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IBRARY OF THE ase244 UNITED SPATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ge 5 LZ DARIN SAIN Book ie 6 oO, NS. f tx ¢ WES DEPART Vi NG OF INCISIVE IM UNRI 2, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 60. L.O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Yl Cy aes , 2 Ty Le) v, Py ly. i Pars, elie eng 1) LO . OCF PROC EMIDINGS 3») % 4. S : “¢ C Sey, / OF THE EIGHTEEN TH ANNUAL MEETING OR LEK ASSICINTION OF BCONOMIC EXTOMOLOGISTS IssuED SEPTEMBER 22, 1906. ANA “atl k Uys WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. IOC. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Unirep States DerarTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Enromoroey, Washington, D. C., May 8, 1906. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscripts of the proceedings of the eighteenth annual meeting of the Associa- tion of Economic Entomologists, which was held at New Orleans, La., January 1 to 4, 1906. As the papers presented at the meetings of this association are of very considerable economic importance and as the reports of the secretaries of these meetings have hitherto been ~ published by the Department of Agriculture as bulletins, I recom- mend the publication of the present report as Bulletin No. 60 of this Bureau. Respectfully, C. L. Maruart, Acting Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WItson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTO- MO OGISTS. The Scope and Status of Economic Entomology -------------- HA. Garman_- Repont of CommuitteeronsNomenclavumees = eee 2) 58822 a- ee Report of Committee on Cooperative Testing of Insecticides_.__-_.-_-__-_- The Problem of Wing Origin and its Significance in Insect Phylogeny,¢ Herbert Osborn_- Preliminary Observations on the Variations of Utetheisa venusta, Mel. T. Cook... the Corn Root-Aphis and its Attendant Ant__.______.__...-S. A. Forbes_- Observations upon the Migrating, Feeding, and Nesting Habits of the Fall N\ebwwormainCeijpivan Uni CUuItea, a= 2542_- a=! en eee III. Laboratory methods in the cotton boll weevil investigations: <> CO Fig. 5.—Camera stand designed for both horizontal and ver- 112 tical work. Fig. 6.—Arrangement used in securing b'ack ~ backgrounds with camera horizontal. Fig. 7.—Chart making with stereopticon for projecting image. Fig. 8.—Chart made from negative image projected by electric light through copy- TNS CAMOT A 28: AEA Fe eee ee 2 ee TEXT FIGURES. . Cicada erratica: Adult female, and male and female details__. ____ Cicada erratica: Dees andsess jpuncluUresG se = = . Area in Louisiana infested by Anthonomus grandis in December, L903 cand*ine December, 1.904 sees Se ee eee . Area in Louisiana infested by Anthonomus grandis in July, 1905 _- . Area in Louisiana infested by Anthonomus grandis in December, 1905) 2s Fee as pee cede ee rene ar men eg eae Se . Podisus maculiventris: Variation of adults in form and size—par- ents and progeny 22-2. 2) Js ee a ee . Schizoneura fodiens: Antenna of winged viviparous female --_-___- Scehizoneura,odtenss. > upal markines see 2 eee eae aa __ Sehizoneyra fodiens) Antenna of pupae == <=. 8 ane eee . Photographic print injured by Lepisma saccharina__-_--.--.-------- 4 118 THE EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. MORNING SESSION, MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1906. The Association met in Gibson Hall of the Tulane University, New Orleans, La., on January 1 to 4, 1906. The following members were in attendance at the several sessioas: C. F. Adams, Fayetteville, Ark.; W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn.; A. F. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio; R. S. Clifton, Washington, D. C.; A. F. Conradi, College Station, Tex.; Mel. T. Cook, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; E. C. Cotton, Columbus, Ohio; J. C. Crawford, Dallas, Tex.; C. W. Flynn, Baton Rouge, La. ; S. A. Forbes, Urbana, Ill.; J. B, Garrett, Baton Rouge, La.; HE. 8S. Hardy, Shreveport, La.; W. E. Hinds, Washington, D. C.; L. O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; W. D. Hunter, Washington, D. C. GOR. Jones, Dallas, Tex. R: 3S: Mackintosh, Auburn, Ala.; C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D. C.; W. O. Martin, Shreveport, La.; H. A. Morgan, Knoxville, Tenn.; A. W. Morrill, Washington, D. C.; Wilmon Newell, Shreveport, La.; J. F. Nicholson, Stillwater, Okla.; Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio; A. L. Quaintance, Washington, D. C.; C. E. Sanborn, College Station, Tex.; HE. Dwight Sanderson, Durham, N. H.; FE. A. Schwarz, Washington, D. C.; R. I. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.; H. EH. Summers, Ames, Iowa; T. B. Symons, College Park, Md.; F. L. Washburn, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; F. M. Webster, Washington, D. C. In the absence of the president and the first vice-president the meeting was called to order at 10 a. m. by the second vice-president, Mr. F. L. Washburn. The secretary read the annual address of the president, as follows: THE SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. By H. GarMan, Lexington, Ky. Science in all its aspects, when applied to human affairs, has of late been accorded much more consideration and its devotees more respect than formerly. Economic entomology with the rest has received its share of recognition as a branch of science worthy of the close attention of sensible men. Yet it was not so long ago when we heard much of the pure science of entomology as contrasted with its applied science, as if the two were completely independent of each other; and somehow it was imagined that entomology not applied was a more exalted field of study than entomology made to serve our own wants; the man engaged simply in the study of the science itself, 5 6 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. though utterly incapable in practical matters, was a greater scientist than one who sought to render his studies of service to his kind. It was a foolish notion, to be sure, this making of an arbitrary dis- tinction between the science when utilized and when not, and ee ing in the case of certain belated laboratory and museum workers, no such idea is seriously entertained to-day. Indeed, it seems now dhe: the tendency is to exalt applied entomology to the detriment of the pursuit of its science. Certainly the economic entomologist has had opportunities in the shape of financial support and influential back- ing that have never been enlisted in the service of the purely scientific side of the subject. Economic entomologists have all good reason to feel proud of this, since it is largely a result of the practical view- point and enterprise of the votaries of apphed entomology. 3 It has been the practical sense developed by dealing with affairs that has enabled them to enlist the attention of the public and educate it to the importance of entomology as applied to agriculture and other human concerns. The pure science worker would never have done this, and it thus has happened that the entomologist, who was at one time looked upon by his fellow-worker with something in the nature of disdain, has taken first place in the estimation of the general pub- he and commands attention when the recluse laboratory worker gets httle consideration. And this is as it should be. The economic ento- mologist can claim all entomology as his. Not a fact is there of insect structure or life history or habit that may not at some time prove to be of first importance from the practical poimt of view. The history of this science is full of illustrations showing how in- sects and facts concerning them, regarded at first—like the economic entomologist—as of no great consequence, have proven, when their ‘relations with other facts were known, to have a far greater impor- tance than have those with which attention was mainly occupied. The family Coccide, at one time almost wholly ignored im this coun- try by entomologists of all sorts, has, from the accidental introduction of one of its species into California from abroad, and more recently into the fruit-growing States of the East, become of late one of the most conspicuous groups of all insects and one of those most often mentioned and discussed among people not entomologists. The species Just mentioned may be said to have wrought a greater change in the attitude of the general pubhe toward entomology and ento- mologists than all of the other known species of scale insects together. The cal Culicide, also very generally ignored by entomologists until recently, and serving largely as a See for jokes by other people, has, from the discovery of the relations of certain of its. species with the diseases malaria and yellow fever, become one of the most important and interesting of all groups of insects. The dis- covery of these relations has made necessary careful systematic work SCOPH AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. ff on the species of mosquitoes—a study of the life history and habits of each, a knowledge of their structure, a knowledge of the life his- tories of the parasites for which some of them serve as intermediate hosts, and a knowledge of the precise relations which these parasites sustain to mosquitoes. Because of this discovery the entomologist is compelled to acquire knowledge—systematic, ecological, and morpho- logical—and to delve to some extent into the life history and struc- ture of organisms very remotely related to insects. Again, a study of the structure of an insect has more than once furnished a clue to means of checking its injuries when everything else failed. A single fact concerning a life history has likewise sometimes placed it within our power to avoid mischief from which we had hitherto been unable to protect ourselves. To meet the re- quirements of his subject, the economic entomologist must, in a word, be an all-round naturalist. He must know species well. He must know anatomy, minute and microscopic. He must know insect life histories as they are known to no one else. He must know remedies for insect injuries and be able to apply them successfully. He must be a skillful microscopist, and should know the literature of ento- mology. If he has acquired this knowledge and skill, he is surely as broad, as a man and an entomologist, as he whose work is confined solely to the “ pure science” of the subject; and it may be easily maintained that economic entomology as here understood is a much broader field and requires as much talent of the same and different sorts for its successful pursuit as that employed by him who studies simply insect taxonomy, insect embryology, or insect morphology, valuable though the results of such studies may be. All science is “pure,” whether it is apphed or not. It may be suspected that some of the disfavor bestowed upon economic ento- mology in the early days of its history in this country arose from the fact that economic entomologists were often more of the practical order than of the scientific; were, in other words, somewhat deficient in scientific knowledge, though this was not true of Riley, Fitch, or Harris, three great pioneer economic entomologists who have had no superiors in any country. Yet it must be said of these men that they were primarily scientists, whose chief interest lay in working out life histories. Remedies for insect injuries as employed by farmers and fruit growers were studied by them, and what appeared to be the best were recommended in their writings, but these remedies were not experimented with in the thoroughgoing manner that has of late become the fashion. This is not to their discredit. They were able men, who felt impelled to do the work most worth doing in their day. The problems to be solved now are different, and the opportunities to solve them in a satisfactory manner are better than they were when these men wrote. 8 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. GROUPS OF ANIMALS STUDIED BY THE ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST. It has been my custom in pointing out to pupils the extent of the class Insecta and its relations with other groups of animals to remind them that our legitimate field covers the three classes of Arthropods— namely, Arachnida, Myriapoda, and Insecta, and that occasionally a venturesome entomologist pushes on into the fourth group when some member of it, such as the pill bug, becomes troublesome and requires attention from a practical standpoint. Considering the num- ber of species of true insects alone to be studied—and any one of them may demand attention—the economic entomologist occupies a greater territory than do all his fellow-workers in mammalogy, orni- thology, ichthyology, herpetology, malacology, etc., put together. Compared with other groups of animals, the Insecta at once stands out as the most conspicuous, both in point of numbers and of species. Mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes, composing the verte- brate subkingdom, include but few, relatively. Mollusks are not especially numerous. The same is to be said of the true worms, of the starfishes, and the sea urchins. Of the corals, sponges, and microscopic Protozoa, also, it may be said that their numbers are small as compared with those of insects, though the Protozoans, especially those of salt water, exist In amazing numbers of individ- uals. Insects, numbering, it is believed, about 1,000,000 species, sur- pass all these other groups, and constitute approximately four-fifths of the whole animal kingdom. Here is a great field for the entomo- logical taxonomist, and it is this wealth of material that has kept entomology somewhat behind botany and some other branches of biological study. To describe properly the adults alone of all these species of insects would require 2,000 octavo volumes each of 500 pages. To describe the life history of any insect should require at least two octavo pages, which would add 4,000 volumes more, and perhaps another thousand would give adequately the facts relating to the habits and distribution of each species. Good accounts of the morphology and physiology of typical examples, even of family groups, would add many more volumes. Then we must include as part of the domain of the entomologist the classes Myriapoda and Arachnida, comprising, say, 10,000 species. A library of not less than 7,000 volumes would thus be required to give merely the im- portant facts concerning existing insects, not including discussions of remedies for insect injuries. : ALL INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. It may be said of the 1,000,000 insect species estimated as now existing that they are every one in greater or less measure of interest from the economic view-point. If carnivorous, they feed upon one SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 9 another, or else upon animals of other groups, and all are so knit together that it is impossible to estimate the far-reaching effects that might follow any change in the numbers of the most obscure species. So, too, in their relations to vegetation, while many attack plants of no apparent value to us, it is impossible to say when such plants and their insect dependents with them may become important. But suppose one-half of the existing species of myriapods, arachnids, and true insects were of recognized economic importance, an account of them, together with an adequate discussion of remedies, would re- quire 8,500 or 4,000 volumes of text. IT am sometimes asked to recommend a volume containing accounts of all the insects. If the 25,000 and more known species from North America were described and the hfe history of each recorded it would fill not less than 150 volumes; and I have been compelled to refer my friends to such imperfect single volumes as we have, ex- plaining, in apology, that our entomological hterature is scattered at present in numerous serials and in volumes relating to special eroups of insects, and that no single volume contains more than a small fraction of acquired entomological lore. And here I may be allowed to say a few words with reference to our special lterature. It contains much useful material, some of it representing as good work as is done by any class of naturalists. In six of the best known American publications—the Canadian Ento- mologist, Entomological News, Psyche, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, and Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washing- ton—over 1,500 pages of matter, largely relating to life histories © and descriptions of species, have already been published this year (1905). About as many more pages have been published by our fellow-workers of the British Islands, and the entomologists of France, The Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany, Russia, and other Kuropean countries have contributed numerous others. Even little Japan now publishes at least one creditable entomological journal. Including all nationalities, it seems safe to estimate the number of pages on species and life histories at 8,500. Probably one-half of this publshed matter is of immediate value as economic entomology, and perhaps 4,000 pages more should be added to this as the output of entomologists engaged on the more strictly practical side of ento- mology. Say, then, 8,000 pages represents the average annual prod- uct relating evidently to practical entomology, and you have 16 volumes published each year on our specialty. Unfortunately, a good deal of this—too much of it—is repetition by compilation. Judging by the publications of our own country, about one-fourth of the matter relating to strictly economic entomology is repetition, being either compilation or repeated observation. At the present 10 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. time both compilation and repetition of work are valuable and neces- sary. The official practical entomologist is compelled to do this work for the audience for which he is employed to write. But he should not permit this pressure to divert his attention entirely from research. The true naturalist is never so happy as when pushing into the un- known territory of his domain. His fellows should stand up for him and lend him encouragement when he finds it necessary, in order to do original work, to break away from short-sighted taskmasters. “Science is nothing if not free” applies with special pertinence to biological science. If the biologist is to become a producer he must not be made a drudge and kept constantly in harness. OUR FACILITIES FOR PUBLICATION. Time was when the economic entomologist was cramped for oppor- tunity to publish the results of his studies. At present in this coun- iry his facilities are very exceptional. In the bulletins and other publications issued by our National Government the entomologists possess excellent vehicles for sending abroad anything they may wish to put before the public, and a great deal of valuable economic. and other entomology comes from that quarter. The experiment station bulletins, too, are so many journals for the scattering of information of this sort, and have disseminated during the past ten years entomo- logical information that would not without them have found the light in the next quarter century. The workers employed at the Department of Agriculture and at the experiment stations are reaching the public through newspapers and magazines as never before, and the influence of this can be per- ceived by the greater interest shown in such matters by the layman wherever we meet him. No doubt some of the effect on the popular mind now to be perceived is the result of the years of work in class rooms done for many weary. years by teachers of biology in the agri- cultural colleges, but there has arisen in the past ten years a quickened interest that can only be credited to the work of the experiment sta- tions and of the Department of Agriculture at Washington since its reorganization. FALSE HERALDS. Workers along biological lines have suffered of late from the writ- ings of people who are not scientists but get what purports to be scientific information at second hand. The misstatements they some- times make and the sensational stories of results secured which they publish often make the real results published by the real worker xppear commonplace by contrast. Professor Somebody is repre- sented as having made a wonderful discovery, which he never SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. ki claimed to have made. With the wide newspaper comment result- ing from the remarkable nature of the discovery he is made to appear a very remarkable man. People of a community in which lives an honest and patient seeker for the truth look upon the latter as a failure when such brilliance is flashed in their faces, though their humble fellow-citizen investigator may be worth a dozen of the sort with the manufactured reputation. He must keep his temper, how- ever, since his word, though worth its weight in gold, will not be received until the sensational claims for the so-called discovery are exploded in publications as sensational, or more so, than those an- nouncing the discovery. Economic entomology has not suffered as much in this way as have some related lines of investigation, and it is fortunate that it 1s so, since the correction of these wild stories costs energy and time that can be better occupied. Such stories are to be discouraged by every means in our power, since their final effect 1s to destroy confidence of the public in the results of our labors. To take from the average man his belief in a thing having a touch of the wonderful about it and which, therefore, he really likes to believe, always places real results along the same line under his suspicion thereafter. OUR OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTIGATION ARE EXCEPTIONAL. With increased facilities for publication we have had a very satis- factory improvement of late in the opportunities for experiment and observation along the lines of our favorite study. If we wish to observe the diseases of young trees, the general interest of nursery- men, stimulated by the demand for healthy stock which has been encouraged by State inspection laws, helps such observations along instead of discouraging them, as was sometimes done formerly from shortsightedness and selfish motives. If we wish to test the effect of treatment of any kind we have our experiment farms, where we can arrange carefully planned experiments with the knowledge that our results will not be lost to us by the carelessness or incompetence of others, as sometimes happens when one attempts experiments on premises not under his control. Most of us have some funds at our disposal for the purchase of tools, books, equipment for laboratories, insectaries, and the like, so that we can at this opening up of a new year felicitate ourselves on the enjoyment of privileges not pos- sessed by naturalists at any other period of the world’s history. I wish it could be said also that the salaries paid us were commensurate with the labor performed and the self-denial that must be exercised by anyone who devotes his life to such work. It is not a money- making profession, and at the end of his working days the official entomologist is left on the world to make shift as best he can on the 1 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. pittance he and his family have been able to save by skimping them- selves. The man who spends the best part of his life in honorable service of this sort ought to be able to retire, when his capacity for cood work begins to wane, decently, at peace with the world, and with his self-respect unimpaired. He can not do this on a pension. He should be paid a reasonably liberal salary while he is working at the top of his bent for the public good. I have had this feature of the provisions made for our work somewhat forcibly brought home to me recently by a very severe attack of fever, during which there was a good chance of my earthly labors closing abruptly. sats Neither scientists nor teachers receive adequate pay in this country, for their services to the public. Artisans, farmers, tradesmen, physi- clans, and lawyers are all in a better position as to remuneration. THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. The value of a study of entomology either as training or for the purpose of acquiring knowledge of practical value is far too gener- ally underrated in what may be called our government schools of science. The influence of educational tradition is still mighty throughout the land. In spite of the teachings of the great minds — of all periods—of Socrates, Aristotle, Bacon, Comenius, John Locke, Huxley, and Herbert Spencer—the pedagogy in many of our colleges and high schools is not considered well founded unless based on the study of languages, of which Greek and Latin are those of chief im- portance. This persistent fallacy and prejudice often leads to a crowding out of instruction of much greater value as knowledge, and of equal or superior value as a means of training the mind. Why the study of the two languages named should train the mind better than a study of German and French or English has never been satis- factorily explained by advocates of the classical education. To my mind it has just one advantage, namely, the excellent text-books that have been developed in the long time during which these dead lan- guages have been taught, and the large numbers of well-grounded teachers available. They can be found in most good high schools and colleges, whereas first-class teachers of modern languages are much less common; in fact, skilled teachers in these languages have always seemed to me to be rather rare in our public schools. But if the study of modern languages gives the same kind of training, and in addition opens up a world of useful knowledge bearing on problems of vital concern to us and not to be secured from Greek or Latin, why should anyone hesitate a moment in choosing courses in which modern languages instead of ancient languages are made the foundation of an education? Jam speaking here for a reading knowledge of mod- ern languages and with the good of biological instruction in mind. . SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. ‘ 13 The languages of such men as Oken, H. and Fritz Miller, Sprengel, Heer, Leydig, Weismann, Koch, Schioedte, Ratzeburg, Metschnikoff, Schiner, and Latzel, and of Reaumur, Morren, Lyonet, Lamarck, Cuvier, Viallanes, Signoret, and Pasteur contain more than half of what is new in the science of the times. And what information can the biologist extract from Greek or Latin? Excepting the writings of Aristotle, there is nothing in either language worth a month’s study to acquire. They are most excellent training for the memoriz- ing faculty. This must not be denied. But so is German, French, and entomology. ‘“ But,” some of our friends have argued, “ the study of ancient languages furnishes a culture that is not supplied by nature studies.” I have known some excellent Hellenists whose culture was obscured by a disposition to tell vulgar stories, and I am told by others that they have observed this trait in Greek scholars. Perhaps we should expect nothing else from the study of the great epics whose scenes revolve about a Trojan dandy who ran away with another man’s wife, and the incredibly bloody exploits of the mythical Greek hero Achilles. I must beg leave to differ, also, as to the accuracy of the thinking developed by this sort of study. In a Greek history used as a text- book in a high school known to me, and in which no provision is made for the study of modern languages, the ‘“ Homeric question ” is stated, and after remarking that there are differences between the Thad and the Odyssey which suggest a different author for each, and that some authorities believe both to be collections of lays written by a number of bards, the author concludes: * It certainly seems more reasonable to believe in one Homer than in many,” which ‘to an en- tomologist seems a very lame and indefinite conclusion. The very location of ancient Troy is unknown. Even Schhemann’s admirable investigations leave the matter unsettled. Of the remains of the nine cities unearthed by him on the Hissarhk Hill in Asia Minor, he be- heved the second to be the Troy of the Uiad, but Dérpfeld, his col- league, asserts that the sixth city is Troy. Perhaps neither is right. Looking over the evidence, a naturalist is satisfied of only one thing, namely, that this series of cities, one above another, provides a very good confirmation of the views held by archeologists, from facts learned in other ways, as to the stages in the progress of mankind toward civilization. It may seem that I am going too far outside my theme in thus call- ing attention to the uncertainty in the facts and vagueness in con- clusions drawn from Greek history, but the difficulty urged by those who have public schools in charge when they are asked to make room for biological or other related instruction is lack of time in the course. At the same time, it may be, instruction in Latin and in Greek history is given. I know one such case. Undoubtedly too 14 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. many things are taught in our public schools, a condition leading to lack of thoroughness in everything. But it does not seem reasonable to exclude in favor of an ancient language subjects which would con- tribute immediately to the success of scholars when they went out into this modern world of science. I have already mentioned the claims sometimes made for the superior culture afforded by ancient languages as compared with nature study. Quite frequently it is added that the study of nature leads to irreligion, that study of science tends toward materialism. To this we all dissent. But perhaps this dissent has never been bet- ter expressed than by Herbert Spencer in the following: Suppose a writer were daily saluted with praises couched in superlative language. Suppose the wisdom, the grandeur, the beauty of his works were the constant topics of eulogies addressed to him. Suppose those who unceasingly - uttered these eulogies on his works were content with looking at the outside of them and had never opened them, much less tried to understand them. What value should we put upon their praises? What should we think of their sin- cerity? Yet, comparing small things to great, such is the conduct of mankind in general with reference to the universe and its cause. Nay; it is worse. Not only do they pass by, without study, these things which they daily pro- claim to be so wonderful; but very frequently they condemn as mere triflers those who show any active interest in these marvels. We repeat, then, that not science, but the neglect of science is irreligious. Devotion to science is a tacit worship—a tacit recognition of worth in the things studied; and by implication in their cause. It is not a mere lip homage, but a homage expressed in actions— not a mere professed respect, but a respect proved by the sacrifice of time, thought, and labor. The study of entomology and kindred science furnishes knowledge of the greatest value. When pursued with sincerity its effect is re- fining. It is a culture study. Its tendency is not toward irreligion. THE STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGY AS MENTAL DISCIPLINE. As a training of the mind entomology is superior to the study of any language whatsoever. The man who has mastered LeConte and Horn’s Classification of the Coleoptera of North America so as to use it readily and with accurate results has had a training in minute and exact observation, in comparison and in judgment, that very few studies will give. Every great mind that has occupied itself with methods in education has insisted on the supreme importance of the study of objects, of nature, as a foundation for all other studies— upon the natural process of dealing first with objects, then compar- ing them with other objects, and thus finally acquiring general truths. Observation, comparison, reflection are the mental processes that lead to real knowledge and to the advancement of learning. We may learn lack of respect for authorities by going back to the soil for premises for our thinking. So much the better. Authorities SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 15 differ, as we have seen in the references to the authorship of the had and the Odyssey and to the location of ancient Troy. Show me a man who by training or otherwise has acquired the habit of thinking for himself, basing conclusions upon his own observation as largely as possible, and I will show you an effective man in any of the relations in which men are placed. Show me a man whose observational and reflective faculties have been blunted by a pro- longed course of study of authorities as they appear in books, and the chances are that you will show me at the same time a man of vacillating judgment, unable to deal effectively with everyday affairs. The study of entomology teaches the inductive method of thinking which has made this century notable. The material for use in its study is readily and cheaply obtained in large quantity. No other branch of biology is so completely available for purposes of instruc- tion except botany, and I hold that it should have a place beside botany in every science school. As a corrective to the undue leaning upon authority inculcated by purely literary studies, it should have a good effect on students taking language courses. THE TEACHING OF ENTOMOLOGY. But entomology must be well and thoroughly taught. And herein les the greatest difficulty in getting for it the recognition which 1s its due as an agent for education. Our boards of trustees often select teachers upon the assumption that anyone can teach any subject, with a little preliminary coaching, or else go to the opposite extreme and demand a man of exceptional special learning, forgetting that teach- ers, like poets, are most often born, and if not born, must be made by careful training. No man is fit to teach entomology or any other subject who has no knowledge of modern educational methods and no good conception of the principles and purposes which underlie them as a means of training the mind to its greatest effectiveness. One may be a learned entomologist and be utterly unfit to teach. But the teacher must at least know his subject so well that he can take his pupils straight to nature. This is vital. The man or woman who is dependent on a text-book has no business occupying a position as a teacher of entomology. ; We have not enough well-equipped teachers of entomology in our agricultural colleges at present. Nothing is so much needed to pave the way for the experiment-station worker. Until a larger propor- tion of our farmers have had a taste of the scientific method in the course of their education a great deal of value being done for them will not be grasped and made of use. And let me say again, in leaving this subject, that the training in entomology must be 16 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. thorough, even if to accomplish this it is necessary to confine atten- tion to a single insect. A nucleus of exact knowledge will later attract about it other knowledge of the same and different sorts, and thorough training, though brief, will greatly help to this end. ENTOMOLOGY AND HUMAN DISEASES. I come now to a consideration of a feature of our subject that has only recently assumed prominence. The relation of insects to diseases is a very interesting and important one, and one to which entomolo- gists should devote more attention. Some excellent work relating to species and life histories has recently been published, but I would be glad to claim for my fellow-workers more of the credit for the dis- covery of the relation borne by mosquitoes to yellow fever and other diseases. ‘No investigator is better equipped than the entomologist for such investigation. There is opportunity yet for valuable work in this field, and entomologists should at least cultivate all the terri- tory on their side of the line dividing entomology from medicine. It should not be said of us that men who have had no training in our specialty must come over into our domain and collect for themselves entomological information which we have neglected. This is eco- nomic entomology, if ever there was any, and we should demonstrate that we are able to furnish to the world all the facts along the line that may be required. In teaching the subject, too, this relation of insects must receive due attention. nee The fact recently demonstrated, that the mosquito Stegomyia fas- ciata Fab. | calopus Meig.] conveys yellow fever, and that therefore the disease can only occur as an epidemic within the limits of the distribu- tion of this insect, is one of the most important made known by the study of epidemic diseases in recent years. This mosquito is known to occur throughout the world between the latitudes 39° north and about 387° or 38° south. In this connection it may be remarked that the yellow-fever mosquito occurs throughout most of Kentucky, and that yellow-fever cases originated in Louisville in 1878 to the number of 20. I am informed by the city health officer that the seven cases treated at the Lexington hospital during the fall of 1905 were all refugees from Louisiana. The facts now known with reference to this insect and its relation to yellow fever show in a very lucid way the reason for the delving for seemingly unrelated knowledge practiced by many entomologists. Herein is the justi- fication of the devotee of pure science. The facts unearthed by him concerning the structure of the beak or stomach of a mosquito, with- out a thought beyond adding this knowledge to the common stock, may prove, when all is known, to have a very important bearing on the welfare of human kind. SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 17 he relation of flies to cholera has been studied now with sufli- cient care to warrant the belief that these insects are important agents, if not the chief ones, by which this dread malady spreads. Uffelman’s experiment in which he obtained 10,500 colonies of the cholera Spirillum from a fly confined with a culture of the organism, and Macrae’s tests of boiled milk exposed to flies in a jail at Gaya, India, where cholera was present, are convincing to most minds as to the pernicious part these insects take during cholera outbreaks. Fhes are accused also of conveying tuberculosis by carrying Bacil- lus tuberculosis from sputum to milk and other foods. At any rate the bacilli have been found both in their excreta taken from walls and in their alimentary canals. The part taken by fleas and other insects in conveying leprosy is another subject well worthy of investigation by entomologists favor- ably situated for the purpose. The spotted fever of Montana, known to be due to an organism named by Doctors Wilson and Chowning Pyrosoma hominis, should have attention from the entomological standpoint, since this organ- ‘ism is of the same nature as those causing malarial troubles, and this points to an intermediate host,,in all probability an insect or a tick. ; The relation between malaria and Anopheles maculipennis Meig. is now very well established, but there are other related species and genera, such as J/yzomyia funesta Giles and Pyretophorus costalis Loew of West Africa, known to carry the disease also, and it is not at all improbable that still other insect agents may yet be discovered in the United States or some of its possessions. Here, in these latter especially, is an opportunity for the study of insects having to do with disease that has never received the attention it deserves. Quite a good many other diseases are believed to be carried by insects, but the instances given serve my purpose of pointing to the work to be done. A great field for original work lies also in the study of insects having to do with ailments of stock. We know much of the part taken by Boophilus annulatus Say in conveying Texas fever. But there are many things yet to be learned about the tick, and still more to be made known concerning the life histories and habits of the various insects associated in one way or another with domestic animals, and very probably in some cases concerned with their dis- eases. We are accustomed to leave this part of our territory to be tilled by veterinarians, but in doing so are making them a gift of a valuable part of our possessions. 31024—No. 60—06 mM 3 18 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. INSECTS AND PLANT DISEASES. In the study of the relations of insects with the diseases of plants we have never shown the interest that this subject deserves from its very great importance. That insects convey such diseases as pear blight is now very well established, but I have been impressed more than once in the course of a study of the habits of an insect with the fact that their injuries were not by any means limited to the direct destruction of the tissues of plants. Dr. Erwin F. Smith, of the Department of Agriculture, has called attention to the inoculation of plants of the cucumber family with the virus of a blight carried in the mouth-parts of insects. Undoubtedly the spores of the rots of fruits and of the canker of bark are often conveyed by insects in this manner, and in the case of peaches and some varieties of plums this has seemed to me to be the chief source of infection. All of these matters need more study and experiment. They constitute one of the most inviting fields known to me for the labors of the entomolo- gist who has some knowledge of bacteriological technique. INSECTS AND FLOWERS. Another field for investigation, lying in the border land between entomology and botany, has received but little attention in this country and should soon be occupied by our economic entomologists. Excepting the painstaking work done by Charles Robertson, ac- counts of which have appeared in botanical journals, and that of the iate C. V. Riley on the fertilization of Yucca filamentosa, we have ttle in the way of published observations on the relations of insects and flowers. The subject is one of vast importance from the stand- point of agriculture, and in this period of activity in all problems having to do with heredity and breeding entomologists should more generally take an interest in the subject and throw upon it what hght is to be derived by investigations made from the entomological point of view. We have left this matter thus far too largely to botanists. and while they have done well with it, no doubt with our different training and knowledge we could, with a little study, add many facts which escape their observation. Riley’s work on the pollination of Yucca is but an earnest of the interesting things that fresh study in this field would very probably bring to light. APICULTURE. In the honey bee we have an insect more completely at our disposal than any other. It is a domestic animal, and was such even in the deys of ancient Greece. We have no insect that has been given so much care, thought, and observation, and we have learned the facts SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 19 concerning its habits and life history better than we have learned those of any other insect. I venture to say, further, that no other domestic animal is equal to it in interest from a scientific point of view. It is courageous, industrious, cleanly—qualities that we are accustomed to regard as the possession of the best of mankind. In its provision for the future, its laying up stores against days of scarcity, its careful closure of all crannies in its quarters that may admit cold air and allow the escape of heat, and in the care for its young and for the mother of its colony, it affords a lesson in civic virtue furnished by but few, if any, of the so-called higher animals. It has always seemed strange to me that the honey bee is not more generally employed by teachers of entomology in the illustration of the ways and structures of insects. With the movable-frame hive it is very easy to present to a class all the stages of the bee and all the remarkable facts concerning its housekeeping. It seems to me that the instructors who have a. knowledge of this insect and know how to handle it have an invaluable source of illustrative material, fur- nishing all the essential facts of insect structure, transformation, habit, and relations to nature at any season of the year. Why, then, do our instructors so often ignore this excellent material for practical work and fail to draw upen the wealth of accurate information pub- lished concerning the habits of bees? It is the most valuable body of knowledge relating to one insect that is available for the illustration cf the fundamental truths of their subject. They can not afford to neglect it, although they sometimes do so, much to the detriment of their teaching in entomology, I must beheve. What I have just said has no reference to the utility of the honey bee to mankind at large. The honey crop of California and some other States is a valuable one, and it may be doubted whether the demand for good honey at a rea- sonable price was ever fully supplied in the eastern United States. The subject of apiculture ought on this account to be given attention in every agricultural or entomological course. Every farmer should be taught how to supply at least his own family with honey. Bee keeping is not practiced as generally as it should be on the farm. But to the teacher of entomology I regard a theoretical and practical knowledge of apiculture as of the greatest value. JT am disposed to think that most teachers who refrain from acquiring a_ practical acquaintance with bees are deterred by a fear of the stings. It has been often said before by expert bee keepers, but I think has not so often been said to teachers, that the danger is not at all serious. An old bee-keeping acquaintance once remarked that bees always sting a fool and a coward, and I have sometimes observed myself that when persons of a certain character come near when I am handling a colony they are likely to be sent off at a gallop. Any man or woman of intel- ligence and reasonably steady nerves, with a few apphances, such as a 20 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. smoker and veil to start with, can open up and take out the frames filled with brood, or honey, and covered with bees, from a hive of Italians or Carniolans with complete safety, and once accustomed to it will often dispense with both veil and smoker. Try it. It is an Important part of the outfit of the entomological instructor, and the experlment-station man who has occasion to discourse before farmers’ institutes will find it sometimes very useful in helping out a pro- eramme. It is astonishing how little is known by a large proportion of farmers about keeping bees properly. Excellent books on the sub- ject are obtainable. Good special journais may be secured for a trifle. Special columns in agricultural papers are devoted to the subject, and in spite of it all one finds many farmers still keeping bees in box hives and unfamiliar with simple facts in the economy of a colony that have been repeated in one way or another again and again | for more than two hundred years. It is for the station entomologist and teacher to remedy this state of affairs But he will make little impression until after he has acquired such a practical acquaintance with apiculture that he can go through a hive, take out a queen and clip her wings, cut out unnecessary queen and drone cells, hive a swarm deftly, feed his colonies when necessary in fall and spring without permitting robbing, winter them successfully, and produce enough good honey to pay all expenses and leave a small surplus. When he can do all these things he can hold his own with the hard- headed ones who still believe the box hive better than any other and regard the old-style black bee as the greatest honey gatherer and hardiest bee known. SERICULTURE. It is too soon to make very positive statements about the outcome of the project set on foot at Tallulah Lodge, Ga., having for its object the establishment of silk growing in the United States. Such at- tempts have been made before and have failed. The chief reason for these failures is believed to be the small wages earned by those who rear the worms, in proportion to the time required. Our people, it has been said, can earn more at other employments. It seems prob- able, however, that this is not the sole or even the main cause for the failure thus far to establish silkworm rearing as an industry in the United States. People are prone to do what the majority of those. about them do. There is a fashion in these things as in wearing apparel, and when most of one’s friends and neighbors are enthu- siastic in the growing of cotton, oranges, corn, or rice, it 1s natural that the interest in such things should pervade and dominate every member of a community. It requires time and persistence, under such conditions, to gain favor for other pursuits, and I apprehend that it is this preoccupation of the American mind with other busi- SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 21 nesses, as much as anything else, that has hindered the development of silk growing in this country. Inertia in human affairs is the rock upon which more than one commendable enterprise has gone to pieces. Let us hope that this will not be the fate of the silk-growing enter- prise at Tallulah Lodge. On a tract of 3,500 acres of land bordering the Tugalo River, Georgia, Mr. Louis Magid has planted large numbers of the white mulberry and has, since 1902, been actively engaged in teaching orally and by the press the essential facts in the rearing of silkworms. His journal, “ Silk,” has greatly helped in arousing an interest among entomologists and others scattered over the country beyond the imme- diate influence of his practical operations and personal influence. The prospect seems good for a successful launching of the industry this time, and entomologists should aid him to the extent of getting material, and teaching at the State colleges the hfe history and best methods of rearing the silkworm. Of the thousands of insect species in existence, the silkworm and honeybee are the only ones thus far appropriated by man as his servants. A thorough practical knowl- edge of both should be a part of the equipment of every professional entomologist. Tt is asserted on the best of authority that our climate and soils are perfectly adapted to the silkworm and its food plant. From my own knowledge, I can say that it is easily reared in any part of the United States in which I have seen it tested. The silk produced here is be- heved to be not inferior to that produced anywhere else in the world. The rapid development of silk manufacturing in this country, and * the large quantities of raw silk that must be imported to keep our factories occupied, is another incentive to those endeavoring to set on foot the production of the raw silk. Among foreign countries, France only is said to manufacture more silk. fabrics than this coun- try. Fifty silk mills are reported to have been established in seven States of the Union in 1903 alone. Statistics gathered show that we pay annually something like $100,000,000 to foreign countries for raw and manufactured silks. It would, we may suppose, add very materially to our prosperity if silk raising could be developed to such an extent as to keep most of this money at home. NURSERY AND ORCHARD INSPECTION. I come now to a feature of the work of the official economic ento- mologist that has during the past ten years attracted more attention than any other. Nursery inspection has become one of the most exacting if not one of the most important departments of his work. It has brought him into relation with the machinery of his State government and required of him in this relation duties and a kind 22 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. of mental activity quite foreign to that of the student and scientist. Some of these duties are not pleasant to one of his training and usual character, but the work required has had its value to the people, whether it has been best for the entomologist or not. I suppose no real naturalist with such work in his hands but has at times been led to ponder the question as to whether in this inspection work he was not going too far aside from the investigations in which he is chiefly imterested and which by training and disposition he is better fitted than anyone else to prosecute. Can not this purely practical work be done by a class of men who are by nature satisfied with it as an occupation? Experience has, I think, shown that it can not be, in a satisfactory manner, without the help, by supervision or otherwise, of the scientific worker; and I think it is always to be regretted when such work falls into the hands of those who have no interest in it beyond the salaries to be obtained. It seems to me that this organi- zation should take a stand for inspection by the entomological ex- pert, since otherwise the issuing of certificates becomes a farce that will ultimately prove a discredit to the craft. There are many things about this line of work that I should lhke to dwell upon—the merits and defects of our State laws, the desirability for greater uniformity in such laws, the importance of having a national law providing for such inspection as can not well be carried on by the States, the kinds of insects whose presence should be regarded as of sufficient importance to condemn stock, the desirability of providing for both insect and fungous troubles under one inspection, and, espe- cially, methods of treating condemned stock. Each one of these topics might well afford a programme for an entire meeting of the Association. I am impelled, however, to add a few words concern- ‘ing fumigation as a means of ridding stock of scale insects. From purely theoretical considerations 1t was, at the outset of our imspec- tion experience, regarded as a sort of panacea for scale and most other insects. More experience has shown this to be only generally true. There are insects that survive exposure to any of the charges of gas that are commonly recommended by imspectors. What shall ‘we do for them? The nurseryman does not like to apply anything to his trees that sticks and thus tells a story to those who may buy treated trees. The inspector, on the other hand, if he be conscientious and honest, does not wish to certify such stock when merely fum1- gated. Still another serious difficulty arises under laws requiring fumigation of all nursery stock. Plants vary widely, I find, in their susceptibility to injury from hydrocyanic-acid gas of the strength commonly prescribed, and nurserymen rightfully complain of loss inflicted on them from this source, by the Inlling and severe injuring of perfectly healthy stock of certain kinds. I must say, as an in- spector, that I do not approve of some of the laws enacted, because SCOPE AND STATUS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 23 of the hardships of this sort resulting from them, and also because of the restrictions they place upon a free and unhampered competi- tion between dealers in nursery stock in all parts of our country. A greater uniformity in inspection laws seems to me necessary if we are to retain the support and confidence of those whom inspections more immediately concern. OTHER WORK. There are other special developments of our subject upon which one might dwell. We have all been deeply interested in the work being pushed by the cotton-growing States and the Department of Agriculture at Washington with a view to learning how the injuries of the cotton boll weevil may be controlled. Already these investiga- tions have furnished valuable hints in this direction, and we are led to hope and believe that this scourge of the cotton fields will soon be reduced. in numbers and destructiveness by measures resulting from the work now in progress. CONCLUSION. In concluding let me say briefly what I consider the important work for the economic entomologist in the near future. In the first place, we must have more capable, enthusiastic, trained teachers of our subject, and the entomologist who is now engaged in such work as a mere makeshift should be made to give place to the teacher who feels the importance of his mission as an educator and is willing to expend labor and thought on his work. Our nursery inspection laws should be perfected and made more nearly uniform, and a precise method of procedure should be planned for such inspections, subject always to such changes as local condi- tions may demand. More attention should be given to the insects concerned with dis- ease, and to their relation to flowers as agents in cross pollenization. Apiculture and sericulture should be cultivated, both because of their instructional value and for their importance in the arts. The recent progress made in our field of endeavor is most gratify- ing. We are living in a period of the highest activity and most pro- ductive study in the investigation of ving things, and may expect soon to see results of knowledge and skill in dealing with such sub- jects such as have never before been brought together for our benefit. We must not neglect or underrate our opportunities. When it is all done and our time becomes a matter of ancient history, I trust that the part taken by entomologists in contributing to the wealth and learning and culture in this “ age of science ” may be pointed to by our descendants with gratitude and respect. 24 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. At the conclusion of the president’s address the secretary was or- dered to extend the thanks of the association to President Garman for his interesting and valuable address, and to send to him greetings cf the season and best wishes for his speedy recovery. Mr. Newell stated that in his opinion entomologists, with but few exceptions, had neglected giving the attention and study to insect problems affecting the public health that the importance of the sub- ject justified. Entomologists have laid great stress upon the impor- tance of their work in combating insects injurious to crops and fruits, and have made many estimates, showing, in dollars and cents, the amount of damage done, yet the public health and human life is of far more importance than the prevention of mere financial loss. The control of yellow fever and of malaria is an entomological problem entirely, yet it has been largely in the hands of physicians; and the — ‘medical fraternity, because of the impossibility of obtaining from the entomologists adequate knowledge regarding the life. histories of insects instrumental in spreading disease, have themselves been forced to take up entomological and life-history work. The insect problems which are intimately connected with the dissemination of diseases, both of human beings and of live stock, are certainly of sufficient importance to warrant much more attention being paid them by the entomologists. The latter should be able to anticipate, in a measure, the entomological knowledge that is likely to be needed by physicians and should, by study and investigation, prepare themselves to furnish this information when it is needed—oftentimes in dire emergencies, when there is no leisure for investigation and life-history work. Mr. Britton said that physicians often appear loath to ask informa- tion of entomologists. There ought to be an effort made on both sides, however, to get together and work in harmony. It 1s an im- portant fact that yellow fever may occur in other places than the natural habitats of Stegomyia. In the year 1794, 160 cases occurred in and about New Haven, Conn. It is probable that these originated from mosquitoes brought on a ship from the West Indies. How far north does the Stegomyia occur in the Mississippi Valley ? Mr. Hunter answered that Stegomyia has been found in St. Louis. At the conclusion of the discussion on the president’s address, the report of the secretary-treasurer was read. and approved. An assessment of $1 was levied on the members present. Mr. Herbert Osborn, chairman of the committee on nomenclature, presented the following report: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. 25 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. At the last annual meeting of the association your committee presented a list of names for adoption as recommended for exclusive use and also a second list for consideration during the year. The secretary distributed them to all mem- bers and the first list was also sent to some two hundred agricultural journals and periodicals with the request of the society that these names be used in these publications. With a few exceptions, the names so adopted seem to have been used by all official entomologists, and it is sincerely hoped that the practice may become universal, as it is firmly believed that a uniform practice in the use of the common names of insects will not only favor the distribution of eccurate information about insects, but will serve a most useful purpose in the education of the public regarding a subject which appears to them beset with much difficulty. The cordial responses from members is much appreciated by the committee, and it desires simply to state that in a subject where such wide diversity has existed some concessions will be found necessary, and it is hoped that a general agreement on a considerable list of names will eventually lead to a much more universal agreement. From the list submitted for consideration during the past year we are now able to select about forty which have been approved by all who have taken the trouble to return their lists with sanction or objections. This list is submitted for the consideration of the Association at this session along with a second list which embraces names quite generally but not universally approved. A general response would help the committee to a more certain conclusion. The lists re- turned this year were but eighteen in number, but geographically covered the territory from New Hampshire to Hawaii. If we assume that those not answer- ing had no serious objections to the names listed, we may conclude that for quite an extended list we will be able soon to secure general adoption and uniform practice by such a body of entomologists as will make uniformity an assured fact. Perhaps the greatest diversity now occurs in the matter of hyphenating com- pound names, and while lack of uniformity in this is certainly much less serious than the use of totally different names, it seems as if some general principle might be adopted which, barring the persistence of printers and proof readers, might secure some degree of uniformity. The greatest number of corrections on the present list consisted in the insertion or the elimination of hyphens, and many entomologists of high repute insisted on exactly opposite practice in a considerable list of names. The committee feels that this matter may be left to the individual taste or to the etymological rule in practice in different print- ing establishments without sacrificing the main principle for which it is working, but will be pleased to have instruction or expression of opinion from the Asso- ciation on this point. Some have urged that the committee take up the question of scientific names with the hope that some more uniform and settled practice may result. Doubtless this will follow, but we feel that for this year at least we should concentrate effort on the common names. We present herewith a list for final adoption and one for further considera- tion. Unless a name is very generally agreed to, it had better be put on the preferred list and only given final adoption on the exclusive list when general agreement is reached. The list for further discussion is not to be published, but circulated among members privately. The list printed below includes the names adopted at the seventeenth annual meeting as well as those adopted at the eighteenth: 26 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS, List OF NAMES RECOMMENDED FOR EXCLUSIVE USE. American COCKLOACh 2252s Perm planelaaGmenicanaets: Americans dagcer, moths ee Apatela americana Harr. ANZOUMOIS SralM=n Ob es ee Sitotroga cerealella Ol. Apple-leaf skeletonizer______________- Canarsia hammondi Riley. DDC ap his Sas ae eee eee Anse poms Apple magcot ese isk aes eas Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. ING STOREY 0) 8 00 pmeeneeeenn a ENE wy Ua Heliophila wnipuncta Haw. Ash-gray blister-beetle _______________Macrobasis unicolor Kby. ISSICNSOMIE NORA OU Oe see enee = Nate Fey ee Chilocorus similis Rossi. Asparagus: beetles... joe 22 Se Sees Crioceris asparagi L. BAS AWO TM) see oe eee ei Se SS Thyridopterya epremenarornvis Bean-weevillis 2: 2 sa eid ae ae Bruchus obtectus Say. Bed big 223 2 tas ea ee a Sone prone Cimex lectularius L. Black blister-beetle == ss ees Epicauta pennsylvanica De G. Blacks Scales es Ses 2s a ee ee nS LSSCLU OLE(E mM BerGIs iBlood=suckin’. cone noses se == ae Conorhinus sanguisuga Lee. IBoll-weevill] =.= a eee AM OnOmUs CLOndiseison: IBOMEWOLM, 2 eh. 2S os ae AR ee ee Heliothis obsoleta Fab. Bronzed cutworm ___________________Nephelodes minians Guen. Brown-tail smoth 4520 es ee UU pnOCuSaCh Ey Sonn Cc lnmer 1606 5 000) b) 0 pues eee a ee ee wu eee ees Tmetocera ocellana Schiff. Buitalo tree-hopperjes= 222s ee eae Ceresa bubalus Fab. Cabbage apis eso ee ee Aphis brassice UL. Cabbage-maccol Soa see eee Pegomya brassice Bouché. @arpet-beetle. 2.2) 2 ae eS Anthrenus scrophiulario ll Carpet moth sesh ee ee Trichophaga tapetzella L. @attle=ti eke tate els ee oe he eee Boophilus annulatus Say. GeCropia=mMOthis= Sow eee ees Samia cecropia L. Cheese; Skipper .2 Rese ee _.___Piophila casei i. @hves tit eywCe ville es ae ee eg Balaninus rectus Say. Chinch=buge=2 = as 222 = Blissussleucopienmis Say. Clovershaye Ww Ola eee ee eee Hypsopygia costalis Fab. @lOVer=r oot bOLen 235225 ee ees eee Hylastinus obscurus Marsham. Clover-StemubOner == aes ee ee eee Languria mozardi Latr. Colin g=m Ot hss a ee ee ee eee Carpocapsa pomonella i. Colorado potato-beetle _________ ee Ea Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Corns root sap Wise 322s See ee eee Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Cobttonestaine ase eS ee ee Dysdereus suturellus H.-Schf. Cottonys maple-scales 2322 Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathy. Cottony 7eushion-Scalese seas sae ees Icerya purchasi Mask. HEED BT Oye SUT ts OTS Ue eee Feltia subgothica Haw. lm =DOGCRe =e ee ee _Saperda tridentata Ol. Hall canker-wOrny =. = eee ey Alsophila pometaria Harr. Mall web=worml = 2 ee eee ST ay naniieCunedaw rue GIAaSSy..CUtW OGM == ee ee Hadena devastatrix Brace. Granaryeweevile: 233355 ee ee Calandra granaria L. Grape leat-folder 2222222554. ese ee Desmia funeralis Hbn. Grape flea-beetle 224.22 3.282 eels ee Haltica chalybea Ill. Grape-phydloxeta:. 42 er ee ee ee Phylloxera vastatrizx Planch. Gypsy moth= = 24 eal eee Porthetria dispar lL. Harlequin cabbage-bug_____-__-__----Murgantia histrionica Hahn. Hessian-fly jo. 222-24 eee Mayetiola destructor Say. Haw. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE. De JE (OES) ayers] XO) Key cs ea NN Aree er eeepc Seer Sa Cyllene picta Dru. PL OMeY DOC ee ee i ee a ee ee ee Apis mellifera I. STC T= UO ATS gre ea Sere en cate Phorodon huwmuli Schrank. 1 Es LOWES OS 0 ioe a RR bey =e Hematobia serrata R.-D. Horse bot-fly___—_ ee ee eG OSULODILILIES CQis Mus PEROT SS tives ce 32 forts fe ass Naps NAL eee ee Fe Musca domestica L. indiamn=nveali moth: 2252 262 a ee ne Plodia interpunctella Hbn. Wander-bectles saa sai aan aia eee Dermestes lardarius 1. eopard=mO tiie o se eis ee eee en Zeucera pyrina I. Margined blister-beetle______________-_ Lpicauta marginata Fab. Mediterranean flour moth _________—- Ephestia kuehniella Zell. Onions thpips a2]. 2e 2522 ee se irips tabaci bind: Oyster-shell scale. 2 2 _________Lepidosaphes ulmi L. Pale-striped flea-beetle___ ______-Systena blanda Melsh. Palmer-worm _—___ ARN ARR tt it ER Ypsolophus ligulellus Hbn. Peach-borer _______ CREA hee, 2 M90 5. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say. Reach-scaleiss 28 24 _____ Hulecanium persicw Fab. BG NTE TOS Vad Veh eter NE OS es os Oe Psylla pyri WL. Pear-slug ___ Balsa Sy Pie ca Oe, ete hae Hriocampoides limacina Retz. AEN CO Vp Lies aaa ee Se DR el eng Bruchus pisorum L. BICC ONebGeM OKs wpe sie ate eee Tremex columba L. Pistol case-bearer____________________Coleophora malivorella Riley. PE UNA CMTC WOE eee GN ee yn ee ae Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.. TUDES OUI OT ae edn ae be CPR as we ee Anthonomus scutellaris Lec. Potato stalk-borer ___________________Trichobaris trinotata Say. AUT ANTN eS is SC a @ a ik ils igs Se Aspidiotus ancylus Putn. ice WweeVili = =e ee ee ea OClINard Oryear lL: Redslesredh locust! 2 es Te eee Melanoplus femur-rubrum De G. Rose-chafer-_______- eres ________Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab. Rose seale Pa EER RS De CUNO MOS Pedy Nee AREY Aulacaspis rosae Bouché. Saddle-back caterpillar ______________Sibine stimulea Clem. San Jose scale_____ ______________Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. SS CISC Wes NWO oI ys eit ne ae Oe Chrysomyia macellaria Fab. Scurfy scale __ i aes a a RN _Chionaspis furfura Fiteh. RSSHTU UTES 9h fac hey Pe Re Co pl es _.__Bombyaz mori L. SpEInen canker-wOLM = = ek oe Saas e Paleacrita vernata Peck. SHO AUIS USS OT Gy Kenya Latins A ae se ee a pe ie Anasa tristis De G. Squash borer ~_______-______-__Melittia satyrintformis Hbn. Stalk borer haat eS este Te ______Papaipema nitela Guen. Strawberry crown-borer_—_____=______ Tyloderma fragarie Riley. Siraw erty lear-rollen 24) Sisk ene os Ancylis comptana Frohl. Striped blister-beetle ________________EHpicauta vittata Fab. Tarmisheds plamt=bugye sew cake eh ee Lygus pratensis L. Tomato-worm ___ BAPE Sip ones a enue Phlegethontius sexta Joh. Walnut case-pearer ao. tas We ee Baas Mineola juglandis Le B. Walnut-sphinx —___ ___-__-____Cressonia juglandis S. & A. Wheat-head army-worm______________ Heliophila albilinea Hbn. AWWA teesranst Glo @ = se ean AS Cate wag ak a Contarinia tritici Kby. NAIC CACIN OE) ee ayes Na Ae EE Pronuba yuccasella Riley. Hepra-CaterplWarw. wees Sa eee ee Mamestra picta Harr. Note.—The hyphenization in this list differs radically from that in use ir tne Bureau of Entomology.— Ep. ae 28 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. The report of the committee was on motion adopted, and the secretary was instructed to have the approved list. of names printed and distributed to members. The report of the committee on co- operative testing of insecticides was presented by Mr. Burgess. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON COOPERATIVE TESTING OF INSECTICIDES. Your committee, appointed at the last ‘meeting of this Association to con- sider the question of cooperation in testing proprietary insecticides, respect- tully submits the following: It seemed best to the committee as their first step to ascertain how general a desire existed for cooperation in the testing of insecticides. They therefore prepared a circular letter of inquiry on the subject, which was sent to more than fifty persons engaged in economic work in this country. Unfortunately,. however, circumstances prevented a prompt sending of this letter, and as a consequence the answers are still coming in, and it has not been possible for the committee to go over them and formulate any plan to present at this time. It may be remarked that the answers show about as many different ideas on the subject as there were answers, a condition which will necessitate much more consideration by the committee than would be needed if they were more in agreement. Your committee can, therefore, only make this statement. now and ask either for an extension of time or the appointment of another com- mittee in its place to continue the consideration of the subject. On motion, the report was accepted and the committee continued. Mr. Sanderson brought up the question of the method of publish- ing the proceedings, regretting that the present method seemed to make it necessary to cut down or eliminate certain papers from the published proceedings. He thought it feasible, if necessary, for the Association to publish its own proceedings. On motion, it was resolved that a committee on publication be appointed to make recommendations before the close of the present meeting regarding the best method of publication. The chair appointed as such com- mittee Messrs. Sanderson, Burgess, and Hunter. AFTERNOON SESSION, MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1906. The Association attended the symposium held under the auspices of Section K of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on * Yellow fever and other insect-borne diseases.” MORNING SESSION, TUESDAY, JANUARY 2, 1906. The Association met in joint session with Section F of the Amer1- can Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. H. B. Ward, vice-president of Section F, in calling the meeting to order, said that it seemed to him that the many points of common interest to members of both the Association of Economic Entomologists and Sec- THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ATTENDANT ANT. 29 tion F were ample warrant for the holding of a joimt session. He thought the plan was one that would probably be advisable to con- | tinue in the future. The following two papers, taken from the programme of Section F, were then presented. They will be published in full elsewhere. THE PROBLEM OF WING ORIGIN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN INSECT PHYLOGENY. By Herpert Osporn, Columbus, Ohio. [To be published elsewhere. | PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE VARIATIONS OF UTETHEHISA VENUSTA DALMAN. By MEL. T. Cook, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. [| Abstract. | The literature recognizes three species (U. bella, U. venusta. and U. ornatriz) and three varieties (hybrida, terminalis, and stretchic) of this genus. These cover a very wide range. The species and varie- ties are separated primarily on color characters. After examining a very large number of specimens, many of which were reared in captivity, the writer concludes that the intergradations are such as to reduce these three species and three varieties to one species. The writer has also bred and reared a number of these insects, from the study of which he reaches the same conclusion as indicated above. The work will be continued. The following paper was presented : THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ITS ATTENDANT ANT. (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes and Lasius niger l., var. americanus Emery.) By S. A. ForsBeEs, Urbana, Til. Two great dangers threaten the perpetual prosperity of the North American corn belt; one, the gradual exhaustion of some essential element of soil fertility,and the other, the gradual increase of insects especially injurious to the corn crop. Of these two dangers the lat- ter is, I believe, the more immediate and the more difficult to meet. It is the more immediate, first, because the exhaustion of any in- -gredient of the soil is a process of subtraction merely, while the in- crease of insects 1s a process of multiplication; and, second, because farmers are generally accustomed to return to their farms, in more or 30 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. less appropriate fertilizers, some part at least of the substances which they remove from them in their crops, while they are but little accus- tomed as vet to shape their farm management or to vary their agri- cultural practices in a way deliberately to avoid insect injuries. It is the more difficult to meet because each can act for himself in respect to the fertilization of his land, uninfluenced and unharmed by the indifference or ignorance of his neighbor, while the insects bred by any farmer in a community are likely to infest the farms of all, and finally, if continuously ignored, to become generally de- structive, like an epidemic of disease. This epidemic condition has, in fact, already been reached in certain considerable neighborhoods of Illinois, and no doubt in other of the corn-growing States as well; neighborhoods measured by hundreds and thousands of acres, where injuries by the corn root-aphis, the corn root-worm, and the common white-grubs have steadily increased until they bid fair to become permanent factors of the situation unless general measures are taken for their control. The most immediately dangerous of these insects at the present time is the corn root-aphis, which has shown a destructive capacity in recent years easily understood when one knows its life history and ecology. It will be a scandal and a reproach to the American farmer and to the American entomologist if we allow to grow up under our eyes so great and permanent an enemy to corn culture as this insect is capable of becoming, and we ought to raise an earnest voice of warning, instruction, and advice while the difficulty is still local and the insect still controllable. This aphis was first recognized in 1862 by Walsh, who reported at that time that a farmer at Rock Island, Ill., had discovered, toward the last of May, minute insects in prodigious numbers on the roots of corn in one of his fields, and that they had apparently destroyed from a half to three-quarters of the crop so far as to necessitate replanting. Walsh, visiting the field a fortnight later, obtained many wingless specimens, from which he bred 15 winged females. He noticed many small brown ants among the roots of the corn infested by the aphis, and inferred by analogy an association of the usual form between these two insect species. I first began to study this aphis in 1883, and virtually all the facts now known concerning its life history, ecology, and economic relations have been made out at my office in Illinois by myself and my various assistants. THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE APHIS. The life history of the corn root-aphis is in no way peculiar. All the main features of it have been repeatedly published and are doubt- less sufficiently familiar to all; and I have to report under this head THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ATTENDANT ANT. 31 only some minor details made out within the last two years. A highly successful series of breedings made in my insectary by Mr. J. J. Davis, a junior student in my department, working at the time as my assistant, gives us some additional data concerning the rate of multiplication of these insects under what were evidently optimum conditions. Most of these aphides were reared in small glass vials, each with a layer of moist cotton in the bottom and containing a young food plant. A single aphis just born was placed on each plant, the vial was wrapped with paper to exclude the hght, and its mouth was closed with dry cotton. As soon as the plant began to wilt a fresh one was introduced, the aphides being carefully transferred to it by means of a camel’s-hair brush. Sometimes a glass tube was placed around a food plant while growing in an earthen pot, the bottom of the tube pushed into the earth and the upper end stopped with cot- ton as before, the whole being darkened by a paper wrapping. That these artificial conditions were highly favorable to the corn root- aphis was shown by the fact that among several hundred specimens bred and reared in this way not a single one developed wings, although winged aphides were appearing abundantly in the insec- tary at the time. We have much evidence that the development of winged aphides is greatly stimulated, if not sometimes caused, by some deficiency in conditions for the maintenance of an increasing population—usually by a diminishing food supply. By the use of these data, together with others already in my pos- session relating especially to the earliest generations of the year, I am able now to present a virtually complete calendar for this spe- cies of the annual successicn of its generations, from the so-called stem-mother—the generation which hatches from the egg—to the egg again in fall. Beginning with the first to hatch in the spring, if we follow down the series of the first born of each generation we find that 16 successive generations may appear, counting the eggs laid in the fall as the last. If, on the other hand, we begin with the last to hatch from the eggs in spring and follow down the series of the fast born of each generation, there are but 9 generations in all; from which it follows that the number of mid-born generations is 12— the mean number for the year. The average interval between suc- cessive generations of the first born is 11 days, that between the successive generations of the mid born is 16 days, and that between generations of the last born is 184 days. The first generation may be found in the field from April 8, our earliest date for the hatching of the eggs, to June 20, our latest date for the birth of the young of the second generation, a period of 73 days. The eighth generation—the longest lived of all, if we except the eggs—continues from July 14 to the last of October, a 32 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. period of 106 days. On the 1st of May aphides of the first two gen- erations may coexist in the field; on the 1st of June, those of the first three generations; on the Ist of July, 5 generations, from the second to the sixth, inclusive; on the Ist of August, 7 genera- tions, from the fourth to the tenth inclusive; on the Ist of Septem-- ber, 9 generations, from the seventh to the fifteenth; and on the 1st of October, 10 generations, from the seventh to the sixteenth. We have found eggs hatching in the nests of the small brown ant, Lasius niger americanus, from April 8 to May 22, a period of 44 days. Our earliest record of the occurrence of the bisexual ovip- arous generation in fall was September 5, and the latest births. of this generation occurred on the 30th of October. A few oviparous females were still living indoors November 28. Males and females were first seen pairing September 30, and this is also the earliest date at which eggs have been found. The oviparous generation does not correspond to any single one of the annual series, but bisexual forms may appear in any generation in existence at the time when conditions are right fer their develop- ment. In our insectary work of this year sexual forms originated in September and October from representatives of 5 different gen- erations, varying from the seventh to the eleventh of a series reared in confinement after June 22. This appearance of the sexes is evi- dently favored, if not actually produced, by a low temperature— a fact illustrated by the occurrence of sexual forms, September 5, 1905, when the weather was extremely cool for that time of the vear, the daytime temperature of the insectary usually ranging from 60° to 66° F. We have had two instances of females whose first young were viviparous and the last oviparous. Another repro- ‘ductive aberration was exhibited by a viviparous female taken in the field in the pupa stage on the 23d of June, and transferred to the insectary, where within the next few days she gave birth to 6 young previous to her final molt. She then suspended reproductive opera- tions for a few days, molted and acquired wings, and afterwards produced 21 more young. The number of molts is invariably four, and reproduction follows sometimes within a few hours of the last molt, and usually by the next day. In 36 instances, of which exact record was kept. the number of living young varied from 20 to 84 for each female, with an average of 41. Any one disposed to calculate the theoretical reproductive capacity of this species can easily do so from the data given—1l2 mean generations and a multiplication ratio of 41. . Such a calculation is, of course, worthless for any scientific end, because it involves a physical impossibility—that is, the maintenance of optimum conditions for all the progeny of a single female the whole season through. It is conceivable, however, if not believable, THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ATTENDANT ANT. 33 that optimum conditions might continue in an occasional instance for as much as three successive generation periods, and it may help us to understand the facts sometimes observed if we know that the product of reproduction for these three generations under such con- ditions would amount to about 66,000 descendants for each female. The average number of young produced in our experiments by a single female in a single day was 4, and the largest number was 12. The time elapsing from the birth of the female to the birth of her first voung varies from 21 days in early spring to 6 days in August. For a series of 10 generations, beginning June 23 and ending with the appearance of the sexual oviparous generation in fall, the aver- age age of the female at the birth of her first young was 7.8 days, at the birth of her last young it was 16 days, and the female may lve from 1 to 6 days longer. The average total life period of a viviparous female was about 24 days, although 30 to 35 days is not unusual. The oviparous generation 1s rather longer lived, the aver- age for 15 individuals being 26 days, with a maximum of 61. Life is longer, growth is slower, and reproduction more deliberate in the cooler parts of the season, both spring and fall, than in the warmer. An aphis isolated September 18 began to reproduce in 11 days, brought forth young—56 in all—for 31 days, and died November 7 at the good old age of 51. THE ATTENDANT ANT. The absolute dependence of the corn root-aphis upon its attendant ants is doubtless well understood. It is almost invariably found in charge of that most abundant of all American ants, Lastus niger americanus, the commonest ant of pastures, meadows, and cornfields throughout the greater part of the United States. The life history of this ant was fairly well given by me in the eighteenth report of the State entomologist of [linois. It hibernates underground in the fields in comparatively small colonies of workers, 50 to 200 or more in each, often with larve of various sizes and sometimes with eggs. A queen will occasionally be found among the hibernating workers, although eggs are sometimes laid by isolated queens for new colonies in fall. The queen seems sometimes to spend the winter entirely alone or else to leave the old colony very early in spring. April 7 of this year, for example, a queen ant was found in a cornfield in her cell, alone, with neither egos nor aphides near her. Pupation begins during the latter part of May in central Illinois, and winged sexual forms, male and female, begin to emerge about a month later and continue to appear from time to time at least until October. 31024—No. 60—0O6 mM 3 34 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. A single colony of worker ants may extend its burrows in the cornfield under an area 3 or 4 feet in diameter and to depths usually varying from 1 to 4 or 5 inches, but the deeper chambers are some- times 6 or 7 inches below the surface. During a summer drought the ants may bury themselves a foot or more, piling up in sluggish heaps in the deeper chambers of their nests. These ants are thoroughly devoted to the root aphides in their charge, although not wholly dependent on them for food. In ant nests without aphides we have sometimes found the débris of various insect bodies—larve, beetles, and the lke—and in one case a common white grub. We have also seen this ant eating an earthworm. Until this year I have never known it to injure directly the corn plants, among whose roots it mines so diligently, but late last May my attention was called to_a field near Champaign, Ill, heavily in- fested by these ants, which were present in unusually large colonies, and in nearly all cases with no root aphides in charge. Some 4,000 ants in 24 colonies had less than a hundred aphides among them—less than 1 aphis to every 40 ants. Forty to 50 per cent of the hills of this corn were suffering seriously, because the softened kernels had been eaten out by the ants while the plant was still too small to feed sufficiently by the roots. This field was in oats last year, in corn in 1903, and a meadow in 1902. RELATIONS OF ANT AND APHIS. The relations between the aphides and the ants are so intimate and important that the numbers of the aphis are strictly limited by the numbers, activities, and industry of the ants. That the latter are fully equal to their usual opportunities is shown by the fact that through the spring months a large proportion of the burrows which they have excavated in the fields are without aphides, being evidently prepared in advance of the existing supply. It is only toward the middle of the summer that one will find, as a rule, every ant colony with its aphis family in charge. The care taken of the aphides by the ants is well illustrated by a number of incidents reported to me by one of my assistants, Mr. E. O. G. Kelly, from among his observations in the field last spring. April 12, for example, he watched for two hours and a half an ant nest, near which a few small smartweed plants were growing. An ant coming up with a young aphis in its mandibles, carried this about 2 feet and placed it on a smartweed near the ground. Within the next 20 minutes, six more ants transferred each a single aphis from their underground burrows to smartweeds above ground. In about an hour and a half one of the ants returned for its aphis and took it to the nest, and 35 minutes later all had been carried back. One of these ants, which was so marked that it could be recognized on its return, THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ATTENDANT ANT. 30 carried to the nest the same aphis which it had previously brought out. It was a common thing also to see ants transfer young aphides from the roots of sapped and withered plants to those still young and fresh. May 5, 10 aphides were taken from a smartweed root and placed on the bare ground. They crawled actively about, and 2 of them entered a crack in the earth as if to escape the hght. One of these was found by an ant, which carried it away. ‘Two small ones crawled about 4 feet and stopped as if exhausted, but 2 larger aphides traveled more than 10 feet in an hour and twenty minutes without finding any food plant. All were seemingly averse to the light, and erawled away from the sun. Once a corn root-aphis taken from a plant and placed on the ground was found by an ant and carried away to a distance of 4 feet. It was then left to itself while its attendant ant dug down to the roots of a plant of foxtail grass (Setaria), when the aphis was seized and car- ried into the burrow, where it was afterwards found by digging, contentedly sucking sap from the root. Ants often take possession of young aphides as fast as they are born and carry them to new plants, and they are similarly interested whenever oviparous females are producing eggs. Curiously, they pay no especial attention to these females themselves, although the egos are snatched up and carried away as fast as they appear. They value highly the golden eggs, but take no care of the geese. INJURY TO CORN. What this pair of associate pests may do to a corn crop is well shown by conditions found this year in a field of corn in Ford County, in central Ilinois—a great corn year, in a great corn county, in the midst of the great corn belt. This 20-acre field, in corn for only the second year, and in oats two years ago, had been evidently in- fested the whole season through by the corn root-aphis and by noth- ing else. Immediately beside it was another field, the first year in corn, and virtually free from noticeable insect injury. For an exact exhibit of the consequences of the aphis infestation careful com- parison was made in September of the condition and yield of 2,000 hills, taken at random from each of these two fields. In the infested field 23 per cent of the hills were vacant—that is, wholly without plants—and another 21 per cent contained only small dead stalks— 44 per cent of the hills either vacant or dead. In the other field 5 per cent of the hills were vacant and none were dead. In the in- fested field the plants varied from 6 inches to 6 feet in height and numbered 125 per hundred hills. In the uninfested field the corn ranged from 6 feet to 8 feet in height, with 216 stalks per hundred hills. In the infested field only 4 per cent of the stalks bore ears, and in the uninfested field only 4 per cent of the stalks were barren. 36 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. In the uninfested field 2,000 hills bore 4,024 ears, 201 of which were small; m the infested field 2,000 hills yielded a total crop of 95 ears, all nubbins. Sixty-eight per cent of the hills in the first field were still infested by ants and 67 per cent by aphides, while 69 per cent of the vacant hills, in which the corn had died, still showed by the presence of old ant burrows, now deserted, the cause of their death. In brief, the one field yielded an excellent crop of corn and the other was wholly ruined by the root-aphis alone, yielding neither fodder nor grain worth taking into account. This was no isolated instance; it was simply a strongly marked example of aphis injury in that neighborhood, wherever corn had grown on the same ground for so little as two years in succession. The corn root-aphis has simply become epidemic there. Winged females swarm out of the older fields in late spring and early summer in such overwhelming numbers that any field is likely to be injured by them and to become so heavily infested that aphis eggs enough will be left in the ground in fall to work the complete destruc- tion of the crop the following year if the ground is planted to corn. One year at a time in corn is about the limit under such conditions. Whether even so prompt rotation as that would hold this ant-aphis pest permanently in check will appear from what I shall presently have to say concerning the fate of the aphis if the ground containing its eggs is planted to some other crop than corn. | Furthermore, I regret to say that this Ford County neighborhood is only one of several known to me in various parts of Illinois which are similarly injured and endangered. It is because the conditions here described may become established anywhere that corn is made continuously the leading crop that I have thought my topic an especially appropriate one for this general meeting of the American economic entomologists. NATURAL CHECKS ON INCREASE. The possibilities of serious permanent injury to corn culture by the root-aphis are greatly increased by the fact that these subter- ranean aphides, while in no way inferior in reproductive capacity to species of aerial habit, are not nearly so subject to rapid whole- sale destruction by rains, or by parasites and other insect enemies. Long-continued or oft-repeated rains sometimes retard their multi- plication, it is true, and may even reduce their numbers somewhat, but no changes of weather have any such effect on them as on the erain aphides, for example. While the corn leaf-aphis (Aphis mat- dis Fitch) is enormously parasitized, and is commonly attacked by the usual kinds of aphidivorous insects, Aphis maidi-radicis 1s never parasitized, so far as I know, and it is but little subject to destruction by other insects underground. THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ATTENDANT ANT. oN An exception should, perhaps, be made to this last statement with respect to the aphis ant itself. The mysterious disappearance last May of all the ant and aphis population of a 20-acre field of oats in which the food plants of the aphis had nearly all been killed led me to experiment with ants and aphides kept in confinement under star- vation conditions. A colony of ants, well established in an artificial nest of the kind devised by Miss Adele M. Fielde, were given a group of aphides on a fresh corn plant. This was then allowed gradually to dry up until it no longer afforded food to the aphides, und these, of course, soon ceased in turn to make their usual offerings to the attendant ant. Seeming to despair, at length, of making any further use of their aphide protegés, the ants finally ate them up, and continued so to do with all the fresh ones given them. I strongly suspect that the same thing happens sometimes in the field, and that, when the food plants of an aphis family fail them and no more can be readily found, their masters and owners—for such their ant attendants really are—do the best thing possible under these hard conditions and convert their milch cows into beef. PRACTICAL ECONOMIC MEASURES. The most obvious means of lessening or preventing injury by this insect 1s a rapid rotation of crops, leaving no land in corn more than a single year; but this measure is very inadequate, because, however the field is finally cropped, it will at first spring up to smartweed and pigeon grass and other common weeds, on the roots of which the aphides live and breed abundantly until, say, the latter part of May. Then if the field is sown to oats, the shading and sapping of the ground by the crop plant will dwarf the weeds and thus reduce the food supply of the aphides. One important consequence is shown by a comparative observation made last May on the composition of the aphide colonies in hills of corn, as related to the density of the aphide population. Fifty considerably infested hills contained an average of 105 aphides to a ill, and 225 hghtly infested hills con- tained an average of 5 aphides to a hill. In the hghtly infested hills 21 per cent of the adults were winged, or were pupzx about to acquire wings, while in the worst infested hills the winged and pupex amounted to 64 per cent of the adults. That is, as the food supply fails the aphides escape starvation, in great measure, by getting wings and flying away. Many of these winged migrants doubtless perish, but many of them are found by the ants, which are mining every- where as 1f in preparation for their advent; and whenever one is found a new family presently appears on a newly-infested plant, and, multiplying at that time at a rate of 40 to 1 for every week, a fresh start is soon made and the game goes merrily on. The effect of rota- tion is thus a merely temporary check on increase, followed by a wider 38 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. and more rapid distribution of the attack on corn. We must evi- dently find something better than this, or something additional to it, at least, if we would get an effective control of this dangerous pest. Treatment of the seed with kerosene or turpentine before planting completely protects the young plant for several weeks, the odor of these substances persisting in the ground for a surprising time, but unfortunately this treatment often seriously injures the young corn itsel{—just why and under what conditions I have thus far been entirely unable to make out. At any rate, the results are so uncertain and so unaccountable that I think the method much too dangerous for general use. Much the most promising and successfully preventive method is such a management of the soil, in fall or winter or early spring, as to break up and scatter the nests of the ant and to disperse their con- ients—the ants and their young and the aphides and their eggs— again and again through the dirt, destroying, at the same time, the young vegetation as fast as it springs up. Thus ants and aphides may be starved together, or, at the worst, the ant may escape from the fields, leaving the scattered and buried aphides behind to perish. As a test of this method, I carried on various experiments in the spring of 1904 and 1905 in several selected localities in different parts of [lhnois, giving to a part of each infested field the usual spring treatment as a preparation for corn,-and giving to the remainder a special additional treatment which stirred the earth deeply and re- yeatedly and mixed it up thoroughly in the interval between the earliest date for plowing and the usual time for planting corn. These experiments may be summed up by saying that three times disking of a badly infested field, previous to planting late in May, reduced the ants and the aphides in the field by something over 92 per cent, and the number of hills infested by each by 64 per cent for the ants and 82 per cent for the aphides. Disking twice in succession reduced the number of insects by 65 per cent for the ants and 84 per cent for the aphides, and the number of hills infested by each by 59 per cent and 75 per cent, respectively. The most remarkable effect was got by > disking once as soon as practicable after a heavy beating rain. This reduced both ants and aphides by 90 per cent in the number of insects and by approximately 60 per cent in the number of hills infested. A PREVENTIVE ROUTINE. The general practical outcome of these observations and experi- ments may best be given in the form of an agricultural routine for the corn farmer whose crop is Hable to injury by the corn root-aphis, either because it is grown on land previously infested by that insect or because of a general abundance of the aphis in his neighborhood. Rapid rotation with an especially short period in corn, limited as a THE CORN ROOT-APHIS AND ATTENDANT ANT. 39 rule to a single year; early, deep, and thorough preparation of the soul for corn, with a diligent use of the disk harrow after the ground is plowed, and general measures for the maintenance and increase of soil fertility, are the chief features of this routine. It is better that the land should he a day or two between successive diskings, and careful advantage should be taken of cold, beating rains to disk the land as soon thereafter as it is fit to work. If to this we add early and continuous cultivation of the crop, as deep in the beginning as the corn will stand, and if we further advise that corn should never, in any event, be grown on land known to have been infested by this msect the year before, we shall have done all that our present know!l- edge of this aphis and its attendant ant will warrant. It is of course also to be understood that each farmer has in his hands, in considerable measure, the interests of his neighborhood, and that no man should be permitted to raise on his own land, by rea- son of his negligence, insects which will spread to the property of others to their serious injury. The moral and legal principles whose growing recognition we owe to the introduction and spread of the San Jose scale apply just as forcibly to the insect and fungous pests of general agriculture, and some day, I do not doubt, they will be just as thoroughly enforced. Mr. Burgess asked when, in the case of the field culture experi- ments, the counts of aphides remaining alive were made. Mr. Forbes answered, as soon after the experiment as it was believed that the ants and aphides had established themselves; usually this was in about a week, but 1t was sometimes delayed by bad weather. Mr. Morgan asked if any relation had been discovered between the rate of multiplication of the aphis and the vitality of the corn plants, as influenced by soil or climatic conditions. Mr. Forbes answered that no experiments had so far been made for this purpose, but that some were planned. Mr. Morgan said that he had observed that whenever cool nights come on, lowering the vitality of the plant, the common cotton aphis is more abundant. : Mr. Quaintance had observed that they were more abundant dur- ing late spring and also in early fall than during the summer. Mr. Morgan observed further that in new fields cotton was little affected, but on worn-out ground aphides were abundant. Had this been observed in relation to the corn root-aphis in Hlinois corn lands? Mr. Forbes replied that in that part of Hlinois in which the corn root-aphis is abundant it is difficult to find worn-out corn land, and that the condition referred to had not been observed. 40 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Mr. Sanborn asked what relation the migratory form of this aphis has to the infestation of new fields. If it is necessary for the aphis to be cared for by ants, it would seem as if the chance of its being found when migrating into a new field would be slight. Mr. Forbes said that ants are such great explorers that the chance was not so small as might appear. Mr. Sanborn asked how far the aphis flew. | Mr. Forbes said that he did not know exactly; it depended on the strength of the wind. Mr. Webster stated that Professor Saj6 had called attention to the fact that many insects like the aphides would climb to some elevated object, like a stem of grass, and deliberately give themselves to the wind to be carried away by it, perhaps for long distances. He had himself observed that the ants seemed to be always on the watch for the aphis in the cornfields. While he was familiar with the experi- ments and results obtained by Doctor Forbes, he would like very much to see how they would work out in the hilly country of the South. The corn root-aphis had during the past summer been re- ported as very injurious in some parts of Virginia, where farmers did not seem at all familiar with it, and he wondered if these cultural methods would apply there as well as in the prairie country of Illinois. He had many times noted that where a field previously in corn had been plowed in spring and sown to oats there would be an occasional ear missed at husking that when plowed under would send up a cluster of young plants, and the roots of these would be infested by the root-aphides, attended by ants. He expressed the hope that Doctor Forbes would experiment with fertilizing ground with barnyard manure as a possible repellent, as he had observed that in portions of fields where this manure had been apphed before plowing there were fewer root-aphides. Mr. Osborn called attention to the fact that since the aphis can not exist without the ant, we have here a condition in some ways analo- gous to parasitism. Mr. Sanderson called attention to the fact that in the case of the strawberry root-aphis (Aphis forbesii Weed) the eggs are laid upon the stems and foliage of the plant and are not cared for by the ants, but that the ants are entirely responsible for carrying the aphides down upon the roots of the plants in the spring, for tunneling around the roots of the plants, and very largely for carrying the aphides from plant to plant and thus spreading the pest. This would seem to be a transitional stage in the care of aphides given by ants from that given the aerial species to that afforded the corn root-aphis. What is the percentage of migrants to wingless insects in the corn root- aphis ? OBSERVATIONS ON HABITS OF FALL WEBWORM. 4] Mr. Forbes replied that it varies too much to be expressed in aver- ages. The migrants, however, seem to be more abundant in the earher generations. In the absence of the author, the followmg paper was read by Mr. Osborn: OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MIGRATING, FEEDING, AND NESTING HABITS OF THE FALL WEBWORM (HYPHANTRIA CUNEA DRU.). By HK. W. Bercer, PH. D. (J. H. U.), Columbus, Ohio. The majority of the observations upon which this paper is based were made at Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, during the past summer, while I was at the Lake Laboratory of the Ohio State University. The webs of the fall webworm were abundant on all sides, and those who had spent preceding summers at Cedar Point were under the impression that the webworm was on the increase. After a few days of casual observation it was decided to make a more careful study of its habits and to determine if it is double brooded at that place. While a few specimens pupated in the laboratory during the latter part of July, none of them transformed into adults, and no positive results were obtained in regard to a possible second brood. Acknowl- edgment is due Prof. Herbert Osborn for his interest and for his gen- erosity in placing valuable suggestions and facilities at my command. FOOD PLANTS. The worms were observed upon the following plants: Walnut (Juglans nigra), choke-cherry (Prunus virginiana), common wild black cherry (Prunus serotina), willow (Salix sp.), elm (Ulmus americana), boxwood (Cornus sp.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) , and wild grape (Vitis vulpina). The webs were abundant every- where upon the choke-cherry (Pl. I, fig. 2) and the common wild black cherry, some trees of the latter having nearly one-half of their fohage destroyed. Willows were also nearly always populated with a few or many broods. The few walnut trees (PI. I, fig. 1) present were literally defoliated, and these will be the subject of the next topic. Elm, boxwood, and hackberry were frequently infested, but never to the same extent as the previously named trees. In only two instances did I observe the webworm feeding upon the wild grape, and then only when the grape leaves grew among the leaves of willow and choke-cherry. I did not observe a single instance of the worms feeding upon the poplars at the Point. This is quite at vari- ance with previous observations. In Riley’s bulletin upon the web- 42 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. worm in Washington in 1886, Populus balsamifera and P. tremu- foides are named among the trees that suffered most. Both these poplars occur at Cedar Point, but no webs were observed upon them. Following I give the first five trees named in Riley’s list. These are arranged in the order of the damage done: Acer negundo (box elder). Populus alba (Buropean white poplar). Populus deltoides (cottonwood). Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar). Populus tremuloides (American aspen). The same report further states that poplars, cottonwoods, and the ranker growing willows were the principal subjects of attack in 1886 in New England. Of the species of trees attacked at Cedar Point, four (walnut, wild black cherry, choke-cherry, and willow) appeared to be the favorite food plants of the worms, and these are, respectively, 41 (Primus serotina is not named by Riley), 75, and 14 in Riley’s list of 108 food plants. In the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1895, 120 is given as the number of food plants listed. Again, of all the species of food plants named by Riley, 42 genera-and about 26 species are represented at Cedar Point, but of these only 8 were observed to be used as food by the worms. Throughout the State generally, so far as my hmited observations extend, and from a few other reports, the common wild black cherry (Prunus serotina) 1s the tree most generally attacked; but walnut, elm, hickory, pear, apple, sugar maple, and silver maple suffer more or less. Walnut trees when attacked suffer most, as the following topic will show; and Mr. Cotton, assistant inspector of nurseries and ~orchards, has informed me of similar conditions near Cadiz, Harrison County, Ohio. The following observation is interesting and shows how capable the female is in the selection of a favorite food plant upon which to lay her eggs. One day I observed a web upon a hedge of Osage orange. Closer investigation revealed the fact that the web was not properly upon the Osage orange at all, but upon a small wild cherry that grew there and which had escaped my notice. E. D. Sanderson ” refers to the webworm as being particularly fond of a neglected Osage-orange or wild-cherry hedge. I have repeatedly observed it this last summer upon wild-cherry trees that grew along an Osage- orange hedge, but I do not recall seeing it upon the Osage orange itself. Professor Osborn’ states that he observed the webworm «Our Shade Trees and Their Insect Defoliators, Bul. 10, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric. b Bul. No. 56, Del. Agric. Exp. Sta., June, 1902. ¢ Insects Affecting Forest Trees. Proc. Columbus Hort. Soc., vol. 17, 1902. ~ OBSERVATIONS ON HABITS OF FALL WEBWORM. 43 specially abundant in that year upon the elm. These and the several facts previously noted in regard to the favorite food plants of the worms seem to indicate that the food plants vary from year to year and perhaps from place to place. It has been suggested that there may be several varieties of the worm, but at present I can do no more than call attention to the facts. ON WALNUT. There are only a few walnut trees at the Point, but the worms played havoe with these; while of all the great abundance of choke- cherry only two instances were noted where the infestation was at all similar and so extensive. A clump of five walnut trees (Pl. I, fig. 1), each about 6 inches in diameter, became literally defoliated and about 150 nests were counted upon them. I have observed, however, that the number of nests does not necessarily indicate the number of broods, since a large brood may desert its web, divide, and each division form new nests. (See Other Observations.) When food became scarce the worms began to migrate down the trunks of the trees and over the ground, here and there covering the Hmbs and trunks, and also the ground about the trees, with web. This migration occurred chiefly at night, when the worms literally cov- ered the ground for a radius of several feet about the trees, and all was activity. The migrating worms generally rested, as is custom- ary for them, during the day. In this case they mainly rested in temporary webs often located at the base of the trees. Many of these webs were of extraordinary size and composed of a number of successive sheets of silk arranged parallel with their plane surfaces and about one-fourth inch apart. In this way the capacity of a web was greatly increased, and I estimated that one of the largest con- tained not less than 2 quarts of the worms. The worms migrated mainly eastward to a clump of choke-cherry bushes close by and westward to a large hackberry tree about 40 feet distant. Some webs of migrants were also found in two other hack- berry trees about 50 and 100 feet, respectively, to the southwest and northwest. The migration extended over a period of about ten days, from August 1 to August 10. In four days the number of nests in the chokecherry bushes increased from 6 to 25, and the worms literally stripped the bushes as they advanced. There were only a few native broods upon the choke-cherry bushes. I could always distinguish these from migrants by the presence of dried leaves in the nest, there being none of these in the nests of migrants. Then, nugain, a nest of migrants almost always contains worms of various sizes. The absence of dried leaves, together with the presence of worms of several different sizes, I consider to be a very good test for distinguishing a migrant nest from a native nest. The advance 44 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. into the choke-cherry bushes (Pl. I, fig. 2) was quite comparable to the exit from the walnut trees. The worms first built large nests at the base of the bushes, with considerable web upon the ground, and then advanced upward from night to night. Many of these nests were of the kind described above—that 1s, composed of parallel sheets of silk. The migration to the hackberry was not so striking as that to the choke-cherry bushes, but was even more interesting. At first the worms congregated in temporary webs in the crotches of the larger limbs, but they gradually advanced upward from day to day and built webs in the smaller branches. I first observed the worms trav- eling up the hackberry tree at 5 p. m. of August 3. I found a few worms climbing up the large tree and two webs with worms in the Srst and second large crotches about 7 and 10 feet above ground, respectively. There were also a few worms climbing up one of the main ascending limbs about 20 feet above ground. There was no. veb spun about the base of the tree, but the caterpillars observed 20 feet above ground had some web spun upon the limb. This latter web, as also the number of worms within it, increased from day to day until it extended about 8 feet in length and surrounded the greater part of the limb, which was perhaps 7 inches in diameter and free from smaller limbs. This web was apparently not a resting place, but mainly a route of travel, for the worms seemed to be more or less on the move all the time. The webs in the crotches mentioned, 1 decided, were resting places for the worms during the day. I think there can be no doubt that the worms in the hackberry came from the walnut trees. Worms were observed upon the ground in the early forenoon headed toward the tree. Again, there were no webs with dead leaves in them; in fact, the tree showed no evidence whatever of having been previously infested, and the worms were of several different sizes. The next day—August 4—I observed nests upon limbs farther up in the hackberry and fewer caterpillars in the nests in the crotches. I also noticed nests in the very top of the tree among the leaves, which showed evidence of being stripped. Four days later—August 8—the number of worms in the lower nests (in the crotches) was rapidly de- creasing, while there were more nests in the top of the tree, which could now be seen from the outside and at some distance. A few worms were seen climbing up the trunk, and a few could still be found in the webs upon the walnut trees. This was also the situation upon the following two days, when I left the Point. The condition upon the other hackberry trees mentioned, 50 and 100 feet southwest and northeast, respectively, from the walnut trees, was quite comparable to that already described. In the southernmost of the trees just mentioned I observed only a few webs, but all the in- Bul. 60, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I. Fic. 1.—WALNUT TREES INFESTED BY THE FALL WEBWORM. View looking north, Lake Erie in background; Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio. From photograph by Prof. H. Osborn. FiG. 2.—CHOKE-CHERRY BUSHES BADLY DEFOLIATED BY FALL WEBWORM. Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio. From photograph by Prof. H. Osborn. OBSERVATIONS ON HABITS OF FALL WEBWORM. 45 dications were that these came from the walnuts. Upon the northern- most one I found five nests in the forks of the tree, with a few other webs quite at the top. This was on August 8 and only two days be- fore the termination of my observations. All the indications were that these were migrants, and I concluded that they came from the walnut trees, because there were no other infested trees near; in fact, no trees of any kind nearer than the walnuts. This fact is interest- ing, because the worms had to travel not less than 100 feet. Mr. W. B. Herms, who remained at the laboratory until August 31, was kind enough to observe the worms for me after my departure, and reported that they advanced only a lttle farther east into the choke-cherry bushes and became fewer in numbers, evidently having wandered off in search for a place to pupate. The trees began to show new life, and by the time Mr. Herms left were quite green again. Riley, in his report, previously mentioned, states that many of the trees even began to flower. A small hop-tree (Péelea trifoliata) immediately under the webs in the walnut trees was injured but little, the worms evidently having a decided aversion to it. At one time a small web was spun in it, and some worms were wandering about, but they all soon deserted it. In the early part of the forenoon I usually found some stragglers upon the ground, evidently en route from the walnut trees, and which had been overtaken by daylight. These were found 10 to 30 feet from the walnuts and invariably headed away from these. The majority traveled eastward to the cherry trees and westward to the hackberry trees. Some, however, were wandering to all points of the compass, the smaller number to the north and the south. To the south was a plot of bare sand, and to the north also sand, but with more grass and no trees. The routes to the east, west, northwest, and southwest were more shaded. I should add, perhaps, that the soil here, as everywhere at Cedar Point, is lake sand, and seldom more than sparingly covered with wild grass. Upon none of the stragglers observed did I discover a trailing thread of silk; in fact, I found but little silk anywhere along the lines of travel except to the east, where the choke-cherry bushes were only a few feet from the walnut trees. I found many dead worms along the line of travel, some plump and fresh, others dried up. Many were found in little pits the size of an ordinary heel. It occurred to me that these worms had died from the heat, since all the lines of travel were exposed, more or less, to the sun’s rays during some part of the day. Again, the majority of the dead worms were found to the south, where the sun was hottest. To test my surmise that the dead worms upon the ground died from excessive heat, I placed three in a small pit of the size mentioned. They labored incessantly in an effort to get out, and all died within ten to twenty minutes (one in ten, one in fifteen, and one in twenty). 46 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. As the great majority of the worms traveled eastward to the choke- cherry bushes and westward to the hackberry tree, it seems plausible to assume that the worms have some sense of direction, probably being guided by the proximity of the trees to which they migrated. But I do not think that they have the * keen sense to guide” them which Riley states to have been the case for the worms in Washing- ton. Judging by my observations upon the stragglers, namely, that they wandered very much in all directions from the cherry trees, and would wander 40 and 100 feet when there were plenty of food plants (choke-cherry) within 10 or 15 feet, it appears to me that the cater- pulars wander very much at random, depending upon chance to find some other food plant. In fact, it seems to be very much of a “* cut and try ~ method. In abundance there probably was a straggler for about every 5 feet of ground surface. In the afternoon I found very few of them. One may contrast the infestation of a tree by migrants with the normal infestation from eggs by stating that in the former case it is centrifugal and in the latter centripetal. When it is centrifugal the migrants travel from the trunk to the larger limbs and then to the smaller ones, building their webs on the limbs or in the crotches. From these webs they go out to the leaves to feed. When infestation is centripetal eggs are laid upon some of the outermost leaves, from which the larve then work toward the center of the tree, eventually traveling down its trunk, provided their number is so great that they require more food than the tree furnishes. FEEDING HABITS. _ My observations in this direction clearly show that the worms feed but little, if at all, during the day. At night they leave the nests, or thicker parts of the webs, and move about freely upon the leaves in the thinner parts or those bordering the webs. To determine the periods of feeding I made observation at all hours of the day, but rarely found any but young broods, below the second moult, busy feeding. The few exceptions to this rule were several broods lned up to feed at about 11 a. m. on a rainy day and now and then a colony in some shady place. At night this is altogether different. With the beginning of dark- ness the worms break camp and move out upon the leaves, even to the extent of 2 feet and farther from the nest, to feed. Then they may leave the web altogether and feed unprotected except by the darkness. without even a thread of silk to cover them.* This observa- aThere may have been a fiber of silk connecting the worms with their web, although I have no observations on this point. It is generally understood, how- ever, that such is the case. OBSERVATIONS ON HABITS OF FALL WEBWORM. AT tion I believe distinctly indicates that the webs serve mainly for pro- tection from enemies during the day. I found the caterpillars during July breaking camp at about 7.15 p. m., and by 7.30 they were feeding; at 10 p. m. and at 3 a. m. also they were feeding, there being only a few individuals, evidently getting ready to molt, in the nests; at 4 a. m., daybreak found them homeward bound. Younger broods, below the second moult, were observed to be slower in coming home. Only one observation was made at 3 a.m. and two at 4 a. m.; between 7 and 10 p. m. frequent observations were made.? The black-billed cuckoo was seen feeding upon the worms at differ- ent times. Dr. William E. Kellicott, whose work gave him oppor- tunity to observe the contents of toads’ stomachs, kindly consented to make special note of these, in order to determine to what extent the toads at the Point feed upon the webworm. His observations are wholly negative, however, probably because he never used the toads until about twelve hours after collecting, when nothing but the harder parts of beetles, crickets, grasshoppers, and the like could be identi- fied. He expresses doubt that the toads feed much upon the cater- pillars. Riley’s bulletin states that the toads fed freely upon the worms. GROWTH AND MOLTING. A brood of small worms, which I judged could not be over a few days old, was transferred to another cherry tree more favorably located for observation. The twig upon which they lived was cut off and tied to a branch in the new location. It was only after sev- eral days that the caterpillars migrated to fresh leaves, the old ones in the meantime having become quite dry. They did not seem to thrive after that, and during 22 days, the time that they were under observation, they grew but little, if any, in length, as shown by actual measurement. They began to molt in 12 days from the time that they were first observed. Thus it appears that their first molt occurs 12 or 15 days after hatching. Another slightly older brood (on some willows), which measured one-fourth inch (6.25 mm.) in length measured one-half inch (12.5 mm.) after 22 days, having thus grown one-fourth inch in that time. This brood be- came mixed with an older brood with which it went to live, so that nothing in regard to its molting could be determined. Another aj tried to corroborate these conclusions upon feeding by an examination of the digestive tracts of specimens collected at different times of the day. Thus I dissected specimens collected at 7 and 10 a. m. and at 1 and 5 p.m. Not less than 20 specimens were examined, but little difference was observed except that I concluded that the anterior parts of the digestive tracts of the latter were less gorged. 48 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. brood which had evidently just molted twice when it came under my observation molted again after 12 days. The observations just noted indicate 12 to 15 days as the interval between molting. . Allowing five molts per season, this gives us about 2 months for a worm to mature, which is about the time required at Cedar Point. Mature worms average 18.75 to 25 mm. in length (0.75 to 1 inch). At the rate of growth above indicated (6.25 mm. in 22 days) we again get about 2 months for a worm to mature. Judging from the number of loose heads and headless skins in the nests, I conclude that the head molts first, and that the worm then ships out of the old skin by this opening. I do not recall finding an empty skin with a head. In only a few instances do I recall that the thorax had a small, longitudinal slit dorsally. The last molt occurs after the cocoon—a loose flimsy affair consisting mainly of the hairs of the caterpillar with but little silk—has been formed and hes stored away at the posterior end of the pupa. In some specimens about to molt, and which I dissected, I found the digestive tract empty and the new hairs formed beneath the old skin. OTHER OBSERVATIONS. It has already been remarked that a brood may divide into two broods, and that two broods may unite. Again, a brood may desert its old web and form a new one. I frequently noticed that many webs contained worms of several different sizes, and this fact first suggested to me that two or possibly several broods might unite in a single web. I found later that a brood of smaller worms, somewhat isolated at the end of a branch, traveled 18 inches along a bare stem to reach green leaves. Every inch of this distance was covered with quite a dense web of silk. This brood came into close prox- imity with an older brood, and instead of returning to its own web took up its abode in the web of the older worms. This is a perfect illustration of the union of two broods. A similar occur- rence was observed with another larger brood, which finally had to travel several feet to get to its feeding leaves. This brood eventu- ally divided, one division taking up its abode within the web of another brood near by, while the second division built a new web of its own. It appears that the worms found it more convenient in this ‘ase to take quarters with their near neighbor, or to build a new web, than to return to their old nest. This observation illustrates both the union and the division of broods, as well as the building of a new nest. The following observations in a measure also illustrate some of the above points, besides several others in webworm economy: I cut out OBSERVATIONS ON HABITS OF FALL WEBWORM. 49 a nest at 3 a. m., while the worms were out feeding. At 4 a. m., when all were coming home, these were wandering about aimlessly. Eventually a portion settled down and spun some web within a piece of folded paper which had been used as a label for the nest. The ma- jority, however, formed a new nest among some dead leaves left after cutting out the old nest. Another paper was then placed near the first piece. The next day a number had located under this and had spun some web, but the paper was not at all folded. Later all the nests were cut out, including the pieces of paper, with the result that a portion of the worms settled down in a new web which they built underneath the largest stem of the branch, while the rest returned to a neighboring nest about 18 inches distant, from which the smaller individuals of this brood—a double brood—had come some days before. Three nests were cut out and placed on the ground near some choke-cherry bushes. In all three instances the nests were fastened to the ground with web after the first night and some silk spun upon the ground for some small distance about the nests. The first brood built web upon the ground for a distance of 2 feet from its nest to a leafy stem of the choke-cherry, to which it migrated. Only a few worms returned to the nest upon the ground after the first few days. The majority remained in their new quarters and soon had spun quite a dense web. The history of the second nest is quite similar to the first, except that I could find no web spun upon the ground leading to the choke- cherry, a distance of 3 feet. These worms remained for a longer time in their nest, deserting it gradually, and, it is presumed, went to the choke-cherry, where a few specimens were occasionally found, although no new web was observed. The history of the third nest is somewhat different. The nest was cut off August 5 and placed upon the ground between the porch and choke-cherry bush. The nest was 2 feet from a leafy branch of the cherry near the ground and about 1 foot from the porch. On the morning of the second day apparently all the worms were in the nest, and a web had been spun upon the ground near by and the side of the porch. At 9 p.m. of the same day (August 6) the worms were wandering about the web upon the ground and the porch. 3 NOUTS abo Pel Celt = ae aes ae eee ee 4 0 34608 13316;|) Sorzhums nontumiga ted Sane se nse s a e e eeeeee 6 75 34609 A Sorghum, chour. atqesper Cents cesar eae ee ee ee 5 0 34610 3) Sore hum=3 NOurs! ato (per Cente case e ee a ee eee | 6 | 0 24 Gideon | ‘Beans mnontumigated: 22-555 cc > eeer ee ae eee eee 6 80. 34612 1) Beans. 4 hourmeat ols pel Celts nen ae ee eee ee | 4 | TBA 31613 2: |) Beans: 2 hours, ata) per cen tsee eae ee eee ee 4 7 34614 3 | Beans; 3-hOUrs, ab D Per CONb ok a ee ee eee ee eee 4 3.5 34615 593971 (Cotton, wontimivated ios =. ase ne a eee ae ane meee 6 §5 34616 4 Cottons | hoursaitims Pee Nt 2 sees ee ee ee | 4 OF 34617 23\: Cotton’? bours-atd Oper Cen tesa ao eee eee eee ae | 4 ai 34618 | 3 Cotton, Suiolrs. abo pel Cen bs eas ee ee eee | 4 0 i The actual value is the percentage of pure seed that will germinate. This is obtained by multi- plying the percentage of pure seed by the percentage of total germination. REMARKS.—Exposed to SO, gas as above. E. Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory. Unitep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BuREAU OF PLantT INDUSTRY, BotaNIcAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS, SEED LABORATORY, Washington, D. C., October 7, 1905. Report of germination test of beet seed received September 22, 1905. | Dura- | | Per cent F Sprouts |; Test |Sender’s - - tionof *P | of balls number.) mark. Name of variety- test in | oe giving days. | “* | sprouts. 28149 Gece ote Beet BoniumMisanted se 45s secs eee aoe ee ee eee 10 | 164.5 79 28150 1 | Beet, 1 hour, at 72 per cent..-.._- See ee SS 6 | 0 0 28151 2) "Beet, 2 hours. at LO pericents.22. cs a oe oe cece eee 6 | 0 | 0 | REMARKS.—Exposed to SOs gas as above noted. E. Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory. SULPHUR DIOXIDE AS AN INSECTICIDE. UNITED SraTES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau oF PLant INpbustRryY, BoTaNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS, SEED LABORATORY, Washington, D. C., October 6, 1908. Final report of germination test of seed received September 26, 1905. Test Number. Sender’s mark. 34630 34631 34652 3463, 34634 34639 54636 34637 34638 34639 34610 34641 34 42 316.3 3.644 34645 153 Dura- x tion of | Germi- Name of seed. test in | Ration, days. per cent, RVC MUTA GTA GCG rae errr seats eee ere eae sac Sa pe ae nh payee a 5 OR RVC 2ntO Di PCLCOMbt22 MOUTSi eee cme. feet ciovetataiare era a 5 0 Beans umm Greate gw ae srs hse aps elven a DEN dP es Leas Bay caret 5 66 IBeanss26l02D percent eo2 OUTS S se 82 sees ee ere eee re ees oe ee 5 0) Garden =peaunitreatedircagans ys ere ee seule 5 €6 Garden pea, 2: to.5 percent, 22 hours .-.--:.2..2.2..-2-2---2--- 5 7 Soreihium umtreate die cns oe Sere C1 ae eae re ale See ie 5 (BES Sorghum-2:tod:per cent.22 Nourse. oes noe: Soe eee ce ae 5 0 ARUN ty; UT GRC AGC Chae 2 ge A SN aE aig aR i pat 8 52 MinrorhyA 2 tOlMpperiCemti. 22 Mn OuTSi. We ee eee clo sie rere 5 0 (OP HUST ob oN eeyew (ey WS occ ea Ne aa Aes et rena en 5 9; Oats 2itor percent 224i OUTS sae ener tate iets 5 0 Saxe TNE NCA CO Gaye set ey eee ae eee cee ee rch at es Be gi ts 2 Sey RO as 5 81 lax 2 ozo per Celt 22 NOULS mS. ee asses ee stance cee cies arn 5 17 COttomea Tt Ve ate Geer er ee Pees ee eyres see sare Ny SN Ae a 5 50 Cotton 2 stor pemicent27 Moursisa asses ee re ce eg tomer are 5 0 The actual value is the percentage of pure seed that will germinate. plying the percentage of pure seed by the percentage of total germination. REMARKS.—-Treated with SOx, as above noted. Test ~ 34646 34647 34648 34649 34650 34651 34652 34653 34604 34655 number. This is obtained by multi- E. Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory. UnitED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau oF Piant INDosTRY, BoTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS, SEED LABORATORY, ae Washington, D. C., October 6, 1905. Final report of germination test of seed received September 26, 1905. Sender’s mark. Dura- ; F Germi- Name of seed. es of nation, est in days. per cent. Bare we UmMbReA be Oey res he Oe ee cia eR Wie oka ee Ce Aa ah ee 5 94.5 Barleya.2 bo OsperCemt 22 nourseseeeece cscs ccs oe cee cores e sec: 5 9.5 Mineaitnumnitreated ete eee eee es et ees gs Sear amen ea 3 94 Wihteat2stos percent. 22:hnownseesearmeee face cee ee cece 5 0 TERT UTD ETS GE sek eae a re cg geet ah ie Miss = ot 2 pope 9 Ne 8 42.5 RA COM2ORD Peri CeMbs22 Nn OTS emer els Soyo a scan ness ae ee ale 8 0 (OKO Oe, NU OY ER CCSES aN G LEA Mee ari Ae BS a a A A eS Ce 5 94 Corns 2;torbypericent 2 nOUrse. sesso seine oe else ieee eicicce eee 5 0 Sweeticorn = WmGre ate cies: es oe et Spa ele ce eGR ete See iste Somes 5 97.5 Sweet corn, 2 to 5 per cent, 22 hours........................--- 5 0 The actual value is the percentage of pure seed that will germinate. This is obtained by multi- plying the percentage of pure seed by the percentage of total germination. REMARKS.—Treated with SOs, as above noted. EK. BRown, - Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory. 154 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. NOTES ON INSECTICIDES. By A. F. Burcess, Columbus, Ohio. [ Withdrawn for publication elsewhere. | Mr. Britton said that he had used hydrocyanic-acid gas for bags of grain infested with the larve of Plodia interpunctella Hbn. The silk spun by the larvee formed a dense coating on the outside of the bags. One ounce of cyanide to 100 cubic feet was used, but after thirty-six hours the gas had failed to penetrate to the interior of the bags sufficiently to kill the Plodia larvee, although those on the outside were all destroyed. Some lve Tenebrio larve were also found in the bags. Mr. Washburn asked if there were any data on the use of sulphur dioxide in flour mills. Mr. Marlatt rephed that he had not had any experience in actual mill work, but had tested it with sacks of flour and that it penetrated these rapidly. Mr. Quaintance said that experiments had shown that penetration of hydreeyanic-acid gas into the soil is so slow that it is entirely impracticable to use it for soil fumigation in greenhouses. He also referred to a series of experiments in progress with the lime-sulphur- salt wash by the Bureau of Entomology. Twenty-three or 24 formu- las were tested during 1905 in western New York, in Maryland, and in Georgia, the work thus being extended over a considerable range and likely to bring out differences due to climatic conditions. Mr. Quaintance further stated that washes containing less than 15 pounds of sulphur to 50 gallons of water in all cases proved inefficient in destroying the scale, and best results were secured from the use of washes containing considerably more sulphur, as 20 or 25 pounds to 50 gallons of wash. Mr. Smith said that his experience in Georgia showed that instead of the ordinary method of mixing the sulphur with the lime after the water has been added to the latter, and while it is in the process of slaking, it is better to mix the sulphur with the water first while the latter is being heated by steam and then afterwards add the hme to the hot mixture. Mr. Mackintosh asked for an opinion as to the difference between the so-called “ flour of sulphur ” and “ flowers of sulphur.” He said that he found difficulty in getting * flowers of sulphur ” in Alabama. The former is used almost exclusively by the fruit growers and seems to give good results. Mr. Quaintance said that in portions of the South, notably in Georgia, orchardists were using in the preparation of the lme- OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG. 155 sulphur-salt wash a sulphur there known as *‘‘crystallized sulphur,” which is practically the crude product as it comes from the mines. The following papers were then read: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG. (Podisus maculiventris Say.) By A. W. Morrityt, Washington, D. C. The observations recorded in this paper, unless otherwise stated, are based on two specimens of Podisus maculiventris taken by the writer July 9, 1902, on a Camperdown elm tree at Amherst, Mass. The specimens were on that date in the fourth nymphal instar, and one of them had a nearly full-grown elm leaf-beetle larva impaled on its beak. They were taken to the laboratory, and until their death, which took place in each case over one and a half months later, were under daily observation, being caged in a lantern globe, covered at the top with cheese cloth. The insects upon which my observations were made were e kindly examined by both Mr. E. P. Van Duzee and Mr. O. Heidemann, who independently determined them as Podisus maculiventris Say, a name which has recently taken the place of the better known, Podisus spinosus Dall. : As a beneficial insect this species has long held a high nlc in the esteem of economic entomologists, and consequently in entomological literature the references to it are very numerous. It has been noted as being especially useful as an enemy of the larvee of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), the elm leaf-beetle (Galerucella luteola Mill.), the tent caterpillar, the cotton bollworm (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.), and the cotton leaf-worm (Alabama argil- lacea Ubn.). Undoubtedly some accounts of the destruction of in- jurious insects by Podisus maculiventris have been under the name P. serieventris Uhl., a species with which it is frequently confused. Van Duzee, in his Annotated List of the Pentatomide,* indicates his suspicion that the form treated of by Kirkland? as P. serieventris is the same as the one he (Van Duzee) has called P. maculiventris. Whether or not the form known to some as P. serieventris be ulti- mately considered as a species distinct from P. maculiventris, its habits appear to be the same as those of the latter, and for a more general account than I shall give one should refer to the papers by Kirkland, which also contain an extended bibliography of the species of the genus. psec UI Ss oe a Annotated List of the Pentatomidse Recorded from America North of Mexico, with descriptions of some new species. By Edward P. Van Duzee. Trans. Am. Int. Soc., Vol. XXX, p. 71, March, 1904. b Mass. Bd. Agric., Report on Gypsy Moth, 1896, pp. 392-403. Same, 1898, pp. 129--131. 156 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN ADULTS. The color of adults shows considerable variation even between parents and offspring. Nine specimens, including the two of the first Fic. 6.—Podisus maculiventris, variation inform and size of parents and progeny: No. 1, female parent; No. 2, male parent; No. 3, largest specimen of seven of second genera- tion, female; No. 4, smallest specimen of seven of second generation, male. Enlarged (original). and seven of the sec- ond generation, vary in ground color of the dorsum from a grayish to a reddish brown, and are marked with varying amounts of black. The variation in the form and size in the same series (see fig. 6) is more strik- ing. The humeral an- gles are more acutely produced in the male parent than in any of the other specimens in the series. The males average smaller and show a greater range of variation in size and form than the females. The abundance of food during the nymphal stages is the principal factor which determines the size attained by the adult. Certain measurements have been made of each individual of the nine speci- mens, and are here given in tabular form: Variation in form and size of parents and offspring. Length, in millimeters, tip of head to apex of WINES 222 Shee ee Width of body, in milli- meters, from points op- posite anterior margin of scutellum 2 2-2 s Width of body, in milli- meters, from tips of humeral angles______-_-- Length of scutellum, in millimeters 2. ee. | Female parent (No.1) and female Male parent (No. 1) and male | | | | offspring. offspring. [eae : ; : Wrst : Bd er — Rr ae) aa 19d e an — nr oa s ao > 5 E : 5 eb) q . ce) S o) e) co) fo} o) > ra] e) © o) (2) > 2 Z Z Z Z Zi The temperature records are from the Bulletins of the Meteorological Observatory of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The insects under observation were kept close to a north window which was open daily from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. Under the conditions the daily mean temperature was probably very close to that recorded at the observatory. ¢ Unhatched eggs fed upon by nymphs of batch No. 8. 4 Fourteen infertile; 16 fertile, but failed to hatch. ¢ Nine infertile; 5 fertile, but failed to hatch. 158 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. From the above table can be deduced the approximate effect within the limits of these observations of a single degree of daily mean tem- perature on the period of incubation. If we consider only the three batches of eggs which matured with the lowest average daily mean temperature and the three batches which matured with the highest average daily mean temperature, we find that the former average was 62.3° F. and the latter 72.7° F., while the period of incubation is shortened with the increase in temperature from 8.6 to 5.3 days. In other words the decrease of 10.4° F. represents an increase of 3.3 days in the incubation period or 0.32 day for each degree of temperature. The average number of eggs deposited per day by the female during the entire adult life was 9.3. Omitting the first eight days during which no eggs were laid, the number of eggs after the begin- ning of the egg-laying period averaged 11.2 per day. The rate of production of eggs as well as the length of imeubation period was affected in a marked degree by the daily temperatures. The last fifteen days of the month of August were cooler than the first 15; the 5 warmest days of the month occurred consecutively from August 1 to 5, inclusive, and the 5 coolest days occurred consecutively from Au- gust 16 to 20, inclusive. The relation of temperature fo the produc- tion of eggs is shown in the following table, although allowance should be made for the influence of minor factors, the experience with one insect being too limited for anything more than general con- clusions. 7 Relation of temperature to production of eggs. Per cent) Average = daily INumber| Total | of tote Storeee Period, August, 1902. mean of egg | number eae ihe nae ee | temper- | batches.) of eggs. g e288 SEE ature. < per per day. month. : = Oe EG age Atenas St oe hee ae Ne Ne BER SY See 7.9 9 271 7 18.6 1 G30 Reeeeee hese Spe pee (Be Rey Se eh Re, Sh eae 63.9 3 102 27 6.8 1 ba) Ree Rte eee a oa Be es eS Se ne ea Se eee 73 i) 139 7 27.8 1k CSS Re eae Mo erie oat ne ee pee nee UY oe RA Se pate BOL Ball es [i ee |e Se It is worthy of note that the longest incubation period of the 17 records included the 5 coldest days of the month, while the shortest incubation period included 44 of the 5 warmest days. OBSERVATIONS ON DURATION OF NYMPH STAGES AND LENGTH OF ADULT LIFE. The duration of the nymph stages depends for the most part on the temperature and perhaps more or less on food supply. Of the 18 batches of eggs obtained from the female under ‘observation, the nymphs from only 1—No. 12—were bred to maturity in the labora- tory. Thirty-four nymphs hatched on August 18 from egg batch No. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG. 159 12, but, their number being reduced by insufficient food supply and by cannibalism, 7 only reached maturity. The first of these to become adult molted its fifth nymphal skin on September 23, and the last one of the seven to become adult molted its last nymphal skin on Sep- tember 27, making a range of from 36 to 40 days for the nymphal stages and from 44 to 48 days for all immature stages, including the egg. The average duration of the immature stages of the seven speci- mens was approximately 46 days, with an average daily mean tempera- ture of 61.5° F. The approximate total positive temperatures (above 32° F.) during the developmental period in this case was 1,357° F.; to which, if we add the approximate total positive temperature required by the female after reaching maturity, before any eggs are deposited, we get 1,708° F. for the approximate total positive tem- perature of the life cycle in the instances here recorded. The total positive temperatures at Amherst, Mass., from the Ist of May to the 15th of October, inclusive, would make a maximum of 3 annual gen- erations possible at this rate, considering that earlier than the month of May and later than the 15th of October the development is prac- tically nil. Of the two specimens under observation, the adult life of the female extended from July 16 to September 6 and that of the male from July 17 to August 29. The total number of days in the case of the female being 53 and the male 44, the average of the pair was 483 days. Death took place very slowly in each case and was apparently due to natural causes. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEEDING HABITS. Desiring to obtain a definite idea of the value of this species as an enemy of the elm leaf-beetle, the two specimens, from the time they were taken on July 9, were fed exclusively on the larve of this beetle as long as it was possible to obtain them in sufficient numbers. Before molting the fourth nymphal skin the two bugs ate four full- grown elm leaf-beetle larve. Their food during the six days of their fifth nymphal or “ pupal” stage and during their entire adult hfe is shown in the following tables: Feeding record of two bugs in fifth nymphal instar. Food: Elm leaf-beetle larve (Galerucella luteola Miill.). 3 Three-fourths One-half One-fourth Full grown. grown. grown. grown. Lees Date, July, 1902. is =o Sania Sea 3 = total artly artly artly artly|; de- Eaten. eaten. Eaten. eaten, | #@ten.| gaten, | Baten. eaten. |stroyed 1 es tar oe Sega eee eS CN rs eae se rial er As Sr OR Ni De ae | oe Eh 2 112 eS RS aia Pee Oneal Se ahaa i es | OF sees ae 9 LS Gee ee sete e Seni a 9 2 1 1 1 |e seen hy a ee 15 Total, 6 days...___.- 13 2. 4 1 3 1 Py owen tee aveays 160 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Feeding record of two adults—male and jemate. [Food: Elm leaf-beetle larve.] fat ed co FCO z | Three-fourths - : One-fourth ! Full grown. grown. _ Hali grown. | grown. sae Date. | : | de Partly | Partly Partly | | Partly | stroy- Baten. eaten. | Faten eaten Eaten. eaten. | Eaten. eaten.| -ed. 1902. | | sa Juliyel GS Seas See eee Guleeeeasse Vette a bes npcice eae ets [eee Sate eee Hares ae 6 iubysl S520) Sees eae ie [eects [ee ee Ghee ees fea totes |= cea | eer [meseaes 6 alu veo sapere Sera ees eadee ae Ail Kee pe | SE eee eo eee Re be aed 11 apy) eee oy tee et Hs | eee [i tes ate | ecg ieee | fia ae eee lees eet Roos 11 QUO a ee ee ea ee Us| See. Se 2 sh 22S alae ee eee ees he aes oe ee ee 9 Sun eG Se eee oe | LOqee ter Ge meteoges | 1 | sid Benes irae Sen 20 Jiulive29=30 eae ees | 8 2 | 2 1 | gt om ees [aoe seat if 15 MVS he ee Me Se Ee 8 Paling ge eee ere 1 eee |aeese 10 PATIO UIS tiles 2 Shes ee yee RE 7 eset al earn Dem cces | 5 a ae Mn A'S Sus 8 INSU Bees a See AGS SeGsel lens eeo asl Bamana oe tee Dance Benee see Si eee re as bas shierenso | ie eee 5 PNUD REG! SecaeE Se ResaanaRe 158|25an esas eerie Ae Scene ce Ao lndd oe neous oe ol moe 19 JAW RUD Cs De eso oacecaGal 8 Ly Seveoe see | seca cee eee reall satin see Soc elecem eres 9 ANDRO aes Saecascees aaa DelewelciSec| RS oA scene ee] Soke sae eee Oa teres os [Sees 5 Mugustyie passes te oe Sel eee ace Gag Rai Pareto ecru el ote res a See 7 IMUSUSH Oss toe See ee Guia Saal ees ee Eegers oe 5 teen We Werte eS att aoe Ra At ng ce 6 NUS USEORIO ses ee ee | 6 | Sir fe ce eee Bes | cea ees eee pare fection eee ae 9 Augustine sae ee | 4 | 1 3. |fsaceelele soes ea ieee ecs.neeetoe ae aes 8 AUIDUSEN Seen 52 ae | ge gene ee Bh eee (eens ee ae ee Sat ea eee (oe = AUIS USC NSH) =f eee aes DDS: [sock oe Se8| ee | ee SE es LS Se cece ee el oe ie INU OUST 22— 20 serena eres CS ea ao esp hr | gle lee | ee RUS UST 26=29 8 eee eee | OS SS eer |S ae See es ES: See ees Soe | oes 10 ATE SUS G20 Se ere aes pee oe | oes eg SP ete ae and es | eee | ch a Le 2 ae |e ge ec | September-eaer enn anus | 10 | meee foe eae ee eat eres Pet fete ee | SOEs eS 0d Pee, ok ope eee | 10 Potalegs.© = ake see | 155 | 8 33 1 | 20 | 2 0 1 220 a Female only. In addition to the elm leaf-beetle larve, the two adults destroyed an unknown lepidopterous larva about an inch in length on July 16, and between August 26 and 29 they destroyed and partially ate six full-grown rosy-striped oak worms (Anisota virginiensis Dru.). The tables given above show 246 as the total number of elm leaf- beetle larvee destroyed by the two bugs in the fifth nymphal and adult stages. The total number of days covered by the hfe of the female in these two stages being 59 and by the male 50, the average number of beetle larvee destroyed by each bug per day is 2.3. In the adult stage alone the daily average is practically the same. SUMMARY. The more important observations recorded in the foregoing para- graphs may be summarized as follows: (1) Parents and progeny of Podisus maculiventris exhibit striking variations in form and color which might readily be mistaken for specific characters. (2) Egg laying began on the ninth day after the female became adult and extended over a period of forty days, the rate of production apparently depending largely on the prevailing temperature. Eight- een batches, with a total of 492 eggs, were deposited by a single female. SPRAYING FOR WOOLLY MAPLE-LEAF SCALE. Gade (3) With 67.5° F. as the average daily mean temperature, the average period of incubation was seven days and one hour. The extremes in duration of incubation period of five days as the mini- mum and nine and a half days as the maximum corresponded with extremes In average daily mean temperature of 73.1° and 61.3°, respectively. Within this range 1° F. decrease corresponded with 0.32 day’s increase in the incubation period. (4) The average duration of the immature stages of seven speci- mens, with an average daily mean temperature of 61.5° F., was forty-six days. The average adult life of a male and a female speci- men was forty-eight days. (5) The two specimens of spined soldier bug under observation destroyed, during their last nymphal instar of six days, 26 elm leaf- beetle larve. During their adult life the same bugs destroyed 220 elm leaf-beetle larvee and 7 large caterpillars. DESTROYING THE WOOLLY MAPLE-LEAF SCALE BY SPRAYING. By W. E. Brirton, New Haven, Conn. The woolly maple-leaf scale, Phenacoccus acericola King (for- merly Pseudococcus aceris Geoff.) has become quite a serious pest of the sugar-maple street trees in New Haven, Hartford, Bridgeport, and other Connecticut towns and cities. On August 2 a New Haven seed firm sent me some maple leaves, brought in by one of their customers, which were infested with Phenacoccus acericola. I immediately visited the place. A sugar maple of 10 or 12 inches in trunk diameter was thoroughly infested, and many leaves had already dropped. Scarcely a leaf was free from the white waxy mass containing female and eggs, which are formed on the under surface. The upper portion of the trunk was completely covered with the larve. Two other small trees near by were infested, though less seriously. The owner was afraid that the trees would die, and wished to save them. As very little has been published about remedies, and as I had not then noticed Professor - Cooley’s paper“ giving his experience with remedial treatment in Massachusetts, I advised that the tree be sprayed with ordinary kerosene emulsion. This was done on August 4, the mixture used containing 2 gallons of kerosene, $ pound of common hard soap, and 1 gallon of water as a stock solution, which was diluted nine times before using. On going to examine the trees a few days later, the owner informed me that the spraying did no good, and I almost @Notes on some Massachusetts Coccide. By R. A. Cooley. Bul. 17, n. s.. Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 61, 1898. 31024—No. 60—06 m——11 162 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. agreed with him. A few of the scales were killed, but most of them seemed to be uninjured by the spray. On August 17 we again sprayed the trees, using this time an emul- sion made with a soft naphtha soap and without hot water. Two gallons of kerosene, 1 pound of soap, and 1 gallon of water were the quantities used, and the whole diluted five times. At this spraying the trees were very thoroughly drenched, the spray being directed especially against the under side of the leaves and against the bark of the trunk, where the larve had gathered in the crevices. Even with this emulsion we found it somewhat difficult to moisten the egg masses, owing to the wax. The first spray striking a leaf usually rolls off in small drops, but if the nozzle is held in one place long enough the mass finally becomes soaked with the emulsion. On examining the trees a few days later nearly all of the insects appeared to be dead. Some of the leaves showed a little injury, as if from the emulsion, but it is often difficult to determine how much to attribute to the spray and how much to the insects. T am satisfied that this insect is a difficult one to combat, and that if we use kerosene emulsion against it the spray should contain not less than 15 per cent of kerosene. THE RELATION OF DESCRIPTIONS TO ECONOMICAL METHODS OF ERADICATION IN THE FAMILY APHIDIDA. By CuHaAs. E. SANBorRN, College Station, Ter. The description of any species of Aphidide should contain that of the different apterous and migratory forms, the male, the true or sexual female, the egg, and in addition the scientific names of the host plant or plants with inclusive dates of infestation. There has originated and continues to be a great deal of confusion concerning the specific names in the family Aphidide. It seems that early investigators supposed that every species of aphide colonized but one species of plant. Furthermore, the descriptions given by these authors are limited mainly to the general color of the insects at the time of their capture, and a common name of the host plant with no date of infestation. Now it 1s necessary to know the scientific names of the plants on which specimens are captured, partly as a ready reference key to species. It must be borne in mind, however, that the name of the host plant is not always a true index for any species. Some species are quite cosmopolitan in their feeding habits and migrate from one host plant to another durimg the season and are changed sometimes in form, sometimes in color, and sometimes in both color and form. Take for instance the common grape leaf-aphis. Soon after it DESORIPTIONS IN THE FAMILY APHIDID&. 163 first colonizes the grape its honey tubes elongate and its form partakes of the genus Macrosiphum. This same aphis when it colonizes the plum in early spring appears like the genus Myzus. Thus we see that a change of host plant affects not only the characteristics of a species but also those of the genus. Now, if we depend upon the early system of description we may have one species described as many species and contained in more than one genus. One remedy is to follow a single species through its entire seasonal history and obtain the specific names of all its host plants, with descriptions of it containing all its changes in color and form. By doing this one-form method will be discarded with sev- eral troublesome synonyms. Another remedy will be found in a “ host plant catalogue,” which should contain all the scientific names of the plants, each followed by the species affecting it. The former is not only a list of beneficial or injurious plants which are affected by these insects, but it 1s also a good index key for identifying them. For instance, if a colony is found infesting okra (/7/ibiscus esculentus) there may be but little difficulty in identifying the species, because by looking into a late host plant catalogue for Hibiscus esculentus there will be found Aphis gossypu Glov. and Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank. Then by com- paring the descriptions of these species with the one in question an identification 1s sure to follow unless it is a new species to the plant in question. If the latter is true, a record of it should be made. Another item of importance in this connection is the date or dates when a certain species is found to colonize a particular host plant. This is essential, since we might get several species from one form hke Callipterus walshii Monell. The latter in July is frequently found with a mottled pulverulence on: its body. In October it can be found with an.entirely different coloration, consisting of no pulveru- lence, but with a background of brown color marked with dark spots and transverse bars. If the dates for these colorations or character- istics are given, the possibility of giving this species other names than its own can be eliminated. Now, what is the bearing of an incomplete description upon methods of eradication? A conspicuous example in Texas is the “ oreen bug” (Toxoptera graminum Rond). Whenever the natural conditions permit this aphis to flourish it can devastate all the wheat and oats that may be planted in its latitude of infestation. The financial losses are almost inconceivable. With the present incom- plete life-history knowledge of this pest no artificial method of eradication seems possible. The only thing that can be depended on with any degree of success until the life history is known will be the inimical insects which prey upon it. 164 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. As long as the life histories of these insects remain incompletely known no thoroughly practical method of extermination can be used. It is true that the aphides can be profitably combated, but they can be combated with a great deal more profit when that stage which con- tains the least number of individuals is known. This stage is that in which the true sexual forms occur, or when the first generation occurs, which is from the egg. At these times the common methods of spray- ing or fumigating can be used to eradicate instead of to combat, as they are now used on unfavorable stages of the insect. In conclusion, some valuable aids in the study and description of species of this family may be obtained from the following outlines whenever a form is to be described. It will not only help to elimi- nate mistakes by including all the main characteristics, but it will also bring about an easy method of comparison of the same or differ- ent species. Since it is not easy to completely describe a specimen before it has been treated with clearing mixtures, it is necessary to keep two kinds of notes, the one bearing on field notes and colorations, the other on measurements and minute details. The investigator should have about 200 of these keys for a season’s work. The “ color key ” should be printed on one side of a leaf and the “ measure key ” on the other side. The “ keys” may then be arranged in the form of a pad, 6 by 9 inches or other convenient size. DESCRIPTION THEME. [This key is followed when a final description is taken from the color and measure keys. | Color. Color and covering. Length of segments. Antenne /Total length. Length in relation to the body. Sensoria Shape: Head | re Number per segment. Color. Eyes focal tubercles. Ocelli. Color. Beak jeenath Length in proportion to the body. Color. BrORNO wis fe tubercles. Color. Color. z ; Color. Venation : : Normality. Thorax / Wings ; Meta-th Sistema sees Meso-and Meta-thorax g Breadth: Total expansion. Color. Legs {Covering Normality. DESCRIPTIONS IN THE FAMILY APHIDIDA. 165 Color. Tubercles. Color. Shape. Length. Abdomen Length in relation to the body. lee Covering. epys Shape. Length. Total length of body. When found. Number. (eology ;Host-plants [Postion on. Inclusive dates of infestation. Honey-tubes Habitat. Cotor Key. [Underscore terms used. Blanks are to be used for qualifying terms and comments. ] Heo calliitiy ge ee es re eis Date ae een de ees WS a ee INC OHAINO Mae ae Sorel ISEEN OGY hea ets pee as ea a SOR ge egret Re eee a Head—black, green, brown .......----- Stigma—black, gray, brown....-.-.---- Antennze—concolorous .....----------- Remora=—black, green: (22.02. 2222522 yes=blackeredi 7 eo eas cece le Tibia—black, green. 2225.00 2. 2285222 peak-——Concolorous 2-2 see ees se = oe Marsi= black < ais, fee eue) Seis Se ee Prothorax—black, green, brown.....-.-- Abdomen—bare, pulverulent, cottony -- Thorax—black, green, brown ........-- Abdomen—green, black, brown ..--.--- Wings-—deflexed, reposed............-- Abdomen—other markings ......-..--- Wings—clouded, banded..-..........-- Honey-tubes—black, green, brown...--- Veins—black, brown .................. Style—black, green, brown ..-......---- Host-plant: Common name................- Gemusen fae os5 25 lee is) Reece ne a Parts affected—leaves, dorsal, ventral, marginal, petiole, twigs, fruit, distal, proxi- maletnunkesroote;allespseudorallls yeni waste en ees ei ee Habits—aerial, subterranean, sporadic, gregarious, viviparous, oviparous Comments MeEAsurRE Kry. [Underscore terms used and fill out blanks. ] airsutes sees glabrouss.225-2- ep pAren teem. wee le Vee Ws Vel. Vile 2 Real, mm. ere Die Vee Ve NT OV Tes Antenne engu Total length tee Sere ra? Realtime is S52 hes 2 DDC 21016 Kea Se ae I Ey NaN ede ee een Circular, transverse. Number leek eV Se Vibe Head Sensoria| mene Ocular tubercleseesss2--)--- -- LEE ANCE My teeeen Peet 2h P 308s Cie thE Beak, length /APparent, mm .......- Real, TLD Tyne een pee 166 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Prothoracic tubercles: Present, absent. V ei ion i oe= see eee eee exces Apparent, mm..--.. St; Length {Rey PATH oe ae : igma ‘Wings = Breadth Apparent, mm..--- iRealyamimitees= 2-95 Total expansion ae eee Real: amin a2 982 Mi bercles <= sep ee ee ts ie ee eee Cylindrical, incrassate, clavate, tuberculate. Honey-tubes Extent, es of style, distal end........... Length! pparent, mm. ....--- Reals mimes So eee eee Glabroushissute: =. 245.2 Se Style Ensiform, conical, globular, subglobular, obsolete. ASO DATES Mit, UT ears hee Length ae TY eo a ee ee Total length of body Apparent, mm -.....- eal enmnes e See ee Width of abdomen J4PParent, mm --------- Réalimnies.26 <= Ss Mr. Osborn said that he wished to call especial attention to the fact that in this family the nymphs were of much value as a means of specific distinction. In the absence of their authors the following papers were presented by the secretary. THE CURRANT ROOT-APHIS. (Schizoneura fodiens Buckton. ) By FrRepD VY. THEOBALD, M. A. (Cantab.), Wye, Engiand. During the present autumn (1905) several notices have been sent me regarding the prevalence on the roots of currants of a woolly and mealy aphis. As such root forms are very easily distributed with young nursery stock, a few notes regarding this insect may serve a useful purpose to my fellow-workers in America and our colonies, should it be imported abroad. The currant root-aphis, or currant woolly aphis, as it 1s sometimes called here, is undoubtedly the species described by Buckton in his Monograph of British Aphides ¢ as Schizoneura fodiens. This insect is roughly figured on Plate CVI (figs. 6 to 12) of that work, but the details are not sufficient to enable certain determination should the insect appear elsewhere, and it is hoped that the additional struc- tural details given here will fill some of the gaps in the original description. | The appearances on the roots to some extent resemble those of the woolly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera Hausm.), and in consequence a Vol. III, p. 94, 1880. THE CURRANT ROOT-APHIS. 167 the pest has been confused with the apple and pear species in this country. In 1894 a number of these insects were sent me as woolly aphis from soil beneath apple trees in Kent,* together with speci- mens of Pemphigus lactularius of Passerini. Some of these undoubt- edly came from currant roots growing beneath the apple trees; others were free in cavities in the earth. At first I thought this must be a form of the well-known apple pest, but later winged forms came out of the ground and proved to be distinct. Many of these were found on the apple trunk. S. fodiens seems, therefore, to be able, under certain conditions, to live upon apple and other roots as well as on those of the currant, which was further recorded in Fic. 7.—Schizaneura fodiens, an- tenna of winged viviparous fe- Fig. 8.—Schizoneura fodi- male: a, dorsal view; b, lateral ens, pupal markings: a, : view of third segment; c, further ring of white meal; Fia. 9.—Schizoneura enlarged rings of third segment; b, opening of gland; c, fodiens; Antenna d, apical segment. a, much en- white fiber; d, cornicle of pupa, very larged; b, c, d, more enlarged area. Much enlarged greatly enlarged (original). (original). (original). 1897. Since then I have several times seen real woolly aphis on the roots of apple, but the currant root-aphis occurs there now and again and may thus be*confused with it by growers. It is as a currant pest, however, that it is of such great importance. Buckton originally described the species from the roots of the black currant. No mention is made, however, of the variety attacked. During the present year I have observed it on the Black Naples and Baldwin varieties and on a cottage garden variety found in Kent, known as the Old Black Dutch. The worst attacks have, however, undoubtedly been on the red currant, all varieties seemingly be- a Notes upon Insect Pests in 1894, p. 4, 1895. b’ Notes on Injurious Insects, Journ. S. EK. Agric. Coll., pp. 15 to 21. 168 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. coming infested. So far I have not seen it on the white currants, but it probably will attack them just as readily as it does the red. The effect on young stock is very disastrous, not only checking erowth, but in one instance, it was observed, killing the plants out- right. A large number of year-old shps were found to have made such poor growth at Swanley Horticultural College that they were lifted, and all were found smothered with the aphis. Many of the | cuttings had scarcely grown at all, and the best had not made more than a foot’s growth during the summer. The effect on old-estab- lished bushes is not so marked, but I have seen them die now and again under the attack, and even when a few aphides only are present on the roots the fruit runs off just before ripening. The aphides live in three ways below ground. The majority live on the main stem, and there by the punctures of their proboscides they cause the rind to split and peel off and the wood to crack. Those that feed close to where the lateral roots come off cause large rounded, swollen, gall-like growths. Others may be seen feeding on the fine rootlets, and yet others in nest-like cavities in the soil. Buck- ton found them from 4 to 6 inches underground. Those observed this season have been found a foot or more down. The wingless forms appear to live in small colonies composed of from ten to fifty individuals. These colonies probably represent the progeny of one parent. As many as seventy colonies have been found on one small bush. Those that live in earth cavities, through which a small root runs, line the nests with a mass of dull grayish white wool. Those that occur on the main roots do not produce so many fibers, but, nevertheless, a sufficient number to give the plant a dis- tinct mealy appearance, which sometimes assumes a dull, almost gray, shade. The wingless females may be found on the roots all the year round. During November many change to pup and winged viviparous females occur. These wander about in the soil and many make their - way into the air and crawl onto the stems. After remaining there a short time they fly off to other bushes, where they deposit young close to the stem, often working their way into the soil. The production of these winged females goes on into December. Buckton says (p. 95): * In October the larvee became very scarce, all the young passing into pupe and winged insects.” He also says that the wingless forms were taken plentifully up to the middle of November. From what I have observed, the insects will go on breeding all the year underground, every now and then in November and December giving rise to winged forms. I have been unable to find out if these winged females fly elsewhere than to neighboring currant bushes. That they fly to the latter and there give rise to living young I have found to be the case during the present season. Buckton figures what: he describes as “a vermiform young insect THE CURRANT ROOT-APHIS. 169 - fifteen minutes after birth,” and says it is in all probability a sexual form. The figure looks just like an immature form of the asexual generation produced by the winged females I observed. I have never found centipedes affecting the nests of this aphide as did Buckton. They were observed by him not to molest the schi- zoneuras. The only record previous to Buckton’s that I can find is in an old work entitled “A Treatise on the Insects Most Prevalent on Fruit Trees and Garden Produce,” by Joshua Major, 1829, page 153. As this work is now very rare I reproduce what is said of this currant root-aphis: The roots of the currant bush, particularly the small fibrous roots, are some- times infested by a small species of the aphides. It is smaller in size than any of the preceding ones described. The body is of a buff or flesh color, produces a cotton-like envelopment similar to the Aphis lanigera on apples, and which probably might have been mistaken by Salisbury for the Hriosoma, or apple bug, on the root of the apple tree, as I am almost persuaded that the Eriosoma, or, as it is now called, Aphis lanigera, never feeds upon the roots, or at least after many investigations I never found any feeding, or the least symptoms of their having fed there. The attacks of the root-aphis are generally from the middle of July to the latter end of September. At the last period they arrive at their perfect or winged state. They prevail principally in dry weather. Tokens of the visitations of these depredators are exhibited in the languishing or drooping of the foliage, occasioned by the loss of the ascending sap, which they draw out for their support. No mention is made of this pest by Kaltenbach, Taschenberg, or more recent European writers, and I am not aware of its record outside the British Islands. Neither Ormerod nor Whitehead has referred to it, yet it is well known to many growers and gardeners. Recently it has been recorded from Ireland, and I have observed it in the northern part of Wales. The winged viviparous female varies in length from 1.70 to 1.80 mm., with antenne 0.70 to 0.80 mm., and a wing expanse of 5.50 mm. The general color is dusky blackish-brown; head and thorax rather shiny black; abdomen deep blackish-gray. The legs and also the antenne are shiny brownish-black. The eyes are dull reddish and prominent. The antennze (fig. 7) are composed of seven segments, the two basal ones quite small, the second a little smaller than the first and rounded apically, the third segment very long with 18 prominent rings projecting around the central stalk; the base contracted; the apex normal, rather swollen, a few scattered hairs in whorls between the rings; fourth segment small, narrowed basally, with two rings, the one apical; fifth seg- ment rather smaller than the fourth, narrowed basally, swollen apically, with a few hairs; the sixth closely applied to the fifth, about one-third the size; the seventh much narrower than the sixth, about the same length (with traces of three rings), and with numerous fine hairs. The rings apparently are only on one side of the long segment, not completely encircling it (fig. 7, 6). The proboscis reaches halfway between the prothoracic and the mesothoracic legs. Wings normal, the stigma ochreous-brown; cubital vein stopping short about the middle of the wing, forked once. Ungues large, expanded basally. The pupa (fig. 8) varies from 1.40 to 1.80 mm. in length, with antennz 0.30 to 170 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 0.40 mm. Head mealy with two dark spots; pronotum mealy with two dark spots; rest of the thorax ochreous with two spots and with a median line: venter fawn colored. Abdomen mealy-gray to dusky-brown, densely clothed with white meal, two dusky spots on each segment except at the apex (—8 pairs) ; a dusky line shows on each side owing to the conformation of the segments. At the base of the seventh segment are the two large round black areas, the position of the cornicles. When denuded of its mealy coat the abdomen varies from slaty gray to plum color or brownish ochreous. In a few cases I have seen them almost flesh colored, especially when first coming from the larval skin. The meal espe- cially forms a ridge around each dusky spot, which is the opening of a gland from which the flattish white waxen threads are passed out. The rostrum is dark and short, reaching just beyond the base of the prothoracie legs. Antenne (fig. 9) dark, with ocherous bands, short and thick, composed of five segments, the two basal ones small and of about equal size, the third long with a few promi- nent thick hairs of moderate length, ringed ventrally when about to hatch into the winged female; last two segments small, the apical one longer than the penul- timate and bluntly pointed, with small fine pilosity and some longer hairs. The legs are dark brown and thick and short; tibiz spinose, and a few spine-like hairs also on the tarsi. Coxze very dark brown. The pupal legs are so short that the insect can not right itself if placed on its back. The wingless viviparous female is more uniformly fawn colored, varying to ochreous and covered also with a mealy coat. The head is dusky brown. The dark spots are much as in the pupa. Legs deep brown. Antenne grayish-brown. Hyes very small or absent. Rostrum long, reaching to beyond the base of the third pair of legs. Fatter and more globose than the pupa. Length, 1.35 to 1.70 mm.; of antenne, 0.388 to 0.45 mm. Buckton describes the antennal segments as being more cup-shaped than in other stages. Unfortunately I have made no notes on their structure and allowed them all to enter the pupal stage. In all the stages the body is more or less mealy, thus hiding the true color, which is very variable according to my observations. The waxy threads can be easily watched proceeding from the dorsal glands and are most pronounced in the wingless viviparous female. The waxy excretion remains on the currant stems long after the aphides have disappeared and after the specimen showing damage has been dried. It has been found that the rootage is easily cleaned by first moving it through a tub of plain water and then for a couple of minutes in strong soft-soap solution, shghtly warm. This should always be done where young stock is moved if any traces of the woolly aphis are observed. When older bushes are attacked treatment of the soil with bisul- phid of carbon is found most successful. Dry weather was found the best time to employ this remedy. BIBLIOGRAPHY. TaytLor, Josuua. A Treatise on the Insects most Prevalent on Fruit Trees and Garden Produce. (1829.) Buckton, G. B. Monograph of British Aphides, vol. iii. (1880.) THEOBALD, F. V. Notes upon Insect Pests in 1894. (1895.) THEOBALD, F. V. Notes on Injurious Insects observed in 1896. Journal South- eastern Agricultural College, No. 6, p. 18. (1897.) ‘ THE PLAGUE LOCUST OF NATAL. Le THE PLAGUE LOCUST OF NATAL. (Acridium purpuriferum Walk.) By CLAUDE FuLier, Pietermaritzburg, Natal. So far as economic entomology 1s concerned the most important and interesting work done in this colony is the annual campaign against the invading plague locust (Acridium purpuriferum). Briefly, this locust invaded Natal about thirty-six years ago; the exact date is somewhat legendary, for we are still a very young colony, and our official records were all burned some seven years ago. The invading swarms did very little damage, laid no eggs, and dis- appeared. Then, in 1894 there was an invasion again, and in 1895 and 1896 further and devastating invasions occurred, the locusts swarming over the whole colony and depositing their eggs from the littoral to the high veldt (5,000 feet altitude). The damage they did was enormous, and the farmers and planters were 1n a hopeless posi- tion. The rapidly undulating nature of this country, where plains are absent and comparatively level areas seldom more than 50 to 100 acres in extent, and exceptional at that, precluded the use of your well- known hopperdozers and rollers. The government of the day paid out vast sums for eggs, bands of natives were organized, and the voung locusts were thrashed with wire flails, made up like the old pedagogue’s birch. No outside advice or help, so far as I can ascertain, was sought, and the people worked in the dark and unavailingly. I am told that a dead locust was sent to an eminent naturalist of Europe with a request that he should say how such insects could be readily killed. He seriously rephed, it is said, that such a desired effect might be most easily procured by pulling off their heads. For the veracity of the story I can not vouch. The next move forward was the discovery (I use the word ad- visedly) of the efficiency of arsenic solution sweetened with treacle as a destructive agent, by Messrs. Anthony and Gilbert Wilkinson, sugar-cane planters. By this time the locust trouble had become rather a coast than an upland question, and the arsenic-soda solution was immediately brought into use from north to south of the littoral. This innovation of the Messrs. Wilkinson was recognized by Parlia- ment, and the colony presented them with a handsome piece of plate inscribed with the people’s appreciation of their services. A mate- rial consequence of the general application of arsenic solution was a greatly increased demand for arsenic. Planters’ orders for the poison in one season amounted to 50 tons; and, curiously enough, the in- creased demand from Natal, for a time, put up the price on the Lon- don market. 172 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Late in 1899 I arrived in Natal, and was, as you may well imagine, rapidly involved in what is known here as “ the locust question.” I was quickly forced to recognize the efficiency and local applicability of the arsenic solution. I found that it was apphed in the follow- ing ways: In the cane fields gangs of “ Indians” (chiefly women) were kept constantly at work laying down between the rows baits made by dipping begasse in the solution. In the grass lands gangs of Kaffirs, each with a paraffin (kerosene) tin full of solution, stalked about placing the poison upon grass and herbage about the swarms, applying it crudely by switches made by bundling together a few twigs. I brought with me an American knapsack pump fitted with a cyclone nozzle, and had the hquid sprayed on instead of switched. It was even more efficacious, and in actual practice we found that one man could get as far in an hour with 1 gallon of solution as 70 men could get with 70 gallons in seventy hours by the other method. That spray pump was the first of its sort in Natal. Nowa- days several hundred are imported annually for the destruction of locusts. Owing to the rough handling the machines are subjected to by the Kafirs, we find now that it pays us best to use the bucket pump instead of the knapsack pump, the loss in labor, time, ete., with this machine not being equal to the damage sustained by the copper tanks. You will gather that we deal only with immature locusts. Nothing is attempted with the winged individuals. This is so for two excel- lent reasons: (1) Such work is impracticable (until the days of aerial naviga- tion, when we can perhaps try net fishing). (2) We sustain no damage from the flying locusts. The latter statement requires some qualification, and to explain it I must digress a little. | Acridium purpuriferum deposits its eggs regularly each year be- tween the first part of December and the middle of January in Natal. The majority of eggs are laid just before mid-December; earher and later deposits are, in a sense, abnormal. These eggs hatch in thirty days; therefore, about the middle of January the infested areas (the lttoral, as a rule) are swarming with young locusts. These locusts will acquire wings when about 90 days old. Dur- ing this interval we wage war against them, wherever they may be, upon Crown lands or in native locations (areas of country set aside for occupation by natives only); and at the same time our locust officers, in the course of their duties, inspect private lands to see that owners and occupiers are destroying the hopping locusts upon their properties, as provided by law. The cost of this work to the State depends mainly, of course, upon THE PLAGUE LOCUST OF NATAL. 173 the area infested. The season of 1901-2 cost us £494; that of 1902-3, £8,000, and that of 1903-4, £4,500. For this year’s campaign Parlia- iment has voted £4,600. The appreciation of the value of this work—- for the money is saved over and over again in crops and in the preven- tion of famine among the natives—is strongly evidenced at this present moment. Despite a falling revenue and severe retrenchment in every branch of administration, the locust vote stands intact. Now, what we do is simply this: We destroy all the progeny of the locusts which come into the country. By attacking them at this season we prevent the destruction of young crops throughout the growing season, and we have no winged locust swarms feeding about the country for nine months in the year. Occasional swarms of invading locusts will appear in Natal as early as August—they come, I believe, from the native territories to the south of us-——but their mischief is very slight. November and December see the main invasion. Hordes of locusts fly in clouds from north to south across the county. These insects, however, do not feed, and simply migrate southward to oviposit. Just one word in conclusion with regard to the “ locust poison.” Our old formula used to be: Pounds. VV ela seule SC Tn Cirea ekor bare Reet mt a ate Aa Ae ee Be ae a ah AWE TTBS Gl age rarer aes ens Oy oe hes ey see i IS 4 MPreaclerOGre Chea Cle Swe ae ee ee ae See ee 6 Boil in 2 gallons of water for one- fourth of an hour, then add sufficient water to make 16 gallons of solution. For the past three years, however, we have adopted arsenite of soda with equally efficient results: ASE INT EHO leg SO Cleat ao as Fe Ly Ae Se SL A pounds=—5 2h Treaclesorareaclev Guedes Sass see ae Te ees Se pounds__ 4-5 NAOT: go se nbs Sail iad ae ues a0 behites PCN Ns MA ee gallons__ 15 Treacle is used only when mills are convenient. Treacle sugar is just as efficacious. To-day I have just made payment for 8 tons of this commodity, 5 of which will be used in our work in the wilds of Zululand. The young locusts are passionately fond of the sirup, and you can see them lapping up the drops of liquid on the grass stems. The treacle aroma entices them to their death, when otherwise they might pass by the poison. To you the amount of poison used will appear enormous, and so it is; but what we want is rapid work. To see the locusts dead before passing to a new camp is the most satisfactory way of knowing that the work is well done, and, further, in the last molt we find that the poison is none too strong. The effect of the arsenic upon grass lands is purely temporary. Cattle feeding over the land afterwards have suffered no deleterious 174 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. effects, but the farmers think them always the better for a little locust poison, arsenic’ being a much-used drug in farm veterinary work. . Let me say definitely that I never use the locust fungus. I say unhesitatingly that, if the unknown conditions suitable to its devel- opment arise, it breaks out—in the ordinary acceptance of the term— spontaneously. Further, I feel certain that if those conditions were to prevail for from four to six weeks during the summer we would. have no work to do until the following season. The use of Paris green for locusts is not practicable: contact insec- ticides, 1. e., soap solutions and kerosene emulsion, are occasionally employed for the insects in the first larval stage, but in practice the same results are never obtained as with the arsenic solution. Begasse baits are still largely used in the cane fields, but nowadays many planters leave the trash on the older leaves and spray that. In many cases, however, advantage is taken of the habit displayed by the young locusts of leaving the cane lands to moult in the grass of the headlands or veld in their proximity. I have not listed the plants which these locusts do not attack, but it is curious to note that while they feed readily on the foliage of the orange, they never touch that of the mandarin orange. Tea planta- tions are also exempt from them. DOES THE SILVER-FISH (LEPISMA SACCHARINA L.) FEED ON STARCH AND SUGAR? By H. GARMAN, Lexington, Ky. In all the accounts of the food habits of the silver-fish with which I am familiar no doubt is expressed as to the food being starch, sugar, or both. Observations made by the writer a few years ago convinced him that the silver-fish common in dwellings in Kentucky, and pre- sumably the same as that found everywhere in the country, feeds freely upon substances of animal origin. My attention was first drawn to the habit by the scored condition of some velox photographic prints hanging on a wall in a dwelling, the film having been removed in irregular patches (see fig. 10) while the starch used in mounting them remained untouched. The injury was traced to silver-fish. They were found to be exceptionally common about a shingled balcony opening into the room. Itwas decided to set a bait for them, and with the statements of writers as to their fondness for starch and sugar in mind these substances were at first used. But the insects paid not the slightest attention to them in any condition in which they were employed, moist or dry. I was surprised at this, but in the course of my experiments noticed that killed or disabled silver-fish were fed upon by the others, often three or four gathering THE FOOD OF THE SILVER-FISH. 175 about a dead individual while I was engaged in placing bait at night. This, of course, suggested an animal bait, and at the same time a suspicion entered my mind that the injury to the binding of books with which they are charged might be the result of eating glue instead of starch. They were then tried with bits of white glue, which they ate readily, alone and also when dusted with Paris green. In the light of this observation, statements in some of the earlier accounts of the insect are suggestive of a fondness for animal food. The surface of calendered paper is said sometimes to have been abraded by the jaws of silver-fish. Sizings used on such papers con- tain animal matter (leather), and it seems very probable that it was Fic. 10.—Photographie print injured by silver-fish (Lepisma saccharina). (Original.) the sizing alone and not the fiber—which could not furnish nutri- ment anyway—that they were after. Mr. P. R. Uhler, of the Pea- body Library, of Baltimore, is said to have observed that the gnawings of silver-fish cause the white labels on the backs of books to become detached. Here plainly the glue used to stick the labels to the books is the attraction. Again, gilt lettering has been observed to be removed from the backs of books. . In this case the insect might be attracted either by sizing used in securing the gold leaf to the books or by that used on the binding. It happens that we have in the Kentucky experiment station lhbrary some volumes that were at 176 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. one time stored in a basement. A good deal of the lettering is removed from several of them, but they are cloth-bound volumes, and the surface is scored freely everywhere, the evident purpose of the gnawing having been to secure the dried glue used as sizing in the cloth. No food could be obtained from the gold leaf itself, and the perfect condition in which the fibers of the cloth are left in the gnawed regions leaves no ground for supposing that the insects were after anything but the glue with which the cloth is impragnated. Silk is sometimes attacked, but silk is a nitrogenous gluey product. Does the silver-fish feed on sugar and starch ? Both Messrs. Washburn and Sanderson said that they felt con- vinced that, despite the observations recorded in the paper, Lepisma would feed upon starch. The former described one observation in support of this. The committee on resolutions presented the following report: Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation and thanks to the local committee of arrangements, the citizens of New Orleans, and officials of Tulane University for courtesies extended to this Association during its meetings. Resolved, That we hereby express our appreciation to the Secretary of Agri- culture for his courtesies in publishing the proceedings of previous meetings, and we would respectfully ask him to publish the proceedings of this meeting. Resolved, That the Association express to the officers of the Association its thanks for the efficient and painstaking manner in which they have executed their official duties during the past year. Resolved, That the Association hereby express to the retiring president, Prof. H. Garman, its hearty thanks for his admirable presidential address, and extend to:-him the compliments of the season with wishes for his speedy recovery, and that the secretary be hereby instructed to forward to Professor Garman a copy of this resolution. Resolved, That we commend to the careful consideration of our members the following important features and suggestions, which we consider of greatest moment, contained in the president’s admirable address : First. That the economic entomologist should be offered sufficient opportunity for investigation in order that he may put before the people the greatest number of facts gained through investigation, and thereby be less obliged to resort to more or less compilation. Second. That while a certain amount of Latin and Greek work is recognized as necessarily supplemental in the study of the biological sciences, it is neverthe- less evident that a proper study of entomology, or a closely related science, would offer equally as good mental training for students, and would in addition prove of much greater practical value, and that therefore the teaching of entomology should have a more prominent place in the curriculum of our high schools, colleges, and universities, especially those institutions receiving the benefits of the Morrill Act. Third. That more attention should be given to entomology in relation to human diseases, to the relation of insects and plant diseases, and to the rela- tion existing between insects and flowers. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS. Ie Fourth. That more attention should be given to apiculture and sericulture, not only because of their importance in the arts, but also because of their instructional value. Your committee respectfully suggests the desirability of a careful revision of both the membership and the qualifications therefor, to comply with the standard required by the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, and that the following be substituted for section 2, Article II, of the by-laws: , “The annual dues of active members shall be one dollar and the dues of associate members fifty cents. The funds derived from the annual dues shall be used in the employment of a stenographer at the annual meetings, com- pensation for the secretary for his services, and for other necessary expenses. The secretary Shall render an account of this fund at each annual meeting.” Your committee recommends that hereafter, on the death of a member of this Association, the president shall appoint a committee of three to prepare for the Proceedings an obituary notice, to be properly illustrated when possible to do so. WILMON NEWELL. F. M. WEBSTER. T. B. SYMONS. On motion, the report was adopted. The committee on nominations, consisting of Messrs. Quaintance, Conradi, and Osborn, nominated the following as officers for the ensu- ing year: For president, A. H. Kirkland, Malden, Mass. For first vice-president, W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn. For second vice-president, H. A. Morgan, Knoxville, Tenn. For secretary-treasurer, A. F. Burgess, Columbus, Ohio. For member of the committee on nomenclature, to serve three years, Herbert Osborn, Columbus, Ohio. For members of the council, American Association for the Advancement of Science, H. E. Summers, Ames, Iowa; E. A. Schwarz, Washington, D. C. The secretary was, on motion, directed to cast the ballot of the Asso- ciation for the persons nominated, and they were declared elected. The meeting was then adjourned. H. E. Summers, Secretary. 31024—No. 60—06 m——12 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Aldrich, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho. Alwood, William B., Charlottesville, Va. Ashmead, William H., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Baker, C. F., Agricultural Experiment Station, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Ball, E. D., Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. Banks, C. S., Manila, P. I. Banks, Nathan, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Bethune, C. J. S., 500 Dufferin avenue, London, Ontario, Canada. Benton, Frank, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Bishopp, F. C., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Britton, W. E., New Haven, Conn. Bruner, Lawrence, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. Burgess, Albert F., State Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. Busck, August, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Caudell, A. N., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Chambliss, C. E., Clemson College, 8S. C. Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cockerell, T. D. A., Boulder, Colo. Comstock, J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Cook, A. J., Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. Cook, Mel. T., Agricultural Experiment Station, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Cooley, R. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont. Coquillett, D. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Cordley, A. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oreg. Crawford, J. C., Box 208, Dallas, Tex. Dickerson, Edgar L., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Dyar, H. G., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Ehrhorn, E. M., Mountainview, Cal. Felt, E. P., Geologic Hall, Albany, N. Y. Fernald, C. H., Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fernald, H. T.,. Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Fiske, W. F., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, Fletcher, James, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Forbes, S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, II]. French, G. H., Carbondale, I]. Garman, H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Gibson, Arthur, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Gillette, C. P., Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. Girault, A. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Gossard, H. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. Gregson, P. B., Blackfolds, Alberta, Northwest Territory, Canada. (178) LIST OF MEMBERS. 179 Hart, C. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. Heidemann, Otto, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hinds, W. E., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hine, J. S., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Holland, W. J., Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pa. Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Houghton, C. O., Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, Del. Howard, L. O., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hunter, S. J., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. Hunter, W. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Johnson, S. Arthur, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo. Kellogg, Vernon L., Stanford University, Cal. Kineaid, Trevor, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Kirkland, A. H., Malden, Mass. Kotinsky, J., Honolulu, H. I. Lochhead, William, Macdonald College, Montreal, Canada. Marlatt, C. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Morgan, H. A., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Morrill, A. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., Kirkwood, Mo. Newell, Wilmon, La. Crop Pest Comm., Baton Rouge, La. Osborn, Herbert, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Parrott, P. J., Geneva, N. Y. Pergande, Th., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Perkins, G. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt. Pettit, R. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College, Mich. Phillips, J. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Phillips, W. J., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Pierce, W. Dwight, Box 208, Dallas, Tex. Popenoe, E. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kans. Pratt, F. C., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Quaintance, A. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Quayle, H. J., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Reeves, George I., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Rumsey, W. E., Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va. Sanborn, C. E., College Station, Tex. Sanderson, E. Dwight, Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Saunders, William, Central Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Canada. Schwarz, E. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sherman, Franklin, jr., Div. of Entom., State Dept. of ‘Agric., Raleigh, N. C. Sirrine, F. A., Agricultural Experiment Station, Jamaica, N. Y. Skinner, Henry, 1900 Race street, Philadelphia, Pa. Slingerland, M. V., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. Smith, J. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. Smith, R. I., Atlanta, Ga. Snow, F. H., Lawrence, Kansas. Stedman, J. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo. Summers, H. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Surface, H. A., State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa. Symons, T. B., Agricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md. Taylor, E. P., University of Illinois, Urbana, I]. Titus, E. 8S. G., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Van Dine, D. L., Government Entomologist, Hawaiian Exp. Sta., Honolulu, H. I. Viereck, H. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn, 180 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Walden, B. H., Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. Walker, C. M., Amherst, Mass. Washburn, F. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Webster, F. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Weed, C. M., Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Wilcox, E. V., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Woodworth, C. W., Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. Adams, C. F., Fayetteville, Ark. Barber, H. S., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Bartholomew, C. E., College Station, Tex. Beattie, James H., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Beckwith, H. M., Elmira, N. Y. Bentley, Gordon M., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. Bogue, E. E., Agricultural College, Mich. Braucher, R. W., Lincoln Park, Chicago, I11. Brues, C. T., Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wis. Bullard, W. S., 301 Lafayette street, Bridgeport, Conn. Burke, H. E., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Campbell, J. P., Athens, Ga. Clifton, R. S., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Conradi, A. F., College Station, Texas. Cotton, Edwin C., Ohio State Dept. of Agr., Columbus, Ohio. Couden, F. D., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Craw, Alexander, Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Exp. Sta., Honolulu, H. I. Currie, Rolla P., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Dean, Harper, jr., State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga. Doran, E. W., Champaign, III. Engle, Enos B., Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Flynn, C. W., Asst. Ent., La. Crop Pest. Comm., Baton Rouge, La. Fowler, Carroll, Duarte, Cal. : Frost, H. L., 21 South Market street, Boston, Mass. Gahan, A. B., College Park, Md. Garrett, J. B., Asst. Ent., La. Crop Pest Comm., Baton Rouge, La. Gifford, John, Mays Landing, N. J. Gould, H. P., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Green, E. C., College Station, Texas. Hardy, E. S., Asst. Ent., La. Crop Pest Comm., Shreveport, La. Hargitt, C. W., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Harrington, W. H., Post-Office Department, Ottawa, Canada. Hooker, W. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Houser, J. S., Asst. Ent., Ohio Exp, Sta., Wooster, Ohio. Hudson, G. H., Normal and Training School, Plattsburg, N. Y. Isaac, John, Sacramento, Cal. Johnson, Fred, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Johnson, W. G., 52 Lafayette place, New York, N. Y. Jones, Chas. R., Box 208, Dallas, Tex. King, George B., Lawrence, Mass. Kirkaldy, G. W., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Exp. Sta., Honolulu, H. I. Koebele, Albert, Alameda, Cal. Mackintosh, R. 8., Auburn, Ala. Mann, B. P., 1918 Sunderland place, Washington, D. C, LIST OF MEMBERS. oe ES Martin, Leslie, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Martin, George W., State Entomologist, Nashville, Tenn. Martin, W. O., Asst. Ent., La. Crop Pest Comm., Shreveport, La. MacGillivray, A. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. McCarthy, Gerald, care of Crop Pest Commission, Raleigh, N. C. Morgan, A. C., Box 208, Dallas, Tex. Mosher, F. H., 283°Pleasant street, Malden, Mass. Nicholson, John F., Stillwater, Okla. Niswander, F. J., 2121 Evans street, Cheyenne, Wyo. Palmer, R. M., Victoria, British Columbia. Perkins, R. C. L., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Exp. Sta., Honolulu, H. I. Phillips, E. F., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Piper, C. V., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Price, H. L., Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Va. Randall, J. L., Durham, N. H. Rane, F. W., Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, N. H. Rankin, John M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Reed, E. B., Esquimault, British Columbia. Riley, W. A., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Rolfs, P. H., Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Mo. Sanders, J. G., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sasscer, Ernest R., Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Scott, W. M., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Southwick, E. B., Arsenal Building, Central Park, New York, N. Y. Stimson, James, Redwood City, Cal. Swezey, O. H., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Exp. Sta., Honolulu, H. I. Thaxter, Roland, 3 Scott street, Cambridge, Mass. Toumey, J. W., Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn. Townsend, C. H. T., Hotel Alabama, 13-15 East Eleventh street, New York, N.Y. Webb, J. L., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Yothers, W. W., Box 208, Dallas, Tex. Young, D. B., Albany, N. Yoo FOREIGN MEMBERS. Ballou, H. A., Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbados, West Indies. Berlese, Dr. Antonio, R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria, Firenze, Italy. Bordage, Edmond, Directeur de Musée, St. Denis, Réunion. Bos, Dr. J. Ritzema, Agricultural College, Wageningen, Netherlands. Carpenter, Dr. George H., Royal College of Science, Dublin, Ireland. Cholodkosky, Prof. Dr. N., Institut Forestier, St. Petersburg, Russia. Collinge, W. E., University, Birmingham, England. Danysz, J., Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bourse de Commerce, Paris, France. Bnock, Fred, 18 Tufnell Park road, Holloway, London, N., England. French, Charles, Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Australia. Froggatt, W. W., Department of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales. Fuller, Claude, Department of Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. Giard, A., 14 Rue Stanislaus, Paris, France. Goding, F. W., Newcastle, New South Wales. Grasby, W. C., Grenfell street, Adelaide, South Australia. Green, E. E., Royal Botanic Gardens, Pundaluoya, Ceylon. Helms, Richard, 186 George street, North Sydney, New South Wales. Herrera, A. L., Mexico City, Mexico. 182 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Horvath, Dr. G., Musée Nationale Hongroise, Budapest, Austria-Hungary. Jablonowski, Josef, Budapest, Hungary. Lampa, Prof. Sven, Statens Entomologiska, Anstalt. Stockholm, Sweden. Lea, A. M., Department of Agriculture, Hobart, Tasmania. Leonardi, Gustavo, Portici, Italy. : Lounsbury, Charles P., Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, South Afriea. Mally, C. W., Department of Agriculture, Grahamstown, Cape Colony. Marchal, Dr. Paul, 16 Rue Claude, Bernard, Paris, France. Musson, Charles T., Hawkesbury Agricultural College, Richmond, New South Wales. Nawa, Yasushi, Gifu, Japan. Newstead, Robert, Univ. Sch. of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, England. Peal, H. W., Indian Museum, Calcutta, India. Porchinski, Prof. A., Ministére de Agriculture, St. Petersburg, Russia. Reed, E. C., Rancagua, Chile. Reuter, Dr. Enzio, Fredriksgatan 45, Helsingfors, Finland, Russia. Sajo. Prof. Karl, GOd61l0-Veresegyhaz, Austria-Hungary. Schoyen, Prof. W. M., Zoological Museum, Christiania, Norway. Shipley, Prof. Arthur E., Christ’s College, Cambridge, England. Simpson, C. B., Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. Tepper, J. G. O., Norwood, South Australia. Theobald, Frederick V., Wye Court, Wye, Kent County, England. Thompson, Rev. Edward H., Franklin, Tasmania. Tryon, H., Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Urich, F. W., Victoria Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. Vermorel, V., Villefranche, Rhone, France. Wihitehead, Charles, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent, England. INDEX. Page ACtea kod illestationybymnsects iM lawalles 20) .- s eee ee eee eee ale 64 ACER NEGUNAdOntOOd plant oly phaninvanCUune’ 2. J 42 ee ho kk 42 Acridium purpuriferum, arsenic-soda solution a remedy....-.-.--.------------ 171-174 ALSeMite} On SOGa ATCMCG Yrs So eet Aleve tisw le sien) ade wees 173 campaign against the species in Natal.....-.-.-.-.--- 171-174 Adoretus umorosus, eaven. by toads in Hawa: 222.222 55 as ek 2 Se oe 61 AlGRGUDS: COILED oi. 1 eA vstsshaloveatoe Olle ois a ee ee dee kee Ae ee 70 Aguacate. (See Persea gratissima.) Alabama argillacea. (See also Cotton leaf-worm.) factonin, controlsolbolliweevile ss. te 109-110 TaN COS ea 2 SE ND a cs eG Aca eee 80 PZOGISUSHMACULCN ChiT USaNUEMeMNy eee aaa ae Se eee s/s a ay 155 unfortunate destruction by Paris green against boll weevil ..-. . 126 Alfalfa, food plant of E'mcauta vittata....-...-..----- oa SCN te at 68 IVCLOMO DUES CTU TUDT II ip, eee rte Aarne ye eg ea ete 84-85 AlLOnAna Nitida OM pea chain GeOrele= sess a Mate. Sees eee ea a 78 VAMOS UCM MECC ING Cre OL OTA a swipe yet ye ogee poke re eee a oe ee ee are Oe So A 78 limesculphurwashita wemedy. ieee ee eet des) 2S 78 Angoumois grain moth. (See Sttotroga cerealella.) Animals, and animal products of the United States, estimated value__....-.....- 103 GOMeEStIC ASSOCIA tIOIMNOl MSC CES yc ee pee gee ee 17 Federal quarantine and control of diseases..-......-..----- 101-102 noxaous- legislation. azainstiumporvatione = 9282 e 2 Soe 101-102 PATUISOLONUITOINUCNSUS whe CaO, LOC ISUSHNACULUVENET IS. 22 a Nei Ne ence tee 160 ALON PLOOM Pla MUIOMGONOC ONG MOM Ge =. mea yee ep ee 70 Anopheles maculipennis, relation to malaria..........-.-.---2+-2-+-+---------e- 17 ATimnssOciatedawitin COL TOOL-A PIS Ges tne ats ot eae ah es eee e ete oe 29 little red. (See Monomorium pharaonis.) New Orleans. (See /mdomyrmex humilis.) Anthonomus grandis. (See Boll weevil.) ~Antiments vervasc), sulphur. dioxide aspimsecticide. 23.4) 552. 2 2 ee 145 ATICSHENe La LLONSaWwAL MA DIS ORVESIY warn ws aey ie eo elie ae Ls Pei 40 Sul phiundioxadevasninsecticidevay eee syns tie, Die eee casi acs 145 Apanteles catalpex, Horismenus microgastri a parasite in Ohio.......------------- 73 Hypopteromalus tabacum a parasite in Ohio. .....--..--------- 73 parasite of Ceratomiarcatalps a Omio 6. ge se 73 A ULCaCORMEL Iii OMe aeESCONGLatissumaniia CWA awe ee See see eee le 70 Aphelinus diasydis, parasite of Lemdosaphes beckii in Hawalii........--..------- 63 phidessabundanceafter coldswet springs: 72 fe 2 0 i ee 91 Coccinellaznepanda-an-enemiyin Flawalle. 2 4) 502506 228. se inc eeee 61 fACCOrsECOVehMINeTADUMNGAMCOM an a eu no ke ee a 94 in| UnVvatOuvecetablesumeOUbars wae eets kee a So 70 Platyomus tividigaster, an enemy, im) Hawa. -.224.....2.2.-5.4...5.-2- 422 61 TERME ORs OSM eITy el a Walleeren ie A ae Lk ee ny yh 59 184 ASSOCIATION OF ECQNOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page. Aphidide:,:descriptive keys..2-5:2 2" 322.22 ct 164-166 relation of descriptions to economical methods of eradication _._..... 162-166 value of nymphs in specific distinction S25 = ee ee 166 Apias jorbesn, relations=with ants =< 22S. 22 ne ee 40 gossypii, in New Hampshire... ......-....--- Soh GE CSR a 2 ety ee ees 75 on. cotton in: Georgia! 2 er ee eee es ee eee 81 Sarden Crops ip Lexis 255 Se eee 68 Hibiscus esculentus ss too Fae eae 2 ee 1 ee 163 maidi-radicis, danger threatening corn crop. .___..._.---.---_---------_- 29-30 early history. 2 2 s2o a F e e eee e 30 food plants: So 2c eee ee eee ee en ae eee 34-35, 37 INJULY LO -COMME Say eee eee ee ee eee eee 35 life history 452° 223 os a eee ee a eee 31-33 methods:ol‘studys2. 22-28 2S ee ee ee 31 natural checks’ onsneressesesa aa et ee 36-37 practical economic:measutes =! oo 2 a ee 37-38 preventive route 2253222 = os ee ee 38-39 relations with Lasius niger americanus ..-.--------------- 34-35, 37 melon. (See Aphis gossypit.) POTD, Ir GOOVS a ree ESE Re a et Bg eee Sa 79 southern grain. (See Joxoptera graminum.) woolly. (See also Schizoneura lanigera.) tobacco*dust ‘a remedy .4. 2h ee Se. er ge ene 92-93 Apiculture, importance to farmer and entomologist .-.....-.-----.------------- 18-20 teacher:of entomioloty& 22-5 ee 18-20 Apis mellifera. (See also Bee, honey.) sulphur dioxide'as insecticides =) == 1s 0s. 2 = oe ee ee 144 Apple aphis. (See Aphis pomi.) caterpillar, red-humped. (See Schizura concinna.) yellow-necked. (See Datana ministra.) food plant'of Carpocapsa, pomonelia.. 22) 233s) 83, 89 Cingilia, caténania 2 ae Es ee eee 74 Conotrachelus nenuphar= 922 2 ee oe ee 72, 85 Hyphaniria cunege >. © = se ee 42 Lemdosaphesulmt25 3. a8 ee ee ee 79, 83 Lyqus pratensis S522 5 i EAs Se en er eee 78 Malacosma dissing) 20a a ee ee eee 79 Schaconeura Jodiens==.. Sse 20 a ee eee ee 167 laniger de 202022 BS oe ee 78 Seolytus rugulosus: 2-22 2822 ee eee 68 maggot. (See Rhagoletis pomonella.) spraying with lime-sulphur and kerosene-limoid. --..-.---.------------- 136-137 tent caterpillar. (See Malacosoma americana.) Aramigius fulleri, in Hawai 252262 S222 = eae oe So re ee ee eee 64 Aristolochia, food plant. of Jihobalus polydamas=-— 2.2. =< 5.2 ss = = 70 Army worm. (See /Teliophila unipuneta.) fall. (See Laphygma frugiperda.) worms, abundance after cold wet spring >= = = 252--- 22-5) ee oe 91 Arsenate of lead, remedy for Conotrachelus nenuphar.-...----------------------- 72 Arsenic-soda solution, remedy for Acridium purpuriferum. ...-.-.-------------- t7i-l74 Arsenite of soda, remedy for Acridium purpurvferum ....-.---------------------- 173 Ash, food plant of Podosesia suring. 2 2225252. 42 = eee 85 sawily Jarva:... i fc.26 5) S23 ee eee 85 Aspen, American. (See Populus tremuloides.) INDEX. 185 Page PAS MO LOLUS a ORUCSU A Illy COL SIAT en erp reir hh cei Se le ke Ly De TH perniciosus. (See also Scale, San Jose.) IY GOT Ra tess ats eee Se Ne a ie a aie a GN eee 77 Miajrovlanndetpenes peter rie Be ye eee So eee 82-83 CC] AKO eS AN De ao Oe 72 Heme diess@iscuUsseGies nee ew tee ee Bul ae Nes Ciel Association of Economic Entomologists. (See Entomologists, Association of Eco- nomic.) Ateleopterustarsaivs, sulphur dioxide as insecticide 2422 2: 225.5... 22-2222 ee 148 Aiimansiulans: Injunyito.oranse,m Cuba) 20s. ee 70 VACHS PISE PENLCGONCn MAC COLLIA, (ae Metiae neers ease ee acto k ea ae 77 Avocado. (See Persea gratissima.) IBUCMISLUDERCULOStS sIMvexcreta, Of Tlles a5 Wi Ne yas i ee ee Me eh) Te 7, bacterium inudisease.ol-Oingilia, catendma .. 0-6 62 a 5. Sse eee oe Sn 74-75 Bagworm. (See Thyridopteryx ephemerxformis.) Bananas sulphurdioxidejas: tumicants cn 63 525s 0ei) 2a eee ee 147, 149-150 Barkbeetle, fruit-tree. (See Scolytus rugulosus.) Barley, germinating power injured by sulphur dioxide. .-..-..-..--------------- 142 Beans velvet ood plamGcol Hcliasannexd. = oes en oe ee ee 70 Bean weevil. (See Bruchus quadrimaculatus.) Bedbug. (See Cimea: lectularvus.) Bee, honey. (See also Apis mellifera.) asuillustratime;matermalaneteaching is 2152. is oa et ees. ee 19-20 beetles Japanese, termed jblioht) im) Plawaila so!) 2 eu he eee 59 Begasse, use in poisoning Acridium purpuriferum.....-.--------------------- 172, 174 Berger, E. W., paper, ‘‘Observations upon the migrating, feeding, and nesting habits OlutnestallawebwormnCHumiantive: Ciuned Dik) 2s ae oe oe Sec ee Se ol. 41-51 BirchatoodeplantiolGingiiia catenaid. 92 te 2 es ee a ee 74 iBlattella.germanica, sulphur, dioxide as insecticide: 9.12.22 20 2222.02 2 22 tk 222. 144 wblohtenceneraluse-of term Ingelawall 2 2a 6 i we Se a 59 phehtowcarciageDViMSCCis fe 25 Seka Ne a eye sea nee hy Ses re 18 Blissus leucopterus. (See also Chinch bug.) ATP MATIMNES Oba eee ek Grn en gd A ata ers aed Sore oe Sia oe 84 Boll weevil, Alabama argillacea (the cotton leaf-worm) a factor in control. ._-.. - 109-110, 127-129, 132 campaign in infested territory in Louisiana.-.-...-..-....---..--- 126-127 climatic conditions affecting rate of spread._...-......-.-.:_-....-- 130 Conditions coverMINesmICTAtION 4.8 a5. ese ee 129-130 consideration of cultural system of control. --.-_...---....-..---- 107-111 cotton leaf-worm a factor m:-control: 5. 22-3 2222-522. 109-110, 127-129, 132 CALlyap AML CeOMCoubONsINnCOMELO ese erase esc) ee 108 fall destruction of cotton stalks in control... _.....--- 108-110, 111, 1382-133 iederalappropriation scene ea ee ey ye el ee 102 COMETO eur sepe ema neem a eetinre Rar ae Mane Mes esS Le 95, 99, 105 fertilizersrinecomtro Wy eet weer Wee mae le se Sa ee ICL Inibernationepe eee eee seme nee eee io, Ee SoG SS 108-109 EXPETIMEM Geers ey act sh sk Ba 126-127 Wea: GORE i eS a a pn ge Og 70 indirect method of reducing damage: -2-_ .--- = -2 2-222 -2-222 seca: 127 infestationsiny Wouisianayianl OOS. 5. Go2 26 ate aoe ble eee 119-120 TO aaah oleate Riese faye ie us es eee 120-121 ly; shOO oe asa ett Saye aay ete een 122-123 Wecembe4n (9055 Seno tes teres cmc ate eS 186 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page. Boll weevil, influence of Galveston hurricane on spread............-.----------.- 183 investigations, laboratory, methods. 455.92 ==— = ee 111-119 ValWe rs oe eos Soe ete ore ae eee Tek ee eee 23 loss: to'cottoncrop7im | S04: os ee ee ee ee 99 meteorological conditions effecting local extermination in Louisiana. . 122-123 methods, mn: Stutdiy:0= 8.2535! Sse dake oe ee seer eee ee ee 111-119 migratory, habit yprevioushy Un knOWm = o- sspears eeeee 121 Paris green as alleged remed yea. 2o- ae nae ne 126 present status.......--.- Die ai tae co ban to ee Jona ae Ere ea ee 106 PLevention Of spread ym WOUIST Ma se a eae eee eee ee 119-126 | quarantine of Louisiana crop pest commission. ......-.----------- 124-126 relation: to, Coptom crop! ofl GOA Bese eee eee eee 130-131 shallow cultivation: of cotton in control. se. = 108, 111 Spores cl lm WOU Te ey iN LOO ys a a er oe 123 thorough: cultivation of cotton im) controlas 3:2. - sss 110, 111 trend of diffusion as compared with chinch bug..---------...-.--- 129-130 work of Louisiana crop pest commission. -.-....-----.--..-.-.--- 119-127 Bollworm. (See Heliothis obsoleta.) ‘“Book-lice.’? (See Troctes divinatoria.) Boophilus annulatus. (See also Tick, cattle.) CONVEVOROF EKA TEV CI te = oe sey sere ee 17 Box-elder. (See also Acer negundo.) injury -by cecidomiyiid walls oes gre Rie eee ees 85 Boxwood. (See Cornus sp.) Brass, lacquered, unaffected by sulphur dioxide fumigation. ..---..--..-...-.-.- 148 Breeding box, for boll weevils and parasitess=: = 22 aa oe 112-113 cages, in boll weevil “hibernation experiment”’.......-.............. 126-127 jar; ‘boll-weevil:study..25.\22) 55. 2s oe eee eee eh eee 112 Brimstone fumigation. (See Sulphur dioxide.) Britton, W. E., paper, ‘‘ Tests of Lime-Sulphur Washes in Connecticut in 1905”. 136-137 “Destroying the Woolly Maple-Leaf Scale by Spraying’’.. 161-162 Brown-tail moth. (See also Huproctis chrysorrhea.) Rederal:controlit-S 4.8 2 ee = see ea ya ee 95, 99, 105, 106 Bruchophagus funebris, reared from crimson clover in Minnesota... -..-.-.--.----- 85 Bruchus, in cowpeas, sulphur dioxide as insecticide... -.-.-.-.----------- 142, 148, 149 quadrimaculatus, sulphur dioxide as insecticide. -.......-.-----.------- 146 Budworm, corn. (See Diabrotica duodecumpunctata.) Burgess, A. H., paper, »Notes'on Imsectictdes)-= 42 2e5 1a see eee ee eee 154 “Some Economic Insects of the Year in Ohio”. -...---.-.--- 71 Cabbage bug, harlequin. (See also Murgantia histrionica.) . trend ‘of diffuston<:5. or. ty ae Eee ee 130 butterfly. (See Pontia rape.) food plant of Feltia anneras a3) 2-35 ne Se 70 IM Glacosoma Gisstiid =a ee ae Sea aoe 79 MMirgantiahistrionicd see sae ae © ee 82 Phuitetta-maculipennts 322 402 oe eee eee 70 Ponta mMonuste S28 22 ot See eo ee ee ee 70 hair-worm. (See Mermis albicans.) Holland variety not affected by Pegomya brassice.........------------- ~ 89 maggot. (See Pegomya brassice.) magpots, carabids probable enemies: =~ 3. 2-2 see ee ae eee ee ee 95 worms; ereen, in Minnesotars so 2.22. 2. cerns ce ees aera ee 85 Cages, in study of boll weevil in the field ===. ©2225 3. 2. 2 oe semester 114-115 INDEX. | 187 Page. Calandra, in grain, sulphur dioxide as insecticide:.....+.2.--.2--2--.-2-2- 142, 143, 149 Gronaria in StoredicorneiMa le xasas=yse elit aes ce 2 eas 69 Onto, AME StOReGeCcOnMnn Geonolamer te) see oS ele ee 82 IE SE SS eres ess cr yn aa SG 69 Mera pomisicalandnasanparasite. amici s veos 2 /s ee. Ss ae 148 sulphur dioxidesas insecticide yams eke ns 25 oe Sa oc a 146, 148 Calendula, foodyplantroteVianessdscar dies sees ee eee te eo 85 Calhipienis wwalshii.seasonalyditierences in-colon:. 2222: 52/222. 226-2222. 222 20- 163 Galoconismamaus con cotbonmmeGeOnela es) 2 el See ee eee oe 81 Gal nodesucthinus rommcanmasiim Cubase a a8) jee Ee 70 Camera stand used in boll weevil investigations _.......-.-2-----.----------- 117-118 Canestel. (See Lucuma rivicoa.) Canker of bark: conveyance, by insectsia kisses a= ee Re ee EG aS 18 Cannas tooduplamtyot Cal podes clnivus s.r ni kia aie ay ey aM Ea ge ei 70 Carabids; probable: destroyers) of ‘cabbage mageots: 2222) 0-4 38s 52 no 95 Carbolic emulsion, remedy, forsegomiya brasstee |. see eee ee 88 Carbon ybisulphid; fumigation of corm and cowpeas: 5.22525 seh Welsh s 91 SCC CLS siete Keehn anbtonm sie a fades he 2S 91-92 ineffective against eggs of Mediterranean flour moth... -.-.-- ~~ - 91 RemMe dye Ol ACOLM weevils: = soe eee car Cea iui se fe. 69 ISCRIZONCUNC POU LCTIS = am era: vee Neen et Soh ee 170 Wards records fon bolliweeviltnotes!s9 9.6.5 ee ie ee i 115 Carpocapsa pomonelia, in Georgia. 2 2282 se ee eee Se eee Was 79 IEW iad EW OV Fe ve a NA ee ce ac ee 83 IN was Worle pte ie Wipe cca opens oe a ee Tn jak 89 Sprayinectorscombro li see Gree eee het gee co! Le 8 72 Case-bearer, European elm. (See Coleophora limosipennella.) Casuarinas, food plants of Icerya purchasv-. -- -- - a Dai Fee RUNNER eee an 9S Lk | 59 Catalocuerof host plants of Aphididae 432 ee ae ees ee 163 Catalpaytooduplant of Ceratomia caral px ee ape sees ee et 73-74, 84 sphinx. (See Ceratomia catalpzx.) Cecidomyiid galls, on soft maple and box-elder in Minnesota....-.....--..----.--- 85 Cclisroceidentalis, food plantiof Hy phantriaicunea.. 2522222 41 Centipedes, intnests/ol Schizoneura fodiens o2— = oe PU 169 OCILISIESHOMCHUCANU— TU VOTUSESCUL DUS Me are ee uneven yey og, ECE) Se a 60 parasite of Coccinella abdominalis introduced into Hawaii - - - - - 60 REPANA GM Mbd a alin staves ae eek 61 Ceratomia catalpx, Apanteles catalpxe a parasite in Ohio......-.......-.---.-.--- 73 Onicatallpajim Oars ete 2 a pl ey rae a ee ee 73-74 Miaray, le ieee aes Nays yey Si ea slob es ie eer 84 Cereals, destruction of insect pests by sulphur dioxide_._-._._....1.....--.----- 140 Ceroplastes rubens, destruction by parasites introduced into Hawail...--..--...--- 63 “Chain-dotted geometer.”” (See Cingilia catenaria.) Chartemaking, imiboll weeval: laboratonyemet es. - ey nie ee 118-119 -Cherry scale. (See Aspidiotus forbes.) wild gees. punehUnes) OlMC (cada Engl Camm a wee ese mae) sees ee 57 LoodaplantgolC engi ia calenaita =r a eee are 2 tee 74 wild black. (See Prunus serotina.) Giilocorusibivuinentis mtroductlonwintopblawalll 862 sienna 60, 61 crcumdatus, enemy of Lepidosaphes beckvi in Hawaii... -...-.-.---.--- 63 Chinch bug. (See also Blissus leucopterus.) trend of diffusion compared with boll weevil-..................--- 129-130 MOLL LES Hig WRG 0 ING NEC) ee Be Oe Soe Mee eras Ae AengeMe aioe ..... 89-90 188 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page. Chloridea virescens, on tobacco in Cuba---__-_..__._--__-- eters, Soe lel ac Re (| Choke-cherry. (See Prunus virginiana.) Cholera, probable spread by fites 22° 2. : 2 22 ee ee 17 Clrysomphalus obscurus,.in' Georgia. - = 22554-5228 Se eee Cicada erratica, alleged egg punctures in hoe handles__-____--.__-_-.__-.------- 57 description of ege punctures and ‘eggs = 272 79=2 57 (mgriwentris), distribution discussed =>_* S27 =- 2 = 222 6 t= ee 94 ég¢ punctures in rool. boards 2 ee ee 57 enemy to'coiton:and ‘corm_2:_ 22° >a ee ee 52-58 habits and life history notes.<2 + Se ee ee predaceous enemy reported 3523 te 28 ian nen ee ee 59 femiedies ‘sumvested 22207 22 2208 12 Ss ee ee ee eee 58 nigriventris, early determination of Cicada erratica _______...-.----------- 52, 53 Gicadula spp-, sulphur dioxide as insecticide:< 22 = = 22862 2 145 CiG0H SP): & =~ Ss Ss ee ee eee 7 Cimex lectularius, sulphur sitet in control: —- ae ee ys eee 139, 144 Crngqiia caienaria, m New Hampshire. ._-2--.2 .- 22 2st 2S Se eee Citrus trees, infestation by. [cerya purchasi__~.25 9-8 S e e e e 59 saved by Coccinella repanda and Platyomus lividigaster - - -.__.------- 61 Classics. istructional value overrated.” _ = -2=2. 220 7, Se a ee eee eS Clayton gas. (See Sulphur dioxide.) Glick beetles; injury of larve to tobacco im Cuba] 322 es 70 Climatic conditions, affecting rate of spread of boll weevil.__..._.-.....-.-...-.- 180 differences, effect on value of insecticides__-...-.-.-.-.-.--.---.-.-.-... 93-94 Clothes moth; sulphur dioxide as msecticide._- == --2 --=- = = ee 145 Clover; food plant of Bruchophaqus funebris— == 92 Se 85 Coccinella abdominalis, Centistes americana a parasite___.....---.-.------------- 60 introduction inte*Hawati= 223 2) ee ee eee 59 repanda, Centistes americana a parasite In Hawaili_--_-.---_--_------ =e 61 enemy of aphides'ia Hawan = 20-22 ete eee 61 saves citrus, Hibiscus, and sugar cane in Hawali_---___--_--_-- 61 Coccinellide, killed by Paris green against boll weevil... -.-.-.-.-.-.----L------ 94 Coccinellids, miroduction into Hawans- 2 eee ee ee 61 Cockerell, T. D. A., paper, ‘“The Care of Entomological Types”’_-.__.-_----_----- 51-52 Codling moth. (See Carpocapsa pomonellia.) Coffee bean, ese punctures.of Cicada erratiea 2-2 =) 9 Se 2 ee eee 7 food plant of “Leucopiera cofecilat’ S20 es Fes Se 7 Paloinaria pd eS ea oe I eee 60 Coleophora limosipennella, on Long Telande ee Bee eee a eo 90 Coleopterous larvz, injury to corn, sugar cane. aa See eee in make - eee 7 Collard, food plant of Murganita hisiriomica 2-2 23 See eee 82 Color differences in Callipierus walshu: ©. 252252 232 2 23 ee 163 key for Aphididse: <2 7 ec nS ee a ee eee 165 Compere, George, trip to Australia and Fiji m 1899___--..._.-.-.-.-.---.---.--- 63 Conotrachelus nenuphar, arsenate of lead a remedy-_----------------------------- 7 methods of control in Georpia_- ==" - -.-2 =>. == es 28 7 on apple in Ohio-. sob SOE Et Cie hie 72 and snes in Rass ee: eae LS eee 85 peach im. Texas:= 2052. 2s Ses. dos eee “Sas Paris green mnefficient: 22.) 52. ee eee 72 Conradi, A. F., paper, “A Consideration of the Cultural System for the Boll Weevil in the Light of Recent Observations ”’..-...-...-.--- 107-111 “ Notes from Texas”... 35.454. s4241-2 eee 67-69 INDEX. | 189 Page. Contariiaimiticy,-injury. to) wheatvattributedess.--25---2--52-----. 22207. 5--2;-- a Cook, Mel; f:; abstract: of paper, “Imsects of the Year im Cuba’’-.-.....-....222. 70 “Preliminary Observations on the Variations of Uietheisavenusta Walmany) (22055052... ae: 29 Gopdosomea truncatellum, mtroduction into Hawail..--:..---.-...----.---:-.--- 62 Corn budworm. (See Diabrotica duodecim punctata.) CicadarennOLicagameene myname einen o eee ea ee Te eee 52-58 ear worm. (See Heliothis obsoleta.) fooduplantsotecoleopterous lanyve!< soho ees Ph ee 70 Grambusipascucllusttas ie risa eerie n eee ee Se a BIS 82 Didbrovica dod ect puncata eh ee ee ef 84 TORCH TOP SUVS CER OTIS Sry ecrree Ne tee NOE ys ee ro4 bs Sar ieee 70 CUEV URL IVINCL OSs ape ates x ars GENE ie eas, odes hE ee ee 70 ET Cloth USROUSOLELO Hop ute eben ap aE eI aN ak Bop 70 EMMI CELOUSHNSCCUS=7. a ier can Oi Si sy ge gate eevee Tae ss 70 IDG NOM GM UG UARU TE eee ee ee Se ee ae eae 70 fUIMI ea tlonewlt Ol carbon: bisuli lida ste sees eee regs Pee ees 91 leaf-hopper. (See Peregrinus maidis.) Mea UMM AtONewiEhasliphuradioxide: a2 shores int yeas 2 eae 145 ROOt=apliicmandvattendancaant. 42s. 100: ke a Soon See ease Meese 29-39 Wa Ae OU Erase es ge te ar eS nee de Ue ng ey ee 40 root-worm, southern. (See Diabrotica duodecim punctata.) stored infestation by, Calandra orycies 3 et 2a ee ee 82 Weevil spcanponupisulphidea remedy: sss. ss sc area ye ee ee 69 Wars Deb: Gis Wires aes aa cere Se fee clan he ery Rane cone, BU each 72 ins 69 Gomnus sps ood plantiol La phantia) Cumeds 6 ie. ae ee ey eS ae S 4] Cotton beetle, new. (See Luperodes brunneus.) boll weevil. (See Boll weevil.) caterpillar. (See Alabama argillacea.) Cicada rennaticn samvene my jac yes he ae. Taek ST a cee ee mei 2 52-58 crop.ol 904" relation tojbolli weevil. ines eee eee ee or 10ST early plantinesim, pollwweevilscomtrolsetes-s 2. 2 nee ee ee 108 fall destruction of stalks in boll weevil control. ......._-- 108-110, 111, 1382-133 fooduplant of Anthonomus grandis. =. 922) 04. 2.5.2 2-022. 2- 22-2. s 70 VA DISEOOSSY/ PLU o ay ee MN eet SR Re ee mtg wd ick ele 81 Caloconpser a pid use shies eee re ci ee ee a Press Mee 81 LEEVO A CSRGOSSH PUN Goo SOI eee eae ee Se a Gans 70 MOL OSECGCESUINUUCINS AERA eye ye MNCL OES Owes Goeu cy ES Sua See 68 JE DIOROUES OUI VADS Sete oe ps BAe ee 2 eee eee 80-81 INE ZOR ORAL Gig Seeany eats BO ne eee eg eerie n ey Su OE Te ee 81 OUCOMCAO MO MUNATLER DI a SS wee ras oe tesa ee LS 81 LE ORUPVAUUS QUOC aoe as Os ok Sees Ae ys eee 81 W-GOLCSETNELUIIL SE Sens eee MO ea) Bay Shot Sore ci 67 germinating power unaffected by immersion of seed in carbon bisulphid_ - 92 leaf-worm. (See also Alabama argillacea.) PLESeNLsecCONOMICIStAtUS rc wre eure ek eee 127-129, 132 preparationsofeseed bed forearly, planting] == 2-2) 2.) 8. e222 108 shallow cultivation in boll weevil control..._..-..........-.--------- 108, 111 thorough cultivation in boll weevil control, what is it?.........-...--- 110) 1s IS TOVOICO KS) SOY TEIN EV oe sine eS BR I ga ks a ee ee te 64 Cottonwood. (See also Populus deltoides.) ECouMuUNetunes GliC (Cd aC eRROLCdin ee oo ore ee es ae BY FOOCs plaminOlealCChROUCnORSCOLGLON. 228. 2 ee 2 hate SoS Seeeeee oo 69 190 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Cow-dung maggots, introduction of enemies into Hawaii__.-..-...-.......-.....- 62 Cowpeas, fumigation -withicarbon.bisulphid'’ 2592 = 5-9) = eee = ae 91 sulphur dioxide against; Bruchus: 2): 252222 =e eee 143 germinating power destroyed by sulphur dioxide.____......--.-..-..--- 142 Crambus-pascuellas, on GOED: G COL Ga ae 81-82 oulgwwagellus.on-etass in News York 2.250 ten (foe se ee oe eee 89 Crickets injury, to vegetiables:tm Cully ates eee =r pee eee 70 Crop rotation. (See also Cultural methods.) remedy. for Moxoplera, Qramiin win ssa eee ree ere 67 Cryptolemus montrouzieri, considered more valuable than V edalia cardinalis.._. -- 61 enemy of male Pseudococcus filamentosus in Hawaii ---. - 61 Pulineaniapsidia im Hawalls-= = 4... 61 introduction: into Elawalies son ee een eee ere 61 Cryptopristus, inefficient in holding jointworm in check. ..-.--..--..---.------- i i. sp., parasite of Jsosoma sp. ni Ohioe 25-25 =e 71 Cry plorivnchus la pathi, on willow in Ohio 5426 e- a ee ee ee oe eee 74 Cuba; injurious, insects of 190m s. 22 ae = = Nae ee ye ee 70 Cuckoo, black-billed, feeding on Hyphantria cunea larve....-...--.------------- 47 Cucumber family, blight carried by msect pests:--.-2.-----_--2-:.---.2.--.-=2= 18 food plant.of Dia phaniaiyalinata ae se een 70 Culex pimens; sulphur dioxide asmsecticides== 4.2552 ones a ee ee ee 145 Cultivation, shallow, in boll weevil control. __.-- Rade ian So ee eS enh Y= SIS 108, 111 thorough, ‘im boll weevil control what is\iGt= 9322) ee eee 110, 111 Cultural methods; injcontrol of Aphis matdi=radicis 2 ae a ee 37-39 boll weevil (see also under Boll weevil). -........ 107-111 Ovcada errauca, sucsested= 2. Sire ee 58 LEVI VUNG ae ng Ae en ae ee yen oe 90 SS Pheno PlhOrUs*OOSCUMUS sae atte ee atte a ae eee 63 TOL PLCRG ONCUUIVLI = as ats Oe ee 67 Currant root-aphis. (See Schizoneura fodiens.) varleties attacked by: SChICOneUnd [ OCLEITS emis sere a epee tes en 167-168 Custard apple. (See Anona.) Cutworms; abundance:after cold wet spring. = 22222 0 os on Se es 91 in Minnesotase ns ee ae Ore SS Bh Fe Sea ae Seite eer ee ee 85 poison-bran mixture a remedy. 35 24: sn see = ey eee 91 termed: “blight? aun Hawaii a0. gone e ne eee eee eee 59 Datana ministra, experiments with a bacterlum............-.-=-------------5-22 75 in New Hampshire =.) 525 2c Soa. Selec ste i Se eee eee 75 Deltocephalus inimicus, sulphur dioxide as insecticide. ...-.--..-.-.------------- 145 Dermestes beetle, toothed. (See Dermestes vulpinus.) larves, sulphur dioxide-as msecticides =_ 2522-52 eee ee 145 vulpinus, injury to staves of ice-cream freezers. __...-.-.-----22.-:-2- 76 Descriptions, in the family, Aphidid.. a2 ¥s2 48522 o-— = es so eee 162-166 Description themes, for Aphididse.2 252 - 2-5 s= sees ee ee eee 164-166 Diabrotica duodecimpunctata, in Georgia............--------------------------- 82 Maryland 2. 2s: eS oe See eee 84 Diaphania hyalinata, on cucumber and pumpkin in Cuba. ------------ ay a ee 70 DPiatrea saccharalts, on corm im Cubas. 2228 555- eee ae oe ee 70 ; sugar cane in Cuba. .- 205.28) S222. ko ee ee 70 Diedrocephala coccinea, sulphur dioxide as insecticide. - -- -- a eke 145 Diversified farming, importance im (uoulsiama. - 522) 2) 2 ae a eo eee 127 Dreculacephala mollipes, sulphur dioxide as insecticide. -..-.-.-.----------------- 145 Dragon-fly, sulphur dioxide’as insecticide 5: 2-2 2s ee we 145 INDEX. 191 Page. Mrosopiuia ousicer, sulphur dioxide assinsecticiden 222.2222. 52-2522. 5- Ses ee: 145 punctulata, sulphur dioxide asiimsecticide:— 2222-22 2- 222.2222 ee 145 Haru owOrMatOod Ol aasties NIGCmAMenlCaMUSe eee ee 2. oe oe he oo. cts c eee 34 Ecthrodelphax fairchildii, parasite of Perkinsieila saccharicida in Hawaii... -. -- -- ~~ - 65 iM epa lawn Ph OL TOU eStsaMaCuLUCNinis = mre eeerts ee ce see ea 157-158, 160 plant toodkplantioteliincodesinicgnd=so0 este ees See LC ee oe eke 70 Elm. (See also Ulmus americana.) case-bearer, Kuropean. (See Coleophora limosipennella.) loodeplanttolColcophoraclimostpenncla ats eee ee oe ah Sele 90 LGU DIU TUMUCR CU TEC mre at ynteh acre res Oem NeyS So. 5 SS Se 42, 43 leaf-beetle. (See Galerucella luteola.) red callseofelenephigus ulmupalsUse ga ee ae oe oe ed epee ec PO 85 winitemcockscomby Calls tere eye ope een SU eer eer et anata 85 PT POCS COMMOLI Wks MAMMES OCB on ater atte oes sie ee ee ee ee eee eS ee 88 Sp. -sulphu dioxidevasunsecticide m1 454 tee te ea. 2 145 Mntomolocicalmiypes, care Sia ee see een ay a eee ey Ne 51-52 Entomologist, economic, groups of animals studied..........------.------------- 8 InAdeGquUaALeSAlaticss Maes mao mS eae a 11-12 Opportunities for investigations. 9.22522 /2 242. 0.0. 002. ..- 11-12 summary of important future work.........-.---.----- 23 Entomologists, Association of Economic, active members. .--..-.------------- 178-180 associate: maemberst 21 === sere geo. 180-181 foreiom imem Dersii ss) ou 20 foe ee kee 181-182 OfUCerssLOPOOG sa. Hert Tee sey sere saa 177 Emtomolosgaysiand. huimainsdiseases ee sh aon eta eee Sergei telne 2 oe oe roe 16-17 economic «compillationvandmrepetition=: 22-2 yl 2. a Ie. ee a 9-10 estimatexol annual literatures... 22 -- 225-42. 2.2. .2--- 9 facilities tonspubiuCa tones see se a Se eee th 10 falscuherald spree eee mest cnet ee Se sis ned rsa 2 eis 5s 10-11 historysimellaweilies sega eo ee mel Meu emerges. 58-66 Scomeran desta bus sense eos eee Nees meee se a Sk. ee 5-23 estimatezoiganmua literature. ose see cen eee er vente tea 9 Importance of thoroughiteachings ses 5 See eye. 2) ee 15-16 practical, estimate of annual literature.......-....-.--------------- 9 Studveassmentaladiseiplines. v2 ea hes). Oe os ck 14-15 teachimegsmiacriculGuralicolleges’ =. seo ete no ete he 12-14 E’phestia kuehniella, hydrocyanic-acid gas fumigation......-...--------------- Pie teers) HM iCMcannttata ~omge lia lari My ROXAS = Fae feo Severe cred enh cite eerste Bone Sasels 2 68 LEASES) RAUL OY hy ae) OOVELO Lies Ne PORN Let ps ere a Ao Me pe em Re 68 Ei pine parva, swiphur dioxide as msecticides:)s 4.2.20. 2.2-.-2 2.22002. --5-- 145 neDUsTOdora. onsbeg uminmosee iM CUbA meer 94.2 Sonate ioe cic eee eco ba eee 70 imophues gossip son copvon imi Cuba o-oo ys se eae eto h eee eb 70 padescallsroneplummeMinnmesO tania ao se oes - oe ee eee 85 LMdonuus procs onmesuminose tm Cubaes 52245. c.\-c0 ec) st esse eee ee ee ee 70 NEMCCARULTI MAGNO] ASCLOLULT, NO GOOLG A! sess hee ye ee ek oe ee tid lime-sulphurawash imicontrol: 4 92 2---2-222-2----2--2- 0 Bupemuisvalyni, parasite of [sosomaisp. in Ohio. - 22. 2-22.22 2226. 5-2-2 71 MSE parasite) Ol sesomaisps in, OMIO 4.2525 2\c4--52-- 25 Jeon n mee nee 71 Up LORS SCI PLUS MOETLISLES OMETICANM a SyMONWVIM. ho. 2... 22-22-22 222d oo ee eo 60 Euproctis chrysorrhaa. (See also Brown-tail moth.) Me NG walelampsininey ae Gowen ees os RS ie ciao 75 Farm products of the United States, estimated value..........-.--------------- 103 Eederal S22 2 See eee 155 Leucopiera.cofjceia, on coffee. in- Cuba 2.2 Sec Ce ee se ee ee 70 Lewis, A. C., R. I. Smith and, paper, “Some Insects of the Year in Georgia”. -.-_ - 71-82 Tuime, air-slaked, ‘against Pegomya brassiee. ss 2 ee ee 89 Lime-sulphur-salt wash, against Aspidiotus perniciosus.....---.-.--------------- 77, 82 Bulecantuan Migropasciatun. = 95 2 ha ee ere re washes, formulas’ givin best -resultss2: 36> = eee eee eee ee 154 tests by Bureau of Entomology-....-.--------- eee 154 Lime-sulphur wash, best method of preparation... .-.---.-.---.----------+----- 154 remedy for Anarsia lincatela. 42 = 22 Aes ee eee ES washes, against San Jose scale oe 22 ete ese eee 137-138 tests in Connecticut. --..-.-..- Eye Se 136-137 Limoid mixtures, against San Jose scale in New York. ....-.-.--------------- 137-138 Limoid-kerosene wash, tests in Conneectiqut 225. 222222 eee ee eee 136-137 INDEX. 197 Page Enneodes wntegra, on ege-plant in Cuba. --- 22.2. -2-2-- +2. Ses Sp Nags sie are ge ee 70 Lizard, rock. (See Gerrhonotus carinatus.) Locust beetle, leaf-mining. (See Odontota dorsalis.) Loodeplant.oiO dont orig orsdlisnra. tae aeen eee a ae) a es Ma ee 72 honey ecoupumctinres Ot C CCadGCnnaineds Siete nok tise. Jo 22 2 cee yee 57 red-legged. (See Melanoplus femur-rubrum.) the plague species of Natal. (See Acridium purpuriferum.) Louisiana crop pest commission, work against boll weevil..-...--..---...---..- 119-127 onostege sums -oMicotronvim: Lexass Si: Gosh ee a peti Saale Soko 68 amis ereeny a Lemled yas pis tie. Se aa kenya le 5 Od is ane eee i 68 iinvolvatcesan sulphur dioxide as insschicides =. 51a) fone ane fie ot 145 Kucuma rivicoa. 100d plant of Robinson formula. 3a yolk en 70 impenodes brunneus. on Cottonain Georgiles.) Vee ee ae PR ge 80-81 Parisereen recommended’ as;remedy 0 eo yr A 80 ivetus culpa dioxide as insecticide sa tsee seen es Tee eS ee et Ge 144, 146 Uingustoratensis= kerosene, enmulsion: ayremedy= 212 ss ei eaee es se ee 78 ontapployand: peamimmiicorsiancman i oy ee as al 8 78 sulphur dioxide assmsecticides- Site. S22 Gera a ed 145 Macrodactylus subspynosus, depredations in New York.........-..-----------=-- 89 Macrosiphum, resemblance of grape-colonizing form of grape leaf-aphis........-- - 163 Miacrostprum()-sp.. sulphur dioxide asiinsecticides. 224.222) 22). 5. es 145 Maggot, apple. (See Rhagoletis pomonella.) Malacosoma americana, bacterial experiments contemplated....-.....-.---.----- 75 HOR CLCOLCT Ae ee Ne enw Dee unui hee le oS as Ae) Newellamapsinine ser iran ee cy ue eee ed 6 ce 75 APSSUUGs alle CreOL OUR Aorta ee Citar Ce each Maa ieee t i cly a5 i a a 79-80 Malaria, carriage by Myzomyia funesta and Pyretophorus costalis......-.-..------ N76 relation with Anopheles maculipennis ..--.- STS Aa SI Os ee ey hee aE 17 Meple;toodsplamt: of Chinyjsom pralus ODSCUrUS = 2 aie me ne 2 aye 78 TEC IGOSA PRES MUM Urns NO aed in ORR ree eee eee 20) ot 83 Phenacoccus. (See Phenacoccus acericola.) scale, cottony. (See Pulvinaria innumerabilis.) silver poodsplantiok Hy phantmia cumed=.. 9: fos. 2s ee Nhs ae 42 SoLtprumyunyabyececidomypitdeoallsscnie ese eee eo es ie ee 85 Susan, Wooduplamt Ol ia YpRanuniG CUNCH = 2 22680062 = ee Se ee 42 Imlestatlom byelahenUCOCcUs CCEriCOld=. 2h.) Hille. 2 ee 161 Maple-leaf aphide, woolly. (See Pemphigus acerifolit.) scale, woolly. (See Phenacoccus acericcla.) Marlatt, C. L:, paper, “Sulphur dioxide as an Insecticide’’.-....--...-........ 139-153 MenylandtmmyunoussiMsects.ollGOones emo eres an vee We a he ie 82-84 evaunblicht,/shawanlan name tor Onhesmansionise. Sensis ce 65 Mayetiola destructor. (See also Hessian fly.) MM CeORCT AL pase nee a esa aay Pee ee Ls oh 81 Ol iO ete Meet eye tee ee eS os Se 71 Mealworm. (See Tenebrio.) Weasuneakerg ore Ap nididses 295 oe eee ee oeeeepletee ne ee se 165-166 Mediemencciencemelation- tosentomolopye cna ee aes eee se Soe e 82. el 2 16-17 Menlomaculata-sulphuridioxidesas imsecticide: 22 ss— 222 7 ole. ne 145 WMiclanchnotmocometnoides sony orosellann Cubase se 275082. 2k i ee 70 Wiclonopliswemur-monemn.on altltain. Minnesota. 2s 2.252 84-85 sulplunmdioxide as;imseeticide). 422). 20) us eae eee 145 Wiclasomanscri pia couspoplansin, ONO = 2-6 So 5 oe. es SE te RS ee ee 74 198 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page Melon aphis. (See Aphis gossypii.) food plant of Aphas:gossypit=. 2.2. 222 22a 68 Membership, report of committee: 2255 5° Soe se ee ee 135 Meraporus calandrx, parasite of Calandra oryzae .. 22222925 eS eo eS sulphur. dioxide as Imseetcide:-2—- 22-2) = sk ae eee 148 Mernnis albicans, reports from: Maryland sss 25-27: eee ee pe ee S4 Mesquite, food plant-ef MN ysius spec. 2228 ee Se 69 Meteorological conditions, affecting spread of boll weevil_._:_....-.-.-.-.----- 122-123 Methods in. study of boll weevils. 2=. = 223 = eee 111-119 = Migration, of boll weevil, governing conditions._...._......2-.2...-.--------- 129-130 MANNE! oss sot a ee geen eee ae 121 Mollet; food plant of: Hehophila.unipineial 22 Sn ee ee ee ee 83 German; food plant of Laphygma frugiperda.....-..---.-.-.------------- 81 Minnesota? injurious insectstot. [905 se 2a aria aee ee ee ee eee 84-89 Mite. (See Emophyes padi and Eriophyes gossypii.) Mongoose; déstructive to toads in Pawan. 2222-2 ee 61 iMonidema sp., sulphur, dioxidejas msecticide<= 22 2s es = ae ees ee 144 Monomorium pharaonis; im. Minnesota. <= 2s SS a= ee ee 86 Morrill, A. W., paper, ‘““Some Observations on the Spined Soldier Bug”’___.-__.- 155-161 Mosquito, yellow fever. (See Stegomyia calopus.) : Mosquitoes, of) Maryland, investigation: 6! 623. 2 See ee a ee $4 Ohio, mention of-hst-- 2 2 ee a ena es eee ee 74 Murgantia histrionica. (See also Cabbage bug, harlequin.) . Hn: Georgia 2 “ers Se ae he ee ee ee one ieet eee 82 Musca domestica, sulphur dioxide as insecticide. __-_-...-.-.---.---.-----+------ 145 Myrica asplenifolia, food plant of Cingilia catenaria..-..-..-.---.--------------- 74 Mazomopa funesta, carrier. of malatiasc23) © 2 5 4se ke Se ey eee eee 17 Myzus, resemblance of plum colonizing form of grape leaf-aphis--.-...-...-.-.-.- 163 Nabis ferus, sulphur dioxide-as insecticide: = 2— = 254--6 =o eeee 145 Naphtha soap, in making kerosene emulsion for Phenacoccus acericola......-.-.-.- 162 National control of mtroduced: insect. pests_4.2.—. 3 = eee 95-106 report of committees... S-24s= 134 Nature study, relitious aspects. ss:2~ <2. sno S225 eee ee ee 14 Newell, Wilmon, paper, “‘ Notes upon a New Insect Enemy of Cotton and Corn”... 52-58 “The Work of the State Crop Pest Commission of Louisiana on the Cotton Boll Weeval 22:22 3: S83 eee 119-127 New.Hampshire, mjurious msects of 1805_2. -2.- "22. S22... 28 ee ee ee New York: economic-msects of 1SQ5s-2 25 se es a ee eee ee 89-80 weevil. (See /thycerus noveboracensis.) Nezara hilaris, on cotton in Georgia. - - -- -- - eo tio ne aes ES 9A Uh ye eee 81 Nickel, injury by sulphur-dioxide fumigation_...*2°: . 3 = eee 148 Nomenclature; report of committee... -- 3.5... ose. 3 eee 25-27 Nursery inspection, defects in Minnesota law. =. =< 2-22 2526ne 2 = 2 eo eee ease: 2 desirability for uniform State laws..-.5-2=- 552222 | sees 23 VALIOUS ASpects.< 5 7 ee = oe ee se aes eee -21-23 Nysius sp., on potato, mesquite, and wheat in Texas- -._-_...-----.-.--+------- 69 Oak, food plant of Chrysomphalus obscurus.-.-...--------------------- aT ah oe 78 Melacosoma. disstria... 2 ees ee ee eee 79 worm, rosy-striped. (See Anisota virginiensis.) Odontota dorsalis, on locust in Olio: | 3-25 4252 oe 23 ee Cee e 72 Ohio,’ economic. insects of 19053 24.42 ce ee ee eee 71 Okra. (See Hibiscus esculentus.) ‘Olinda bug,” Hawaiian name for Aranugus fullert............-..-------2---+-- 64 Oncometoma, undata, on cotton in’ Georpia.--2<--- =. 22-222. 2 32 eee 81 INDEX. ; 199 Page. Orange, mandarin, foliage not attacked by Acridium purpurvferum....-...------ - 174 Oranges, injury by Atta insularis._...--- es At EN EN EE 70 PACU AGUSRILCUS EEE ee aN Ss eA Nee oy a ee A Re 70 SOLER OP SUSRG CML ILALG spate sre Mare UGE 2h ys A et Se 70 Orehanrdtinsects wins Oionmerresy ere ete ce el a Le 72 INS PECHOMMayAGIOUSTASWCCESs Heme terme ne) I aly 21-23 Orchards mi UmyapyeAspidvonusiPEnnIClOsuss no we ash Fee OY 72 Orcus chalybeus, enemy of Lepidosaphes becku in Hawail...---.-..---.-.--------- 63 Orvalidsaculphunmdioxideractinsecticiderma\ ee eh Te aw ye re ee ee 145 Ore vam siGiy isnallngel aywyeyiire eis Sets ore Sey tpn eee lk ee ae 64, 65 @savelonange,sitia food plant of yphantnia cunea? 2.25202 222.2222... see 42, Osborn, Herbert, paper, “The Problem of Wing Origin and its Significance in Insect Hla Oe rn years attested eepae tees aig ay Me needa Lon Morne ee MoM ites Se! ke Ra 29 Oyster-shell scale. (See Lepidosaphes ulmi.) ROChMeCusH clus. WONUlvetOvOrancesim OUI ae aise ee ee aie eet) 1) a ti 70 Palms, uninjured by moderate sulphur-dioxide fumigation..........-.-.-.---.- 142, 149 PAC POMP ENGR TALEO pM ANIM OSO LO =P ee met sents red NO tr dae a Sas ee bers ete ee 85 Papilio polydamas=Ithobalus polydamas. polycencs on, uimbelliferous planus: Cubas:2 2205 0s a Ree 70 Paris green, abundance of aphides following use on cotton.._....-....----------- Q4 agolnsts Conoimachelwsnmen’ pian: hee. fw io Neti kee 72 TN OUCO UU ULLAL arene Syne te tee | at See ee in 68 ISOLOSLCG CSTIMMGLIGN ace ee ha Ie eine ras ae 68 HEU DCTODESSOIUNILCUS HN. cite wan nee LAA WEE ME tut epic oie EY 80-81 WO NOVE SINC MUS EOE Meek TN OR Ey ala RNS See 67 experiments to determine value against bell weevil.__-...--..-.-.-.--- 126 IMiprackica ble asaimsilocusus mm Nataly amie! ie ea ee 174 poisoned glue eaten by Lepisma saccharina__...--....-.-.-------.--- 175 iRassitiorasdtoodsplantioledgnaulis! vanilla St a ses fee el) a ee ' 70 Passion flower. (See Passiflora.) Peach borer. (See Sanninoidea exitiosa.) borers, attack of Scolytus rugulosus following their work......-.....-.--.--- 78 . hoodsplantwoleAloniinarn iid a) semi eww no asia uN Vays hh S) 0 ai 78 “Conotrachelus nenuphan) 99.22) shige Pee 69 Eulecamum mogrcfasciatum...-.--.---- Peri Me oh eect sees 7 MGA coSOmayGtsStitGan se An a A ee aio les 79 TAOHUPIWOMOCOSLCL OIG me teeth Neetee See eS ee 68 IS COUUTUS RIAU GUNLO SUL SP cea ic Haron ome pe TE ak Se 2 68, 77-78 lecanium. (See Hulecanium nigrofasciatum.) scale, West Indian. (See Aulacaspis pentagona.) spraying with lime-sulphur and kerosene-limoid.............-.-.-.----- 136-137 twig borer. (See Anarsia lineatella.) ear Dlichip conveyance Dy INSeCisnae se). . ee e e W Le 18 Loodmplant ole planinadscl meds a Nyon ee asl de ee 42 LUG RUS DROLCIUSUG reer Pena elena A eee, 223 Fa Ce ee nae 78 spraying with lime-sulphur and kerosene-limoid....-.-.....-.----------- 136-137 ecaumber ce punetukesron Cicada, crnatica, ere Minuit re te Ne ee ov foodsplantyoletachnoste;naviiniiculdsece escola 80 DUDS 08 Neste ce SOU Ni eet ge a RS AR en a 80 FxCGOMN CUT ASSICL eXPELIMAeMusIMaCOMUROls yeu ie ee US ee es 88-89 maccousmpreyedcomuby beetles: 252 tPA Rese 89 Pseudeucorla gilletter a parasite in Minnesota....-.-.-.---.----- 89 Pemphigus. acerifolu, m Delaware, Maryland, and Texas_....-..:.-._.2.....---.- 93 ING a Gor lcernerea ete oF ook tte en) WT aera ya ae 90 200 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page POHEDIAQUS VOCEULOTUUS. Se eee cas ce See a eee Sh SUS See ee ee 167 ulmifusus, galls on red elm im Mimnesota__.....-..- 422. -2222- 552 555- 85 Peregrinus maidis, in sugar-cane fields:in Hawaii. -2 2 se 65 Perkins: K.-C. Ti; trip to Auseralia,m E9Q4 222% 2 ee eee 66 Perkinsiella saccharicida, Ecthrodelphax fairchildii a parasite in Hawali___..__..__- 65 enemy to sugar-cane In Eiaweil 5 2 se. eee 65-66 Persea gratissima, food plant of Apate carmehitas.. 2 a ee ee Se 70 Persimmon, Japanese, food plant of Hypocala andremona.........-.-...--------- 70 Petroleum, increase of horseflies following abandonment against mosquito larve....- 90 Phenacoccus acericola, destruction by spraying.._...-.-.--.--_- hs pate en ge 161-162 TEN ew VS or oe ra eee pepe ee ee $0 Philzerus lineatus, im. New ORK S 2 22088 yo ee ee ee ee 90 spumarid, mn New Mork? 5-22 Saat Stone ee eer ee ee ee 90 Phlegethontius: sexta, on tobacco 1m: Cubase. = os Ee ee 70 Photographic prints, injury by Lepisma saccharina______.._..--.-=-.---+------- 176 Photography, apparatus and methods in boll-weevil investigations.______._____- ISS ofimsects, methods -22 = Tae OA ace Nair a eee eae eee 131-132 Photomicrography, camera stand?.<.- 222 a ee fee) oe ee Phylogeny of insects, sicmifieance-of wine onioim-2-2.< 5S eae oe eee 29 Pivcon crass, food plan: of Aphis mordi-radicis = 2 as ee ee 37 Fampla inguisitor, sulphur dioxide as msecticide-___-___2~-_._- -=-_-_=5..-__--- 5 a4 Pineapples, uninjured by moderate sulphur-dioxide fumigation___-_.._-...-.-.. 142,149 Plague locust of Natal. (See Acridium purpuriferum.) Plant bug, tarnished. (See Lygus pratensis.) diseases, insects as conveyors_:.---..--------- Dap ier Os erage ek 18 muiportation into: Ha walle iG Se Se eee ee See ee 59 products, of the United Stases, estimated vale: 25. - 23.2 ees Plants, living, destructive action of sulphur dioxide__-_...--.-.----------- 140, 142, 149 Platyomus hiidigaster, enemy of aphidesin Hawa...) 5 ee 61 saves citrus, Hibiscus, and sugar cane in Hawall_-_-_-------- 61 Plectrodera scalator,"on: cotzon wood mi Lexas: 2s ee ee eee 69 Plodia interpunctella, hydrocyanic-acid gas as insecticide-_-.._..-.--------------- 154 Plum curculio. (See Conotrachelus nenuphar.) food plant of Hulecancum nigrofasciatum 2) 5 5 ee 77 Malacosoma, disstrid: 25 = oe oe eee i 79 Pomphopwa, texan: =. 2 = = ee eo 68 falls of Hriophyes padt1o 02 se ee ee ee 85 Plumeria, food plant of Pseudosphing tetrio: <2. 2 tee Neate ne ee ee 7 Plutella maculipennis, on cabbage in Cuba----.------------ face. 2 eee 7 Podisus maculiventris, Anisota virginiensis as food. -_-:--.-------------=---=s--- 160 ~~ confusion of Podtsus seriteventris. = 2. =.) == Sa See 155 duration of nymph stages and length of adult life. _- -- - 158, 159, 161 egg laying and duration of incitbation.__-.----- -- - 157-158, 160, 161 enemy of Alabama. argqullacta: 2 2 2 2 a 155 Galerucella. litesla 2 ee 155, 159-160, 161 Hehwothis obsalelds 2 i oso UL 3. Leptinotarsa decemlineata ....-.-------- nes 155 tent caterpillar=< 2. 4 3e5e Re Soto Sa 155 feedine Liapits 23. fs gees ae ee or a 159-160, 161 paper. == -2 -5 a0 5-226 yet ee ee ee 155-161 Poditsus SNOSUS 2. SYNONYM aoe. Soe eee =e 155 Variation inform and size of adults -. ...- 322256 522 eee 156, 160 serieventris, confusion with Podisus maculiventris.-.--.---=--------+----- 155 spinosus—Poedisus macuhventtis: 2.2.0 2. one ee ee 155 INDEX. KOI Page imodoscmasy mings On-ashqing VimmesOlae. 4. eee nese se te Se ee 85 ZOsOn-Dranenix, Ure: seme chy for CULWOMNUS*ernie Seon hee oe ee etc cis 91 aOlyChostsrvOlrand, OMeera perineOlMOr apes eee ates oo ks secs so Kal ee ee 72 Pomphopea texana, jarring as remedy - - -- - - - i) a ils yO RS eee RR 68 ontplummeandspeach ini Nexasp eas Geis esis ee. fol ee ek 68 ieoniiarmonusie ,ongcabbace inn Guba st Nene pee erece ee hae a oe a 7 Tape parasites ameroducedmnitogelawailse ~- lope See See is oe 62 Poplar, balsam. (See Populus balsamvfera.) European white. (See Populus alba.) LOOUaplAIMimOlAVICLASOMG:SCHUPUG | haw het a Wiersma es oe Geel S. ee 74 Poplars. (See Populus alba and P. balsamifera.) opus aoe, tood plantiot Hiyphantmg. cune@=. si 2 ene Pao a 42 balsamujend, tood plant ol Lyphantma cuncd 2s Sse 2 42 deltoides, food plant of Hyphantria cunea...-- -- -- Sr Seer po ae 42 tremuloides, food plant of Hyphantria cunea.......-..--.-----.--------- 42 Porthetria dispar. (See also Gypsy moth.) Te Newrellamps hiked. saat sy steve oe WU Ae let 75-76 Potato beetle. (See Leptinotarsa decemlineata.) IOKOISEY OEIC COLE Ja OTS HOIS, SL Ope ote as a EE ge ee ln eek seg 69 Powder-post beetle. (See Lyctus.) I2zAGdCniGIcommet nae son LobaAccommuC uae. Haase Lh ee 70 Cudiopil .ommcobaccosime Cubase. ase Ske see eae) eee a 70 Programme for 1906 meeting, appointment of committee ._......-.-.-...------- 135 TES OMA O I yea ae eee as a uci Pee shy SAREE Sa) 135 Eas SCrOLma LOO plant rOlee yMNAntIvasCUned ==. ak yaaa fie eet oe 4] VIGNE LOOd plait: Oly DANI CUNCA= = BS soo ory os ee 41 Pseudeucoila gilletter, parasite of Pegomya brassice in Minnesota...-----..------- 89 SCN G OCOLCUSTACELIS— IAN CNMCOCCUS (CETICOLA a 2. 2 ee ek ure ee a 161 fillamentosus, Cryptolemus montrouzieri an enemy in Hawaii. --------- 61 nipe, Cryptolemus monirouziert an enemy of males only in Hawaii. - - 61 See SCYUNUUSIAEDII Usrame CNOMVis Ae zane se ee ee te 60 FSCUMOSM ine telvO-v Ome I WIMNe caw i © Ue eo ae Ne ee Sach a Ss ee i 70 Riecatrjolhata, Nttlesnjured: by Hayphantma cunea.. 20.25.22 3. es 2 ee - 45 Pulvinaria innumerabilis, in Minnesota.........---.---- peace aly gee she WE 85 psidu, Cryptolemus montrouziert an enemy in Hawali._......-.-.----- 61 INCLOGUCHONMMtONlavyalls ey a Uy ee 59 ONKCOMCEH IMME a walle ramen nh ged Weta Wl ah riy SiR cl oh 60 Pumpkin, food plant of Diaphania hyalinata...........-.-...-.2.----.- oe 70 Purple scale. (See Lepidosaphes beckii.) Pyrethrum, fumigation tests against Stegomyia calopus..:..-...----------------- 139 EAURCUO DP ORUSECOSUELUS | CALTICTAON Mal AGI apie) ieee ace eta ece Sees es 17 Pyrosoma hominis, some insect or tick probably an intermediate host ...-..------ Ale Quarantine, against boll weevalinbouistama.<: 2. 2-42. 2 ee el 124-126 Quarantines, Federal, State, and OT O OU NET OF ie os eal gn tee au eg ee eS ae 100-101 PNECORGECALAS OL DOl=weevillenobesesa wenn ees eh See oll ee 115 Red spider, cotton. (See Tetranychus gloveri.) Refrigerator, special, in study of temperature effects on boll weevil.-..----------- 113-114 Report of committee on cooperative testing of insecticides. ......-------------.- 28 IMECTIMOETS MPa eer eu ee cea ee 135 national control of introduced insect pests -.------------ 134 MOMENO AURORE] oe A ol ee 25-27 RESO UbOMSretete nen NILE ke es ee aS LS eat ne et LOS FlesohNAOns aKeport. olaconmmmibteen tye mee. OK yell I 176-177 202 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page ithagoleis pomonella, injuryan New Yorks 2 2-2 3255 955e = sae eae 89 Klnzobius lophanihz, mtroduction mito Hawai) 22229 eg eee 61 ventralis, enemy of Pseudococcus nipx in Hawai... -_2._.-.=.-.-_-_--- 62 introduction into. Hawalls =: eee ee ee apa ti 61, 62 hogas rileyt, sulphur dioxade:-as msectieides= 252 5 as ees eee ee 145 Khopalosiphum dianthi; on Hibiscus esculentus <— - 2 ee 163 Rice, destruction of germinating power by sulphur dioxide. _______..._.-.__..--- 142 weevil. (See Calandra oryza.) Roach, German. (See Blattella germanica.) Robinsoma formula, on Lucuma rivicoa m Cuba... ..2.2222-2222.-. 2-2, 70 Rock lizard. (See Gerrhonotus carinatus.) Root-aphis, strawberry. (See Aphis -forbesii.) Root-worm, grape. (See Fidia viticida.) southern corn. (See Diabrotica decempunctata.) Rose beetle. (See Macrodactylus subspinosus.) Rots: of fruits; conveyance by msects== 22 2. Sse Soe pene eee eee 18 Rust; on wheat in- Ohio: 500. a. 2 ese ee ee 71 Rye, destruction of germinating power by sulphur dioxide____.__......._..__..- 142 fumigation with sulphur dioxide against Calandra_.__....__._...._. 22... 143 Saiz 'sp:, food plant: of-Hyphantiacuned=-e== s: 2. 4] Sanborn,.Chas. E., paper, ‘‘ The Relation of Descriptions to Economical Methods of Eradication m the Hamuly Aphididae 2222 225 65 sae. ee ee 162-166 Sanderson, E. Dwight, paper, ‘‘ National Control of Introduced Insect Pests” ..--. 95-104 “Notes from: New Hampshire] 3-2 -. 25 =e ee 74-76 San Jose scale. (See Scale, San Jose, and Aspidiotus perniciosus.) Sanninoidea exitvosa, discussion.ob remedies 2) = a. 2s ee eee 77 Hi GEORGIAN eat ce eae Pere o a eleee eee rg! Dawily larva, onash imeMinnesotas: <5 =475 = wean nee UPS 85-86 Seale, cherry. (See Aspidiotus forbest.) cottony guava. (See Pulvinaria psidit.) maple. (See Pulvinaria innumerabilis.) Forbes’s. (See Aspidiotus forbest.) gloomy. (See Chrysomphalus obscurus.) msects; termed “blight” im: Hawal. 2) = 82) 459-5 ee ee 59 ovster-shell. (See Lepidosaphes ulmi.) San Jose. (See also Aspidiotus perniciosus.) experiments: withumsecticides: J... 2522s) 2 eee ee ee 137-138 Federal control: 4-22) pao See ee eee 99, 105, 106 insect legislation result of introduction... ....-.-.-----------+--- 95 scurfy. (See Chionaspis furfura.) West Indian peach. (See Aulacaspis pentagona.) wooly maple-ieaf. (See Phenacoccus acericola.) Scales, spraying with lime-sulphur and kerosene-limoid.--.-...---.---.--------- 137 Schizoneura fodiens, apple an occasional food plant.2.-_----2 2242-22 167 currant. as usual food plant... 22-2 fo Ses eee 166-168 description of forms) 2282 ses eae Til iS a 169-170 Papel! 22 Siete oe! See eee en ee = ee 166-170 remedies. 2! os. 22 Us See Re pa eee a ee 3 Se lanigera; in Georgia. 2-522... eee oa 78 Maryland 2 rae ig BES 5 ae eee 84 remedies... 0 2.2225 Jeet TU 78-79 similar work of Schizoneura fodiens +2222 - --- See 166-167 Schizura coneinna, m New Hampshire... -:-... 0.0 -* 5222 ee eee 75 INDEX. 208 Page. SciaLaispesulphurdioxide-assinsecticidess =e et sr Sie 145 ICON USE UMULOSC Selle COLLIA myn te ries er henna etter ysre rey NC Ue Fk 77-78 on applesandapeachmmelexas ake reek heat sal ue ae 68 heal thwyaine corsa Sarum mnrnra aewenua fae hi 29) Tea a 78 Scurfy scale. (See Chionaspis furfura.) SeviMMids sMtroductionmintOtlawalle-n: eee oe ate eset ok at Seon Pes 60 Seymnus debitis, enemy of Pseudococcus sp. introduced into Hawati..........-..-- 60 Seeds, sulphur dioxide destructive to germinating power. ........- 142, 149, 150, 151-153 hui cabion withwearbonsbisulphid yan Meee eee eee lk ee Ey Sericulture-simportancesto-envomolopists..4 ©ss 2s. wee ee eo Lk Sle 21 ProspectsnmeOmited’Statessy 4) sok erence a es So fe ee 20-21 Secmaphooduplamtohedpcs Mata i-nad (cls. it okies le eae eee eee OSM 35 Shade=treerinsects\im; Ohiors. <9 30522223222 Bae: ane aed ap POUR ube rce Mety cl ra ey a2 SE 72-74 Shadextneesmyjury by-Hemerocampa leucostigmas. 225. <0 22520 2252222222. 90 Sharpshooter. (See Oncometopia undata.) Shot-hole borer. (See Scolytus rugulosus.) Silk culture. (See also Sericulture.) UA elias eal cen one Coates) afer Py Se Ba ae 64 Somepimes cateniby, Mepismasacchammn@ sya von) es 0 is ae ie cea sete) RO Silkworm asullustrativesmaterial meteaching! 227252552 2228 e 2) Sa 21 Swvanus sumnamensis.. Ateleopterus:tarsalis & parasite. 2.022222. 224.2255 4).2-2 252 148 sulphundioxide asunsecticidelat 45/2 2s Lee = 145, 146 Silver-fish. (See Lepisma saccharina.) LOLLOGacencalella. lm stored cornuib) bewase 2 cles Sa) te 69 Simartweed, food plant ot Apis maidi-radicis-2- sonia 4. ee 3430 Smith, R. I., and A. C. Lewis, paper, ‘‘Some Insects of the Year in Georgia”... .. - 77-82 Soap solution,remedyor, Sciconcura fodiens. 220s Pee 170 solutions, against first larval stage of Acridium purpurtferum.....----------- 174 Soil fumigation, in greenhouses, impracticability of hydrocyanic-acid gas... -.---. - 154 Soldier bug, spined. (See Podisus maculiventris.) Solenopsis geminata, injury/to orangesam Cubase 2.2212) 1 foie i 70 Spalangia hirta, parasite of Hematobia serrata in Hawaii...-.-...-.------.------ 63 Sphenophorus obscurus, cultural methods as remedy_....-....--..-.---.--------- 63 Introduction unto; klawalnes sul eos 2, Pe 59. Sphinx, catalpa. (See Ceratomia catal pe. ) Spined soldier bug. (See Podisus maculiventris.) Spuullumyof cholera; spread by fies: 6 0-24. ay a en. ee 17 Spittle insects. (See Philenus lineatus and P. spumaria.) Spray outfit, the one used against Acridium purpurvferum........-.------------- 172 Stalk borer. (See Paparpema nitela.) Sich ynotjeatens yy Lepisma sACclmnn@ne se tk Se INE Re A ee 174 Staves, of ice-cream freezers, injury by Dermestes vulpinus.........-.------------ 75 SICOOMUIIG(CALO ps Rete Sts OUISEe scree eye cee emu ee ee So 24 colopussmormaldehydetunnigationitests 22) 2) ee.) 2 a. 139 anya mniuie iv sacs Seer nico tee ee Ee ni eo A eo 16 eunidielimncl im asap ere yy Wis on eis ea) | Ee ee 74 motuyer takensinc@mounes: yee ee aime 74 prevention of breeding in control of yellow fever........--..- 102 PyketinunmanMimlications bestse esac pe wee ete a a eae 139 Sulphungiunueationsimecontrolais 2 sais 2 ht ey 139 Lo DAcCOnMMcAloNstestss #222 soe ee SoS Lie ee 139 _ fasciata=Stegomyia calopus. Stereopticon, use in chart making in boll-weevil laboratory.....-.----....----- 118-119 204 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page Stobera sp., sulphur dioxide asmsecticide=< 922 oases eee _ 145 Strawberry root-aphis. (See Aphis forbesii. ) Sugar-cane borer. (See Sphenophorus obscurus.) food plant of coleopterous larvee. 522-2 = = 22 ese 70 Digirxa saccharaisen. ee 2 ee ae ee ee 70 Hehophila unipunciasss 2 A eee pc ee ee LOE hemipterous insects:2: 3a ee. Ae eee 70 Perkinsiella-saccharicidd.. 3250.5 2e ey ty ee 65 leaf-hopper. (See Perkinsiella saccharicida.) saved by Coccinella repanda and Platyomus lividigaster..........-.-.- 61 Sugar, not: caten by Lepisma,saccharing:2 0.225 So 525-5 a 174 Sulphur dioxide, as an imsecticide...........---.--- PBS 2 Ase ee Rane eee 139-153 destructive to living. plants >*22 2s 1-2 eee ee 139, 140, 142 fumigation of flour. .= 22h 35. oe eee 154 preparation and application with Clayton apparatus........... 140-141 various uses as Clayton gas. --.- ia Wes eee 140 forms used in preparation of lime-sulphur wash______-_-.-.-...-..-.: 154-155 fumes, bleaching and tarnishing action in presence of moisture__......... 139- 140, 146, 148, 149 destructive action on vesetation explained._--_ 52-22-22... = 139-140 fumigation, in destruction of Stegomyia calopus......-.-------------.--. 189 remedy for Fetraniyehts glovugii = ss as > See eee a 81 trioxide, formation in atmosphere from sulphur dioxide.___............ 1389-140 “Sweet fern.” (See Myrica asplenifolia.) eum; eer punctures of Cicada errahica = ee ee a7 food. plant, of Malaccsoma:disstrid: ==: Se 45 = as = 79 Symons, T. B., paper, “ Entomological Notes from Maryland”’.-......-...-.-..-- 82-84 Syrphus sp, sulphur dioxide-asansecticide. 2. -2- 255-3524 s ee ee Tabanus lineola. (See also Horseflies. ) in“New-Yorkijes2 os. Sete Sa oe ee ee 90 Tags, for boll-weevil.records in: field: cagesia5352 fae Ss Sa ee 115 Tarred paper disks, ineffective against Pegomya brassice...-...-.--------------- 88-89 Tea, plantations, exempt from Acridium purpuriferum.-......-...-.------------- 174 Temperature, effects on boll weevil, apparatus for study...-.--..-----.-..---- 113-114 ‘Tenebrio, sulphur dioxide as insecticide: = 32 = s2 555 ee 143 larve, hydrocyanic-acid gas as insecticide: <= 22355425 5_ ses eee 154 Tenebroides mauritanicus, sulphur dioxide as insecticide......------------------- 148 Tent caterpillar. (See also Malacosoma americana.) forest. (See Malacosoma disstra.) Podisus maculiveniris an enemy, = 29-3555 ee 155 Tetranychus glover:, kerosene emulsion a, remedy ===. ===: 22-22 -5= 4 een eee $l on- cotton in; Georgian. cee la2% os = ee eee 81 sulphur a:remedy.- 22.2 902 16.223 Sos 5 ee ee eee 81 Texas, entomological notes for 19053.c2.2 25S ge ss Se es ee 67-69 fever, Hederal controlis 222 Shen ia eee 101-102, 105, 106 Theobald, Fred. V., paper, “The Currant Root-Aphis”’......-..-: ...-.5...2-2= 166-8 Thistles, food plant of Vanessa cardut_..-=-2= 5 4S ne ee 85 Phyridopteryx ephemerxeformis,im Ohio; -2 3.2 2 = 25 28s eee eee 74 Tick, cattle. (See also Boophilus annulatus.) possibility of extermination. ---- ¢: 022 -= ee Se ee ees 106 relation:to, lexas fever: 42-242 => int ieee 106 is some species a conveyor of spotted fever?..._...-.-2-------.--- Se i INDEX. 205 Page Hovdscectwucuion by mongooseam Mawealla- = 53 ee 61 Feces Oni yphanicia clncmalaivyces ae yeas Co Ske oe aloe 47 MMETOCUE OM INUOMa walle ment rola Nye oe mets yt Lee 61 Mopaccormdecoction remedy toreAphis) ponies se ease see ee eet LE Ons dust; remedystonSchizoneunalanigendeee se a Sehr es el a 78, 79, 84 WOOllyna pn GH Geter Ue eee eK Sr 92 foodemlamtroteCOnVdeGawneSCCI Sy 1a fam emia ea RIN Rye oad OS Bo 70 Chickebsetleslanyasty wie se er erent eS ae 70 MRCUVOROIUIVCH Es Perea Spee eee rete ae HEROD BRA SS et 70 CG CUROMUCUSES CLG tte er eee enn ree i Rete terey T pL 70 JARROD GID: COU CUNO ocean SA ee 5 on eee SAC Geel aE hee aes 70 QUEO/ OU6 a teh eh eee sc lee eae 70 PUMA MeIMe CiygtOL A PRIS GOSSY PI: 2.5 oat a he ee a ee ee Se 68 fumigation, tests against Stegomyia calopus:.. 2.22.25 -22 2222 222i... 139 Solutions mmetlechiveravainst lachnosternd Spsas-s2 2h eee en eS 85 StoLredminjuLyabymeasvodermatestaccinye es sia re 2 sae ed a 70 water wemedy ton wOollymap Missa coo bes ey en) Serres cits ost, tae dE oe 92-93 Momarontoodeplant: olsicliia anner murs: iis Se ee ee ee 70 iioxopicrangramimnun, cultural methodsimicontrol 2.22: 2.02.2 e 32 Soe 67 impossibility of eradication with incomplete life-history knowl- Ciel ete opti as ee RR Nl Sh ue eR ea 163-164 LIMBA OSes ee Fe og se asia Ca cy ire rete atas NS oe 67 Treacle and treacle sugar, in poisoned bait against Acridium purpuriferum..--.--- - 173 igbolium confusum, sulphur dioxide as msecticide.........4.2.2-2---+...--..- 145,146 Uirocies-aruirnatoria, hy drocyanic-acidigas)a-remedy. 2... 2.922222) ae te 86 iMestationsor Wouses ine Minmesotass.2 20.52 ee eee te 86 dubexculosis; probableycouveyance-byiiliess.). 2222222 Fy 3. Ses eae: 17 fRornip, coodsplantiol Mangantia hisimonicdss).-5 6925. eget 82 Tussock moth, white-marked. (See Hemerocampa leucostigma.) : ypesscntomolorical scare cae iter: me carte ae ence Cn ee ye eens 51-52 Miphiocyba-comes,.on erapevines inpMaryland 22 592. 02.8 2 ee 83 Oiniusamericandtood plant ote yphantria cunea 2222222 Vee 4] Umbelliferous plants, food plants of Papilio polyxenes..............-.--------+-- 70 Urramotessmennius won cotton mrmlexas: 06S we Re OE ey ee 67 erisnereeMuanre nme yen yt epee ee ee 67 Utetheisa bella=Utetheisa venusta, var......-.---- Ripe caret a ee aly maimuneney ly Os 29 WIR) Digtel NOE CLILCTS Ch VCTLUUS LO AE Bt ae® es Ot ys eR i io ee ye 29 Oi Oil — IO CULES OVC TESTO iD eee eae ee ees seer a ewe ie 29 SURCLEMI—= OU LELNCISCAVEMUSIO: Vian e ee Sater See Nala Oo ig * 29 LELMUIN ONS — OIC ETS CLUCTUEST Opie leben ee ease ee a eC ES 29 VEMUSLOANATINGT OM She teerae meee liye te eee pa igh te an Nae 2 i ae A 29 VACMESSORCGT.O Ural TAME SOL aiesr tatat er eee ee ene ge lore a tacers cal Poe RE 85 Variation ini colorloiwa | phantwa cuneg: laivices= 9955 ees oe 50-51 formyand size of odisus maculiventris adults..2 2.5. 9.822. 4242 156.160 WL CTINCUS UCI UNSC 352 oy ax en i eee Macatee GE Ge Sere 9 a NR 29 Vedalia cardinalis, Cryptolemus montrouzieri considered more valuable. _.-.-...- -- - 61 MAELOGU ChlOM MIN Okt ay iailley 7 eine sieettel geen ee os aces ely Lagu ens 59 Vegetables, injury by aphides, coleopterous larve, and crickets. ........--.....-. 70 Vineyards, injury by iidia viticida....-...-.- pe eee REE yn KO ie UR aya es 90 VAvisvOUl ping, Koodeplant: Ola YphanlimG CUNCO es 2252 o Be Ns ee es 41 Wall papers, bleaching from sulphur-dioxide fumigation..............-...-..---- 148 Walnut. (See Juglans nigra.) Washburn, F. L., paper, “ Injurious Insects of 1905in Minnesota”’......-...-...-.- 84-89 206 ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. Page Weather conditions, study, in forecasting abundance of insects...-..-.-.-.-.-..-- 91 Webworm, fall. (See also Hyphantria cunea and Hyphantria textor.) observations on migrating, feeding, and nesting habits.___.-...___- 41-51 Webworms. (See Crambus vulgivagellus.) Weevil, New York. (See Jthycerus noveboracensis.) Weevils. (See Calandra granaria and Calandra oryza.) Wheat, food plant of Tsosoma!sp -.--25-2 Se Ae ee ee fa Mayetrola:destritetor: 2 5252 oe eee Naysusisp: 225 5228 hs Se ee Be 69 TF 0x0 pltere = = ee 24 mosquito. (See also Stegomyia calopus.) resolution praying Federal extermination .-.-...-_-.--- 102 sulphur dioxide m control... =. 42 52s25 es ee Y uéca jilamentosa, fertilization: 2.22 2).2 52 eee ee ee 18 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 60. tL. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PROCEEDINGS EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE -ASQVELATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST, ] é { : Issurp SEPTEMBER 22, 1906. cot = Be ———— . 2h fe: Se. a —A— = A = A SS ———————— 4 $$ —__—_—_—— v ———S ee & SSS , WE Nh ess = Nh DMI =) Wy WAN ORAS > WAG, NY WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in absence of Chief. R. $8. CLIFTON, Chief Clerk. F. H. Currrennen, in charge of breeding experiments. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of cotton boll weevil investigations. F. M. WesstER, in charge of cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous-fruit insect investigations. FRANK BEnTON, in charge of apicultural investigations. D. M. RoaeErs, in charge of gypsy and brown-tail moth work. =e A. W. Morrit1, engaged in white fly investigations. . a j E. A. Scowarz, D. W. CoqurL_eEtt, = PERGANDE, NATHAN Banks, Assistant Ento- mologists. E. S. G. Titus, Aucust Buscx, Orro Herpemany, R. P. Currie, © G. SANDERS, A-N. CatDELL, F. D. CoupEn, E. R. Sasscer, J. H. Beattie, I. J. Connit, Assistants. Liniian L. HoweEnstTEIN, FREDERICK — Artists. - Maxpet Coxrcorp, Librarian. = H. E. Burxe, W. F. Fiske, J. L. Wins, J. F. Srrauss, engaged in forest insect investi- gations. " W. E. Hinps, J. C. Crawrorp, W. A. Hooker, W. W. Yoruers, A: C. Morgan, | W. D. Pierce, F. C. BisHopp, C. R. Jonss, F. C. Pratrr, C. E.Sansporn, J. D. MitrcHetLt, WitMon NEwe tt, J. B. Garrett, C. W. Fiynn,.A. W. Buckner, R. A. CusHMan, W. H. Grison, engaged in cotton boll weevil investigations. G. I. Reeves, W. J. PHILLIPs, gee N. AINsuig, engaged in cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. Frep Jonnson, A. A. Gakuen A. H. RosEnretp, DupLeEy Moutron, engaged in deciduous-fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruuips, J. M. Rankin, Leste. Martin, engaged in apicultural investigations. C. J. Gruuiss, T. A. KELEHER, W. A. KELEHER, engaged in silk investigations. ; . 3 in ji ii i ARN Wh | q i” Pare Ls : ee A art arate’ 7 Urey wy r F 7 : de te be 7 4 eft Ps 49 a4 qu0 Uepiptercesys ‘ . Deletelonliol ; Tatra) ) iyigtetels He PR SRtt: ee : Legare ne ) hetetatede/ isbtbeteladalciaholan ei nog teri eedel ucfabete ORIG nan aeer gy ips aie ela sau eae Uu Tar gepranepeys Hh) Hdiehebbiehebereeehone rr renterarn : tele ‘stat 4 } yy 4 ae + 4 ‘ i \ WieicinharaeheleliLiei anit iru ieaErer tvs j wu 444 debolaheietcheranenenu aerate itt wr pay ’ MEPL tay iy) Mids H WW hPa rey on y plabeialatebalcieh tint) t hPa uF a) ele oe Pre sacri bee Tae a ny ete Re Bes Uno non pi pitielebeie}e) Yea drig ay aijig bebelelabobehch fe aib it) tu THERE iy SEVEN ETE a mbereAep pein ene Te ny) Here ete elect els meerapeasay 4 ung Tru Leia) He eae yy “Ly MULT py) i efmbeleharehalekeipooeivg tart reees Her ney oT PPP ay bvepey Stel tialebelelste: Met Heteiclbhalehon Pus eeatar i igrerecsiy tia edehedede ds iets! 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