposits of the district, over which our excursions have ranged,
form an important part of the Proceedings. Prominence should
be given to the names of Symonds, E. Witchell, and Lucy,
whose first contributions appeared in 1853, 1864 and 1869
respectively, and formed the basis of the work since accomplished
in this department of local geology. My thanks are also due
to members for information on the opening of new sections
in the superficial deposits.

Further research, especially on the borders of the
district, is necessary. The following problems, as to
which I have above offered some speculative suggestions,
are those that more especially demand solution by our
members : —

The immediate origin of the Cretaceous debris on the
Stour-Evenlode watershed and in the valleys on the west of the
Malverns ; of the Jurassic fossils in the latter area; of the
Quartzose Drift at the Beacon Farm and Martins ; of the so-
called Sarsen-like grit boulders in the Evenlode Valley ; and
of the Cheltenham sands.

The position of former junctions of the Avon with the
Severn.

The limit of the southerly extension of the Arenig and
Irish Sea ice-sheets.

The question wiiether the Chalky Boulder Clay ice invaded
the Vale of Mo reton.

The extent to which ice from the Irish Sea or Wales advanced
into the Bristol Channel area.

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 13 1

The presence or absence of marine shells in the deposits of
Glacial age.

I need scarcely urge the necessity of testing the
soundness of every theoretical assumption in the light
of such new facts as in the course of research may come
to be established.

132

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

rgio

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Abbreviations — C.N.F.C.— Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field

Club.

Q. J .G .S —Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.
The numbers of the references in the text are given in the first column.

1

1904

Aldis, T. S.

2

1835

Allies, J.

3

1840

—

4

1880

Andrews, W. . .

5

1884

—

6

1865

Austin, G.

7

1913

Austin, R.

8

1899

Bennett, A.

9

1865

Bird, H.

10

1877

—

11

1915

Blake, J. E. H.. .

12

1910

Bonney, T. G. . .

13

1917

Bradley, E. J.

14

1873

to

1903

British

Association

15

18 73
to

1918

16

1853

Brodie, P. B. . .

17

1865

—

18

1866

—

19

1867

-

Proc. Woolhope Nat. F. Club, pp. 325-29 (Drift
in the Wye Valley).

Observations of Curious Indentations, Etc.,
pp. iv. and 41 (Drift, etc., at Sandlin).

British Assocn. Rep., p. 70 (Marine Shells
in Gravel at Worcester and Kempsey).

Proc. Warwickshire F. Club, p. 1 (Super-
ficial Deposits near Coventry).

Proc. Warwickshire F. Club, p. 32 (Ch. B.
Clay in Central Warwickshire).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxii., p. 8 (Porlock Forest
Beds and Elevation in Bristol Channel).

C.N.F.C., Index to Proceedings, vols. i.-xvii.,
1846-1912.

Proc. Malvern F. Club (July), p. 8 (Drift at
Mathon, Plans and Sections).

C.N.F.C., vol. iii., p. 255 (Mammalian and
other remains and Marine Shells at
Beckford).

C.N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 332-40 (Tumuli of
the Cotteswold Hills).

Proc. Worcestersh. N. Club, vol. vi., pt. 2,
pp. 149-51 (Remains of the Bronze Age at
Mathon) .

Pres. Address to British Assocn. (The Glacial
Period).

Proc. Worcestersh. N. Club, vol. vi., pt. 3,
pp. 237-46 (The Severn, as it was, is, and
should be).

Synopsis of Reports of Erratic Blocks Committee.

Reports of the Committee on Erratic Blocks.

C.N.F.C., vol. i., p. 245 (Drift at Over
Bridge, Westbury and Wainlode).

British Assocn. Rep., p. 49 (Drift in part of
Warwickshire) .

Proc. Warwickshire F. Club, pp. 14-23 (Drift
of part of Warwickshire).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxiii., pp. 208-13 (Drift of part
of Warwickshire and Evidence of Glacial
Action).

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTE3WOLD-MALVERN REGION

13 3

20

1879

—

21

1821

Buckland, W. . .

22

1823

—

23

1849

Buckman, J.

24

1895

Buckman, S. S.

25

1898

—

26

1899

r

27

1902

—

28

1903

—

29

1896

Callaway, C.

30

1901

—

31

1903

—

32

1904

—

33

1905

—

34

1890

Cardew, J. H.

35

1898

Codrington, T.

36

1822

Conybeare.W. D.
and Phillips, W.

37

1895

Cornford, E. . .

38

1870

Crosskey, H.W.,
and

Woodward, C. J.

39

1886

Crosskey, H. W.

40

18S8

—

41

1863

Curley, T.

42

I 1883

David, J. W. E.

Proc. Warwickshire F. Club, p. 28 (Quartzite
Pebbles in Drift of Warwickshire).

Trans. Geol. Soc., vol. v., pp. 506-44 (Gravel
Beds of Oxfordshire and Warwickshire, and
Pebbles of Chalk S.E. of Shipston).

Reliquice Diluviance, xxvii., 174-76, 196-97,
249-57 (References to Drift Deposits and
Conybeare’s explanation of the Flints).

The Ancient Straits of Malvern, pp. 6-10
(Marine Shells, Sand and Drift at Chelten-
ham).

C.N.F.C., vol. xii., pp. 7-8 (Gravel at
Stanley Downton).

C.N.F.C., vol. xii., pp. 218-20, 236-38 (Drift
at Evesham, Moreton-in-Marsh, Frampton,
etc.).

Natural Science, vol. xiv., p. 273 (Develop-
ment of Rivers).

Geol. Mag. (Aug., 1902), pp. 367-75 (River
Development).

C.N.F.C., vol. xiv., pt. 2, pp. 113-18 (Gravel
at Moreton-in-Marsh).

Geol. Mag., No. 389, p. 483 (Lias Fossils,
Flints and Chalk in Shropshire).

C.N.F.C., vol. xiv., p. 1 18 (Gravel at
Moreton -in -Marsh) .

C.N.F.C., vol. xiv., pp. 183-94 (The so-
called “ Ancient Straits of Malvern," and
Marine Shells in Severn Valley).

Rep. Geol. Assocn., vol. xviii., pp. 406-7
(Gravel at Moreton-in-the-Marsh).

Geol. Mag. (May), pp. 216-19 (The Occurrence
of Glacial Clay on the Cotteswold Plateau).

Trans. Bristol &■ Glouc. Arch. Soc., vol. xv.,
pp. 246-53 (Surface Flint Implements of
the Cotteswold Hills).

Q.J.G.S., vol. liv., pp. 251-78 (Elevation
during Glacial Epoch, Submerged Rock
Valleys, Over and Severn Bridge).

Outlines of Geol. of Eng. and Wales, p. 63
(Drift in Vale of Shipston).

C.N.F.C., vol. xii., p. 13 (Shallow Depres-
sions on Selsey Common).

Proc. Birm. Nat. Hist. Soc., pt. 2, pp. 42-55
(Post-Tertiary Beds of Midland District).

Bril. Assocn. Handbook of Birm., pp. 248-53
(Glacial and Post-Tertiary Deposits).

Proc. Birm. Phil. Soc., pp. 169-81 (Notes
on Glacial Geol. of the Midlands).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xix., pp. 175-179 (Hereford
Gravel Terraces).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxix.. pp. 39-54 (Glacial
action in South Brecknockshire and East
Glamorganshire) .

* +

134

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1919

43

1869

Dawkins, W. B.

44

1874

_ — . — .

45

1880

—

46

1886

Deeley, R. M. . .

47

1903

Dutton, G. H.

48

1870

Dyer, W. T. T...

49

1902

Ekholm, N.

50

1882

Ellis, T. S.

51

1909

—

52

1914

Else, W. J.

53

1870

Etheridge, R. . .

54

1897

Evans, Sir J. . .

55

1858

Falconer, H. . .

56

1853

Gavey, G. E.

57

1900

Geikie, Sir A. . .

58

1904

—

59

1877

Geikie, J.

60

1914

—

61

1900

Gibbs, R.

62

1881

Giles, O.

63

1892

Gray, G.

64

1904

Gray, J. W., and
Brewer, G. W. S.

65

191 I

Gray, J. W. . .

66

1912

—

67

1913

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxv., pp. 193-217 (Post-
Glacial Mammals).

Cave Hunting.

Early Man in Britain and his place in the
Tertiary Period.

Q.J.G.S., vol. xlii., pp. 437-80 (Succession
in the Trent Basin).

Cardiff Nat. Soc., p. 1 (Glacial and Alluvial
Deposits near Cardiff).

C.N.F.C., vol. v., pp. 271-72 (Flint Flakes
at Cirencester).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lviii., pp. 37-45 (Meteoro-
logical Conditions of the Pleistocene Epoch).

Proc. Glo. School of Science Phil. Soc. (Some
features in the formation of the Severn
Valley).

C.N.F.C., vol. xvi., pt. 3, pp. 241-63 (The
Lower Severn Valley, River and Estuary).

Trans. Worcestersh. Nat. Club, vol. vi., pt. 1,
pp. 92-93 (Notes on Specimens of Drift in
the Worcester Museum).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxvi., pp. 209-10 (Marine
Shells at Dunnington).

The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and
Ornaments of Great Britain.

See Memoirs of Strickland by Jar dine, p. clxvi.
(Fluviatile Pliocene Deposits in the Severn
Valley) .

Q.J.G.S., vol. lx., pp. 26-37 (Drift at

Mickleton Tunnel and Blocks of Chalk at
Aston Magna).

Q.JG.S., vol. lvi., pp. 196-97 (Recent

Earth Movements in the Malvern Region).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lx., pp. xcvi.-civ. (Earth

Movements in the Severn Estuary, etc).

The Great Ice Age, pp. 362-65 (Ice in Valley
of Severn and Bristol Channel, etc.).

Antiquity of Man in Europe.

Q.J.G.S., vol. lvi., pp. 196-97 (Earth

Movements in the Malvern Region).

Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., pp. 118-21 (The
Boulders of the Bromsgrove District).

British Assocn. Report, p. 20 (Erratics in
Gravel at Worcester).

C.N.F.C., vol. xv., pt. 1, pp. 49-67 (Evidences
of Ancient Occupation on Cleeve Hill).

C.N.F.C., vol. xvii., pt. 2, pp. 257-74 (North
and Mid-Cotteswolds and Vale of Moreton
during the Glacial Epoch).

C.N.F.C., vol. xvii., pt. 3, pp. 365-80 (The
Lower Severn Plain during the Glacial
Epoch).

Proc. Cheltenham Nat. Sc. Soc., vol. ii. . N.S.,
pt. 2, pp. 65-79 (Notes on the North- and
Mid-Cotteswold Flints).

VOL. XX. (2)

NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION 135

68

1914

—

69

1914

—

70

1915

—

71

1825

Grimes, E.

72

1899

Groom, T. T. . .

73

1900

—

74

1863

Guise, W. V.

75

1865

—

76

1883

—

77

1891

Harker, A.

78

1901

Harmet, F. W.

79

1906

—

80

1907

—

81

1882

Harrison, W. J.

82

1S95

—

83

1907

—

84

1908

—

85

1876

Heming, W. T.

86

1853

Hill, R.

87

0

1873

—

88

1899

Howard, F. T.,
and Small, E. W.

89

1904

Howard, F. T,

90

1855

Hull, E.

Proc. Birmingham Nat. Hist. &■ Philosophical
Soc., vol. xiii., No. 2 (The Drift Deposits
of the Malvems).

Proc. Worcestersh. Nat. Club, vol. vi., pt. 1,
pp. 65-92 (Pleistocene Geol. of Area
around Worcester).

Proc. Worcestersh. Nat. Club., vol. vi., pt.
2, pp. 172-76 (Drift from the Lickey
Hills).

Edinburgh Journal of Science, vol. iii.,
PP- 77-8o (Observations on the Flints of
Warwickshire).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lv., pp. 1 3 1 . 143. 161, 164,
166-67, >86 (Drift Deposits, etc., on the

Malvems) .

Q.J.G.S., vol. lvi., pp. 196-97 (Recent Earth
Movements in the Malvern Region).

C.N.F.C., vol. iii., pp. 116-17 (Drift on
Maisemore, Hartpury, Apperley, etc.).

C.N.F.C., vol. iii., p. 255 (Discovery of
Lucina Borealis at Beckford).

C.N.F.C., vol. viii., p. 94 (Mammoth at
Cainscross).

C.N.F.C., vol. x., pp. 178-90 (Geology
of Cirencester, Flint Flakes at Barton
Pits).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lvii., pp. 405-78 (Influence
of Winds upon Climate during the
Pleistocene Epoch).

Geol. Mag., No. 508, pp. 470-72 (Lake
Oxford and the Goring Gap).

Q.J.G.S., vol. Ixiii., pp. 470-514 (On the
origin of certain Canon-like Valleys).

Geology of the Counties of England, etc. (Staffs,
and Warw.).

Bibliography of Midland Glaciology.

A Sketch of the Geol. of the Birmingham Dist.,
pp. 87-104 (The Ancient Glaciers of the
Midland Counties).

Kelly's Directory of Warwickshire, p. 20
(Glacial Lakes in the Midlands).

Proc. Dudley Geol. Soc., pp. 19-20 (Drift
near the Lickey).

Proc. Woolhope Nat. F. Club, p. 48 (Drift at
Cradley) .

Proc. Geol. Assocn., vol. iii.. No. 6, pp. 6 and
10 (Section in Bunter at Malvern and
Mammalia at Pull Court).

Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. xxxii (Notes
on Ice Action in S. Wales).

Origin of the Physical Features of S. Wales
(Glacial Action in Brecknockshire and
adjoining districts).

Q.J.G.S., Physical Geography and Pleistocene
Phenomena of the Cotteswold Hills, vol. xi.,
pp. 488-90 (Mammalian remains in Severn
Valley and at Stroud) .

136

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

91

1855

—

92

1857

—

93

1858

—

94

1902

Humphreys, J.

95

1906

—

96

1879

Ingram, A. H. W.

97

1904

Jehu, J. T.

98

1863

Jones, J.

99

1831

Jukes, F.

100

1892

Kendall, P. F. . .

101

1893

—

102

1902

—

103

1914

—

104

1916

—

105

1899

King, W. W. ..

106

1906

Lamplugh, G. W.

107

1898

Lapworth, C. . .

108

1907

Lapworth, C.,
and

Watts, W. W.

109

1913

Lapworth, C. . .

110

1856

Lees, E.

111

1875

—

112

1894

Lewis, C.

113

1870

Lloyd, T. G. B.

Q.J.G.S., vol. xi., pp. 477-96 (Physical
Geography and Pleistocene Phenomena of
the Cotteswold Hills).

Memoirs of Geol. Survey, Geology of the
Country around Cheltenham, pp. 85-96
(Cheltenham, and Blocks of Sandstone
at Bowl).

Mem. Geol. Surv., Wilts and Glo., pp. 42-43
(Chalk Flints south of Cirencester).

Pres. Address, Bromsgrove Institute (The
Great Ice Age and its Action on the
Lickey) .

Trans. Worcestersh. Nat. Club, vol. iii. , pt. 4,
pp. 212-22 (The Boulders of the Lickey
and Clent Hills).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxv., p. 678 (Superficial
Deposits in the neighbourhood of Evesham).

Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xli., pp. 53-87
(Glacial Deposits of Northern Pembroke-
shire).

C.N.F.C., vol. iii., p. 103 (Flints at Stroud
Hill).

Mag. of Nat. History, pp. 372-77 (Diluvial
Gravel near Birmingham).

Geol. Mag., No. 341, p.494 (Lias Fossils in
Shropshire).

Glacialists' Mag., vol. i., pp. 97-99 (Supposed
Erratics on the Cotteswolds) .

Q.J.G.S., vol. lviii., pp. 47 1-57 1 (Glacier
Lakes in the Cleveland Hills).

Naturalist, p. 97 (“ Oliva ” found at

Kempsey) .

Handbuch der Regionalen Geologie, p. 315
(Quaternary Period in Lower Severn Valley).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lv., pp. 97-128 (Permian Con-
glomerates of the Lower Severn Basin).

Brit. Assocn. Rep. “ Geology ” (On the
British Drifts and the Interglacial Problem).

Proc. Geol. Assocn., vol. xv., p. 425 (Drainage
of Upper Dee added to the Severn).

A Sketch of the Geol. of the Birmingham
District, pp. 59-60 and 66-69 (Derivation
of Bunter and Permian pebbles in Drift).

Brit. Assocn. Handbook, pp. 601-09 (Extension
of the Ice-sheet below Worcester).

Pictures of Nature around Malvern, pp. 53, 87,
254-58, and 335 (Longdon Marsh and
Sandstone at Belle Vue Hotel, Gravel
Terraces near Worcester, etc.).

Proc. Worcestersh. Nat. Club, p. 217
(Mammalia at Sandlin).

Glac. Geol. of Gt. Britain and Ireland, pp. lxiv.-
lxxiv., 56-57 (Extra-Morainic Lake in
Severn Valley).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxvi., pp. 202-25 (Superficial
Deposits of Avon and Severn Valleys).

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

137

114

1873

Lobley, L.

115

1869

Lucy, W. C. . .

116

1872

—

117

1873

—

118

1878

—

119

1881

—

120

1884

—

121

1889

—

122

1890

—

123

1893

—

124

1895

—

125

1857

Lycett, J.

126

1879

Mackintosh, D.

127

1880

—

128

1890

Martin, F. W.

129

1890

130

1864

Maw, G.

131

1904

Moore, H. C.

132

1836

Murchison, R. I.

133

1839

CO

1845

—

Proc. Geol. Assocn., vol. iii., No. 6, pp. 6-10
(Pull Court, and Section in Bunter at
Malvern) .

C.N.F.C., vol. v., pp. 71-142 (The Gravels
of the Severn, Avon and Evenlode, with
Map, Lists of Mammalia and Mollusca, and
Table of Altitudes).

C.N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 19, 79 (Pebbles in
Fissures. Gravels at Aston Magna, Wol-
ford, Peppervvell, etc.).

C.N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 105-25 (Submerged
Forest at Holly Hazle, Sharpness).

C.N.F.C., vol. vii., pp. 50-61 (Extension of
Northern Drift and Boulder Clay over the
Cotteswolds) .

Midland Naturalist, pp. 242-44, C.N.F.C.,
vol. viii., pp. 30-34 (Rocks found in
“Northern Drift” Gravels).

C.N.F.C., vol. viii., p. 225 (Northern Drift
at Over).

C.N.F.C., vol. x., p. 7 (Clay and Pebbles in
Fissures).

C.N.F.C., vol. x., pp. 22-38 (A Slight History
of Flint Implements).

C.N.F.C., vol. xi., pp. 6-13 (Clays and Sands
on Cleeve Cloud).

C.N.F.C., vol. xii., p. 23 (Drift at Elmore,
Limbury Hill, and Highnam).

Cotteswold Hills Hand Book, pp. 1 12-17
(Fluviatile, Estuarine, and Marine Drifts).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxv., pp. 425-55 (Dispersion
of Erratic Blocks in West of England and
East of Wales).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxvi., pp. 178-88 (Correlation
of Drifts of N.W. of England with those
of Midland and Eastern Counties).

Proc. Birmingham Phil. Soc., vol. vii., pt. 1,
PP- 93-h8 (The Boulders of the Midland
District).

Proc. Birmingham Phil. Soc., vol. vii., pp. 85-
1 1 3 (The Boulders of the Midland District,
2nd Report).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xx., pp. 130-44 (Drift De-
posits at Coalbrook Dale and Bridgnorth,
and List of Marine Shells).

Trans. Woolhope Nat. F. Club, pp. 330-35
(Drifts in Herefordshire and evidences of
action of Land Ice).

Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., pp. 230-36
(Gravel and Alluvia in Worcestershire
and Gloucestershire).

Silurian System, pp. 527-34, 551, 554-57
(Drift Deposits, Mollusca, etc., at Worcester
and Kempsey).

Outline of the Geology of Cheltenham, pp. 59-62
(Gravels, and Landslips).

138

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

135

1853

—

136

137

1916

1848

Osborn, H. F.
Phillips, J.

138

1855

—

139

1871

—

140

1868

Playne, G. F. . .

141

1870

—

142

1873

—

143

1875

—

144

1908

Pocock, T. J. ..

145

1890

Prestwich, J . . .

146

1892

— —

147

1901

Prevost, E. W. . .

148

1858

Ramsay, A. C.,
and Aveline.W. T.

149

1878

Ramsay, A. C.

150

00

CO

Reade, T. M. . .

151

1901

—

152

'903

—

153

1912

Reid, C.

154

1916

—

155

1904

Richardson, L.

156

1905

—

157

1907

—

Proc. Woolhope Nat. F. Club, pp. 49, 147
(“ Straits of Malvern ").

Men of the Old Stone Age.

Memoirs of Geol. Survey, The Malvern Hills,
vol. ii., pt. 1, 'pp. 13-16, 125 (References
to Drift Deposits).

Proc. Malvern Field Club. On the Geology of
the Malvern Hills, p. 38 (Grooves in
Permian Conglomerate).

Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of Oxford and the
Valley of Thames, pp. 458-66 (Pleistocene
Deposits in the Midlands).

C.N.F.C., vol. v., pp. 21-38 (Physical
Geography of District drained by the Frome).

C.N.F.C., vol. v., pp. 277-93 (Early
Occupation of Cotteswold Hills by Man).

C.N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 81-89 (Recent
Calcareous Deposits on the Cotteswolds).

C N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 202-246 (On the
Ancient Camps of Gloucestershire).

Geological Survey Memoir, pp. 81-119 (The
Geology of the Country around Oxford.
Superficial Deposits).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xlvi., pp. 143 (Westleton
Beds near Bath).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xlviii., pp. 287-317 (Raised
Beaches, and " Head ” or Rubble Drift).

C.N. F.C., vol. xiv., pp. 15-20 (Peat and
Forest Bed at Westbury-on-Severn).

Memoirs of Geological Survey, Geol. of Wilts
and Gloucestershire, 41-44 (“ Grey

Wethers ” at Swindon).

Phys. Geol. and Geol. of Gt. Brit., pp. 503-04,
510 (Erosion of Severn Channel and
Antiquity of Severn Valley).

Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., pp. 216-33
(Notes on the Southern Drift of England
and Wales).

C.N.F.C., vol. xiv., pp. 21-31 (The Peat
and Forest Bed at Westbury-on-Sevem).

C.N.F.C., vol. xiv., pp. m-13 (Gravel at
Moreton-in-the-Marsh) .

British Assocn. Rep., 1911, pp. 573-80.
(Relation of Present Plants of British Isles
to the Glacial Period).

Submerged Forests, pp. 58-61, 115 (Severn
and Bristol Channel).

Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xviii., pt. 8, pp. 402-07
(Gravel at Moreton and Stow-on-the-Wold,
and Furrows in Lias at Bredon).

Handbook of the Geology of Cheltenham, pp.
193-200 (Superficial Deposits).

Trans. Woolhope F. Club, pp. 57-68 (Outline
of Geology of Herefordshire, Neogene
System).

C.N.F.C., vol. xvi., pp. 28-32 (Gravel at
Tangley and Little Milton).

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTESWOLD-MALVERN REGION

139

158

1910

—

159

1912

and Garrett, J. H.

160

i860

Roberts, G. E.

161

1905

Salter, A. E. . .

162

1896

Sawyer, J.

163

1898

Shrubsole, O. A.

164

1899

Small, E. W./and
Howard, F. T.

165

1862

Smith, J.

166

1915

Smith, R. A.

167

1891

Smithe, F., and
Lucy, W. C.

168

00

OO

Oj

Soil as, W. J. . .

169

1909

—

170

1915

—

171

1907

Spackman, F. T.

172

1915

—

173

1866

Startin, A.

174

1904

Stather, J. W.

175

1896

Strahan, A.

176

1897

—

177

1902

—

178

1909

—

179

1834

Strickland, H. E.

180

1842

—

181

1858

—

182

1853

Symonds, W. S.

C.N.F.C., vol. xvii., pp. 40-43 (Some
Glacial Features of the Cotteswold Hills).

C.N.F.C., vol. xvii., pp. 297-319 (Sand,
Gravel and Clay in Cheltenham, with Maps).

The Rocks of Worcestershire, Chap, xiii.,
pp. 220-33 (The Post-Tertiary Period).

Proc. Geol. Assocn., vol. xix., pt. 1, pp. 37-46
(Superficial Deposits of Central and
Southern parts of England).

C.N.F.C., vol. xii., pp. 65-87 (Pre-Saxon
Occupation of the Mid-Cotteswolds) .

Q.J.G.S., vol. liv., pp. 585-600 (High-Level
Gravels in Berkshire and Oxfordshire).

Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. xxxii. (Notes
on Ice Action in S. Wales).

Researches in Newer Pliocene and Post-
Tertiary Geology, pp. 152-53 (Discovery
of “ Oliva ” at Kempsey, near Worcester).

Proc. Geol. Assocn., vol. xxvi., pp. 1-20 (Pre-
historic Problems in Geology).

C.N.F.C., vol. x., p. 203 (Quartzose Sand
at Alderton).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxxix., pp. 611-26 (The
Estuaries of the Severn and its Tributaries).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lxv., p. 262 (Red Chalk at
Burmington).

Ancient Hunters and their Modern Represen-
tatives.

Trans. Wore. Nat. C., vol. iv., pt. 1, pp. 2-1 1
(Ancient Flint implements recently found
in the County).

Trans. Worcestersh. Nat. Club, vol. vi., pt. 1,
pp. 92-93 (Specimens of Drift in Worcester
Museum).

Proc. Warwickshire F. Club, pp. 26-33
(Drift at F.xhall, near Coventry).

Naturalist (January), pp. 9-1 1 (Pebbles in
an Unglaciated Area).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lii., pp. 474-89 (Submerged
Land-Surfaces at Barry).

Summary of Prog. Geol. Survey, pp. 139-43.
(Glacial Action in South Wales).

Q.J.G.S., vol. Iviii., p. 218. River System
of South Wales (Flints in gravel on the
Wye and in S. Glamorgan).

British Assocn. Report, p.475 (Glaciation of
South Wales).

Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., pp. 95, m-12
(Freshwater Shells and Mammalian Remains
beneath Drift Gravels near Cropthome).

Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Ser., vol. vi., pp. 545-55
(Sections of Cuttings on Birmingham and
Gloucester Railway).

Memoirs of, by Jardine, pp. clxiii.-clxvii.,
79-110. 132-44 (Drift Deposits).

Proc. Woolhope Nat. F. Club (June), pp. 48-50
(Drift at Cradley, etc.).

140

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

183

1861

—

184

' 1861

and Lambert, A.

185

1861

Symonds, W. S.

186

1872

187

1875

188

1883

— . — .

189

1884

—

190

OO

CO

Cm\

—

191

1899

Thompson, B. . .

192

1878

Tomes, R.

193

J85 3

Trimmer, J.

194

1886

Tuckwell, W. ..

195

1895

Upton, C.

196

1917

—

197

1909

Whitaker, W. . .

198

1897

White, J. O. . .

199

1899

Wickham, W. . .

200

1907

—

201

1913

Wilson, E. T. . .

202

1914

—

203

1870

Wilson, J. M.

204

1864

Witchel], E.

205

1867

—

206

1873

207

J

1882

—

British Assocn. Rep., pp. 133-34 (Drifts
of Severn, Avon, Wye and Usk).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xvii., p. 159 (Till at Ledbury
Tunnel).

C.N.F.C., vol. iii., pp. 31-39 (Drifts of
Severn, Avon, Wye and Usk).

Records of the Rocks, pp. 355, 416-18
(Glacial Pebbles and Boulders).

C.N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 247-56 (Geology and
Archaeology of Malvern, etc.).

Severn Straits (Notes on Glacial Drifts, etc.).

Old Stones (Drifts in the neighbourhood of
Malvern).

C.N.F.C., vol. ix., p. 10 (Boulders at the
Great Quarry, North Malvern, etc.).

Q.J.G.S., vol. lv., pp. 65-88 (Geology of
the Great Central Railway).

C.N.F.C., vol. vii., p. 60 (Striations on
Chalk at Aston Magna).

Q.J.G.S., vol. ix., p. 284 (Gravel on Summit
of Clevedon Down).

British Assocn. Report, p. 627 (Glacial
Erratics of Leicestershire and Warwickshire).

C.N.F.C., vol. xii., p. 7 (Antler of Red
Deer at Stanley Downton. See also 1910,
vol. xvii., pp. 51-52).

C.N.F.C., vol. xix., pt. 3., p. 180 (Drift,
containing quartzite, flint and chalk, on
the banks of the Gloucester and Berkeley
Canal).

Geol. Mag. (Feb., 1909), p. 52 (Earth Move-
ments in Severn Valley) .

Proc. Geol. Assocn., vol. xv., pt. 4, pp. 157-74
(High-Level Gravel with Triassic Debris
adjoining Valley of Upper Thames).

Proc. Malvern F. Club, (J uly) (Drift at British
Camp and Sands at Mathon).

Proc. Malvern F. Club, p. 10 (Siliceous
Sand near Ridgeway’s Cross).

Proc. Chelt. N. S. Soc., N.S., vol. ii., pp. 44-
63 (The Flints of the Cotteswolds and
their users).

Proc. Chelt. N.S. Soc., pp. 103-32 (The
Long Barrow Men of the Cotteswolds).

Q.J.G.S., vol. xxvi., pp. 192-202 (Surface
Deposits at Rugby).

C.N.F.C., vol. iii., pp. 208-11 (Flint Imple-
ments and Land and Freshwater Shells at
Stroud Hill).

C.N.F.C., vol. iv., pp. 56-59 (Recent
Deposits in the Valley of the River
Frome), pp. 214-30 (Denudation of the
Cotteswolds) .

C.N.F.C., vol. vi., pp. 146-53 (Angular
Gravels).

Geology of Stroud, Etc., pp. 85-99 (Gravels,
River Deposits, etc.).

vol. xx. (2) NOTES ON COTTES WOLD -MALVERN REGION

141

208

1870

Wood, S. V., Jun.

209

1880

—

210

1887

Woodward, H. B.

211

1894

—

212

1897

213

1892

Wright, G. F.

214

1854

Wright, T.

215

1878

—

216

1914

Wright, W. B. . .

Geol. Mag., 1870, p. 18, Sequence of Glacial
Beds (Severn Gravels and Marine Shells).

O.J.G.S., vol. xxxvi., pp. 512-14 (Chalky
Boulder Clay in Severn Drainage System).

Geology of England and Wales, pp. 493-97
(Glacial Beds in South-Western and Midland
Counties).

Memoirs of Geol. Snrv., vol. iv., pp. 462-63
(Superficial Accumulations and Drift).

Geol. Mag., vol. iv., pp. 485-97 (The Chalky
Boulder Clay and Glacial Phenomena of
Western Midland Counties).

International Science Series (Man and the
Glacial Period).

C.N.F.C., vol. ii., p. 3 (Bed of Sand on
Cleeve Hill).

C.N.F.C., vol. vii., p. 5 (Ice Sheet on
Cotteswolds and in Severn Valley).

The Quaternary Ice Age.

0 L-c<xs*vla tfhn.

1 &l^)L&f^-cl£nASY\* x YV iZLcu-Cjib I <- Jrx

~ ~ ) K>

4^ . U 0 xxx.vry-t-^t-Q'^i

>«Dcfc/i^i'<^ ~r /V" — ?

r-'*— ^ --—¥ « loac/i/i.ctn'u

“A stor^t^^iu^^^lkL^Y/olfxri-^

Btei.fi'Uy UM^t! G?-YVSlfor*L

*JjOT*\- 0 l_ ±ni_Ln.a)Z*>n-

.B <*is-fin-cL " C‘”n£[>

Polx.1t

i AflC ertt

o yYxfe.7i.fi

Fo\x.\. «

S

; ZiZa. Ccrr7T-J&frr*T-'

mCfvcifttl Hok$<.

0 CJu,f>fj\.vvj Hoi'b* m.

Ch^c7^lU

, »»5ctA.se/e-r\/

&Z-ecCi. vxqtenxs

J' ,

M A «£ Co-ti. - LA.y*^oLtX

1 A*. jb Zen

• Lcol^ itZaC.
• L ajxqlcij

R WtNDRi

Ctl-re-n- oeJ?i-c^

“<y~

LlX^7i^j*Jl.CLrlyfo24?n*

• T)tA,x.sleuj

~ T/j-t Qd#*'

yYoohm,-iAjx^ut-

vol. xx. (2) FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE 143

FURTHER NOTES

ON

THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA
OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

BY

CHARLES UPTON.

Since the publication of the last notes on local mollusca
( Proceedings , xix., 229) but little has been done in the way of
finding additional forms. This is due in a large measure to
the fact that, with comparatively few exceptions, all the forms
likely to occur in the county have already been recorded.
Another contributing cause is that the autumns of both the
years 1918 and 1919 were unfavourable to land snails. The
former, although wet, was cold, and the latter very dry, neither
condition being good.

A few errors in the previous lists escaped observation and
are noted below, together with some two or three cases of
probable misidentification. Such new or additional records as
have come to my knowledge are also set out, with some
observations concerning forms already recorded.

Corrections of Previous Lists in “ Proceedings.”
Volume xvii. (1911)

Page 180, line 22, for V. [crystallina] read Vitrea.

Page 183, line 11, for H. rufescens read H. hispida.

The descriptions on pp. 180-81 of Vitrea pura and V. pura
var. nitidosa should be transposed. J. Gwyn Jeffreys
in British Conchology gives the horn-coloured form as
Alder’s type, and the white form as the var. nitidosa, Gray,
but there is no doubt that he was in error in doing so, and that
Alder’s type was the white — and commoner — shell. The
specific name indeed would indicate this.

6

144

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

Volume xix. (1917), page 232 : —

Valvata piscinalis var. antiqua Sow. Mr. A. S. Kennard
informs me that the true variety antiqua Sow. is extinct in
this country, and that in his opinion the Gloucester form should
be called V. piscinalis var. obtusa [= presumably V. obtusa,
Brard].

Sphaerium corneum var. pisidioides, Gray. Mr.

Kennard is also of opinion that this is wrongly named, and
that the form is very near to shells which were identified by
Dr. Johansen as S. corneum var. firmum, Westerlund.

Additions and Observations.

zonitid;e.

Vitrea lucida, (Draparnaud) [ = draparnaldi Beck].

Mr. A. S. Kennard informs me that this species occurs at Clifton,
and that he has it from that locality. This should therefore
be included in the county list.

HELICID/E.

Helicella cantiana (Montagu). Although this species is
common in many parts of the country, it is by no means
abundant in Gloucestershire. A hitherto unrecorded habitat is
therefore of interest. During the past autumn I found it quite
plentiful by the side of the road from Withington to Cassey
Compton. The coloured parts of the shells were more than
usually pink.

Helix nemoralis, L. During the autumn of last year I
found a considerable colony by the side of the Gloucester and
Berkeley Canal near Ouedgeley having a somewhat uncommon
band formula. The molluscs were quite numerous for a
distance of perhaps one hundred yards along the canal bank,
but in a large proportion the three upper colour bands were
wanting, whereas the two which occur on the under side of
the shell were present.

Another interesting colony occurred by the canal side near
the boat-house at Hempstead. In this case the shells were all
ordinary five-banded forms, but considerably larger than usual.

vol. xx. (2) FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE 145

These examples tend to support the view held by many that
relatively unimportant features are transmissible, and in the
course of time become fixed.

STENOGYRID#:.

Azeca tridens (Pulteney) . The type-form seems to be very
scarce in England, the common one being the variety known
as A. tridens var. nouletiana, Dupuy, the difference being
that the type-form has a small tooth or projection just within the
lip of the shell which is not found in the variety. There is
another variety known as A. tridens var. alzenensis, Dupuy,
which has in addition to the denticle in the type-form two
further denticles situated some distance within the mouth of
the shell. All three forms occur amongst the numerous
specimens which I have from Frocester, so that in addition to
the type-form we have in this county the two following named
varieties: Azeca tridens var. nouletiana, Dupuy, and A.
tridens var. alzenensis, Dupuy.

Two other modifications which do not appear to have been
given varietal names also occur at Cranham.

VERTIGINIDAE.

Vertigo minutissima (Hartmann). In compiling my
previous lists I regret I overlooked a notice of this species,
which has been found at Clifton, and is recorded by Dr. J. W.
Williams in the Journal of Conchology, vol. v., p. 357.

CLAUSILIIDAE.

Glausilia bidentata var. albida, Jeffreys. During the past
summer I took two specimens of this very scarce form at Bredon,
which lies just outside the county boundary. Although not
strictly a Gloucestershire shell, it seemed desirable to refer to
it on account of its rarity.

LIMNAlID/E.

Limnasa auricularia var. reflexa, Nelson. A considerable
number of this interesting variety was taken during the early
summer of 1918 in the canal near Hempstead. In 1919 a

146

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

further search was made, but the form apparently had migrated,
only one specimen being taken.

Planorbis crista var. laevigata, Adami. This shell was
abundant in a small pond near lower Tuffley in the spring of
1918. The type-form was also very common in several small
ponds in the neighbourhood.

physid;e.

Physa heterostropha, Say. This interesting American
species has extended farther up the canal. I have
found it at Hempstead Bridge, and have little doubt that it
would be found as far up as the Docks, but it has not been
practicable to search above the bridge owing to war-time
restrictions. During the autumn of 1919 I took it at Sharpness
in much greater numbers and larger than ever before.

CYRENID#:.

Sphserium rivicola var. flavescens, Moquin-Tandon.

In the early summer of 1918 this variety was found to be very
abundant in the canal near Hempstead Bridge, most of the
shells being of a brilliant yellow colour.

Sphaerium pallidum, Gray, appears to have either
migrated or died out at its old locality at Sharpness, as during
the past summer I have taken nothing but dead valves ; not
a single living specimen.

Pisidium obtusale, Pfeiffer. This species has been taken
in considerable numbers in two ponds on Podsmead Farm,
Gloucester.

vol. xx. (2) FIELD OF COTTESWOLDS AND NATURALIST

147

THE FIELD OF THE COTTESWOLDS AND THE
FIELD OF THE NATURALIST.

BY

FREDERICK JOHN CULLIS.

(Read March 18th, 1919.)

[Abstract prepared by the Author.]

In this paper it was claimed, mainly on geological grounds,
that the homeland of the Club, its “ Field of the Cotteswolds,”
should include the whole of the Cotteswold highlands and
practically all the country that can be well seen from them,
extending from the Wye and the Malverns on the West to the
chalk country of the “ White Horses ” on the East. This
would secure to the Club, as in its own preserve, a varied and
most important area of the older geological formations on the
West ; and to the East of these the larger part of this Club
homeland would, in turn, present an almost complete series
of the Mesozoic or “ Secondary ” formations, these being
obviously both explained and unified by their being due to a
long-continued and scarcely interrupted sinking of the land.

With respect to the “ Field of the Naturalist,” the paper
pressed for such an extension of the customary limits of our
natural history as would include the objective aspect of both
Psychology and Sociology, this latter science surveying the
conditions ruling over the association of defunct parts in the
constituting of relatively larger wholes from the atoms of the
chemist to communities of men. This extension, though as yet
unusual, would not be without precedent, since in the later
years of the last century the Birmingham Natural History and
Philosophical Society, which had long worked partly in sub-
ordinate sections, had, amongst others, its “ Sociological
Section.”

I4S

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLP CLUB

1919

TABULAR PRESENTATION of the Concrete Natural History
and abstract Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and to science generally
of the Cotteswolds and the Field of the Naturalist,” read 18th March,

Subjects of
Study.

Special Character Corresponding
of Studies. General Sciences.

Number

Form

Motion )

Energy )

Substance J

The heavens
The earth
Life
Mind
Society

Abstract

Analytical

Concrete
Observational
and Classificatory

The Calculus j

Geometry [

Mechanics

Physics )

Chemistry J

Cosmology

Geology

Biologyr

Psychology

Sociology

SUGGESTED SECTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

Geological Section

j Cosmology
\ Geology

Biological Section

( Biology and Special
( Microscopy

Anthropological Section

( Psychology
) Sociology

VOL. XX. (2)

FIELD OF COTTESWOLDS AND NATURALIST

H9

Sciences, and of their relations to one another, to the more analytical
unified as philosophy ; intended to illustrate the paper on “The Field
1919.

The field of the pure and mixed
mathematics

The field of the physicist

The field of the naturalist

The field of the
scientists, and,
when unified, of
the Objective
• = “ Synth etic ”

or “ Cosmic ’’
philosophy.

OF THE STUDIES OF THE CLUB.

Including, besides the ordinary work of the geologist, all
the revelations of the telescope, the spectroscope, and of
the photographic survey of the heavens.

Including all the phenomena of plant and animal life, and
the major portion of the wonders of the microscopic world.

Including the various psychological studies and ethnology,
folk-lore, all human story, and all the field work of the
general archaeologist, and of the special search for records of
prehistoric man.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

150

The ultimate purpose of the author of the paper was to
advocate the Club’s thus working in part by definite sections :
perhaps three only — A, its Geological or Cosmological Section ;
B, its Biological Section ; and C, its Anthropological Section.
Such an arrangement would, it was suggested, add much to
the capacity of the Club for good and original work, and so to
its already honourable record. As Chairmen of sections, some
of the members might find pleasant opportunities for being
helpful to others and of doing more personal work than
heretofore. Then, whilst the home of the Club as a whole
should for many reasons remain in Gloucester, some one or
more of its sections might be centred elsewhere. The Anthro-
pological Section, for instance, might be centred in Cheltenham,
where there are already students of the growing record of
prehistoric man, and where also there are men of leisure who
possess knowledge and experience of the peoples, institutions
and needs of many lands. Such studies as this section might
undertake, approached in the spirit of the naturalist, could not
fail to make for a better understanding.

A tabular statement showing the full list of the principal
departments of a complete Natural Histor}? and the relation
of these to the less concrete sciences was circulated at the
reading of the paper and is here printed.

vol. xx. (2) ANOTHER DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE 15 1

ANOTHER DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE,
near TETBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

BY

L. RICHARDSON, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

In Vol. xix. (1915) of the Proceedings of the Club I gave
an account of the rocks passed through in a deep boring at
Shipton Moyne. 1 This boring 2 was 286 feet 6 inches deep and
passed through : —

67 feet 6 inches of Forest Marble Beds,

84 feet 8 inches of Great Oolite,

62 feet 2 inches of beds best described as " Passage Beds,”
and 72 feet 2 inches into the Fullers’ Earth.

The account of the rocks passed through was imperfect in
respect of the strata between 58 feet and 100 feet 6 inches
down because no cores were drawn from between those depths.
All the information that could be obtained concerning the rocks
— the lower part of the Forest Marble and the upper portion
of the Great Oolite — between these depths was that furnished
by the foreman in charge of the boring operations and certain
small rock-specimens that he had collected.

On February 12th, 1916, another boring, No. 3 — that now
under consideration — was commenced in the same field and
was completed on July 20th of the same year. It passed
through : —

74 feet of Forest Marble,

79 feet of Great Oolite,

61 feet 6 inches of Passage Beds,

85 feet 6 inches of Fullers’ Earth,

74 feet 8 inches of Inferior Oolite,
a 4-inch Pecten- Bed,
and 68 feet into Upper-Lias Sands.

1 Pp. 49-55. The statement on p. 49 that the site of the bore-hole was “ some thirteen miles ”
from the nearest portion of the Cotteswold edge at Upper Kilcott should be six and a half miles.

2 To be exact, the information was obtained from a well-sinking, 47 feet 2 inches deep ; a
percussion boring to 100 feet 6 inches ; a rotary boring from the bottom of the percussion boring
down to a depth of 286 feet 6 inches ; and a second bore-hole (No. 2 on Messrs. H. Rofe & Son's
plan) sunk to a depth of 58 feet.

152

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

The cores from this bore-hole thus supplied useful additional
information concerning the lower part of the Forest Marble
and the upper part of the Great Oolite, as well as most interesting
particulars respecting the thickness of the Fullers’ Earth, the
Inferior Oolite, and the relationship of Inferior Oolite to the
Upper-Lias Sands in this district.

Forest Marble. — The first 25 feet 6 inches were percussion
bored — 20 feet with a io^-inch. chisel, 5 feet 6 inches with a
gj-inch one. Mr. Henry Marten, A.M.I.C.E., very kindly
supplied me with particulars of the rocks passed through.
They are given between quotation marks on page 158.

In

beds 4-19, 1 limestone — in places sandy — predominated,
in 20-22, shales and clays,
in 23-25, limestone, and
in 26-32, shales and clay again.

The deposits numbered 26-32 occupy the stratigraphical
position of the Bradford Clay. In the neighbourhood of
Bradford-on-Avon the lowest portion of the Bradford Clay is
the most fossiliferous part, and is known as the “ Fossil Bed ; ” 2
but there was no trace of such a fossiliferous deposit here
at Shipton Moyne.

Great Oolite. — As already remarked, no cores were drawn
from No. 1 Bore from between 58 feet and 100 feet 6 inches
down.

The cores from No. 3 Bore showed a sharp line of demarca-
tion between the shaly clay (beds 26-32) of the Forest Marble
and the underlying Great Oolite limestone. The top portion
of this underlying limestone was a hard, bluish-grey, oolitic
limestone ; but the main mass was a greyish-coloured, softer
oolite. It was 21 feet thick, and — according to Air. Marten’s
notes (for no samples were preserved in the core) — had seams
of clay between some of the constituent limestone bands. This
21 feet of rock occupies the stratigraphical position of beds 4-16
(inclusive) proved in the Tetbury Bore, 3 and of beds [1] and

1 The numbers from 1 to 60 used to distinguish the beds referred to in this paper correspond
with those employed in Proceedings, xix., pp. 49-55.

2 H. B. Woodward, The Ju/assic Rocks of Britain, etc., vol. iv. (1894), p. 354.

3 Procs xix., p. 58. Compare Upper Great Oolite, Groups F to D, of Reynolds & Vaughan,
Q.J G.S., vol. lviii. (1902), pp. 744-45-

vol. xx. (2) ANOTHER DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE 153

[2] in H. B. Woodward’s record, repeated below, of the sequence
of Great Oolite Beds at Farley Down, near Bath. 1

SEQUENCE OF GREAT OOLITE BEDS AT FARLEY DOWN,
NEAR BATH.

Greenish marly clay.

o

O

O

Forest Marble
(Bradford Clay).

[1.] Hard shelly oolitic limestone . . 'j
[2.] Flaggy false-bedded white oolite {>15
(passing down into bed below) . . J
[3.] Oolitic rag bed, very shelly, with
Pecten and Polyzoa, etc. . .

[4. j Hard, compact and oolitic limestone ;
Upper with ochreous and sandy galls that

Division. give rise to a honeycombed

appearance on the weathered faces
of the rock

[5.] Roof-bed ; coarse oolite with many
Mollusca, Polyzoa, Echini, and
Corals. Large Ostrea on surface
and Lithodomi

[6.] Pale oolitic freestone ; false-bedded
in some places, and evenly bedded
in others (about 24 feet).

This has been divided as follows by
the quarrymen : —

Lower

Division.

Ft. In. Ft. In.

o to 20 o

3 6 to 4

2 to 2

[a] Capping (fine-grained oolite used

for carving)

I

6

to

I

8

[6] Grey bed

I

8

to

3

0

[c] White beds (used for carving) . .

10

0

[tf] Hard weather bed

2

6

to

3

0

[1 e ] Red weather bed

5

0

to

9

0

There is no doubt as to which stage these 21 feet of lime-
stones at Shipton Moyne should be assigned : they clearly
belong to the Great Oolite and not to the Forest Marble. The
yellowish limestone which underlies this group of beds is
interesting. Its upper portion contains a quantity of coral
(? Cladophyllia) , for the most part replaced by calcite. Its
lower portion is of a deeper yellow tint than the upper, softer,
and contains numerous flat, greenish-marl “ galls.” After long
exposure to the weather this portion of the bed would acquire
a cavernous appearance. Probably it is equivalent to bed 17
at Tetbury, 2 and to bed [4] of Farley Down. Below this yellow
limestone at Shipton Moyne were two very noticeable beds of

1 H. B. Woodward, The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, etc., vol. iv. (1894), pp. 263-64. The
numbers and letters given in square brackets have been added by me to facilitate reference.

2 Procs.t xix., p. 58.

154

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

limestone — cream-coloured, but with a pinkish tinge. They are
comparable with beds 18 and 19 at Tetbury, 1 and possibly with
bed [5] of Farley Down.

Judging by what has been written on the Great Oolite of
the country between Bradford-on-Avon and Bath, the beds
occupying the stratigraphical position of those between [2] and
[6] at Farley Down vary considerably from place to place.
Thus, following his description of the sequence at Farley Down
(that reproduced above), H. B. Woodward remarks

" The details vary from place to place, and in the escarpment below
the monument on Farley Down, we find the Roof-bed to be very irregular,
and to be surmounted in places by marly beds, with an impersistent
Coral-bed, 2 to 10 feet thick. This Coral-bed was noticed by Lonsdale;
and it has been observed by Mr. R. F. Tomes at this locality, and also
on Combe Down. The Corals appear to have been drifted, and they
include Anabacia complanata, Calamophyllia ( Eunomia ) radiata, Convex-
astroea Waltoni, Isastrcea limitata, Latunaa ndra, Microsolena excelsa,
Montlivaltia caryophyllata, Oroseris Slatteri, Stylina Ploti, and Thamnas-
trcea. 2 Sponges also occur in the Coral-bed. Their occurrence was noted
at ‘ Ancliff ’ by Lonsdale, and on Bathampton Down by Moore. 3
Lonsdale has also referred to the bed that * after long exposure to the
weather often acquires a cavernous appearance, similar to that which is
called ‘ rustic work’ by architects.’ ”4

On Bathampton Down H. B. Woodward states5 : —

“ We find in the uppermost beds, traces of Bradford Clay fossils. 6
Moore has stated7 that fragments of Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, species of
Echini, Ostrea and many Brachiopoda occur in the Coral-bed, which is
separated from the freestone beds of the Great Oolite by 5 feet of compact
grey limestone yielding Lima cardiiformis, Trichites, Lithodomi, Polyzoa,
and many Corals, and is overlaid by 4 or 5 feet of thin-bedded oolite.”

The corals at Shipton Moyne also occur about 5 feet above
the top of the freestone (e), and the intervening rocks — as at
Farley and Bathampton Downs — include decidedly grey lime-
stone. Bed (d) of Shipton Moyne may be compared with bed
[6] ( b ) of Farley Down.

1 rrocs xix., p. 58.

2 R. F. Tomes, Q.J.G.S. , vol. xli. (1885), pp. 174, 189.

3 C. Moore, The Geologist, vol. iii. (i860), p. 440.

4 H. B. Woodward, The Jurassic Rocks of Britain, etc., vol. iv. (1894), p. 264.

6 Ibid., pp. 264-65.

6 S. H. Reynolds and A. Vaughan noticed that the upper beds of the Great Oolite on the
South Wales Direct Line had a fauna resembling that of the Bradford Clay. — Q.J.G.S., vol. Iviii.
(1902), pp. 745-46. Beds 4-16 (inch) at Tetbury and Shipton Moyne are probably equivalent
^o their groups D, E, F.

7 C. Moore, The Geologist, vol. iii. (i860), p. 443.

vol. xx. (2) ANOTHER DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE 155

“ Passage Beds.” — In No. 3 Bore bed 42 1 commenced at
153 feet down.

The “ Passage Beds ” resembled their equivalents proved
in No. 1 Bore, certain beds differing only in a few matters of
detail.

The bottom of bed 44 occurred at 168 feet 3 inches down ;
the top of bed 48c at 190 feet down.

Beds 50-53 were not separated in the core by any division-
planes as was the case in the core drawn from No. 1 Bore.

Fullers’ Earth. — The *' Marl, black, shaly, without
fossils ” — bed 54 — and the hard Os^a-Limestone in bed 55
were very noticeable.

Deposits similar to those numbered 56 to 60 in the record
of the No. 1 Bore section were duly encountered.

Emphasis may be laid on the fact that specimens of Ostrea
acuminata J. Sowerby, were the most abundant in bed 55.
Thin layers in which its valves were abundant, however, occur
also in beds 56, 57, 59a and /.

No. 1 Bore left off at 21 feet 6 inches down in the apparently
unfossiliferous Fullers’ Earth. No. 3 Bore has proved the
Fullers’ Earth to be 35 feet thick, so that the total thickness
of the deposits grouped as Fullers’ Earth here is 85 feet 6 inches
■ — 6 feet more than at Tetbury.

Inferior Oolite. — This Series commenced at 300 feet
down. The Upper Trigonia- Grit was, as usual, unmistakable.
Between it and the Fullers’ Earth, however, was a series of
deposits unlike in most respects those occupying their strati-
graphical position in natural and artificial sections in the
South Cotteswolds.

The limestone, bed 62, undoubtedly commences the Inferior
Oolite Series, and may be compared with the Rubbly Beds of
late schlcenbachi hemera. 2

The sand deposit, which may be called the “ Shipton-Moyne
Sand,” is very interesting. It has not been met with hitherto
in any natural or artificial sections either in the South

1 Procs., xix., p. 51.

2 L. Richardson, Q.J.G.S., vol. lxiii. (1907), p. 388 ; L. R., Procs., xvii. pp. 87, 91, 93.

156 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1919

Cotteswolds or in the Bath-Doulting District. It occupies the
stratigraphical position of the A nabacia-Limestones of the
southern end of the South Cotteswolds 1 and the Bath-Doulting
District ; 2 of the White Oolite of such localities as the Horton
Rectory Quarry in the mid South Cotteswolds ; 3 and of the
beds with marly layers, rich in micro-fossils, at Stinchcombe
Hill, near Dursley. 4

The Upper Trigonia- Grit rests directly on typical Pea-Grit,
22 feet thick, the top portion of which is bored. At Kemble
the “ Grit ” was separated from the Pea-Grit by Lower Free-
stone 43 feet 6 inches thick, and at Tetbury by Lower Freestone
19 feet thick.

The Lower Limestone was an excellent example of an oolite,
the ooliths being of very uniform size.

The bottom bed of the Lower Limestone was a hard
crystalline limestone-bed 8 inches thick, and another similar
bed (4 inches thick) occurred at 1 foot 8 inches above it. In
these beds radioles of echinoids and ossicles of isocrinoids were
not uncommon.

The discovery of typical Pea-Grit (22 feet thick) and Lower
Limestone (21 feet 8 inches thick) below Shipton Moyne is
interesting because this locality is very near to if not “ south-
wards ” of the line a on Mr. S. S. Buckman’s “ sketch map
showing the supposed relative position of land and water at
the commencement of the Murchison(e-Zonei of the Inferior
Oolite,” “ southwards ” of which was “ an area which received
no deposit [during the hemera murchisonce\.” 6

The Lower Limestone rested on a bed 4 inches thick which
was full of specimens of Variamussium pumilum (Lamarck),
Entolium demissum (Phillips) and Pseudomonotis sp. The
lithic characters of this bed suggested its association with the
Cotteswold Sands ; but the pectens incline one to group it with
the Inferior Oolite.

1 L. R., Procs., vol. xvii., pp. 86, 87, 90-95.

2 L. R., Q.J.G.S., vol. lxiii. (1907), p. 388.

3 L. R., Procs., vol. xvii., pp. 93, 96.

4 Ibid., pp. iio-ii.

5 In this paper (see footnote 6 below) Mr. Buckman included in the Murchisonce-Zone the
divisions from the Upper Freestone to Lower Limestone (inclusive).

6 Procs., vol. ix., p. 383.

vol. xx. (2) ANOTHER DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE 157

The “ grey sands ” were 43 feet thick. They are comparable
with those proved at Tetbury between 396 feet and 406 or
408 feet down. 1

Table Showing the Rocks Proved in the Bores at Shipton Moyne,
Tetbury, and Kemble.

Shipton-Moyne.

Tetbury. 2

Kemble. 3

Forest Marble

Rem. 4 : 74 feet.

Rem.: 21 ft. 6 in.

Great Oolite

79 ft-

103 ft. 9 in.

Rem. : 60 ft.

“ Passage Beds ” . .

61 ft. 6 in.

47 ft. 6 in.

48 ft.

Fullers' Earth

85 ft. 6 in.

79 ft. 6 in.

73 ft-

i schlasnbachi (late)

Rubbly Beds,

Rubbly Beds,

Rubbly Beds,

4 ft. 6 in.

5 ft. 4 in.

4 ft. 6 in.

schlcenbachi (early) . .

Shipton-Moyne

White Oolite,

White Oolite,

Sand, 13 ft. 6 in.

21 ft. 7 in.

15 ft.

truellei (late)

Doulting Stone,

Clypeus- Grit,

Clypeus- Grit,

9 ft. 6 in.

10 ft. 5 in.

7 ft.

truellei (early) . .

—

—

d

garantiance (late)

—

—

—

O

O <

gcirantiancB (early) . .

Upper Trigonia-

L’pper Trigonia-

Upper Trigonia

Grit, 3 ft. 6 in.

Grit, 7 ft. 10 in.

Grit, 6 ft.

niortensis to

O

bradfordensis . .

—

—

—

<D

murchisoncB (late)

—

Lower Freestone,

Lower Freestone,

a

19 ft.

43 ft. 6 in.

murchisonce (early) . .

Pea-Grit,

Pea-Grit,

Pea-Grit,

22 ft.

36 ft. 10 in.

35 ft- 6 in.

ancolioceras

Lower Limestone

Lower Limestone

—

21 ft. 8 in.

34 ft-

scissi

Pecten- bed, 4 in.

—

(? scissi)

Cephalopoda-Bed . .

—

4 ft.

6 ft.

Grey Sands,

Grey Sands,

Grey Sands,

Cotteswold Sands . . -I

43 ft.

Sands, pen. 5 :

10 ft. or 12 ft.
Sands, pen. :

17 ft.

Sands, pen. :

25 ft.

45 ft. or 43 ft.

37 ft. 6 in.

1 Procs., vol. xix., p. 65.

2 Described in detail in Procs., vol. xix., pp. 57-66.

3 Described in detail in idem, vol. xviii., pp. 185-89.

4 “ Rem.”=Remaining. 6 “ Pen.”=Penetrated.

Fullers’ “Passage” Great Oolite (79 feet). Forest Marble (74 feet).

Earth. Beds.

158

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

DESCRIPTION OF THE ROCKS PASSED THROUGH BY THE
BORE (No. 3) AT SHIPTON MOYNE.

Top of Bore. — 311.37 feet above ordnance-datum.
Percussion Boring. — 25 feet 6 inches deep.

Rotary Boring. — 417 feet 6 inches : total depth 443 feet.
1-2. Surface soil and " clay with grey stone and
a thin bed of bluish rock at the base ” . .
3a. " Beds of blue rock ”

b. " Brown sandy loam ”

c. “ Blue clay ”

4 to 19. " Blue rock (hard) with bands of blue

clay ”

Limestone, etc., similar to those com-
posing beds 4-19 proved in No. 1 Bore :
x about

I 20 to 22. A variable series of deposits similar to
those composing beds 20-22 proved in
No. 1 Bore

23 to 25. Typical Forest Marble : about
26 to 32. Bradford Clay (stratigraphical posi-
tion of) . Grey shaly clay with occasional
very thin layers of sandy limestone that
\ are frequently covered with " tracks ’’ . .

Limestones, oolitic, hard, bluish-grey at the top,
but the main mass is softer and of a grey
tint. Seams of clay are stated to occur
between some of the constituent beds . .
Coral Bed. Limestone, yellowish ; ? Clado-

phyllia, Lima cardiiformis (J. Sowerby),
Serpula sp.

) (At 95 feet down a “ strong fissure ” was en-
> countered.)

Great Oolite Limestones. (a) Limestone,
cream-coloured but with a pinkish tinge

(b) Limestone similar to (a)

(c) Limestone, grey, oolitic

(d) Limestone, dark grey in the top-portion . .

(e) Limestones, yellowish, oolitic
, (The water in the bore-hole was lost at 153 feet.)

Thickness of Depth.
Rocks.

Ft.

Ins.

Ft.

Ins.

6

6

6

6

11

• 0

17

6

0

3

17

9

2

3

20

0

5

6

25

6

19

5

44

11

10

7

55

6

12

6

68

0

6

0

74

0

21

O

95

0

I

4i

96

4i

I

4l

97

9

O

IO

98

7

O

9

99

4

2

6

IOI

10

51

2

153

0

42 to 53. Beds similar to those proved in No. 1
Bore

61 6 214 6

54 to 60. Beds similar to those proved in No. 1
Bore

61. Fullers’ Earth similar to that proved in
No. 1 Bore

50 6 265 o

35 o 300 o

Upper Inferior Oolite (75 feet).

Lias.

vol. xx. (2) ANOTHER DEEP BORING AT SHIPTON MOYNE 159

f 62. Rubbly Beds. Limestone, hard, somewhat
crystalline and sparsely oolitic, rubbly
in places ; Entolium demissum (Phillips),
Serpula sp.

63. Shipton-Moyne Sand

(Water commenced running over the top of the
bore-hole when it was 310 feet 6 inches
deep.)

64. 65. Doulting Stone. 64. Limestone, oolitic,
few fossils — Entolium demissum (Phillips)

65. Limestone; Terebratula globata auctt.,
Entolium demissum (Phillips) common in
the more rubbly top-portion

Non-sequence. Upper Coal-Bed and

Dundry Freestone wanting.

66. Upper Trigonia-Grit. Ragstone ; usual
fossils

Non-sequence. All the beds of the

hemerae niortensis to bradfordensis (in-
clusive) wanting

67. Pea-Grit. Typical pisolite, bluish-grey.
The top portion is well bored by annelids 1

68. Lower Limestone

69. (? scissi hemera) Pecten- Bed. Grey, fine-
grained, micaceous, sandstone, full of
specimens of Entolium <femisst<m(Phillips),
Variamussium pumilum (Lamarck), and
P seudomonotis sp. ; Amberleya ? c api-

Thickness of
Rocks.

Ft. Ins.

4

13

22

21

6 6

Depth.
Ft. Ins.

304 6
318 o

324 &
327 6

3 6 331 0

353 0
374 8

(. tanea (Goldfuss), Gervillia sp.

Non-sequence here if the Pecten-Ped is

of scissi hemera.

0

4

375

0

f Cotteswold Sands, (a) Sands, grey . .

| (b) Sands, dark-coloured, hard, argil-

43

0

418

0

laceous : proved . .

25

0

443

a

Bottom of Bore-hole. — 131.63 feet below ordnance-datum.

1 A specimen is preserved in the Cheltenham Town Museum.

7

VOL. XX. (2)

NOTES

161

NOTES.

I. Carex Tomentosa, L.

Mr. H. H. Knight’s note ( Proc ., xx. 66) moves me to put
on paper further interesting facts about the occurrence of
Carex Tomentosa, L.

It was recorded first from Marston Meysey, in Wilts, and
was for long certainly known only from that locality. Buckman
however, in his Botany of the Environs of Cheltenham, p. 54
(1844), gives it in a list of sedges, though without further
localising it.

His record was doubted by Watson ( Topographical Botany,
editions 1st and 2nd) and by the author of English Botany,
and regarded as a " misnomer ” by W. L. Notcutt in his papers
read before the Cheltenham Working Naturalists’ Association
(1861 and later). Mr. Druce’s discovery of the species near
Fairford did not go far to establish Buckman’s accuracy.
It grows in quite a number of spots in that neighbourhood —
roadside greenswards, water meadows and the like. I myself
discovered it in a likely-looking meadow about 1908, simply
because the look of the place invited search. Along with it
grew also C. flacca, and an intermediate-looking plant that
might be a hybrid of the two species. But this is all far enough
from Cheltenham.

Some few years ago, however, Mr. W. J. Greenwood, of
Cirencester, showed me a specimen of C. tomentosa which he
had found in Chedworth Woods ; and now Mr. Knight’s
discovery pf it at Withington quite brings it within the
Cheltenham neighbourhood, and establishes Buckman’s record ;
though in the absence of specimens it is impossible to say if
Buckman did actually get hold of the right plant.

But the story has a sequel. Last year, 1918, a botanical
friend sent me a specimen of the sedge, along with the same
intermediate form mentioned above, from the dry oolite downs

7 A

1 62 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB igig

near Northleach. Here exists, therefore, a good chain of
localities, extending from Withington, through the woods,
Northleach Downs and Fairford, to Marston Meysey. C.
tomentosa is therefore a plant of the Cheltenham neighbourhood ;
but still more, a plant of the Colne drainage. No doubt further
search will supply further links in the chain, which stretches
nearly across the middle of the Cotteswold range.

The indifference of C. tomentosa to its surroundings is a
notable point. Woodland, dry open downs at a considerable
elevation, low-lying meadows by the river, and waste places
by the roadside — it can do with all : the (probably) constant
element in the situation being untouched greensward.

H. J. Riddelsdell.

II. Buckman’s " Botany of the Environs of Cheltenham ”

(1844).

This book contains a number of records which will probably
always remain doubtful ; but the author has, on the other hand,
been suspected of inaccuracy in a good many cases where he
is not guilty.

In the Minutes of the Cheltenham Working Naturalists’
Association (now in possession of Cheltenham College) W. L.
Notcutt’s paper, read at the Association’s first meeting held on
20th November, 1861, refers to the difficulties raised by
Buckman’s list. Among other things, Myosotis sylvatica,
Rhinanthus major, Junius acutus, Phleum Boehmeri, and
P. asperum are treated as mere errors ; while Rubus sylvaticus,
Hypochceris maculata, Orobanche major, Glyceria fluitans, Bromus
arvensis, and Carcx tomentosa are “ misnomers.” The Minutes
of nth December add that some of Rev. J. Walker’s records,
embodied by Buckman, require verification ; particularly
Scirpus acicularis (Charlton), Blysmus compressus (Coxheme
fields), Gentiana campestris and Pyrus torminalus (Ravencote),
Hypericum montanum (Redwood).

I have also before me a MS. list, compiled by Rev. H. P.
Reader, of records found in Buckman which require verification ;

VOL. XX. (2)

NOTES

163

verification, I presume, in the actual localities given ; possibly
verification for the Cheltenham neighbourhood, which, however,
in Buckman’s hands is a big thing, for it covers such distant
spots as Lydbrook. Reader’s list includes Briza minor, Myosotis
sylvatica, Pimpinella magna, Arenaria tenuifolia.Carex tomcntosa,
Prunus Cerasus, Orobanche major, Chenopodium urbicum,
Juncus obtusiflorus, Gcntiana campestris, Scirpus ccespitosus,
Phleurn Boehmeri, P. asperum, Galium parisiense, Potamogeton
lanceolatus, Sium latifolium, Tordylium maximum. Of these
queried plants the first has, since Buckman’s time, been recorded
for E. Gloucester, as an introduction ; the next eight are genuine
natives, mostly in Buckman’s localities ; Gentiana campestris
from near Northleach, if St. Brody is to be trusted. This
leaves only seven errors of any importance, if indeed some of
them are not instances of disappearance ( e.g ., Tordylium) ;
and, moreover, the record of Sium latifolium (in Buckman) is
bracketed with that of S. angustifolium ; and Lydbrook and
Coomb Hill Canal are given as joint localities. Now S. latifolium
does seem to occur near Lydbrook, and it is possible that
Lydbrook alone and not the other locality applies to that
species. If this is so, then about one half of Mr. Reader’s
suspicious cases are cleared up.

With regard to Notcutt’s doubts, Myosotis sylvatica,
Orobanche major, Carex tomentosa, and Glyceria fluitans are all
right ; and Bromus arvensis is a casual which we cannot check,
though likely enough to occur. The other six referred to on
20th November, 1861, are probably mistakes. Of Mr. Walker’s
five queried species Blysmus compressus is frequent enough on
the Cotteswolds ; Gentiana campestris is far more probable than
Scirpus acicularis, which in E. Gloucester is only known now
from the Stroud Canal ; Pyrus torminalis and Hypericum
montanum are inherently probable enough, but further records
are wanted.

Melittis Melissophyllum from Puckham was queried by
Watson ; but it is a well-established fact that it grows there,
appearing at rare intervals in very small quantity.

There may be other doubtful points in Buckman’s book ;
but the above enquiry has the effect of making one use him

164

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

with more confidence than an uncritical criticism would at
the outset inspire.

H. J. Riddelsdell.

It may be of interest to mention that Buckman’s Botanical
Guide was suggested by him in the Cheltenham Magazine and
West of England Journal for 1837, where (vol. ii., p. 31) he printed
a letter on the advantages of botany and expresses the hope that

“ the time is not far distant when its study will form an
indispensable portion of every liberal education ; and as
a list of the plants around the neighbourhood of Cheltenham
will be desirable, any co-operation in procuring such list for
the pages of this Magazine will be highly esteemed.”

In the next number he printed (p. 64) a list of flowering
plants found in the neighbourhood of Cheltenham in April
and May, 1837. Under date June, 1837, Buckman addressed
(p. 87) a second letter to the Editor — E. G. Wells, a chemist
in Cheltenham — on the study of botany in Cheltenham, and
there mentions that he had not extended his rambles farther
than Leckhampton-hill and Hewlett’s-hill. He states that
he will feel obliged by the correction of his lists, of which
he appended another (pp. 88-89) °f plants found in June.
Lists for July, August, September, and October are printed,
pp. 116-18, 155-56, 188, and 215, and further letters on
pp. 187-88, and 214-15. The Magazine ceased publication

early in 1838.

In an annotated copy of the Botanical Guide which lies before
me the Rev. T. W. Norwood, a personal friend of .Buckman’s,
writes that the latter recorded in the Magazine several plants
which he omitted from the Guide. In another note Mr. Norwood
writes : —

“ It is plain that he was at this time [October, 1837]
fresh to his Science, but he wrote modestly, and was doing
very respectable work which we must not now [c. 1861]
undervalue. What he rejected shows how much he improved
between 1837 and 1844 ; and his last fist has been in the main

VOL. XX. (2)

NOTES

165

confirmed by his successors. The ‘ Cheltenham Working
Naturalists’ scouring the country in force for several years,
have added less than might have been expeoted, and found
not many mistakes in his work. The ‘ Cheltenham Working
Naturalists’ Association ’ was founded November 7th, 1861.
The original members were— Barnard, Beach, Norwood,
Notcutt, WTaddy, and W’heeler. To these Wright, Marshall,
Wilson, Bird, and others were added.”

Roland Austin.

III. Wild Birds observed in Painswick District, 1919.

The summer has been remarkable for the unusual number of
cuckoos through this portion of the Cotteswold, and also by
the results of the curious survival of the comparatively frail-
looking chaffinch as against the more robust garden-birds
during the severe winters of two and four years ago. These
birds were again very numerous, whereas the number of thrushes
and blackbirds has not yet recovered the normal. The white-
throat and the spotted fly-catcher have nested here, and also
the rose-linnet, of which latter the male bird of the nest was
so brilliant in his breast colouring as to be easily mistaken
for an escaped cage-bird. The nest was in a five-foot yew hedge.
Of the rarer birds the greater-spotted woodpecker appeared
twice on consecutive August mornings early, and stayed for
a few minutes, busy on a sophora Japonica tree. On the 19th
a flight of fourteen hawfinches alighted on the tops of a great
green-beech and were busy for a quarter of an hour among the
beech-nuts, and them took themselves off. The hobby has
been seen two or three times.-

The presence of the bird-name Kite in local names, such
as Kitley near Bisley and Kite’s Nest near Pitchcombe, may be
referred to the common buzzard, still occasionally to be met
with hereabouts. The word buzzard is a mediaeval introduc-
tion from the French romances (from Latin Buteo).

St. Clair Baddeley.

i 66

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

IV. Barnwood Gravel Pits.

Further finds have occurred at the deep (14-16 ft.) level of
fossilized molars of rhinoceros, elephant, horse, and (unfossilized)
red-deer at a higher level. With the former have freely been
found water-rounded pebbles and fragments of black hard
rocks striated with quartzite entirely foreign to the region and
suggesting raft-born glacial deposit. Some good scraper-flints
and one or two gamboge-tinted flakes, likewise, were found.

The Romano-British trenched burial-ground represented
in Proceedings , xx., p. 59, is developing further on the Gloucester
side of it, and a transverse shallow trench of similar character
to the formerly found ones was met with, but was dug away
in the course of operations. It is of interest, however, to note
this, because some of us expected it would be found, and its
significance tends to the hypothesis already suggested that
there was a small burial-plot, probably devoted to the
neighbouring Hucclecote Villas, and that this was oblong in
form and trenched with perhaps wooden posts of enclosure.

St. Clair Baddeley.

V. Survey Memoirs.

The Survey Memoir just published as the tenth of the
Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain deals
with the Phematite-mining industry of the Forest of Dean and
South Wales, and has been prepared by T. Franklin Sibly,
Professor of Geology in Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The Forest of Dean has not been previously described in a
Survey Memoir, and the present report is a comprehensive
account of the iron-mining of this district, from both a geological
and an economic point of view. More than one-half of the
Memoir relates to the Forest. A copy is in the Club Library.

The " Summary of Progress ” for 1918 includes (pp. 53-57)
an account of a boring for coal at Winterbourne, by T. C.
Cantrill and B. Smith. The trial was made on the extreme

VOL. XX. (2)

NOTES

167

eastern margin of the Keuper Marl, a depth of 2,338! feet
being attained. An abstract section of the borehole is given,
and lists of plant and animal fossils.

Roland Austin.

VI. Find at Wanswell.

The following interesting find has occurred at Wanswell,
near Berkeley. The rear-face of the jamb of a ( c .) 1450 fire-
place, of finest workmanship, from an upper long-disused
chamber, has discovered the lower half of a life-size recumbent
effigy of an Abbot, presumably of Kingswood, measuring
3 ft. 8 in. by 2 ft. 4 in.

The feet (broken off) rest on a maned lioncel (mane gilded).
The vestments shown are the following in order : alb, with
beautifully gilded and crimson apparels ; tunicle ; super-tunicle
(with ends of stole disclosed) ; chasuble, with scrolled hem
(berries and sprays), with central and diagonal over-bands
(at base). At left side the lower half of staff with folded
“ Sudarium.”

The beautiful technique and general style enable one to
date it (c.) 1380-1400. As the Abbots of St. Augustine,
Bristol, are all accounted for in their burials at the latter
monastery, and the Abbots of Kingswood lived close by, at
Wotton, and were frequently at Berkeley (whose Lords were
likewise their patrons), the probabilities lie with the latter
Abbots. The Abbey of Kingswood had fallen on very evil
days with labour troubles at the date under consideration,
and were making great efforts to right their house by means
of Papal indulgences, etc. This effigy bears manifest signs of
damage from a fire which must perforce have occurred where it
lay (perhaps at Kingswood) some time before it came as ruined
stone (Cotteswold) into a mason’s yard, and became worked
up and panelled for a fire-jamb. No sign of damage from the
house-hearth is present, the only signs are upon the hidden
face now taken out of the wall. The names of the said Abbots

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1919

168

are missing for a hundred years, and no coat of arms for
Kingswood is, I believe, known.

It is of interest, in addition to the above, to have discovered
the name of the excellent maker of the effigies at Berkeley of
Henry, Lord Berkeley, and his lady. The whole monument
(1612) is by Samuel Baldwin, of Stroud, a forgotten artist and
the maker of other local effigies, since broken or lost.

St. Clair Baddeley.

VII. The County Flora.

When Mr. Butt in 1908 asked me to undertake the compila-
tion and editing of a Flora of Gloucestershire, he thought that
the work could be finished in four or five years. I had to
assure him that a delay of some fifteen years was more probable
than any shorter time ; but, if the conditions of trade permit,
it seems likely that at any rate the preliminary Flora will be
ready in MS. before 1923 ; and this in spite of hindrances
caused by the war.

The delay is inevitable in producing a big Flora ; a book
published in 1912 or 1913 would have been most unsatisfactory.
A large quantity of indispensable work has been done since
then ; new and even startling discoveries are continually being
made, the Lizard Orchis ( Orchis hircina) being one of them.
A single plant of this extremely rare species was found in
East Gloucester in 1917 by a lady staying at Birdlip. New
light is being shed on the question of distribution : we are,
c.g., getting much better ideas about the true area of the
occurrence of Carex tomentosa, Thlaspi perfoliatum, Cephalan-
thera rubra. These and similar facts (especially improved
knowledge of critical forms) show well how much better it was
to take a good time before publishing, and not to make a hasty
plunge.

We are all well aware, no doubt, that even after publication
fresh material will frequently be forthcoming : supplements,

VOL. XX. (2)

NOTES

169

and second editions, are a familiar feature in the history of
County Flora literature. But after all there comes a moment
when the balance of probability sinks in favour of publishing ;
and if the work of putting existing material into shape can be
finished during the next two or three winters, the preliminary
Flora should then be undertaken.

Unfortunately, many occupations prevent the Editor from
devoting steady work to his task all the year round. If it
were possible to give ten or twelve hours a week during most
of the year, or even during the winter, to the work of compila-
tion it would long ago have been completed. But even though
no more has been done during the last twelvemonth than steady
evening work from the New Year up to the time when gardening
became possible, yet very large inroads were made upon the
mass of undigested material even in that short time. The editing
of a Diocesan Calendar, examination work, the manifold duties in
and round the house which every country parson nowadays has
to fulfil, all the botanical field work of the summer, the task
of refereeing in the genus Rubus — now, alas ! left to me alone
in England — to say nothing of the work proper to my office,
these and other things too often put County Flora work into
the background.

But, let me repeat, such good progress was made last winter
as to encourage hopes that at any rate the stage at which
undigested material is arranged and laid open for survey will
be completed within eighteen months, and all obstacles to the
preparation of the MS. for the preliminary Flora will thus
be removed.

H. J. Riddelsdell.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’
FIELD CLUB

1920

Edited by the Honorary Secretary

Vol. XX. Part III

COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF THE CLUB

Elected January 27th, 1920

Ipreslbent :

C. I. Gardiner, F.G.S.

Dfce-ipreslbents :
Christopher Bowly, F.R.A.I.

W. St. Clair Baddeley
T. S. Ellis

Sir Francis Darwin, M.B., F.R.S.

W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S.,
F.R.G.S.

J. W. Gray, F.G.S.

Elccteb

F. H. Bretherton
L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.
J. W. Haines
C. Upton

/Members :

E. C. Sewell
H. H. Knight, M.A.

G. W. Hedley, M.A., F.C.S.

Ibon. treasurer :

J. H. Jones (Eldon Chambers, Gloucester)

toon. librarian :

Roland Austin (Public Library, Gloucester)

Ibon. Secretarg:

D. E. Finlay, M.B., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. (Wells Dene, Gloucester)

THE ABOVE CONSTITUTE THE COUNCIL

C. I. Gardiner
J. H. Jones
H. H. Knight

iPubllcatlon Committee :

Charles Upton
D. E. Finlay

VOL. XX. (3)

LIST OF MEMBERS

1853

1899

L883

1921

1906

1914

1920

1912
1891

1919

1903

1902

1920

1910

1914
1872

1903

1919

1920
1917

1913

1920

1920

1917

1915

1877

1909

1896

1913

1909

1917
1888

1913

1918

1918

1911

1919

1912

xiii

Ducie, Rt. Hon. The Earl of, F.R.S.,
F.G.S.

Duke, Lieut.-Col. J. C.

Ellis, T. S., M.R.C.S

Elton, E. F„ M.A., F.R.G.S.
Finlay, D. E., M.B., B.S., F.R.G.S.,
F.Z.S.

Fyffe, E. W.

Fyffe, Miss G. I.

Gardiner, C. I., M.A., F.G.S.
Garrett, J. H„ M.D., F.L.S., D.P.H.
Gloucester, Very Rev. the Dean of

(H. Gee. F.S.A.)

Gray, J. W., F.G.S.

Grosvenor, W. W., B.A., M.D.
Guise, Sir Anselm
Haigh, Herbert
Haines, J. W.

Hartland, Ernest, M.A., F.S.A.
Hedley, G. W., M.A., F.C.S.

Hobart-Bird, W.

Holliday, Miss E.

Homer, G. W.

Hurry, A. E.

Hutton, Miss Mary
Jackson, Mrs. Winifred S.

Jeune, Colonel E. B.

Johnstone, The Rev. P. M. C., M.A.
Jones, John H. . .

Knight, H. H., M.A.

Knowles, H. . .

Leach, R. E., M.A.

Little, E. P. . .

Lucy, Walter

Marling, Major W. J. Paley
Martin, J. Middleton, B.A., B C.,
D.P.H.

Marmont, Basil P. . .

N

Mitchell, A. J., M.D

Montgomrey, A. S. . .

Morrison, A. . .

Mylius, F. J.

Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O.

Gwynfa, Cheltenham

Park Road, Gloucester

Burleigh Court, Stroud

Wells Dene, Park Road, Gloucester

Trullwell, Box, Minchinhampton
Trullwell, Box, Minchinhampton
5 Grafton Terrace, Cheltenham
Municipal Offices, Cheltenham

The Deanery, Gloucester
Glevum Lodge, Battledown Approach,
Cheltenham

Granville House, The Spa, Gloucester
Elmore Court, near Gloucester
Coed Ithel, Llandogo, Mon.

Midhurst, Hucclecote, Gloucester
Hardwick Court, Chepstow
1 East Lawn, Old Bath Road,

Cheltenham

Pyatt's Hotel, Cheltenham
Morland, Leckhampton, Cheltenham
Rowcroft, Stroud
Hempsted Court, Gloucester
The Manor, Dursley
Broughtons, Newnham
Whaddon Manor, Gloucester
All Saints’ Vicarage, Cheltenham
Barrow Hill, Churchdown
The Lodge, All Saints’ Villas

Cheltenham

Egerton House, Spa Road, Gloucester

Fairview, Painswick

Amberley Court, near Stroud

Leasgill Cottage, Amberley

The Croft, Amberley

The Shire Hall, Gloucester

Windsoredge House, Inchbrook, near
Woodchester

Nortonburv, Wotton, Gloucester
Sirsa House, High Street, Cheltenham
Horsepools House, Stroud
Winchcombe, Glos.

XIV

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

1902

1899
1891
1913
1906

1920

1919
1909

1921

1920

1900

1908

1915

1920

1875

1919

1920

1918

1913

1919

1909
1908
1906
1887

1919

1914

1920
1920

1889

1916
1889
1894
1914

1884
1896

1885

1919

Newton, Surgeon-Major Isaac, I.M.S.
Norris, H. E.

Paine, Alfred E. W.

Palin, P. Nevine

Paris, E. Talbot, B.Sc., F.C.S.

Pearce, H. A.

Pilliner, F. F.

Price, W. R., B.A., F.L.S.

Rawlins, H. St. George
Reynardson, H. F. B.

Richardson, L., F.R.S.E., F.G.S. ..
Rixon, W. A.

Rogers, E.

Sanders, T. E.

Sewell, E. C.

Showell, Charles
Simpson-Hayward, G. H. . .

Smith, Rev. G. M. . .

Smith, G. H. Pavey

Smith, T. Graves, M.I Mech.E.

Smithin, James A. . .

Stanton, A. W.

Stephens, A. J.

Tayntcn, H. J.

Terry, H. Cairns, M.B.

Thomas, J. H.

Tunbridge, E. W., B.Sc., F.G.S.
Turner, Augustus

Upton, Charles

Wait, Major H. W. K

Waller, F. W.

Washboum, William

Wilkin, L.. M.A., B.C

Winnington-Ingram, Rev. A. R. . .
Witchell, E. Northam
Wood, Walter B.

Wootton, R. G.

(1 IS)

(.-f nv corrections in this List should bi

Broadlands, The Park, Cheltenham
Cirencester

6 Wellington Square Cheltenham
Aylesmere Court, St. Briavels, Glos.
14 Waldemar Mansions, Bishop’s Park,

London

Silverdale, Hucclecote, Gloucester
14 Pittville Parade, Cheltenham
Pen Moel, Chepstow
The Croft, Cirencester
Rudge Hill House, near Stroud
10 Oxford Parade, Cheltenham
Turkdean Manor, Northleach, Glos.
Glendronach, Christ Church Road,

Cheltenham

Burleigh Cottage, Brimscombe, Glos.
The Beeches, Cirencester
Highlands Cottage, Minchinhampton
Icomb Place, Stow-on- the- Wold
Westville, Stroud Road, Gloucester
High Beeches, Nailsworth
Aldreth, Stonehouse
Lloyds Bank, Gloucester
Field Place, Stroud
Badgeworth Court, Gloucester
8 Clarence Street, Gloucester
Hampden House, Barton Street,

Gloucester

2 Wedderbum House, Wedderbum
Road, Hampstead, London, N.W
Castel Froma, Leamington Spa
Dunkirk Manor House, Amberley,

Stroud

Rooksmoor.Tuffley Avenue, Gloucester
2 Worcester Road, Clifton
Horton Road, Gloucester
Blackfriars, Gloucester
46 London Road, Gloucester
Lassington Rectory, Gloucester
Upper Birches, Stroud
Bamwood, Gloucester
Mickleton Manor, Campden, Glos.

notified to the Hon. Secretary )

vol. xx. (3) PRESIDENTS AND HON. SECRETARIES

PRESIDENTS OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB

[The names of those deceased are printed in italics.]

1846 — 1859
i860 — 1888
1888 — 1894
1894 — 1900
1900 — 1902
1902 — 1904
1904 — 1906
1906 — 1908
1908 — 1910
1910 — 1912
1912 — 1914
1914 — 1916
1916 — 1919
1920 —

T. B. Lloyd Baker

Sir W. V. Guise, Bart., F.G.S.

W. C. Lucy, F.G.S. , F.A.S.L.

M. W. Colchester-Wemyss, C.B.E.

E. B. Wethered, F.G.S., F.R.M.S.

C. Callaway, M.A., D.Sc., F.G.S.

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A.

W. R. Carles, C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.
Rev. Walter Butt, M.A.

William Crooke, B.A., F.R.A.I.

Rev. Walter Butt, M.A.

Prof. J. R. Ainsworth-Davis, M.A., F.C.P.
W. St. Clair Baddeley
C. I. Gardiner, F.G.S.

HON. SECRETARIES OF THE COTTESWOLD CLUB

[The names of those deceased are printed in italics. ]

1846 — 1854
1854 — -i860
i860 — 1862
1862 — 1865
1865 — 1887
1887 — 1894
1894 [died 19th
1895—1897

1897 — 1898

1898 — 1904
1904 — 1916
1916 — 1919
1920 —

Sir Thomas Tancred, Bart.

Prof. James Buckman. F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.

John Jones

W. C. Lucy, F.G.S.

W. H. Paine, M.D., F.G.S.

E. B. Wethered, F.G.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S.

Dec.] Prof. A. Harker, F.L.S.

The Rev. Canon E. Cornford, M.A.

A. S. Helps

S. S. Buckman, F.G.S.

L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S.

Roland Austin

D. E. Finlay, M.B., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

xii

1880

1902

1912

1913

1920
1913

1913

1893

1918

1911

1902
1900

1921

1913

1920

1859

1908

1915

1919
1910
1893

1913

1904

1888

1920

1912

1893

1904

1915

1917

1919

1913

1909

1903
1893
1915

1906

1919

1914

LIST OF MEMBERS

(Corrected, to 31 st March, 1921)

llflnorarg pttmbcrs :

G. Embrey, F.I.C., F.C.S., Hill-close, 47 Park Road, Gloucester
C. Lloyd Morgan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., The University, Bristol
Rev. Canon W. Bazeley, M.A., Matson Rectory, Gloucester
Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell, M.A., The Rectory, Wigginton, Banbury

JJkmbers :

Auld, Miss L. E., B.Sc.

Austin, Roland
Baddeley, W. St. Clair
Baker, G. E. Lloyd
Barnett, J. W.

Bathurst, Right Hon. Earl, C.M.G.. .

Bellows, William

Birchall, Major J. D., M.P.

Biss, Miss Irene J., B.Sc. ..
Bledisloe of Lydney, Lord
Booth, Cuthbert R.

Bowly, Christopher, F.R.A.I.
Bretherton, F. H.

Brews, R. A., M.D.

Bridges, P.

Bruton, Henry Tew
Bubb, Henry
Butt, Walter

Carles, W. R., C.M.G., F.L.S.
Chance, H. G., M.A.

Clifford, Mrs. E. M.

Clutterbuck, C. G., F.E.S.
Colchester-Wemyss, M. W.

Collett, J. M., F.C.S

Cooke, The Rev. J. J. D.

Crane, C. A. . .

Crawley- Boevey, Sir F. H., Bart.
Crewdson, J. D.

Cullis, A. J

Cullis, F. J

Currie, G. M. . .

Darwin, Sir Francis, M.A., M.B., F.R.

Dixon, J. M. B.A., LL.B

Dowse, Lieut. -Col. ,E. C.
Duart-Smith, F. W., F.G.S.

13 Lansdown Road, Gloucester
38 Brunswick Road, Gloucester
Castle Hale, Painswick, Stroud
Hardwicke Court, near Gloucester
9 Belgrave Road, Gloucester
Cirencester Park, Cirencester
Tufffey Lawn, Tuffley, Gloucester
Bowden Hall, Gloucester
23 Lansdown Road, Gloucester
Lydney Park, Lydney
Tudor House, Mickleton
Siddington House, Cirencester
Belgrave House, Gloucester
The West Gate, Dursley
Holm Place, Stonehouse
Quinsan, Horton Road, Gloucester
Ullen Wood, near Cheltenham
Hyde Lodge, Chalford
Silwood, The Park, Cheltenham
Bamwood Court, Gloucester
Barnwood Cottage, Barn wood, Glos.
16 Clarence Street, Gloucester
The Bell House, near Newnham
Wynstone Place, Brookthorpe
The Vicarage, Churchdown,

near Gloucester
The Reddings Cheltenham
Flaxley Abbey, Newnham
Syde House, Syde, near Cheltenham
Eastgrove, Barnwood, Gloucester
23 Brunswick Road, Gloucester
26 Lansdown Place, Cheltenham
Brookthorpe, near Gloucester
Mickleton, Campden
42 Lansdown Crescent, Cheltenham
Duart, Cheltenham Road, Gloucester

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB

AT THE

SEVENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING,
JANUARY 27TH, 1920,

Mr. CARLES, Vice-President,

IN THE CHAIR

The Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the Club was held at the
Technical Schools, Gloucester, on Tuesday, January 27th, 1920.

In the absence of the President, through illness, Mr. Carles (Vice-
President) was requested to take the chair.

The Secretary read a letter from the President regretting his enforced
absence, and thanking all the members of the Club for their help during his
four years of office.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. Upton, it was resolved
nem. con. that ladies be admitted to membership of the Club.

The Chairman moved that the Revised Rules, which were printed upon
the Agenda and had been circulated to members, subject to slight alterations
in Nos. 2 and 5, be approved and adopted, and this was unanimously
agreed.

In proposing the election of Mr. C. I. Gardiner as President, the
Chairman said he wished this could have been done by Mr. Baddeley. He
referred to Mr. Gardiner’s special qualifications as a geologist, and spoke
of the pleasure they had experienced when visiting places in the district
under his guidance. Mr. Carles said he felt certain that Mr. Gardiner
would prove a worthy successor to the distinguished President who had
preceded him.

Mr. Gardiner was duly elected, and on taking the Chair, returned
thanks for the kindness which he said was thus extended to him.

The following elections to office were made : —

Vice-Presidents :

St. Clair Baddeley, Christopher Bowly, W. R. Carles, Sir Francis
Darwin, T. S. Ellis, J. W. Gray.

Elected Members of Council :

F. H. Bretherton, J. W. Haines, G. W. Hedley, H. H. Knight,
L. Richardson, E. C. Sewell, C. Upton.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

172

Hon. Treasurer :

J. H. Jones.

Hon. Secretary :

D. E. Finlay.

Hon. Librarian :

Roland Austin.

Publication Committee :

The President, The Treasurer, The Secretary, H. H. Knight, C. Upton.

The President said it was thought desirable to appoint Trustees for the
Society’s property, and on the recommendation of the Council the members
elected Mr. Bretherton, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Upton.

The President moved that the very warm thanks of the members be
accorded Mr. Baddeley for his services to the Club during the four years
of his Presidency, which, during a time of peculiar difficulty, had always been
rendered in a most thorough and admirable way.

Mr. Carles seconded, and spoke of the great debt which they owed to
Mr. Baddeley. The charm and fulness of his knowledge, which had been
given them so freely, were beyond words.

Mr. Austin said that he had been very closely associated with Mr. Baddeley
during his term of office, and he wished to place on record his sense of the
value of the ex- President’s services. Mr. Baddeley had taken a most
practical interest in all that concerned the affairs of the Club, and at considerable
personal inconvenience had been present at all but one of their meetings.
The period of the war had tried all societies, and he thought few could have
had a more helpful President in the past four years than they had been so
fortunate in having.

The President’s motion was carried with acclamation.

The Secretary reported the Council’s suggestions for Field Meetings,
and the following provisional programme was arranged : —

May 8 — Andoversford.

June 12 — May Hill.

July 10 — Painswick.

Sept. 4 — Bourton-on-the- Water.

The following Candidate for membership was approved for ballot at
the next meeting : —

H. A. Pearce, Silverdale, Hucclecote, proposed by Roland Austin,
seconded by T. S. Ellis.

The President read a paper on “ The Silurian Rocks of May Hill,” for
which he was warmly thanked.

VOL. XX. (3)

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS

173

ORDINARY WINTER MEETINGS.

February 17TH, 1920.

Mr. C. I. Gardiner, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the 74th Annual Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President remarked on the early appearance of Spring flowers.

Mr. H. H. Knight read a short paper on “ The Hepatics of Gloucester-

SHIR E.”

Mr. Haines read a paper from the Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell on “ The
County Flora,” which was discussed by Mr. Haines, The President,
the Rev. Winnington-Ingram, Mr. Clutterbuck, Mr. Gray and Mr.
Bretherton.

H. A. Pearce, Silverdale, Hucclecote, proposed by Roland Austin,
seconded by T. S. Ellis, was elected a member.

March i6th, 1920.

Mr. C. I. Gardiner, President, in the Chair, and twenty-five members
present.

Mr. C. Granville Clutterbuck read a paper, illustrated by lantern
slides, on “ Notes on Additions to the Gloucestershire Lepidoptera.”

Mrs. E. M. Clifford showed some recently found relics from the gravel
pits at Barnwood, which were remarked on by the President. They included
the following : —

Teeth of Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Elephas primigenius, Cervus, Bos, Equus,
Cants Sp.

Neolithic scrapers (flint).

Roman pottery and coins.

Bronze fibulae.

Mrs. E. M. Clifford, Ireton, Barnwood, Gloucester, proposed by R. Austin,
seconded by St. Clair Baddeley, and H. F. B. Reynardson, Rudge Hill
House, near Stroud, proposed by A. Morrison, seconded by J. M. Collett,
were elected members.

November i6th, 1920.

The first Winter Meeting, Session 1920 — 21, was held on November 16th,
1920, the President, Mr. C. I. Gardiner, being in the Chair, and thirty members
were present.

The President showed a peculiar shaped stone found in Barnwood gravel
pit, attributing its form to action of wind, and compared this with stones
shaped by other natural agencies.

Mrs. Clifford showed some human remains and Roman pottery from
Barnwood gravel pit.

I74

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

A communication was read from Mr. J. W. Gray on “ An English Flint
in the Antarctic ; taken by Wilson on Scott’s Expedition.”

Colonel E. B. Jeune read a paper on “ An Odd Corner of France,”
with numerous illustrations, which was followed by a discussion in which
Mr. Cullis, Mr. Graves Smith, Mr. Upton, Canon Bazf.ley, and others took
part.

Colonel Jeune’s paper showed what interesting places there were close
to the conventional lines of communication between England and the Riviera,
and how well they rewarded the trouble of going a little out of the way. Aigues
Mortes with its medieval walls and its medieval people marks not so much
the “ flight of time ” but the “ crawl ” of it. Left behind by the retiring sea,
it has also been left behind by the general march of affairs, possibly not to its
disadvantage. There it stands in its four-turreted walls as perfect as 500
years ago when the crusaders took ship there for the Holy Land. Its great
Tower of Constance, a marvel of medieval military engineering, with its awful
history of tortures and killings of the Huguenots, still stands perfect. Mention
was also made of the great Pont du Gard, which carried water to
Nimes, a marvel of man’s work, nearly an everlasting monument of
the great men who built the Arena and the “ Maison Carree ” at Nimes,
nearly a thousand years old, and may still live another thousand and show
no signs of decay.

December 2ist, 1920.

The second Winter Meeting, Session 1920-21, was held on December 21st,
1920, at 3.30 p.m. The President, Mr. C. I. Gardiner, in the Chair, and
twenty-nine members present.

Minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

The President referred to the loss the Club had sustained through the
death of Mr. H. W. Bruton, and a resolution was passed asking the Secretary
to write a letter of condolence to the late Mr. Bruton’s relatives.

Cuthbert Rayner Booth, of Tudor House, Mickleton, proposed by
J. M. Dixon, seconded by R. G. Wootton, was elected a member.

Miss Irene J. Biss, B.Sc., 23 Lansdown Road, Gloucester, proposed by
R. Austin, seconded by Lilian E. Auld, was nominated for membership.

Mr. W. St. Clair Baddeley read a paper on ‘‘A Gloucestershire Glass
House of the XVIth Century,” illustrated by lantern slides, which was
discussed by Mr. Basil Marmont, the President, Mr. Upton, and Colonel
Jeune.

Mr. St. Clair Baddeley read a paper on “ Barnwood Gravel Pit, a
Roman-British Cemetery,” and showed some Roman pottery lent by
Mrs. Clifford.

The papers by Mr. G. Embrey were, with his consent, postponed for a
later meeting.

VOL. XX. (3)

FIELD MEETINGS

175

FIELD MEETINGS, 1920.

EXCURSION TO THE ANDOVERSFORD DISTRICT.

Saturday, May 8th, 1920.

Director : L. Richardson.

On Saturday, May 8th, some of the members visited the Andoversford
district, mainly with the object of studying its geology.

From Andoversford Station (which was reached at 11.44 a.m.) they walked
across the fields to the Syreford Springs. The springs are not the source of
the Coin, for a rivulet (the Coin) comes down the Charlton-Abbotts Valley,
but they contribute an abundant supply of water. 1 The water issues forth
from the junction of the Upper Lias clay with the Inferior Oolite, and is
derived from the rain that has sunk through the porous rocks of the high
ground that stretches away towards Sevenhampton Common. The waters
are impounded and form a picturesque pond — once a mill-pond. Now,
however, they do not supply the motive power to drive the water-wheel of
a corn-mill, but just before the war it was intended to establish a trout farm
here. A few sheds and troughs bear witness to this intention.

The Director made a few remarks on the probable past, present, and
probable future history of the streams in the neighbourhood, and his observa-
tions were followed by an animated discussion. He pointed out that in his
view these facts were certain : The Chelt and Isbourne were growing head-

wards — the former up the Chelt Valley, the latter up the Charlton-Abbotts
Valley, and that in due time the Chelt would capture the headwaters of the
Coin. The Syreford Springs would then contribute to the Severn and not
to the Thames system.

From the springs the members walked along the road to Whittington.
A short distance up the hill they turned into a “ gravel pit ” on the right
on the 600 foot contour-line. The gravel consists of fragments of Inferior
Oolite limestone, with — especially near the top — a considerable amount of
clayey matter. The Director expressed the opinion that this rock debris
had been dislodged and moved down hill somewhat during Glacial times.
The Cotteswold Hills did not exhibit evidence of having been severely
glaciated, but it was obvious that they must have been for the most part
covered with snow and their rocks affected by frost and by the waters derived
from the melting snows.

Next a quarry in the Lower Freestone of the Inferior Oolite was
visited, and an account was given of the conditions under which the rock
had been formed.

A pleasant but uphill walk brought the members on to Sevenhampton
Common. On the way up the salient features of the landscape were pointed
out.

1 See also S. S. Buckman, Procs. Cotteswold Nat ■ F.C., vol. xiii., pt. 3 (1900), pp. 175-185.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

176

The common land, conveniently spoken of as Sevenhampton Common,
has beneath it the lowest beds of the Great Oolite, the Fullers’ Earth, and the
Inferior Oolite, let down between two faults with an Armorican direction,
so that the Great Oolite is on a level with the Inferior Oolite to the north and
south. A little valley runs up from the south into the Sevenhampton Common
upland, and near the top of its flanks crop out the Fullers’ Earth and overlying
Great Oolite. Water, issuing forth where previous Great Oolite beds and
impervious Fullers’ Earth clays meet, has given rise to the marshy tract
known to local botanists as the " botanical oasis.”

All over the Common is abundant evidence of the extent to which the
" Stonesfield Slates ” — in the lowest portion of the Great Oolite — have been
worked in the past. The “ slats ” were employed in the past near and far for
roofing purposes. A barn on the edge of the Common is roofed with them,
but the roofs had to be high-pitched to prevent the wind-driven rain from
getting in between where the " slats ” overlapped. It was from " slats ”
drawn from this Common that the seal of the Club — the starfish, Astropecten
cotteswoldice (J. Buckman) — was obtained.

The last pit that was " in work ” in this neighbourhood is situated in a
field close by the wall, about half-way between the barn referred to above
and the little valley on the western side of which is the " botanical oasis.”
It is not now “ in work ” : it is almost filled in, but the top of the rock of which
the “ Slate ” is a constituent stratum is still to be seen, with above it — in
ascending order — marl, a limestone bed largely made up cf the valves of
Ostrea acuminata (J. Sowerby), and very fossiliferous clay. The following
is a description of this section.

Quarry on Sevenhampton Common. Thickness

ft. ins.

1. Rhynchonella-Terebratula-Isastrcsa-Bed. Clay, bluish-grey and

yellowish ; Nerintza gracilis Lycett and several other species,

Chlamys vagans (J. de C. Sowerby), Alectryonia costaia (J. de C.

Sow), Ostrea acuminata (J. Sow'), Ostrea sowerbyi (M. and L.)

Ostrea acuminata but with O. subrugulosa ornamentation,
rhvnchonellids, Terebratula globata auctt. non Sow. (Stipkro-
thyris Sp. nov.), Berenicea cf. verrucosa (M. Edwards),
Anabacia complanata (Defranc), Isastrcea limitata (Lamouroux),
and Serpula sp.

2. Limestone, yellowish, shelly ; Nerincea sp. and Ostrea acuminata

(J. Sow), abundant : 2to4ins.

3. Clay, browmish ; full of specimens of Ostrea acuminata (J. Sow),

2 to 3 ins.

4. Limestone, similar to 2 with similar fossils : 2 to 3 ins.

5. Marl, arenaceous, indurated in places ; Strophodus sp. (tooth),

Lima cardiiformis (J. Sow), Ostrea acuminata (J. Sow'),
Pholadoniya ail. deltoidea (J. Sow') : 4 ft. 6 ins. to 6 ft. 2 ins.

1 3

° 3

o 2
o 2

5 4

VOL. XX. (3)

FIELD MEETINGS

177

Quarry on Sevexhampton Common. Thickness

ft. ins.

6. Stonesfield Slate. Limestone, grey and greenish-grey,
arenaceous. The middle portion of this deposit is a very hard
blue-hearted rock, slightly oolitic, and yields the " slats.”
Perisphinctes gracilis (J. Buckman), Nuculana waltoni (M. and
L.), Placunopsis socialis (M. and L.), Trigonia impressa (J. de C.

Sow), Pollicipes ooliticus (J. Buckman), Astropeclen cotteswoldicB
(J. Buckman), and Carpolithus diospyriformis (Sternberg) 4 6

Fullers’ Earth. Clay, greenish-yellow

The Director said that he had collected many fossils from this quarry.
They have been identified and their names are given in the record above.
It is of interest to note that Ostrea acuminata (J. Sow) occurs in abundance
above the slate, because this fact points to the hemera gracilis being only an
episode in the longer time interval of acuminata and requires the deposit of
gracilis hemera being grouped with the Vesulian. The Director also stated
that in his opinion there was little doubt that the Stonesfield Slate and
associated beds at Eyeford, Sevenhampton Common, and Bisley (near Stroud)
were of the same age as a portion of the deposits proved in the bore at Shipton
Moyne that he had described as “ Passage Beds.” 1

From the Common the members walked to the spring near Puckham
Farm, where they saw the Scissum-Beds — rich in specimens of Rhynchonella
cynocephala auctt. and Aulacothyris blakei (Walker) — resting on Upper
Lias clay, from the junction of which issued a perennial supply of beautifully
clear water.

The route then followed was the track and quarry road to Whittington,
an elevated track with the old freestone quarries in the steep hill side on the
left and a deep valley on the right. In one of the quarries the freestone has
been mined, and certain of the strata contain rolled pieces of freestone denoting
almost contemporaneous erosion.

Tea and election of members as below at the Andoversford Hotel completed
the day’s proceedings.

The following Candidates were elected members : —

Mrs. Winifred S. Jackson, Broughtons, Xewnham, proposed by Sir
Francis H. Crawley-Boevey, seconded by M. W. Colchester-Wemyss.

Miss L. E. Auld, B.Sc., 13 Lansdown Road, Gloucester, proposed by
Roland Austin, seconded by F. H. Bretherton.

G. H. Simpson-Hayward, Icomb Place, Stow-on-the-Wold, proposed by
C. Granville Clutterbuck, seconded by Douglas E. Finlay.

Augustus Turner, Dunkirk Manor House, Amberley, Stroud, proposed
by E. Northam Witchell, seconded by T. G. Smith.

Miss Elizabeth Holliday, " Morland,” Leckhampton, Cheltenham,
proposed by J. W. Gray, seconded by C. I. Gardiner.

Sir Anselm Guise, Elmore Court, proposed by J. H. Jones, seconded by
J. W. Haines.

1 Procs. Colteswold Nat. F.C., vof. xix., pt. 1 (1915), p. 55.

178

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

MAY HILL MEETING.

June 12TH, 1920.

The second Field Meeting of the year 1920 was held in May Hill district
on June 12th, under the directorship of the President.

The object of the excursion was to inspect the Silurian beds of May Hill.

The party met at Longhope Church, and after a brief account of the geology
of the district crossed the railway line, which here runs over the marls forming
the base of the Old Red Sandstone, and passing over the thin development
of the Downton Sandstone, which is not to be seen at this spot, arrived at a
quarry in the Ludlow beds. These are very fossiliferous, and are of the
nature of sandy shales.

Making their way to the top of the ridge to the east, the members spent
some time in the quarry in the Wenlock Limestone, which is extremely
fossiliferous, Trilobites, Corals and Brachiopods being found.

Going down into the valley, which lies between the ridge above mentioned
and May Hill, the Director explained that this owed its presence to the soft
Wenlock Shales which lay under the Wenlock Limestone, and on mounting
the slopes of May Hill one came on to the Llandovery Sandstone.

The vegetation now altered, and such plants as Foxgloves, Bracken,
Heather and the Heath Galium became common.

Unfortunately the weather took a turn for the worse, and rain prevented
complete investigations of the Sandstone, the upper very fossiliferous beds
were not seen, but the lower Conglomeratic Sandstone wras shown in the wall
which runs along the old road round this side of the hill. This bed w'as seen to
contain fair-sized pebbles of quartz and felsite.

Returning to Longhope, members had tea.

T. E. Sanders, Burleigh Cottage, Brimscombe, Stroud, was elected a
member, on the proposition of E. W. Fyffe, seconded by W. A. Lucy.

This meeting was marked by the presence of Lady Members for the first
time in the history of the Club, to which reference was made at tea.

PAINSWICK MEETING.

Saturday, July ioth, 1920.

Director : C. Upton.

The third Field Meeting of the year 1920 was held in Painswick district
on Saturday, July xoth.

Owing probably to the somewhat inclement weather, the attendance was
small, only six members being present.

On arriving at Cud Hill, a section showing the base of the Pea-Grit series
was inspected, but this, like so many others of the Cotteswold sections, was
almost obliterated by tumbled debris and herbage. Sufficient, however,
remained to show the lowermost bed of Limestone with the rubbly bed con-
taining Rhynchonella (Costir hynchia) cosligera (S. S. Buckman) — which sometimes

VOL. XX. (3)

FIELD MEETINGS

179

occurred in clusters — lying upon it, followed by the base of the main mass of
Lower Limestone. A few years ago the section showed the Sandy Scissum-
Beds immediately underlying the lowermost Limestone bed, and provided a
considerable number of an unnamed Terebratulae. The Sdssum-Beds are now
quite hidden. Attention was called to the circumstance that the Pisolite
beds, which were such a marked feature at Leckhampton and Crickley, had
not been found at Painswick Hill, and that in all probability the Pea-Grit
series never extended much farther west, although Mr. Richardson had dis-
covered that it had a considerable easterly extension. It was also pointed
out that the Cephalopoda Beds, which were so extensively developed to the
southward, were not completely represented here, although the uppermost
beds of the series in a very attenuated form were to be found at Haresfield
Beacon. Attention was also drawn to the local faulting, which was a feature
of nearly all the hill slopes, and it was suggested that these were caused by
the accumulation of water in what is now the Severn Valley, and that this
was in all probability caused by the diversion of the Severn from its original
course. Whether that course was northward into the Dee, as some authorities
think, or eastward to the Thames system, it is practically certain that this
accumulation caused a considerable lake to form, the shores of which must
for a long period have remained at about the 150 feet contour line, and
resulted in the accumulation of the extensive gravel beds at that horizon.
The date of the commencement of the formation of the lake is uncertain, but
it must have had a considerable extent in Pleistocene times, and the barrier
at Sharpness was in all probability breached during or shortly after that time.
The Geological Map showed that just where the breach occurred and where
the Severn now flows there is a complex of faults, which was consequently
a weak spot, and one where a breach would be most likely to occur, and
having once started might be expected to proceed very rapidly.

A move was then made to the Camp, which was crossed under somewhat
uncomfortable conditions, and the party proceeded towards Cranham. Before
Cranham was reached, however, it became clear that the proposed walk down
the valley would occupy more time than was at disposal, and the party
proceeded by the shortest route to Painswick.

Tea having been disposed of, the following Candidate was balloted for and
elected : —

Miss G. I. Fyffe, Trullwell, Box, Minchinhampton, proposed by E. W.

Fyffe, seconded by W. A. Lucy.

BOURTON-ON-THE-WATER MEETING.

September 4TH, 1920.

The fourth Field Meeting of the year 1920 was held at Bourton-on-the-
VVater district on September 4th.

Members met at Bourton-on-the-Water under the direction of the Rev.
H. J. Riddelsdell, and proceeded to Bourton Bridge, and thence along the valley

i8o

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

of the Windrush, past Bowman’s Hay, to Seven Springs. Here Mr. Riddelsdell
gave a short description of the botany of the district : —

The ground traversed is botanically of two distinct types. It was a mile
or two of the Windrush, together with the rising ground lying immediately
on either side of it. The stream and the bog at Seven Springs produce a flora
limited in extent, but of intense interest, second to none (of the same type)
in East Gloucester, as interesting as Puckham Bog, or as the brick pits of the
Severn about Gloucester. The hill slopes are in botanical character typical
of the Cotteswold country at its very best, a very large proportion of the
choicest things being found there, though September is not a good month for
seeing them. There is even, at one point, a small area of sandy heathy ground
producing such plants as the heather ( Calluna ), the violet ( V. canina), the
dropwort (Spirts a filipendeula) , the upright rest-harrow ( Ononis spinosa ),
the saw-wort ( Serratula ), the knotted spurrey ( Sagina nodosa ), and some others
usually found on such soils. Generally, the hills produce the lime-loving
species such as the salad burnet, the yellow-wort, the rock-rose, the fleabane,
the horseshoe vetch, the milkwort ( Polygala calcarea), the long-stalked cranes-
bill (G. columbinum) , and over limited areas the milk vetch (Astragalus danicus) ,
the rare penny-cress (Thlaspi perfoliatum) , the pasque flower (Anemone
pulsatilla), the limestone fern (Polypodium calcareum), and the very local
orchid (Orchis ustulata), while the rare ragwort (Senecio mtegrifolius ) was
many years ago found there too.

We also saw the scarcer species of hawthorn (Cralcsgits oxyacanthoides ),
an early flowerer which has two or three styles to each flower, and a foliage
less deeply cut, with the veins all curving inwards at their tips ; several
interesting kinds of rose (R. omissa ), with very hairy foliage, glandular
peduncles, and permanent sepals ; and one of the swcetbriars (R. micrantha
probably) ; together with several interesting brambles.

But the special attraction to a botanist lies perhaps in the marsh and
water species found in the Seven Springs Bog and lower down by the river,
such as the orchids (Orchis incarnata and prestermissa ) ; the butterwort
(Pinguicula) , common enough farther west, e.g. among the Welsh hills ; the
Grass of Parnassus, a northern and eastern species and a late flowerer with
beautiful prominent white flowers, it is almost unknown in Wales, but occurs
at intervals from the Seven Springs Bog down-stream as well as in the Colne
Valley. The bog-bean (Menyanthes) and other species all add to the general
interest. The sedges, however, are the real glory of the flora : a very large
number occur in the bog, and several flourish by the stream itself. The most
interesting of these is Carex dioica, a species in which the male and female
flowers occur on separate plants ; Seven Springs Bog is indeed the only locality
for it in East Gloucester, if not in the whole county. There are two species
of cotton grass too, one of which (Enophorum latifolium) is limited to this one
spot in East Gloucester, and is only known in two or three places in West
Gloucester.

A few minutes spent, on a visit preparatory to the Club’s outing, near the

VOL. XX. (3)

FIELD MEETINGS

181

Railway Station at Bourton produced several aliens of some interest, including
the sandwort ( Arenaria tenuifolia), the fleabane ( Erigeron canadense), and the
canary grass ( Phalaris canariensis) , mostly in single plants. But the search
for aliens, though it may fill a few spare minutes as an alternative to “ kicking
your heels,” is in itself hardly “ legitimate botany.”

There are several marsh species missing from our records for this area,
such as Stellaria palustris : it is by no means impossible that good finds of
this kind may yet be made, it is just the sort of country which should produce
them. But the great gap in the flora is that caused by the absence of old
woods (like Guiting Wood, some miles away), which of course would produce
a group of species standing by itself and adding greatly to the wealth of this
small area, as e.g. Rubus saxatilis, Polygonatum officinale, and lily of the
valley.

Additional note by the Rev. H. J. Riddelsdell : —

While at Bourton-on-the-Water some of the members asked why I
gathered " all those briars,” and I said that they were to be sent to a specialist
to be named. They have been sent and have come back, and enquirers
may like to know the results. On this day I gathered 18 specimens; they
are assigned to 13 distinct forms, and 3 unnamed transitional forms.
Only in two cases were there duplicates. Quite a number were new to
East Gloucestershire. The most interesting were Omissa, Micrantha,
Amansii, Curticola, Senticosa, Stenocarpa, Globularis, Adscita, Verticilla-
canlha, Leiostyla.

Botanical research and lunch having occupied several hours, it was found
on reaching the high ground of Buggilde (or “ Buckle ”) Street that there
was insufficient time to examine the whole of the interesting features near
that part of the ancient road within a quarter of a mile of Wagborough
Bush.

Mr. J. W. Gray, therefore, only briefly referred to the occurrence, in a
field known as “ Gorm’s Hole,” of quartz and quartzite pebbles and flints
which form the highest known Drift on the Cotteswolds. The field is on the
eastern side of the main road, at an elevation of about 700 feet O.D., about
200 yards to the east of the lane leading from Harford Bridge to Slaughter
Manor, and the pebbles and flints are found mainly in the clayey surface soil
near a small depression which may indicate the former existence of a pit from
which gravel has been taken. If this explanation is correct it would account
for a part of the name by which the field is known. The origin of the name
“ Gorm ” has not been ascertained.

Stonesfield Slates, of the Great Oolite series, from quarries near the road
are used in walls and other buildings in the neighbourhood. The Wagborough
quarry in the Inferior Oolite series was then inspected and attention was
called to the absence of several beds in the section, such as the Trigonia Grits
and the Oolite Marl which occur at Leckhampton Hill and other places on the
Cotteswolds where the beds of the Inferior Oolite are more fully represented.

2

182

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

The Clypeus Grit and the Upper and Lower Freestones are exposed in the
quarry.

On the west side of the road at Wagborough Bush there is a well-preserved
Round Barrow with a diameter of 48 feet and a height of 6 feet. The road
known as Buggilde Street is probably of Roman origin, and extends from
the Ryknield Street near Bidford in Warwickshire to the Foss Way near
Bourton-on-the-Water, where there was a fine Roman villa.

A visit was then made to Manor Farm (Colonel Brassey’s model farm),
which was much enjoyed. Members then returned to Bourton-on-the-Water
for tea, when the following Candidates were elected : —

Miss Mary Hutton, The Manor, Dursley, proposed by W. St. Clair
Baddeley, seconded by L. Richardson.

Edward William Tunbridge, B.Sc., F.G.S., Castel Froma, Leamington
Spa, proposed by L. Richardson, seconded by Douglas E. Finlay.

ASHLEWORTH MEETING.

September 29TH, 1920.

The fifth Field Meeting of the year 1920 was held in Ashleworth district
on Wednesday, September 29th.

The members proceeded by boat from Westgate- Bridge, Gloucester, to
Ashleworth Quay. During the journey Dr. Ellis described the Island of
Alney and illustrated many points in the natural history of rivers, especially
the relation between river-islands, river windings, and " mortlakes.” On
arrival at Ashleworth Quay the members visited Ashleworth Church, noting
particularly the herring-bone masonry of Saxon or Norman date, and the
High Cross in the churchyard, also the Court House and Tithe Barn by kind
permission of the owner, Mr. Jackson.

After tea at the old inn on the bank of the Severn at the Ferry, the member
were conducted across the alluvial flat that lies between the river and the high
ground on the west. Attention was directed to the numerous Drift pebbles
and flints on the clayey surface soil of the meadows and on the sides and
summit of the Woolridge (or " Woldridge ”). Mr. J. W. Gray, F.G.S.,
in making a few remarks, at the request of the Hon. Secretary, said that the
Drift of this part of the Severn Valley consists mainly of smooth and well-
rounded pebbles of quartz, quartzite, and other rocks, the origin of which
may be traced to the Permian and Triassic conglomerates of Worcestershire
and Staffordshire. The few flints that form a part of this Drift may be the
remnants of Cretaceous strata that are said to have extended over the district,
or they may have been carried down the Severn and Avon from more remote
sources at various periods. Flints from both sources are probably represented
in the Drift. The occurrence of similar deposits on the summits of Wainlode
and Norton and other low hills, up to a height of about 265 feet O.D., on the
opposite side of the Severn, indicates transport of the Drift materials, mainly

VOL. XX. (3)

FIELD MEETINGS

. l83

by river action, for a long period, probably from early Tertiary times. The
intervening wide valley has since been excavated to a depth of nearly 300
feet. In some of the Drift deposits near the Severn, below about 140 feet
O.D., there are Glacial erratics from the Lake District and other northern
sources. Symonds reports that about 45 years ago Miss Strickland called
his attention to some erratics, including Shap and Criffel granite, found in
the Drift gravel on the summit of Apperley Hill at the exceptional height of
137 feet O.D., and about 100 feet above the river. No Glacial boulders have
since been found there or at similar elevations in the Lower Severn Valley.

The return journey was made by way of Longridge End to Haims Lane,
where conveyances awaited members for return to Gloucester.

184

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

d.

0

CO

IT) 0

c/i N

vO

O

CO 00

N

M

N-3 CS

N

O

tJ-

to 0

M

CO M

>0

M

*-*

CO a O O O
O' N >n lO N

M t-»

O U-) M M M

O O O M N

M

^ O u~> o O

O H 0) H O

1920

H

(/>

co

. w
m m

3 «

O w

UlJ

Ll

03

H

03

O

£

03

LU

H

I—

o

o

o

g

z;

W

<

QC W
D £
H- H
< ■
Z S

a

s

O

o

z

w

z

ID

H

3

Z

w

X

w

.a

3

o

m

a

A

x

* bo

— c

O -S

> .5

i-t

- cx

z ■ ~

3 |

g %

8 s
O u,

bJD

.5 a

4-> V-

e* o

v-> c/) c!
*

. o

CO

o

M

w

w

a) rt
- »-T^J .&*

s 2 £ 3 :s

ScQgC

a? :

x a; J3

o CQ U §

2

w

cu

X

W

C/D •

t>

o

m <D
% o

5 c

D 3

W C/3

(J c

2*

• . . cj

^ o oCQ
^ o t! u

.. „ , CD

ir tr ir. Q->

CD O <D

&C fc£ bJD

333 S

C/3 C/3 C/3 3

o o c cr1

Ph P< PU CD

;o

o C O

Si b £ cn

3 3 -c s>

<3 <u rt ??
fj 1- i- b
p O X! 5
1- CJ -r;
Hl/lJU

oi

N3 M

w

§

o

o

z

.O

E

O N
O ro

OOO

u-i w O

ro m N
00 w

U"> M 33
m N <D

Ph

O O pj

S

o

H

CQ

D

CO

a

.W

Pc

. JONES, Treasurer. Audited and found correct, ROLAND AUSTIN,

28th January, 1921.

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

185

THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL.

BY

C. I. GARDINER, M.A., F.G.S.

WITH AN APPENDIX ON TWO TRILOBITES.

BY

DR. F. R. COWPER REED, M.A., D.Sc.

Contents.

I. Introduction.

II. General Succession and Structure.

III. Detailed Succession.

1. The Huntley Quarry Beds |? Precambrian],

2. The Llandovery Beds.

(a) The Huntley Hill Beds.

( b ) The Yartleton Beds.

3. The Woolhope Limestone.

4. The Wenlock Shales.

5. The Wenlock Limestone.

6. The Ludlow Beds.

7. The Downton Sandstone.

8. The Old Red Sandstone.

IV. General summary and comparison with other areas.

V. General remarks on the Fossils.

List of Fossils.

Description of two Trilobites by Dr. F. R. C. Reed, M.A.,
D.Sc.

I. Introduction.

The Palaeozoic rocks of the May Hill district were described
by Phillips in the Survey Memoir of 1848. 1 He called the
lowest rock seen Caradoc Sandstone, and above it found,

1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. ii., pt. i. (1848), pp. 181-188.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

186

successively, Woolhope Limestone, Wenlock Shales, Wenlock
Limestone, Ludlow beds and Downton Sandstone, the last being
overlain by Old Red Sandstone.

In 1852 Sedgwick gave the name May Hill Sandstone to the
upper part of the beds which had been called Caradoc, but left
undetermined the age of the coarser sandstones at the base of
the succession. 1 He found no fossils in these lower beds, and
maintained that those occurring in the higher ones showed that
they were not of Caradoc age.

Later the Survey accepted these conclusions as far as the
upper beds were concerned, but included all the beds seen below
the W oolhope Limestone under the name Llandovery Sandstone,
and spoke of them as of Silurian age.

In 1853 Strickland wrote of the occurrence of Ludlow and
Downton beds, amongst which he found a bone bed, in the
railway cutting two miles to the south of Longhope. 2

In 1900 Dr. Callaway described beds seen in a quarry near
Huntley to the east of May Hill which he considered were
Precambrian. 3 Since Strickland’s paper no further work seems
to have been done on the May Hill Silurians, and it is the
purpose of this paper to describe them in detail and to give an
account of their field relations after mapping the district on
the six-inch scale.

II. General Succession and Structure.

Old Red Sandstone.

I White sandstones with bands of grey

Thickness
in feet.

Downton Castle I shales in the north

sandstones in the

200

11

Brown sandstones (containing a bone

bed in the south)

5

Ludlow Beds.

Brown sandy shales and sandstones
with calcareous bands

395

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix. (1853), p. 221.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix. (1833), p. 11.

3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvi. (1900), pp. 511-518.

VOL. XX. (3)

THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

187

Thickness
in feet.

Wenlock

Limestone.

f Brown sandy limestone . . . . j

Grey limestone in beds separated 1
1 l , , , , r ;• 250-500

by layers of shale |

k Massive grey limestone . . . . )

Wenlock Shales.

Blue-grey muddy shales, weathering
brown

800

Woolhope

Limestone.

Llandovery or
May Hill
Sandstone.

? Precambrian.

( Green-brown impure limestone in
-I layers with shale partings. Very

( thin in places 70

(max.)

' Yartleton Beds. Fine yellow sand-
stones with shale layers near base
and occasional limestone layers
, near summit 470

Huntley Hill Beds. Red or yellow
coarse sandstones with layers of
conglomerate (base not seen) . . ?

( Huntley Quarry Beds. Fine and
-j somewhat coarse grits, containing
( lapilli

The main area occupied by Silurian rocks may be divided
for convenience into four parts, which extend from near Aston
Ingham in the north to Flaxley in the south.

Of the four parts which form this main area the most
northerly one extends from near Aston Ingham to the northern
slope of May Hill. It is much broken by faults, which run
more or less from east to west, and is bounded by faults on its
eastern and western sides. On the south-west the Silurian beds
are inverted and faulted against Old Red Sandstone.

The next part to the south covers May Hill and Glasshouse
Hill and shows a normal anticlinal structure (vide Section A).
On its eastern side there is a fault which brings Old Red Sand-
stone against Llandovery beds, Woolhope Limestone and
Wenlock Shales, while on its western side Old Red Sandstone

i88

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

IQ20

w

Yartleton Farm Ma*mi

E .

F ws F r

SECTION A THROUGH THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MAY HILL.
(Horiz. scale 3 inches= 1 mile.)

(Yartleton Beds).

[The dip of the Old Red Sandstone to the east of the Newent Woods is
nowhere visible.)

is faulted against Wenlock Shales and Ludlow beds. Along its
southern margin there is an important fault which runs nearly
east and west close to Rock Farm, and this will be referred to
as the Rock Farm Fault.

The third part extends over Bright’s Hill, Huntley Hill and
Nottswood Hill to a point just south of the railway beyond
Blaisdon. In this portion of the area the eastern boundary is
a fault, which separates Llandovery beds for the most part,
but to the south Woolhope Limestone, Wenlock Shales and
Wenlock Limestone, from Triassic rocks, while to the west Old
Red Sandstone rests conformably on Downtonian beds.

Throughout almost the whole of this part of the area the
dip on the eastern side is to the south-west, except where to
the south the Silurian beds approach the fault which separates
them from the Trias, and there they swing round so that the
dip is to the south-south- west. On the west side of the ridge
the overlying Woolhope Limestone is vertical near Little
London, so that the Llandovery beds may be bent as represented
in Section B.

O.R.S. Old Red Sandstone.

c. Llandovery Sandstone (Huntley

WS. Wenlock Shale.

a. Woolhope Limestone.

b. Llandovery Sandstone

Hill Beds).
T. Trias.

FF. Faults.

voc. xx. (3)

THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

189

SECTION B THROUGH LONGHOPE AND HUNTLEY HILL.

a.

b.

d.

e.

/•

(Horiz

Old Red Sandstone.
Downton Sandstone.
Ludlow Beds.

Wenlock Limestone.
Wenlock Shale.

Woolhope Limestone.

scale 6 mches= 1 mile.)

e. Llandovery
Beds).

h. Llandovery

Hill Beds)

i. Trias.

FF. Faults.

Sandstone (Yartleton
Sandstone (Huntley

The fourth part extends as far as Flaxley. Here the Silurian
beds are faulted against the Trias to the east, and no doubt the
Old Red Sandstone to the west rests conformably on Downton
beds, but these are not now exposed there. Near Flaxley the
Old Red Sandstone, Ludlow and Wenlock beds show inversion.

Besides being seen along this long strip of country, Silurian
beds are also seen (1) to the north round Clifford’s Mesne, where
Downton Sandstone is seen underlying Old Red Sandstone and
overlying Ludlow beds, and (2) in a tract which runs north and
south to the east of Glasshouse, where Wenlock Shales are
occasionally seen.

III. Detailed Succession.

I. THE HUNTLEY QUARRY BEDS (? PRECAMBRIAN).

When one has gone westwards from the village of Huntley
for about two-thirds of a mile along the Ross road a small
quarry is to be seen on the right by the roadside. Here red
Triassic Sandstone is seen which dips io° east, while about
200 yards farther on is another quarry in hard green and purple
rocks, which are of the nature of grits and dip almost vertically.
These latter rocks will be referred to as the Huntley Quarry beds.

In passing from the one quarry to the other one has crossed
the great fault which separates the Trias from the older rocks
to the west. The Huntley Quarry beds were noted by Phillips

190 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1920

in the Survey Memoir, 1 and taken as belonging to the
Llandovery beds of the May Hill area, and in this conclusion he
followed Murchison. 2

Recently Dr. Callaway questioned this classification, and has
given reasons for considering them to be of Precambrian age. 3
The rock exposed in the quarry is in the main a fine hard purple
grit, but this includes bands of a coarser rock also of a gritty
nature. One of these bands contains thin flat fragments of
green micaceous schist and rounded grains of quartz sparsely
scattered through a finer matrix ; in another the fine matrix is
almost absent and the band is almost entirely made up of small
rounded, quartz grains ; while in a third the small rounded
fragments in the main are of a fine purple felsitic rock.

Yet another band has fair-sized felspar fragments embedded
in a matrix of rounded felsitic material.

Thus the Huntley Quarry beds may be described as grits,
sometimes predominently quartzose, sometimes felsitic, some-
times felspathic, and sometimes of so fine a texture that the
nature of the fragments cannot be determined by the unaided
eye.

Fragments of similar grits are to be found for about 200
yards on the hillside to the north of the quarry, and as one goes
westwards there are occasional small exposures by the roadside.
Here are to be seen more quartzose grits resembling some of
those seen in the quarry throughout a distance of about 70 yards,
while at a spot about 120 yards from the quarry on the south
side of the road, just before where the side road to Blaisdon
branches off, there is a small exposure showing a purple quartzite
resting against a fine purple rock with bright green patches.
This latter rock is a grit chiefly made up of small fragments of
purple felsite, but containing also a few quartz grains and
fragments of green mica-schist.

In none of these roadside exposures can any certain dip be
obtained, but about 300 yards farther on, just after the road
has crossed the small valley, typical Llandovery Sandstone,
dipping 220 west-north-west, is seen which is here made up

1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. ii., pt. i. (1848), p. 183.

2 Siluria, Ed. 1839, 'p. 442.

3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvi. (1900), p. 57.

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL 191

almost entirely of rounded quartz grains, but also contains a
few small rounded felsitic fragments.

This rock is certainly different in appearance to the main
beds in or near the Huntley Quarry, but it is of the same type
of coarse grit, and some of the bands in the Huntley Quarry
rock are not very different from it in a hand specimen.

Dr. Callaway describes a section of a specimen from the
Huntley Quarry as showing a rock “ mainly composed of
felspar, with quartz in quite subordinate proportion. The
former includes both orthoclase and plagioclase. Some of it is
in unbroken prisms, the remainder being in rregular fragments.
The quartz is also in angular bits. The slide contains a fair
proportion of a black opaque substance in irregular particles,
many of which contain minute elongated prisms of felspar,
suggesting a partly decomposed dolerite. 1

He considers that this does not show a close similarity to
any rock of the Longmynd Series. But he argues that the
rock is so dissimilar to the undoubted Llandovery Sandstone
which he found in an exposure (now overgrown) 200 yards to
the south-west, that he classes the Huntley Quarry rock as
Longmyndian.

The Llandovery rock is, he says, predominantly siliceous and
often contains bits of purple felsite ; the Huntley Quarry rock
includes so large a percentage of broken and unbroken felspars
that it shows an admixture of the ejectamenta of contemporary
volcanoes, “ a common feature of the Shropshire Longmyndian,
but one unknown in our western Midland Silurian.”

He states that the May Hill Silurians lie in a boat-shaped
anticline whose axis runs north-westwards, and that the Huntley
Quarry rocks lie about on the axis of this fold.

Taking these arguments in the above order, one has first to
remark that Dr. Callaway was probably somewhat unfortunate
in his selection of the particular band from which he had his
section cut. Of six sections cut from various types of rock
occurring either in the quarry or by the roadside to the west
of it, not one of them can be described as “ mainly composed
of felspar with quartz in quite subordinate proportions.”

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.. vol. Ivi. (1900), p. 518.

192 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1920

They are all of them very largely composed of quartz fragments,
contain felspar fragments sparsely scattered about, and most
of them contain numerous fragments of igneous rocks. The
last are generally angular, though in one slide they show
rounding. They can all be classed as ashy quartz grits. The
igneous fragments are generally of an andesitic nature, some
may be felsitic and some are of a black opaque substance
enclosing felspars.

The andesitic fragments often show small porphyritic
plagioclase felspars in a ground mass of small felspar needles
which may or may not show flow structure, occasionally the
porphyritic felspars are absent. Amygdules sometimes occur.

The Llandovery Sandstone exposed by the road to the west
of the Huntley Quarry shows in sections numerous quartz
grains, usually well rounded, but sometimes angular, amongst
which are to be seen grains of igneous rocks, probably felsites,
much decomposed. One shows a grain of a coarse felspathic
quartz grit or ash, a grain of a fine grit, some rounded grains
of plagioclase felspar and a well-rounded fragment of a fresh
vesicular andesite or felsite.

Thus microscopic investigation bears out the result of the
examination of hand specimens, and leads one to the conclusion
that there is in general not very much difference between the
two sets of rocks. The chief differences are that the typical
Llandovery Sandstone has its components more rounded and
that the Huntley Quarry rocks contain igneous fragments of a
more distinctly andesitic nature as well as fragments of a rock
which Dr. Callaway regarded as a partly decomposed dolerite.

The next argument that Dr. Callaway advances, namely
that the type of ashy rock seen in the Huntley Quarry is not
to be regarded as Silurian because it is one unknown in the
Midland Silurians, is one that now needs modification. Professor
Lloyd Morgan and Professor Reynolds have, since Dr. Callaway
wrote, found Ashy Silurians of Llandovery or Wenlock age at
Tortworth, 1 16 miles to the south, and in the eastern Mendips
Professor Reynolds has found similar Llandovery rocks. 2 An
examination of rocks from the latter locality shows both in a

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvii. (1901), pp. 267-284.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxiii. (1907), pp. 217-238.

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

193

hand specimen and in a microscope section that a somewhat
similar ashy grit is found at Downhead. The andesitic frag-
ments in this rock are, it is true, more numerous than in the
Huntley Quarry rock and the dolerite fragments absent, but
the rock is of the same general type. The third argument, that
the position of the Huntley Quarry proves the beds in it to be
the lowest beds seen in the May Hill area, is not borne out by
detailed mapping.

As already mentioned, 1 the Silurian beds forming May Hill
itself are arranged in an anticline, but this anticline ends to
the south against a more or less east and west fault, the Rock
Farm Fault, and the Silurian beds to the south of this which run
through Huntley Hill are not arranged in such a simple fold.
It is true that the Huntley Quarry is situated at the extreme
east of the Silurian rocks, and may be in the lowest beds to be
seen, but there is no proof of this. About the arrangement of
the rocks round it, it is impossible to be certain.

There is certainly no evidence of a strip of Huntley Quarry
beds running along the eastern edge of the typical Llandovery
Sandstone. To the north of the quarry the ground for about
200 yards contains fragments of rock similar to that found in
the quarry, then farther on fragments of coarse Llandovery
Sandstone, and then to the west of the summit of Bright’s Hill
fragments of the fine Llandovery Sandstone. The coarse
sandstone of Llandovery age is to be seen to the west of the
Huntley Quarry, 300 yards away, while Dr. Callaway found it
also 200 yards to the south-west.

To the south of it comes Huntley Hill and Broomhill Wood.
The hill has numerous exposures of coarse Llandovery Sandstone,
and fragments of similar rock are scattered through the wood.
The dip of the Llandovery rock is 220 west-north-west to the
west, 70° south-west to the south-west, and 28° south-west to
the south.

Thus the Huntley Quarry beds may lie with the coarse
Llandovery rock dipping off them, but there may be faults,
and in any case it is impossible to state with confidence that
> they are the lowest beds seen in the May Hill area.

1 Vide p. 191.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1920

MAP OF THE COUNTRY ROUND THE HUNTLEY QUARRY.
(Scale, 6 inches = 1 mile.)

LI. Coarse Llandovery Sandstone.

? Ar. Huntley Quarry Beds.

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL 195

All this makes it impossible to assign the Huntley Quarry
beds, with the certainty that Dr. Callaway expressed, to the
Longmyndian. The present evidence is insufficient to enable
one to come to any definite conclusion.

On the one hand we have to remember that : —

(a) The rocks in the Huntley Quarry and close to it are
certainly in a hand specimen somewhat unlike the undoubted
Llandovery rocks exposed anywhere else in the district. They
are in general of a finer texture and of a different colour.

( b ) They are seen in sections to contain fragments of igneous
rocks which are not found in the undoubted Llandovery rocks.

(c) They are seen nowhere else in the area.

But on the other hand we can also state that : —

(a) The Huntley Quarry rocks contain bands not very
unlike the undoubted Llandovery coarse sandstone either in
hand specimens or in sections.

(j3) That ashy rocks of Llandovery or Wenlock age are
found not far to the south.

(-y) That the Longmyndian rocks found in the Malvern
district 12 miles to the north show no similarity to these Huntley
Quarry beds. 1

(g) The evidence that these beds are the lowest in the May
Hill area is weak.

At the same time, as regards there is no evidence that
the Huntley Quarry beds come at the top of the Llandovery
series, and nowhere in this district are ashy beds seen at the top
of the Llandoveries or at the base of the Wenlocks, though
exposures in beds of these ages are not uncommon.

2. THE LLANDOVERY BEDS.

(a) Huntley Hill Beds.

These are seen along two stretches of country, a northern
one which is occupied by the higher parts of May Hill and a
southern one in which are Bright’s Hill, Huntley Hill and
Nottswood Hill.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvi. (1900I p. 140.

ig6

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

In former times these beds must have been extensively
quarried for building stone, as numerous houses and walls are
built of them. The quarries are now almost everywhere
overgrown, and exposures of the rock are scanty.

Lithologically the Huntley Hill beds are coarse sandstones
becoming, especially in the lowest beds seen, conglomeratic.
They are usually red in colour, though sometimes yellow.
Amongst the sand grains felspar fragments are commonly to be
seen in hand specimens, and in the conglomerates the rolled
stones are sometimes sub-angular. The coarse sandstone is
rarely fossiliferous, but blocks in walls have yielded numerous
specimens of Ccelospira hemispherica and Camarot nucule e.

Close to the top of the stream which runs down the eastern
slope of May Hill towards Clifford Manor is an old quarry in
which is seen a coarse conglomerate with layers of fine sand-
stone. The well-rounded fragments in the former are of brown
and purple felsite, quartz and quartzite, the largest ones being
3 inches in length. The dip here is nearly north, the beds being
either bent or affected by a fault.

About 600 yards to the south-east of the summit of May Hill,
close to the top of the Newent Woods, is an old line of working,
in which a coarse quartzose sandstone with layers of a finer
yellow sandstone is seen, and the latter contains Ccelospira
hemispherica in abundance. Towards the top of the Huntley
Hill beds, along the western side of May Hill come reddish
sandstones, which are sometimes fine but usually very coarse.
Of the included pebbles those formed of quartz are the most
common, while rolled fragments of pink and green felsites are
not unusual.

This rock is to be seen just above the old road about a
quarter of a mile to the south-west of the hill-top, and there
it dips 40° south-west. It also crops out about 600 yards to
the north of Dursley Cross Mill, where it dips 370 south, and at
both places it contains casts of Ccelospira hemispherica.

These seem to be the only spots in this northern area where
the Huntley Hill beds may now be seen in situ, but their
lithological characters may be well studied in the blocks with
which the wall is made that runs along the western boundary

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

197

of the hill above the old road, and in the wall which runs up
the shoulder of the hill just to the south of Yartleton Farm.
No other types of rock are seen in these walls.

In the southern area, which covers Huntley Hill, there
are more exposures to be seen in these beds. The dips,
which are shown in the map, suggest faults through the
Llandovery beds, but the scanty number of the exposures
renders it difficult to place them on a map with any degree of
certainty.

On the south slope of Bright’s Hill, above the Ross road,
there are old quarries showing the coarse Huntley Hill beds,
and on the south side of Huntley Hill above the Longhope road
are several workings showing yellow and red coarse sandstones,
at times passing into a conglomerate.

The latter type of rock is seen in the slopes above Broom
Hill Wood, where the included pebbles run up to inches in
length, are fairly well rolled, and consist of quartz and felsites.
The coarse sandstone is also seen on Nottswood Hill. Wherever
they are seen on these two last hills the Llandovery beds are
dipping to the west-south- west.

( b ) The Yartleton Beds.

Overlying the coarse sandstones, which form the Huntley
Hill beds, along the whole of the western slopes of the May
Hill range of hills, come the Yartleton beds, which are frequently
exposed. They are also seen elsewhere, having been shifted by
faults. They must be about 470 feet thick. In the main they
are fine yellow sandstones which are moderately fissile, but they
become somewhat shaly below and contain calcareous layers
in their upper part.

The lowest beds seen are exposed in the old road about
300 yards above Yartleton Farm. Here are layers of very fine
yellow sandstone and brown shale, which have so far yielded
no fossils.

Above these (stratigraphically) comes a yellow fossiliferous
sandstone containing a few layers of limestone near its summit.
This can be studied both in a quarry close to Old Oaks Farm
to the north-west of May Hill, where it dips 40° west below
Woolhope Limestone, which is exposed in the road close by,

3

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

198

and also above Upper Barrel Farm, where it is inverted and
dips 550 east-north-east.

The Yartleton beds wrap round the southern end of May
Hill, but are rarely seen in situ there. But to the north of
Old Oaks Farm an east and west fault cuts through the Silurian
beds, and a very fair section of the Yartleton beds is seen in
the coarse of a stream running down to Hay Farm. Here they
dip to the north-north-west and are very fossiliferous.

Along the western side of the Huntley Hill ridge the fine
sandstone is to be seen at several places : —

(1) By the old road opposite Dursley Cross Inn.

(2) In the track which runs north-east from the Longhope-
Gloucester road just below Zion Chapel.

(3) In some old workings to the north of the Slade.

(4) By the side of the Gloucester road in Little London.

(5) On the slopes of Nottswood Hill to the south of the last
locality.

A specimen of the Yartleton Sandstone was analysed by
G. Embrey, F.I.C., F.C.S., and found to contain : —

Silica 89- 5

Magnesium Silicate -47

Aluminium Silicate . . . . . . -99

Ferric Oxide 4-7

Sodium Chloride -7

Loss on ignition 3-6

99-96

3. THE WOOLHOPE LIMESTONE.

This limestone occurs as a bed of variable thickness between
the Llandovery Sandstone and the Wenlock Shales. It is
never in the form of a massive limestone, but is always in layers
which are some three or four inches thick, and are often
separated from one another by partings of shale.

In colour the rock is a brown-green, it is of a fine texture,
and shows no crystalline structure to the eye. At some places.

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

199

as in the Dursley Cross road-cutting, it becomes more of a
calcareous sandstone than a limestone.

To the south of Aston Ingham at Newhouse Farm Woolhope
Limestone is seen dipping under the Wenlock Shales to the east,
but is cut off to the west and south by faults.

To the south two bands of Woolhope Limestone can be
traced in the region to the west of Hay Farm. There is an
exposure in the stream west of the farm where the more easterly
band is seen dipping off Llandovery beds ; the other band is
traceable by numerous blocks of limestone, though no actual
exposures of the rock are to be seen. As the Llandovery beds
between the two bands of limestone are dipping westwards
there must be a strike fault causing a repetition of the sand-
stones and the limestone.

Farther to the south there is a band of limestone seen below
Old Oaks Farm lying on Llandovery beds, which are exposed
at the farm itself. These beds all dip westwards ; but lower
down the hillside, above Upper Barrel Farm, Llandovery beds
and Woolhope Limestone are again seen, and here they dip to
the north-north-east, the latter being almost vertical. The
arrangement of the beds here is explained by the accompanying
section (C). Two fine specimens of Orthoceras Annulatum were
found in the limestone here.

To the south of the Rock Farm Fault Woolhope Limestone
used to be well exposed in the Ross road cutting close to Dursley
Cross, but the cutting is now much overgrown. Near Little
London it can be seen by the side of the Gloucester road, where
it is vertical at its most westerly exposure, but dips 50° west-
south-west off Llandovery Sandstone at its most easterly one.
At about 300 yards to the north of these exposures there is an
old track leading up Huntley Hill, and in it Woolhope Limestone
is well exposed. The dip here is from 65° to 8o° to the east-
south-east, and the limestone must be bent sharply along a
strike fault ( vide Section B).

Still farther to the south, though the presence of the lime-
stone may be inferred from blocks of it in the woods, it is not
till a spot about 400 yards north of Blaisdon Church that it is
actually seen in situ. Here its dip is low to the south-west,

200

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

WSW. 3 F 2 F 1 E.71.E.

SECTION C THROUGH PART OF THE NORTH-WEST SLOPE OF

MAY HILL.

(Horiz. scale, 6 inches=i mile.)

1. Llandovery Sandstone (Yartleton Beds).

2. Woolhope Limestone.

3. Old Red Sandstone.

FF. Faults.

and close to the bounding fault farther to the east it is
horizontal.

On the north-east slope of Glasshouse Hill there is a stretch
of Woolhope Limestone which runs for about half a mile west-
wards from the eastern boundary fault. It is to be seen in an
old digging in the woods to the south of Castle Hill, where the
rock dips 12° north-north-east, and nearer Glasshouse other
exposures show dips to the north-north-east and north-east ;
but there is another set of exposures in a stream to the south
of the above which first shows Llandovery Sandstone dipping
south-south-east and then more Woolhope Limestone, so that
the beds roll slightly here (vide Section D).

4. THE WENLOCK SHALES.

These shales are very soft, exposures in them are scanty,
and their presence is often only indicated by a broad valley or

VOL. XX. (3)

THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

201

(Horiz. scale, 3 inches= 1 mile.)

1. Trias. 5. Llandovery Sandstone (Yartleton

2. Old Red Sandstone. Beds).

3. Wenlock Shale. FF. Faults.

4. Woolhope Limestone.

[The dip of the Old Red Sandstone is not seen.]

by a tract of marshy ground. The beds are occasionally
exposed by a pond, in a road cutting, or in the bank of a stream ;
but are usually to be mapped from the character of the surface
of the country, which is so markedly different from that of the
sandy Llandovery rocks on the one side and of the hard Wenlock
Limestone on the other.

In the extreme north of the area near Aston Ingham there
is a stretch of ground occupied by these shales, where they
underlie the Wenlock Limestone, which forms the ridge running
south-east from that village and overlie the Woolhope Limestone
exposed at New House Farm.

There seem to be no exposures of the shales along the side
of May Hill, but to the south of the Rock Farm Fault one
comes to the Ross and Gloucester road, and by its side, just
below Jordan House, brown shales are exposed. Here the dip
is 30° south-south- west, and fossils are fairly plentiful.

To the south of this a broad valley has been scooped out
in the soft shales by a brook which runs down to the Longhope
and Gloucester road, and in the bank blue shales with thin
bands of limestone are exposed.

In the northern part of Blaisdon Wood soft blue shales are
to be seen, and Blaisdon Hall and Church are on this stretch of
shales. Exposures are to be seen in the banks of the Longhope
Brook just below the Wenlock Limestone, which is seen in the
railway cutting.

202

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Along the north-eastern side of the area there are two more
tracts in which Wenlock Shales occur. The one borders the
Woolhope Limestone to the south of Glasshouse. This is a
marshy tract bounded by the Woolhope Limestone on one side
and on the other by a fault, beyond which comes the Old Red
Sandstone on which Glasshouse is built.

The other is about a mile and a quarter in length, and
stretches between the Old Red Sandstone at Glasshouse and
the fault which separates the Trias to the east from the Silurian
beds. There are only three spots where exposures are now to
be seen. One is along the sides of a stream which runs through
Castle Hill Wood, where blue shales with occasional layers of
calcareous nodules occur. The other two are close to the road
which goes past Clifford Manor and about half a mile from
that house.

Here there is a quarry, now overgrown, and below it in the
stream bank layers of limestone over greasy shales, while on
the other side of the road in the bank of a small stream coming
from the Newrent Woods is muddy shale. The dip is low to
the west-south-west.

Owing to the scarcity of exposures it is impossible to tell
the lie of these rocks, and the presence of calcareous beds
suggests that a portion of the ground might be mapped as
W7oolhope Limestone.

5. THE WENLOCK LIMESTONE.

This, the hardest rock in the Inlier, is responsible for a very
marked feature wherever it occurs. It causes a ridge with the
soft Wenlock Shales on the one side and the Ludlow beds on
the other.

Such a ridge runs for 3J miles along the western side of the
Inlier from a point almost due west of May Hill Farm to the
edge of the Silurian bed to the south-west of Blaisdon. At
the northern end of this ridge the limestone is cut off by a
fault, close to wrhich it has a vertical dip, but a short distance
away it dips at 770 west-south-west. As one approaches the
Ross and Gloucester road the dip swings round to south-south-
west, and the road and a stream by its side pass through a

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

203

very evident gap in the ridge. This gap owes its origin to the
Rock Farm Fault, which has displaced the beds on the southern
side of it slightly to the west.

The quarries near the Rock Farm, which are constantly
mentioned in older writings as being such a famous locality for
fossils, are now largely overgrown, but the beds can be seen to
dip here at 45 0 south-south- west.

To the south of the high road is another old quarry, and the
ridge known as Hobbs has been quarried extensively as far as
the road leading from Longhope to Gloucester The dips vary
from 370 to 440, and are steadily in a west-south-west direction.

Farther to the south the limestone forms Blaisdon Edge,
along the crest of which are constant exposures till one gets to
an old quarry to the west of Blaisdon, where the dip is 50°
west, and close by is another, now being worked, just above
the road to Blaisdon Hall ; and still a third by the side of
the Blaisdon road, where the dip is west-south-west, and then
comes the gap through which the Longhope brook runs.

In the railway cutting close by and just above it are good
exposures of the limestone, and the Trias is seen dipping 50°
south-east in the railway cutting close to the Wenlock Lime-
stone, though the actual fault line between the two is now
overgrown. Here the dip has come to be south-south-west, so
that the strike of the Silurian beds is somewhat sharply bent
round near the great marginal fault.

Still farther to the south there is another stretch of Wenlock
Limestone, which runs through the Flaxley Deer Park. Here
it is the Ludlow beds which form the actual summit of the
ridge, and the Wenlock Limestone runs at a slightly lower level
to the east of them. The interesting point about this line of
exposures is that though at its northern end the limestone dips
first north-west and then north-north-west, at its southern end
the dip is to the north-east. Hence when one approaches the
marginal fault in the Flaxley region the beds are so much
affected that they have been turned over, and the Ludlow beds
are dipping beneath the Wenlock Limestone. 1 ( Vide Section E,

p. 208.)

1 Vide Groom, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lvi. (1900), p. 180.

204

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

The characters of the beds composing the Wenlock Limestone
are best seen in the ridge above Longhope and four different
layers can be made out : —

At the top —

(1) Sandy limestone in layers, often green, generally brown
in colour.

(2) Calcareous bands with much shale.

(3) Limestone in layers with a little sandy shale.

(4) Very hard compact limestone, often showing ball
structure.

(1) is well seen in the quarry by the lane leading up Hobbs
from Longhope Station and in an old quarry to the east-north-
east of the railway bridge. It occurs in irregular layers each of
a few inches in thickness, and is an impure limestone weathering
brown. It contains quartz grains, and is glauconitic and
dolomitic. A very large form of Atrypa reticularis is abundant
in it, otherwise fossils are scarce.

(2) is also seen in the Hobbs lane, but its lowest part is
covered. It calls for no special remark.

(3) has furnished the spoil heaps at the top of the long line
of quarries at the top of Hobbs, and these abound in fossils,
Orthis elegantula being particularly common.

(4) forms the lower part of the Hobbs quarries, and is not
very fossiliferous. It is very hard, a compact rock blue-grey
in colour, and here and there contains huge masses of Halysites
catenularia in the position of growth.

The top bed of the limestone along Blaisdon Edge and in
Flaxley Deer Park is a yellowish compact rock in which corals
are abundant.

To the north of May Hill the Wenlock Limestone forms a
ridge w'hich runs for two-thirds of a mile to the south-east of
Aston Ingham, near wThich place it is faulted against Downton
Sandstone, w'hich may be considered as part of the Woolhope
area. Here it is stained a deep red colour and has partings of
brown shale.

Hay Farm is built on a patch of this limestone, which shows
a certain amount of bending.

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

205

6. THE LUDLOW BEDS.

It has proved impossible to divide the beds into those of
Upper and Lower Ludlow age. Lithologically near Blaisdon
they can be described from above downwards thus : —

feet.

(a) Green and yellow sandstones with fish bed . . 5

( b ) Brown sandy shales and sandstones with an

occasional calcareous layer near their
summit and several bands of limestone
near their base 395

400

Since beds of this age are frequently exposed in road sections
and quarries along the eastern side of the Longhope Valley from
Longhope Station southwards as far as the railway cutting near
Blaisdon, and at the latter locality they are found conformably
underlying Downton Sandstone, it will be best to describe them
first as seen along this line of country.

Their total thickness near Blaisdon is some 400 feet, and at
about 360 feet above their base is a quarry by the roadside
above the Blaisdon cutting which shows brown sandstone with
occasional calcareous layers. Fossils are very common and
include : —

Spirifer crispus.

Spirifer elevatus.
Rhynchonella nucula.
Rhynchonella Wilsoni.
Rhynchonella Davidsoni.
Dayia navicula.

Or this lunata.

Chonetes striatella.

A try pa reticularis.
Whitfieldella didyma.
Pentamerus linguifer.
Lingula Lewisi.
Orthonota amygdalina
Cyathophyllum sp.
Monticuliporoid.
Horiostoma globosum.

Similar beds are seen for some 14 yards along the roadside,
and then comes a soft sandstone band and above it the following
succession : —

ft. ins.

(a) Fish bed. A grey sandy deposit full of rolled

coprolitic matter and containing fish remains o ij

206

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

ft. ins.

(b) Green sandstone containing Orthoceras im-

bricatum 02

(c) Yellow sandstone full of Chonetes striatella . . o 3J

(d) Calcareous band 02

Gap 26

( e ) Soft yellow sandstone containing Orbiculoidea

Forbesi 03

Gap 16

(/) Brown sandstone and sandy shales like the rock
seen in the quarry.

The beds which lie above (/) have not yielded Dayia navicula
so far.

The following plan makes the succession as now seen clear.

PLAN OF LUDLOW BEDS AND DOWNTON SANDSTONE SEEN
BY SIDE OF BLAISDON ROAD.

(Scale about 4 yards to an inch.)

The section in the railway cutting just below the road is
the one described by Strickland in 1852. 1 He regarded the
succession from the Old Red Sandstone to the Ludlow beds as
a conformable one, and his description of the beds tallies in
every way with what can now be seen.

Beyond Veit House, which lies 600 yards to the north of the
section just described, Ludlow beds are seen at the edge of the
wood, where they, are very fossiliferous, in a stream bed below

1 Memoirs and papers of H. E. Strickland, by Sir VV. J ardine, p. 164, and Quart. Journ. Gcol.
Soc., vol. viii. (1853), p. 381. Murchison in Siluna (1854), p. 237, refers to this cutting and mentions
41 two thin bone beds each little more than an inch thick and separated by about 15 feet of fossil-
ferous Upper Ludlow rock.”

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

207

Sutridge, and in various tracks leading up the hillside near
Longhope railway bridge. Here very good continuous
sections may be seen in sandstones which contain numerous
limestone layers near their base, each layer being about 4 inches
thick.

Farther to the north exposures are to be seen behind the
station and to the east of Longhope Church, where there is a
small quarry from which have been obtained : —

Monticuliporoid .

Lingula Symondsi (?).
Stropheodonta n.sp,
Chonetes striatella.

Or this lunata.

Orthis orbicularis.
IVilsonia Wilsoni.
Camarotcechia nucula (?).
Peniamerus linguifer.
Glassia sp.

Whitfieldella didyma.
Pterinea retroflexa var.
naviformis.

Dayia navicula.

Mytilus mvtilimeris.
Anodontopsis quadratus (?).
Orthonota amygdalina.
Orthonota semisulcata.

Grammy sia sp. ?

Pseudaixnus securiformis.
Ortonia conica.

Platyceras sp.

Proetus Stokesi (?).

Calymene intermedia.

Calymene papillata, var. nov.
puellaris.

Where the Ross and Gloucester road crosses the junction
between the Old Red Sandstone and the Ludlow beds there is
a cliff by the roadside which shows grey Ludlow Sandstone
in situ and blocks of Downton Sandstone with Lingula cornea.

In former days, however, this section gave important
information, and was described and figures in the Survey
Memoirs. 1

The Ludlow beds are shown faulted against a Red Sandstone
and the fault is stated to run in a north-easterly direction.
The latter rock is stated to be laminated red shales and sand-
stone with a green band and some black grained sandstone
a layer of Lingulae and black carbonaceous spots. It was
regarded as of Downtonian age.

Exposures of Ludlow beds are scarce farther to the north.

To the south of the railway near Blaisdon comes the Wenlock
Limestone of Flaxley Park. The sharp ridge which runs for
about half a mile in a north and south direction just to the east

1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (1848), p. 188.

208

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

of Flaxley Abbey is composed of Ludlow Sandstones, which
are seen at several places to the east and south-east of the
house, where they dip in an east-north-easterly direction. Hence
as one approaches the great fault separating these beds from the
Trias they are sharply turned over as represented below

S. of Church . Deer Park.

SECTION E THROUGH FLAXLEY DEER PARK.

(Horiz. scale, 6 inches = 1 mile.)

O.R.S. Old Red Sandstone. W.S. Wenlock Shale.

D. Downton Sandstone. T. Trias.

L. Ludlow Beds. FF. Fault.

W.L. Wenlock Limestone.

(Section E). Just behind the Flaxley Sunday School is a
quarry in the brown fossiliferous Ludlow sandy shales showing
much squeezing and contortion, and the Trias lies a few yards
farther to the east.

The main road close by shows Ludlow Sandstones with
calcareous layers in one bank and Old Red Sandstone dipping
450 east-north-east in the other, and so passing below the
Ludlow beds. The road itself no doubt passes over the
Downtonian Sandstones.

In the extreme north at Clifford’s Mesne is a quarry, to be
described later, where Downton Sandstone is seen to rest on
hard grey Ludlow Sandstones, these latter beds being quite
unlike the topmost beds of Ludlow age seen in the southern
part of the area.

7. DOWNTON SANDSTONE.

The Downtonian beds are exposed in two localities, the one
in the extreme north of the area near Clifford’s Mesne and the
other in the south of the area by the roadside and in the railway
cutting to the west of Blaisdon.

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

209

The Clifford’s Mesne Section.

Close to the church there is a large upper quarry in Down-
tonian beds, and in its floor a lower quarry has been excavated
in Ludlow beds. The dip of the rocks is 150 south-east.

In the upper quarry about 40 feet of yellow-white fine
quartzose sandstone is seen divided into separate beds by four
layers of grey shale, each of which is about 6 inches thick.
The sandstones have yielded Eurypterus sp. and plant
remains. The latter, which are in very small fragments, are
very abundant in some layers, and amongst them Pachytheca
is common. In the shales Platyschisma helicites occurs.

Some 600 yards to the south of Clifford’s Mesne Church are
some disused brick pits where about 2 feet of maroon-coloured
marls are seen resting on a yellow-white hard sandstone. The
beds dip 220 south-south-east. These are taken by Mr.
Richardson to be Old Red Marls resting on Downton Sand-
stone. 1 If this is so, the apparent thickness of the Downtonian
beds in this region is some 200 feet. The yellow-white sandstone
is certainly unlike any of the beds of the Old Red Sandstone in
the neighbourhood.

The Blaisdon Section.

This is the section described by Strickland in 1853. He
saw Old Red Sandstone resting on 20 feet of yellow Downton
Sandstone and the latter on Ludlow Shales, the whole series
being a conformable one.

Unfortunately, the Downton beds in the railway bank and
by the road just above are not now exposed completely. There
is a bed of yellow sandstone exposed about 10 feet above the
bone bed by the roadside, and this is very full of black vegetable
remains, which are in very small fragments and show no
structure.

About a foot higher up comes typical Old Red Sandstone.
The yellow bed with plant remains is also seen in the railway
cutting.

These Downton beds differ very markedly in lithological

1 L. Richardson, F.G.S., “ Geology of Herefordshire,” Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists'
Field Club (1905), p. 37.

210

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

characteristics from those seen at Clifford’s Mesne, and they
are also not nearly so thick.

Between these two exposures towards the extreme north and
south of the area no actual exposures of Downton Sandstone
are now to be seen, but blocks of this rock are to be found in
the high bank above the Ross and Gloucester road just to the
east of the railway bridge over it. These blocks show a yellow
sandstone full of plant remains and contain numerous specimens
of Lingula Cornea. In the stream below the road there are red,
green and chocolate marls of Old Red Sandstone age resting on
2 feet of green sandstone, and close by farther up the stream
come Ludlow Shales with calcareous concretions.

The fault noted in the Survey Memoirs must cut out the
Downtonian beds farther north.

Some 300 yards to the south of the above exposure a small
stream runs down towards Longhope Church, and in its upper
part Ludlow Sandstones are seen, and just below them are
numerous blocks of yellow Downton Sandstone full of plant
remains, and similar blocks are seen in another streamlet
another 300 yards farther to the south.

From these observations there seems little doubt that the
Downtonian beds run from near Blaisdon northwards as far as
the hillside where the Ross and Gloucester road comes down to
the railway near Longhope Church.

8. THE OLD RED SANDSTONE.

It is not the purpose of this paper to give a complete account
of the local development of the Old Red Sandstone, but a few
points about it may be noted.

To the south of Flaxley there are seen red sandy beds
dipping 450 east-north-east below the Ludlow beds.

In the Blaisdon railway cutting hard fissile red sandstone
rests with apparent conformity on the Downton beds.

In 1915, when the wall of the garden of Merlindene in
Longhope, close to the railway bridge, was moved back,
excavations showed dark red clay with light green layers, and
farther to the north the stream, which runs eastwards just
to the south of the rectory, has cut its way deeply into

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

2 1 1

red sandstone and red sandy marls, which dip 62°
west, while brown sandstone with a limestone band is
seen in the road above the rectory and dips 50° west-
south-west.

In the railway cutting by the Farmer’s Boy Inn on the
Ross road near the tenth milestone from Gloucester twro
limestone bands dipping 250 west are seen in the Old Red
Sandstone. At Clifford’s Mesne, as mentioned above, is an
old brick pit which shows 2 feet of maroon-coloured marls
resting on yellowish sandstone, the dip here being 220 south-
south-east.

It seems clear, therefore, that above the Downtonian there
occur beds which are in the main soft sandstones, though they
contain harder layers and also beds of soft clay and marl, and
that these are covered by hard sandstones which contain
layers of limestone.

The Longhope Valley is excavated in the soft beds at the base
of the Old Red Sandstone along the strike of which it runs.

IV. General Summary and Comparison with
Neighbouring Areas.

The May Hill area consists of a conformable succession of
Silurian beds from the Llandovery Sandstone to the Downton
Sandstone and Precambrian Grits are possibly present as
well.

In the region of May Hill itself the Silurian beds are arranged
in an anticline, but in the extreme north of the area much
faulting has destroyed this arrangement, while towards the
south the beds exposed between the Trias and the Old Red
Sandstone all dip in a south-west direction.

The Downton Sandstone thins out markedly as it passes
southwards. The Ludlow beds are sandy beds throughout,
except near their summit, where they include thin beds of
limestone. No Aymestry Limestone being present, they cannot
be divided into an upper and a lower division, as is also the case
in the Usk area.

The Wenlock and Woolhope beds show a normal

212

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

development, except that the Woolhope Limestone is un-
important and very unfossiliferous.

There does not seem to be any representative of the Tarranon
Shales, though these beds are well developed in the Malvern
area a few miles to the north.

The Llandovery beds consist of an upper division of fine
yellow sandstone often very fossiliferous, which contains in
places thin limestone bands near its summit and layers of shale
near its base, and a lower division of coarse sandstone passing
here and there into a conglomerate.

Besides these beds there occur rocks of uncertain age to the
west of Huntley which are of the nature of ashy grits. These
may be of Llandovery or of Precambrian age.

The Old Red Sandstone, which is unconformable to the
Silurian beds in the Mendips and probably in the Tortworth
area as well, is in the May Hill area conformable to them.

The following table shows the maximum thickness in feet
of the various Silurian beds in the May Hill and neighbouring
areas : —

Usk.1
24 miles
S.W.

Buck-
nell. 2
40 miles
N.W.

Mal-
vern. 3
10 miles
N.

May

Hill.

Tite’s
Point. 1
10 miles
S.

Tort-
worth. 4 5
17 miles
S.

Men-
dips. 6
46 miles
S.

Old Red

Sandstone

—

7

—

—

—

—

—

Temeside and

Downton beds

?

460

at least.

453

200-11

absent.

absent.

absent.

Ludlow Beds . .
Wenlock and

1300

950

seen.

940

400

80

v. thin.

absent.

Woolhope Beds

890

- —

1070

1370

—

625

absent.

Llandovery

Beds . .

~

500

un-

certain.

600 7
seen.

1 Proc. Coitesuold Nat. F. C., 1916, p. 131.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxxiv. (1919), p. 241.

3 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. ii., pt. i. (1848), pp. 61-94. The
thickness of the Temeside and Downton beds is taken from the Transactions of the Woolhope
Nat. F. C., 1895-97 (1898),- p. 310.

4 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, vol. ii., pt. i. (1848), p. 192.

5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxiv. (1908), pp. 217-238.

6 Ibid., vol. lxiii. (1907), p. 534.

7 The thickness of the sedimentary rocks.

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

213

From a consideration of the above table it is obvious that
the Silurian deposits thin out towards the south and east, and
that the upheaval and erosion which took place in late Silurian
times is most marked to the south in the Mendip area, where all
the Silurian beds down to the Llandovery are wanting, while
in the Tortworth area the Wenlock and possibly a few inches
of Ludlow beds are seen between the Old Red Sandstone and
the Llandovery rocks.

In the districts to the north of the Severn there is no evidence
of denudation of the Silurian beds, but as one goes northwards
each member of the Silurian series above the Llandovery beds
thickens, which points to the gradual deepening of the Silurian
sea in that direction.

In Ludlow times the shore line was close to Tortworth, in
Downton times it was a little to the south of Blaisdon in the
May Hill area.

The land to the south of the Bristol Channel stretched in
late Silurian times towards the south-west, and in Old Red
Sandstone times the Silurian deposits of May Hill and the
Malverns were covered conformably and those farther to the
south unconformably by the Old Red Sandstone, owing to a
depression of those areas. Farther to the south-west the old
land surface may well have continued to be above sea level in
Old Red Sandstone times, and have constituted the barrier
between the Devonian deposits and the Somerset, Gloucester-
shire and South Wales Old Red Sandstone.

V. General Remarks on the Fossils.

The Llandovery beds all belong to the Upper Llandovery
horizon, for though fossils are not at all common in the Huntley
Hill beds, Ccelospira hemispherica is abundant where it has
been found.

The Yartleton beds include the same fossil and also Stropheo-
donta compressa and Palceocyclus prceacutus, and the general
assemblage is a typical LIpper Llandovery one.

The Stricklandinia lirata from a calcareous band in the stream
running down to Hay Farm is in a very unusual state of

4

214

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

preservation, and shows little trace of the characteristic internal
structure.

It is worth noting that Pentamerus oblongus does not occur
in the accompanying list, but one specimen is recorded in the
Survey Memoirs as having been found on Huntley Hill, from
which division of the Llandovery beds, however, is not
mentioned.

Trilobites seem exceedingly scarce. Eucrinurus punctatus,
so common elsewhere in beds of this age, has only been
recorded once.1 Of the 29 species here recorded 21 are formed
at Tortworth.

Amongst the Wenlock Shale fossils is Chonetes ceratoides, a
fossil first described as occurring in the Usk area, 2 where it is
found in beds of both Ludlow and Wenlock age.

The Wenlock Limestone is very fossiliferous and very rich
in corals. A new species of Lidias, described below, was found
in the quarry on Hobbs.

Of the 77 species recorded here 39 have been found at
Tortworth and 23 in the L’sk area from the Wenlock Limestone.

The fossils from the Ludlow beds call for little remark.
Calymene intermedia, recorded from Usk for the first time in
the British Islands, occurs at May Hill, and a new variety of
Calymene papillata is described below.

The Stropheodonta from the Ludlow beds is not 5. filosa but
apparently an undescribed species, according to Dr. Reed. A
better specimen is, however, required before it can be defined.

Although special care has been taken to search the Silurian
beds for graptolites, no trace of them has so far been discovered.
But there is a reference in the Survey Memoirs to one specimen
of Graptolithus ludense from the May Hill area, no exact
locality being given.

My sincere thanks are due to Dr. F. R. C. Reed for his
kindness in looking over several fossils and naming them, to
Professor S. H. Reynolds for much useful criticism, and to
Dr. Smith Woodward for having inspected fish remains from
the Ludlow bone bed.

1 There is one specimen in the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge.

2 C. I. Gardiner, ** The Silurian Inlier of Usk,” Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field
Club (1916), p. 129.

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

215

Fossils from the Llandovery Beds.

Palaeocyclus praeacutus,
Lonsd.

Lindstroemia bina, Lonsd.

Lindstroc-mia subduplicata,
McCoy.

Lindstroemia n.sp. ?

Favosites Forbesi, M. — Edw.

Favosites Hisingeri, M. —
Edw.

Halysites catenularia, Linn.

Ptychophyllum patellatum,
M. — Edw.

Monticuliporoid.

Cyrtia exporrecta, Wahl ( b ).

Leptaenar homboidalis, Wilck.

Plectambonites transversalis,
Wahl.

Strophomena arenacea, Salt.

Stropheodonta compressa,
Sow.

Orthothetes (Schuchertella)
pecten, Linn.

Dinobolus Davidsoni, var.
transversalis, Salt ( b ).

Orthis (Dalmanella) basalis,
Dalm.

Orthis caligramma (var.),
Dalm. (6).

Fossils from the

Cyathophyllum angustum,
Lonsd.

Halysites sp.

Leptaena rhomboidalis,

Wilck.

Orthis elegantula, Dalm ( b ).

Stricklandinia lens, Sow.

Stricklandinia lirata, Sow.

Pentamerus globosus ? Sow.

Wilsonia Davidsoni, McCoy.

Camarotaechia nucula, Sow. 1

Atrypa marginalis, Dalm. 2

Atrypa reticularis, Linn. *

Spirifer crispus, His.

Spirifer plicatellus, var.
radiatus. Sow.

Nucleospira pisum, Sow (6).

Coelospira hemispherica,
Sow. 1

Meristina ? sp.

Pleurotomaria alata ? Wahl.

Horiostoma globosum,
Schloth.

Tentaculites anglicus, Salt.

Cornulites serpularius,
Schloth.

Gomphoceras ventricosum,
Sow ( b ).

Crinoid stems.

Calymene sp.

Acidaspis sp.

Encrinurus punctatus,
Briinn ( b ).

Wenlock Shales.

Strophonella funiculata,
McCoy.

Orthothetes (Schuchertella)
pecten, Linn.

Chonetes ceratoides, Reed.

1 In the Huntley Hill beds only.

2 In the Huntley Hill and Yartleton beds.

(6) In Sedgwick Museum from " Llandovery Beds, May Hill.”
The remainder in the Yartleton beds only.

216

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Fossils from the Wenlock Shales ( continued ).

Orthis biloba, Linn.
Orthis elegantula, Dalm.
Orthis sp.

Pentamerus (Sieberella)
galeatus, Dalm.

Atrypa imbricata, Sow.
Atrypa reticularis, Linn.

Spirifer crispus, His.
Nucleospira pisum, Sow.
Cyrtia exporrecta ? Wahl.
Horiostoma globosum,
Schloth.

Proetus Stokesi, Murch.
Phacops caudatus, Briinn.

Fossils from the Wenlock Limestone.

Cyathophyllum angustum,
Lonsd.

Cyathophyllum truncatum,
M. — Edw.

Cyrtiphyllum cylindricum
(b).

Hallia mitrata, His.

Zaphrentis conulus, Lindstr.

Favosites Bowerbanki
M.— Edw. (a)

Favosites Forbesi, M. — Edw.

Favosites gothlandica,
Fougt.

Favosites Hisingeri, M. —
Edw.

Coenites linearis ? M. — Edw.

Alveolites repens, Fougt.

Aulopora serpens, Linn.

Thecia grayana, M. — Edw.

Propora tubulata, M. — Ed.

Trematopora (Batostomella),
cf. aspera, Hall.

Ceramopora sp.

Heliolites interstirictus,

Linn.

Heliolites megastoma, M. —
Edw.

Halysites catenularia, Linn.
Plasmopora petaliformis, M.
— Edw.

Omphyma subturbinata, M.

— Edw.

Fenestella sp.

Lingula sp.

Orbiculoidea rugata, 'Sow.
Eichwald’a Capewelli, Dav.
Stropheodonta filosa, Sow.
Leptaena rhomboidalis,
Wilck.

Plectambonites transversalis,
Wahl.

Strophonella euglypha, His.
Strophonella funiculata,
McCoy.

Orthothetes antiquata, var.

scabrosa, Dav.

Orthothetes Schuchertella
pecten, Linn.

Orthis biloba, Linn.

Orthis elegantula, Dalm.
Orthis hybrida, Sow.

Orthis rustica, Sow.
Scenidium Lewisi, Dav.
Anastrophia deflexa, Sow.

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

21?

Fossils from the Wenlock Limestone ( continued ).

Pentamerus (Sieberella)
galeatus, Dalm.

Pentamerus (Barrandella)
linguifer, Sow.

Pentamerus (Parastrophia)
rotundus, Sow.

Rhynchotreta cuneata,
Dalm.

Camarotaechia borealis,
Schloth.

Rhynchonella (Uncinulus)
Stricklandi, Sow.

Wilsonia Davidsoni, McCoy.

Wilsonia Wilsoni, Sow.

Atrypa imbricata, Sow.

Atrypa reticularis, Linn.

Glassia elongata, Dav.

Spirifer crispus, His.

Spirifer elevatus, Dalm.

Spirifer plicatellus, Linn.

Spirifer plicatellus var.
radiatus, Sow.

Spirifer sulcatus, His.

Trematospira Salteri, Dav.

Nucleospira pisum, Sow.

Meristina nitida, Hall.

Meristina tumida, Dalm.

Meristella circe, Barr.

Ambonychia (Amphicoeclia)
striata, Sow.

Pterinea planulata, Conr.

Pterinea Sowerbyi, McCoy.

Orthonota undata (a).

Pholidops implicata, Spw.

Acroculia haliotis, Sow.
Pleurotomaria sp.
(Horiostoma) Euomphalus
angulatum, Wahl.
(Horiostoma) Polytropina
sculptum, Sow (a).
Horiostoma discors, Sow.
Horiostoma (Polytropina)
globosum, Schloth.
Platyceras sp.

Bellerophon dilatatus,

Sow.

Bellerophon Wenlockensis,
Sow.

Orthoceras angulatum, Wahl.
Crotalocrinus, sp.

Illaenus barriensis, Murch.
Illaenus insignis ? Hall.
Proetus Fletcheri, Salt.
Proetus latifrons, McCoy.
Proetus Stokesi, Murch.
Cyphaspis megalops, McCoy
Lichas anglicus, Beyr.

Lichas Grayi, Fletch.

Lichas Maia (n.sp.), Reed.
Calymene Blumenbachi,
Brong.

Encrinurus punctatus,
Briinn.

Phacops caudatus, Briinn.
Phacops Downingiae, Murch
Beyrichia sp.

Primitia sp.

(а) In Nat. Hist. Museum, S. Kensington.

(б) In Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.

2 l8

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Fossils from the Ludlow Beds.

Cyathophyllum sp.
Monticuliporoid.

Lingula cornea, Sow.

Lingula Lewisi, Sow.
Orbiculoidea Forbesi, Dav.
Orbiculoidea rugata, Sow.
Stropheodonta n. sp.
Strophonella euglypha, His.
Chonetes striatella, Dalm.
Orthis lunata, Sow.

Orthis orbicularis, Sow.
Wilsonia Davidsoni, McCoy.
Wilsonia Wilsoni, Sow.
Camarotsechia nucula, Sow.
Atrypa reticularis, Linn.
Pentamerus (Sieberella)
galeatus, Dalm.
Pentamerus (Barrandella)
linguifer, Sow.

Glassia sp.

Spirifer crispus, His.

Spirifer elevatus, Dalm.
Whitfieldella didyma, Dalm.
Dayia navicula, Sow.
Pterinea retroflexa, Wahl.
Pterinea retroflexa, var.

naviformis, Conr.

Pterinea exasperata, Reed.
Cardiola interrupta, Brod.
Mytilus (Modiolopsis)
mytilimeris, Conr.

Anodontopsis quadratus,
McCoy.

Goniophora cymbaeformis,
Sow.

Orthonota amygdalina, Sow.

Orthonota amygdalina, var.
retusa, Sow.

Orthonota semisulcata, Sow.

Orthonota solenoides ? Sow.

Orthonota (Leptodomus)
truncata, McCoy.

Pseudaxinus securiformis,
McCoy.

Grammy sia sp.

Pleurotomaria Lloydi, Sow.

Horiostoma globosum,
Schloth.

Ortonia conica, Nich.

Orthoceras imbricatum,
Wahl.

Platyceras sp.

Lituites sp.

Proetus Stokesi ? Murch.

Calymene intermedia,
Lindstr.

Calymene papillata Lindstr.,
var. nov. puellaris, Reed.

Serpulites longissimus,
Murch.

Thelodus parvidens, Ag.

VOL. XX. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

219

Description of two Trilobites, by
Dr. F. R. Cowper Reed, Sc.D., F.G.S.

Lidias Maia, sp. nov.

Description. — Pygidium transversely semi-elliptical ; margin
regularly curved, entire, not interrupted by any projecting
pleural points ; surface gently convex from side to side and
more strongly so from back to front ; border wide, indistinct,
slightly flattened, very faintly marked off by shallow concentric
depression. Axis large, convex, more than one-fourth the
width of the pygidium at front end and extending more than
half its length, sub-conical in shape, decreasing in width at
first rather rapidly to behind its middle, then becoming sub-
cylindrical and having a blunt, rounded, somewhat swollen but
indefinite posterior end descending suddenly to a short, acutely-
pointed, triangular, post-axial piece not clearly marked off
from the axis, but well-defined on each side by convergent
narrow continuations of the axial furrows which are slightly
arched inwards and meet at the concentric depression inside the
border. Axis with two complete distinct rings at its front
end, corresponding with the two pairs of pleurae on the lateral
lobes, and followed by 6 or 7 narrow, indistinct, somewhat
undulating rings, chiefly indicated by transverse rows of
tubercles.

Lateral lobes gently convex, arched down on each side,
bearing two pairs of complete furrowed pleurae. First pleura
slightly increasing in width outwards, but with nearly parallel
edges and terminating abruptly on pygidial margin with truncate
end slightly recurved and pointed at tip, but not projecting ;
surface with median furrow extending about four-fifths the
length of pleura ; fulcrum weak, situated at more than one-
third its length. Second pleura widening more rapidly out-
wards, but with similarly truncate end ; base about half the
width of outer end ; median furrow about two-thirds the length
of pleura, rather sinuous, parallel to posterior edge. Rest of
surface of lateral lobes without furrows, forming a sub-
triangular area on each side of the axis and post-axial

220

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

piece. Surface of pygidium ornamented with rather coarse
tuberculation, the tubercles forming low, round, pointed cones of
2 — 3 sizes irregularly distributed (except on the axial rings)
but sub-equidistant, becoming smaller near the pygidial
margin.

Dimensions.

Length 12.0 mm.

Width 17.5 mm.

Remarks. — The characters of this species of Lichas are
unusual and peculiar, and at first sight it does not seem to fit
into any of the groups into which the genus has been divided.
The absence of any projecting pleural points on the margin
is, however, the only feature of importance by which it differs
from the section Corydocephalus as understood and defined
by the author in 1902. 1 The presence of two complete pleurae
on the lateral lobes, the absence of median furrows on the
posterior part representing the third pair of pleurae, the presence
of two distinct rings on the axis followed by several indistinct
annulations, and the narrow post-axial ridge continued to the
marginal furrow are essential characters of this section. We may
remark, however, that the post-axial piece in this new species is
more an uninterrupted continuation of the axis than is typical,
and that the border is less clearly marked off, while the entire
regular margin is most unusual. No head-shield has been
discovered in the collections from May Hill which can be
associated with this pygidium. Here it may be remarked
that the difficulty of classifying the species of Lichas is largely
the result of the disconnected occurrences of different parts
of the body, so that some authors use the head-shields and
others the pygidia in their systems of classification.

Probably our new species belongs to the section Liparges
Giirich 2 (? = Dicranogmus, Corda) , which has not been separated
from Corydocephalus by the author, and of which L. gibbus,
Ang. 3 is an example.

1 Reed, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lviii. (1902), pp. 61, 70.

2 Giirich, Neues Jahrb. Miner. Geol., Beil. Bd. xiv. (1901), p. 529.

3 Angelin, Palarnt. Scand. (1854), p. 71, pi. xxxvii., fig. 1.

vol. xx. (3) THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF MAY HILL

22 1

Calymene papillata, Lindstrom, var. nov. puellaris.

This species, described by Lindstrom from beds in Gotland,
equivalent to the Wenlock Shales has not been described
from England previously, and I am only acquainted with
Lindstrom’s 1 figures of an imperfect middle-shield and free-
cheek and a complete pygidium for its identification. But
the characters are so remarkable that a description of our
specimen from M. 24, though it is only in the state of an internal
cast, is desirable, particularly as it consists of a complete indi-
vidual and shows some features which suggest that it belongs to a
distinct variety. The head-shield is not quite perfect and the
glabella is partly broken away, thus showing a portion of the
underlying hypostome. The pygidium is somewhat distorted by
being partly bent under the end of the thorax. It occurs
associated with C. intermedia.

Description. — Head-shield parabolic, with genal angles
rather suddenly bent down and backwards at fulcrum and
somewhat produced into bluntly-pointed extremities. Glabella
oblong, rather less than two-thirds the length of the head-
shield, with anterior end truncated abruptly and its lateral
angles formed by small papillate projections. First lateral
lobes very small and indistinct ; second lateral lobes having the
form of pointed conical papillae directed laterally ; basal lobes
sub-rhomboidal, rounded, with a slight prominence at the
anterior outer angle. Pre-glabellar area large, long, slightly
bent up, gently concave, with indistinctly marked border.
Axial furrows deep, gently sigmoidal. Cheeks swollen, narrow,
with inflated portion not reaching, as far forward as front end
of glabella. Free-cheeks imperfectly known. Border of cheek
thickened at genal angle, which is pointed, the outer and
posterior margins being inclined at less than 450. Surface of
head-shield granulated. Thorax of 12 segments ; axis sub-
cylindrical, less than one-third the width of thorax ; pleurae
strongly bent down and curved backwards at half their length,
having inner portion flattened and nearly horizontal ; tips of
pleurae rounded, flattened and somewhat expanded ; pleural
furrow strong.

1 Lindstro.ii, Ofver. Kongl. Vet. Akid. Forhandl. (1885), No. 6, p. 73, woodcut on p. 74.

222

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Pygidium small, short, transversely semi-circular, with
blunt sub-conical axis showing 4 — 5 annulations, and with
lateral lobes composed of four distinct pleurae, the posterior
one being very short and only represented by an elongated
nodule.

Dimensions.

Length of head-shield . . . . . . 7.5 mm.

Length of thorax . . . . . . 13.0 mm.

Length of pygidium . . . . . 4.0 mm.

Remarks. — Our form differs from Lindstrbm’s figures and
description of C. papillata by the reduction of the first lateral
lobes of the glabella and by the shorter and more transverse pygi-
dium with fewer segments. But probably from the fact that the
number of thoracic segments is only 12 instead of 13, the latter
character is due to immaturity. The front pait of the head-
shield of this species was not figured by Lindstrom, so we do
not know if the Swedish form has the large parabolic pre-
glabellar area which our head-shield possesses ; the genal angle
also was not represented, so we are ignorant whether it had
the same shape as in our specimen. For these reasons it is
advisable to regard our May Hill form as a variety, if not a
distinct species, which may be provisionally termed puellaris.
(Au g. 1917.)

Geological Map of the Silurian Inlier of May Hill

Scale _ 2 Inches to a Mile.

>ILE HlU. WCfoO

j*-/ HunUry

& '5*

W £ C.

Lirti. Bristol

W. Arrowsmith,

m

DOWN TON
I SANOSlOKt
LUDLOW BEDS

■KQ WENLOCK
I I LIMESTONE

□ WENLOCK
SHALES

□ WOOLHOfE
LIMESTONE

QTMUtUOltlCDS| 1

HUMltr >|
HlU BEOS ) 5

WME5 UNDERLINED
ARE MENTIONED
IN THE PAPER

THE HUNTLEY
QUARRY BEOS
ARE NOT
DIFFERENTIATED.

VOL. XX. (3) THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE

223

THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

BY

H. H. KNIGHT, M.A.

The only previous list of the Hepatics of the county is in a
paper by the Rev. H. P. Reader on “ The Hepaticae of Glouces-
tershire ” in the Journal of Botany, 1885. This list is repeated
in Witchell and Strugnell’s Fauna and Flora of Gloucestershire,
1892. Mr. Reader has given me additions and corrections to
this list. Miss Armitage, of Dadnor near Ross, has given me
some records from the part of the county about Symond’s
Yat, and I have had a few records from the Herbarium of the
late Rev. Augustin Ley.

The distribution of Hepatics in the county depends on the
geological formation. On the primary formations (Silurian,
Old Red Sandstone, and Carboniferous) they are plentiful both
in number of individuals and species, while on the secondary
formations (Triassic and Jurassic) they are scarce, and the
few species that do occur are often found only sparingly. The
best ground is the part of the county bordering the River Wye,
and here only are found the Western or Atlantic species :
Plagiochila spinulosa, Saccogyna viticulosa, Lepidozia pinnata,
Scapania gracilis, and Phragmicoma Mackaii.

When we come to the secondary formations, the most
interesting district is the Keuper Sandstone near Newent.
The most noteworthy plants here are the species of Sphcero-
carpus and Riccia, which grow in cultivated fields.

The low ground on each side of the River Severn, consisting
of Keuper Marls and Lower Lias Clay, is barren as far as
Hepatics are concerned. There is little here except a few
common species, which grow on trees.

On the Cotteswolds there are a few calcareous species
scattered over the district, but here the best ground is the

224

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

sandy parts, especially the sandy clays of the Middle Lias, the
Harford Sands, and the Cotteswold Sands.

I am indebted to Messrs. S. M. Macvicar and W. E. Nicholson
for assistance in naming critical plants, and also to Professor
Douin of Chartres for some remarks on Cephaloziella Limprichtii .

As in my previous list of Mosses the number 33 (East
Gloucester) or 34 (West Gloucester), after the name of the
species or variety, indicates the “ vice county ” in which it is
found. The total number of species found so far in the county
is 95, of which 54 are found in East Gloucester and 93 in West
Gloucester. The presence of fruit or perianths is sometimes
indicated by the abbreviation c. fr. or c. per.

Sphcerocarpus Michelii Bellardi. 34.

In cultivated fields on the Keuper Sandstone about Newent
and Bromsberrow.

Sphcerocarpus texanus Aust. 34.

This grows with the preceding, and is the more abundant
of the two. They can readily be distinguished by their spores,
which mature in March. The fields in which these plants grow
are usually ploughed up before the spores are mature, except
when a crop of clover follows the corn.

Riccia. — Most of the plants of this genus are found in
cultivated fields in places where the soil is suitable for their
growth. They are particularly abundant on the Keuper
Sandstone, but are rarely found on Keuper Marl, Lias Clay, or
stony Oolitic soil. They occur in fields on the Middle Lias,
but these being on the hill slopes are rarely cultivated, and also
on sandy deposits on the Lower Lias Clay and other formations.

Riccia Warnstorfii Limpr. 34.

Fields near Newent and Bromsberrow. Perhaps only a
form of the next species.

Riccia commutata Jack. 34.

Fields near Newent and Bromsberrow. Riccia nigrclla DC.
grows with this species on similar soil at Redmarley in
Worcestershire.

VOL. XX. (3) THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE

225

Riccia glauca L. 33, 34.

In fields where the soil is suitable, not uncommon.

Riccia sorocarpa Bisch. 33, 34.

This is the most frequent species of the genus, and is
always present with other species. It is found also on ground
not under cultivation, as on the slopes below Durdham Down,
Bristol.

Riccia crystallina L. 33.

Margin of Witcombe Reservoir.

Riccia fluitans L. 33 or 34.

Pond near Gloucester. A specimen formerly in the
Gloucester Museum was seen by Rev. H. P. Reader.

Reboulia hemisphcerica (L.) Raddi. 34.

Not uncommon on the Keuper Sandstone near Newent c. fr.,
Symond’s Yat (Miss Armitage), and rocks near Llancaut
(Shoolbred). St. Vincent’s Rocks and Durdham Down near
Bristol. Bank of the Frome at Stapleton, 1878 (Herb., A.
Ley). On rocks in a field between Sapperton Tunnel and
Hayley Wood (Reader), south of the canal.

Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common, and occasionally fruiting.

Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common by ditches, springs, and streams, also on garden
paths and in greenhouses. Gemmae are always present, but
fruiting plants have not been found.

Marchantia polymorpha L. 33. 34.

Not uncommon on damp walls, sides of streams and pools,
also on charcoal heaps in woods, and sometimes in greenhouses
and gardens. Gemmae are common, also plants with male and
female receptacles. Var. aquatica Nees (34). Engine Common,
near Yate.

Aneura pinguis (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Not uncommon on damp ground and in springs c. fr Var.
angustior Hook. (33). Spring in Cranham Wood.

226

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Aneura multifida (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Rare on the Cotteswolds ; on tree stump Lineover Wood
near Cheltenham, and on bank in Pen Wood near Stroud.
Common in the Forest of Dean and on May Hill.

Aneura sinuata (Dicks.) Dum. 34.

On rocks in stream Abbot’s Wood near Little Dean, sterile.

Aneura major (Lindb.), K. Miill. 33, 34.

Not uncommon on damp soil in all parts of the county ;
and c. fr. near Cheltenham. Gemmae also are found on this
species.

Metrzgeria furcata (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common on trees, sometimes on rocks, fruiting occasionally.
Var. fruticulosa (Dicks.) Lindb. (34) on tree Abbot’s Wood,
Forest of Dean.

Metrzgeria conjugata Lindb. 33, 34.

Common on limestone rocks at Symond’s Yat and elsewhere
in the Wye Valley. On the Cotteswolds on wall at Nailsworth
and on bank in Pen Wood (Reader), and on wall in Slad Valley
near Stroud.

Metrzgeria pubescens (Schrank) Raddi. 34.

On the limestone rocks about Symond’s Yat.

Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda. 33, 34.

LTncommon on the Cotteswolds, but found in woods on
the Middle Lias or Cotteswold Sands. Frequent in other parts
of the county which are not calcareous.

Pellia Neesiana (Gottsche) Limpr. 34.

Chase End Hill near Bromsberrow.

Pellia Fabbroniana Raddi. 33, 34.

Common in all parts of the county. Var. lorea Nees, 23, 34.
Not uncommon in springs and by streams.

Blasia pusilla L. 33, 34.

Hailes Wood, and Pilford Brick Works, Leckhampton.
Near Bromsberrow. Mitcheldean (Miss Armitage), Nailsbridge,

VOL. XX. (3) THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE

227

and near Speech House Road Station in Forest of Dean. The
flask-shaped gemmiferous receptacles as well as the stellate
gemmae are always present. Fruit not seen.

F ossombronia pusilla (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Not uncommon in damp woods.

F ossombronia W ondraczeki (Corda) Dum. 33, 34.

In woods or cultivated fields ; less common than the last.

F ossombronia ccespitijormis De Not. 34.

Railway cutting between Newent and Dymock. The fruit
of these three species is usually mature in the autumn.

Marsupella emarginata (Ehrh.) Dum. 34.

Rare. On Old Red Sandstone near Mitcheldean, and at
Viney Hill in Forest of Dean.

Alicularia scalaris (Schrad.) Corda. 33, 34.

Rare on the Cotteswolds. Only in a few places on the
Middle Lias near Cheltenham, and on Harford Sands by the
Roadstone Hole, Cleeve Hill. Common in the Forest of Dean
and May Hill district.

Alicularia Geoscyphus De Not. 34.

Mitcheldean Meend c. fr., Broadmoor, and Tidenham
Chase.

Eucalyx Hyalinus (Lyell) Breidl. 33, 34.

A rare plant which is widely distributed. Perianths rare.

Aplozia crenulata (Sm.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common, and also var. gracillima (Sm.) Heeg. 33, 34.

Aplozia ccBspiticia (Lindenb.) Dum. 33.

At margin of pool, Pilford Brick Works, Leckhampton.
Gemmae and perianths are found here, also fruit which matures
in the winter months.

Aplozia riparia (Tayl.l Dum. 33, 34.

Not uncommon in springs and by streams on the Cotteswolds
c. per., sometimes submerged, when it is var. rivularis Bern.

228

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

A smaller form is found on shady ground in woods and also on
limestone in the Wye Valley.

Aplozia pumila (With.) Dum. 34.

On rocks in lane Bromsberrow c. per., and on wet rocks
in wood May Hill c. per.

Jamesoniella subapicalis (Nees) Schiffn.' 34.

On Old Red Sandstone, Rodmore Grove near Hewelsfield,
male plants ; and Hudnall’s near St. Briavels c. per.

Gynmocolea inflata (Huds.) Dum. 33, 34.

Not uncommon on peaty ground Forest of Dean. Also on
Harford Sands by the Roadstone Hole, Cleeve Hill, Cheltenham,
with fertile perianths.

Lophozia turbinata (Raddi) Steph. 33, 34.

Common all over the Cotteswolds, also on Carboniferous
Limestone and Keuper Sandstone. Bristol (Thwaites, 1843).
Perianths and fruit are common.

Lophozia badensis (Gottsche) Schiffn. 33, 34.

Scattered over the Cotteswolds, plentiful in Guiting Wood.
Roadside Cranham Wood c. per. On Carboniferous Limestone
sparingly at Symond’s Yat. Perianths are rare, fruit not seen.

Lophozia Muelleri (Nees) Dum. 34.

Pen Wood, above Leonard Stanley c. per. On Carbon-
iferous Limestone in the lower part of the Wye Valley.

Lophozia ventricosa (Dicks,) Dum. 34.

On Sphagnum, May Hill. Common in the Forest of Dean,
especially on the Old Red Sandstone. Perianths rare, gemmae
always present.

Lophozia bicrenata (Schmid.) Dum. 33, 34.

Rare on Harford Sands, Middle Lias and Cotteswold Sands.
Bromsberrow Heath and Clifford’s Mesne. Not uncommon in
the Forest of Dean.

VOL. XX. (3) THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE

229

Lophozia excisa (Dicks.) Dum. 33, 34.

In similar situations as the last, but more common.
Frequent in the Forest of Dean.

Lophozia attenuata (Mart.) Dum. 34.

Plentiful on Old Red Sandstone rocks in the Forest of Dean.
Lea Bailey (A. Ley), Staunton, Rodmore Grove, Hudnalls,
and near Blakeney.

Sphenolobus exsectiformis (Breidl.) Steph. 34.

On Old Red Sandstone ; Hudnalls near St. Briavels, and
near the Buckstone, Staunton (W. E. Nicholson).

Plagiochila asplenioides (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common, perianths rare ; c. fr. Pen Wood near Stroud
(Reader). Also var. major Nees, 33, 34. Var. minor Lindenb.
34. Symond’s Yat (Miss Armitage).

Plagiochila spinulosa (Dicks.) Dum. 34.

Buckstone Wood, Staunton.

Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common, perianths not seen.

Lophocolea cuspidata Limpr. 33, 34.

Common, also perianths and fruit.

Lophocolea alata Mitt, ex Larter. 33, 34.

By River Coin, Chedworth, and near Dursley. Very like
the last species, and probably not uncommon.

Lophocolea heterophylla (Schrad.) Dum. 33, 34.

On trees and stumps, very common, also c. fr.

Chiloscyphus polyanthus (L.) Corda. 33, 34.

Rare ; in rocks by streams in Forest of Dean, and by
River Coin, Bibury. Var. fragilis (Roth.) K. Mt.ll (34), May
Hill.

Chiloscyphus pallescens (Ehrh.) Dum. 33, 34
Not uncommon on moist soil in woods on the Cotteswolds,
also woods at Highnam and Dymock. Fruit common.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

230

Saccogyna viticulosa (Sm.) Dum. 34.

In woods by River Wye near Tidenham.

Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

This common plant is rare on the Cotteswolds, but is found
occasionally on tree stumps in woods or sandy ground. Common
in other parts of the county.

Cephalozia media Lindb. 34.

On Old Red Sandstone in the Buckstone Wood (with a few
perianths), and at the Hudnalls near St. Briavels.

Cephalozia Francisci (Hook.) Dum. 34.

In Sphagnum bog Mitcheldean Meend.

Cephaloziella byssacea (Roth) Warust. 33, 34.

Sparingly on the Cotteswolds on tree stumps or sandy
ground. Common in the Forest of Dean and elsewhere.

Cephaloziella bifida (Schreb.) Schiffn. 34.

On Sphagnum, May Hill c. per. Railway cutting between
Newent and Dymock c. per.

Cephaloziella Baumgartneri Schiffn. 34.

On wet rocks Garden Cliff, Westbury-on-Severn. Mr.
Nicholson confirms the name, but says it differs slightly from
the plant he finds on the chalk in Sussex.

Cephaloziella stellulifera (Tayl.) Schiffn. 34.

Near Blakeney and Tidenham Chase c. per.

Cephaloziella myriantha (Lindb.) Schiffn. 34.

Side of path Buckstone Wood, Staunton, c. per. (W. E.
Nicholson).

Cephaloziella Limprichtii Warust. 33, 34.

On the Cotteswolds, always on Harford Sands, Cleeve Hill,
by River Windrush above Bourton-on-the-Water, Bourton
Downs, Bredon Hill (Glos. and Worcs.), and Broadway Hill
(Worcs.). Perianths and fruit common, also gemmae. Professor

vol. xx. (3) THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE

231

Douin says of this Cotteswold plant : “ C’est une forme

intermediaire entre le C. Limprichtii typica et le C. stellulifera
Tayl. vera a laquelle j’ai donne le nom de var. latiloba D.
ad int. en raison de ses lobes plus large jusqu’ a 8-9 cellules.”
There is another form of this plant in many places in the North
Cotteswolds on the Middle Lias and always in small quantity.
This form rarely has perianths. Also in railway cutting between
Newent and Dymock ; this Professor Douin considers typical.

Prionolobus Turneri (Hook.) Schiffn. 33, 34.

Very sparingly on a bank (Middle Lias) Hamhill near
Cheltenham. Railway cutting near Lydney c. per.

Odontoschisma Sphagni (Dicks.) Dum. 34.

Growing with Sphagnum on May Hill, and with Sphagnum
and Leucobryum on Mitcheldean Meend.

Calypogeia Trichomanis (L.) Corda.

Under this name were formerly placed all the species
of this genus. All the specimens 1 have seen belong to the
two next.

Calypogeia fissa (C.) Raddi. 33, 34.

In all parts of the county, and frequently c. fr.

Calypogeia argula Nees et Mont. 33, 34.

Sparingly in all parts of the county.

Pleuroschisma trilobatum (L.) Dum. 34.

Buckstone Wood, Staunton.

Lepidozia pinnata (Hook.) Dum. 34.

Buckstone Wood, Staunton.

Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Sparingly in woods on the Cotteswolds ; by River Frome,
Stapleton and Frenchay. Common in the Forest of Dean,
especially on Old Red Sandstone. Buckstone Wood c. fr.

Lepidozia setacea (Web.) Mitt. 34.

In Sphagnum bog, Mitcheldean Meend.

232

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Durn. 34.

Woods by River Wye near Tidenham.

Ptilidium ciliare (L.) Hampe. 34.

Old quarries, Milkwall, Forest of Dean.

Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh.) Dum. 34.

Near Symond’s Yat (Miss Armitage). Abbot’s Wood near
Little Dean.

Diplophyllum albicans (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Rare on the Cotteswolds ; elsewhere common.

Scapania compacta (Roth) Dum. 34.

Near Speech House Road Station.

Scapania gracilis (Lindb.) Kaal. 34.

Buckstone Wood c. fr., and Hudnalls near St. Briavels.

Scapania aspera Bernet. 33, 34.

Sparingly all over the Cotteswolds, and also on limestone
rocks in the Wye Valley.

Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Occasionally in woods on Middle Lias in the North Cottes-
wolds. Highnam Wood. Common in the May Hill district
and Forest of Dean. Var. uliginosa, Jensen (34). Mitcheldean
Meend and Tidenham Chase.

Scapania dentata Dum. 34.

In streams and bogs May Hill, and on rocks by streams
near Symond’s Yat and near St. Briavels. •

Scapania undulata (L.) Dum. 34.

May Hill, and by streams in the Forest of Dean.

Scapania irrigua (Nees) Dum. 33, 34.

In several places on the Middle Lias near Cheltenham
Frequent in the Forest of Dean and May Hill district.

VOL. XX. (3) THE HEPATICS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE

233

Scapania curta (Mart.) Dum. 33, 34.

Above Southam, near Cheltenham. Not uncommon on
paths and in woods May Hill and Forest of Dean.

Scapania umbrosa (Schrad.) Dum. 34.

On Old Red Sandstone, Hudnalls, near St. Briavels.

Radula complanata (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

On trees and hedges all over the county, rarely on shady
walls. Perianths and fruit common.

Madotheca Icevigata (Schrad.) Dum. 33, 34.

Slad Valley near Stroud (G. Holmes and Reader). Common
on limestone m the Wye Valley.

Madotheca platyphylla (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

Common on walls and trees all over the county. On wall
Pen Wood c. fr. (Reader) and on hedge Mill Lane, Prestbury
c. fr.

Cololejeunea calcarea (Lib.) Schiffn. 34.

On limestone rocks in the Wye Valley c. per.

Cololejeunea Rossettiana (Massal.) Schiffn. 34.

On limestone at Symond’s Yat, and the Delves near
Mitcheldean c. per. (A. Ley and Miss Armitage.)

Lejeunea cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb. 33, 34.

In woods, common ; c. fr. Woodchester (Reader) and
Symond’s Yat.

Microlejeunea ulicina (Tayl.) Evans. 33, 34.

On trees, mostly beech, in woods in the district between
Cheltenham, Cirencester, and Woodchester. Also on beech
Abbot’s Wood, Forest of Dean, and on rocks Rodmore Grove.
Always sterile.

Phragmicoma Mackaii (Hook.) Dum. 34.

On limestone rocks in the Wye Valley.

2 34

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Frullania Tamarisci (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

At the base of trees in woods and on grassy banks and in
the Forest of Dean on rocks, widely distributed but not common.

Frullania dilatata (L.) Dum. 33, 34.

On trees, very common ; on rocks in quarry at Damery.

Anthoceros punctatus L. 33, 34.

In cultivated fields growing with Riccia and on moist banks.
A. crispulus Douin is the usual form in fields. A. Husnoti
Steph. on moist bank near St. Briavels, and in field at
Bromsberrow.

Anthoceros Icevis L. 33, 34.

On sheltered hedge banks, woods, and cultivated fields.
Widely distributed but not common.

To illustrate my fists of the Mosses and Hepatics of the
County, I have left at the Museum in Cheltenham a collection
of all the species I have found. This contains all the
Mosses and Hepatics recorded in my fists except these
four: — Polytrichum alpinum, Dicranella squarrosa, Dicranum
undulatum, and Riccia fluitans.

VOL. XX. (3) GLOUCESTERSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA

235

ADDITIONAL GLOUCESTERSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.

BY

C. GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK, F.E.S.

(Read March 16th, 1920.)

Mr. Vincent R. Perkins, F.E.S. , was entrusted by the
Publishers of the Victoria County History with the task of
compiling our county list. The result of his labours was
submitted and returned to him to curtail. This he refused to
do, and the list was not printed. In 1913 he brought his
manuscript to me and asked me to add my notes and to
endeavour to get it published. In 342 pages he mentions
1,289 species out of a total of 2,100 on the British list. The
following are additional : —

Micropteryx unimaculella , Zett.

Taken in a wood on the west of the Severn, March 28th, 1910.

Coleophora murinipennella , Dup.

Netted on the wing flying over grass on the Cotteswolds,
May 17th, 1910, and also west of the Severn, May 30th, 1911.

Stigmonota pallijrontana, Z.

Taken by Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, F.E.S., at Nailsworth flying
over Astraagalus glycyphyllus (Milk Vetch), July 4th and 7th,
1910.

Dryadaula pactolia, Meyr.

A New Zealand Tinea taken in Gloucester, July 12th, 1911,
and July 14th, 1915.

Ephippiphora turbidana, Tr.

Taken at Framilode, June 28th, 1913, amongst Petasites.

Batrachedra pinicolella, Dup.

Beaten from oak in the Forest of Dean, July 17th, 1913.

236

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

Lobesia permixtana, Hb. ( Reliquana , Wilk.).

Taken in a wood west of the Severn, June 15th, 1911, and
June 4th, 1914.

Chauliodus illigerella, Hb.

Taken in an osier bed near Gloucester, Sept. 5th and 8th,
I9I5-

Bucculatrix thoracella, Thnb.

Beaten from lime outside a wood near the Forest of Dean,
June 2nd, 1917.

Nannodia hermannella, F.

Taken near Gloucester amongst Clienopodium, June 28th,
1919.

Laverna conturbatella, Hb.

Taken by Mr. W. B. Davis near Stroud, July, 1915.

Sophronia semicostella, Hb. ( Parenthesella , Hw).

Beaten from a hedge on the Cotteswolds, July 26th, 1919.

Leioptilus brachydactylus, Tr.

Taken in a fresh locality on the Cotteswolds, July, 1919.
The Natural History Museum at South Kensington does not
contain a British specimen of this rare " plume.”

A new form of Plusia pulchrina, Haw.

An aberration of P. pulchrina taken on the Cotteswolds,
June 21st, 1919, has the usual golden 7 mark replaced by a large
wedge-shaped golden blotch. Identified by Sir George F.
Hampson. (See accompanying illustration).

Mr. W. B. Davis has also recorded the following : Eois
herbariata, N emophora metaxella, Gelechia scalella, Pcedisca
occultana, Aristotelia unicolorella, Penthina caprceana ,

Stigmonota rosceticolana, Dicrorampha consortana, Argyresthia
arceuthina, Gracilaria populetorum, Coleophora potentillice,

C. virgaurece, Laverna decorella, L. subbisbrigella , Chrysoclysta
schrankella, Tischeria dodoncea, T. angusticolella, Nepticula

plagicolella, and N. luteella.

The Rev. J. W. Metcalfe has recorded the capture in 1917
of Eupcecilia manniana and E. flaviciliana near Stroud.

VOL. XX. (3) GLOUCESTERSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA

237

Other captures • Botys fuscalis, Ephestia kuhniella,
Aygyrolepia schreberiana, A. cnicana, Ptocheuus osseella,
Doryphora pulveratella, Coleophora orbitella, Laverna lacteella,
L. raschkiella, L. ochraceella, L. phragmitella, Lithocollctis
cerasicolella, L. pyrivorella, L. sorbi, Cemiostoma wailesella,
Nepticula fulgens, and Gelechia plantagmella.

The Gloucestershire list now comprises 1,338 species as
compared with 1,251 recorded for Somerset.

My grateful thanks are due to Mr. George Embrey, F.I.C.,
who kindly made the 16 lantern slides used to illustrate these
notes.

References : St. Nat. Hist., Tin., ix. p. 262 ; Meyr, pp. 158,
455, 512, 573, 608, 659, 661, 680, 691, 730, 804; Barr., xi.,
p.236; Tutt, v., p. 471. Proc .Cots. F.C., xviii., pt. ii.,p. no;
Ento., xliii., p. 316 ; xliv., pp. 69, 155, 227, 228 ; xlv., pp. 101,
344; xlvi., p.315; xlviii., pp. 63, 285 ; xlix.,p. 21; lii.,p. 274;
liii., p. 1, 43, 68. Vic. Hist. Som.

1. Type of Plusia pulchrina (Golden Moth) taken May 26th, 1893.

2. A new form of P. pulchrina, taken June 31st, 1909 on the Cotteswolds
by C. Granville Clutterbuck.

VOL. XX. (3)

NOTES ON FLINT SURFACES

239

NOTES ON THE FLAKING AND PITTING OF FLINT

SURFACES.

COMMUNICATED BY

J. W. GRAY, F.G.S.

(November 16th, 1920.)

Most of the flints that form part of the superficial deposits
of the Cotteswold-Malvem region, with the exception of certain
examples to be subsequently mentioned, are fractured,
decomposed, or eroded. Some of them also exhibit flaking,
and others shallow pits of circular or polygonal shape
measuring up to about three-quarters of an inch in diameter,
and rarely more than about one-eighth of an inch in depth.
The pits occur singly or are arranged in reticulated groups,
and occasionally extend below the usual decomposed layer into
the apparently unaltered flint. Bulbs of percussion and pits
sometimes occur on the same specimen, and generally the
whole surface of the flint is uniformly patinated or stained.

Although there is no evidence that this district was invaded
by any of the great ice-sheets that approached from several
directions, the flints lying on or near the surface must have
been exposed during the Glacial period to an Arctic climate
and the changes due to seasonal and other variations of tempera-
ture, to the action of moisture, to the impact of wind and stream-
borne sand and gravel, and to other conditions favourable to
decomposition, fracture, and erosion, the effects of which are
seen in the impaired state of almost all the varieties of flints
in the superficial deposits.

Important exceptions to this condition are the fresh black
flints that occur in the weathered surface of the Lower Lias
Clay between Compton Scorpion and Aston Magna, which,
for reasons given in a previous paper, I have not classified as
Drift ( Proc . Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club, Vol. xx.,
part 2 (1919), pp. 105-7). Many of these are of large size,

240

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

and all I have seen are unworn, show no signs of decompo-
sition, flaking, or pitting, and are such as could be used in
the manufacture of arrow-heads and other implements.

During Glacial times the flints were probably near enough
to the surface to experience all the changes of temperature,
but were protected to some extent from the effects of moisture
by the clay in which they were enveloped. The area forms a
part of the watershed of the Rivers Stour and Evenlode, and
has been very little denuded since the Glacial period. The
black flints appear to offer greater resistance to decomposition
than other varieties.

Various explanations of the flaking and pitting have been
offered. Parallel and alveolar flakings are considered by Dr. G.
Schweinfurth to have been due to rapid deprivation of quarry
water or water of impregnation, and not to the action of frost
(“ Steinzeitliche Forschiingen in Ober iFgypten,” Zeitschrijt
fur Ethnologie, Berlin, 1903). A. Rutot says that the cause of
the “ desagregation alveolaire ” is unknown, that the
phenomenon occurs more frequently in hot than in temperate
regions and is largely found in Egypt, that it chiefly affects
flints exposed to the air and often seems to have preceded
parallel flaking, but that the most frequent form is due mainly
to rapid desiccation in the open air (paper read before
the Anthropological Society of Brussels in 1904. See also
Rutot, La Prehistoire (1918), p. 129). In a paper read before
the Geological Society of London on May 26th, 1909, Mr.
Cecil Carus-Wilson observes that some pitted flints obtained
by him from a deposit overlying the sands and ironstones of
the Folkestone beds near Folkestone were much decomposed
and had been rendered porous and absorbent. Experiments
on these and other flints led him to the conclusion that the
polygonal pittings were produced in some way by mechanical
action, but not by blows or as the result of heath-fires or
collisions on a sea beach. The process of pitting, he considers,
takes a considerable time, and is produced from within by the
action of ice.

Among the causes assigned for both pitting and flaking
we thus have rapid desiccation, great heat, and intense cold.

VOL. XX. (3)

NOTES ON FLINT SURFACES

241

In such climates as Britain has experienced in the period during
which flints have entered into the composition of our superficial
deposits, rapid drying and the heat to effect it would be rarely
operative except when due to heath or forest fires or intentional
burning. The action of such fires is seen on some of the
Cotteswold flints which are marked with numerous small
pits, the positions of which, as well as the patination of the
whole of the surface, indicate a time for the burning probably
as remote as the Neolithic period. Flaked and unflaked flints
are found in great numbers on the North and Mid-Cotteswolds,
and most of them have been carried to their present positions
by man..

The hypothesis that pitting and flaking are due to
frost alone is not borne out by the results of the following
experiment : —

In order to ascertain whether the varying temperatures
prevailing during Antarctic summers would produce any of the
changes above mentioned, I obtained from the chalk rock of
Portsdown Hill a fresh flint, which was taken by Dr. E. A.
Wilson on Scott’s last expedition. At Cape Evans, Ross
Island, the flint was consigned to the care of Major F. Debenham,
the geologist of the expedition, by whom it was exposed in
various positions during the years 1911 and 1912. The lowest
temperature recorded was — 50° F., and on one occasion only
did it rise above 320 F. The flint was clear of the ground,
and never had snow or thaw- water resting upon it, so that the
important results of frequent thawing and saturation were not
obtained. Examination of the flint at the end of 1912 revealed
erosion of the thin white surface-layer of the exposed part
by means of drifting sand and pebbles from a bare outcrop
of rock about 150 yards distant. No pitting or flaking had been
caused by the impact of the pebbles, although the wind during
some of the blizzards reached a velocity of 85 miles an hour.
The flint was not found among the specimens brought in the
Terra Nova from Cape Evans, and may have been lost.1

1 To Scott and other members of the scientific staff of the expedition is due some record of
our appreciation of their enthusiasm in the cause of Science. Wilson’s labour in collecting rock
specimens on the moraines of the Beardmore Glacier on the return journey from the Pole, the
additional weight of 35 lbs. on the sledge for nearlv 300 miles, and the determination to secure
the specimens against loss doubtless contributed to the final disaster.

242

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

From the foregoing observations it would appear that the
problem presented by the pitting and flaking of flints has not
yet been completely solved, and that much more detailed
information as to the necessary structural or other conditions
is required. Some measure of flaking is one of the stages in
the disintegration of flints, and to what extent it can be effected
by natural agencies is a question of importance, for it may in
many cases have been mistaken for the work of man.

VOL. XX. (3)

REMAINS OF CRUSTACEA

243

REMAINS OF MACROUROUS AND BRACHYUROUS
CRUSTACEA IN THE INFERIOR OOLITE OF THE
STONESFIELD (OXON.)-BURTON-BRADSTOCK
(DORSET) DISTRICT.

BY

L. RICHARDSON.

Remains of macrourous and brachyurous Crustacea are very
rare in the Inferior Oolite of the district between Stonesfield in
Oxfordshire and Burton Bradstock in Dorset. The only locality
where they can be said to be numerous is Doulting, near Shepton
Mallet, Somerset, where they have been obtained mostly from
the Rubbly Beds, rarely from the Anabacia- Limestones, both of
them subdivisions of schlcenbachi hemera. There are nineteen
pieces of Eryma sp. (the majority the fixed ultimate joints) in
the Shepton Mallet museum, 1 but they probably represent the
result of many years’ collecting, because specimens are but
rarely met with on an occasional visit to the quarries.

A few minute fixed ultimate joints of Eryma sp. have been
obtained by Mr. Charles Upton by “ washing ” samples of the
Sponge Beds (schlcenbachi) of Peas-Hill Quarry, Shipton Gorge,
Dorset.

Prosopon richardsoni H. Woodward (now in the British
Museum, Natural History Dept.) was obtained from the Top
Beds — probably from the White Oolite (schlcenbachi hemera) —
at Winner Hill, near Wotton-under-Edge, in the South
Cotteswolds. 2

I have not observed any remains of macrourous or brachy-
urous Crustacea in rocks dating from garantiance to concavi
hemera inclusive in the Stonesfield — Burton-Bradstock district.

1 Geol. Mag., dec. v., vol. v. (1908), p. 517.

2 Ibid., dec. v., vol. iv. (1907), p. 80.

244

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

The type of Eryma guisei Wright, regarded by J. Carter as
the same species as E. elegans Oppel, came from the Oolite
Marl (early bradjordensis hemera) of Leckhampton Hill, near
Cheltenham.1 I have obtained a moveable ultimate joint of
the chelate hand of a specimen, probably of this species, from
the Oolite Marl of Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham.

Remains of Eryma are occasionally met with in the Pea-Grit
(early murchisonce hemera) of the Cotteswolds. 2

I have obtained a penultimate joint of Eryma from rock-
debris probably of scissi date at an exposure near the washpool
in Watery Bottom, Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham.

1 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F.C., vol. viii., p. 58.

2 L. Richardson, Handbook to the Geology of Cheltenham (1904), pi. xix., fig. 4.

vol. xx. (3) THE LIASSIC ROCKS OF ENGLAND

245

ON NAUTILUS PSEUDOTRUNCATUS N. SP„ FROM
THE LIASSIC ROCKS OF ENGLAND.

BY

The late G. C. CRICK, F.G.S.

Nautilus pseudotruncatus, sp. nov.

Specific Characters. — Shell composed of a few inflated,
rapidly-expanding, squarish whorls ; greatest thickness at a
short distance from the umbilical margin a little more than
two-thirds of the diameter of the shell ; height of outer whorl
a little more than one-half of the diameter of the shell. Whorls
few ; inclusion almost complete ; umbilicus deep, with nearly
vertical, rather convex sides and rounded margin, about one-
sixth of the diameter of the shell in width. Whorl trapezoidal
in transverse section, about one-third wider than high ; in-
dented to a little more than one-sixth of its height by the
preceding whorl ; periphery flattened, broad, a little more than
one-half of the corresponding diameter of the shell in width,
with subangular margins ; sides flattened, fairly well defined
both from the peripheral area and from the umbilical zone ;
umbilical margin subangular ; umbilical zone feebly convex,
almost vertical to the plane of symmetry of the shell. Body
chamber occupying at least three-eighths of the outer whorl ;
aperture not seen, but, judging from the growth-lines, its
margin showed a broad, rather deep hyponomic sinus on the
periphery, a very shallow sinus on the lateral area, and projected
considerably forward at the umbilical margin. Chambers
moderately deep, about one-half of the corresponding height 1
of the whorl in depth ; their number to a whorl not seen ;
septa feebly concave ; suture-line with a broad shallow sinus

1 That is from the umbilical suture to the periphery.

6

246

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

on the lateral area, but almost straight on the peripheral area.
Siphuncle nearly central, or a little nearer the dorsal than the
ventral area. Test not very thin, with irregularly-placed
obscure folds, which follow the direction of the growth-lines,
and are plainly visible on internal casts ; its surface covered
with rather coarse growth-lines, which, rising from the umbilical
suture, pass straight across the umbilical zone as far as the
umbilical margin, whence they pass in a backward direction
across the lateral area, making a very shallow sinus at about
the middle of this area, as far as the peripheral margin, where
they are deflected still farther backward so as to form on the
periphery a rather deep and broad sinus corresponding to the
hyponomic sinus of the apertural-margin ; the test on the
peripheral area apparently also with fine obscure longitudinal
lines.

Measurements.

Diameter

about 99 mm

Height of outer whorl

5i „

Thickness of outer whorl . .

68 „

Width of umbilicus

17 „

Height of outer whorl above

preceding whorl

42 „

Height of umbilical wall at

greatest diameter

about 19 „

Width of periphery at greatest

diameter

about 54 „

Remarks. — This species is easily distinguished by the
quadrate section of its whorls, its rather broad, flattened
periphery, and the direction of its growth-lines. The measure-
ments given above are taken from a specimen which has been
submitted to me by Mr. Richardson. There are also two
examples in the British Museum collection, bearing the
registered Nos. 19518/ and 19518m ; of these the latter is
88 mm. and the former 65 mm. in diameter.

Affinities and Differences. — This species bears some re-
semblance to d’Orbigny’s, the figure given by d’Orbigny1 of

1 Pal. Franf. Terr, Jurass., tom. i. (1842), pi. xxviii. See also A. H. Foord, Cal. Foss.
Ceph. Brit. Mus., pt. ii. (1891), p. 219.

VOL. XX. (3)

THE LIASSIC ROCKS OF ENGLAND

247

his Nautilus inornatus, but that species has less inflated whorls,
a more convex peripheral area, and the septa have a much
deeper sinus on the lateral area.

Horizon and Locality. — Mr. Richardson’s specimen is from
the Pliensbachian ( valdani or " striati ” hemera), Webb’s Pit1
(or the Battledown Brick Works), Cheltenham. Both the British
Museum specimens are from Lias of Kilsby Tunnel, 2
Northamptonshire.

1 For description of the pit see L. Richardson, A Handbook to the Geology of Cheltenham and
Neighbourhood, 1904, p. 45.

2 Both " Ammonites ” Ibex (belonging to the valdani hemera) and “ Ammonites ” Henleyi
(belonging to the striati hemera) are stated by H. B. Woodward (Mem. Geol. Survey U. K., Jurassic
Rocks of Britain, vol. iii., “ The Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted),” 1893, p. 166)
to have been recorded from this tunnel.

vor.. xx. (3)

DIBRANCHIATE CEPHALOPODA

249

ON SOME DIBRANCHIATE CEPHALOPODA FROM THE
UPPER LIAS OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

BY

The late G. C. CRICK, F.G.S.

Introduction.

The first reference to the remains of Dibranchiate Cephalo-
poda, other than Bilemnites, in the “ Saurian and Fish-bed ”
of the Upper Lias of Gloucestershire seems to have been by
Charles Moore in 1852, 1 but it was not until the publication
of the same author’s paper “ On the Middle and Upper Lias
of the South-West of England,” some fourteen or fifteen
years later 2 that generic names were assigned to these
Cephalopods, when Moore recognised them as being referable
to the genera Geoteuthis, Munster, and Teuthopsis, Deslong-
champs, but assigned no specific names to them.

In 1871 Professor J. Phillips, in his Geology of Oxford, of
Liassic Dibranchiate Cephalopods other than Belemnites,
records (p. 131) a Geoteuthis, Acanthoteuthis speciosa, and
an “ ink-bag ” from the Upper Lias of Dumbleton, Gloucester-
shire ; and on pi. viii. (plate facing p. 136), fig. 40 of the
same work he gives a small figure of a “ Dorsal plate of
Geoteuthis with ‘ ink-bag,’ ” from the Upper Lias of Alderton,
Gloucestershire.

In 1879 Dr. Wright records in his ‘ Monograph on the
Lias Ammonites of the British Islands,’ from the Upper Lias,
zone of “ Harpoceras serpentinum ” — the zone including the
“Saurian and Fish - bed ” — in Gloucestershire (pt. 2, 1879,
p. 126) a Dibranchiate Cephalopod as “ Belemnosepia (ink-bag
and osselets).” This is doubtless the same form referred by
other authors to Geoteuthis.

1 Proc. Somerset Archeeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1852 (1853), pt. 2, p. 69.

2 Op. cit.f vol. xiii. (1867), pt. 2, p. 183 ; also issued as a reprint of 67 pages.

250

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

The Upper Liassic Dibranchiate Cephalopods, other than
Belemnites, recorded in the list of fossils at the end (p. 342)
of the Survey Memoir, published in 1893, on “ The Lias
of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted),” 1 by H. B.
Woodward are : “ Teudopsis ” from the Upper Lias (zone

of Amm. annulatus) of Dorset and Yorkshire ; and “ Belemno-
sepia [ Geoteuthis ] ” from the Upper Lias (zone of “ Amm.
serpentinus ”) of Gloucestershire.

Although the occurrence of the remains of Geoteuthis
and Teuthopsis has thus been known in the “ Saurian and
Fish-bed ” of the Upper Lias in the South-West of England
for nearly fifty years, there appears to have been no attempt
to specifically determine them, probably owing to their usually
fragmentary character.

Mr. L. Richardson has, however, recently submitted to
the writer a series of Dibranchiate remains from the Upper
Lias of Alderton, Gloucestershire, some of which are worthy
of notice. The series includes examples of both Geoteuthis
and Teuthopsis as well as some detached hooklets. Both
these genera, as well as detached hooklets, are also represented
in the British Museum collection from the same locality.

Geoteuthis, Munster. a

The best preserved example of this genus fron the Upper
Lias of Gloucestershire that has come under the notice of
the writer is a specimen (plate A) submitted to him by Mr.
L. Richardson. It is displayed on the broken and partly
weathered surface of one of the lenticular masses occurring
in the “ Fish-bed,” and presents a dorsal aspect of the remains.
These include the greater portion of the gladius, a small portion
of the muscular substance of the body, and, where the gladius
is absent, the hollow ink-bag with its duct ; there are no remains
of the head and arms. In this genus the gladius is elongated-
oval in outline, truncated anteriorly and rounded posteriorly ;
it consists of several very thin alternating chitinous and
calcareous layers. Diverging from the posterior end are two

1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, The Jurassic Rocks of Britain
vol. iii., 1983.

2 G. Munster, Beitrage zur Petrefacten-kunde , Heft vi. (1843), p. 68.

VOL. XX. (3)

DIBRANCHIATE CEPHALOPODA

251

straight well-defined bands dividing its surface into a triangular
median area which broadens anteriorly, and bears a median,
narrow filiform keel, and on each side a finlike expansion,
having a convex outer boundary and extending along a con-
siderable portion of the length of the gladius. The lateral
bands are ornamented with transverse backwardly-bent lines ;
whilst each lateral expansion, which extends almost to the
anterior end of the gladius, is ornamented with fine oblique
striae.

Geoteuthis agassizii, Deslongchamps.

In the present specimen the posterior end of the gladius
is wanting ; the fossil, which is now 235 mm. long, probably
originally attained a length of at least 290 mm. Only frag-
ments of the actual gladius are preserved, but the form of the
greater part of it is indicated as an impression on the surface
of the slab. The anterior end of the gladius is broadly convex
and about 50 mm. wide ; the thickened lateral bands limiting
the median area are indicated by shallow depressions, which
are here each about 4 mm. wide ; they do not appear to have
been continued around the anterior border of the gladius ;
posteriorly they converge at an angle of about 20°. They do
not exhibit any curved transverse lines, and therefore closely
resemble the corresponding bands in the gladius of Pterioteuthis
and Leptoteuthis. The median keel, also indicated by a shallow
groove, extends nearly if not quite to the anterior border
of the gladius ; it appears to have been relatively feeble over
the greater part of the length of the specimen, in fact some
fragments near the posterior end of the gladius exhibiting
the dorsal surface of the structure appear to lack any definite
median keel. The impression also shows that the whole
of the inner or ventral surface of the anterior part of the gladius
was covered with very fine straight longitudinal striae. The
lateral expansions extend from the posterior end of the gladius
to within a short distance (apparently about 20 mm.) of its
anterior end ; each attains its greatest width (about 38 mm.)
at about 160 mm. from the anterior border, and as shown
by the impression each was traversed by several obscure

252

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

longitudinal ridges. At about the centre of the specimen the
impression of the ink-bag with its duct is displayed ; the
posterior boundary of the ink-bag is 171 mm. from the anterior
boundary of the gladius, the length of the ink-bag with its
duct being about 83 mm. The ink-bag is comparatively
small, oval in outline, about 21 mm. long and 14 mm. wide ;
whilst the duct is about 2.5 mm. in diameter. Around the
end of the duct and extending for some 40 mm. in front of it the
surface is stained with the ink. On the left side of the anterior
end of the pen traces of the mantle are preserved displaying
the usual rather coarse transverse striae.

The specimen is evidently referable to Munster’s genus
Geoteuthis and comes nearest to the species which in 1849
Quenstedt named coriaceus. 1 To this species Quenstedt 2
also referred, after an examination of the original, the fossil
which Deslongchamps 3 had previously described from the
Upper Lias of Curcy in Normandy as Teudopsis agassizii,
a species considered by d’Orbigny 4 at one time to be the
pro-ostracum of a Belemnite, and subsequently 5 referred by
him to the genus Belopeltis of Voltz. A. Wagner 6 regarded
Quenstedt’s coriaceus as identical with Munster’s hastata,
but beyond remarking that, according to the dimensions
given by d’Orbigny, Deslongchamps’ agassizii came nearer to
Munster’s Geoteuthis sagittata than to his G. hastata, he ventured
no definite opinion as to the affinities of Deslongchamps’ species.
The English example, then, seems to be referable to Geoteuthis
coriaceus, Quenstedt sp., a species in Quenstedt’s own opinion
identical with Deslongchamps’ Agassizii, so that the name
Geoteuthis agassizii Deslongchamps sp. is adopted for the
specimen.

Deslongchamps’ type-specimen came from the Upper Lias
of Curcy, Normandy, whilst under the name of Idiginites
coriaceus Quenstedt figured the species in 1849 from the Upper
Lias (Lias e) of Wurttemberg. From the Upper Lias (Toarcian)

1 Die Cephalopoden (1849), p. 512, pi. xxxiv., figs, 5-8.

2 Der Jura , 1858, p. 245.

3 Mem. Soc. Linn. Normandie, tom. v. (1835), p. 72, pi. ii., fig. 15.

4 Pal. Franq ., Terr. Jurass., tom. i. (1842), p. 38.

5 Prod, de Paleont ., tom. i. (1849) [ i.e . 1850], p. 243.

6 Abh. k. Bayer. Akad. Wissensch., Munich, Bd. viii., Abth. 3 (i860', pp. 809 and 816.

VOL. XX. (3)

DIBRAXCHIATE CEPHALOPODA

253

of Whitby the species has been recorded in 1855 by Martin
Simpson (as Sepia haustrum and possibly also as Sepia obtusalis)
and in 1876 by Professor J. F. Blake (as Geoteuthis coriaceus).

T euthopsis, Deslongchamps.

The members of this genus possessed a gladius which
was thin, spoon-shaped, expanded and rounded posteriorly,
produced anteriorly into a narrow handle, and somewhat
convex outwardly. A strong meridian keel begins at the
hinder end and increases in breadth and strength towards
the anterior end. The broad lateral portions are ornamented
-with growth-lines parallel to the margins of the gladius. The
expansion of the posterior portion is rather sudden, and can
be traced by the growth lines from near the posterior end
of the specimen to the margin of the pen, and along the course
thus indicated by this sudden bending of the growth-lines
the surface of the gladius is very slightly depressed.

T euthopsis brunelii, Deslongchamps.

An excellent example of this genus from the Upper Lias
of Alderton, Gloucestershire, has been brought under my
notice by Mr. L. Richardson (plate B). It is displayed on
the surface of a portion of a nodule, and exhibits the greater
part of the dorsal aspect of the gladius. There are only a few
fragments of the outer layer of the pen, but the general form
of the gladius is well shown, the specimen being uncrushed and
not split at the posterior end as is the case in most examples of
the genus.

The fossil, which is not quite complete anteriorly, is 67 mm.
long as measured along the median line.

The posterior portion is truncated oval in outline. It
is about 40 mm. long, and has its greatest width of 31 mm.
at a point about 30 mm. from the obtusely-pointed posterior
boundary, whence it narrows gradually to a width of 24 mm.
at about 40 mm. from the posterior end ; the posterior pointed
extremity of the shell is not visible, this being turned towards
the vestral surface is doubtless buried in the matrix. The
anterior portion of the gladius is lanceolate, its margins nearly
straight or only very slightly waved and converging at an angle

254

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

of about 200. The specimen is broken off obliquely by the
edge of the block of limestone in which it is imbedded ; the
width of the gladius here (at right-angles to the mid-rib)
being 14 mm. A prominent median keel extends throughout
the entire length of the gladius, being fine and well-defined
at the posterior end, becoming more elevated, broader and
less distinctly bounded as it passes towards the anterior end.
The surface of the posterior portion of the gladius is convex,
becoming flatter on the anterior part, which has a rounded
elevated ridge near each margin. Portions of the surface of
the gladius are preserved, showing that it was of a dark brown
colour, fairly smooth except for the rather strong and somewhat
distant lines of growth.

Fig. i. — TEUTHOPSIS BRUNELII Deslongchamps.

(a-b) Length along midrib . . . . 67 mm.

(c-d) 14 ..

Greatest width 31 „

(At about 30 mm. for posterior end.)

Greatest width of wings 9 »

Length of wings from posterior end . . 42 „

Greatest width at top of wings . . . . 24 „

VOL. XX. (3)

DIBRANCH I ATE CEPHALOPODA

255

The British Museum collection includes an example, in
counterpart [C5253], from the Upper Lias of Alderton,
Gloucestershire. It was rather larger than the specimen
first described, being about 80 mm. long ; it is indistinctly
defined at the posterior end, and incomplete anteriorly, being
here about 12 mm. wide. Only scraps of the surface of the
pen are preserved. There is an obscure ridge near each margin
of the anterior part of the pen. The pen is almost perfectly
flat, the median keel apparent throughout its entire length,
the pen is split at the posterior end, nearly but not quite in
the median line, as in the majority of examples. This shows,
though very obscurely, the pseudo wing-like portion of the
posterior part.

The same collection contains a much larger example from
the Upper Lias of Dumbleton, Gloucestershire. The specimen
is merely the impression of the dorsal surface of a pen to which
are attached a few fragments of the pen. It is 108 mm. long.
Shows the broadly-rounded posterior end, which in this case
is split open for a distance of about 20 mm. The greatest
width of the pen is now about 46 mm., but each margin is
very imperfect, so that originally it must have been much
wider than this. The width at the anterior end must have
been about 30 mm., for the impression of the half of the pen,
which is all that is preserved here, is 15 mm. at the posterior
part of the specimen, this impression of the dorsal surface
exhibits obscurely the sudden binding of the lines of growth.

All these specimens appear to be referable to the same species,
viz. Teuthopsis.

Brunelii Deslongchamps, originally described from the
Upper Lias of Normandy. 1 The British Museum includes
a number of examples from Normandy, chiefly from Curcy ;
one, however, the original of Deslongchamps’ fig. 3, is from
Amaye-sur-Orne [74009] and another from the Carrieres de
Laquaine. The last-mentioned specimen is interesting because
it is associated with the remains of an ink-bag and a portion
of the mantle of the creature. The largest specimen [7401 1]
is 170 mm. long, and lacks a small piece at the anterior end,

1 Eudes- Deslongchamps, “ Memoire sur les Teudopsides, animaux fossiles, voisins dec
calmars,” M£m. Soc. Linn. Norm., tom. v. (1835), pp. 74-76.

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

256

which is here 9 mm. wide, being interrupted by the edge of
the slab. The extreme width of the pen is not shown, but
half the width equals 34 mm.

The British Museum collection [22580] contains a fairly
well-preserved example from the Lias east of Bal, Wiirttemberg.
The dorsal surface is exhibited, but only in part ; one portion,
however, is well shown, this has a length of 105 mm., and its
greatest breadth 25 mm., so that the full width of the pen
must have been quite 50 mm.

Explanation of Plate A.

Geoteuthis agassizii, Deslongchamps.

Horizon : “ Fish-bed.” Upper Lias [Whitbian].

Hemera : Exarati.

Locality : Alderton Hill, Gloucestershire.

Collection : Cheltenham Town Museum.

Explanation of Plate B.

Teuthopsis brunelii, Deslongchamps.

Horizon : “ Fish-bed.’ Upper Lias [Whitbian],

Hemera : Exarati.

Locality : Alderton Hill, Gloucestershire.

Collection : Cheltenham Town Museum.

Plate A

Plate B.

VOL. XX. (3)

NOTES

257

NOTES.

Critical Plants Recently Identified (Gloucestershire).

Kind friends have recently named a number of critical specimens from
my herbarium. The Club will be glad of the more important records thus
obtained for Gloucestershire. Col. Wolley-Dod examined the Roses (from
6 or 7 counties) and found a large number of new records. Before giving
some of his results, I should like to quote parts of the letter he sent me when
he returned the specimens : “ I am very glad to have seen your Roses. I
have never seen so good a collection of specimens, i.e. good for identification.
. . . . Also I have seldom, I should say never, been so nearly in accord with
all the names suggested. . . . Where I have changed a name the change in
most cases is not an important one. Day [Mr. E. M. Day of Rowan Cottage,
Minchinhampton, who has sent me a large number of sheets, generally with
a name suggested] seems to be quite a sound man. . . . Your collection

has given me 33 new v.c. records as well as 10 doubtful ones, new, that is
to my list, since I only include those of specimens I have seen myself. . . .

v.c. 33, 11 new records and 3 doubtful, v.c. 34, 9 and 4 ? ”

R. omissa Desegl, Foston’s Ash and Toadsmoor Woods ; R. tomentosa Sm.
var. confusa (Pug.), Cirencester Park ; R, micrantha Sm., Cooper's Hill and
Beaumonts Hay ; its var. trichocarpa Rouy, Slad Valley and Toadsmoor
Woods ; a pink-flowered form of R. tomentella Lem. var. Carionii (Desegl.
and Gill.), Pope's Wood, Cranham ; var. decipiens Dum., Puckham Scrubs ;
R. dumalis Bechst., and R. Lemaitrei Rip., near Cranham ; R. eriostyla Rip.,
Hempstead ; R. senticosa Ach., Coombe Hill Canal ; R. mucronulata Desegl.,
Kempsford ; R. transitoria R. Kell., Crickley Hill ; R. lutetiana Lem. var.
nemophila (Desegl. and Ozan.), Arlingham ; R. Reuteri Godr. var. fugax
(Gren.), Coombe Hill Canal ; R. arvensis L. var. gallicoides Desegl., Cooper's
Hill. All the above are from East Gloucester. From West Gloucester we
have the follow lag : R. omissa Desegl., Tidenham Chase ; R. tomentosa Sm.,
Tidenham Chase and Amberley ; R. Lemaitrei Rip., Minchinhampton Common ;
R. mucronulata Desegl., Amberley ; R. senticosa Ach., Nailsworth ; R. dumalis
Bechst., Amberley and Tidenham Chase ; R. verticillacantha Mer., Hampton
Common ; R. Rousselii Rip., Amberley ; R. transitoria R. Kell., Tutshill ;
R. sphceroidea Rip., Westbury ; R. syntrichostyla Rip., Ruardean ; R. dume-
torum Thuill. var. incerta Desegl., Tidenham Chase, Micheldean and Ruardean ;
var . sphcerocarpa (Rip.), Ruardean and subvar. urbica Chr., Tidenham Chase
and Nailsworth ; R. Reuteri Godr., Micheldean, its var. subcristata Baker,
Minchinhampton ; R. tomentella Lem., var. Carionii (Desegl. and Gill.),
Minchinhampton ; R. systyla Bast., and its f. leucochroa (Desv.), Nailsworth ;
R. arvensis L. f. scabra Baker, Coldwell Rocks.

If any collectors are moved by this imposing list to send roses to me for

258

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

identification, please let them kindly note that the best time for gathering is
middle of August to mid-September, when fruit is in good and characteristic
condition. A specimen should always have several flowering shoots cut with
the stem from which they spring.

Mr. Bennett of Croydon has kindly looked through Callitriche, Potamogeton
and Carex sheets. Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall, is in both East and West
Gloucester ; so is C. hamulata Kuetz. But the great prize is the rare
C. polymorpha Linnr., which I found in the neighbourhood of Mickleton in
1909, and never seriously examined till a few weeks ago. My naming is accepted
by Mr. Bennett. C. polymorpha is by some botanists supposed to be a hybrid
between stagnalis and hamulata. Of Potamogetons I have P. Friesii Rupr.
from Soudley, Eastington, Chalford and the canal frequently, the brick pits
at Walham near Gloucester, and the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal near the
Junction ; P. crispus L. f. planifolius Meyer from Walham ; probable hybrid
P. Friesii x pusillus = P. pusilliformis Huys from the Stroudwater Canal
(v.c. 34) ; P. flabellatus Bab., brick pits at Sandhurst, the River Leadon ;
P. pectinatus L. Walham, Gloucester and Berkeley Canal near Gloucester,
Tewkesbury, Gloucester timber pool, and Siddington ; P. polygonifolius Pourr.,
from Lower Lemington, v.c. 33.

One or two important Carex records come next : C. Paircei F. Schultz —
muricata L., withy beds above Gloucester v.c. 33 ; C. Leersii F. Schultz,
Hayley Wood v.c. 33 and Nailsworth v.c. 34 ; C. gracilis Curt. var. personata
Fr. and var. prolixa (Fr.), Maisemore Ham v.c. 33 ; C. flacca Schreb. var.
aggregata Reich., Churchdown to Hucclecote v.c. 33 ; C. near binervis and
distans, but neither of the two, Cirencester ; C.dista'ns L. about Cheltenham,
canal at Framilode, and Lancaut ; C. binervis Sm. , Todenham and Cinderford ;
C. lepidocarpa auct. angl. (? Tausch.), Naunton Seven Springs ; C.a cutiformis
Ehrh., var. Kochiana (D.C.) Dymock ; and Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf.,
withy beds above Gloucester.

Mr. Bennett, unfortunately, was not so complimentary' to the specimens
as Col. Wolley-Dod was. It is worth while saying that Callitriche specimens
are of practically no use unless they have fruit, and they should be nicely
floated out on th£ sheet. But several of the Carex gracilis and other sheets
were so interesting that Mr. Bennett would like a further supply, which I
shall try to get for him.

H. J. Riddelsdell.

Bergholt,

Painswick Road,

Cheltenham,

March, 1921.

Dear Sir, — My attention has been called to a note in the 1919 Proceedings
of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club, p. 165, that the “ bird-name Kite
in local names may be referred to the Common “ Buzzard.” There is no
reason why this should be so, in fact the evidence points the other way. It
is true that one occasionally sees a Common Buzzard passing over the Cotswolds

VOL. XX. (3)

NOTES

259

nowadays, and that one never sees a Kite, but until about 1845 the Kite was
a common bird there. I have records of its having nested on those hills ever
since 1845, but in gradually decreasing numbers until about i860, when the
last nest appears to have been taken.

It has to be remembered that the Kite’s presence was obvious. It was
not a shy bird and somewhat retiring like the Buzzard, and would readily
come to farms to pick up chickens and offal, and its reddish colour as also its
conspicuous forked tail, would all cause the bird to be an unmistakable
object to inhabitants of the country-side.

As regards specific evidence on the presence of the Kite, this I have largely
obtained from the late Mr. J. T. White the famous taxidermist of Upper Bath
Road, Cheltenham. His father, Thomas White, was also a taxidermist, and
had much business brought to him from the country by farmers and game-
keepers, as the result of the advent of more shot guns and of closer game
preserving. He came himself of Cotswold yeoman stock — the Whites, who
gave their name to Whiteshill near Stroud. There is no question as to his
knowledge of the identity of a Kite. When this Thomas White was a young
man ihe died aged 58 in 1876), Ellis, the mill-keeper at Rendcombe, found
fifteen Kites close by, feeding on the carcase of a sheep, and he was able
eventually to shoot most of them. A year or so later Thomas White
assisted in taking the nest and eggs of a Kite at “ The Hewletts ” above
Cheltenham, and one of the parent birds was shot. J. L. Knapp in his
Journal of a Naturalist at Thornbury also relates how a gathering of several
Kites got killed, and points out the specific difference between a Kite and a
Buzzard when flying away.

It will be seen, therefore, that it is only reasonable to suppose that the
bird-name Kite in local names should be referred to the Kite, and it would
be interesting to collect all such local names. There are one or two “ Kites-
hills ” in the county besides “ Kite’s Nest.” As a matter of fact, Thomas
White used to mention that “ Kite’s Nest ” near Stroud obtained its name
from the large number of Kites that used to breed all round those steeply-cleft
hills. He considered them commoner than Kestrels in the forties, and stated
that they were the regular consumers of dead sheep on the Cotswolds. The
sheep would undoubtedly have been a great attraction. From reports from
another source (through Mr. A. T. Playne) I have heard that the Nailsworth
district also proved an attraction for the bird.

This letter is written not for the sake of argument, but because it seems a
pity that future generations looking back into the remote past should not be
able to picture the Cotswolds with its true bird inhabitants and all their
romance and dignity. It would be equally a pity to say that Ravensgate
Common, Ravenswell Farm and other such places took their names from
carrion Crows, because the Raven is now extinct in this country.

Yours faithfully,

Wm. Lock Mellersh,

Author of a Treatise on the Birds of Glos.

260

PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB

1920

The Hon. Secretary,

Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club.

The Cheltenham Museum has recently been enriched by the collection of
Gloucestershire Mosses made by Mr. H. H. Knight, M.A., a labour of love
spread over a period of twenty years.

The collection is beautifully mounted on cards and preserved in fascicles,,
and is arranged according to the latest classification, with the locality and
date carefully noted. It includes 876 specimens in 9 fascicles, some 664 being
devoted to the Mosses and the remainder to the Hepatics.

Mr. Knight, who enjoys more than a local reputation as a cryptogamic
botanist, still hopes to add a few more specimens, though the collection verges
on completion.

A few years back he assisted Mr. Fletcher in the collecting and arranging
of the Herbarium which is also in the Museum.

INDEX

A chillca ptarmica, 66.

Advowson, 52, 54

Aigues Mortes, 174

Alderton, 253

Alicidaria sp., 227

Althcea officinalis, 65

Anagallis tenella, 66

Andoversford, 175

Aneura sp., 225, 226

Anemone pulsatilla, 180

Anthoceros sp., 234

Anthriscus sylvestris, 65

Aplozia sp., 227, 228

Ashleworth, 34, 41, 182

Aston (Somerville), 47, 50, 51, 52

Aston Ingham, 187, 199, 201

Astragalus Dranicus, 180

Atrypa reticularis, 204

Auld, Miss L. E., Election, 177

Austin, Roland, Hon. Secretary, 4

Azeca tridens, 145

Baddeley, W. St. Clair —

Re-election as President, 4, 69
Thanks of Club, 172
On Celtic Finds at Birdlip, 7, 21
Ancient Cirencester, 71, 85
Miserden and its Owners, 4, 45
Gloucestershire Glass House, 174
Roman-British Cemetery, 174
Pottery, Barnwood, 59, 62
Badgeworth, 33
Barnsley Manor, 54
Barnwood Gravel Pit, 7, 59, 62, 166,
173. 174

Barnett, J. W., elected Member, 8
Barrow, "Wagborough Bush, 182
Berkeley Parish Church, 79
Berkeley Castle, 79
Bibliography, Notes on Cotteswold-
Malvem Region, 132-41
Birds, Wild, in Painswick district, 165
Biss, I. J., Miss, Elected, 174
Blaisdon, 188, 201, 205, 210
Blaisdon Edge, 203
Blasia Pusilla, 226
Blepharostoma trichophyllum , 232
Blysmus compressus, 65

261

Bodvoc, 87

Booth, C. R., Election, 174
Boring at Shipton Moyne, 13 1
Botanical Notes, J. W. Haines and
H. H. Knight, 65
Botanical Guide, Buckman, 164
Botany, Environs of Cheltenham,
Buckman, 162
Valley of Windrush, 180
Bowl, Samian Ware, Barnwood, 62
Bowls, Bronze, 24
Bowley, C., 70
Batrachedra Pinicolella, 235
Bretherton, F. H., 3, 72
Brets-Moreton, (Birts-Moreton), 50
Bridges, C., Election, 72
Bright’s Hill, 188, 193, 195, 197
Brimpsfield, 46, 56
Brookthorpe, 11
Broomhill Wood, 193, 197
Bucculce, 23

Bucculatrix thoracella, 236
Burial Ground, Romano-British, by
Roland Austin, 59
Bushley, Sand Pit, Pull Court, 117
Butt, Rev. W., 3

Callaway, C., 190, 191, 192, 193
Calluna sp., 180
Callitriche polymorpha, 258
Caltha palustris, 65
Calymene papillata, 214, 221
Calymene intermedia, 224
Calypogeia sp., 231
Camarot nuculce, 196
Candlestick, mediaeval, Hayles, 5
Carex sp., 258
Car ex dioica, 180
Carex tomentosa, 66, 161
Carles, W. R., 69, 71, 72, 171
Carum bulbocastanum, 67
Casey Compton, 76
Cattivallauni, 87
Cecilia, Duchess of York, 54
Celtic Finds, 1879, Crichley Hill, by
W. St. Clair Baddeley, 21
Cephalopoda, Dibranchiate, Upper
Lias, by G. C. Crick, 249

/

INDEX

262

Cephalogia s.p., 230
Cephaloziella, 224, 230
Chauliodus Illigerella, 236
Ched worth Church, 74
Villa, 75

Chesterton, 47, 53
Chertsey Tiles, 5
Chiloscyphus s.p., 229
Chonetes ceratoides, 214
Striatella, 206
Chrysomyxa PyrolcB, 67
Cirencester, Ancient, by W. St. Clair
Baddeley, 71, 85
Clausilia bidcntata, 145
Clee Hill Stone, 32
Clifford's Mesne, 189, 21 1
Clifford, Mrs., 73

Clifford, Mrs. L. M., Election, 173
Clutterbuck, C. G., 6, 7, 73, 235
Notes on Additions to Gloucester-
shire Lepidoptera, 173
Coelospira hemispherica, 213
Coleophora murinipennella , 235
Coley, S. J., 3
Cololejeunea sp., 233
Conocephalum conicum, 225
Cornavii, 86
Coronilla varia, 66
Cotteswold Club —

Annual Meetings, 3, 69, 171
Field Meetings (for list see infra
Field Meetings), 74-83, 175-S3
Financial Statement, 1918, 9

1919, 84

1920, 184

Members, Election of 8, 72, 76, 78,
79. 83, 173. 174. 177. 178, 179, 182
List of, vi., xi.

Members of Council, Election of, 4,
70, 171

Officers, 2, iv., ix.

President, Election of, 3, 69, 171
Presidential Addresses, 4, 85, 185
Presidents, List of, v., x.
Publication Committee, iv., ix.
Secretaries, v., x.

Trustees of Club, 172
Vice-Presidents, Election of, 4, 70,
171

Winter Meetings, 6-8, 72-3, 173-4.
Cratesgus oxyacanlhoides, 180
Cretaceous material, Stour-Evenlode
Watershed and Avon Valley, 114
Cretaceous strata, Cotteswold-Malvem
Region, 106
Crick, G. C. —

Nautilus Pseudotruncatus, 245
Dibranchiate Cephalopoda, 249
Crickley Hill, Celtic Find, 21

Crooke, W., 3
Croydon, Castle of, 88
Crustacea, Remains in Inferior Oolite
of Macrourous and Brachyurous,
by L. Richardson, 243
Cud Hill, 178
Cullis, F. J. —

The Field of the Cotteswolds and
the Field of the Naturalist, 73, 147
Culpepper, Walter, 56
Cuscnta auropcea, 65
Cyaniris argoluis, 6
Cyprina islandica, 116

Darwin, Sir Francis —

Cold Spring of 1917 on Flowering
of Plants, 6-1 1

Method of Studying Stomata of
Plants, 73
Debenham, F., 241
De Bohun, 49
De Burghs, 50
De Cardonvilles, 51
De Monchensi family, 46
Deposits, local, Cotteswold-Malvem
Region, 103

Dicranella cerviculata, 67
Dicranum strictum, 67
Diplophyllum albicans, 232
Director, Hon., 70
Dobuni, 28, 86

Dog’s Mercury, early bloom, 5
Down Hatherley, 34, 41
Downton Sandstone —

Clifford’s Mesne Section, 209
Blaisdon Section, 209
Downton Castle Sandstone, 186, 208
Dowse, Lieut.-Col., Election, 72
Drift, on Cots wolds, 181
Severn Valley, 183
Drosera rotnndifolia, 65
Dryadaula pactolia, 235
Ducie, Earl of, 70
Duntesbourne, 51
Duro-Cornovium, 88
Dursley Church, 76
Cross, 199

Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of
Kent, 53

Edward, Earl of Kent, 46
Effect of Cold Spring of 1917 on
Flowering of Plants, by Sir Francis
Darwin, 6— 11

Effigy of an Abbot at Wanswell, 167
Ellis, T. S., 182

Encaustic Tiles of Hayles Abbey, by
W. St. Clair Baddeley, 4
Embrey, G., 7, 29, 73

INDEX

263

Enophorum lati folium, 180
Ephippiphora turbidana, 235
Epipactis palustris, 66
Eriophorum latifolium, 66
Erratics, from northern sources, 183
Eryma sp., 243, 244
Eucalyx hyalinus, 227
Eucrinurus punctatus, 214
Eupaecilici manniana, 236
flaviciliana, 236
Euryptents sp., 209
Eyeford, 47, 50, 51

Fibula, 25

Field of the Cotteswolds and Field
of the Naturalist (The), by F. J.
Cullis, 73, 147
Field Meetings —

Andoversford, 175
Ashleworth, 182, 183
Berkeley, 79

Bourton-on-the-Water, 179-82.
Chedworth, 74-6
Dursley, 76-8
Longhope, 78-9
May Hill, 178
Painswick, 178
Finlay, D. E., 73

Appointed Secretary, 172
Fitz-John, Pain, 46
Flaxley, 189, 203, 207, 210
Flint, Black, 105

Flints, Compton Scorpion and Aston
Magna, 239

Flaking and Pitting, Schweinfurth,
Rutot, 240

Flint Implements, Robinswood Hill, 7
taken by Wilson on Scott’s Expe-
dition to Antarctic, 174, 239
Surfaces, Notes on the Flaking and
Pitting of, 239

Flora, County, by H. J. Riddelsdell,
168, 173
Forest Beds, 32

Marble, Farley Down, 152, 158
Fossombroniasp., /2.'z~i
Fullers’ Earth, Farley Down, 155, 158
France, Odd Corner of, by E. B.
Jeune, 174

Freeth, J. P., Lieut.-Col., Elected
member, 8

Fritillaria meleagris, 66
Fritillaria sp., 234
Fyffe, G. J., Elected, 179

Gardiner, C. I., President, 171
Gardiner, C. I., Silurian Rocks of May
Hill, 185
C. I., 6, 72

Gee, H., Very Rev. the Dean of
Gloucester, Elected, 69
Geotuthis, Munster, 250

agassizii, Deslongchamps, 251
Giffards, 46
Gilbert de Laci, 49
Glass House of Sixteenth Century,
Gloucestershire, by W. St. Clair
Baddeley, 174

Glasshouse Hill, 187, 200, 202
Gloucester City, Surface waters, 35,
4B 42

Spa, 31, 39, 40
Gorin’s Hole, 181
Graptolithus ludense, 214
Gray, J. W., Director, 70
8, 71, 182, 239

Notes on the Flaking and Pitting
of Flint Surfaces, 239
Notes on the Quaternary Period in
the Cotteswolds-Malvern Region,
99

Green-Hampstead, 45
Guise, Sir Anselm, Election, 177
Gymnocolea inflata, 228
Gymnosporangium clavariac forme, 66

Habenaria conopsea, 66
Haines, J. W., 65, 75

Early Dog’s Mercury bloom, 5
Halysites catenularia, 204
Handbuch der Regionalen Geologia,

7°

Harescombe, 49

Hascoit (Hascoed) Le Musarder, 45
II., 48
Hasculf, 49
Hasteng, Astorp, 48
Hay Farm, 199

Hayward, G. H. Simpson, Election,
177

Hellicella cantiana, 144

Hellicella hispida, 143

Helix nemoralis, 144

Hepatics of Gloucestershire, by H. H.

Knight, 173, 228
Hempstead, 32, 40
Heracleum sphondylium, 65
Herminium monorchis , 65
Hobard-Bird, W., Election, 78
Hobbs’ Ridge, 203
Holliday, Miss E., Election, 177
Holloway, H. W., Election 8
Hottonia palustris, 65
Hugh le Despenser, 46, 52, 53
Huntley Hill, 187, 188, 189, 195
Hurry, A. E., 6, 8
Hutton, Miss Mary, Election, 182

264

INDEX

Hynkershill, 51
Hypnurn cordifolium, 68

Jackson, Mrs. W. G., Election, 177
Jamesoniella subapicalis , 228
Jenkins, Dr. W. O., 7
Jeminghams, 56

Jeune, E. B., “ An Odd Corner of
France,” 174

Jones, J. H., Re-elected Hon.

Treasurer, 4
Juncus acutus, 7
Jurassic gravels, 103, 104

Kingston, Sir William. 54, 56, 57.
Knight, H. H., Hepatics of Glouces-
tershire, 173
H. H„ 65

Kite, Notes by W. L. Mellersh, 258
Knautia arvensis, 65

Ladies, Attendance at Field Meeting,
178

“ Laines ” 74
Lanthony Abbey, 49
Laverna conturbatella, 236
“ Law Ditch,” 94
Lechlade, 54

Leioptilus brachydachtylus, 236
Lejeunea cavifolia, 233
Leonurus cardiaca, 65
Lepidium latifolium , 65
Lepidoptera, Additional Gloucester-
shire, by C. Granville Clutter-
buck, 235

Lcpidozia sp., 223, 231
Leptodontium flexifolium, 68
Leptodontium gemmascens , 67
Lias, Upper, Farley Down, 159
Lidias Maia, 6
Lichas sp., 217, 219
Linmtea auricularia , 145
Linaria repens, 66
Lingula cornea, 207, 210
Lister Combe, 74
Little London, 199
Llandovery Beds, 187, 195

Beds, May Hill, List of Fossils, 215
Llandrindod Wells, 31, 38, 39
Lobesia permixtana, 236
Longchamp, Isabel de, 50
Longhope, 78
Lophocolea sp., 229
Lophozia sp., 228, 229
Ludlow Beds, 186, 205

May Hill, List of Fossils, 218
Fossils at Blaisdon, 205

near Longhope Church, 207

Lunnington, 47
Lunularia crucxata, 225
Lypiatt, 57, 58

Madotheca sp., 233
Maltby, M., Election, 83
Malvern, Drift pebbles, etc., no
Mappa Mundi, copy of, exhibited, 6
Marchaniia polymorpha, 225
Marling, Sir W., 70
S. S„ 3

Marmont, Basil P., Election, 7
Marsupella emarginata, 227
Marrubium vulgare, 65
May Hill, 178
Medicago falcata, 66
Mellersh, W. L., 259
Melissa officinalis, 66
Mendips, 192
Menyanthes sp., 180
Metrzgeria sp., 226
Microlejeunea ulicina, 233
Micropteryx unimaculella, 235
Mineral Waters in and near Gloucester,
by G. Embrey, 7, 29
Analysis, 39, 43
derivation of salts, 36
Matson, 36, 43
Mirrors, metal, 8, 27
Miserden and its owners, by W. St.
Clair Baddeley, 45
estate, 53

Mollusca, Land and Fresh-water, of
Gloucestershire, by C. Upton, 143
Morianic Drifts, Lower Severn Valley,
116

Morrison, A., Election, 78
Mosses, Gloucestershire, in Chelten-
ham Museum, 260
Musards, 45, 47, 48, 49
Myosurus minimus, 66

Nannodia Hermannella, 236
Nautilus Pseudotruncatus N. Sp. from
Liassic Rocks of England, by late
G. C. Crick, 245
Necklet, 26
Nevill, John, 50
Newhouse Farm, 199
Nimes, 174

Nitrogen, the Destroyer and Pre-
server of Life, by C. I. Gardiner,
72

Norris, H. E., 6

Notes on Cotteswold-Malvern Region
during the Quaternary Period,
by J. W. Gray, 99
Nottswood Hill, 188, 195, 197

INDEX

265

Obituary —

Archdeacon Scobell, 3
Rev. Walter Butt, 3
H. W. Bruton, 174
Major Wendon, 3
Canon Mitchinson, 70
J. W. Skinner, 3
Odontoschisma sphagni, 231
Old Oak Farm, 197, 199
Old Red Sandstone, 186, 187, 210
Ononis spinosa, 180
Oolite Beds at Farley Down, 153, 155,
159

Oolite, Remains of Crustacea in
Inferior, of Stonesfield, Burton-
Bradstock, District, by L.
Richardson, 243

Oolite, Great, Farley Down, 152, 158
Orbiculoidea forbesi, 206
Orchis incar nata, 180
mascula, 65
praetermissa, 180
ustulata, 180
Orthis elegantula, 204
Orthoceras annulatum, 199
imbricatum, 206
Osella, 6

Owlpen, Old Manor House, 77
Oxenhall, 36, 44
Ozle worth Church, 76

Pachytheca sp., 2,09
Painswick, 50, 178
Palaeocyclus praeacutus, 213
“ Passage Beds,” Farley Down, 155,

158

Pearce, H. A., Election, 173
Pellia sp., 226
Pentamerus oblongus, 214
Phragmicona mackaii, 223, 233
Physa heterostropha, 146
Pilliner, F. F., Election, 72
Pinguicula sp . , 180
Pitchcombe, 50
Pisidium obtusale, 146
Plagiochila sp., 223, 229
Planorbis crista, 146
Plants, Flowering of, Table, 16, 20
The Method of Studying the
Stomata of, by Sir Francis
Darwin, 73

Critical, recently identified, by H. J.
Riddelsdell, Gloucestershire, 257
Platyschisma helicites, 209
Pleistocene Drift, Cotteswold-Malvern
Region, 122

Geology of Cotteswold-Malvern
Area, by J. W. Gray, 8
Man, Cotteswold-Malvern Region,

125

Pleuroschisma trilobatum, 231
Plusia pulchrina (with plate), 236
Poa palustris, 67
Polypidium calcareum, 180
Potamogeton sp., 258
Potentilla norvegica, 66
Pottery, Barnwood, by W. St. Clair
Baddeley, 59
Prinknash House, 54
Prionolobus turneri, 231
Prosopon richardsoni, 243
Primus avium, 13
Ptilidium ciliare, 232
Puccinia bulbocastani, 67
thesii, 67

Quainton, 47
Quartzose Pebbles, 107
Quenington, 47, 53

Radioactive bodies in Mineral Waters,
3i

Ranunculus fcaria, 12
Reboulia hcmisphaerica, 225
Recent Changes, Cotteswold-Malvern
Region, 126

Reed, F. R. Cowper, Two Trilobites,
219

Reliquary, Spanish crystal, 6
Reynardson, H. F. B., Election, 173
Rhodesia, Archaeological Problems of
Pre-Historic, by Dr. W. O.
Jenkins, 7

Riccia sp., 223, 224, 225
Richardson, L., Presentation, 71, 72
Handbuck der Regionalen Geologie,
70

Election to Committee, 4
Deep Boring at Shipton Moyne, 15 1
Crustacea, Inferior Oolite, 243
Andoversford Meeting, 175
Riddelsdell, H. J., 179
Carex Tomentosa, 161
County Flora, 168, 173
Critical Plants, 257
Rings, 26

Rock Farm Fault, 188, 193, 199, 201,
203

Rocks, Principal, in superficial
deposit, Cotteswold-Malvern
Region, 100
Rule 9, suspension, 69
Rules, revised, 171

Saccogyna viiiculosa, 223, 230
Sagina nodosa, 180
Saintbury, 47

Salts of medicinal value, 30
Sanders, T. E., Election, 178

266

INDEX

Sandys, Sir Edward Baynton, 58
Sir William, 55
Saponaria vaccaria, 66
Sawyer, J., 7

Scapania sp., 223, 232, 233
Scirpus holoschasnus, 7
Senecio integrifolins, 180
Serratula sp., 180
Severn Barrier, 119
Sevenhampton, 176, 177, 178
Seven Springs Bog, 180
Seynesbury Manor, 51, 52
Sezincote, 47

Shakespeare Inn, Gloucester, 32
Showell, C., Election, 79
Siddington, 47, 50, 51, 54
Silures, 87

Silurian Rocks of May Hill, by C. I.
Gardiner, 172, 185
Beds, May Hill, Table showing
maximum thickness, 212
Rocks, Longhope, 78
Skull, Romano-British, 21
Smith, G. M., Election, 8
T. Graves, Election, 78
Sophronia semicostella, 236
Sphaerium corneum var. firmum, 144
pallidum, 146
rivicola, 146

Sphaerocarpus sp., 223, 224
Sphenolobus exsectiformis, 229
Spindle whorl, Rodmarton, 5
Spiraea filipendeiila, 180
Spiranthcs autumnalis, 12
Staveleigh, 47, 51
Stellaria holostea, 66
paluslris, 187

Stigmonota p alii front ana, 235
Stonesfield Slates, 176
Stricklandinia lirata, 213
Stropheodonta sp., 213, 214
Sudgrove, 49
Survey Memoirs, 166
Syreford, 175

Tangley, Drift pebbles at, 108
Teme, River, in
Terry, H. Cairns, Election, 83
Teuthopsis Deslongchamps , 253

Thesium humifusum , 67
Thlaspi perfoliatum , 180
Thompson, W., 3
Tiles, Miserden, 56
Town Ham, Gloucester, 32, 40
Tortworth, 192
Trias, 188, 189
Trichocolea tomentella, 232
Tump, Hetty Pegler’s, 77
Tunbridge, E. W., Election, 182
Turner, Augustus, Election, 177
Tweezers, 26

Ultra-Microscope and its relation to
the Colloidal State of Matter, by
G. Embrey, 73
Upton, C., 72

Further Notes on Land and Fresh
Water Mollusca of Gloucester-
shire, 143

Painswick Meeting, 178

Valvata piscinalis var. obtusa, 144
Vertigo minutissima, 145
Vessel, Cooking, Romano-British, 73
Viola tricolor, 7
Vitrea sp., 143, 144

Webb’s Pit, 247

Wenlock Limestone, 187, 202

May Hill, List of Fossils, 216, 217
Wenlock Shales, 187, 200, 221

May Hill, List of Fossils, 215, 216
Whittington, 175
Williamthorp, 51
Witts, Capt. N., 56
Wilson, Carus, 240
E. A., 241

Winnington-Ingram, Rev. A. R., 69
Winter Meetings, 72-3, 173-4
Winwood, Rev. H. H., 3
Wodesthorp, 51
Woolhope Limestone, 187, 198
Wootton, R. G., Election, 83
Wye, River, Hepaticae, 223
Wyshanger, 47, 55

Yartleton Beds, 187, 197
Sandstone, Analysis, 198

VOL. XX.

PART I.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

<£ottestoolti ^Taturaltsts’

FIELD CLUB

FOR

igi8

Edited by the HONORARY SECRETARY
[With 4 Plates]

BRISTOL

Printed for the Club by J. W. ARROWSMITH LTD.
1919

MEMBERSHIP.

The objects of the Club are to promote the systematic investigation of
the Natural History and Antiquities of the County ; to make excursions in
the County and to other parts ; to facilitate intercourse on scientific matters,
and to aid in obtaining more general attention for the objects of Science. -

Candidates for election must be nominated by two Members, one of whom
must have personal knowledge of the Candidate. The Admission Fee is £1 ;
and the Annual Subscription is 15s.

Winter Meetings are held at Gloucester, and there are frequent Field
Meetings. Proceedings are published annually.

Forms of proposal for Membership and any further information may be
obtained on application to the Honorary Secretary, Roland Austin,
38 Brunswick Road, Gloucester.

LIBRARY.

The Library of the Club is housed at the Public Library, Gloucester, which
is open daily from 9 a.m. till 8.30 p.m. (except Sundays, Bank Holidays,
Wednesdays 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. only). Correspondence should be addressed to
Roland Austin, Librarian to the Club.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Subscriptions (15s., due 1st January each year) should be sent to the
Honorary Treasurer, J. H. Jones, Eldon Chambers, Gloucester.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Publications of the Club can be obtained by Members on application
to the Hon. Librarian (Roland Austin, Public Library, Gloucester).

Lists of Societies exchanging Publications, and of Transactions of other
Societies, etc., in the Club’s Library, and the Rules of the Club, will be found
printed on pp. viii.-xii. of Part I., Vol. XIX. of the Proceedings.

CONTENTS

Page

List of Council and Officers . . . . . . . . ii

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 15th, 1918 3

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . . . 6

Financial Statement, 1918 . . . . . . . . 9

PAPERS PUBLISHED.

The Effect of the Cold Spring of 1917 on the Flowering

of Plants, by Sir Francis Darwin, F.R.S.. . . . 11

The Crickley Hill (Birdlip) late Celtic Finds of 1879, by

the President, (Plate I.) . . ... . . . . 21

Mineral Waters in and near Gloucester, with some
suggestions as to how the important constituents
have been formed, by George Embrey, F.I.C. . . 29

Miserden and its Owners, by the President . . . . 45

Notes on a Romano-British Burial-Ground ( Sepulcretum )
at Barnwood, near Gloucester, by Roland Austin,
with Note on Pottery found there, by the
President (Plates II.-IV.) . . . . . . . . 59

Botanical Notes, 1918, by J. W. Haines and H. H.

Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

*** The Publication Committee’s decision as to the publication
of any paper is final, and the Committee will not be
able to consider any paper unless it is placed in the
Secretary’s hands within a month of its being read.

[The Editor of the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’
Field Club is directed to make it known to the Public that the
Authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained
in their respective Papers .]

VOL. XX.

PART II.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Cottestooltr l^aturaltsts’

FIELD CLUB

for 5) , O (c f 4 2 ■ ' .) C-

igig

l

Edited by the Honorary Secretary
[With Map and 2 Illustrations]

BRISTOL

Printed for the Club by J. W. ARROWSMITH LTD
1920

MEMBERSHIP.

The objects of the Club are to promote the systematic investigation of
the Natural History and Antiquities of the County ; to make excursions in
the County and to other parts ; to facilitate intercourse on scientific matters,
and to aid in obtaining more general attention for the objects of Science.

Candidates for election must be nominated by two Members, one of whom
must have personal knowledge of the Candidate. The Admission Fee is £1 ;
and the Annual Subscription is 15s.

Winter Meetings are held at Gloucester, and there are frequent Field
Meetings. Proceedings are published annually.

Forms of proposal for Membership and any further information may be
obtained on application to Dr. D. E. Finlay, “ Wells Dene,” Park Road,
Gloucester, who has undertaken (from January, 1920) the office of Honorary
Secretary.

LIBRARY.

The Library of the Club is housed at the Public Library, Gloucester, which
is open daily from 9 a.m. till 8.30 p.m. (except Sundays, Bank Holidays,
Wednesdays 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. only). Correspondence should be addressed to
Roland Austin, Librarian to the Club.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Subscriptions (15s. due 1st January each year) should be sent to the
Honorary Treasurer, J. H. Jones, Eldon Chambers, Gloucester.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Publications of the Club can be obtained by Members on application
to the Hon. Librarian (Roland Austin, Public Library, Gloucester).

Lists of Societies exchanging Publications, and of Transactions of other
Societies, etc., in the Club's Library, and the Rules of the Club (which are now
under revision), will be found printed on pp. viii.-xii.of Part I., Vol. XIX. of

the Proceedings.

CONTENTS

Page

List of Council and Officers . . . . . . . j iv

List of Members . . . . . . . . . . . . v-viii

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 2ist, 1919 69

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . 72

Reports of Field Meetings . . . . . . . . 74

Financial Statement, 1919 . . . . . . . . 84

PAPERS.

Ancient Cirencester, by the President . . . . . . 85

Notes on the Quaternary Period in the Cotteswold-

Malvern Region, by J. W. Gray, F.G.S. With Map 99

Further notes on the Land and Fresh- water Mollusca of

Gloucestershire, by Charles Upton . . . . . . 143

The Field of the Cotteswolds and the Field of the

Naturalist, by Frederick John Cullis. [Abstract.] . . 147

Another Deep Boring at Shipton Moyne, near Tetbury,

Gloucestershire, by L. Richardson, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. 151

NOTES.

Carex Tomenlosa, by H. J. Riddelsdell . . . . . . . . . . 161

Buckman’s “ Botany of the Environs of Cheltenham,” by H. J.

Riddelsdell. Supplementary note, by Roland Austin . . . . 162

Wild Birds observed in Painswick district, 1919, by the President . . 165

Barn wood Gravel Pits, by the President . . . . . . . . 166

Survey Memoirs, by Roland Austin . . . . . . . . . . 166

A find at Wanswell, by the President . . . . . . . . . . 167

The County Flora, by H. J. Riddelsdell . . . . . . . . 168

[The Editor of the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’
Field Club is directed to make it known to the Public that the
Authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained
in their respective Papers.}

VOL. XX.

PART III.

PROCEEDINGS

G. o x

OF THE

M-l_

CottcstooH) Naturalists

FIELD CLUB

FOR

1920

Edited by the Honorary Secretary

BRISTOL

Printed for the Club by J. W. ARROWSMITH LTD.
1921

MEMBERSHIP.

The objects of the Club are to promote the systematic investigation of
the Natural History and Antiquities of the County ; to make excursions in
the County and to other parts ; to facilitate intercourse on scientific matters,
and to aid in obtaining more general attention for the objects of Science.

Candidates for election must be nominated by two Members, one of whom
must have personal knowledge of the Candidate. The Admission Fee is £i ;
and the Annual Subscription is 15s.

Winter Meetings are held at Gloucester, and there are frequent Field
Meetings. Proceedings are published annually.

Forms of proposal for Membership and any further information may be
obtained on application to Dr. D. E. Finlay, “ Wells Dene,” Park Road,
Gloucester.

LIBRARY.

The Library of the Club is housed at the Public Library, Gloucester, which
is open daily from 9 a.m. till 8.30 p.m. (except Sundays, Bank Holidays,
Wednesdays 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. only). Correspondence should be addressed to
Roland Austin, Librarian to the Club.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Subscriptions (15s. due 1st January each year) should be sent to the
Honorary Treasurer, J. H. Jones, Eldon Chambers, Gloucester.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Publications of the Club can be obtained by Members on application
to the Hon. Librarian (Roland Austin, Public Library, Gloucester).

Lists of Transactions of other Societies, etc., in the Club’s Library will be
found printed on pp. viii.-xii.of Part I., Vol. XIX. of the Proceedings.

LIST OF SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, &c.,

To whom Copies of the Club’s Publications are presented.

An asterisk denotes those from whom publications are received in exchange.

All publications sent in exchange should be addressed to the Librarian, Cotteswold
Club, Public Library, Gloucester.

* The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, 77th Street

and 8th Avenue, New York City, U.S. America, c /o Messrs. Wesley and Son,
28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.

The Bodleian Library, Bodley’s Librarian, Oxford.

* Bournemouth Natural Science Society, c jo Hon. Secretary, " San Remo,”

Boscombe, Bournemouth.

* The Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, The Librarian,

Public Library, Gloucester.

* The Bristol Naturalists’ Society, c /o Librarian, 20 Berkeley Square, Clifton.
The British Museum (Natural History), The Librarian, Cromwell Road,

London, W.

The British Museum (Copyright Office), London, W.C.

The British Association, The Secretary, Burlington House, London, W.

The Cambridge University Library, c /o The Librarian, Cambridge.

* The Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, c /o The Hon. Librarian, 98 Bute Street,

Cardiff.

The Geological Society, c /o The Librarian, Burlington House, Piccadilly,
London, W.

* The Geological Survey, c /o The Librarian, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.

* The Geologists’ Association, c /o The Librarian, University College, Gower

Street, London, W.C.

* The Glasgow Geological Society, c /o The Librarian, 207 Bath Street, Glasgow
The Gloucester Municipal Library, Brunswick Road, Gloucester.

* The Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, J. H. Cope,

Finchampstead Place, Berkshire.

The Library, County Education Office, Shire Hall, Gloucester.

The National Library of Wales, c /o The Librarian, Aberystwyth.

* The North Staffordshire Field Club, c/o W. Wells-Bladen, Stone, Stafford-

shire.

The Royal Society, c /o The Librarian, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.

The Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C., U.S. America), c/o Messrs.
Wesley and Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.

* The U.S. Geological Survey (Washington, D.C., U.S. America), c/o Messrs

Wesley and Son, 28 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.

* The Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society, The Museum,

Devizes.

* The Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club, c/o Hon. Librarian, Woolhope

Club, Public Library, Hereford.

CONTENTS

Page

List of Council and Members . . . . . . . . iv

Proceedings at the Annual Meeting, January 27th, 1920 171

Proceedings at the Ordinary Winter Meetings . . 173

Reports of Field Meetings . . . . . . . . 175

Financial Statement, 1920 . . . . . . . . 184

PAPERS.

The Silurian Rocks of May Hill, by C. I. Gardiner, M.A.,

F.G.S. With an Appendix on two Trilobites, by
Dr. F. R. Cowper Reed, M.A., D.Sc. . . . . 185

The Hepatics of Gloucestershire, by H. H. Knight, M.A. 223

Additional Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, by C. Granville

Clutterbuck, F.E.S. . . . . . . . . . . 235

Notes on the Flaking and Pitting of Flint Surfaces,

communicated by J. W. Gray, F.G.S. . . . . 239

Remains of Macrourous and Brachyurous Crustacea in
the Inferior Oolite of the Stonesfield (Oxon.)-
Burton-Bradstock (Dorset) District, by L.
Richardson . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

On Nautilus Pseudotruncatus n. sp., from the Liassic

Rocks of England, by the late G. C. Crick, F.G.S. . . 245

On some Dibranchiate Cephalopoda from the Upper
Lias of Gloucestershire, by the late G. C. Crick,

F.G.S 249

NOTES.

Critical Plants recently identified, by H. J. Riddelsdell. . . . . . 257

The presence of the Kite in the Cotswold Area, by W. L. Mellersh . . 258

Collection of Mosses, by H. H. Knight, M.A., in Cheltenham Museum. . 260

[ The Editor of the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’
Field Club is directed to make it known to the Public that the
Authors alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained
in their respextive Papers.]

I