•H ft

••2' PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

WASHINGTON

VOLUME 23

V
-Z G 1 G ST 3

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

1921

ACTUAL DATE OF PUBLICATION OF VOLUME 23.

Number 1 — pages 1- 24 inclusive February 10, 1921 .

Number 2 — pages 25- 48 inclusive March 11, 1921.

Number3 — pages 49- 68 inclusive . . March 25, 1921.

Number 4 — pages 69-100 inclusive April 16, 1921.

Number 5 — pages 101-124 inclusive May 14, 1921.

Number 6— pages 125-152 inclusive June 22, 1921.

Number 7 — pages 153-172 inclusive October 15, 1921 '.

NumberS — pages 173-192 inclusive November 29, 1921.

Number 9 — pages 193-215 inclusive; i-iv December 31 , 1921 '.

PRESS OF

H. L. & J. B. MCQUEEN, INC.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME 23.

Page
ALDEN, C. H., with PORTER, B. A. : Anaphoidea conotracheli Girault (Hym.)

an egg parasite of the Apple Maggot 62

BAKER, A. C.: On the family name for the Plant lice 101

BARBER, H. G.: Revision of the genus Lygaeits Fab. (Hemiptera-Heterop-

tera 63

BOVING, ADAM G.: The larva of Popillia japonica Newman and a close-
related undetermined Ruteline larva. A systematic

and morphological study (Col.) 51

BUSCK, AUGUST, and HEINRICH, CARL: On the male genitalia of the Micro-

lepodoptera and their systematic

importance 145

CAUDELL, A. N.: Some new Orthoptera from Mokanshan, China .... 27
CHAPIN, EDWARD A.: Remarks on the genus Hystrichopsylla Tasch. with

description of a new species (Siphonoptera) . . 25

COCKERELL, T. D. A.: A new Asilid fly from the Madeira Islands .... 208
CRAIGHEAD, F. C.: Larva of the North American beetle Sandalus niger

Knoch 44

CRAMPTON, G. C.: Notes on the ancestry of the Hymenoptera 35

CRAWFORD, J. C.: A new species of the Chalcid genus Zatropis (Hym.) . . 171
CUSHMAN, R. A.: The males of the Ichneumonid genera Myersia and
Thaumatotypidea, with descriptions of new species

(Hym.) 109

CUSHMAN, R. A. and GAHAN, A. B.: The Thomas Say species of Ichneu-

monidae 153

EWING, H. E.: New genera and species of Protura 193

FERNALD, CHARLES HENRY (Notice of death) 68

FISHER, W. S.: A new Cerambycid from California 206

Fox, WILLIAM H. (Notice of death) 213

GAHAN A. B.: Remarks on the genus Pleurotropis with description of a
parasite of Trachelus tabidus Fabricius (Hymenoptera:

Chalcidoidea) 113

GAHAN, A. B., with CUSHMAN, R. A.: The Thomas Say species of Ichneu-

monidae 153

GREENE, C. T.: A new genus of Bombyliidae (Diptera) 23

Dipterous parasites of Sawflies 41

Further notes on Ambopogon hyperboreus Greene

(Diptera.) 107

Two new species of Diptera 125

HEINRICH, CARL, with BUSCK., AUGUST: On the male genitalia of the

Microlepidoptera and their
systematic importance . . . 145
HERBERT, FRANK B.: The genus Matsucoccus with a new species (Hemip-

Homop.) 15

[iii]

HOLLAND, W. J.: A new species belonging to the genus Goodia (Lep.) . . 99
McAxEE, W. L.: Description of a new genus of Nemocera (Dipt.) . . 49

District of Columbia Diptera: Scatopsidae 120

The Periodical Cicada, 1919; brief notes for the Dis-
trict of Columbia 211

MIDDLETON, WILLIAM: Some notes on the terminal abdominal structures

ofSawflies 139

Some suggested homologies between larvae and

adults in Sawflies 173

MYERS, P. R., with WADE, J. S.: Observations relative to recent recov-
eries of Pleurotropis epigonus Walker

(Hym.) 202

PARKER, J. B.: Notes on the nesting habits of Tachytes (Hym.) .... 103
PORTER, B. A. and ALDEN, C. H.: Anaphoidea conotracheli Girault (Hym.)

an egg parasite of the Apple maggot 64
SHANNON, RAYMOND C.: Another anomalous Dipteron added to the

Rhyphidae 50

SNODGRAS, R. E.: The mouth parts of the Cicada 1

THOMSON, W. R., and THOMSON, M. C.: Studies of Zenillia roseanae

B. & B. A parasite of the
European corn borer (Pyrau-

stanubilalisllb.) 127

WADE, J. S., and MYERS, P. R.: Observations relative to recent recoveries

of Pleurotropis epigonus Walker (Hym.) 202

WTALTON, W. R.: Entomological drawings and draughtsmen; their relation
to the development of economic entomology in the

United States 69

ZWALUWENBURG, R. H. VAN: Melanotus hys/opi, n. sp. (Coleop.) .... 210

iv]

VOL. 23 JANUARY 1921 No. 1

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

»

OF WASHINGTON

FEB

CONTENTS

GREENE, CHARLES T. A NEW GENUS OF BOMBYUIDAE (DIPTERA) ... 23

HERBERT, FRANK. B. THE GENUS MATSUCOCCUS WITH A NEW SPECIES

(HEMIP-HOMOP.) 15

SNODGRASS, R. E. THE MOUTH PARTS OF THE CICADA . . .

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1 Kl.i, \ct uf ( ). t^ber
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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

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OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

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President W. R. WALTON

First y ice-President A. B. GAHAN

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Recording Secretary ." R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer ... . . S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 JANUARY 1921 No. 1

THE MOUTH PARTS OF THE CICADA.

BY R. E. SNODGRASS, Bureau of Entomology.

This paper is presented to show the anatomical structure of
the sucking apparatus of the cicada (Tibicena septendecim).
None of the published accounts of Hemipteran mouth parts
have made the subject fully clear to the writer, and it is hoped
that the descriptions and figures here given may justify a new
treatment of an old subject. But the facts are disconcerting—
they raise perplexing questions of interpretation that will not
fit with any current view on the homologies of the Hemipteran
head plates and the setae. While the basic mouth structure
appears to be the same throughout the order of the Hemiptera,
a further study of the embryological origin and development of
the head plates and the mouth appendages is needed. The
intricate mechanism in the adult is difficult to set forth clearly
in words and for this reason the figures on plates I and II are
made the basis of the descriptions and comparisons.

Figure 1 (Plate I) represents the head of a young Locustid,
showing the generalized type of Orthopteran mouth parts.

Figure 2 is the same with the mandible removed from its
basal connection (md], exposing the large tongue-like hypo-
pharynx (Hp/iy) and its lateral membranous connection (a)
with the base of the mandible.

Figure 3 is the same again but with both the mandible and the
maxilla cut off, leaving the stump (mx) of the latter still attached
to the head.

Figure 4 shows a corresponding view of the head of a fully
matured adult seventeen-year cicada. The prominent ridged
facial plate (Ft) is designated the front because of the attachment
of the pharyngeal muscles (Plate II, figure 15, PhyMcl) to it as
in other insects. The labrum-like plate below (Clp) is called
the clypeits because it appears to correspond with the clypeus
of the Locustid (fig. 1, Clp). The tapering appendage (Liu),
ensheathing the bases of the setae, likewise appears to be the
labrnm, though some writers call it the epipharynx. On the
side of the head are two important sclerites (//ami #) which
will be referred to simply by the letters designating them. The
second one (B) terminates below in a tree lobe (/>) carrying a
soft appendage (r) which, with its mate on the other side, pro-

2 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. .1, JAN., 1921

tects the rear side of the setal bases. Behind this is the long
labium (LV) which encloses .the setae within a groove along its
front surface. Sclented is hidden at its lower end between the
clypeus (Clp) and the lobe b of sclerite B. The parts are all
tightly compressed and difficult to study in the mature con-
dition.

Figure 5 is the head of an adult cicada just as it emerges from
the pupal skin. The general shape is very different from that ^
of the fully matured insect (fig. 4). All the parts are soft and '
stand apart from one another in a way that shows much more
of the true anatomical structure. Especially is it to be noted
that sclerite A is prolonged downward in a large appendicular
structure («)> which scarcely shows at all in the normal mature
head. The bases of the setae (Set) are here exposed behind a,
disappearing entad to the sclerite B.

Figure 6 is the head of an imago toward the end of emergence
from the pupal skin. The parts have assumed more of the
adult form, but are still soft and easily separated as shown in
this drawing. Here we get a very different idea of the form
and relationships of the mouth parts from that given by the
hardened and consolidated mature head (fig. 4). We are at
once struck by the resemblance to the mutilated Locustid
head (fig. 3). Minus setae, the cicada might be an Orthopteron
minus mandibles and maxillae. The clypeus and labrum hang
down in front of the mouth (Mth) the same in each. Behind the
mouth is a median hypopharynx (Hphy) connected on each side
by a flaring membranous wing (a) with the lateral wall of the
head (or would be so connected in the Locustid if the hole where
the mandible was attached were closed over). The labium
(Lb) is suspended from the neck membrane (mb). The lateral
head sclerite A is separated from the front by a suture forming
a high ridge on the inside of the head, which contributes to the
support of the pharynx. But the suture continues upward
before the base of the antenna and is continuous with the one
from the other side over the upper end of the front. While in
this respect it differs from the frontogenal suture of the grass-
hopper, it resembles that in the cockroach and other insects
where the front forms a distinct facial plate. The outer surface
of plate A is minutely but conspicuously punctate in transverse,
semi-spiral rugae, and in certain lights has a bright silvery
color. The lower posterior part bears a prominent clump of
long hairs. The lower edge of the plate appears to be continu-
ous with the hypopharynx below, but internally it is separated
from the latter by a strong ridge. Separating plate A from B is
a deep membranous groove with a thin chitinous bar lying along
the entire length of its floor and continuous below with the base
of the first seta. This bar will be more fully described in con-
nection with figures 13 and 14.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. ], JAN., 1921

Figure 7 is a ventral view of the adult head. The mouth
(Mth) is forcibly opened by prying the clypeus forward with
the dissecting needle; and the base of the labium (Lb) is
turned back, thereby pulling the setae away from the hypo-
pharynx. The lateral head sclerites (A>A} are seen to be
directly continuous with the wings (a,a) of the median hypo-
pharynx (Hphy}. Behind the latter are the two deep pouches
from which issue the setae (ISet and 2 Set). The lobes (fig. 6, ti)
of the plates B,B are cut off near their bases (b) for the sake of
clearness. This view of the head tells its own story and little
more need be added by way of description.

The mouth is deceptive in the natural condition. So closely
is the hypopharynx applied to the epipharynx in a mature
specimen that it is difficult to see that the insect has any mouth
at all. Yet it is really a wide slit reaching from one upper angle
of the clypeus to the other. When closed, the upper part of the
hypopharynx fits snugly into a median depression of the epi-
pharynx; then the narrow median channel along the ridge of the
hypopharynx is converted into a tube which remains as the
functional mouth, opening above into the pharynx and below
just above the tip of the hypopharynx. This condition can be
mentally pictured from figure 7 if it be imagined that the
clypeus is allowed to drop down again against the hypopharyn-
geal wings (a, a). The median part of the hypopharynx would
then be received into the epipharyngeal cavity above it, and its
channel, now transformed into a tube, would open into the base
of the furrow in the labrum (Lm). Thus the wide Orthopteran
mouth is narrowed down to a tiny median pore to serve the needs
of the sucking Hemipteron.

Figure 8, showing a front view of an emerging cicada's head,
from which the clypeus and labrum have been removed, gives
the same parts from a different angle. The labium is not shown,
in order to give a clearer view of the bases of the setae. Where
the clypeus is detached the bases of the dilator muscles of the
pharynx (PhyMcl) are seen, and below them the invaginated
roof (e) of the pharynx (seen also at e on figure 6). The second
setae (2 Set) are normally united along their inner faces by inter-
locking grooves and ridges to form a conducting tube for the
liquid food; but in the drawing they are separated for clearness,
though it is indicated how their bases embrace the tip of the
hypopharynx as they flare apart to enter the pouches behind the
hypopharyngeal wings (a,a). The liquid arising between them
is thus delivered immediately to the mouth pore above the tip
of the hypopharynx. The appendages c and c are separated,
but it can be seen how they would come together behind the
bases of the setae in the normal condition.

Figure 9 gives a rear view, on a mature specimen, of the parts
referred to in figure 8. The labium is removed from its mem-

4 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

branous base (Ib). The appendages c are closed behind the
bases of the setae, which are clasped farther along by the sheath-
like furrow of the labrum (Lm), beyond which again they would
normally be held in the hollow of the labium.

Figure 10 is a lateral view of the clypeus, labrum and hypo-
pharynx, showing particularly the line (MtH) of the tightly
closed mouth. The dorsal part of the hypopharynx (Hphy) is
concealed in the median depression of the epipharynx (Ephy).
The swelling (//) below the hypopharynx encloses the salivary
pump, seen in the sectional view (fig. 15, SalPmp).

Figure 11 is the same as figure 10 but with the mouth arti-
ficially opened, fully exposing the hypopharynx (Hphy}.

Figure 12 is a ventral view of figure 10. The hypopharynx
(Hyphy] and its wings (a, a) are seen fitting snugly against the
upper part of the epipharynx along the mouth line (A///z), and
the median part of the hypopharynx into the median depression
of the lower part of the epipharynx (Ephy] . The opening of the
mouth pore (mth) is just above the tip of the hypopharynx and
just within the furrow of the labrum (Lm). The setae lie length-
wise in this furrow, to which they converge from their bases
close along the sides of the hypopharynx, the inner or second
pair closely embracing the hypopharyngeal tip.

Figure 13 shows the setal pouches of the left side exposed by
the separation of head sclerites A and B, most of which are also
removed. The setae appear to be produced into the head cavity
as apodemes for the muscles that operate them. The first seta
has two apodemal arms: one (JRAp) a long slender rod having
the retractor muscles (iRmcl) inserted upon its upper end; the
other (IPAp) a wide plate bent over at the top, where it is
loosely connected with plate A, having the protractor muscles
. (iPMcT) inserted upon its anterior face. The retractor muscles
are attached on the dorsal wall of the epicianium posterior to the
ocelli. The protractors go downward and forward to their
attachment along the front part of sclerite A and against the
high apodemal ridge between this sclerite and the lower part of
the front (Ft). The second seta (2Sef) has only one apodemal
arm (2Ap) which carries the insertion of the protractor muscles
(2PMcT) and that of one of the retractors. The other retractor
is inserted directly upon the base of the seta. Both bundles
(2RMcl) are attached to the vertex* bet ween the inner margin of
the compound eye and the bases of the retractors of the first
setae. The protractors (2PMcT) are attached to the lower part
of head sclerite B and to its lobe b. The apodeme of the second
seta and the protractor apodeme of the first are connected by a
thin sheet of muscle fibers indicated by the set of parallel lines
crossing the setal bases. The outer edge (/) of the protractor
apodeme of the first seta (IPAp) forms the chitinous strip in the
thin membranous floor of the deep groove between sclerites A

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 5

and B. Its distal end is loosely connected with the upper end
of plate A in the fully matured head. A chitinous plate lies
entad to the base of the second seta and its distal end (h] is
loosely connected with the occipital rim of the cranium. This
plate, however, has no connection with the seta and appears to
belong to the setal pouch. The remaining parts shown in this
figure may be identified by reference to the other drawings.

There is here, indeed, an apparent analogy between the
musculature of the setae and that of the mandibles and maxillae
of biting insects, the retractors being the flexor muscles and the
protractors being the extensor muscles. The function of the
two sets is in a sense reversed, however, since in the Hemip-
tera the hard work falls on the protractors; and it must be admit-
ted that no other type of musculature could accomplish the out
and in motion of the setae. Hence, we must not give too much
weight to evidence based on the musculature purporting to
establish homologies between these two sets of organs.

Figure 14 shows the apodemes of the first seta in the head of
an imago that has not yet escaped from the pupal skin. Head
plate B is cut off from C, and sclerite A^ carrying the hypy-
pharynx (Hphy], is swung forward. The membranous floor of
the groove between A and B is removed entirely and none of the
muscles (seen in figure 13) are shown. At this stage the muscle
plate (iPAp] shows a distinct central shaft having every
appearance of being of apodemal origin. Below, it disappears
in the wall of the funnel-shaped base of the seta. Above, it
fades away but the narrow upper end of the plate is fused with
head plate C at the point g a short distance below the origin
(ten] of the anterior arm of the tentorium. At a later stage both
of these connections appear to be with plate A, but this is due
to their fusing with the edge of the latter across the intervening
suture. In the fully matured head (fig. 13) the upper end (g)
of this plate (iPAp) is only loosely connected with sclerite A.
The retractor apodeme of the first seta (IRAp) at this early
stage arises independently from the hypoderm above the setal
base. When the head is mature the apodemal bases and the
seta are all consolidated into one continuous structure.

Figure 15 is a median vertical section of the head illustrating
the mechanism of the pumping apparatus and showing also the
salivary glands and the salivary pump. The pharynx (Phy) is
a large bulb-like cavity with the front or dorsal wall (e) deeply
invaginated so that in the collapsed condition it almost fills the
interior. The sides of the pharynx are braced to the walls of
the head by complicated chitinous wings not shown in the figures.
The space between the mouth parts of insects is usually called
the mouth or buccal cavity, but it is properly only an external
space like that between the bases of the legs; the true mouth is
the lower part of the pharynx where the hypopharynx shuts

6 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

against the epipharynx. Figure 7, showing the cicada's mouth
forced open, reveals the pharyngeal cavity beyond; when the
mouth is shut the only inlet to the pharynx is through the
narrow channel on the hypopharnyx. On figure 15 this channel
shows in section at Mth.

The dilator muscles of the pharynx (PhyMcl} are feather-like
bundles of fibers attached to the front and inserted on stalk-like
tendons attached in a row along the median line of the pharyn-
geal roof. The latter collapses by its own elasticity when the
dilator muscles relax. The contraction of the muscles lifts the
roof, thus sucking the liquid food into the lumen of the pharynx
through the tubular mouth from the channel between the second
pair of sets. When the roof drops back, its lower end comes
down first and closes the mouth pore, preventing the liquid from
making its exit where it entered and, at the same time, forcing
it upward into the rear part of the pharynx and into a secondary
pharyngeal bulb (phy) located just over the tentorium (Ten}.
The lumen of this bulb is apparently dilated by muscle fibers
extending from its dorsal wall to the epicranium. From this
chamber^ the liquid is fed into the tubular oesophagus (ffi).
Both the stomach and the rectum of living cicadas are usually
filled, often tensely distended, with a clear liquid, even at the
close of their natural lives when their life functions are over.

There are two large sets of salivary glands (fig. 15, G7) on each
side of the head. Their duct unites above the base of the
labium with the duct from the other side, and this common
duct appears to open at the very tip of the terminal point of the
hypopharynx. In the base of the hypopharynx it is connected
with the chamber of the salivary pump (SalPmp). The function
of this organ is supposed to be that of forcibly expelling the
saliva from the duct. The aperture of the latter is placed where
the saliva will enter the setal channel just where the latter opens
to the mouth pore. The saliva of Hemiptera is thought to func-
tion as an irritant or solvent in the tissues pierced by the setae, and
perhaps to have digestive properties as well. In the first case
the force pump is necessary to drive the -liquid down the setal
channel and into the punctured food tissue, but when this is
accomplished it would seem as if farther pumping would counter-
act the upward flow of the food liquid. Perhaps we do not
entirely understand the action of the salivary pump. Anyhow,
its piston is worked by two powerful muscles, the right one of
which (Mel} is seen in the figure. It is attached partly to the
tentorium and partly to a large plate entad to the occipital rim
of the head, and connected with the posterior braces of the
pharynx.

The foregoing descriptions and the figures should make the
mere anatomy of the cicada's head and mouth parts reasonably
clear, and the work of other writers shows that the structure is

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 7

fundamentally the same throughout the Hemiptera. But a
satisfactory interpretation of the parts in terms of general insect
morphology is quite another matter. Most entomologists have
regarded the Hemipteran setae as the homologues of the mandi-
bles and maxilla? of biting insects. Suppose we carry out a di-
rect comparison between the head of an adult cicada (fig. 6) and
the head of a grasshopper (figs. 1, 2 and 3) by transferring the
setae of the former to the mutilated head of the locust (fig. 3)
and inserting them into the bases of the mandibles (md) and the
maxillae (nix]. Do we convert the Orthopteron into a Hemip-
teron by such imaginary grafting? By no means, for the first
setae would then arise at the sides of the hypopharynx (fig. 3,
Hphy], above its membranous connections (a] with the lateral
head walls; whereas, in the cicada (fig. 6), all the setae arise from
deep pouches behind the wings (a) of the hypopharynx. On
the other hand, if we leave the Orthopteran head as it is in
figure 3, minus mandibles and with but stumps of maxilla:;
(;»#), and insert the setae at the point .v between the hypo-
pharynx (Hphy) and the base of the labium (Lfr) we transform
it, in external appearance, into a veritable Hemipteron. Note,
in this case, how the lobe b and its appendage c in the cicada
(fig. 6) correspond with the stump of the grasshopper's maxilla
(fig. 3, nix]. Now, observing the position of plate A on the
cicada head and its relation to the hypopharynx, the question
naturally arises, does the sclerite A in any manner represent the
Orthopteran mandible?

Our only safe guide to morphology is comparative embry-
ology— when we are sure we have all the facts in the case. The
first writer on Hemipteran development, Mecznikov (1866),
stated that the embryonic mouth appendages of the Homoptera
are, in an early stage, the same as those of other insects; but
that, at the time the labial appendages are uniting with each
other, the mandibular lobes fuse with the side walls of the head
and the maxillary lobes are reduced to small spurs. He further
describes the setae as independent structures subsequently
developed from retort-shaped masses of cells within the head.
According to Mecznikov, then, we might suppose that the
mandible becomes sclerite A or a part of it, and the maxilla the
appendage c, or c and b (fig. 6). The setae would be in this case
neither mandibles nor maxilke but new organs developed for
the special function of piercing and sucking.

Later, J. B. Smith (1892) proposed an interpretation some-
what similar to this in which he identified sclerite .-/as the man-
dible and named it the "mandibular sclerite," while both
setae on each side he regarded as parts of the maxilla, but he
claimed, furthermore, that the supposed labium (IJ>] is also
formed from parts of the maxilla, and that a true labium is
lacking. In this he went so far from the beaten path that IK me

8 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

of his interpretations have been taken seriously. But if we
could adopt Mecznikov's statements as true, the problem of
interpreting the Hemipteran head and mouth parts would be
greatly simplified.

Unfortunately for our peace of mind, however, no subsequent
embryologist has agreed with Mecznikov, while all have agreed
with one another that the setae are developments of the true
mandibular and maxillary embryonic appendages. Witlaczil
(1882) stated that it is not difficult to show that the mandibles
and first maxillae are not lost in development, as described by
Mecznikov, but, sinking into the head, form the retort organs
from which the setae are chitinous outgrowths. Heymons (1899)
showed that the mandibular appendages of the embryo are
developed entirely into the first setae, but that each maxillary
appendage divides at an early stage into a basal part and a
distal part, the first fusing with the lateral wall of the head, the
other becoming the second seta. Muir and Kershaw (1911,
1912) have verified Heymons' statements in both the Homop-
tera and the Heteroptera. All writers, except Smith, agree that
the labium of the adult is formed from the fused labial appen-
dages of the embryo.

Therefore, we must either admit that the Hemipteran mouth
setae are the true mandibles and maxillae, or we must produce
evidence to show that the more recent students of Hemipteran
embryology are mistaken in their facts. Up to the present
Mecznikov is discredited, and all direct anatomical comparisons
of the Hemipteran with the Orthopteran head fail to give satis-
faction. To adjust our ideas we must begin by assuming that
the bases of the mandibles in the Hemiptera have moved
posteriorly across the bridge of the hypopharynx (fig. 7, a, a]
and have sunken into pouches, along with the maxillae, behind
the latter. Heymons, in one of his figures, appears to indicate
that this migration of the mandibles has taken place, though he
does not specifically describe it.

It would seem then, that the embryological evidence should
end all discussion concerning the homologies of the setse, but
when we examine the details of their external connections with
the head, their internal apodemes, and the muscles that move
them, and then attempt to reconcile these features with those
of other insects a whole new set ot troubles confronts us. Muir
and Kershaw (191 la), discovering that the first seta on each
side has a basal arm (figs. 13, 14,/) reaching clear up to the dorsal
end of sclerite A on the floor of the deep sulcus between sclerite
A and B, established this point (g) as the true mandibular
articulation (anterior) with the head. Furthermore, they sub-
stantiate this interpretation with the fact that the invagination
for the anterior arm of the tentorium (ten) is located just above
the end of the setal arm. The same view has been adopted by

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, [AN., 1921 9

Cogan (1916). Taking the attachment of this bar to head plate
C as a definite anatomical landmark, these authors are forced to
regard the large facial plate (figs. 4, 5, 6, Ft) as the "clypeus,"
of which the lateral plates A and A become posterior lobes.
The free sclerite (Clp) in front of the mouth then is the "labrum "
and the terminal grooved piece, holding the bases of the setae,
the "epipharynx. "

With these interpretations, however, we are involved in
several difficulties which the writers proposing them do not con-
sider. First we have the anomaly of the hypopharynx forming a
bridge between the posterior lobes of the assumed clypeus
(fig. 7, A, a, Hphy, a, A). Internally there are more perplexing
complications. The dilator muscles of the pharynx (fig. 15,
PhyMcl) are attached to the plate (Ft) which in other insects,
including the Thysanoptera, is the front, but which is now
presumed to be the clypeus! Finally the protractor (extensor)
muscles of the mandible become attached to the clypeus (not
to the gena or to a ridge between the gena and the front as is
normal in other insects). These are startling innovations and
the same writers, Muir and Kershaw (191 1 a) do not apply them
to the head of a thrips in making comparisons between the
Hemiptera and the Thysanoptera. In the thrips they name the
facial plate, to which the dilator pharyngeal muscles are attached
the front; the plate below this and in front of the maxillary
plates they identify as the clypeus; while the terminal sclerite
forming a sheath for the seta;, as Lm of figures 6 and 12 does in
the cicada, they call the labrum. Peterson (1915) identifies
these parts of the Thysanoptera the same as do Muir and Ker-
shaw. Yet the parallelism between the head sclerites of Hemip-
tera, Thysanoptera and Orthoptera is so apparent that the
present writer has adopted the identifications given on figure 4
for the Hemiptera. Since the protractor muscles of the first
seta (fig. 13, JPMcl) are attached to sclerite A and to a high
ridge between A and the apparent front (Ft) it seems reasonable
to regard A as at least a part of the gena, and yet, how can the
mandibular articulation be behind any part of the gena? In
any case the mandibular bases must be admitted to have shifted
to a position behind the base of the hypopharynx, so we mi^ht
regard the sulcus between plates A and R as a split in the gena
produced by the downward growth of the lateral parts of the
head.

However, again we are invoking far-fetched explanations, and
accepting the point g as the articulation of the mandible only
leads us into still further difficulties when we study the internal
connections of the first setae. Ifgis the mandibular articulation,
then the strip of chitin running from it to the funnel like base of
the first seta must be the base of the mandible (figs. l.\ 14, /).
In which case the protractor (extensor) muscles are attached

10 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

directly to the mandible and not to an apodeme! Yet the
retractor (flexor) muscles are attached to a true apodemal arm
of the seta. To avoid this difficulty it might be proposed that
the sulcus between sclerites A and B is the attenuated apodemal
invagination, making the plate (fig. 13, 14, iPAp) arising along
its floor from g to the setal base, the true extensor apodeme with
its muscles attached to the side walls of the head. Contradict-
ing such an assumption, however, is the structure of the plate
itself in the head of an immature cicada. Here (fig. 14) there
is a very evident cartilage-like shaft extending through the
middle of the plate from its upper end into the base of the seta.
This shaft has the appearance of being of apodemal origin and
suggests that the two wings forming the plate have grown from
it, the outer coming in contact and fusing with the floor of the
sulcus. The retractor apodeme at this stage has an independent
origin in the hypoderm at the base of the seta (fig. 14, IRAp).

So again we are but led into morphological absurdities. If the
plate carrying the insertion of the protractor muscles is a true
apodeme it should arise near the base of the seta as does that
carrying the retractor muscles, but there is no evidence of its
having any such origin (fig. 14) while its distal end is attached
to (continuous with) the head plate C at the point g. If g, on
the other hand, is its origin, as it should be since the invagination
for the anterior arm of the tentorium (fen) is just above it, and
we may easily assume that the mandibular base has been moved
down, how could it come about that the distal end of a mandibu-
lar apodeme should become attached to the mandible!

Any way we turn, in an effort to make these parts fit the facts
of other insects, we encounter these baffling incongruities.
Both Muir and Kershaw (1911 a) and Peterson (1915) homolo-
gise the Hemipteran setae with the setae of the Thysanoptera,
but they do not agree as to which is which, and both portray
internal connections in the Thysanoptera which can not be
clearly identified either with those of the mandibles of biting
insects or with those of the setae of the Hemiptera. The whole
problem seems to become only more bewildering the more we
study it, and we may well wish that Mecznikov had been right-
in fact, in desperation we can almost believe that he must be
right, that the Hemipteran setae can not be and are not either
mandibles or maxillae. Of course, it may not be necessary to
assume that the ancestor of the Hemiptera ever had biting
mouth parts of the type possessed by modern mandibulate
insects. Their primitive head appendages may have evolved
directly into setae while they evolved into mandibles and
maxillae in the others. However, if any such gulf exists between
the Hemiptera and the mandibulate orders we should expect it
to be indicated also in the rest of their organization.

An interesting comparison may be made in two other orders of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 11

insects. The Corrodentia and some of the Mallophaga, both
possessing strong biting mandibles and simple, one-lobed
maxillae have also a pair of short mouth rods, one on each side,
issuing from pouches entad to the bases of the maxillae. Each
rod has an internal apodemal prolongation of its shaft to which
are inserted retractor muscles attached to the epicranium and
protractor muscles attached to the base of the maxilla. The
distal ends of the rods are usually forked. Some writers explain
these rods as being the modified inner lobes of the maxillae which
are otherwise one-lobed. Since the embryologists have shown
that the lower end of sclerite B of the Hemipteran head is formed
from the body of the maxilla, and that the second seta is formed
from a maxillary lobe, we can trace here such a clear analogy
with the maxillary structure in the Corrodentia and the Mallo-
phaga as to suggest that these insects present a more primitive
condition of the Hemipteran maxilla than does the Hemipteran
embryo itself. It would be a great relief if the supposed man-
dibular seta of the Hemiptera could be so easily compared with
some other known structure. In any case it should prove highly
interesting if we can find in the Corrodentia and Mallophaga a
suggestion of the link between the Hemipteran mouth parts and
those of biting insects. But the relationship of these orders and
the homologies ot the mouth rods and the setae have already been
discussed by Borner (1904) in a paper on insect phylogeny.
This author would derive the Hemiptera and the Corrodentia,
including the Mallophaga, from a common stem, with the
Thysanoptera intermediate but related rather to the Hemip-
teran branch, while the Siphunculata are doubtfully connected
with the Mallophaga.

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND LETTERING USED ON PLATES i AND II.

A, anterior lateral head sclerite.
«, lateral wing of hypopharynx.
./«/, antenna.

_''.//>, apodeme of second seta.

B, posterior lateral head sclerite.
b, free lower end of B.

C, side of epicranium

f, soft appendicular lobe of b.
Clp, clypeus.

d, swelling below salivary pump.
£, compound eye.

e , invaginated roof of pharynx.
EpAy, epipharynx.

/, outer edge of protractor apodeme of first seta.

Ft, front

g, attachment of protractor apodeme of first seta to C.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

Mth

SNODGRASS— MOUTH PARTS OF THE CICADA.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

13

Ge, gen a.

Gl, salivary glands.

h, tip of bar from second seta attaching to occipital margin of head.

Hphy, hypopharynx.

Lb, labium.

Ib, base of detached labium.

Lm, labrum.

mb, neck membrane.

Me/, muscle of salivary pump.

Md, mandible.

md, site of detached mandible.

Mth, mouth.

mth, external aperture of functional mouth channel.

MX, maxilla.

mx, stump of removed maxilla.

o, ocelli.

(E, oesophagus.

IPAp, protractor apodeme of first seta.

Pge, postgena.

Phy, pharynx.

phv, supplementary pharynx, or bulb-like anterior end of oesophagus.

IPMcl, protractor muscle of first seta.

2PMcl, protractor muscle of second seta.

/A'.//), retractor apodeme of first seta.

IRMcl, retractor muscles of first seta.

2RMcl, retractor muscles of second seta.

S\, sternum of prothorax.

Sa/D, salivary duct.

SalPmp, salivary pump.

TI, tergum of prothorax.

Ten, tentorium.

ten, origin of anterior arm of tentorium.

.v, point on Locustid head corresponding with location of setal pouches
of the cicada.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BORNER, CARI. (1904). — Zur Systematic der Hexapoden. Zool. An?.. XXVII,

1904, pp. 511-533, 4 figs.
BUGNION, E. and POPOFF, N. (1911). — Les pieces buccales des Hemipteres.

Arch. d. Zool. Exp. et Gen. 5c SSrie, VII, 1911, pp. 643-674, pis. XXV

XXVII.
HEYMONS, RICHARD (1899). — Beitrage zur Morphologic und Entwicklungs-

geschichte der Rhynchoten. Nova Acta. Abth. d. Kaiserl. Leop.-

Carol. Deutsch. Akad. d. Naturf., LXXIV, No. 3, 1899, pp. 351-44f>,

pis. XV-XVII.
MECZNIKOV, ELIAS (1866). — Embryologische Studien an Insekten. Zeit. f.

wiss. Zool. XVI, pt. 4, 1866, pp. 437-478, pis. XXVIII XXXII.

PLATE II

PROC. ENT SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

SNODGRASS— MOUTH PARTS OF THE CICADA.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 15

MARK, L. L. (1877). — Beitrage zur Anatomic und Histologie der Pflanzenlause,

insbesondere der Cocciden. Arch. f. Mik. Anat., 13, 1877, pp. 31-86, pis.

IV-VI.
MARLATT, C. L. (1895). — The Hemipterous mouth. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Ill,

No. 4, 1895, pp. 241-249r
MEEK, WALTER J. (1903). — On the mouth parts of the Hemiptera. Kan. Univ.

Sci. Bull. II, No. 9, 1903, pp. 257-277, pis. VII-XI.
MUIR, F. and KERSHAW, J. C. (1911). — On the homologies and mechanism

of the mouth parts of Hemiptera. Psyche, XVIII, No. 1, 191 1, pp. 1-12,

pis. 1-5.
MUIR, F. and KERSHAW, J. C. (1911 a). — On the later embryological stages of

the head of Pristhesancus papuensis (Reduviidae). Psyche, XVIII, No. 2,

1911, pp. 75-79, pis. 9 and 10.
MUIR, F. and KERSHAW, J. C. (1912). — The development of the mouth parts in

Homoptera, with observations on the embryo of Siphanta. Psyche, XIX,

No. 3, 1912, pp. 77-89, 13 figs.
NIETSCH, VICTOR (1907). — Die Mundtheile der Rhynchoten. Mittheil. des

naturw. Ver. f. Steiermark, 44, 1907, pp. 304-311.
PETERSOX, ALVAH (1915). — Morphological studies of the head and mouth parts

of the Thysanoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. VIII, No. 1, 1915, pp. 22-57,

pis. 1-7.
SMITH, J. B. (1892). — The structure of the Hemipterous mouth. Science, XI \,

No. 478, 1892, p. 189.
TOWER, D. G. (1914). — The mechanism of the mouth parts of the squash bug,

Anasa tristis De G. Psyche, XXI, No. 3, 1914, pp. 99-108, pis. 1-11.
WITLACZIL, EMANUEL (1882). — Zur Anatomic der Aphiden. Arbeit aus dem

Zool. Inst. d. Univ. Wien. IV, 1882, pp. 397-441, 3 pis.

THE GENUS MATSUCOCCUS WITH A NEW SPECIES. (HEMIP-

HOMOP.)

BY FRANTK B. HERBERT, Bureau of Entomolo^v.

COCCIDAE, SUBFAMILY MARGARODINAE.

The Genus Matsucoccus Cockerel!.

COCKERELL, T. D. A. In Can. Ent. XLI, 2, p. 56. (1909.)
Type — Xylococcus matsumurae Kuwana.

This genus was erected by Cockerell in 1908 to contain
Xylococcus matsumurae Kuwana, from pine in Japan. He
characterized it as follows:

"Female without marsupium; broad posteriorly, not elongated, antennae
10-jointed, close together; larva with antennae 7-jointed, and very peculiar
crab-like legs, the femur large; male without whorls of long hairs on the antennal
joints; caudal brush long, arising from apical segment; rudimentary hind wing
with very large hooks. (Japan)."

16 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

With material of the type of the genus at hand together with
two other species from pines in America, the genus may now
be redescribed so as to include all of them, as follows:

Coccidae referable to the subfamily Margarodinae, i. e., adult female and first
larva with legs and antennae, and at least one intermediate stage without these
appendages.

Adult female elongate, broader posteriorly, with 9-segmented antennae, the
latter transversely striated, except 1st and 2d segments. Legs well developed,
also transversely striated. Tarsus attached at apex of tibia and strongly curved
outward; with spines on inner margin ot tibia, two hair-like digitules on tarsus
and two knobbed digitules on tarsal claws. Without marsupium or anal tube.
Mouthparts sometimes present.

Intermediate larval stage without legs, antennae or anal tube, the only con-
spicuous characters being mouthparts and spiracles. First stage larva with legs
and 6-segmented antennae. All three stages possessing two thoracic and seven
abdominal pairs of spiracles.

This genus is probably most closely related to Kuwania,
Steingelia and Stomacoccus, all being without a marsupium or
anal tube, but differs from them in several respects. The adult
female, instead of bearing knobbed digitules on the tip of the
tibia as in Kuwania, possesses a number of spines on the inner
margin. The apodous larva of Kuwania also possesses only 4
pairs of abdominal spiracles, these on the first 4 abdominal
segments. Matsucoccus differs from Steingelia and Stomacoccus
in the number of antennal segments, the transversely striated
legs and antennae and in having the anterior pair of legs normal
in size. The tarsus and claw of the adult female bear only four
digitules. The marsupium is lacking, in which respect this
genus differs from Callipappus and Xylococcus. It also differs
from the latter in that the anal tube is lacking. The mouth-
parts are sometimes present as is the case with several other
genera referred to the Margarodinae.

It has been noticed that the antennae of those adult females
which have not yet emerged from the skins of the apodous larvae,
are retracted. That is, they are pulled back into the body, the
distal half being within the basal halt, the latter turned inside
out.

In each of the species, the first exuvium is cast in a different
manner, matsumurae rupturing on the ventor, fasciculensis on
the cephalic end, and acalyptus on the dorsum.

Key to the Species.

A. Adult female with a pair of heavy spines on 5th to 9th antennal seg-
ments; apodous larva oval, with all spiracles forming an acute angle
with the surface; first stage larva with bases of antennae approximate,
and exuvium rupturing cephalically; occurring within fascicles of
pine needles in California... ..fasciculensis Herbert.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 17

AA. Adult female with a pair of heavy spines on 6th to 9th antennal segments

only.

B. Adult female with 8-shaped pores on tip of abdomen surrounded
with a compound ring; apodous larva circular, with only last 4
pairs of spiracles forming an acute angle with the surface; first
stage larva with bases of antennae approximate, and exuvium
rupturing ventrally; occurring in galls in hark ot pine twigs in
Japan and Eastern United States .... ...matsumurae (Kuwana).

BB. Adult female with 8-shaped pores on tip of abdomen not surrounded
with a compound ring; apodous larva oval, with all spiracles per-
pendicular to the surface; first stage larva with bases of antennae
distant, exuvium rupturing dorsally; occurring exposed on
needles of pine in Rocky Mt. Region ... ...acafyptus n. sp.

Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana).

KUWANA, S. I. In Insect World, IX, 3 (March, 1905), Figs.

- Bull. Agr. Exp. Station, Japan, I, 2, p. 209 (1907), Figs.
COCKERELL, T. D. A. In Can. Ent. XLI, 2, p. 56. (1909.)

First stage larvae, adult males and females were found on pine
in Japan by Mr. Kuwana at the time he described this species.
It was placed by him in the genus Xylococcus, to which it is
rather closely related, but later removed from that genus by Dr.
Cockerell.

Lately Mr. Kuwana has found the intermediate stages of both
the male and female on Pinus thunbergii. Realizing that the
original description needed some correcting and that the inter-
mediate stages should be described, he very kindly turned his
material over to the writer, being too busy with other matters
to describe them himself.

In the mean time, Mr. Harold Morrison, Coccidologist for the
Bureau of Entomology, had received material from the Eastern
United States and recognized that the specimens belonged to
Matsucoccus, whereupon they were forwarded to the writer.
Upon comparison, the writer was surprised to find that they
were identical with matsnmurac.

The Eastern material was collected by Mr. J. G. Sanders on
twigs of scrub pine (Pinus virgintana) on Good-hope Hill,
District of Columbia, in 1905, by Dr. A. D. Hopkins on pitch
pine (P. rigidd) in Pennsylvania in 1906, and from the sanir
host by Mr. J. T. Morton on the R. W. de Forest Estate, Center-
port, Long Island, New York, in 1919.

The following descriptions are taken from the Japanese
material, augmented by the material from the Eastern United
States.

Adult female. — 2.5 to 4.5 mm. long and 1 to 2 mm. broad, in outline elongate
oval, somewhat narrowed anteriorly. In life dark brown. Derm mu^li nr
crinkled. Antennae transversely striated (except 1st and 2d segments),

18 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

9-segmented (not 10-segmented as stated by Kuwana), bases approximate;
first segment large, slightly longer than broad, 2d nearly as broad but shorter,
the remaining segments becoming successively more slender, each being widest
near the outer end. Each segment bearing three or more slender setae, segments
6 to 9 each also bearing 2 heavier spines. Legs are moderately large, trans-
versely striated, trochanter bearing 1 long seta, the.femur, tibia and tarsus each
a number of small setae, particularly on inner margin. Tarsus bearing two
hair-like digitules and the tarsal claw two knobbed digitules. Eyes present,
mouthparts sometimes present. Spiracles occurring along the margin of body.
Dorsum of abdomen bearing transverse rows of large, simple, circular pores;
both dorsum and venter bearing internal ducts, which viewed from above have
the appearance of 8-shaped pores; others at tip of abdomen having the appear-
ance of 8-shaped pores, each surrounded by a compound ring. (Plate III J.)
Small setae present on both dorsum and venter. Anal ring not discernible.

Second stage or apodous larva. — Body nearly circular in outline, about 1.3
mm. long when full grown and in life of a brownish black color. (Plate III C.)
Without eyes, legs or antennae. Spiracles large and conspicuous. (Plate III.)
Surrounded by large numbers (more than ten) of small ducts and set at inner
end of rather short tubes, the latter perpendicular to the derm, except last 3 on
4 abdominal pairs which are at an acute angle. Derm slightly chitinized or
dorsum. Anal tube absent, anal ring not discernible. Male apodous larva
very similar to that of female except smaller.

First stage larva. — Body oval, acute at both ends, in life reddish brown, about
.3 mm. in length when full grown. (Plate III B.) Eyes prominent, situated on
margin of body, posterior to 6-segmented antennae, the latter with approximate
bases. Segment 1 large and broad, 2, 4 and 6 long, 3 and 5 short; segment 4
bearing 2 broad stiff spines and 6 bearing 2 broad stiff spines and a large nipple-
like process on its tip. Legs rather small, femur broad, tibia, tarsus and claw
slender, the latter bearing 2 knobbed digitules, tochanter bearing 1 long slender
seta. Segmentation of abdomen distinct. Spiracles resembling a row of but-
tons on each side of abdomen. Tip of abdomen rounded, bearing a short and a
long slender seta on each side of the apex. Derm somewhat chitinized. First
exuvium rupturing on the venter.

Male prepupa very similar to adult female except somewhat smaller. Anten-
nae and legs similar in all respects. All 8-shaped pores simple, not surrounded
with a compound ring; without large circular pores. Eyes present.

Male pupa possessing prominent wing pads, legs and antennae, the latter
apparently 9-segmented. Caudal end bearing a blunt central lobe.

Male adult, typical male of the Margarodinae, with compound eyes, dusky
wings and caudal brush, well described by Mr. Kuwana. Legs and antennae
long and slender, transversely striated, the latter 9-segmented. Instead of
always being 10, the number of tubes from which the caudal brush arises,
varies somewhat, usually more than that number.

This peculiar coccid as observed in American material, occurs
on the twigs of pine, yet is hardly discernible due to the fact
that it lives in a pit or gall under the surface of the bark (Plate
III A). No twigs from Japan have been observed by the writer,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 19

but Mr. Kuwana believes those live in similar positions. The
only indication of its presence is a tiny black pin-hole in the
bark and possibly a slight swelling at this point (Plate III A). In
the mouth of the pin-hole can be found the cast skin of the first
stage larva; under this and in a distinct cell under the surface of
the bark can be found the second stage apodous larva or possibly
only its cast skin. In emerging the adult female ruptures the
skin of the second larva on its back and squeezes out through the
tiny pin-hole, knocking away the skin of the first larva. From
several hardened nearly dead twigs received from New York, the
adult females were unable to emerge and were found still within
the skins of the apodous larvae, in which they had secreted a
mass of fluffy wax. According to Mr. Kuwana, they surround
their eggs with this material when laid.

The only live forms found in the twigs collected in New York
in October, 1919, were the apodous larvae, some of them con-
taining immature female adults. These were found in the most
recent season's growth. In Japan, Mr. Kuwana found apodous
larvae, male prepupae and pupae in April, male and female
adults early in May, and eggs and young larvae later in the same
month.

There is probably but one generation per year, the larvae
hatching in the spring and settling on the growing twigs, where
they soon molt to apodous larvae. It is quite astonishing that
they are able to form galls in the twigs. It is apparently done
simply by the bark growing around and over the insect until it
is finally covered in much the same way that a scar is covered
up. For this reason it is necessary that they settle on the very
young growing shoots.

The insect is doing considerable damage to the pines on the
de Forest Estate on Long Island. Many of the small twigs are
being killed. Probably spraying with a miscible oil in the spring
as soon as the eggs hatch, would prove to be an effective remedy.

Having been described from Tokyo, Japan, in 1903 and col-
lected in Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia in 1905 and
1906, it is a question as to which is its native haunt. There has
been a considerable shipment of pines from Japan to America,
which would indicate that it probably came from Japan. Also
the fact that the insect is doing damage at Long Island would
make it appear to be an introduced species, for native species
are seldom noticeably harmful. However, its closest relatives,
the other two species of this genus, are apparently native to the
Western United States, which would be a strong indication that
this species also is native to America. There is a slight possi-
.bility that this is native to both countries, being a relic of the
preglacial period, when the countries were connected. Although
scale insects seem to change slowly, one would expect some differ-
ence to have taken place during that time.

20 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

M. fasciculensis Herbert.1
HERBERT, F. B. In Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXI, 7, p. 157. (Oct., 1919.)

This species was recently described from California, occurring
within the fascicles of three-leaved pines. The antennae of the
adult female bear pairs of heavy spines on segments 5 to 9. The
apodous larva is oval in outline with all of the spiracles borne at
an acute angle to its derm. This species seems to differ from
the other two in that it has two larval stages instead of one
preceding the apodous form, both of which are similar except
for size. In the first larval stage the bases of the antennae are
approximate. The antennae were considered to be 7-segmented
in the original description, but comparison with the other species
indicates that the last segment is in reality a nipple-like process
occurring on the 6th. However, it is merely a matter of opinion
as a slight lightening of the integument at the base of the former
might be interpreted by some as indicating a 7th segment.

M. acalyptus, new species.

Adult female. — 2 to 3 mm. long and .8 to 1.3 mm. broad, elongate oval in out-
line, somewhat narrowed anteriorly. (Plate III G.) Derm rough or crinkled.
Antennae rather faintly transversely striated (except 1st and 2d segments),
9-segmented, bases approximate. 1st segment large, slightly longer than broad,
2d nearly as long and broad, remaining segments becoming successively more
slender, each being widest near outer end. Each segment bearing 3 or more
slender setae, segments 6 to 9 each also bearing 2 heavier spines. Legs moder-
ately large, transversely striated, trochanter bearing 1 long slender seta, the
femur, tibia and tarsus each bearing a number of small setae, particularly on
inner margin. Tarsus bearing 2 hair-like digitules and the tarsal claw 2 knobbed
digitules. Eyes present, mouthparts usually present. Tracheal system con-
sisting of one main trachea paralleling the margin of abdomen, each spiracle
being connected to it by a single smaller trachea; a number of auxiliaries also
extending from the latter toward the center and appendages of body. (PI. Ill G.)
Dorsum of abdomen bearing transverse rows of large, simple, circular pores, both
dorsum and venter bearing internal ducts, which viewed from above have ap-
pearance of 8-shaped pores. Small setae present on both dorsum and venter.
Anal ring not discernible.

Second stage or apodous larva. — Body elongate oval in outline, about 1.5 mm.
long and y£ as wide when full grown; in life of a brownish black color. (PI. Ill F.)
Without eyes, legs or antennae. Spiracles large and conspicuous, each sur-
rounded by a number (3 to 10) of small ducts and set at inner end of a rather
short tube, its outer end appearing as a dark chitinized circle. (PL III H.) All
perpendicular to derm, the latter somewhat chitinized. Anal tube absent, anal
ring not discernible.

:This species has been made the type of the new genus Americoccus by
MacGillivary, "The Coccidae," Jan., 1921, based on the described differences
in the antennae. — Editor.

PLATE III

PROC. KNT. soc. WASH., vol.. 23

HERBERT— TIIK (JEM'S MATSUCCX ' I

22 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

First stage larva. — Body elongate, .5 mm. in length when full grown, with sides
nearly parallel and caudal end abruptly acute. (PI. Ill E.) In lite of a brownish
color and surrounded with rays of wax. Head separated from and distinctly
narrower than rest of body, and with prominent eyes. Antennae 6-segmented,
bases well separated: segment 1 rather large and broad, 2 long without spines or
setae, 3 very short, 4 long, bearing 1 broad stiff spine, 5 medium, 6 very long
bearing 2 broad stiff spines and a small nipple-like process on its tip. Legs
rather small, femur broad, tibia, tarsus and claw slender, the latter bearing 2
knobbed digitules. Trochanter bearing 1 long slender seta. Segmentation of
abdomen distinct. Spiracles each on a raised process, together resembling a
row of buttons on each side of abdomen; also a very small transparent pore
dorsad of each spiracle. Tip of abdomen rounded, bearing a short and a long
slender seta on each side of apex. Dorsum somewhat chitinized. First exuvium
rupturing on dorsum.

Male. — Unknown.

Types. — Holotype, an adult female, and paratypes of adults
and larvae from exposed portions of the needles of the single-leaf
pinon (Pinus monophylla) from southern Idaho. Holotype and
paratypes in the Entomological Collection at Stanford Univer-
sity. Paratypes also in the National Collection of Coccidae
and the Forest Insect Collection at Los Gatos, California.

This material was received by Prof. R. W. Doane from Mr.
P. J. O'Gara several years ago, simply with the information
that it was apparently doing some damage in Idaho and request-
ing a determination. It was recently inspected by Mr. G. F.
Ferris, who, upon finding it to be a Matsucoccus, kindly turned
it over to the author to be described with the request that the
type be deposited in the Entomological Collection at Stanford
University. This has been done. To the above mentioned
gentlemen the fullest thanks are due for the privilege of describ-
ing this species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

A. Section of Pinus rigida twig showing pits or galls containing immature forms

of M. mastumurae.

B. First stage larva of M. matsumurae.

C. Apodous larva of same.

D. Immature forms of M. acalyptus, n. sp., on needles of Pinus monophylla.

E. First stage larva of same.

F. Apodous larva of same.

G. Adult female of same showing tracheal system.

H. Top view and cross-section of spiracle of apodous larva of M. acalyptus.
I. Same of M. mastumurae.

J. Cross-section of internal duct of M. matsumurae and top view of same, show-
ing 8-shaped pore surrounded with compound ring.

All greatly enlarged, the early stages more than the later stages. Drawn by
F. B. Herbert. For illustrations of adult legs, antennae, etc., see Plates XIII
and XIV, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 21, No. 7 (Oct., 1919).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921 23

A NEW GENUS OF BOMBYLIIDAE (Diptera).
BY CHARLES T. GREENE, U. S, National Museum.

This genus resembles P/oas but has only two submarginal cells
instead of three as in P/oas. In Williston's Manual it runs to
Sparnopolius but differs greatly in the antennae and shining
scutellum.

Dr. J. McDunnough of Ottawa, Canada, called attention to
the wing having only two submarginal cells.

Calopelta, n. gen.

First joint of antennae dull gray, greatly enlarged on ventral, apical half; in
profile, dorsal surface nearly straight; with very long, black, bristly hairs, sparse
above, very thick below, especially dense towards apex on the ventral side; on
the upper, outer surface are a few much shorter, yellowish-brown hairs; second
joint dull gray, quite small, about as broad as long, faintly larger at apex than at
base, with a circlet of long, black bristles on the apical half; third joint flattened
dull black, slightly constricted near the base, broadest part at basal third from
there tapering towards the apex, at the apex is a small two jointed, black style;
first joint of style cylindrical about twice as long as its diameter, with small
hairs at the apex; second joint cylindrical and its length is about five times its
diameter. Thorax ashen gray covered with medium long yellow pile and very
numerous long black hairs around the entire edge. Scutellum shining black
with long yellow pile across the base and numerous long black hairs on the black
surface. Abdomen ashen gray covered with yellow pile which is longer on the
sides; apical edge of each segment and along the sides there are numerous long
black hairs; venter clothed principally with long, dense, yellowish white pile
with a few black hairs towards the apex. Tibiae with short, well defined black
bristles arranged in rows. Wings with only two submarginal cells.

Calopelta fallax, n. sp. Genotype (Fig.).

Male. — Eyes holoptic; orbital cilia long, black; frontal triangle small, black
with a silvery dust. Face dull ashen gray with long black hairs above and whit-
ish below. Proboscis black, reaching to the apex of the first antennal joint;
palpi gray, nearly half the length of the proboscis, very slender with yellow hairs
below, apical tuft black. Legs black; femora with long, golden yellow, hair-like
scales lying flat and long, numerous, black hairs on under surface; tibiae with the
same yellow hair-like scales and short, black, spine-like bristles arranged in
rows; tarsi with a row of very fine black spines on under surface. Wings tinged
with brown especially on the costal edge and at the base; both hind cross-veins
with a faint cloud. Tegulae yellow with yellow fringe. Halteres yellow.

Female. — The same except as follows: Front broad, dull ashen gray with long
black hairs and a few yellow, shorter hairs transversely above the base of the
antennae.

Described from five specimens.
Typejemale, Cat. No. 23086, U. S. N. M.
Ft. Garland, Colorado, June 8, 1883, Collection of C. V.
Riley.

24

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 1, JAN., 1921

Allotype, male, Cat. No. 23086, U. S. N. M.

A male and female specimen labeled "Col." All three speci-
mens in collection of U. S. National Museum. A male and
female from Royal Oak, B. C., May 19, 1917, R. C. Treherne,
are paratypes and were returned to The Canadian National
Collection at Ottawa, Canada.

The two' specimens from Royal Oak, B. C., have the knobs of
the halteres blackish and the stems infuscated with a brownish-
yellow.

FIG. 1 — Calopelta fallax Greene, antenna.

Actual date of publication February 10, 1921

VOL. 23 FEBRUARY 1921 No. 2

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

MAR 1 6 1921

CONTENTS

CAUDELL, A. N. - SOME NEW ORTHOPTERA FROM MOK.ANSHAN, CHINA ... 27

CHAPIN, EDWARD A. - REMARKS ON THE GENUS H VSTRICHOPSYLLA TASCH.
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

CRAIGHEAD, F.C. - LARVA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BEETLE SANDALUS NIGER

K.NOCH .......................... 44

CRAMPTON, G. C. — NOTES ON THE ANCESTRY OF THE HYMENOPTERA ... 35
GREENE, CHARLES T. - DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF SAWFLIES ...... 41

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

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month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 i>. M.

Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

Honorary President . E. A. SCHWARZ

President W. R. WALTON

First Vice-President . . A. B. GAHAN

Second Vice-President . A. G. BO'VING

Recording Secretary . R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Editor . . A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE

and E. R. SASSCER.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 FEBRUARY 1921 No. 2

REMARKS ON THE GENUS HYSTRICHOPSYLLA TASCH. WITH
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. (SIPHONOPTERA.)

Bv EDWARD A. CHAPIN, Washington, D. C.

Through the kindness of Dr. Gordon F. Ferris, of Stanford
University, I have received three specimens of a flea of the
genus Hystrichopsylla Tasch. which appears to be undescribed.
I describe it herewith as

Hystrichopsylla mammoth, n. sp.

cf Head. — The frontal notch is shallow and is quite low down on the anterior
margin of the head. On the front part of the head there are many bristles.
Of these bristles, seven are placed in a row from the base of the antenna forward
to a point a little below the frontal notch. There are two strong bristles on the
anterior edge of the antennal groove above the eye spot and one at the base of
the maxillary palpus and there is one more at about the center of the space
included by the bristles. In addition to these, there are many smaller hairs on
the lower half of the frons. The eye is not pigmented but is indicated merely
by a thickening of the chitin. The genal ctenidium is of six stout spines and
occupies about the anterior halt of the genal margin. The posterior angle of
the gena is heavily chitinized and somewhat prolonged. The occiput bears two
rows of bristles, the first (anterior) row of three and the second of five (with
several much smaller bristles in the line). The marginal row of spines contains
about thirteen on either side of the median line. The rostrum reaches almost
to the apex of the fore coxa.

Thorax. — The pronotum bears on its posterior margin a ctenidium of about
thirty-six spines or pairs of spines. That is, commencing with the fourteenth
spine from either side, the dorsal spines are very irregular but appear to be
grouped in pairs, one superimposed upon the other. The hairs on the meso anil
metathoraces are numerous. On the mesothorax, no order of arrangement is
maintained but on the metathorax the hairs are in five rows. The metepimeron
bears a vertical row of five large hairs directly below the metathoracic spiracle.
There are many other and smaller hairs on the sclerite. On the mesosternum
there is one very large hair.

Abdomen. — The tergites are thickly set with spinous hairs, the more posterior
of which are in rows. On the second, third and fourth tergites, along the
posterior margin there are rows of very short conical teeth, the numbers being
in order 7, 2, 2. The anrepynidial bristles are three on each side. Sternites
III to VII are thickly set, toward their posterior borders with many hairs.

Legs. — The spines and hairs which adorn the legs of this species are similar

26 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

in texture to those in the case of other species and their location is but slightly
different. The longest apical spine on the posterior tibia is about two-thirds
the length of the first tarsal segment. The plantar bristles of all the tarsi are
arranged in five pairs, all lateral. The relative lengths of the tarsal segments
are shown by the following table:

Legs. Segments 1-5.

I 24 14 10 8 17

II 36 22 12 8 17

III 68 52 30 18 24

Modified segments. — The eighth sternite is produced posteriorly into a scoop-
shaped process, thickly set with fine short hairs. The ninth sternite is club
shaped and on the ventral margin toward the apex there are a number of stout
teeth, mostly in pairs. The movable finger of the clasper is elongate, thickest
slightly beyond the middle. On either side, toward the posterior margin there
is a straight row of about fifteen hairs, reaching from the apex to about basal
third. The fixed process is obliquely rounded above and bears a few hairs. The
eighth tergite is trapezoidal in shape, with many long bristles and shorter hairs
toward the upper portion.

9 Essentially similar to the male in vestiture. Antepygidial bristles are
four on each side. Compared with H. schefferi Chapin, its length is one-third
greater, conical teeth of the abdominal segments are 7, 2, 2 instead of 8, 4, 3,
and the body of the receptaculum seminis is nearly square (11:10) instead of
rectangular (14:8).

Length: c? 7.38 mm.; 9 "7.53 mm.

Types. — Type cf , Allotype ? collected off Aplodontia cali-
fornica Peters, at Mammoth, Mono County, California, July,
1917, by A. B. Howell. Paratype taken at Indian Canyon,
Yosemite National Park, California, probably from Aplodontia
sp. by Dr. G. F. Ferris. Type and paratype in Collection
Ferris, allotype in my collection.

At this time it seems best to correct an unfortunate error in
my description of H. schefferi. Owing to the contracted con-
dition of the specimen it is almost impossible to determine the
exact limits of the abdominal tergites. The small combs of
short conical teeth do not occur on the third, fourth and sixth
segments as stated but on the second, third and fourth as in the
present species.

There are now four species of this genus known, of which one
is palaearctic in range (H. talpac Curtis). The remaining three
are found in western North America. For specimens of H.
dippiei Rothsch., I am indebted to Mr. J. O. Martin of Berkeley,
Calif., who has collected this species in the nests of Neotoma
fuscipcs. The following key will serve to separate the four
species.

1. Ctenidia of abdominal tergites composed of small tooth-like spines which
are in close-set rows; genal ctenidium of more than ten spines; palae-
arctic ...talpac Curtis.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 27

Ctenidia of abdominal tergites composed of small spines which are not in
close-set rows; genal cteniclium ot 6-7 spines; nearctic .. 2.

2. Pronotal ctenidium of 46 spines; body of receptacula scminis more than

210 /x long ' schejferi Chnpin.

Pronotal ctenidium of 36-38 spines; body of receptacula seminis less than
210 M long... 3.

3. Body of receptacula seminis 184-199 n long; nine bristles in upper row on

frons mammoth Chaphi.

Body of receptacula seminis 169 /u. long; seven bristles in upper row on
frons.... - dippiei Rothsch.

For convenience, the exact dimensions of the receptacula
seminis in the three species before me are given in the following
table. As there are two receptacula in each female in the species
of this genus, two columns of dimensions have been given. All
measurements given in micra.

Species Anterior Posterior

H. schefferi Chapin. 215 x 123 230 x 138

H. mammoth Chapin. 199 x 138 184 x 154

H. dippiei Rothsch. 169 x 108 169 x 108

SOME NEW ORTHOPTERA FROM MOKANSHAN, CHINA.

BY A. N. CAUDELL, Bureau of Entomology.

Among a consignment of Orthoptera recently received for
determination from Prof. N. Gist Gee, of Soochow, China, were
several forms apparently undescribed. All of these are from
Mokanshan, China, and descriptions of them are here given.
Types and allotypes are retained in the collection of the U. S.
National Museum and the paratypes are divided, some being
retained in that collection and some returned to Prof. Gee.

Megaulacobothrus, n. gen. (Truxalinae).

Agreeing closely with the characters given by Bolivar for his
genus Aulacobothrus except that the inner calcaria of the pos-
terior tibiae are equal. The species is decidedly larger however
than any of those placed in the above genus by its author, and
there is probably little relation between the two genera, in spite
of the similarity of characters.

Description, male and female. — Vertex moderately acute in both sexes, some-
what more so in the male; above slightly convex and without median carina;
fevolae distinct, wholly visible from above, about three times as long as broad
in the male and slightly less in the female; antennae filiform, those of the male
more than twice as long as the head and pronotum combined, those of the female
scarcely twice as long; frontal costa nearly flat, somewhat concave at the ocellus,
the sides converging almost uniformly, sometimes more rapidly towards the

28 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

vertex in the male, the point where it meets the vertex being narrower in the
male than in the female, in the former not, or barely, broader than the basal
segment of the antennae; face moderately declivous. Pronotum with distinct
median and lateral carinae, the former cut at, male, or a liftle behind, female,
the middle by the principal transverse sulcus, which also cuts the lateral carinae;
lateral carinae converging in the anterior third and then diverging to the pos-
terior margin of the pronotum, the broadest part of the disk being about twice
as broad as at the narrowest point; anterior margin of pronotal disk truncate,
posterior margin obtuse-angulate; lateral lobes quadrate. Organs of flight fully
developed, the tegmina and wings of equal length, extending to, or barely be-
yond, the tips of the posterior femora; tegmina of the male with the costal area
decidedly broadened, the transverse veins parallel ami diagonal, growing more
transverse towards the apex of the area; intercallary area subequal in width,
about as broad as the ulner area at its widest point, intercallary vein absent;
wings less than twice as long as broad, the margins evenly rounded, as a whole,
but with moderate undulations between each radiate vein, a more decided notch
at the terminus of the first one. Legs moderately slender; posterior femora
flattened on the outer face, the carinae well elevated; posterior tibiae with the
inner apical calcars equal in length and scarcely more than half as long as the
inner ones, and similarly shaped. Abdomen moderately compressed; supraanal
plate apically pointed, more so in the male, the sides somewhat rounded; subgeni-
tal plate of male apically pointed and directed upwards, that of the female flat
and horizontal and apically narrowly cleft; cerci of both sexes conical, somewhat
more elongate in the male; valves of ovipositor short, free, the margins smooth.

Type. — Megaulacobothrus fuscipennis Caudell.

In the key to genera of the Truxalinae given by Bruner1
this genus falls under Stenobothrus on page 122. But it is amply
distinct from that genus.

Megaulacobothrus fuscipennis, n. sp.

Description, male and female. — Size large. Head as broad as the anterior por-
tion of the pronotum; eyes elongate, apically pointed above, reddish brown,
unicolorous; occiput without carina but with a mesial light stripe bordered on
each side by a black one, and below that, on each side, with one or two more
alternate black and lighter stripes, varying in distinctness in different specimens;
antennae dark brown, often lighter basally, and consisting of about twenty-five
or twenty-six segments in the male, all but the apical four or five, which are very
small and short, being elongate; in the female probably of about the same num-
ber of segments, though in the only entire antenna of this sex examined the apical
ones are fused into one long indistinctly divided segment. Pronotum light
brown in color, the disk with the lateral carinae marked in yellow and margined
outwardly along the middle and inwardly behind with fuscus; lateral lobes with
some obscure light colored callouses. Abdomen blackish above and laterally at
the base, the black giving way laterally along the middle to yellowish and the apical

'"Revision du Systeme des Orthopteres et description des especies rapportees
par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmania" (Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, Vol.
xxxiii (2a, xiii), p. 1-230, pi. i-vi (1893).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 29

half blood-red, especially above and laterally, beneath the yellowish cast continu-
ing further towards the tip. Fore and middle legs brown, the tibiae only armed
with small black teeth on each side below; hind femora brown on the outer face,
sometimes with a little darker marking along the middle anteriody, the genicula-
tion blackish, the inner face light brown with one or two strongly diagonal black
bands, and below merging into the color of the ventral surface, which is uniformly
blood red; posterior tibiae blood red with black tipped spines, about a do/en to
fourteen on each dorsal carina. Nymph without special features different from
the adult except that the abdomen is not red and the hind tibiae are infuscated
in the middle half.

Length, antennae, male, 15 mm., female, 14 mm.; pronotum, male, 5 mm.,
female, 6 mm.; elytra, male, 20 mm., female, 23 mm.; posterior femora, male,
16 mm., female, 18.5 mm.

Described from six males, type and paratypes A to E, four
females, allotype and paratypes F to H, and one male nymph,
paratype I.

Type, allotype and paratypes, A, B, C, F, G and I in Collec-
tion U. S. National Museum; paratypes D, E and H returned to
Prof. Gee.

Catalogue No. 22971, U. S. N. M.

Geea, n. gen. (Truxalinae).

This genus runs in the keys of Brunner's 1893 paper to
Parapleuras on page 121. But it is not very closely allied to
that genus, which is now relegated to the synonymy under
Mecostethus Kelch. The slightly expanded and parallel
veined scapular area of the tegmina might lead one to the genus
Pnorisa in Brunner's key. But there is little relation between
the present genus and that African genus of smaller locusts.

Description, female, the male unknown. — Head with the face rather strongly
retreating; fastigium of the vertex slightly acute-angulate apically, extending
beyond the eyes a distance equal to about its own width, dorsally sulcate, with-
out median carinae, the margins obtuse; fevolae absent; frontal costa with sides
parallel above the ocellus, below which point they diverge moderately to the
clypeus, which they barely reach; above the ocellus the costa is not at all sulcate,
below and at the ocellus very moderately so; occiput moderately swollen, smooth;
antennae triquetrous anil slightly flattened basally, beyond becoming cylindrical.
Pronotum scarcely longer than the head, without lateral carinae and with median
carina distinct only on the metanotum, and there very slight; disk rounded, an_
terior margin roundly truncate, the posterior margin obtuse-angulate, the tip
rounded; lateral lobes subquadrate, the lower-posterior angle rectangular; meso-
and metasternal interspaces quadrate. Abdomen with the valves of the ovi-
positor well exerted, the scoop of the upper valves about as loim as deep; supra-
anal plate dorsally roundly convex, apically semicircularly rounded; cerci a little
more than twice as long as basally broad. Organs of flight fully developed, exceed-
ing somewhat the tips of the posterior femora; tegmina apically rounded with-

30 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

out intercallary vein, scapular area very slightly expanded, the veins parallel;
wings unicolorous, with veins not swollen. Legs moderately slender; all femora
unarmed both above and below, the geniculations rounded; tibiae spined above
only, the posterior ones with twelve to fourteen spines in the outer series, none
next the apical spur.

Type. — Geea conspicua, Caudell.

Geea conspicua, n. sp.

Description, fema/e, the male unknown. — This is a large showy locust of a green
and black, or dark brown, color in strong contrast. The entire body is blackish
above, growing lighter laterally, the clypeus and lower part of the head greenish,
the breast and lower surface of the abdomen brownish; antennae, of which all
but 11 mm. of the basal portion is missing, entirely piceous and the eyes brown;
pronotal disk with a moderately broad median stripe which continues slightly
on to the occiput, vanishing before reaching the eyes; the eyes are narrowly
margined with yellow and the anterior aspect of the vertex is of the same color,
and a streak of yellow extends down each side of the face, from the base of the
antennae to the outer margins of the clypeus; ocelli red. Tegmina almost
entirely membranous, slightly coriaceous basally, dark brown in color except
the anal margin, which is bright green for the entire length, reaching to near
the tip of the tegmina, wings uniformly hyaline, the membrane made dusky by
innumerable microscopic black specks, and a slight greenish tinge along the
anal margin; the veins black. Fore and middle legs bluish green, the femora
yellowish ventrally; hind femora green on the outer face, yellowish beneath and
on the inner side, the apex black and with a preapical black band; hind tibiae
dark blue with a broad subbasal greenish yellow band, the spines light in the
basal half and piceous in the apical half; tarsi light yellowish with slight dark
variegation.

Length, pronotum, 7 mm.; tegmina, 35 mm.; posterior femora, 22 mm.

Described from a single female, the type.
Type in Collection U. S. National Museum.
Catalogue No. 22975.

Phlaeoba brachyptera, n. sp. (Truxalinae).

The abbreviated wings of this species will serve to distinguish
it from the other members of the genus, to none of which it
appears very closely allied.

Description, male and female. — General color wood-brown. Head about
as long as the pronotum in the male, noticeably shorter in the female; vertex
acuteangulate in male, rectangulate in female, extending beyond the eyes a
distance a little greater than the interocular space, dorsally shallowly sulcate in
front of the eyes, convex posterior of that point, the transition from the concave
to convex being sudden and conspicuous; there is a distinct median carina
extending for the entire length of the concave portion of the vertex and con-
tinued some distance back on to the convex portion; face very rapidly retreating
in the upper part, more gradually below; frontal costa persistent and very nar-
row, expanding somewhat below, the sides about as elevated as the lateral facial

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 31

carinae, with which they are subparallel; eyes about one and one-half times as
long as broad, diagonally situated, when viewed dorsally, and brown in color,
obscurely mottled with darker; antennae very moderately ensiform, longer than
the head and pronotum together. Pronotum with median and lateral carinae,
the latter parallel to near the anterior margin of the disk, where they diverge
briefly; anterior margin of pronotal disk truncate, the posterior margin obtuse
angulate; lateral lobes subquadrate. Organs of flight more abbreviated than in
the other species of the genus, falling considerably short of the tips of the pos-
terior femora, in male scarcely passing the middle of the hind femora, in the
female attaining to about the base of the apical third; tegmina a little longer
than the wings, the tips rounded, not accuminate, the costal margin moderately
expanded subbasally; no distinct intercallary vein, though such is indicated by
a disconnected median series of veinlets; wings hyaline with the longitudinal
veins black, the costal and apical areas being somewhat infuscated. Legs slen-
der, brown; hind femora moderately swollen in basal half, the dorsal margin
carinate and with a few dark specks, unarmed both above and below, the
geniculations blackish, the angles briefly angulate, a sharp median point termin-
ating the femora apically; hind tibiae brown with a bluish tint, the spines ten or
eleven on each side, and with the apical half piceous. Supraanal plate of male
elongate rectangular, very slightly and briefly sulcate longitudinally above;
subgenital plate narrowly pointed above; cerci simple and pointed in both sexes,
more elongate in the male, where it is fully four times as long as basally broad;
last dorsal segment of abdomen in female elongate, above basally flattened and
laterally carinate, mesially shallowly concave; last ventral segment elongate,
broader behind, with a barely noticeable median carina, the posterior margin
truncate with a median brief obscure tooth projecting between the lower valves
of the ovipositor, the lateral margins of this segment are posteriorly rounded;
valves of ovipositor well exerted, unarmed, the scoop of the upper ones compris-
ing about half the length.

The anal field of the tegmina and the disk of the pronotum in the male are
lighter colored than the rest of the ground color, giving a general appearance of a
broad dorsal stripe; this may probably be true also in some females, though in
the single specimen of that sex now available for study it is not. The lateral
lobes of the pronotum in two of the three males examined are blackish above,
especially bordering the lateral carinae, while in the female and the third male
this is true only to a lesser extent. There is a narrow and usually obscure
postocular dark stripe present on the head, anil there is sometimes a greenish
tint on the sternum and on the lower surface of the fore and middle femora and
tibiae.

Length, pronotum, male, 4 mm., female, 5.5 mm.; antennae, male and female,
12-13 mm.; tegmina, male, 10 mm., female, 12.5 mm.; posterior femora, male,
11 mm., female, 15 mm.

Described from three males, type and paratypes A and B, and
one female, allotype.

Type, allotype and paratype A in Collection U. S. National
Museum. Paratype B returned to Prof. Gee.

Catalogue No. 22973, U. S. N. M.

32 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

Chrysochraon anomopterus, n. sp. (Truxalinae).

Description, male, female unknown. — Very like japonicus Bolivar and genicul-
aribus Shiraki, but does not agree with either sufficiently well to be considered
identical. It differs from both the above mentioned species in lacking a longi-
tudinal stripe of brown on the sides, the entire insect being an almost uniform
brownish yellow color, faint indications of dorsal and lateral longitudinal stripes
on the head, and the genicular arcs of the hind femora are barely darkened; the
spines of the tibiae are black in the apical half; there are no spines on the femora;
the hind tibiae slightly more clear yellow than the rest of the insect. The

FIG. 1 — Tegmen of Chrysochraon anomopterus.

antennae are noticeably flattened in the basal third and are longer than the
head and thorax. The tegmina are much broadened in the apical half and the
tip truncate and mesially notched, as shown in the accompanying figure; the
hind wings are aborted, being decidedly shorter than the thorax. The cerci are
simple, cylindrical and pointed, as long as the flat triangular apically pointed
supraanal plate; subgenital plate with the tip broken off. Mesosternal inter-
space more than twice as long as broad, the metasternal lobes but little separa-
ted.

Length, pronotum,4 mm.; antennae, about 10 mm.; tegmina, 12.5 mm.; hind
femora, 13 mm.

Described from a single male, the type.
Type in Collection U. S. National Museum.
Catalogue No. 22974, U. S. N. M.

Catantops viridifemoratus, n. sp. (Acridinae).

This rather pretty grasshopper is placed in the above already
unwieldy genus with considerable doubt. It runs to that genus
in the keys of Brunner, however, and the specimens show no
characters incompatible with those of Catantops.

Description, male and female. — General color brownish. Head greenish
brown with broad black postocular bands and some small maculations on the
occiput, varying in size, position and number, sometimes forming a rather uni-
form dorsal infuscation; eyes large and globose, especially in the male where
they are but a little longer than broad while in the female they are almost half
as long again as broad; frontal costa entending almost to the clypeus, sulcate
only at and below the ocellus, the sides parallel, or converging slightly at the
ocellus; interocular space approximately as broad as the frontal costa, slightly
narrower in the male than in the female; vertex lightly sulcate above, without
median carina, anteriorly meeting the face roundly, in the male with a scarcely

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 33

perceptible angulation; antennae of female slightly compressed, yellowish
brown in color and about twice as long as the pronotum, in the male absent from
the single specimen seen. Pronotum yellow greenish brown on the sides and a
little darker above, the sites of the lateral carinae marked by a broad black
stripe continuous with the postocular stripes of the head; pronotal disk truncate
anteriorly, roundly angulate posteriorly, rounding into the moderately elongate
lateral lobes without forming lateral carinae except very bluntly so on themeta-
zona; median carinae very slight, especially in the female, a little more distinct
in the male; prosternal spine conical, apically broadly rounded; mesosternal inter-
space very slightly longer than broad in the male, a little broader than long in
the female. Legs moderately slender, the hind femora moderately swollen
basally; the color of the legs in general is greenish, the outer face of the hind
femora very noticeably so, the tibiae with a bluish cast, those of the posterior
legs being decidedly blue; the posterior femora apically and corresponding
tibiae basally piceous, the femora marked dorsally by a broad medial and pre-
apical band, sometimes somewhat obscured but usually very noticeable, even
conspicuous; spines of hind tibiae black in apical half, yellowish basally, ten to
twelve in the outer series, the basal two or three minute. Organs of flight fully
developed, but barely or scarcely attaining to the tips of the posterior femora;
elytra brown, the costal margin basally infuscated, intercallary area narrow and
with a distinct intercallary vein; wings moderately and uniformly fuliginous,
the veins black. Abdomen greenish yellow, with a few black markings apically;
supraanal plate of male triangular, black on the greater part of the median
portion, the tip and base only light and with a narrow median longitudinal
stripe, broadly sulcate medially in the basal third and narrowly in the apical
third, and more broadly so for the entire length on each side of the medial fur-
rows; on each side of the narrow apical median sulcation is a pair of raised longi-
tudinal carinae, short and black; subgenital plate with the upper margin thin and
forming a brief, acute, depressed and posteriorly directed point, the apical half
of this plate is mottled with blackish; fercula mere rounded lobes shorter than
the last dorsal abdominal segment from which they arise, but rather conspicuous
from their color, which is black, in decided contrast to the yellowish color of the
surface beneath them; cerci of male simple, apically clavate, shaped as shown in
the figure (Fig. 2), the whole cercus extending slightly beyond the tip of the
supraanal plate and is black on the apically expanded portion, except along the
lower margin; just beyond the tip of the supraanal plate; between it and the tip
of the subgenital plate, the integument of the abdomen forms an erect blunt
tubercle; cerci of female about twice as long as basally broad, conical, usually
tapering more rapidly in the basal half, apically narrowly rounded; valves of
ovipositor well exerted, the margins without serrations, or with very rounded

FIG. 2 — Cercus of ('.aitinti.ps oiridifemoratus .

34 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

ones on the upper valves, where the scoop is about as long as the basal portion;
last ventral segment of the abdomen of the female longer than broad, with a
median apical angulation projecting between the lower valves of the ovipositor,
and on each side of this median angle there are emarginations forming a flattened
triangular lobe on each side, overlying the lateral apophystegal plates.

Length, antennae, male ? mm., female, 14 mm.; pronotum, male, 5 mm.,
female, 7.5 mm.; tegmina, male, 15.5 mm., female, 20 mm.; posterior femora,
male, 13 mm., female, 16.5 mm.

Described from one male, type, and five females, allotype and
paratypes A to D.

Type, allotype and paratypes A and B in Collection U. S.
National Museum; paratypes C and D returned to Prof. Gee.

Catalogue No. 22972 U. S. N. M.

Drymadusa mokanshanensis, n. sp. (Tettigonidae, Decticinae).

Description, male and female. — Color almost uniformly yellowish green,
probably green in life. Head as broad as the pronotum; fastigum of the vertex
narrower than the basal segment of the antennae, from a front view triangular,
the narrow point touching the fastigum of the front; basal segment of the anten-
nae very broad, the second intermediate between the basal and the succeeding
ones, which are cylindrical and very gradually growing smaller towards the tip
of the antenna; the ends are broken from the antennae of the only two specimens
known; eyes moderately protuberant, semicircular and brown in color. Pro-
notum with lateral carina roundly present only on the metanotum, where the
disk is flat, the rest being rounded, the anterior margin truncate, the posterior
margin broadly rounded; lateral lobes about as high as broad, the lower margin
inclined anteriorly, the posterior-inferior angle rounded, the humeral sinus
shallow; prosternal spines long and sharp; meso- and metasternal lobes pointed,
the first more than twice as long as basally broad, the latter scarcely longer than
broad. Abdomen plump, slightly compressed; supraanal plate ot male with an
apical u-shaped notch, the resulting points triangular, that of the female small,
triangular and dorsally sulcate, with a black spot situated mesially; cerci of male
sub-cylindrical, tapering, apically gently incurved, the whole five or six times as
long as the basal width, a prominent broad triangular tooth situated on the
inner side at about the basal fourth, the tip of this tooth being black, sharp and
decurved; cerci of female simple, cylindrical, gradually tapering to a point and
five or six times as long as basally broad; subgenital plate ot male forming a long
hollow, perpendicular sided scoop, verntrally concave with a low median carinae
and more prominent margins, the tip triangularly notched mesially and bearing
a pair of simple cylindrical tapering styles about six times as long as the basal
width; subgenital plate of the female much smaller than that of the male, flat
below, the apex broadly notched and turned outward so as to form a diagonal
lateral furrow; ovipositor not quite three-fourths as long as the posterior femora,
gently decurved and with the tip diagonally truncate. Legs slender; fore tibiae
with four long dorsal spines on the outer margin in the male and three in the
female; middle tibiae with several dorsal spines on each margin in both sr\is;
hind tibiae with many dorsal spines, all of the tibiae being armed below on both

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 35

margins, all spines black at the tip and along the lower margins, those of the
posterior ones more conspicuously black; anterior and intermediate femora with
blunt blackish teeth on the anterior margins only, the posterior femora long
and strongly swollen in the basal two-fifths, armed below on both margins with
a few short piceous teeth; plan tula of posterior tarsus free but short, about one
half as long as the 'basal tarsal segment. Organs of flight fully developed,
extending to or beyond the tips of the posterior femora; tegmina broader in the
male than in the female, greenish in both sexes and with the main veins in the
female blackish basally; tympanum of male abou! as long and broad as the pro-
notum; wings clear hyaline with a greenish cast along a narrow costal strip in
the apical half of the wing, the longitudinal veins mostly dark colored.

Length, pronotum, male, 8 mm., female, 9.5 mm.; tegmina, male, 47 mm.,
female, 42 mm.; posterior femora, male, 34 mm., female, 36 mm.; cerci, male,
4.5 mm., female, 2.75 mm.; anal stylets, male, 2.75 mm.; ovipositor, 23 mm.

Described from one male and one female, type and allotype.

Type and allotype in Collection of the U. S. National Mu-
seum.

Catalogue No. 22976.

The collection contained an adult male and a male nymph of
another species of this same genus which seems allied to the one
described above, except that the cerci and anal stylets are shorter
and there are other characters, both structural and colorational,
that indicate specific distinctness from mokanshanensis. The
absence of all legs, except the right fore leg, from the only adult
specimen makes determination difficult, and it is deemed best
to leave this form unplaced until more and better preserved
material is obtained.

NOTES ON THE ANCESTRY OF THE HYMENOPTERA.

BY G. C. CKAMPTON, PH. D.,
Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.

To any one who makes a study of a large number of structures
from different parts of the body, in attempting to determine the
origin and affinities of the various orders of insects, it very soon
becomes apparent that it is utterly impossible to arrange the
lines of descent of the insectan orders in a dichotomously
branching tree drawn in one plane, since several orders are fre-
quently connected by mutual bonds of relationship, and many
lines of descent may converge toward a common ancestry, which
is anatomically intermediate between two or more primitive
groups, and is related to the one scarcely less closely than to the
others. If we disregard the factor of time (i. e., whether one
order was derived from the common ancestral group sooner, or
later, than certain others derived from the same ancestral
group) and consider the ancestral group from which the others
were derived as merely an anatomical "point of origin," the

36 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

lines of descent drawn as though springing from such a point of
origin would form a cone-like figure, solid at its base (where many
annectant forms connect the various lines of development in all
directions), but gradually splitting up into distinct lines of
development as the connecting forms are lost. Some of these
lines of descent parallel each other quite closely for a greater or
less extent of their course, while others diverge more markedly
as evolution progresses.

While a diagram of the lines of descent of the insectan orders,
such as that described above, would represent the actual inter-
relationships of the orders much more accurately, there is great
danger of making the figure so intricate that it is incompre-
hensible to any one save its author, thereby defeating its main
purpose, which is to aid in visualizing the interrelationships and
points of convergence of the lines of descent in question. I
have therefore represented the lines of descent of the insects
grouped about the Neuroptera (;'. e., those of the Diptera,
Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, etc.) by a
single line in the appended diagram, and I have used only the
Neuroptera, with their immediate relatives the Mecoptera, to
typify these lines of descent, since the Neuroptera and Mecop-
tera are the most important representatives of the group, and
have retained many features exhibited by the other forms as
well.

In this connection, it should be noted that although the
Hymenoptera are represented in the diagram as a little lower
down than the Neuroptera and Psocida, this fact has no phylo-
genetic significance, since the three lines originate at about the
same level, and the Psocida (and probably the Neuroptera also)
are if anything a little more primitive than the Hymenoptera
are. On the other hand, the Mallophaga, Pediculidae, etc.,
which are descended from Psocida-like forebears advance much
further along the road to morphological specialization than the
Hymenoptera do, and similarly the higher Diptera, etc., which
are descended from Neuroptera-like forebears, likewise travel
further than the Hymenoptera do along the road to morpholo-
gical specialization, so that it has seemed preferable to draw
these two lines of descent somewhat longer that that of the
Hymenoptera, in the diagram.

With regard to the often debated question as to which order
of insects is the "highest," it would seem to the disinterested
observer that such arguments are quite pointless unless one
considers the order as a whole, and takes into consideration the
character of its most primitive representatives, rather than the
degree of specialization of its most modified representatives.
Thus for example, the Crustacean Sacculina is much "higher'
or more specialized than any known insect, yet no one would
argue from this that the Crustacea are "higher" than the Dip-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 37

tera, or any other insects simply because one Crustacean has
surpassed these insects in specialization! In any phyogenetic
study we must consider the lowest representatives rather than
the highly specialized members of a group, giving particular
attention to the primitive characters retained in its lowest
representatives, and when we consider the Hymenoptera taken
as a whole from this point of view, they are seen to be a much
more primitive group than they are generally supposed to be,
and their line of development apparently arose at the point
where the line of development of the Neuroptera began to
diverge from that of the Psocida, as shown in the diagram.

The Hymenoptera are somewhat intermediate, anatomically,
between the Psocida and the insects grouped about the Neurop-
tera (/. e., Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Diptera, etc.), but their
closest affinities are with the latter insects. This is shown by
the similarity between the Hymenoptera and the "Neuropter-
oids" (/. <?., the insects grouped about the Neuroptera) in the
type of metamorphosis exhibited by the two groups, and in the
similarity between their pupae and larvae in particular, the
larvae of Hymenoptera being very like those of the Mecoptera
and Lepidoptera, for example. The head capsule in certain
Hymenoptera is very like that of certain Mecoptera and Neurop-
tera, and the same is true of the mouthparts. The neck plates
and thoracic terga of the Hymenoptera exhibit many points of
resemblance to those of the Trichoptera, Mecoptera, and other
insects related to the Neuroptera, and the genitalia of certain
male Hymenoptera are very suggestive of those of the lower
Diptera, Trichoptera and Mecoptera. These and many other
features would indicate that the Neuroptera and Mecoptera
(with their allies) are the next of kin to the Hymenoptera. On
the other hand, the Neuroptera serve to connect the Hymenop-
tera with the Coleoptera, although there are many features
aside from their mutual resemblance to the Neuroptera, which
are clearly indicative of a rather close relationship between the
Hymenoptera and the Coleoptera, ami there are very good
reasons tor considering that the ancestors of the Hymenoptera
were quite like the Coleoptera, on one side of their lineage. On
this account, it is necessary to take into consideration the line
of development of the Coleoptera also, in attempting to trace
the genealogy of the Hymenoptera further.

As was pointed out in an article recently published in Psyche
(Vol. 27, 1920, p. 112) if we take into consideration the character
of the larvae (/. e., the head capsule, mouthparts, etc.) the
Coleoptera are remarkably similar to the Neuroptera, since it is
possible to find but few characters which will serve to distinguish
between the larvae of these two groups of insects; and the t\pr
of metamphorsis exhibited by the two orders is almost identical,
so that if these features are of considerable importance in

38 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

phylogeny, the Coleoptera should be placed in the same super-
order with the Neuroptera, and occupy a position very close to
the latter insects. On the other hand, the Coleoptera are
extremely closely related to the De'rmaptera, as is shown by the
character of the maxillae, thoracic terga, "larval" cerci, and
other structures, so that is is extremely difficult to determine
whether to group the Coleoptera with the Dermaptera or with
the Neuroptera. At any rate, the Coleoptera are anatomically
intermediate between the Neuroptera and the Dermaptera, and
if this fact has any significance (as every morphologist would
claim that it does) it clearly indicates that on one side of their
lineage, at least, the Hymenoptera, Neuroptera and Coleop-
tera were descended from ancestors very like the Dermaptera,
and it is quite possible that the tendency toward the develop-
ment of symmetrical genitalia exhibited by. male Hymenoptera
was inherited from this side of their ancestry.
. While the Hymenoptera (and Neuroptera) may trace their
lineage through Coleoptera-like forms to ancestors resembling
the Dermaptera on one side of their ancestry, there is another
side of their lineage of even greater importance, which leads
back with the Psocida to ancestors resembling the Zoraptera
and Isoptera. The head capsule of certain Psocidae is very like
that of certain Hymenoptera, the wing venation in the two
groups offers many points of similarity, and the same is true of
the thoracic terga and the nature of the ovipositor. Similarly
the head capsule of the Zoraptera (which are like the ancestors
of the Psocida) is extremely like that of the lower Hymenoptera,
the thoracic terga and wings exhibit many points of resemblance
in the two groups, and the cerci (among other features of the
terminal abdominal structures) are very much alike in the
Hymenoptera and Zoraptera. In fact, it is quite probable that
the inherent tendency toward the development of social life
exhibited by the Zoraptera (and to a greater extent by their
near relatives, the Isoptera) has passed on to the Hymenoptera
from this source.

Thus, when we take into consideration a greater number of
anatomical, developmental, and biological features, and also
take into consideration the points of convergence of the lines
of development on either side of the Hymenoptera as well, it
becomes apparent that the line of development of the Hymenop-
tera, together with that of the Psocida and the Neuroptera, etc.,
leads back to ancestors resembling the Dermaptera (with the
Coleoptera) on the one side, and the Isoptera (with the Zorap-
tera) on the other. Since the mutual resemblances which one
finds in the groups in question would be inexplicable under any
other view, and since all of the known facts are in perfect agree-
ment with this view, there can be but little doubt that it is the
correct one.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

39

As was mentioned above, when we trace the ancestry of the
Hymenoptera a step further, the line of development of their
precursors would quickly merge with the lines of development of
the Isoptera (with the Zoraptera) and the Dermaptera (with the
Coleoptera), and since at this level of development, the differ-
ent groups under discussion become connected together on all
sides by mutual bonds of relationship in the form of annectant
types linking them together in all directions, it would be more
accurate to represent these interrelationships by a solid cone,
instead of depicting the lines of descent as distinct at this level,

PSOCIDA,

Zoraptera-
ISOPTERA

HYME.'IOPTERA

Mecoptera-
NEUROPTERA

Mantida-
PROTOBLATTIDA

FIG. 1 — Ancestry of the Hymenoptera.

as is done in the diagram. Furthermore, the similarities
between the precursors of the Hymenoptera, Psocida, Neurop-
tera, etc., become so marked as we trace them back to their
point of origin (where the lines of descent of the Dermaptera
and Isoptera merge) that at this level, or a little below it, the
differences between the ancestral types were doubtless no greater
than the differences between the families of a single order of
insects.

It is a comparatively simple matter to trace the lines of devel-
opment of the Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Psocida
back to ancestors anatomically intermediate between the
Dermaptera and the Isoptera (with the Zoraptera), and these
ancestral forms in turn quickly merge with the common ances-
tors of the Dermaptera and Isoptera. From this point on, how-
ever, the problem of finding the types ancestral to these forms in
turn, becomes much more difficult. The ancestors of the Derm-
aptera were undoubtedly extremely closely related to the Ple-
coptera with the Embiida; and the Zoraptera are unquestionably
intermediate between the Isoptera and Plecoptera so far as their
morphological details are concerned. On the other hand, the
Isoptera exhibit certain features clearly indicative of affinities
with the Protoblattida, in addition to their undoubted relation-
ship to the Dermaptera, Kmhiida and Plecoptera. This ilual
relationship of the common ancestors of the Dermaptera and

40 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

Isoptera to the Plecoptera (with the Embiida) on the one side,
and to the Protoblattida (with the Manticia) on the other, is
shown in the appended diagram, and simply indicates that the
common ancestors of the Dermaptera and Isoptera (together
with those of the other insects previously discussed) in turn lead
back to precursors which exhibited many of the primitive
characters of the Protoblattida and Plecoptera (with their
allies) since they were doubtless anatomically intermediate
between these two groups. These ancestral forms quickly
merge with those of the Plecoptera and Protoblattida as we
trace them still further back, and all of them were doubtless
eventually derived from forms closely allied to the Palaeodicty-
optera, which were among the first winged insects to be evolved
from the Apterygota.

If the relationships as shown in the diagram were correct, we
would expect that the Hymenoptera would exhibit a number of
features in common with the Neuroptera and Psocida and nearly
as many with the Zoraptera and Coleoptera, or with the Isop-
tera and Dermaptera; while the resemblances to the Proto-
blattida (with the Mantida) and to the Plecoptera (with the
Embiida) would be somewhat more remote, and such is indeed
the case. Furthermore, the fact that all of these forms exhibit
some mutual resemblances, becomes readily comprehensible if
we consider that the Psocida, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, etc.,
were derived from ancestors like the Isoptera (with the Zorap-
tera) and the Dermaptera (with the Coleoptera), and that these
in turn were derived from ancestors like the Protoblattida
(with the Mantida) and the Plecoptera (with the Embiida),
since some of the inherent tendencies of the primitive forms
might be carried over into the successive ancestral types derived
from them, thereby appearing in certain primitive representa-
tives of even such higher types as the Neuroptera, Hymenoptera
and Psocida. This view, which takes into consideration the
undoubted mutual resemblances occurring in all of the forms
discussed above, and which also takes into consideration the
very primitive features exhibited by certain of the lower Hymen-
optera, is clearly more in accord with the facts than is the case
with that proposed by Packard, who would derive the Hymen-
optera from Lepidoptera, or that proposed by Smith, who would
derive the Hymenoptera from Trichoptera. Furthermore, the
views that the Hymenoptera are derived from Neuroptera alone,
as proposed by Haeckel, or that the Hymenoptera are derived
from Mantida alone, as proposed by Handlirsch, do not take
into consideration the fact that Hymenoptera exhibit affinities
with several other groups, not with one alone, and in this respect
they fail to set forth the true relationships of the Hymenoptera
and the other forms under discussion.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 41

DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF SAWFLIES.1

BY CHARLES T. GREENE, Bureau of Entomology.

There are few published records of the Dipterous parasites
of the sawflies.

In this paper I have endeavored to bring together all the
records I could find on this subject and have added some new
breeding records which are marked with an asterisk.

The material was reared by Messrs. S. A. Rohwer and Wm.
Middleton at the Eastern Field Station, Forest Insect Investi-
gations, Falls Church, Virginia. The number following each
species refers to the Hopkins U. S. note system used in the Divis-
ion of Forest Insects. The date, as here used, is the rearing
date or the date on which the fly emerged from the puparium.

Tachina rustica Fallen, (of Coquillett.)
*Host. — Macremphytus variana Nort.

Collected at Plummer's Island, Maryland, by Win. Middleton.
Adult emerged May 26, 1916.

Hopks. U. S. No. 13635.

Collected at Cupid's Bower, Maryland, by T. E. Snyder.
Adults emerged September 1 to 19, 1916.

Hopks. U. S. No. 13649 q.

Tachina mella Walker.
*Host. — Macremphytus variana Nort.

Collected at Plummer's Island, Maryland, by Wm. Middleton .

Adult emerged May 29, 1916.
Hopks. U. S. No. 13635.

Phorocera claripennis Macq.

Host. — Neodiprion lecontei Fitch.

Collected at Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin, by S. A. Rohwer.

Adults emerged October 22 and 23, 1912.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10169 and 10170.
*Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at Kanawha Station, West Virginia, by Dr. A. D.

Hopkins. Adults emerged August 23, 1912.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10719 b.

Phorocera sp.
*Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at Cardinal, Virginia, by W. P. Smith. Adults

emerged July 31, 1915.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10737 k.

Phorocera sp. (near macra.)

Host. — Ncodl priori Iccontei Fitch.

Collected at Washington, District of Columbia, by I.. Forman.

iSawfly determinations by Mr. S. A. Rohwer, Custodian of' Hyrncnoptcra,
U. S. Nat. Mus.

42 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1CJ21

Adults emerged from August 17 to 28 and September 11,

1916.

Hopks. U. S. No. 13648 b.
Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at East River, Connecticut, by Dr. C. R. Ely.

Adults emerged September 24 to 26, 1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 13675 ai.

Spathimeigenia spinigera Towns.

Host. — Neodiprion edwardsii Nort.

Collected at Redlands, California, by H. E. Burke. Adults

emerged August 5, 1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 12070.;.
Host. — Neodiprion lecontei Fitch.

Collected at Reading, Pennsylvania, by S. A. Rohwer.

Adults emerged April 27, 1913.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10174.
Host. — Neodiprion lecontei Fitch.

Collected at Linglestown, Pennsylvania, by Wm. Middleton.

Adults emerged May 29, 1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10724.
*Host. — Neodiprion affinis Rohwer.

Collected at Falls Church, Virginia, by ]. N. Knull. Adults

emerged May 19, 1917.
Hopks. U. S. No. 13648 g.
*Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at Reading, Pennsylvania, by S. A. Rohwer.

Adults emerged March 29, 1913.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10173 c.
Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at Falls Church, Virginia, by S. A. Rohwer. Adults

emerged August 14, 1916.
Hopks. U. S. No. 13648 d.
Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at Falls Church, Virginia, by Wm. Middleton.

Adults emerged August 9 to 22, 1917.
Hopks. U. S. No. 13662 b.

Admontia hylotomae Coq.

*Host. — Arge sp.

Collected at East River, Connecticut, by C. R. Ely. Adults

emerged September 10 to 13, 1912.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10163 and 10163 a.
*Host. — Arge sp.

Collected at Falls Church, Virginia, by C. Heinrich. Adults

emerged September 1 to 9, 1913.
Hopks. U. S. No. 11394.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, XO. 2, FEB., 1921 43

Host. — Neodiprion leconti Fitch.

Collected at Falls Church, Virginia, by S. A. Rohwer. Adults

emerged May 16, 1913.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10175.

*Host. — Sawrly. (No record, but probably a Diprion sp).
Collected at Snow Crack Canyon, Yosemite National Park,

California, by J. M. Miller. '
Hopks. U. S. No. 10825.

Sturmia sp.
*Host. — Arge sp.

Collected at East River, Connecticut, by C. R. Ely. Adults

emerged August 11, 1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 12081^.

Phorocera claripennis Macq.

*Host. — Neodiprion virginiana Rohwer.

Collected at Kanawha Station, West Virginia, by Miss L.

Hopkins. Adults emerged September 4, 1913, and June 25,

1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10722 b.

Masicera sp. (near exilis.)

Host. — Neodiprion lecontei Fitch.

Collected at Falls Church, Virginia, by S. A. Rohwer. Adults

emerged May 22, 1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10716 £.

Frontina armigera Coq.

*Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at Mt. Airy, Georgia, by T. J. McConnell. Adults

emerged July 13 to 28, 1914.
Hopks. U. S. No. 10737 /.

Exorista petiolata Coq.

*Host. — Neodiprion sp.

Collected at East River, Connecticut, by C. R. Ely. Adults

emerged September 10 to 12, 1917.
Hopks. U. S. No. 13675 b.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1892. TOWN-SEND, C. H. T. — Notes on North American Tachinidae, with

descriptions of new species. Paper 7. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XIX, pp.

284-289.
1897. COU,UILLETT, D. \V. — Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of

Mexico. Bull. No. 7. Technical Series, U. S. Dept. Agric. Division of

Entomology.

1912. HEWITT, C. GORDON. — The Large Larch Sawfly (Nematus erichsonii).
Bull. 10, second series, pp. 33-34. (Division of Entomology, Canada.)

1913. TOTHIU., J. D. — Tachinidae and some Canadian host. Canadian
Entomologist, vol. 45, pp. 69-75.

44 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

LARVA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BEETLE SANDALUS NIGER

ENOCH.

BY F. C. CRAIGHEAD, Bureau of Entomology.

During the past July the writer spent several days at Doctor
Hopkins' farm, Kanawha Station, West Virginia, investigating
root borers of the genus Prionus on oak trees. On July 21, 1920,
while digging at the base of an oak, a cicada pupa was unearthed
that was intact in its burrow which had the exit hole completed
to near the surface of the ground. The fact that it was dead
and resembled a cast skin attracted attention and on attempting
to pick it up, it fell to pieces, disclosing a large whitish pupa.
This pupa was recognized as of some coleopterous insect and fur-
ther search revealed the last larval skin intact in the abdomen of
the cicada.1 August 5, 1920, an imperfect adult of Sandalus
niger Knoch emerged.2

The rearing of this beetle was very much of a surprise for
several reasons. Before the adult emerged the unusual circum-
stances were related to several Coleopterists at the National
Museum and all speculated as to what the beetle would be but
no one thought of Sandalus. The writer was of the opinion that
it might be a Meloid though the only basis for such an opinion
was the parasitic habit and the form of the larva. The Meloid
larvae also present considerable variation in structural details,
so much so that they are exceedingly difficult to characterize as
a family. None of the Meloids, however, have bifore spiracles
and the maxillary mala is never bilobed, while this larvae has
such structures well developed. The spiracles and other charac-
ters suggested to Doctor Boving and the writer that it belonged
to the Cleroid3 series of larvae including most of the families of
Serricornia, and that it showed much in common with the
Elaterids. The subsequent rearing of this beetle corroborates
strikingly that much reliance can be placed in larval characters
and further substantiates the contentions that no matter how
much variation is exhibited in habits, even greatly modifying
the form and many structures, the fundamental characters are
little altered.

'The fragmentary remains of this cicada pupa were sent to Mr. \Ym. T. Davis,
Brooklyn, New York, who replied that he regretted he was not able to determine
it from the fragmentary condition of the specimen.

2Determined by Messrs. Schwarz and Barber.

3As defined by Boving and Craighead — Boving, A. G. and Champhiin, A. B.:
Larvae of North American Beetles of the Family Cleridae. Proc. LI. S. Nat.
Mus. vol. 57, 1920.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921 45

Systematic Position of Sandalus Larva.1

Sandalus has been placed in the family Rhipiceridae together
with Zenoa and Callirrhipis and other exotic genera. Larvae of
both these latter genera have been studied and their association
with Elaterid-like forms has been recognized. The larva of
Sandalus presents so many structural differences from the two
genera just mentioned that it can not be regarded as belonging
to the same family. It might be contended that this parasitic
larva, of which only the last instar is known, may have very
different structures and appearance in the earlier instars. This
of course may be the case in all such parasitic forms known (as
in the families Staphylinidae, Carabidae or Meloidae) the funda-
mental structures, however, do not vary as much as is generally
believed and the family characters usually are recognizable
throughout the various stages. The form, reduction of legs,
antenna and palpal joints can be regarded as adaptations to a
parasitic habit, and a difference in these structures from allied
genera are to be expected. The larva can be differentiated from
Zenoa and Callirrhipis by the presence of a divided mala, which
will also distinguish it from all other parasitic types of larvae
known. The spiracles are identical with those of the Elateridae
and Sandalus is possibly most closely related to this family.
Many characters suggest, however, that it has developed from
Malachiid or Dermestid types which are regarded as less special-
ized larvae than the Elaterids.

For the above reasons this genus is characterized as belonging
to a distinct family, Sandalidae, based on Sandalus niger Knoch .

Characterization of the Family Sandalidae.

Larvae. — White, fleshy, fusiform, provided with solid, chitinous, conical cerci;
head globular, probably hypognathous; gula large, rectangular; labrum present;
antenna large, conical, one-jointed; mandible of simple grasping type, conical
and acute, without molar structure, retinaculum, prostheca or hairfringes;
ventral mouth parts retracted, fleshy and somewhat swollen, fused into a unit
through loss of maxillary articulating area and union of menturn and maxillary
stipes; inner margin of maxillary stipes and region of cardo slightly chitinized;
maxillary palp two-jointed; galea andlacinia present, conical, latter more obtuse;
labial stipes conical, palp one-jointed; ligula small; hypopharyngeal bracon well
developed but only lightly chitini/ed and united with large fleshy hypopharynx;
occipital foramen posterior; legs weak, conical, no chitinous articulations, three-
jointed, tarsus chitini/ed and hooklike, coxa widely separated; intersternal
rings of mesothorax and metathorax well developed, no hypopleural chitini/a-
tmns of thorax; abdominal and thoracic areas indistinct; spiracles bifore; tenth
abdominal segment ventral, wart-like.

'The following taxonomic discussion is based on a joint study of the character-
ization of Coleopterous larval families undertaken by Dr. A. G. Boving and the
writer.

46 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

Description of the larva.

In addition to the characters noted above, the larva can be
described as follows:

Fusiform,1 rather robust, creamy white, having the entire body surface sparsely
covered with fine short hairs; length probably about 25-30 mm., widest about 5th
and 6th abdominal segments. Head subglobular in form and lightly chitinized.
having deep depressions on the front arising from the articulation of the man-
dibles and extending posteriorly, each forming an angle; labrum semicircular in
outline, very thick and fleshy and fused with clypeus and triangular frons;
frontal sutures and median epicramal suture well defined; no ocelli; mandible
but little chitinized; gula well defined, broadly rectangular, bearing well
marked tentorial pits at anterior lateral angles. Body folds but little differen-
tiated (on larval skin) and no chitinizations; presternal ring of mesbthorax and
metathorax well defined and epipleural region of abdomen possibly swollen and
protuberant; ninth tergum chitinized at tip and extended into a pair of chitin-
ized, immovable, conical cerci. Spiracles rather large, lightly chitinized, bifore;
nine pairs, first on mesothorax, bulla large and approximate to bifore fingers,
latter pointing posteriorly.

The pupa was not carefully described while living as every
precaution was taken to ensure its transformation. In form it
was more slender than the adult, of a yellowish color and densely
covered with a tawny soft velvety pubescence. The abdomen
tapered posteriorly and was curled up under the thorax; when
disturbed it would suddenly straighten with considerable force.
It was this movement that probably scattered the pupal skin
of the cicada when it was touched.

All that is known of the habits has already been given and it is
hoped that this account may stimulate further search for more
material especially of the earlier stages. It is altogether possible
that the immature larvae may be more chitinized and resemble
some Elaterid-like larvae, such as Hemirhipus fascicularis Fab.,
the larvae of which, in the later stages, is predaceous in the pupal
cells of large Cerambycid wood borers and assume a fleshy, soft
body form quite in contrast to the earlier heavily chitinized
and free living stages.

In the summer of 1918 while collecting in Cumberland County,
Pennsylvania, some half dozen adults of Sandalus niger were
found slowly crawling up the trunk of an old sassafras tree in an
open pasture. These beetles had probably emerged from the
ground that day and were crawling up the trunk to take flight.

JThe form and size of the larvae could only be approximately determined; by
boiling in weak potash the skin was distended; the habitus figure was made
with camera lucida.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

PLATE IV

- -md

CRAIGHEAD— LARVA OF SANDALUS NIGER

48

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, FEB., 1921

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

•

FIGURES DRAWN BY THE AUTHOR

Figure 1. Ventral view of head with right maxilla removed.

2. Dorsal view of head.

3. Ninth tergum showing cerci.

4. Reconstructed lateral view of body.

6. Lateral view of labrum and labium to show hypopharynx.

7. Abdominal spiracle.

8. Leg.

ABBREVIATIONS.

a

b

hi

c

ca

ecr

epx

/

fs

g

ga

gus

hb

ho

hy

antennae

bulla of spiracle

fingers of bifore spiracle

clypeus

cardo

epicranium

epipharynx

frons

frontal suture

galea

gula

gular suture

hypopharyngeal bracon

hypostoma

hypopharynx

is intersternal ring

/ labrum

la lacinia

lig ligula

m mentum

md mandible

o opening of spiracle

,pgm palpiger

pli labial palpus

pmx maxillary palpus

sli labial stipes

sm submentum

st maxillary stipes

ta tarsus

tea tentorial arms

Actual date of publication March //, 1921

VOL. 23 MARCH 1921 No. 3

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

BARBER, H. G. REVISION OF THE GENUS LYGAEUS FAB. (HEMIPTERA-

HETEROPTERA) 63

BOVING, ADAM G. THE LARVA OF POPII LIA JAPONICA NEWMAN AND A

CLOSELY RELATED UNDETERMINED RUTELINE LARVA. A SYSTEM-
ATIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY (COL.) .... .... 51

MCATEE, W. L. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF NEMOCERA (DIPT.) . 49

PORTER, B. A. AND ALDEN, C. H. ANAPHOIDEA CONOTRACHELI GIRAULT

(HYM.) AN EGG PARASITE OF THE APPLE MAGGOT ....... 62

SHANNON, RAYMOND C. ANOTHER ANOMALOUS DIPTERON ADDED TO THE

RHYPHIDAE 50

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Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1 103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized Julv i,

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each
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Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

Honorary President . E. A. SCHWARZ

President . W. R. WALTON

First Vice-President . . A. B. GAHAN

Second Vice-President . A. G. BOVING

Recording Secretary . R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer . . S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Editor . A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE

and E. R. SASSCER.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

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VOL. 23 MARCH 1921 No. 3

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF NEMOCERA. (Dipt.)

BY W. L. MCATEE.

Mr. D. W. Coquillett identified the fly here described as
belonging to the genus Eupeitenus1 Macquart, of the Bibionidae,
relying, however, overmuch on "Macquart's well-known inac-
curacy" to cover discrepancies between the characters of his
specimen and those given in the original description and figure.
As a matter of fact the rly not only does not belong to the genus
Eupeifenus, nor to the family Bibionidae, but is so aberrant a
genus that it is the type of a new sub-family characterized by
Mr. Raymond C. Shannon in the appended paper.

Axymyia new genus.

Second longitudinal vein long, extending into terminal fourth of wing, radial
sector forking anterior to median crossvein, third vein forked, its upper branch
joining second vein at its termination, fourth vein extending to apex of wing; no
discal cell; fifth vein forked, a little beyond median crossvein; anal vein not
reaching wing margin (venation well shown in Coquillet's figure); thorax some-
what humped and swollen, head inserted low; antennae 15-jointed about as lony
as height of head.

Genotype: Axymyia furcata new species.

Axymyia furcata n. sp.

Female: General color hiscous, paler along sutures and incisures; eyes black,
ocelli on a prominent tubercle which is rather darker than surrounding surface;
basal joints of antennae and area about insertion of antennae pruinose; halteres
pale fuscous; legs the same, terminal joints of tarsi darker; wings slightly fumose,
veins brown.

Type a female, Germantown, Pa., April 26, 1908, H. S. Har-
beck (U. S. N. M.). Pnrutype female, Great Falls, \'a., April
20, 1916, W. L. McAtee (Biological Survey). The species has
been collected also in Dead Run Swamp and near the mouth
of Dead Run, Va., and at Ithaca, N. Y.

Rediscovery of the Bibionid Genus Eupeitenus. Km. News, Vol. \\, \O.
3, March, 1909, p. 10'.. fig.

50 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

ANOTHER ANOMALOUS DIPTERON ADDED TO THE RHYPHIDAE.

Bv RAYMOND C. SHANNON.

In connection with the preceding paper by Mr. W. L. McAtee
in which the aberrant dipteron Axymyia furcata McAtee is
newly described, it seems desirable to publish the following notes
on its systematic position.

Under the title "Rediscovery of the Bibionid Genus Eupei-
tenus1" Coquillett records his identification of a dipteron as
Eupeitenus atra Macq. He is evidently confident of its position
in the Bibionidae as he states: "The head and its members, as
also the body and legs, are essentially those of Plecia" (Bibioni-
dae).

Critical examination of the same specimen shows that it is
not a member of the Bibionidae and the characters given below
show that it finds its natural position with the Rhyphidae.
The genus Plccia possesses the following characters: Radial
sector forking far beyond R-M crossvein; R2 and R3 fused and
very short; antennae consisting of scape and an eight-jointed
flagellum; scutellum very much reduced and not separated from
mesonotum by a distinct suture; Cu2 recurrent at distal end,
thus narrowing the anal cell. Axymyia differs in having the
radial sector forking well before the R-M crossvein; branch
R2-|- R3 long and R2 present as a distinct vein; flagellum of
antennae composed of fourteen segments; scutellum well
developed and separated from mesonotum by a distinct suture;
anal vein evanesces some distance from wing margin, hence
anal cell not narrowed at margin.

Mr. F. W. Edwards has proven that Mycetobia (formerly
placed in the Mycetophilidae) is a member of the Rhyphidae.2
The principal character used in both these cases, namely the
forking of the radial sector basaci of the R-M crossvein (origi-
nally discovered by Edwards), apparently is a fundamental one
in the suborder Nemocera. Recently Alexander has added the
Trichocerinae to the Rhyphidae. Dr. C. P. Alexander has
very kindly examined this manuscript and approves of the posi-
tion of the Axymyinae in the Tipuloidea, for which favor the
author expresses his sincere thanks. The writer is much
indebted to Prof. O. A. Johannsen for a number of points
relating to the classification of the Nemocera and for some very
timely advice.

Characters of the Rhyphidae: Radial sector forking anteri-
orly to R-M crossvein; anal cell widening towards wing margin;
antennae with a many-jointed homomomous flagellum; no
true macrochaetae present; ocelli present. This last named

'Knt. News, p. 106, 1909. Wing figured.

2Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, 1916, p. 108-116.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921 51

character distinguishes the Rhyphidae from the other Tipu-
loidea.

Table of Subfamilies of Rhyphidae:

1. Discal cell present.. 2.

- Discal cell absent 3.

2. Two distinct anal veins; radial sector three-branched Trichocerinae.
— One distinct anal vein; radial sector two-branched-- . .Rhvphinae.

3. R2 fused with R3; vein R2-f-R3 short, entering wing margin short dis-

tance beyond Rl; anal cell extending to wing margin ... .^Mycetobinae.

- R2 present as a distinct vein; anal vein evanescent some distance from

wing margin. (New subfamily, type genus Axymyia McAtee).

Axymyinae.

THE LARVA OF POPILLIA JAPONICA. NEWMAN

AND

A CLOSELY RELATED UNDETERMINED RUTELINE LARVA.
A SYSTEMATIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY.

BY ADAM G. BOVING, Bureau of Entomology.

Popillia japonica Newman belongs to the Scarabaeid tribe
Rutelim. In his conspectus systematicus of the larvae of the
series Lamellicornia Schiodte has characterized the larvae of
this tribe.1 Like the entire paper of which the conspectus
systematicus forms a part that characterization is given in
Latin. Translated and in a few places slightly modified it may
be presented as follows, the footnotes and the textnotes in
parentheses or brackets being by the present author:

Characterization of the Rutelini.

I. Stridulating instrument formed by a dentate carina, on the dorsal side of

the maxillary stipes, rubbing against a finely tuberculate area on the ventral

side of the mandible (figs. 4 and 14). Antenna consisting of four joints.

Legs all well developed, gradually increasing in length from first to third

pair. Anterior abdominal segments dorsally with three transverse areas.

Maxillary palp four jointed (Schiodte says, "three jointed," interpreting

the basal joint as palpiger). No ocelli. Mandible with manducatorial

portion (the portion with the molar or grinding structure) deeply separated

from the scissorial portion (portion with the cutting edge) (m, s fig. 13);

molar structure with posterior heel bearing a tuft of bristles (figs. 24, 25).

[By the given combination of characters the Trogini,

Geotrypini, Lucaiihii and Passa/ini — sensu Schiodte—

'are excluded].

U. C. Schiodte: De metamorphosi Eleutheratorum observationes, Naturhist.
Tidsskrift, series 3, vol. 9, 1874, pp. 227-376, pi. VIII-XIX.

52 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

A. Respiratory plate of spiracles surrounds the major part of bulla (R and
B fig. 1). Legs with covering of fine hair.
[By these two characters the Copridini — sensu Schiodte—

are excluded.]

1. Maxilla with both malae ( = inner and outer lobes) completely fused
(fig. 6). Anal opening transverse and terminal (fig. 15).

[By these characters the Sericini — sensu Schiodte — are

excluded.]

b. 1Scissorial portion of mandible depressed; apically obliquely truncate with
terminal angle acute, posterior angle obtuse and by a short incision sepa-
rated from a small tooth (figs. 8, 11). Labrum with lateral margins of the
ventral side flattened and transversely striate (fig. 7). Length of antenna
equal to length of head; subapical antennal joint distally and internally
produced into a conical and pointed, incurved appendix. Claws (abbrevi-
ated expression for clawshaped tarsi) slender, subulate.

[By this combination of characters the Cetoniini and the
Dynastiini* — sensu Schiodte — are excluded.]

f. Stridulating area of mandible, placed in the manducatorial portion,
oblong, transversely ribbed with very fine and densely set ridges (figs. 4
and 13). Molar structure of right mandible with bicarinate crown (cr 1, cr
2 fig. 24). Maxilla with interior mala ( = inner lobe = lacinia) bidentate
and with [about] six acute, recurved Stridulating teeth (figs. 14,17 and 21).
Anal valvules not well defined, anal slit crescent shaped (figs. 15, 23).
Abdomen clavate-cylindrical.

[By this series of characters the Rutelini are separated

from the Melolonthini'1' — sensu Schiodte.]
The two forms described by Schiodte as typical Rutelini
larvae on which his characterization of this tribe is based are

1Under "a" Schiodte characterizes the Dynastiini and Cetoniini.

2The Dynastiine larva of Cyclocephala immaculata Olivier is mentioned by
John J. Davis as one of those white grubs, which most likely could be mistaken
for Popillia japonica. (John J. Davis: The green Japanese beetle, Circular
No. 30, New Jersey Dept. of Agric., 1920, p. 20, fig. 11.)

3Some Melolonthine larvae of the genus Phyllophaga ( = Lachnosterna), as P.
hirticula Knoch and P. tristis Fabricius, are mentioned by John J. Davis as likely
to be mistaken for Popillia japonica (I.e. in footnote 3). As another larva which
can be mistaken for Popillia japonica, John J. Davis also mentions (I.e.) Macro-
dactylus subspinosus Fabricius. According to the character of the adult beetle,
the genus Macrodact\lus is placed among the Melolonthini. The larva, however,
only approaches this tribe but can not be placed in it, differing in the following
essential characters: 1. No Stridulating area on mandible, no Stridulating teeth
on maxilla (the Melolonthini having a transverse Stridulating mandibular area
formed by irregularly distributed granules and twelve maxillary teeth). 2.
Mandibular molar structure indistinctly bicarinate (the Melolonthini having
tricarinate mola). 3. All claws of equal size (the Melolonthini have third pair
abruptly abbreviated).

I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1V2I 53

.hiomala acnea Degeer, hy Schiodte named Euch/ont j'risc/iii
Fabricius, and Phyllopertha horticola Linnaeus, both Kuropcan
species, common in Denmark. His brief characterizations
of these larvae are as follows:

Anomala aenea.

"Epicranial suture with elevated margins. Antenna with length of subupical
joint in proportion to basal joint as 3:4. Maxillary palp with length of post-
apical joint in proportion to prebasal joint as 2:4 (the Latin text has 'articulus
secundus palporum maxillarium articulo primo duplo brevior, ' our prebasal
joint being identical with Schiodte's 'articulus primus' and our basal joint being
his 'palpiger'). Length of tibia in proportion to femur as 3:4. Claws of third
pair of legs abruptly shorter. Respiratory plate with oblong holes, placed in
transverse series. "

Phyllopertha horticula.

"Epicranial suture inconspicuous. Antenna with subapical joint as long as
basal joint. Maxillary palp with length of postapical joint in proportion to
prebasal joint as 3:4 (the Latin text has, 'articulus secundus palporum maxU-
larium articulo primo dimidio brevior'). Length of tibia in proportion to femur
as 2:4. All legs with claws of about same size. Respiratory plate with angulate-
rotundate holes, irregularly distributed."

The following definition of Popillia japonica Newman is given
in exact conformity with Schiodte's formula.

Popillia japonica.

Epicranical suture with medianly slightly elevated margins (fig. 18). An-
tenna with subapical joint as long as basal joint. Maxillary palp with length of
subapical joint in proportion to prebasal joint as 3:4 (fig. 6). Length of tibia in
proportion to femur about equal (fig. 16). All legs with claws of about same
size. Respiratory plate with angulate-rotundate holes, irregularly distributed
(fig- 5).

The Popillia larva is more closely allied to the Phyllopertha larva
than to the Anomala larva as these forms aredefined by Schiodte,
Popillia only differing from Phyllopertha in having slightly
elevated margins of epicranical suture ami proportionally some-
what longer tibia; trom Anomala it differs, besides in the pro-
portional length of the joints of the articulated organs mentioned,
in having equally long claws and a differently constructed res
piratory plate.

Systematic and Morphological Description of Popillia Japonica Newman.

(Mature larva; in U. S. National Museum; from Rivcrron,
New jersey, 5 Nov., 1917; coll. \Vm. (). F.llis. Species reared.)
(Figs. 1 IS, 21, 23 and 24.)

Length af mature larva, nearly 25 mm. ( =onc HH li I.

54 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

Extreme width of head, 3.1 mm.

Cranium?- narrower than prothorax, its extreme width in proportion to the
extreme width of prothorax being 2:3; transverse with width to length as 2:1.5,
widest immediately behind antennae; surface finely reticulate.

Frons, (fig. 18) indistinctly limited, wider than long, with width to length as
3:2; frontal suture with anterior half slightly convex, posterior half slightly con-
cave; posterior frontal angle shortly accuminate. Anterior margin with four
setae, two are exteriorly placed, between articulation of mandible and base of
antenna; two are interiorly placed, between articulation of mandible and median
line of frons; behind and close to the two exterior marginal setae is one seta;
behind the interior marginal setae and towards the middle of frontal suture is a
short series of three setae.

Epicranial suture, in proportion to length of frons as 1:3; elevation of margin
along epicranical suture slight and dark colored; epicranical setae are about seven
in series along the frontal suture and about ten in an irregular group laterally
from antennal base to a point almost at the level with posterior angle of frons
(figs. 12 and 18).

Clypeus, about two and a half times as wide as long, trapezoidal; in front with
a transverse, slightly lighter colored, naked, ribbon shaped region, limited
posteriorly by a low ridge; behind the ridge two lateral setae and one seta
between anterior lateral seta and longitudinal middle line of clypeus.

Labrum, with length to width as 1:1.5, and with length to length of clypeus as
1:0.75, not much narrower than clypeus; laterally rounded, anterior margin
irregularly and slightly crenulate, medianly somewhat obtusely produced;
dorsal surface roughened with numerous small, rounded projections; posteriorly
slightly elevated, flatly descendent forward; lateral border (fig. 7) ventrally
flattened, with rather dense transverse striation; at apical margin (fig. 18) with
one well developed and one rather small seta; at lateral margin dorsally with a
series of about five setae and ventrally with a series of almost as many short,
curved setae as striations; close to and parallel to posterior margin with a series
of four setae; on disk with two setae, one placed anteriorly, one larger near the
transverse middle line.

Antenna, almost as long as cranium, rather slender, four jointed; basal joint
clavate, about one-fifth the length of entire antenna; prebasal joint clavate,
about twice as long as basal joint; subapical joint about same length and pro-
portions as basal joint, but anteriorly on the inner side produced into a well
developed accessory process of pointed conical shape; apical joint somewhat
shorter than first joint, twice as long as thick, elliptical, anteriorly pointed; a few
setae on prebasal joint; thin, semitransparent sensorial area on apical joint of
accessory process.

Mandible, slightly longer than cranium. Scissorial portion (s fig. 18) three
times shorter and approximately half as wide as rest of mandible, depressed,
above smooth, below rugose with longitudinal groove along exterior margin, and
a shallow cavity at base (figs. 8 and 18); cutting edge thin with terminal angle
pointed and posterior angle obtuse, separated by small incision from minute

JThe term cranium is here used for the capsule, formed by the two fixed parts
of the head, frons and epicranium.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921 55

tooth (t fig. 18). Lateral exterior mandibular portion (1 figs. 13 and 18) subtrian-
gular, flat, punctate and wrinkled, limited by two apically converging carinae
from base of mandible to scissorial portion; with several setae. Manducatorial
( = mola bearing) portion dorsally and ventrally somewhat convex, smooth and
shining, separated from scissorial portion by oblique impression declining
towards outside of mandible. Stridulating area elliptical, on right mandible
twice, on left two and a half times as long as wide, densely set with minute
asperities (figs. 3, 4 and 13), regularly arranged in fine, parallel lines. Right
molar part oblique, anteriorly low, posteriorly prominently projecting, sloping
gradually downwards from the upper part of crown to the heel; crown ( = corona)
(figs. 8 and 24) bicarinate, transversely trilobed with one small anterior (cr 1
fig. 24) and two large posterior lobes (cr 2 and cr 3) ; anterior lobe rounded, almost
globular, limited by neckshaped narrowing; both posterior lobes fungiform and
obtusely carinate; heel ( = calx) (fig. 8 and ca fig. 24) strong, with flat, granulose
surface, transverse, subtrapezoidal, about twice as broad as long, posteriorly
truncate and emarginate with dorso-posterior angle (a fig. 24) developed as a
short, broad, obtuse process about as long as wide, and only slightly projecting
over a large, rounded, deeply excavate, dorsal portion of the bristle bearing
base (bb fig. 24). Left molar part (figs. 9, 10 and 25) anteriorly prominent,
posteriorly retracted; crown bilobed, anterior lobe (L 1 fig. 25) strong, fungiform,
crenulate along free margin, shielding deep excavation, which receives poster-
ior carinated lobe of right mola (cr 3 fig. 24); posterior lobe of left mandible
frontally carrying an obtuse, transverse carina (L 2 fig. 25) between one strong
dorsal and one less developed rounded ventral tooth; heel (Ca fig. 25) rather
small, slightly concave, anteriorly limited by a low transverse carina, coming
from a broad, dorsal, piliferous hook ( = hamus) (H fig. 25) and disappearing to-
wards ventral tooth of posterior lobe; bristle bearing base (Bb fig. 25) pos-
teriorly with obtusely conical outline, and anteriorly almost contiguous with
grinding surface of heel.

Maxillary lobes ( = lacinia and galea) fused into a single, solid, conico-quad-
rangular, slightly depressed, setose structure; ventrally (fig. 6) with surface
entirely plain, dorsally (fig. 14) with a rather deep, longitudinal sulcus, which is
the limiting line between the areas of the exterior and interior lobes; exterior
lobe ( = galea) with single, terminal, curved and very strong tooth ( = uncus)
(gt fig. 17); interior lobe (lacinia) with two strong, conical teeth (It 1, It 2 fig.
17); long and strong, conical setae on dorsal side along bases of teeth; two strong
conical setae (vs fig. 17) on the ventral side of bases of teeth; a single, short,
strong seta (ps fig. 17) posteriorly to second lacinia-tooth.

Stipes, with Stridulating teeth (figs. 14 and 21) on dorsal side, about six,
slender, pointed and recurved; dentiferous carina apically curvilinear, with
obtuse tubercle.

Maxillary palp (fig. 6), projecting beyond exterior maxillary lobe by half the
length of the apical joint; four-jointed; basal joint short, obconical; second joint
three times as long as basal joint; subapical joint three fourths the length of
second joint; apical joint as long as second joint and obovate.

Epipharynx, (fig. 7) membranous, densely set with short spinules on each side
of a nude, fleshy ridge along the middle line; four, pointed teeth asymmetrically
placed near anterior margin.

56 PROC. EXT. soc. WASH., VOL. 23, NTO. 3, MAR., 1921

Glossa (= Lingua, sensu Schiodte) (lin figs. 13 and 14) fleshy, cushioned,
densely set with spines.

Hypopharyngeal chitinization, (fig. 14) obliquely transverse, asymmetrical,
with right angle heavily chitinized and dorsally produced into a strong, obtuse
process which together with upper part of right molar structure forms a hard
strata against which upper portion of left molar part works; left angle triangular,
dorsally semimembranous, interiorly limited by a longitudinal series of numer-
ous spines; ventrally (hy fig. 13) both right and left angle with articulating
fossa for hypopharyngeal condyle (he fig. 13) of mandible.

Legs (figs. 12 and 16). — Rather long and slender, gradually and slightly
increasing in length from first to third; third leg about as long as lengths of meso-
and meta-thorax together; long, fine hairs scattered over entire surface of legs;
coxae cylindrical, distal end near trochanter without conical prolongation; coxa
of first leg twice, of third leg four times as long as thick; trochanter obconical,
about twice as long as thick and almost as thick as coxa; femur clavate-cylindri-
cal, slightly constricted at the middle inferiorly, about twice as long as thick;
tibia ovate-cylindrical, about three times as long as thick, length in proportion
to the length of femur as 4:5, thickness in proportion to thickness of femur as
2:3; claws subequal, all subuliform, somewhat incurved and about one third as
long as tibia.

Body form (fig. 12). — Clavate-cylindncal, about six times as long as thick;
hairs numerous and short, from seventh abdominal segment longer and scarcer.

Color. — Head testaceous, with heavily chitinous parts dark brown; body pale;
legs pale flavescent; prothorax with an irregularly outlined, chitinous, testaceous
impression in front of and almost as large as lower half of first dorsal area
(prescutum) of mesothorax.

Body areas (fig. 12). — Prothorax with one dorsal area; meso- and meta-
thorax with three dorsal areas (prescutum, scutum, scutellum); the first six
abdominal segments with three dorsal areas (prescutum, scutum, scutellum).

Tenth abdominal segment ( = annulus analis, figs. 12, 15 and 23). — Dorsally
distinct, considerably longer than ninth abdominal segment; one and a half
times as long as head (from tip of labrum to foramen occipitale); below with
scattered, apically hook-shaped setae, and with two posteriorly diverging rows
of about seven, short, straight, very pointed spines which are at a distance in
front from the anal slit almost equal to the length of the rows.

Anal slit, transverse, terminal; upper anal lip (ua fig. 23) with rounded, concave
margin; lower lip (loa fig. 23) with margin rounded and convex and with a
slightly marked, straight, transverse impression between the two ends of the
slit (ti fig. 23).

Spiracles (figs. 1, 2, 5 and 12). — Orbicular; respiratory plate (R fig. 1) C-
shaped almost surrounding bulla (B fig. 1), with width less than half the length
of bulla; holes of plate (fig. 5) comparatively large, angulate-rotundate, irregu-
larly distributed. Concavity of thoracic respiratory plate facing posteriorly; of
abdominal plates anteriorly.

An Undetermined Closely Related Ruteline Larva.

(Possibly Strigoderma arboricola Fabricius.)
(Mature larva; in U. S. National Museum; from Riverton,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921 57

New Jersey, 4 October, 1920; coll. C. H. Hadley; among mixed
material of various Scarabaeid larvae of same size. Species not
reared.)

(Figs. 19, 20, 22, 26 and 27.)

Length of mature larva, nearly 25 mm. ( = one inch).

Extreme, width of head, 3.1 mm.

Larva close to Popi/lia japonica and identical with this species in every
character mentioned in the "brief characterization" of that form (p. 5). Both
have same size, same general proportions; however, the unidentified form differs
in the following structural details from Popillia japonica.

Frons (fig. 19) with only two setae between the interior marginal seta and the
middle of frontal suture.

Labrum (fig. 19) with posterior transverse elevation rather distinct and
sculptured with closely set, rather large, obtuse, oval protuberances.

Molar part of right mandible (fig. 26) with heel (ca) almost square; dorso-
posterior angle (a) slender, twice as wide and projecting over and entirely cover-
ing the bristle bearing base; small anterior lobe (cr 1) of crown fusiform, with
elongate elliptical outline.

Last abdominal segment (fig. 27) with two parallel rows of about ten spines;
distance between posterior end of rows and anal slit somewhat shorter than
length of rows.

The present larva probably belongs to the genus Strigoderma,
being that North American genus which most closely approaches
Popillia. According to the size of the mature grub and the fact
that the only Strigoderma species which occurs in the locality in
question is Strigoderma arboricola Fabricius, the larva must
belong to this species, if it is a Strigoderma larva at all. That
possibility, namely, can not be disregarded that the grub might
be an Anomala larva. All the American species at present
included in the genus Anomala may not be congeneric, and con-
sequently the brief characterization given by Schiodte of
Anomala aenea may agree only with part of the many Anomala-
species. The larva of Anomala binotata Gyllenhal, which is
reared from egg by Dr. F. C. Craighead (Hopk. LT. S. 1 1872 x)
corresponds exactly with Schiodte's characterization of Anomala.
If, however, the grubs, mentioned by John J. Davis (I.e.) as
Anomala spf>., really belong to that genus, it certainly will be
necessary to separate those species from the rest of the genus, as
they according to Davis are "distinguished by the angular anal
split." It must at the same time be borne in mind that this
character never, like the arrangement of the anal spines, has
been considered one of specific or generic value, but always as a
character of tribal value.

Serving as a summary the following key may express the
systematic differences between those North American and
European grubs which are closely related to or recorded as most
likely to be mistaken for Popillia japonica.

58 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 2, MAR., 1921

All forms included in the key have: Four jointed antennae;
all legs of approximately same length; a stridulating organ is
never formed by special development of second and third pair
of legs; ocelli are not present; cutting edge of mandible never
tridentate.

Key:

1. Antenna shorter than headcapsule; antenna! appendix obtuse; ventral

margin of labrum without transverse striation; cutting edge of mandible
without tooth; (North American)... ...Cyclocephala.

Antenna as long as headcapsule; antennal appendix pointed conical; ventral
margin of labrum transversely striate; cutting edge of mandible poster-
iorly with a small tooth ... ...2.

2. Stridulating structures absent on mandible and maxilla; (North Ameri-

can) ...Macrodactylus.

Stridulating structures present on mandible and maxilla ... ...3.

3. Stridulating area of mandible with granules irregularly distributed, of

maxilla with about twelve teeth; anal slit transverse, medianly angular;

(North American) ...Phyllophaga (Lachnosterna).

Stridulating area of mandible with granules in transverse fine lines, of
maxilla with about six teeth; anal slit transverse, crescent-shaped 4.

4. Claws of third pair of legs abruptly shorter than of first and second pair of

legs; respiratory plate with oblong holes in transverse rows; (North
American and European)... ...Anomala.

Claws of third pair of legs same length as of first and second; respiratory
plate with angulate-rotundate holes, irregularly distributed 5.

5. Epicranical suture inconspicuous and without elevated margins; (Euro-

pean)... ...Phyllopertha.

Epicranical suture with slightly elevated and medianly dark colored
margins .... ...6.

6. Labrum coarsely granulate; mandibular mola with heel posteriorly concave

and dorso-posterior angle shortly prolonged; with anterior lobe of crown
globular; anal segment ventrally with two posteriorly diverging rows of
about seven spines; (North American, introduced from Japan) Popillia.
Labrum posteriorly with closely set, rather large, oval, obtuse elevations;
mandibular mola with heel almost square and the dorso-posterior angle
slender, twice as long as wide; with anterior lobe of crown fusiform;
anal segment with two parallel rows of about ten spines; (North Ameri-
can) ...Undetermined grub; possibly Strigoderma.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Figures drawn by author.

Plate V'.
POPILLIA JAPONICA Newman.

Fig. 1. Abdominal spiracle: B, bulla with spiracular opening; R, respiratory

plate with fine holes.
Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of spiracle: A, atrium; b, bulla; o, spiracular

opening; r, respiratory plate; t, trabecula (one of those branched

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

PLATE V

B6VING— LARVA OF POPILLIA JAPONICA

PLATE VI

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

B6VING— LARVA OF POPILLIA JAPONICA

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921 61

supports of the spiracular plate which originate from the wall of the

spiracular atrium); Trach, trachea.
Fig. 3. Small, highly magnified part of the stridulating area of mandible,

showing the form and arrangement of the granules.
Fig. 4. Left mandible, ventral side, with stridulating area.
Fig. 5. Terminal part of respiratory plate, showing form and arrangement of

the holes of the plate; highly magnified; external view.
Fig. 6. Right maxilla, ventral surface; showing sensorial area of apical joint

of palp; completely fused lacinia and galea; the two lacinia teeth and

the galea tooth; bidivided cardo; articulating area between maxilla

and submentum.
Fig. 7. Epipharynx; four anterior asymmetrically placed small hooks; lateral

margin with transverse stnations.
Fig. 8. Right mandible.
Fig. 9. Left mandible.
Fig. 10. Diagram showing the way in which the molar parts of right and left

mandibles fit together.
Fig. 11. Right mandible.
Fig. 12. Side view of larva.
Fig. 13. Ventral surface of mandibles and hypopharyngeal chitinization; hy,

supplementary ventral condyle of mandible; fossa in hypopharyngeal

chitinization receiving supplementary condyle of mandible; 1, exterior

and lateral part of mandible; lin, glossa; m, manducatorial ( = mola

bearing) part of mandible; o, stridulating, oval organ of left mandible;

oo, same of right mandible; s, scissorial ( = cutting) part of mandible.
Fig. 14. Dorsal surface of maxillae, glossa (lin), hypopharyngeal chitinization,

pharynx and wide entrance to oesophagus (oe).
Fig. 15. Terminal portion of tenth abdominal segment.
Fig. 16. Second and third pair of legs.

Plate VI.

POPILLIA JAPONICA Newman and "STRIGODERMA ARBORICOLA

Fabricius?"

Fig. 17. Popillia. Malae ( = fused lacinia and galea) of left maxilla, innerside,

viewed from buccal cavity: gt, galea-tooth; It I and It 2, lacinia-teeth;

ps and vs, large setae.
Fig. 18. Popillia. Dorsal surface of head: s, scissorial part of mandible;

1, lateral part of mandible.

Fig. 19. "Strigoderma?" Dorsal surface of head.
Fig. 20. "Strigoderma?" Malae of left maxilla; view as fig. 17.
Fig. 21. Popillia. Posterior part of dorsal surface of right maxilla, exhibiting

creaking teeth of stridulating organ.
Fig. 22. "Strigoderma?" Same view as fig. 21.
Fig. 23. Popillia. Posterior part of ventral side of tenth abdominal segment:

loa, lower anal lip; ua, upper anal lip; ti, transverse impression between

the two ends ot anal slit.
Fig. 24. Popillia. Molar structure of right mandible: a, dorse-posterior angle

62 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

of heel; bb, bristle bearing part of heel; ca, heel ( = calx); cr 1, first

lobe of crown ( = corona); cr 2 and cr 3, carinated second and third

lobes of crown.
Fig. 25. Popillia. Molar structure of left mandible: Bb, bristle bearing base

of heel; Ca, heel ( = calx); H, hook ( = hamus); L 1 and L 2, first and

second lobes of crown.

Fig. 26. "Strigoderma?" Same view as fig. 24.
Fig. 27. "Strigoderma?" Same view as fig. 23.

ANAPHOIDEA CONOTRACHELI GIRAULT (HYM.) AN EGG
PARASITE OF THE APPLE MAGGOT.

Bv B. A. PORTER AND C. H. ALDEN.

In the course of studies of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis
pomonella Walsh, carried on at Wallmgford, Conn., it was noted
by the junior author that a number of eggs dissected out of
apples collected in the field were parasitized. Adults were
reared, and determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan as Anaphoidea
conotracheli Girault.

This Mymarid is very common as an egg parasite of the plum
curculio, having been reared from that host on various fruits
from many localities, including most of the Atlantic States from
Connecticut to Georgia, and from Kentucky and Texas. It has
also been reared from the eggs of the grape curculio, Craponious
inaequalis Say, but so far as is known, no record has been made
of this species as a parasite of the apple maggot. Individuals
were reared by the writers from apple maggot eggs from two
localities in the vicinity of Wallingford.

The life cycle from egg to adult for this parasite in the eggs of
the curculio has been shown to be ten to eleven days, and is
presumably not very different in that of the apple maggot.
The egg-laying period of the second host follows shortly after
that of the first, offering a very favorable succession of host
material, enabling the parasite to breed almost without inter-
ruption from June until September.

The process of oviposition has not been observed. Parasi-
tized eggs turn dark, especially in the middle portion, the part
usually occupied by the parasite, the eyes showing through the
shell as dark red. In emerging, the tiny parasite chews a hole
in the side of the egg, and, instead of emerging through the egg
puncture, it makes its way directly to the surface of the apple
and chews its way through the skin, making an exit hole con-
siderably smaller than the egg puncture and at a little distance
from it. As has been noted with the eggs of the curculio, a few
of the maggot eggs contained two parasites.

Counts made of material collected near Wallingford gave per-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921 63

centages of parasitism ranging from twenty-five to thirty per-
cent, indicating that the parasite may prove of great importance
in the natural control of the apple maggot.

REFERENCE.

1912. QUAINTANCE and JENNE. — Bur. Ent. Bull. 103, pp. 140-142.
1918. BROOKS, F. E.— Bur. Ent. Bull. 730, p. 14.

REVISION OF THE GENUS LYGAEUS FAB. (HEMIPTERA-HETER-

OPTERA).

H. G. BARBER, Roselle Park, N. J.

Characters of the genus. — Pronotum either without a median longitudinal keel
or with a keel not reaching anterior margin; posterior margin straight before
scutellum. Scutellum depressed, with a longitudinal median keel commonly
joined to a median or premedian transverse ridge. Metapleura with posterior
margin straightly or somewhat roundly truncate not oblique, the anterior and
posterior margins of this nearly parallel.

Corium almost or quite impunctate; its posterior margin straight. Mem-
brane not at all or usually narrowly but never with the apex more widely white
margined; rarely entirely or for the most part clear of whitish. Head (except in
Melanocoryphus Stal) with a red or pale spot or longitudinal fascia near base;
eyes in contact with the anterior margin of pronotum. Species mostly black
marked with red or sometimes with the latter color predominating.

Key to Subgenera and Species.

1. Pronotum black provided with a postmedian transverse red band or three

red spots, remote from posterior margin. Venter most commonly red
with fascia at anterior angles of segments 2-5 and all of sixth and genital
segments black or most rarely (formosns) venter entirely black.
Odoriferous orifices black. Head with red fascia at least at base.
Larger species, 10-12 mm.

Subgenus (Graptolomus Stal) Lygaens Fab., Van Duz... 2.

Pronotum unprovided with a transverse postmedian red fascia, remote
from posterior margin. Species smaller . 6.

2. Clavus pale margined within, never furnished with a subapical black spot.

Venter of abdomen entirely black. formosus Blanch.

— Clavus never pale margined, either entirely black or anteriorly red;
opposite apex of scutellum furnished with an opaque black spot.
Venter red marked with black...

3. Membrane in great part pale with fuscous veins. Broad margins of all

pleurae posteriorly, propleurae anteriorly, bucculae and acetabulae
pale fusco-reddish ..

Membrane either entirely black or most commonly pale margined with
concolorous veins, with or without white discal spots. Bucculae,
acetabulae and margins of pleurae not pale

64 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

4. Membrane entirely black without pale margins or white discoidal or basal

spots. Clavus anteriorly red. Head with a Y-shaped red fascia, the
anterior arms of which are extended beneath the antenniferous tu-
bercles ( = trimaculatus Dall.) turcicus Fab.
Membrane pale margined, with or without white discoidal spots. Clavus
either entirely black or anteriorly red. Red fascia at base of head most
commonly reduced in size .. 5.

5. Clavus entirely black. Membrane variable, either only narrowly mar-

gined with white and occasionally furnished with less conspicuous white
discal spots (Eastern forms) or broadly margined and furnished with
conspicuous white discal spots (Western forms) ... ...kalmii Stal.

Clavus anteriorly red. Membrane narrowly margined and most com-
monly furnished with white discal spots which are often reduced and
sometimes wanting .... rec/ivatus Say.

6. Pronotum entirely black or sometimes only humeral angles red. Odor-

iferous orifices black. Head with red basal spot (sometimes obscured
in bis 'triangular -is). Corium and clavus bright red. Membrane
very narrowly and evenly white margined. Sixth and genital ventral
segments black... Subgenus Melanopleurus Stal 7.
Pronotum rarely entirely black (pyrrhopterus] , if so then as in the other
members of the subgenus Ochrostomus the odoriferous orifices are
pale. Commonly the anterior, lateral at least in part and most fre-
quently the posterior margin of the pronotum red or pale or the latter
trimaculate with red .. 8.

7. Size larger, 8-9 mm. long. Bucculae variable but commonly higher and

more semicircularly elevated. Bucculae, acetabulae, anterior margin
of propleurae and posterior margins of pro- and mesopleurae rather
broadly and conspicuously pale .. ...beljragei Stal.

Size smaller, 5-6 mm. long. Bucculae lower, less semicircularly elevated.
Bucculae, acetabulae, margins of pleurae, inconspicuously, narrowly
pale bordered .. .—bistriangularis Say.

8. All margins of pronotum and hemielytra conspicuously bordered with red

or yellow. Orifices black. Base of head with red spot. Bucculae,
acetabulae, anterior margin of propleura and posterior margins of all
pleurae broadly pale or yellow. Venter red with sixth and genital
segments black. (L. uhleri Stal.).. .. Subgenus Craspeduchiis Stal.

Rarely with entire margins of pronotum and hemielytra bordered with
red or pale, if so then is the venter entirely black or margined with red
or the head is without a red spot at base.. 9.

9. Head with a red or pale spot at base. Orifices pale. Coloration of venter

variable, entirely black or margined with red or pale or only the sixth
and genital segments black ....Subgenus Ochrostomus Stal. 10.

Head entirely black. Orifices black, rarely pale (mimulus) in which case
base of legs and apices of femora pale. Coloration of venter variable,
most frequently entirely black or narrowly red margined, rarely for the
most part red (bicrucis). Membrane with or without median white
discoidal spot 14.

10. Venter red, sometimes more or less infuscated, sixth and genital segments

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., ]<>!] 65

black. Pronotum Mack. Hemielytra red, more or less infuseated,
apical margin pale. Membrane more broadly bordered with white along
outer lateral margin. ( = var. nichiun^lfitrii^ I'hl.i pyrrhopterus S&\.
- Venter either entirely black or fuscous or sometimes pale or red margined.
Pronotum either with posterior margin trimaculate with red or entire
pronotum reddish 1 1 .

11. Venter entirely fuscous. Corium fuscous with apical angles only red.

Membrane embrowned not margined with white tripli^aliis Barb.

Venter black or fuscous, disk sometimes and margins pale or red. Corum
either fuscous, margined with red or for the most part reddish. Mem-
brane margined with white 12.

12. Pronotum ochraceous-red, provided with tour short, premidian impres-

sions. Corium ochraceous-red more or less infuscated, apical margin
yellow. Membrane more narrowly pale margined in brachypterous
forms. Pale spot at base of head often obscure ...rubricatus n. sp.

Pronotum posteriorly trimaculate with red. Corium fuscous, costal.
Commissural and apical margins and apical carina of scutellum red or
pale. Membrane margined with white ...13.

13. Pronotum with anterior margin red, fuscous markings form a T shaped

fascia on each side of median line. Membrane rather narrowly and
evenly bordered with white. Bucculae, acetabulae, anterior and lateral
margins and posterior angles of prosternum broadly ochraceous-red.

lineola Dall.

Anterior margin of pronotum not bordered with red. Apical margin of
corium and membrane except at apex rather broadly bordered with
white. Bucculae, acetabulae, anterior margin of prosternum broadly
and posterior margins of all pleurae narrowly white. ( —associus Uhler
ms.)--- ...carnosulus Van D.

14. Membrane with a median white discoidal spot or variegated with white.

Species pilose, small ...Lygaeospilus new subgenus. 15.

Membrane without median white discoidal spot, entirely fuscous or pale
margined or rarely lacteus with fuscous veins (nigrinervis). Entirely
nude or only slightly pilose. Larger species, over 5 mm.

Subgenus Melanocoryphus Stal. 16.

15. Membrane fuscous, pale margined and provided with a rather clean cut

transverse median white spot, often prolonged and continuous to
middle base of membrane. Hemielytra red often more or less infus-
cated. Venter entirely fuscous or sometimes margined with red.
( = Lvgaeus albulus Dist. and Lygaeosoma solida Uhl.) pnsio Stal.

Membrane fuscous, variegated with white, discoidal spot more or less
confused with pale variegations of surface; not pale margined, pro-
vided with triangular white fascia at outer basal angles. Hemielytra
generally entirely fuscous or fusco-rufescent, rarely pale margined.
Lateral margins of venter sometimes red or pale. ( = ulbitlns of various
authors nee Distant and obsuripennh Stal.' tripunctiitus Dall.

16. Posterior lobe of pronotum, corium, venter except uenital segments and

small vittae, red. Anterior margin of pronotum, clavus, posterior
margins of corium, bucculae, acetabulae, anterior margin ot prostern-

66 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

um and posterior margins of all pleurae conspicuously white or pale

yellow... bicrucis Say.

Posterior lobe of pronotum, corium, clavus and venter entirely or for
the most part fuscous .. ...17.

17. Anterior lobe of pronotum and head between eyes and tylus ochraceous-

red; posterior lobe bivittate with fuscous. Costal, apical, commissural
margins of hemielytra, apical carina of scutellum, lateral margins and
central disk of venter, pale yellow. Bucculae, antenniferous tubercles
beneath, acetabulae, prosternum for most part and posterior margins
of pleurae, pale yellow. Orifices, bases of legs and apices of femora
pale. Membrane scarcely pale marginal . ...mimulus Stal.

Anterior and posterior lobe of pronotum concolorous fuscous; sometimes
the anterior or the posterior margin red or the latter trimaculate with
red; sometimes the lateral margins bordered with red. Orifices, legs
and venter black, the latter sometimes red or pale margined ... ...18.

18. Membrane lacteous with prominent fuscous veins and spot near outer

basal angle .. .. nigrinervis Stal.

Membrane entirely fuscous or most frequently margined with white,
sometimes in lateralis provided with a sub-basal white spot... ...19.

19. Corium entirely fuscous, never margined with red or yellow. Membrane

scarcely pale margined. Anterior and humeral margins and sometimes

posterior median fascia, red. Venter not red margined rubicollis Uhl.

Corium with at least costal margins bordered with red or yellow. Pro-
notum with anterior, humeral or entire lateral margins and median
posterior fascia red or yellow ...20.

20. Humeral red fascia not extended anteriorly beyond middle of pronotum.

Anterior margin of prosternum, bucculae, and acetabulae very
obscurely pale. Apical carina of scutellum not red. Membrane
margined with white. Venter entirely fuscous or rarely margined

with red ...21.

Humeral red fascia extended beyond middle or entire edge of pronotum
reddish. Anterior margin of prosternum, bucculae and acetabulae
prominently and more broadly pale or yellow. Apical carina of
scutellum red. Membrane with or without white margin. Margin
of venter red .. ...22.

21. Margins of venter rarely red. Costal margin only of hemielytra red.

Sunken disk of pronotum on either side of post median ridge closely
and coarsely punctate. Larger species, about 8mm. Membrane
sometimes with a lunate white spot near base .. ...lateralis Ball.

Margins of venter red. Costal, apical, commissural and inner claval
margins of hemielytra red, sometimes entire apical angle of corium red.
Disk of pronotum on either side of post median ridge finely or obscurely
punctate. Smaller species, 5 mm. ....admirabilis Uhl.

22. Membrane very obscurely, narrowly white margined. Costal margins

of hemielytra prominently and sometimes commissural and inner
claval margins very narrowly red or yellow. (= ? rubniger Stal.)

facetus Say.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921 67

Membrane plainly white margined. Costal, apical, commissural and

inner claval margins of hemielytra plainly red .. ...circittnlitHS Stal.

Lygaeus rubricatus, n. sp.

Coloration. — Ochraceous-red, with antennae, head and sometimes more or
less of the hemielytra infuscated; narrow apical margin of corium and frequently
apical carina of scutellum pale yellow. Membrane fuscous, narrowly pale
margined in brachypterous forms, more broadly pale in macropterous forms.
Obscure pale spot at base of head. Beneath, head, rostrum, meso- and meta-
s tern urn, venter and legs for the most part brownish. Prosternum reddish-
ochraceous. Bucculae, acetabulae, sometimes the posterior margins of meso-
and metapleura, disk and lateral margins of venter and frequently base of legs,
pale ochraceous. Odoriferous orifices pale.

Head, lateral margins ot pronotum and surface of hemielytra sparsely short
pilose. Bucculae rather low, not extended much beyond middle of head. Tip
of rostrum reaching between posterior coxae. Reddish-ochraceous pronotum
impunctate, with anterior margin rather strongly concave, submargin impressed
on, either side; provided just before middle with four short pronounced trans-
verse impressions, the two inner ones more narrowy separated; median longi-
tudinal carina faintly indicated; disc on either side scarcely depressed. Hemi-
elytra fusco-reddish with lightly elevated veins sometimes paler. Membrane
frequently abbreviated, then scarcely reaching beyond apex of 5th abdominal
segment and more narrowly margined with white.

Length, 5-6 mm.

Type. — d" Tucson, Ariz., Apr. 21, Coll. by H. G. Hubbard
(Type No. 24116 U. S. N. M.).

Paratypes. — d" Tucson, Ariz., Apr. 29, 2 9 's Tucson, Ariz.,
1 9 Ft. Yuma, Ariz., Jan. 28, 4 9 's "Ariz" (U. S. N. M.);
3 $ 's Scottsdale, Ariz, (my Coll.).

This species belongs in the subgenus Ochrostomus, being
most closely related to L. carnosulns Van D. from which it can
easily be separated by color differences as given in the preceding
Key. Eight of the twelve specimens mentioned above are
brachypterous.

SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION.

«

Subgenus Lygaeus (Fab) Van Duzee.
formosus Blanchard — Fla., Neotropical.
trnculentus Stal — Calif., Neotropical.

tiircicus Fab ( = trininciiliitiis Dallas). U. S. as far west as the Rocky Mts.
ktilmii Stal. — U. S., Mexico.

subspecies kalmii (Stal) Parshley — Western U. S.

angustomarginatus Parshley — Eastern U. S.
recliratiis Say— West and Southwest U. S., Neotropical,
var. tnotiis Say ( = costalis H. S.) — Mexico.

68 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAR., 1921

Subgenus Melanopleurus Stal.

belfragei Stal — Western and Southwestern U. S.
bistriangularis Say — Southwestern U. S., Neotropical.
Subgenus Craspeduchus Stal.

uhleri Stal, Southwestern U. S., Neotropical.
Subgenus Ochrostomus Stal.

pyrrhopterus Stal ( = melanopleurus Uhler) — Southwestern U. S., Mexico.
tripligatus Barber — Flu.
rubricatus, n. sp. — Ariz.

lineola Dallas — Southeastern U. S. to Texas.
carnosulus Van Duzee ( = associus Uhler ms.) — Calif.
Subgenus nov. Lygaeospilus. [Genotype. — Lygaeus (Lygaeospilus) tripiinctatus

Dallas.]
pusio Stal ( = albiilus Distant, Lygaeosoma solida Uhler) — Southwestern and

Western States, Mexico.

tripunctatus Dallas ( — obscuripennis Stal, albulus of various authors nee
Distant) — New England, N. Y., Fla., Tex., Calif. (Records uncertain
confused with preceding.)
Subgenus — Melanocoryphus Stal.

bicrucis Say. — N. Y. to Fla., southern and western states.
mimulus Stal — Va. to Fla. and west to Texas.
nigrinervis Stal — Col.

rubicollis Uhler — Southwestern U. S., Mexico.

lateralis Dallas (= ? californicus Walker) — Western and Southwestern U. S.
facetus Say (= ? rubniger Stal) — Southeastern U. S. to La. and Texas.

(Some records uncertain, confused withjatera/is.)
circumlitus Stal — Ariz., Neotropical.
admirabilis Uhler — Col. and Southwestern U. S.

CHARLES HENRY FERNALD.

MARCH 16, 1838— FEBRUARY 22, 1921

The Society regretfully records the death of the well known
entomologist and teacher, Doctor C. H. Fernald. For twenty-
four years, from June 2, 1892, until December 31, 1916, Doctor
Fernald was a member of our Society.

Actual date of publication March 25, 1921

VOL. 23 APRIL 1921 No. 4

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

HOLLAND, \V. [. — A NEW SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS GOODIA. (LEP.) 99

WALTON, W. R. — ENTOMOLOGICAL DRAWINGS AND DRAUGHTSMEN: THEIR
RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN
THE UNITED STATES . 69

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTKMBKR

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1,919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C, under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1 103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each
month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M.

Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

Honorary President . E. A. SCHWARZ

President . \\. R. WALTON

First Vice-President . . .A. B. GAHAN

Second Vice-President ... A. G. BO'VING

Recording Secretary . R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor . A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE

and E. R. SASSCER.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the IVashington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at
Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum;
foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra.
All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable
to the Entomological Society of Washington.

Authors of leading articles in the PROCEEDINGS will be given 10 copies of the
number in which their article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur-
nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired
accompanies the manuscript:

4 pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. 16 pp.

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Certain charges are made on illustrations and there are rules and suggestions
governing the make-up of articles published. Contributors may secure infor-
mation on these points by application to the Editor or Corresponding Secretary.

PROCE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 APRIL 1921 No. 4

ENTOMOLOGICAL DRAWINGS AND DRAUGHTSMEN: THEIR

RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC

ENTOMOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES.'

Bv W. R. WALTON.

I have chosen this title as the subject of my address, not
because I felt especially competent to speak authoritatively
upon it, but knowing that the society would expect a communi-
cation on some subject related to entomology, with which I
might be supposed to be more familiar than most of you, I have
selected one with which many were likely to be unacquainted,
with the idea that you might be led to believe that I really knew
something about it. Seriously speaking, however, I have been
largely influenced in my selection of this subject by the feeling
that many workers in entomological illustrative art have not
received the notice, or the praise, which their efforts toward the
advancement of entomology in this country have deserved.
This, it has seemed to me, was particularly true of the earlier
workers in this field, many of whom accomplished most remark-
able work, but whose names, for the most part, have been allowed
to lapse into unmerited oblivion. It has been the aim, therefore,
in the preparation of the present paper, to collate the most
easily available records regarding the personalities and accom-
plishments of these pioneers, together with certain relevant
(and possibly some irrelevant) remarks on this and kindred
subjects. In the preparation of this paper I have been greatly
aided by suggestions and notes supplied by various members
of the staff of the Biyeau of Entomology, and especially those
supplied by Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. \<\ H. Chittenden and Mr.
E. A. Schwarz. Dr. Henry Skinner has very kindly furnished a
personal note regarding Mrs. Mary Peart, and in the biblio-
graphical work my assistant, Mr. J. S. \Yade, together with Miss
Mabel Colcord and the Bureau Library staff, have been of the
greatest assistance. I am greatly indebted also to Mr. Theo-
dore E. Bolton of the Congressional Library staff for the use
of manuscript notes which he generously contributed.

Psychology tells us that all sensory experiences in man
somehow are mentally preserved; that in reality we never forget
anything and that the question of whether a person be clever or

'Presidential address, presented at the January meeting, \')ll.

70 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

stupid depends almost entirely upon his ability to extract from
the storehouse of his subconscious mind the appropriate or
necessary impression or thought at the psychological moment.

That illustrations are potent in evoking mental impressions
must be obvious to all observant persons, and naturalists,
especially, will readily admit the important part played in the
natural sciences by well drawn illustrations. The most obvious
function of such illustrations, of course, is their explanatory
office. They aid the imagination in visualizing the subject
treated. But illustrations have another equally valuable
function regarding which we seldom think, namely: The fixation
in our memories of the gist of the related text; in other words,
they render available through the association of ideas those
memory complexes containing all we know regarding the sub-
ject illustrated. Illustrations therefore must necessarily have
played a most important role in the remarkable advance of
applied entomology which has taken place in the United States
during the past century.

In spite of the many mechanical and other refinements that
photography has undergone during the past forty years, it has
not yet reached a stage where it is possible by that means to
produce truly satisfying representations of most insects, and
especially where magnifications of more than a few diameters
are required. Photography, of course, is an invaluable aid to
entomology in many ways, especially for the purpose of showing
pathological changes due to insect work or the environmental
atmosphere of the species under discussion, but its limitations
in recording the insects themselves are perfectly obvious. It
is difficult, if not impossible, even in the case of large insects,
to reproduce them by photo-engraving methods alone, in a
manner approaching the crisp, clear image limned by the
human hand with the aid of pen and ink, and pencil. The
mental impressions left by the perception of most published
photographic representations of insects may be compared with
those produced by eating unsalted food. One immediately
recognizes the fact that something is missing, but fails to per-
ceive for the moment just what the missing element is. This
feeling of dissatisfaction proceeds, I believe, from the absence
of the vivid image as produced, in the line drawing, by the per-
fectly black line on the clear white paper; a sparkling effect
which no other method of illustration has yet been able to equal.
Another factor which tends to make drawings more acceptable
than photographs, especially to entomologists, is the custom
observed by the best draughtsmen of emphasizing, to just the
right degree, those cardinal characters of the model which are
recognized by the eye as constituting the habitus of the insect.
This, of course, is the principle of caricature exercised in a modi-
fied degree. Photographs may indeed record habitus, but very

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, \O. 4, APRIL, \'>2\ 71

often they fail to do so, probably because the important charac-
ters are lost to the eye among the multitude of halftones and non-
essential details appearing m the photographic image.

Broadly speaking, entomological drawings may be said to
comprise three general categories or classes: First, those
intended solely for the amusement, or (as in the case of the
newspapers), the horrification of the lay public. To this cate-
gory belong the crude caricatures of insect life incorporated in
certain cheap works of general reference, which it is unnecessary
to name. To this class also must be referred the bizarre, and
often impossible, representations of insects included in books
designed for juvenile minds. Last and by far worst are those
delirious night-mares sometimes spread in full-page prodigality
over the Sunday supplements of American metropolitan news-
papers. Superlative condemnation is assigned to the latter
variety of incubus not only because of the great numbers of
susceptible minds which it serves to infect, but also because
often it is accompanied by an equally distorted and misleading
text which serves to vivify the monstrosity suggested by the
illustration. I do not refer here to the frankly humorous
variety of entomological illustration which not only is harmless,
but often contributes not a little to the gaiety of nations. I mean
rather those pseudo-scientific revelations with which the papers
are wont to regale an innocent and unsuspecting public. That
the world would be the better for the elimination of such things
is self-evident to the natural scientist. It is to be feared that
the time is still far distant when such a reform may be expected
to materialize; recently, however, an effort has become evident
on the part of the better class of writers to present authoritative
entomological matter in company with accurate illustrations
and this movement may in time react favorably on the daily
press.

The second class of entomological drawings comprises those
illustrations prepared for the exclusive use of the scientist.
They fill a useful and restricted sphere but have little or no gen-
eral interest or educational value.

The third class includes a very large and important field and
embraces all conscientiously drawn illustrations, showing insects
in their entirety, either separated from or surrounded by their
environmental atmosphere, and which are of value both to the
laity and the professional entomologist. By far the greater
number of entomological illustrations belong to this general
purpose category and the following discussion is intended to
apply to this class of figures. No mention has been made so far
of colored illustrations which, when well done, are of the utmost
importance anil have the highest educational value. I'nfortu-
nately, the cost of good rotor print is still so hisjh as practically
to preclude its general use, and the poorer kinds of such work are

72 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

far inferior in value to good line or stipple work. The recent
appearance of a few good, colored illustrations in Federal
entomological publications is an encouraging symptom which we
hope will be followed by others in increasing numbers.

In surveying the work of the pioneers in American entomo-
logical illustrative art, one is apt to be impressed most forci-
bly by the excellent results achieved in spite of the optical
difficulties and crude methods of reproduction under which
most of the early draughtsmen must have worked. In these
days of the perfected binocular microscope with its prisms for
erecting the image of the model, its improved lighting facilities,
its ample working distance, and of the intervention of photo-
graphic means of reproducing our drawings at any desired scale,
it is difficult indeed for us to realize the almost disheartening
obstacles that had to be overcome by these early draughtsmen.
Many, if not most of the early worker were compelled to draw
with the aid of simple magnifying glasses of comparatively low
power, which gave a distorted image except in the center of the
field. Even the best of microscopes in those days were compara-
tively crude affairs affording but a very short working distance
and small field, and were designed almost entirely for slide work
with transmitted light, and therefore of limited use in the
preparation of drawings where direct illumination is necessary
and it is ciesirable to have the entire model in the field of view at
one time. Add to these difficulties the necessity of producing
the drawing on the exact scale on which it was to be reproduced,
that it must be drawn on or afterward transferred to wood,
stone, or metal, and etched or engraved by a craftsman who
possibly knew nothing of insects and had little sympathy for
any one who did, and it seems wonderful that even a recognizable
likeness of any insect could be produced by such methods. The
fact that, in the face of such serious difficulties, illustrations of
a very high character were produced, speaks volumes in praise
of the patience, determination and skill of these early draughts-
men whose individual work will be mentioned later on.

Here and there among these men there occurred one whose
physical, or rather whose optical deformity seems to have fitted
him in a remarkable way for his chosen work. I refer to the
intensely myopic vision of such men as Herman Loew and
Townend Glover, whose otherwise defective vision permitted
them to study and even to draw small insects with little or no
artificial visual aid. Baron Osten Sacken has given us a very
good account of Loew's powers in this way and Mr. Charles R.
Dodge has mentioned Glover's abnormal vision as being of
distinct advantage in his work. It would be of interest to
learn just how greatly such visual defects may have influenced
these men in the direction of entomological research.

Little, very little, is recorded in entomological literature

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921 73

regarding the personalities or achievements of the earlier
draughtsmen. Too often their work has been absorbed or sub-
merged without any, or with but scant mention, in the reputa-
tion of the entomologist who produced the text accompanying
the illustrations. "Sunk without trace," as a notorious
Teutonic diplomat has put it. There is no reason to believe
that such occurrences were always intentional as doubtless this
was not the case in many instances, but the fact that these over-
sights did occur with great frequency argues, to my mind, a
lack of appreciation of the real and valuable service performed
by the draughtsman and which it is my purpose to point out in the
present paper. Here and there a few lines of biography regard-
ing them have been penned in works of biography or entomo-
logical publications, to remind us that they were at least human
beings, and a few of the most prominent men, such as John
Abbot, T. R. Peale, and Townend Glover have received at
the pen of some kindly writer like George Ord, the Rev. J. G.
Morris, Charles R. Dodge, or Dr. Henry Skinner, a portion of
the recognition which was due them. Dry and defective indeed
would be most of the standard works on American entomology
in the absence of the excellent illustrations which have served
so well to fix them indelibly in our memories. Say, Harris,
Packard, and others too numerous to mention would be poor
indeed if robbed of the fine illustrations which adorn their pages,
but nevertheless very little is included in most of these works to
tell us aught of the -persons who contributed this important part
of the task. Compare, for instance, the early editions of Harris'
"Insects Injurious to Vegetation," with the later editions of
1862-63, or better still, with the handsomely colored Mint
edition, in which appear the fine plates drawn by Antoine
Sonrel. The enhanced interest and value conferred by these
illustrations is not merely obvious but truly astonishing. The
Rev. J. G. Morris, in his History of Entomology (1846), remarks
the absence of illustrations in the then existing editions of the
book as a very serious fault in Dr. Harris' work.

As in the case of other branches ot natural science, there are
two very distinct types of intellect attracted to entomology.
One of these is the purely investigational mind, actuated by a
sense of curiosity or desire to know and to analyze or interpret
what it discovers. The other has its origin principally in the
emotions, that is to say, an appreciation of the beautiful in
nature and art. Each struggles in its own way to tell what it
sees; the one by means of that most artificial of all human
conventions, the printed page; the other by the much more
primitive but natural medium of a visual representation of the
subject. Neither can be entirely successful without the aid of
the other, but because of their fundamentally different view-
points, neither understands fully the meaning or importance of

74 I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

the other's effort. Both, I believe, are equally important to the
advancement of the science and therefore should share equitably
in such glory as may accrue from the results of their labors. It
is true, of course, that here and there in the vast field of the
natural sciences is to be found a fortunate individual who seems
to combine with considerable success the two faculties mentioned
but, generally speaking, the great successes are achieved by men
who specialize in one or the other provinces of the field, but who
make an honest effort to appreciate each other's services.

Entomological draughtsmen, as well as other workers in art,
have suffered under the stigma cast by that hoary delusion "the
artistic temperament." In point of fact, however, we of the
cult know that entomological draughtsmen as a class are "just
folks" and are fully as stable, temperamentally speaking, as
other workers in natural science — entomologists, for instance,
and I think that musicians especially, among other classes of
artists, have been largely responsible for the origin and growth
of the current popular belief in the idea that artists of all
varieties are creatures apart from all other classes of mankind
in the possession of a "black beast," in the form of the "artistic
temperament." There is no denying the fact that musicians, I
mean professional musicians, from their earliest childhood
have the emotional and motor elements of the brain stimulated
and developed at the expense of other important functions of
that complex organ, to the end that many of them, especially the
virtuosi, become finally nothing more or less than emotional
monstrosities. But this is not necessarily true of other branches
of art and especially is it not true with regard to the illustrators
of scientific subjects whose profession calls for the exercise of
something more than mere emotion and even at times of the
employment of something resembling pure reason. It is true,
moreover, that a very considerable number of the most success-
ful entomological draughtsmen have been entomologists as well
and if some of them have exhibited peculiarities of temperament,
doubtless this has been due more to their associations than to
any inherent predisposition. Dr. Howard maintains that there
is "no such thing as the entomological temperament," and says
that "it is much easier to make an entomologist out of an artist
than to convert an entomologist into an artist." 1 agree with
the latter statement, and it all goes to prove the old adage that
"you can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear." In any event
it seems true that a knowledge of entomology is an asset of the
greatest value to the person who undertakes entomological
illustrative work. Such knowledge not only permits him to
perceive many details which otherwise would be overlooked
but, what is of greater importance, it places him in rapport with
his work and adds that seasoning of real interest, in the absence
of which no trulv successful work of anv kind ever is accom-

I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, AI'RIL, 1921 75

plished. It must he admitted, however, that the path of the
entomological draughtsman not seldom is bestrewn with conflict
and trouble, especially if he be required to work under the direc-
tion of a specialist who knows little or nothing of drawing.
Where the entomologist "knows that he knows not" and is con-
tent to permit the draughtsman to represent the insect as nature
made it, all may be well. But when, as is sometimes the case,
the entomologist "knows not that he knows not" and insists,
for instance, that parts of the model actually seen in perspective,
be projected as appearing in a single plane, or that appendages
be twisted at impossible angles in order to reveal concealed
anatomical peculiarities, etc., the results are likely to be painful
as well as unfortunate. The skilled draughtsman is apt to be
a self-respecting person who is in the habit of representing his
model as seen from a single viewpoint, and who, when called
upon to violate the laws of optics, is troubled immediately with
an outraged sense of propriety which might be interpreted as an
exhibition of the so-called "artistic temperament." In such a
case, the greater the knowledge and skill of the draughtsman,
and the larger the ego of the specialist, the louder the noise and
the denser the smoke of the battle. It is to be regretted that
such conflicts have in some cases caused the separation of skilled
workers whose amicable association would have led to the most
valuable of results. The well trained entomological specialist
undoubtedly should be competent to criticise a drawing with
respect to the representation of important morphological
characters, but unless he have a thorough knowledge of drawing,
it will be the part of wisdom for him to stop there and permit his
draughtsman to follow the dictates of his own mind, in the
strictly pictorial phases of the work. In my personal experience
I have met with very few persons indeed, not themselves
draughtsmen, who were able to criticise unfinished drawings
properly and helpfully. The bare outline of a drawing, for
instance, may seem to unskilled eyes badly proportioned or even
misshapen, when, in point of fact, it may be quite correct and
merely require skillful modeling to make it assume the proper
appearance. It is obviously true, of course, that one who is
devoid of technical knowledge as regards drawing may through
reading, observation, and the study of pictures themselves,
acquire a thorough appreciation of the good and bad qualities of
a drawing and be able to recognize good finished work at sight;
but such knowledge can not and does not enable him to criticise
drawings in the making. Such powers are conferred only by
personal experience with the pencil and only then on those
having the requisite sense of form, mass, and color.

I mention these things not in a spirit of captious criticism, but
rather with the hope that my remarks may lead to a better
understanding regarding such matters, between the artist and

76 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

the entomologist in their future relations. The subject is not a
very agreeable one, and recalls to my mind the lines of an old
song as follows:

"Now if you don't like it, it's nothing to me,
For I'm telling you things that I don't like to see."

Right at this point I should like to introduce another subject
upon which something should be said, and this is the desirability
of having all major drawings signed by the person who makes
them. It seems to me quite as important that the author of a
drawing be recorded with his work as the author of a text or
even as the originator of a specific name in taxonomic zoology.
If the identity of the draughtsman be known, this alone often will
be sufficient to establish the accuracy of the work, and of
course the converse is obviously true, for, sad to relate, people
who do not realize their limitations will make drawings, and not
all of such illustrations are either reliable or ornamental.

It is to be regretted that so little of an intimate biographic
character has been published relating to the entomologists of
America. It would, I believe, be difficult to name a profession
which is richer in the possession of quaint and interesting human
character (including, of course, the artist-entomologists) than
is ours; but in spite of this fact, most of the published biographic
sketches are largely devoid of purely human interest and deal
principally, if not exclusively, with the scientific work or attain-
ments of the persons involved. There is, as a rule, little in-
cluded that conveys to the reader even an inkling regarding the
human characteristics of the person who is the subject of the
sketch. A notable exception to this rule is the intensely inter-
esting and intimate picture of Townend Glover presented by
Mr. Charles Richards Dodge (Bui. 18, Old Series), excerpts
from which are given later on in this paper.

The brief obituary notice of Benjamin D. Walsh (AMERICAN
ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST) written presumably by Dr. C.
V. Riley, abounds in that human quality of which I speak, but
leaves one with the feeling of having read the first chapter of a
good story that never can be finished. We have here, restricted
within the limits of four short pages, the mere outline of a
delightful character to whom many pages of similar text might
and should have been devoted. Would that we had more
biographers such as Mr. Dodge to picture for us other prominent
students of insect life who have gone before. Who of us, for
instance, would not delight in similarly intimate and complete
pictures of such celebrities as John Abbot, T. W. Harris, or
indeed even of a personage so recently departed as Dr. C. V.
Riley, whose personality has been but dimly delineated in any
published work, but who, judging from current tradition,

I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, \O. 4, APRIL, \<)2\ 77

richly deserves, tor many and various reasons, very much more
extended biographic treatment than has yet been accorded him.
It is to be hoped that some one of his contemporaries will yet
record many significant tacts and incidents bearing upon his
career and its contact with the lives and the work of his associ-
ates which no one has yet been willing to place on record.

In a paper of so limited a character as the present one it has
been possible to consider only those draughtsmen who have work-
ed or are supposed to have worked, in this country in connection
with illustrations of American insects. As a result of this plan
we find included herein the names of many men of foreign birth
who were among the foremost illustrators of insects in this country,
but it also excludes a few distinguished men such as Herman Loew,
tor instance, who did much to advance the study of entomology
in this country, but who never even visited the United States.
However, this is scarcely to be avoided as time and space forbid
the preparation of a book on this subject at present.

One of the earliest, if not the first, illustrator of North Ameri-
can insects was Mark Catesby, born in England in 1680, and who
made his first voyage to America in 1712, landing in Virginia in
April of that year. Catesby says he resided in America for
Geven years during this visit, returning to England in 1719, tak-
ing with him a collection of plants and products of the colonies
which created such intense interest as to induce him to return to
America for the purpose of making serious studies and collections
of the fauna and flora of the " Carolina " region. Accordingly he
returned to America in 1722 and during his subsequent explora-
tions lived among the Indians, as he says, "hunting Buffaloes,
Bears, Panthers and other wild Beasts," and engaged in paint-
ing objects of natural history. He spent four years in America
on this occasion, returning to England in 1726, where he died in
December, 1749. After his final return to Europe, Catesby
published a work in two volumes, of which the following is an
abridged title: "The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and
the Bahama Islands, Containing Figures of the Birds, Beasts,
Fishes, Insects, and Plants, etc., by Mark Catesby, F. R. S.,
Printed at the expense of the author, London, MDCCXXXI-
MDCCXLIII." This is a quaint and interesting work of large
folio size, the text of which is printed in both French and Eng-
lish, as was then the fashion with such publications. The dedi-
cation of Catesby's first volume to Queen Caroline is a fine
example of what might appropriately be termed the anthology
of natural history. It seems well worth reproducing here:

To the

QUEEN

MADAM:

As these Volumes contain an Kssay towards the \iitnni/ Histwy ot" that Part
of Your MAJESTY'S Dominions, which is particularly honored by lieariim Your

78 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

August Name CAROLINA, this and Your great Goodness in encouraging all sorts
of Learning, have emboldened me to implore Your Royal Protection and Favor
to my slender Performance. I hope Your MAJESTY will not think a few Min-
utes disagreeably spent in casting an Eye on these Leaves, which exhibit no
contemptible Scene of the Glorious Works of the Creator, displayed in the New
World; and hitherto lain concealed from the View of Your MAJESTY as well as
of Your Royal Predecessors tho' so long possessed of a Country, inferior to none
of Your MAJESTY'S American Dominions.

Wherefore I esteem it a singular Happiness, after several Years' Travel and
Enquiry in so remote Parts (by the generous Encouragement ot Your MAJESTY'S
Subjects, eminent for their Rank, and for their being Patrons of Learning), that
I am the first that has had the Opportunity of presenting to a QUEEN of GREAT
BRITAIN a sample of the hitherto unregarded, tho' beneficial and beautiful Pro-
ductions of Your MAJESTY'S Dominions. I am

May it please Your MAJESTY,

Your Majesty's

Most humble^

and most dutiful Subject

M. CATESBY.

The plates accompanying Catesby's work were etched on
copper by him personally from his own paintings and afterwards
colored under his supervision. They are of large size, measuring
about 10 by 13 5^ inches. There are represented in all some 27
figures of insects, of which the first volume contains 3 and the
second 24, including one centipede. The insects proper are dis-
tributed according to order as follows: Lepidoptera 12, Orthop-
tera 4, Hymenoptera 4, Coleoptera 4, Siphonaptera 1, and
Diptera 1. The. latter for some reason has but four legs, per-
haps because a fly catcher, which is pursuing it off the edge of
the plate, has eaten the other two. The insects for the most
part are introduced in the plates incidentally and at random,
and often are associated with plants to which they bear no
ecologic relation. In general, the illustrative work may be said
to be rather crude as compared with that of contemporaneous
illustrators of the better class, and does not approach the
excellence of the artists of a slightly later period, such as that of
Abbot, Wm. Wood Jr., or Peale. Catesby frankly acknowledges
that he was not educated as a painter and apologizes for the
"faults of perspective and other niceties" which are so plainly
evident in his work.

The next illustrator of note of whom there seems to be any
record is John Abbot, a man of most excellent attainments and
admirable skill. John Abbot, according to his collaborator,
Sir James Edward Smith, founder and first president of the
Linnean Society, was born in London, England, about the year
1760. Dr. Smith says that he resided in Georgia for many years,
where he collected insects for sale in England and other parts of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, XO. 4, APRIL, 1921 79

Europe. Evidently Abbot was a close and enthusiastic student
of the biology and ecology of insects as his drawings and notes
demonstrate this unmistakably. He was content to labor in this
field of entomological research, leaving the taxonomic phases of
the science entirely to others. Fortunately a competent and
amiable collaborator appeared in the person of Dr. Smith, who
has been fair and even generous in awarding Abbot full credit
for his share in the fine work which was the result of their joint
labors. Dr. Smith makes it perfectly obvious that the text of
this work was written around the Abbot drawings and that with-
out these admirable illustrations the taxonomic notes supplied
by himself would have but little value. Regarding Abbot's
work Dr. Scudder says "He was the most prominent student of
life histories we ever had."

The work of Smith and Abbot was published under the title of
'The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of
Georgia," printed in London in 1797, although some of the plates
were engraved as early as 1793. It contains 104 plates of folio
size, engraved intaglio on copper by Moses Harris from Abbot's
drawings. The engraving is of excellent quality but some of the
figures have not fared so well at the hands of the colorist whose
identity is not revealed, but it certainly was not Abbot, who
never saw the work until long after publication occurred. In
most cases the figures are about life size or slightly enlarged,
showing the larva, pupa and adult of each species associated
with its favorite host plant. Where the sexes differ materially
in appearance, both of them are figured. Abbot is said to have
been still living in England in 1840, at the age of about 80 years,
but the date of his demise does not seem to have been recorded in
any of the publications to which I have access.

It is indeed most deplorable that very little is known regarding
the personality' of John Abbot. What is perhaps the best account
of him is given by Dr. S. H. Scudder,1 who says he quotes
Swainson on the subject, but who also secured additional infor-
mation from Dr. A. Oemler of Wilmington Island, Georgia. It
is supposed that Abbot was an Englishman who was engaged,
when about 30 years of age, by certain entomologists of England
to undertake a collecting expedition to America. After consid-
erable travel in this country he settled in the province of Georgia,
where he lived for a period of nearly 20 years at or near Jackson-
burgh, Scriven County, that State. All traces of this early
settlement have now disappeared, although there were aged
persons living in Georgia in 1885, but since deceased, who kneu
and remembered Abbot. None of these persons survu ed at the
time Dr. Scudder's article was written in 1 S88. It has been said
that Abbot returned to England in 1.810 and that he was still

'Canadian Knt., Vol. XX, p. 153.

80 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

living there in 1840, but the accounts are somewhat conflicting.
What is supposed to be a miniature portrait of John Abbot has
been found in the 16th volume of a series of his drawings in the
British Museum. This portrait was reproduced by Dr. Scudder
as a frontispiece to the first volume of his work on. American
Butterflies. The portrait is a left profile bust, apparently done
in water colors. It reveals Abbot as a man of spare figure,
clothed in the lightest of attire, and therefore probably was
executed during his residence in the warm climate of Georgia.
The face is strongly featured, the nose being of the distinctly
Roman type and quite prominent. The head is thickly clothed
with what appears to be natural gray hair and the face is deeply
lined and wrinkled beneath and around the corners of the eyes
and the mouth, giving the countenance a distinctly humorous
expression. The complexion is florid and apparently the eyes
are blue. The forehead is deeply lined and in spite of the thick
gray hair, the entire appearance of the. portrait is that of a man
far beyond middle age, but still retaining youthful vigor.

John Abbot's correspondent in England was one John Fran-
cillon, a silversmith in the Strand, London, who had a famous
collection of insects and who made a business of supplying his
correspondents with specimens and drawings of plants and
insects, made or furnished by Abbot. The specimens were
said to be of the very finest quality, as we may well imagine, and
sold for sixpence a specimen, by the boxfull. He was also an
expert in the art of inflating larvae and dealt in these inflated
skins through his agent Francillon. In addition to the work
edited by Dr. J. E. Smith, previously referred to, there are
deposited in the British Museum no less than 17 quarto volumes
of drawings similar to those of the Smith & Abbot publication.
These are listed by Dr. W. F. Kirby as follows: 1-4 Coleoptera,
5 Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Heteroptera, 6
Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, 7-11 Lepidoptera, Heterocera, 12
Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, 13 Diptera, 14 Arachnida, 15
Myriopoda, Mallophaga, Acanna, Crustacea, Lepidoptera,
(transformations), etc., 16 Portrait, Orthoptera, Coleoptera
(transformations), etc., 17 Lepidoptera (transformations).
The drawings of the Lepidoptera are not duplicates of those
published by Smith except rarely and there are nearly three
times as many of them. About a dozen drawings of the trans-
formations of the Coleoptera are given, many of which are
believed to represent undescribed species.

Mr. Robert P. Dow has discussed the fragmentary records of
Abbot's career in an interesting way. He concludes his article
with a letter from Abbot addressed to Dr. T. W. Harris, together
with his autograph signature, in a round flowing hand of most
remarkable firmness and beauty for a man supposed to have been
past 80 years of age at the time. The letter contains errors of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921 81

grammar and for this reason Mr. Dow says "His education was
limited. His grammatical blunders would be unpardonable in
any grade above elementary school." I do not agree with Mr.
Dow in his deductions from this evidence; in point of fact I
have known college-bred men who could not or did not express
themselves on paper nearly so well as Abbot has done in this
communication. The errors noted may evince, in my opinion,
the careless lapses of a fairly well educted person, and may
possibly have been due to Abbot's lack of contact with educated
persons for long periods of time, or even to the approach of
senility. Witness, for instance, the following passages from this
epistle: "I find it very difficult to know what insects are rare
and what are common, " "Every year I have observed

some very few kinds to be plenty," and again,

'There is a gentleman in Savannah who wanted me to make an
Herbarium for him but I was very seriously indis-

posed in the spring. " This does not seem to be the language of
illiteracy; the occasional capitalization of the nouns which may
be noted in Abbot's letter is a relic of the middle English usage
which at that time was fading out of the literature but which may
be noted in the extracts from Catesby which have already been
given. The records of the London Society of Artists show that
John Abbot exhibited still life studies about the year 1770 and
it seems quite probable that this was the work of John Abbot
the entomologist of whom we have been speaking.

During the period of 27 years elapsing between the appearance
of Abbot's work and the first edition of Say's Entomology, no
illustrated work of importance dealing with American insect's
.seems to have appeared (with the exception of the brief papers
by W. D. Peck). The first edition of Say's work was published
in 1824, and curiously enough the title page bears the following
announcement: "Illustrated by Colored Figures from Original
Drawings executed from Nature by Thomas Say." This amus-
ing error was subsequently corrected in the Leconte edition of
the work, and in view of the warm friendship known to have
existfed between Say and at least some of his illustrators, it must
be viewed as a mere error of the types. The most prominent
illustrator of Say's work was Titian Ramsey Peale, born in
Philadelphia in 1800 and who died there March 13, 1885.
Peale executed the first plates for Say's Entomology when but
16 years of age and these were printed in 1817, although the
first edition of the work did not appear until 1824. T. R. Peak
was later curator of the Philadelphia Museum and left a collec-
tion of Lepidoptera which is preserved in the Academy of
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. He was a distinguished
naturalist as well as an artist and accompanied the \Yilkes
South Sea exploring expedition as naturalist in 1S3S 42. He
was also the author of most of the plates for Bonaparte's Ameri-

82 PROC. ENT. soc. WASH., VOL. 23, NO.. 4, APRIL, 1921

can Ornithology and of many other drawings of natural history
subjects.

Although T. R. Peale has generally been spoken of as the
illustrator of Say's American Entomology, an examination of
the published records fails to establish his authorship of more
than 28 of the 54 plates contained in the work. Of the 26
remaining plates, 9 are credited to C. A. Lesueur, 9 to W. W.
Wood, and 2 to H. B. Bridport. The remaining 6 plates are
unsigned and there appears nothing in the text to inform us who
prepared them. Titian R. Peale was a member of the well
known Philadelphia family of that name, of which no less than
7 members were artists of greater or less renown in America.
Several of them were interested in the natural sciences and did
much to foster the science of entomology in the early days of its
development in this country. The Peale family was a most
remarkable one for the longevity of its members, as six of the
artist members before referred to each lived to be more than 80
years of age. One lived to be 97 and the sum of the ages of the
6 amounts to no less than 522 years; here is evidence that the
so-called "artistic temperament" is not nearly so wearing on
the system as some persons would have us believe.

T. R. Peale's record bears but one stigma, in that he served
as a "government clerk," having been employed as an Examiner
in the Patent Office in Washington from 1 849 to 1 872. Perhaps
it would have been more charitable not to mention this, in view
o'~ his otherwise exemplary life.

• Charles Alexander Lesueur, who was a collaborator of Peale's
in the illustration of Say's work, was a Frenchman by birth and
was born in Havre-de-Grace, France, in January, 1778, where
he died on December 12, 1846. Before his departure from his
native country Lesueur was known as an artist of great ability
and had been called "the Raphael of zoological painters."
When Lesueur was in his 23d year, he shipped as a ship's
apprentice for a voyage to Australia with what has been called
the " Baudin Expedition." This was an exploring expedition
fitted out at national expense and placed under the command
of one Nicholas Baudin, who, judging from the account of the
voyage given by George Ord, was as arrant a rascal as ever went
unhung. He not only sold a large part of the stores that had
been provided for the subsistence and safety of the members of
the expedition, but reduced all hands to starvation rations, thus
superinducing scurvy and other diseases from which a consider-
able number of the crew and scientific staff lost their lives.

Lesueur had not been long at sea before his remarkable talents
as an artist were discovered with the result that he was promptly
"transferred by the commander-in-chief from the humble
position he occupied among the crew, to the honorable station
of painter of natural history, and his appointments and privi-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921 83

leges were made to correspond with his rank." Fortunately
Baudin died during the voyage, otherwise it seems extremely
doubtful whether the expedition would ever have returned to
France. After three years of perilous adventure and almost
indescribable hardship, the expedition returned, in March, 1804.
Although Lesueur nearly lost his life from disease and the bite
of a venomous reptile during the voyage, he found opportunity
to execute no less than fifteen hundred drawings and paintings
of the zoological collection which was said to have numbered
more than one hundred thousand specimens. Some, but not
nearly all, of these drawings appeared in the history of the
voyage published in 1807. In the fall of 1815 Lesueur was
invited by a wealthy Scotch-American, Mr. William Maclure,
to accompany him as traveling companion on a voyage to the
West Indies and thence to the United States. Maclure was a
pioneer geological explorer who did much to advance the natural
sciences in their early days in this country. Lesueur accepted
and the party arrived at Barbadoes in December of that year.
The winter was spent in collecting marine animals which after-
wards formed the basis of Lesueur's admirably illustrated papers.
In the spring of 1816 he arrived in the LInited States, and after
considerable travel, settled in Philadelphia where he soon
became a member of the American Philosophical Society and the
Academy of Natural Sciences. Here he remained, according
to Ord, for nine years, engaged in scientific pursuits and the
teaching of drawing in the educational institutions of that city-
It was during this time that Lesueur doubtless met Thomas
Say, although it is not known exactly how they became associ-
ated. As Lesueur afterwards accompanied Say to New Har-
mony, they must have been on very friendly terms. Probably
they met through the agency of the scientific societies to which
they both belonged, Say having been elected to membership in
the Academy in 1812. Dr. Morris says "It was during this
period that Thomas Say came under Lesueur's influence and it
is said that it was to him that Say owed his first acquaintance
with marine invertebrates and other departments of zoology."
In 1825 Lesueur accompanied his friend Say to Indiana and
took up his residence in the socialistic colony founded by
Maclure and Owen at New Harmony. Of this event Dr.
George Brown Goode says: "But for their sacrifice to the
socialistic ideas of Owen, Say and Lesueur would doubtless be
counted among the most distinguished of our naturalists, and
the course of American zoological research would have been
entirely different." Although American entomologists doubt-
less will agree with Dr. Goode regarding the unfortunate results
of this venture, most of us will be slow to accept the idea that
Thomas Say is not already enrolled among the "most dis-
tinguished" of earlv American naturalists.

84 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

The name of W. W. Wood appears as the author of nine of the
plates in Say's Entomology; these are of equal quality with the
plates drawn by either Peale or Lesueur. It seems possible
that these plates may have been prepared by Mr. Wm. Wood,
author of "Linnean Genera of Insects," and the beautiful plates
of the "Illustrated Catalogue ot the Lepidopterous Insects of
Great Bnttam," etc., who was a contemporary of Say and Les-
ueur and a most exquisitely skilful draughtsman and engraver.
It was Mr. Wood's habit at that time, however, to sign himself
' W. Wood, Junr.," whereas the plates in Say's work are signed
" W. W. Wood. " Mr. William Wood's skill with the pencil and
graver amounted to real genius, and he was the author of
literally thousands of beautiful figures of insects, many of which
were drawn directly on copper with the graver. No evidence has
been found, however, that Mr. Wood ever visited America. An
examination of the city directories of Philadelphia from 1815 to
1835 discloses the name of but one W7.W. Wood, who is recorded
not an an artist but a stationer, located at 88 Walnut Street;
however, perhaps he was the author of the plates in question.
Who knows?.

There is a homogeneity of treatment about the entire set of
illustrations in Say's work which leads one to suspect that some
one artist supervised the reproduction of the original illustra-
tions and managed to impart his personal touch to them,
although it seems possible that the engraver may have been
responsible for this rather stereotyped effect.

Plates 19 and 33 of Say's Entomology bear the name of H. B.
Bridport. Mr. Hugh B. Bridport was born in London, England,
in 1794, but emigrated to America in 1816, where he resided
principally in Philadelphia. He was a painter of miniature
portraits, having studied the art under Mr. C. Wilkin in London
as well as at the Royal Academy, and followed this profession in
various parts of this country. In 1817 Hugh Bridport estab-
lished a drawing academy in Philadelphia in connection with
his brother George, where he taught the arts of drawing and
water color painting. Shortly afterwards he was associated
with the English architect, John Haviland, in a school of archi-
tecture and drawing; Mr. Bridport is said to have engraved a
very few good portraits in the stipple manner. While we have
no positive evidence that Hugh Bridport was the author of the
plates in Say's Entomology bearing that name, the information
given above makes it practically certain that he should be
credited with this work.

Among the early entomological illustrators, regarding whom
little has been published, was Maj. Jno. Eatton Leconte, the
father of Dr. J. L. Leconte, the famous Coleopterist. Jno. E.
Leconte was born at Shrewsbury, N. J., Feb. 22, 1789, and died
at Philadelphia, Nov. 21, 1862 (Appleton's Cyclopaedia), and

PROC..ENT. SOC. WASH., vol.. 23, \<>. 4, APRIL, 1V2I 85

is said to have left an extensive collection of water color paintings
of American insects and plants, executed by himself. In for-
tunately the drawings have never been published; they are said
to be the property of the Missouri Botanical Garden at present.
Dr. A. S. Packard states in the introduction to one of his volumes
of the Monographs on the Bombycine Moths: "I have also
copied in the plates a number of excellent colored drawings of
caterpillars made by the late John E. Leconte which were
loaned me for such purpose by his son, Dr. John L. Leconte."
Unfortunately these drawings were incorporated in two plates
with the drawings of other artists, so that it is not possible to
identify those made by Major Leconte. It is certain that he did
publish one very handsomely illustrated volume on the Lepi-
doptera in collaboration with Boisduval.1 This volume, accord-
ing to Dr. Goode, was almost solely the work of Major Leconte,
although published under joint authorship. Boisduval states
in -the preface to the work that the drawings were colored by
John Abbot and intimates that Leconte collaborated with Abbot
in the preparation of the illustrations, although Lecortte's name
appears on but a single plate. All of the illustrative work is
beautifully done and Abbot's name appears on 62 of the 78
plates. The choice and application of the pigments evinces the
work of a consummate expert, as the colors to-day are as brilliant
as though they had been applied but yesterday and there
appears no trace of the oxidation which mars many of the older
colored illustrations of insects where the pigments have been
chosen without regard to their chemical affinity and possible
reaction upon each other. In most cases the larva and pupa are
shown as well as the adult insect.

In reviewing the work of the entomological illustrators of
the L^nited States, one can not omit, but naturally is reluctant
to mention, that farcical volume on entomology which has been
dignified by the title of "The Natural History of New York,"
published in 1854, under the authorship of the geologist Ebene-
zer F.mmons. This absurd publication has received the
unqualified condemnation of several competent critics such as
our colleague, Mr. K. A. Schwarz, who says: "It is utterly
worthless from whatever side it may be considered." This
emphatic language from one who is ever inclined to speak in
terms of charitable tolerance has led me to examine the work
with more than usual care and interest in order to discover in
what respects the illustrations have merited the strong terms
used by our amiable friend. These illustrations consist of 50
lithographed plates, colored by hand. They bear the name of

'Kntirled Historic Generale et loonographie des Lepidopteres cr des C'lirnillrs
de 1'Amerique Septentrionale, par Ic Hoi- rcu r Boisduval, i-r M. John
.!e New York, Paris, IS.o.

86 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1,921

Emmons as draughtsman and that of R. H. Pease as litho-
grapher. The mechanical work is of good quality and at first
glance some of the plates, especially those of the Coleoptera,
impress one rather favorably. But upon more careful exami-
nation this feeling is speedily dissipated because of the fact
that, while some of the figures are recognizable, the drawing is
execrable and inaccurate to a lamentable degree. The appen-
dages often are unequal in number and different in shape on the
two sides of the same insect; the outline of the subject is badly
distorted and carelessly drawn, and in spite of the fact that a
certain neatness of technique is apparent throughout, the work
is an example of the possible results of sloppy, careless drafts-
manship, coupled with a lack of competent supervision. What
little merit the drawings may originally have possessed has been
very effectively obscured by the colorist who might well have
used his thumb in applying the colors, so far as it is possible to
judge from the effects secured. The drawing and coloring of the
Lepidoptera are especially atrocious and I feel sure there are
plenty of talented children who could do better work. It is a
relief to turn our attention from this absurdity to the work of
such men as Antoine Sonrel, who was the chief illustrator of
Harris' ''Insects Injurious to Vegetation." All of the work
which we have hitherto been discussing was in color, the outlines
having first been printed either from engravings on copper or
from lithographs, and afterward tinted by hand. They have
consisted, for the most part, of Lepidoptera, but with the
appearance of Harris' work we find for the first time in American
books on entomology, with the exception of the short papers by
W. D. Peck, a serious attempt at rendering in black and white
the forms and true color values of insects in other orders, and it
is a tribute to Dr. Harris' appreciation of good entomological
illustrative work to remark the really wonderful success that was
achieved. Not only have the plates been rendered with the
very highest of artistic skill, but the wood engravings from which
the text figures were printed are among the very best that ever
have been produced in American works on entomology. The
figures of the Bombycine moths, for instance, have never been
equalled in any subsequent work. The figures of the Poly-
phemus and Cecropia moths are far superior to those of Riley's
Missouri Reports and several of Riley's figures of the other
larger moths, such as the Promethea and Luna moths, are
rather inferior reprints of Harris' figures. The fact that
Harris' Treatise on the Insects Injurious to Vegetation is still a
standard work on entomology, is, I believe, due largely to the
great excellence of its illustrations and constitutes strong evi-
dence that honest, painstaking work in the natural sciences is
practically imperishable.

According to Charles R. Dodge, Dr. Harris first requested

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921 87

Townend Glover to make the illustrations for his work, stating
at the same time that "Sonrel, a Swiss engraver, is the <ml\
person who can do such work at all well, and he, being a foreigner
and not speaking English well, it will be difficult to get along
with him." Glover afterwards declined to undertake this work
and it was assigned to Sonrel with very happy results. Another
admirable example of Sonrel's work are the plates accompanying
Louis Agassiz' volume on Lake Superior, two of which, plates 7
and 8, depict specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera respec-
tively.

The illustrations for Harris' Insects Injurious to Vegetation
consist of plates printed from steel engravings and text figures
from engravings on wood. Charles Flint states that Antoine
Sonrel made the drawings for the former and that Sonrel and
John Burckhardt were the authors of those for the wood-cuts,
but leaves us in doubt regarding the work with which each
should be credited. The blocks for the beautiful wood-engrav-
ings were cut by Henry Marsh, whose work is beyond all praise.
Except for Dr. Harris' brief mention of Sonrel nothing further
seems to be on record regarding him. I have drawn on the
resources of the Congressional Library as well as those of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture without finding a trace of this
artist. The standard reference works on artists and engravers
are silent so far as Antoine Sonrel is concerned but, be this as it
may, his work in connection with the Harris publication is
sufficient evidence that he was a craftsman of infinite skill.

Of John Burckhardt who was Sonrel's colleague in this work,
no record has been found.

The life of Townend Glover, first entomologist of the LI. S.
Department of Agriculture, is so well known through the excel-
lent biography by Charles Richards Dodge (Bulletin 18, Old
Series, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric.) that it seems hardly worth
while here to mention many of the details of his career.

He was born at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Feb. 20, 1813, and died
in September, 1883, at Baltimore, Md. When but an infant
Glover was taken to Leeds, England, where he spent his boy-
hood and was educated in a private school. At the age of 20 he
was apprenticed to a firm of woolen merchants in Leeds, but on
reaching his majority, having been left a small fortune, went to
Germany and took up the study of painting, paying especial
attention to still-life work. As Glover was handicapped by
intensely myopic vision, naturally he was unable to paint in a
broad way, but this defect became actually advantageous in his
afterwork with insects as it enabled him to study and to draw
even small insects without artificial visual aid. After the lapse
of about two years Glover decided to visit relatives in America
and became so attached to this country that he remained here
permanently. After much travel he settled at \ew Rochelle,

88 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

New York, where he became well known as a sportsman. In
1840 he was residing at Fishkill-on-Hudson, now known as
Mount Beacon, on an estate owned by his father-in-law. Sev-
eral years later he became much interested in the study of
pomology and made many admirable models of fruit for which
he was awarded numerous prizes in the shape of cups and medals.
This work was instrumental in securing his first appointment in
the government service under the title of "Entomologist and
Special Agent," this appointment being dated June 14, 1854. It
was subsequent to this date that all of Glover's illustrative
work on insects was accomplished. In 1859 he resigned his
position with the department because of friction with his
immediate superior and became a member of the faculty at the
Maryland Agricultural College (now the Maryland University),
as professor of natural sciences. Glover's largest publication
known as "Illustrations of North American Entomology" was
begun about this time, He states that his "Journal or Field
Book" was written during this period for the use of the students
of the Maryland Agricultural College. The text of this latter
work is in Glover's chirography and was printed from litho-
graphic plates while the illustrations, consisting of 23 plates,
were etched on copper, intaglio. Only 45 copies were printed,
in some of which the plates were colored by hand. As Glover
himself says, the drawing in some of the illustrations is not all
that could be desired, nevertheless, if these plates could be made
easily available to beginners in entomology, they would still be
valuable in filling the purpose of which they were made, especi-
ally if the nomenclature were modernized. His publication
entitled "Cotton and the principal insects, etc., frequenting
or injuring the plant," was published in the same manner and
contains 22 plates, including illustrations, showing the diseases
of the plant as well as insect pests. The little textual matter
contained in the work is confined mainly to the legends for the
plates, which are very well done, although a little stiff. This is
especially noticeable in the attitudes of the caterpillars that
have been illustrated. Glover's greatest work, however, was
his "Illustrations of North American Entomology." The
bound copy of this work in the Congressional Library at Wash-
ington, D. C., contains 275 copper plates averaging some 20
figures to the plate. The text consists of nothing but the
names of the insects figured; there is not even an introduction
or preface to explain the author's ideas or purpose in presenting
the results of such enormous and painstaking labors in this
unique and absurd form. The orders Coleoptera, Orthoptera,
Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Dip-
tera are represented. In the Coleoptera nearly 200 figures of
larval forms are given and in the Diptera numerous larvae are
figured. Not all the figures were drawn from life as many of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 2.'J, \<>. 4, APRIL, \'»2\ SV

them were redrawn from other works on entomology, mostly
of the European authors. Glover's figures, while good, are by
no means strictly accurate or of the highest quality. The
perspective is often faulty, due to the fact that the several
parts of the model have been drawn from distinctly different
viewpoints. This fact becomes quite apparent when his figures
are compared with actual specimens of the species represented.
Many of the figures have a flat, poorly modeled appearance as
if their author had intended them to be colored after they were
printed. Nevertheless, if these illustrations could be made
easily available to students, together with their modern names,
they would fill a field not at present occupied by any other work
on American entomology and would be of great value in this
field. While Glover was serving as Entomologist for the Fed-
eral Government, he frescoed on the ceiling of a room in the
northwest corner of the old Department of Agriculture building
an oval or circular centerpiece. This unique design consisted of
lepidopterous insects such as Papillio, Vanessa and some of the
Sphingidae. The decoration remained for many years but
finally became obliterated and no trace of it now is to be seen.

Mr. Dodge's admirable word picture of Townend Glover, with
which all entomologists should be familiar, leaves the reader con-
vinced that he was a genius but a most peculiar and eccentric
character, and that this fact interfered seriously with his com-
plete success in life. Had he been of a more companionable tem-
perament, or even a little more fortunate, undoubtedly he would
sooner or later have attracted the allegiance of some entomolo-
gist possessing complemental qualities of mind who could have
furnished the steadying and directing force, which was all that
was needed to render Glover one of the most momentous
figures that has appeared in American entomology. He was
the unfortunate victim of misdirected energies and talents of a
very high order which could have been made entirely effective
by proper management and assistance. Dipterists will under-
stand what is meant if I say he was a Loew without his Osten
Sacken.

It seems remarkable that following the time of T. R. Peale's
activities a period of more than forty years elapsed before the
appearance of a native born entomological draughtsman of any
note. It was not until the appearance in ISf/y of the first
edition of "Packard's Guide to the Study of Insects," thus
introducing to the entomological public the excellent drawings
of Mr. James H. Emerton, that the pursuit of entomological
delineation was resumed by persons of American bith. I.esucur,
Bridport, Sonrel, Burckhardt, and Glover were of foreign birth,
and even during Rtley's time this field was occupied In natives
of European countries; in truth it is only within comparatively
recent years that this branch of art, in the I'nited States, has

90 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

fallen very largely into the hands of American born draughts-
men.

Although it is not my intention to discuss the work of living
entomological illustrators it would be doing a great injustice to
that grand old man among American illustrators of entomo-
logical subjects, Mr. James H. Emerton, to mention the work of
his early contemporaries without paying tribute to his long and
useful service in this field. Mr. Emerton was born at Salem,
Mass., in 1847, and at this time is enjoying a vigorous old age in
the environs of Boston. He it was who drew many of the line
drawings and figures of larvae and pupae for Scudder's Butter-
flies of the Eastern United States and Canada, and also more
than one hundred of the text figures for Packard's Guide to the
Study of Insects. Mr. Emerton is the author and illustrator of
a standard work on spiders, entitled "The Structure and Habits
of North American Spiders," and has shown his versatility by
the construction of many models of marine and other animals
for the large museums of this country. It is remarkable that
one of Mr. Emerton's colleagues in the illustration of Scudder's
Butterflies, Mr. James Henry Blake, also survives. Mr. Blake
was born in Boston July 8, 1845, and at present resides at West
Somerville, Mass. He was educated at the Lawrence Scientific
School, was Prof. Louis Agassiz' assistant at the time of his
death and accompanied him on the Hassler Expedition and
served as assistant paleontologist in the U. S. Geological survey
for several seasons. Mr. Blake is also known as a public
lecturer and especially as a zoological artist. He drew a large
number of the very beautiful colored plates for Scudder's
"Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada," and
illustrated his "Tertiary Insects of North America," as well as
other entomological publications of note. Mr. Blake has the
honor of being dean of entomological illustrators in this country,
as he is Mr. Emerton's senior by about two years. Two other
artists contributed drawings to Packard's Guide regarding whom
little or nothing appears on record; they are, L. Trouvelot and
C. A. Walker. The former also executed some drawings for
Scudder's Butterflies. The latter may have been Chas. A.
Walker, a well known etcher of the period, who achieved an
enviable reputation as an interpreter .of famous paintings bur
this must apparently remain in doubt.

A distinguished colleague of Blake and Emerton in the work
on "Scudder's Butterflies" was Edward Burgess, who was born
at West Sandwich, Massachusetts, in 1848, and died at Boston,
that State, in 1891. Mr. Burgess graduated from Harvard in
1871 and became secretary of the Boston Society of Natural
History. He served as instructor in entomology at Harvard
from 1879 to 1883, afterwards becoming a designer of sailing
yachts. He was the creator of the Puritan, the Mayflower, and

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, \O. 4, APRIL, 1921 91

the Volunteer, the international cup-winners for 1885, 1886, ami
1887 respectively. Mr. Burgess was an enthusiastic entomo-
logist and specialized in the Diptera. Strange to say, however,
he did little or no illustrative work in this order, in spite of the
fact that a great need of such illumination existed in those days.
Dr. S. H. Scudder states that Burgess not only made 1 7.>
drawings for his work on the butterflies, hut also made the dis-
sections and preparations from which these drawings were exe-
cuted. Mr. Burgess was an insect anatomist of great skill and
published several valuable papers on this subject.

Among the most beautiful and skillfully drawn illustrations of
Lepidoptera that have appeared in any work relating to that
order in North America are those published in William Henry
Edwards' " Butterflies of Northeastern America and Canada."
These wonderful illustrations were drawn by a woman, Mrs.
Mary Peart, who has set a standard which it will be difficult for
the human hand ever to surpass. Their excellence is, of course,
due in part to the fine manner in which her drawings were repro-
duced, as the publication in which they occur is the most luxuri-
ous work on entomology that ever has appeared in this country.
Mr. Edwards states in the prefatory remarks to his various
volumes that Mrs. Peart's work began with plate VI, Part 2 of
the work. That she supervised the drawing of all the plates on
stone and made in all close to 1,000 figures for him in connection
with his studies of the butterflies. He also states that Mrs.
Peart aided in the rearing of the larval stages of the insects,
which she afterwards drew, first on paper and afterwards on
stone. Judging from the statement made by Mr. Edwards that
Philadelphia in 1868 was four days' journey from his home in
Coalburgh, W. Va., and that it was almost impossible to send
material for drawing there for that reason, one is led to suppose
that Mrs. Peart did her work in the former city. Dr. Henry
Skinner of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in
answer to my letter of inquiry, has been kind enough to furnish
the following information: "I can not tell you much about Mrs.
Peart, although I knew her for many years. She lived near this
institution, and the first time I met her she came in with Mr.
\V. H. Edwards, who remarked that 'the American Entomo-
logical Society should make her an honorary life member, as she
had contributed more toward his work on American Rhopalo-
cera than he had.' She was a delightful woman; cultured,
refined and modest to a high degree. A good many years ago I
visited her home with the late Dr. James Fletcher, who greatly
admired her work and wished to meet her. She died in Phila-
delphia a few years ago and, if I remember correctly, was buried
in some other place." Mr. Edwards states in the preface to his
third volume that Mr. Edward Ketterer made the drawings for

92 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

some 49 plates of that volume. No further information has been
secured regarding this man.

Herman Strecker, who published an illustrated work on tht
Lepidoptera in 1872-1877, and who amassed a very remarkable
collection in that order, was born in Philadelphia, March 24,
1836, and died at Reading, that State, November 20, 1901 . The
illustrations for Strecker's work consist of 15 quarto sized plates
which were drawn by himself on stone and afterward colored by
hand. Miss Emily Morton is said to have acted as his colorist
in this work. The drawings are good but not of the very highest
quality. They do not compare favorably, for instance, with
those by either J. Henry Blake or Mary Peart. The coloring
also is of mediocre quality and this is particularly noticeable in
some of the larger moths, but, considering the difficulties under
which Strecker labored, his work must be considered as quite
remarkable.

Miss Emily Morton, born at New Windsor, New York, April,
1841, drew many larvae for A. S. Packard's "North American
Lepidoptera," and colored many of the plates for Herman
Strecker's work on the Lepidoptera. Miss Morton is quite an
entomologist and has been especially active in the study of the
biology of the Lepidoptera and has succeeded in hybridizing
several of the larger Bombycine moths.

There is no doubt that the artist-entomologist best known to
the general public in America was Charles Valentine Riley;
born at Chelsea, London, England, September 18, 1843, and
who died as the result of an accident at Washington, D. C.,
September 14, 1895. Dr. Riley holds preeminence in the pub-
lic eye in this particular respect, not necessarily because he was
actually the foremost exponent of this difficult art in this coun-
try, but rather because he was the best advertised draughtsman
that we ever had. There is no doubt whatever that Dr. Riley
was a most excellent draughtsman of the German school and that
the earlier years of his career he did a large amount of very good
work with the pencil. This period of activity in America was
confined principally to the years 1868 to 1877 while he was
engaged in the production of his famous Missouri Reports, which
Riley himself considered the greatest achievement of his Ife.
It is not generally known that Riley made several fine paintings
of insects in oil colors for the Missouri Reports which were not
included and still remain unpublished. After his arrival in
Washington, Dr. Riley made practically no entomological
drawings, doubtless because he was too busily engaged with
administrative and other duties. The illustrations for his
publications of this period were all made by other draughtsmen,
excepting, of course, those which were reprinted from published
works such as the "Missouri Reports," and even in the case of
the latter papers Dr. Lugger is responsible for the statement

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, \<>2\ 93

that Lugger made some of the drawings in the rough, to which
Dr. Riley simply contributed the finishing touches and his
initials.

One of the draughtsmen who should be given first rank as re-
gards the value of work accomplished, and honest, sincere effort in
the delineation of insects, was Dr. George Marx, who acted as Dr.
C. V. Riley's illustrator from 1878 to 1883 (excepting 1X79 SO,
when J. H. Comstock was entomologist).

Dr. George Marx was born in Laubach, Germany, June 22,
1838, and died at Washington, D. C., January 3, 1895. He was
educated at Darmstadt, where he became interested in botany
and graduated in pharmacy at Giessen sometime previous to 1 860,
during which year he came to America. t'pon the outbreak of the
Civil War he enlisted as a private in the 8th New York Volun-
teers, but was soon afterward transferred to the medical corps as
assistant surgeon, because of his pharmaceutical and medical
knowledge. In 1862 he was wounded and disabled and after re-
covery engaged in the pursuit of his profession as a pharmacist in
New York and at Philadelphia. In 1 878 he was employed by the
United States Department of Agriculture as a natural history
draftsman, and began his work in Washington. Most of the
very excellent plates and figures published by the Division of
Entomology from 1878 to 1883 were the results of Dr. Marx'
labors. These include several fine colored plates, such as those
of the cotton worm, the boll worm, the army worm, etc.,
although many of these bear the initials of C. V. Riley. It will
be a surprise to most entomologists to learn, for instance, that
such admirable figures as that of the walking-stick insects, Plate
III, of Riley's first report, the fine group figure of the clover leaf
weevil of his report for 1882-83, and many other excellent
illustrations, which have been reproduced again and again in
later years, and credited to Dr. Riley, were in reality the work
of Dr. Marx but which were calmly appropriated by Dr. Riley
without a word of apology. It seems more than likely that this
was done with perfect honesty on Riley's part who doubtless
regarded the action as entirely within his rights.

Miss Lilly Sullivan, who was a protege of Dr. Riley's, after
the death of Dr. Marx took up the work of illustrating the vari-
ous reports and bulletins issued by the entomologist. What
appears to be the first of Miss Sullivan's illustrative work
appears in Dr. Wiley's Report for the year 1882, which contains
two plates in color bearing Miss Sullivan's name. One of these
shows a group of the Lepidopterous enemies of the cabbabge
plant and the other, some of the principal insect enemies of the
larch and spruce. A long series of drawings in black and white
subsequently came from Miss Sullivan's pencil, among the most
excellent of which are those contained in Howard and Marlatt's
notable work entitled "The Principal House-hold Insects of the

94 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

United States," published as an Entomological Bulletin in 1902.
Many of these illustrations have been widely copied and repro-
duced throughout the entomological literature of the world, and
particularly those illustrations relating to medical entomology,
such as the mosquitoes, the house flies, the roaches, etc. An
amusing anecdote regarding Miss Sullivan is told by Dr. F. H.
Chittenden, under whose direction Miss Sullivan worked at
various times. Miss Sullivan came to him one day with a very
troubled expression on her face, and asked the following ques-
tion: "Doctor, what is to become of me after I have drawn all
of the insects that are of economic importance?"

I have been unable to find that any notice of Miss Sullivan's
death was published in any of the entomological periodicals of
the time, but the records of the Department show that her ser-
vices terminated on June 26, 1903, and as she died very suddenly
it is probable that her death occurred about that date. It is
needless to say that poor Miss Sullivan's worry over the narrow-
ing field of illustrative work was groundless and that although
thousands of drawings of insects have been made since her day,
the limits of such work are still enshrouded in the mists of the
dim and distant future. Mr. H. G. Hubbard, whose bulletin
on the Orange Insects was one of the most popular publications
ever issued by the old Division of Entomology, was a very good
and painstaking draftsman. He made the drawings for plate
XIV of that publication and also the single plate accompanying
Hubbard and Schwarz' list of "The Coleoptera of Michigan."

The engraver who cut many of the blocks for illustrations in
the various reports and bulletins of the olci Division of Ento-
mology was Otto Heidemann, who afterwards developed into
one of the foremost authorities on the Hemiptera in this country.
Mr. Heidemann was born in Magdeberg, Germany, September
1, 1842, and died at Washington, D. C., November 17, 1916.
He learned the art of wood engraving in Leipzig and practiced
his profession in southern Germany for about three years before
coming to this country. Mr. Heidemann arrived in Washing-
ton some time during 1876 and was employed shortly afterward
in making illustrations for government publications. In 1880
he was employed as a topographical draughtsman with Wheeler's
Geographical Survey and in 1883 was appointed engraver for
the Department of Agriculture. He remained in this capacity
for about 12 years or until the development of commercial
photography completely revolutionized the methods of illustra-
tion, when he took up the study of insects and became a very
successful specialist in the order Hemiptera. While Mr. Heide-
mann's art work in connection with entomology consisted mainly
of engraving the drawings made by George Marx, Miss Sullivan
and others, he was a good draughtsman and made quite a number
of entomological drawings, some of which were published, but

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, M'RII., 1<>2! 95

there remain many others, made tor the purpose of illustrating
the work of the late T. H. Pergande, which still remain unpub-
lished. Mr. Heidemann was an unusually obliging, gentle,
courteous man, and even at an advanced age retained his vigor
and activity to a remarkable degree.

Probably the most valuable feature of Dr. A. S. Packard's
Monographs on the Bombycine Moths is their extensive series
of fine illustrations in color of the early stages of these insects.
The drawings for these plates were very largely the work of two
men, namely, Mr. Joseph Bridgham and Mr. Louis H. Joutel.
Mr. Joutel was born in Delaware County, New York, August
19, 1858, and died in New York City, September 6, 1916. He
studied art at Cooper Union in New York City, where he
resided for some 35 years. Mr. Joutel was a naturalist as well as
an artist and took great delight in collecting and rearing the
larvae of moths as well as those of amphibians, fish and other
small animals. His most important contribution to entomo-
logical science no doubt are the drawings which he prepared for
Packard's monographs and the fine monograph on the Coleop-
terous genus Saperda, published in collaboration with Dr. E. P.
Felt, which was illustrated by Mr. Joutel in a most admirable
manner. In addition to his art work, however, Mr. Joutel
published many brief papers on the Coleoptera, principally
relating to the longicorn beetles, regarding the biology of which
he was very well informed. Most of Mr. Joutel's publications
occurred in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society,
with which organization he was long identified.

Mr." Joseph Bridgham, who was Mr. Joutel's colleague in the
work on the Bombycine moths, and who was responsible for no
less than 41 of the plates in that monumental work, also aided in
securing many of the specimens from which the early stages of
the moths were drawn.

CONCLUSION

It would be a great pleasure to go on and tell in detail of the
work of such men as the late J. H. Grossbeck, who made so main-
excellent drawings for Smith's studies of the " Mosquitoes of New
Jersey"; of the fine line work of the late John K. Strauss, who
did a great deal of work for the various branches of the Federal
Bureau of Entomology, and especially of the beautiful, and
indeed exquisite, wash drawings of the mosquitoes executed by
our recently departed colleague, Mr. Fred Knab, and which were
published in the monumental Monograph on The Mosquitoes of
North and Central America and the West Indies in which Mr.
Knab also participated as one of the authors.

It would be a still greater pleasure to extend the present

96 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

remarks to include a survey of the living exponents of entomo-
logical illustrative art in this country, both, veterans and
recruits, but this obviously is impossible for several reasons, but
especially because of the limitations imposed by time and space.
A survey of that kind, however, would be interesting, and
doubtless would reveal the names of many entomologists who,
at one time or another, have wielded the pencil but who have
relinquished it in favor of the pen, or perhaps one should say
the stenographic clerk, in these strenuous days. For instance,
who among the younger men remembers that Mr. C. L. Marlatt,
even as far back as his student days, made some excellent
drawings which were published by Professor Popenoe and that
these works attracted the attention of Dr. Riley who induced
Mr. Marlatt to come to Washington where his marked ability
soon led him into other fields of entomological endeavor. Before
this occurred, however, he had executed a considerable number of
drawings such as those of the tree hoppers in Volume 7 of Insect
Life, the mouth parts of mosquito larvae and the illustrations
for his studies of the saw-flies. Who knows too that Professor
R. H. Pettit was the author ot a number of good drawings of the
insects affecting domestic animals while serving as Dr. Lugger's
assistant in Minnesota many years ago, etc. There are many
other veterans of the pencil, such as Dr. Herbert T. Osborn, for
example, whose work it would be a pleasure to review, but this
must be left for the pen of some future writer. My purpose, as
stated in the beginning of this paper, was to show the importance
of the work of the draughtsman in advancing the science of ento-
mology in this country and also to drag from unmerited obscurity
the names of the earlier men whose work is in almost daily use
but who, for the most part, have been utterly forgotten by those
who participate in the results of their labors. If the present
paper attains even the latter end I shall feel amply repaid for the
slight labor of its preparation. It may be seen from what has
been said that in some cases, even the name of the draughtsman
has been disconnected from his work, and there is now no way of
telling who was responsible for certain important drawings; in
others the name of quite another person than the author has
been substituted and it doubtless is true, also, that in many more
cases very scant and altogether inadequate acknowledgment
has been made the skillful and patient artist collaborator whose
work contributed very greatly to the success of many a famous
entomological publication.

Ruskin believed that "the greatest thing a human soul ever
does in this world is to see something, and tell what it saw in a
plain way. " This is precisely what the skilled draughtsman does
for the entomologist, and whether or not we agree with Ruskin,
who will say that this service is not a great one?

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, \O. 4, APRIL, 1921 97

PUBLICATIONS CONSUI.TH )

AGASSIZ, Louis: Lake Superior, its Physical Character, Vegetation, anil Ani-
mals, with Narrative of Tour by J. Eliot Cabot. Boston, 1850. Gould,
Kendall, and Lincoln. (8 plates by Antoine Sonrel.)

AJMM.ETON'S CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN- BIOGRAPHY: Edited by J. (',. Wilson
and John Fiske. Rev. ed. 1900, 6 vols. (John Mat ton LeConte, Mark
Catesby, T. R. Peale, et al.)

BOISDUVAI., J. A., and LECONTE, JOHN EATION: Histoire gi-nrrale et icono-
graphie des lepidopteres et des chenilles de I'Amerique septentrionale.
Paris, 1833.

CATESBV, MARK.: The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama
Islands. London, 1731-1743, 2 vols.

DAVIS, WM. T.: Louis H. Joutel. Joitrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1916, pp.
239-243, portrait.

DODGE, C. R.: The Life and Entomological Work of the Late Townend Glover.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bull. 18, Washington, 1888.

Dow, R. P.: The Rector of Barham and his Times (William Kirby). Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 8, 1913, pp. 68-74. (Many references to contem-
poraneous entomologists. Abbot.)

Dow, R. P.: John Abbot, of Georgia. Joitrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1914, pp.
65-72.

DUNLAP, WILLIAM: History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in
the United States. New ed. illustrated with additions by Frank W. Bay-
ley and Charles E. Goodspeed. Goodspeed Press, Boston, 1916, 3 vols.
(Hugh B. Bridport, vol. 3.)

DYAR, H. G.: See HOWARD, L. O.

EDWARDS, VV. H.: The Butterflies of North America. Boston, N. Y., Houghton,
Mifflin and Co., 1879-1897, 3 vols., col. plates. Imprint of Vol. 1, Phila-
delphia, The American Entomological Society, 1868-72; text reprinted,
Boston, Houghton, Osgood, and Co., 1879. Mary Peart.)

EMMONS, EBENEZER: The Natural History of New York * with De-

scriptions of the More Common and Injurious Insects. Alban\, I $54.
(Vol. 5, the insects of New York.)

GOODE, GEORGE BROWN: Memoir of George Brown Goode together with a Se-
lection of his Papers on Museums and on the History of Science in America.
Ann. Kept. Smithsonian lust, for 1897, Washington, 1901, 515, />/>. 109 ph.
(The Beginnings of American Science, pp. 409 4(i(\ Bibliographic Notes
on James E. Smith, p. 429. John Abbot ami Chas. Alex. Lesueur, pp.
448-449.)

GROSSBKC-K, JOHN A.: Obituary Notice of, in: Ent. AVir.f, vol. 25, l''I4, p. 288-

HARRIS, THADDEI \s WILLIAM: A Treatise on Some of the Insects Injurious to
Vegetation. Edited by Chas. L. Flint. Boston, ISf>2. First illustrated
edition. Flint edition with colored plates, 1XS4. (Antoine Sonrel, J.
Burckhardt, et al.)

Entomological Correspondence of. Edited b\ S. H. Scuddcr,
Boston, 1869.

HEIDEMANN, OTTO: Obituary Notice of, in: /'roc. Ent. Sue. ll'ush., vol. AV, /<J/f>,
pp. 201-205, portrait.

98 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

HOWARD, L. O., DVAR, H. G. and KNAB, FREDERICK: Mosquitoes of North and

Central America and the West Indies. Carnegie Inst. of Washington, Pub.

159, 1912-1917, 4 vo/s. in 3.
HUBBARD, H. G.: The Coleoptera of Michigan: H. G. Hubbard and E. A.

Schwarz. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 17, 1878.

Insects Affecting the Orange. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent.

publication, 1885.
KIRBV, W. F.: John Abbot, The Aurelian. Can. Ent., vol. 20, ISSS, pp. 230

232. (Portrait referred to in above reproduced as frontispiece in Scudder's

Butterflies of U. S. and Canada.)
"KNAB, FREDERICK: Obituary Notice of, in: Proc. Ent. Soc. IV ash., vol. 21, 1919,

pp. 42-52.

—: See also HOWARD, L. O.
LECONTE, JOHN EATTON: See BOISDUVAI , J. A.
MARX, GEORGE: Obituary Notice of, in: Proc. Ent. Soc. tl'ash., vol. 3, 1895, pp.

195-201, portrait.
MORRIS, JOHN G.: Contributions towards a History of Entomology in the

United States. Amer. Journ. Sci. (Sillimans Journ.), ser. 2, vol. 1, 1846,

pp. 17-27. (Catesby, Abbot, Lesueur, et al.)
NEWCOMB, H. H.: Emily L. Morton. Ent. News, vol. 28, 1917, pp. 97-101,

portrait.
ORD, GEORGE: A Memoir of Charles Alexander Lesueur. Amer. Journ. Sci.

(Sillimans Journ.) ser. 2, vol. 8, 1849, pp. 189-216.
PACKARD, ALPHEUS SPRING: Guide to the Study of Insects. Salem, Mass.,

1869. (J. H. Emerton, J. H. Blake, Edw. Burgess, et al.)

— : Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of North America. Mem.

Nat. Acad. Sci., vo/s. 7, 9, 12, 1895-1914. 3 vols. (A. S. Packard, J. E.

LeConte, Louis Joutel, et al.,
PECK, WILLIAM DANDRIDGE: The Description and History of the Canker- Worm.

Mass. Mag., 1795, No. 7, pp. 323-327, 415-416, pi. 1. Reproduced in:

Mass. Agr. Repository, 1796.

— : Natural History of the Slug-Worm (Tenthredo). Mass. Agr.

Repository, 1799, pp. 9-20, pi. 1.

— : Important Communication Relative to the Canker-Wonn.
/. c., vol. 4, No. 1, 1816, pp. 89-92.

— : On the Insects which Destroy the Young Branches of the Pear
Tree, and the Leading Shoot of the Weymouth Pine (Rhynchaenus strobi
and Ichneumon). /. c., vol. 4, No. 3, 1817, pp. 205-211, pi. 1.

— : Some Notice of the Insect which Destroys the Locust-Tree
(Cossus robiniae). /. c., vol. 5, No. 1, 1818, pp. 67-73, pi. 1.

— : Insects which Affect the Oaks and Cherries (Stenocorus puta-
tor; Rhynchaenus cerasi). /. c., vol. 5, No. 3, 1819, pp. 307-313.

RILEV, CHARLES V.: Obituary Notice of, in: Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 3, 1895,

pp. 293-298, portrait.
SAY, THOMAS: American Entomology, or Descriptions of the Insects of North

America. Philadelphia, 1824-28, 3 vols.

— : Complete Writings on the Entomology of North

America. Edited by John L. LeConte. Philadelphia, 1859, 2 vols.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, \O. 4, AI'Rll,, 1921 1>V

SCHWARZ, E. A.: North American Publications on Entomology, /'roc. l-'.tit.

Soc. Wash., vol. 2, 1890, pp. 5-23.. (W. D. Feck, Kmmons, Abbot.)

— : See also HUBBARD, H. G.
SCUDDER, S. H.: John Abbot, The Aurelian. Can. Ent.,i"j/.20, 1888, pp. 150-

154.

— : The Butterflies of the Eastern United States ami Canada, with

Special Reference to New Kngland. Cambridge, Mass., 1SS9, .•>' :'o/s. I J . H.

F.merton, et al.)
SMITH, JAMES EDWARD: The Natural History of the Rarer.Lepidopterous In

of Georgia * * * collected from the observations of John Abbot. Lon-
don, 1797, 2 vols.
STRAUSS, JOHN F.: Obituary Notice of, in: J'roc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 19, /'>//",

p. 29.
STRECKER, FERDINAND HEINRICH HERMAN: Obituary Notice of, in: Ent. News,

vol. 13, 1902, pp. 1-4, portrait.
THIENE und BECKER: Kunlstler Lexikoner, vol. 1, p. 1. Wilhelm Enge/mann,

Leipsig, 1907 . (John Abbot as an exhibitor at the Society of Artists,

London, England, 1770.)
U.S. DEPT. AGR. ENTOMOLOGY rs: Reports 1878 to 1884. (Riley, George Marx,

Lilly Sullivan, et al.)

WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA, 1920-1921. (J. H. Emerton, J. H. Blake, Ewd. Bur-
gess, et al.)
WOOD, WILLIAM: Index Entomologicus Lepidopterous Insects of

Great Britain. New rev. ed. by J. O. Westwood. London, 1854.

A NEW SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS GOODIA. (LEP.)

Bv W. J. HOLLAND, Carnegie Museum.

In recently examining the collections of the Satnrniidae in
the Carnegie Museum I have found a species belonging to the
genus Goodia, which I believe has not heretofore been described
and a brief description of which is herewith presented together
with a cut, which may enable it to be recognized. I take
pleasure in naming it after my amiable associate, Mr. Hugo
Kahl.

Goodia kahli, sp. no\.

cf. The prevalent color of the wings on the upper side is fawn inclining
to vinaceous. The fore wings are marked by a crenulated postbasal dark
line, and by a postmedian, more strongly crenulated, dark line. These
lines are furthest apart in the region of the end of the cell and come closer
to each other as they approach the inner margin. The area between these
two lines is darker inwardly and is outwardly marked by diffuse pale reddish
spots, these being somewhat sharply defined externally by the post -median
line. The transverse lines of the tore wings are continued upon the IIIIHI
wings, the postbasal line on the hind wing being faint, except near the inner
margin, where it is broad and diffuse; the postmedian line being complete trom

]()() I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL, 1921

the costa to the inner margin. There are no hyaline spots on the fore wing.
There is a minute hyaline spot, bounded by a fine dark annulus near the middle
of the hind wing. The upper side ot the thorax and the anterior portion of the
abdomen above is darker than the ground-color of the wings. The collar is
pale, inclining to whitish. On the under side the wings are marked as 0:1 the
upper side, but the transverse lines on the fore wings are very feebly indicated
or wanting. There is a rather conspicuous brilliant reddish spot beyond the
end of the cell in the type. This spot is scarcely seen in the paratype. On the
underside of the hind wings the crenulated postmedian line is distinctly marked,
but not as conspicuously as on the upper side; the postbasal line is obscure, or
obliterated.

The genitalia, which I have examined at the request of Dr. Karl Jordan, who
is studying the insects of this group, are like those of G. nitbilata Holl., the uncus
of the prehensores being median in its position, and not terminal, as in G. lunata
Holl.

The species in general appearances recalls Goodia impar. as described and
figured by Aurivillius (Cf. Ent. Tidskr., XX, 1899, p. 246), but is very different,
especially in lacking the hyaline spots near the end of the cell of the fore wirg
shown in the figure cited. It also somewhat resembles G.vesti^iata Holl., but is
quite distinct. Expanse of wing, 60-62 mm.

The description I have given is based upon two specimens,
both males, one of which, the type, was taken at Efulen,
Cameroon, May 21, 1914; the other, the paratype, was taken on
October 24, 1913, at the same place.

The female, which is unknown to me as yet, is probably a
much larger insect with broader wings, as is the case with the
other species of which the female sex is known to me.

Actual date of publication April 16, 1921

PKOC.. I:.\T. SIK. WASH., vol.. 23

PL ATI \ II

GOODI A (ORIHOGONIOPT1LUM) KAH1.I HOI. I AN IX SR NOV.

(NATURAL SIZE)

VOL. 23

MAY 1921

No. 5

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

IMY 18 1921

CONTENTS

BAKER, A. C. ON THE FAMILY NAME FOR THE PLANT LICE

CUSHMAN, R. A. THE MALES OF THE ICHNEUMONID GENERA MYERSIA AND

THAUMATOTYPIDEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. (HYM.) . 109

•>

GAHAN, A. B. — REMARKS ON THE GENUS PLEUROTROPIS WITH DESCRIPTION
OF A PARASITE OF TRACHELUS TABIDUS FABRICIUS. (HYMENOPTERA :
CHALCIDOIDEA.) 113

GREENE, CHARLES T. FURTHER NOTES ON AMBOPOGON HYPERBOREUS

GREENE. (DIPTERA.) 107

MC ATEE, W. L. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DIPTERA: SCATOPSIDAE 120

PARKER,J. B. — NOTES ON THE NESTING HABITS OF TACHYTES. (HYM.I . . 103

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OK WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 191S.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each
month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M.

Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

Honorary President E. A. SCHWARZ

President W. R. WALTON

First Vice-President A. B. GAHAN

Second Vice-President A. G. BO' VING

Recording Secretary R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE

and E. R. SASSCER.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the JVashington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at
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foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra.
All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable
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Authors of leading articles in the PROCEEDINGS will be given 10 copies of the
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 MAY 1921 No. 5

ON THE FAMILY NAME FOR THE PLANT LICE.

BY A. C. BAKER.

The origin1 of the word Aphis and the correct spelling of the
family name based upon it have given rise to no little discussion
among students of this group of insects. On the face of it the
word appears to be Greek but it is found nowhere in the classical
Greek writers. For bug Aristotle used K&PIS and for lice he
employed <}>0dp but nowhere in his works, so far as I can find,
does he refer to forms which might be considered aphids. One
would naturally expect to find them under the discussion of lice
for the Latin writers of the revival period treated them under
Pediculus as the lice found on plants or in some cases those
generated by plants. ' From Aristotle's word for louse we can
have only Phthirius and other similar generic terms and from
its Latin equivalent such generic names as Pediculus.

All modern students, seemingly, have believed that the word
Aphis originated with Linnaeus and our dictionaries (Murray's,
Century, etc.) give this view and list Aphis as modern Latin.
If this view is adopted we have a d'-stem and the family name
should be written Aphid-idae for Linnaeus used aphides in the
plural. Aphididae is generally employed to-day as the spelling
for the family name of the plant lice.

But it is not with the meaning "louse" but rather in the sense
of bug that we find the early use of the word. Aldrovandi1 in
his huge work wrote as follows:

Cimex uttpis, ut dixi, Graecis nominatur, nonnunquam etiam K6pvs. Sed a
Dioscoride /c6peis oi airi) K\ivrjs, hoc est Cimices lectularii dicuntur: In glos-
sario in pluruli Kopides utiam inuenio, & in Epigrammate Antiphanis (ciptes.
Recentiores Grseci Kopi^a. nominunt: reperio deniq; in veteri Lexico A"0is pro

C'imice.

This passage is of considerable interest for it indicates not
only our generic name Corixa and its Latin equivalent Cimex
but it indicates also the original use of the word Aphis. The
first thing proven is that the word is not modern Latin and that
it did not have its origin with Linna-us. This granted, the
derivation given in our dictionaries is, of course, incorrect. It
must be remembered that Buckton was on the consulting staff

U'lyssis Aldrovandi -De Animaliluis Insectis 1602, Lib. Quintus, 535.

102 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

of Murray's and Murray's simply gives as derivation the
speculation he indicated in the first volume of his British
Aphides. It is entirely a product of his imagination.

Aphis, then, as we find it, is a Greek word and upon the declen-
sion depends the spelling of our family name. As before
mentioned it appears to have been used nowhere in classical
Greek. If Linnaeus had found it there he could scarcely have
written aphides in the plural for the declension would be S0«,
&4>eus. As a matter of fact the word is not Attic but belongs
to the Ionic dialect in which we have the genitive -«>s for
i-stems. This is indicated by the presence of the word in a
Latin-Greek lexicon1 dated 1554 in which I find the follow-
ing entry:

Cimex, icis. f. g. o0is, wr

In an earlier lexicon by Gulielmus Mainus (1523) I also find
the word aphis but no genitive is indicated. The word is here
written a^ts in one section and &<t>ia in another. In both of
these lexicons I find the Attic word /c6/ns as well. Of the many
examined, however, these two are the only ones in which the
word aphis appears.

How did Linnaeus come to write aphides in the plural?
Several possibilities suggest themselves. It must be remem-
bered that until a very late period with the Greeks Ionic was
associated with medicine in much the same way as Latin has
been with our biological sciences. In the island of Cos, for
example, which was originally a Doric colony, Hippocrates and
his school employed a form of Ionic and it was for long years
afterwards the official medical dialect. The discussion of Cimex
would in all probability be associated with medicine. More-
over the evidence seems to indicate that in Asia Minor
words in « like &<pi* were declined in the regular way with -los
in the genitive and not with -idos.

Linnaeus may have known the word as Greek and concluded
without investigation that it should be a^uSos- This I think
probable. On the other hand he may have found that it was
actually used in the other Ionic form in some paper of which we
have no record. Had this been the case, however, one would
expect to find it in the lexicons. But it is possible that he simply
wrote it in its present Latin form without much consideration.

The people of the East were well acquainted with many
insects and they used the products of some of them in their
industries. In view of the fact that the Attic people employed
a different word it seems possible that Aphis in some form or

1Dictionarum Latino-graecurn. In quo singulae dictiones ac locutiones
latinae, graecis vocibus ac sententiis praemissae, magnu utriusque linguae
comercium indicat. Huius ante plurima pars ex Budaei Vigiliaru reliquiis
exerpta est . . . Lutetiae, apud C Stephanum 1554.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 103

other reached the Greeks of Asia Minor from the Orient. This,
however, is mere speculation. What we do know is as follows:
The word is an t-stem and can be traced only in the Ionic dialect.
Linnaeus used it as if it were declined with a § stem. In all
modern works it is considered Latin and credited to him.

From these facts and the foregoing we conclude that he made
a mistake in using aphides in the plural and that the family
name of the plant lice should be written Aphiidae and not
Aphididae.

In preparing this paper I have to thank my father, J. J. Baker
of Vancouver, B. C., and Prof. O. J. Todd of the University of
the same place for suggestions.

NOTES ON THE NESTING HABITS OF TACHYTES. (HYM.)1

Bv J. B. PARKER, Professor of Biology, Catholic University of America.

These notes are based on observations of the nesting activities
of two species of Tachytes, T. dubia Rohwer and T. breviventris
' Cresson, both of which prey upon Conocephalus breviventris
Scudder, one of the long-horned grasshoppers. T. dubia was
found nesting near Danville, Ohio, on August 22, 1917. The
nesting site was located on a high bank of a creek bordered on
either side by a fringe of trees. The site itself was not over ten
feet square, sparsely covered with long, loose grass, and shut in
by trees on three sides. The ground was an alluvial deposit of
fine silt and sand. Some half dozen nests were found on this
site but only two were opened. When I visited the site again in
the summer of 1919, the whole bank had been carried away by
the stream.

The first burrow opened was about eighteen inches in length,
not straight in its course — the irregularities being due probably
to the presence of roots in the soil — and at no point more than
four inches below the surface. The tunnel was about the size
of a lead pencil and the entrance to it was always left open. No
lateral tunnels were formed, the brood chambers being in a line
at the end of the main tunnel. Where a brood chamber is con-
structed the diameter of the tunnel is considerably enlarged.
This nest contained three brood chambers separated from one
another by partitions of soil solidly packed in. The chamber
at the extreme end of the tunnel, the first one the wasp con-
structed, contained three grasshoppers with an egg in place.
The second contained two grasshoppers with an egg in place,
and the third one grasshopper and no egg. The second nest
opened did not differ materially from the first in point of struc-
ture and arrangement; it contained two brood chambers of

two species of Tachytes were kindly identified tor me by Mr. S. A.
Rohwer and the grasshopper by Mr. \. \. Caudcll. Specimens of all three
species have been placed in the U. S. National Museum.

104 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

which the one at the extreme end was provided with three
grasshoppers and an egg in place and the other, being incomplete,
held only one grasshopper and no egg.

It appears that the wasp does not deposit her egg until the
chamber has been completely provisioned. When this has been
done and the egg placed the chamber is at once sealed up. The
grasshoppers are placed upon their backs neatly arranged with
their heads all pointing towards the closed end of the burrow.
My limited observations on these two species indicate that the
egg is always placed on the first grasshopper brought into the
brood chamber but it is not deposited until the chamber has
been completely provisioned. In the case of T. dubia the egg is
placed on the sternum of the prothorax crosswise of the body
between the head and the prothoracic legs. Owing to the cir-
cumstances under which these observations were made it was
impossible to attempt any study of the development of the larva
of this species.

Some idea of the activity of this species may be had from notes
on movements of the wasp that constructed the nest first opened.
She arrived at her nest with prey at 8:50 A. M. While she was
inside the nest I removed the long grass that almost concealed
the entrance to it. When the wasp came out at 8 :52 she seemed
confused by the change and spent the next five minutes buzzing
about the entrance and popping in and out of it. She finally
flew away at 8:57. She returned with prey at 9:20, left again at
9:21; returned at 9:45, left at 10:24; returned at 10:35, left at
10:36; returned at 11:00, left at 11 :35; returned at 11:43 and was
captured as she emerged at 1 1 :44. By comparing this record
with the number ot grasshoppers found in the brood chamber of
the first nest opened it will be seen that when the wasp remained
for a considerable time within the nest, thirty-nine minutes the
first time and thirty-five the second, this time was required for
depositing the egg, sealing up the brood chamber and enlarging
the tunnel for a new one.

In approaching the nest with prey the wasp makes a loud
humming noise, poising in the air till the entrance of the nest is
located when she settles directly into the opening of it. I may
add here that in the case of the wasp that constructed the second
nest opened, I removed the grass from about the entrance to her
nest just as I had done with the first one, but this second wasp
did not pay the slightest attention to the altered conditions nor
did the change confuse her at all when she returned with prey.

A nesting site of Tachytes breviventris Cress, was discovered in
a pasture on the grounds of the Catholic University of America,
Washington, D. C., in September, 1920. On an area probably
fifty feet in diameter eleven nests were counted while some dozen
more were widely scattered about. The soil of the nesting site
is sandy and at the level of the brood chambers it is almost

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, M \V, \'>2\ 105

wholly pure fine sand. The burrows were approximately three-
eighths of an inch in diameter and extended downward vertically
to a depth of from nineteen to twenty-tour inches. From the
bottom of the vertical tunnel lateral tunnels from four to eight
inches in length were constructed at right angles to the vertical
shaft and in radiate arrangement. In some cases the radiating
laterals were at two levels one about four inches above the other.
A brood chamber is constructed at the end of each lateral and
when provisioned the lateral between the brood chamber and
the main shaft is filled up with sand. I found no evidence of
two or more brood chambers in any single lateral.

This species like the preceding species carries its prey to the
nest in flight and like it makes a loud humming noise as it flies.
The weight these wasps carry in flight is astonishing. Two
wasps and their victims were weighed immediately after capture.
One 'wasp weighed 160 mg and her prey 200 mg, the prey being
in this case 1.25 times as heavy as the wasp; the other wasp
weighed only 130 mg but her prey weighed 230 mg, the prey
being in this case 1.77 times as heavy as the wasp that carried it.
The first wasp carried her prey with little difficulty but the
second found her task laborious. In searching for the entrance
to her nest this second wasp was compelled to alight several
times to rest, and the rapidity and violence of her respiratory
movements plainly showed how great were the exertions
required to enable her to carry her heavy load.

The entrance to the nest is always left open and when the
wasp returns with prey she endeavors to alight in the opening,
which, on the nesting site under observation, was a conspicuous
. hole in a pile of light sand. Consequently when she approaches
her nest with her heavy load she circles about in the air or poises
on the wing at about the height of a man's head until she locates
the opening of the nest when she drops down directly into it.
Frequently, perhaps because of fatigue, on coming down she
lands a few inches to one side of the entrance. In such cases she
invariably rises on the wing with her load, circles about and
tries for the entrance again. I saw this performance repeated
by one wasp no fewer than four times before she succeeded in
landing in the entrance to her nest. I observed one wasp do
this when she had missed the entrance less than two inches and
with no obstacle whatever between her and the opening of the
burrow.

In the brood chamber the grasshoppers are neatly arranged
upon their backs lengthwise of the chamber with their heads
pointing towards its outer end. The number of grasshoppers
found in the different chambers varies from one to four. The
usual number was four but I found in two instances a developing
larva in a brood chamber that had been provisioned with only
one grasshopper. This means that the mother wasp provides a

106 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

more generous supply of food for some of her offspring than for
others. Whether this is due to mere chance or whether those
provided with a limited amount of food develop into males and
those more generously supplied into females remains to be
investigated. As in the case of the preceding species the wasp
does not deposit an egg upon the first grasshopper brought into
the brood chamber, at least not at the time she brings it in. I
found several brood chambers not sealed up containing from one
to three grasshoppers and in every case no egg was present.
From this it appears that the wasp does not place an egg in a
brood chamber until it has been provided with what the wasp
considers an adequate supply of food for her offspring.

In the case of this species (breviventris) the egg is placed upon
the ventral side of the thorax just behind the front leg. The
anterior end of the egg rests upon the mid line of the thorax just
behind the prothorax. In the case of one wasp the posterior
end of the egg extended to the left side of the body of the grass-
hopper whereas in the case of another wasp it extended to the
right. I did not succeed in finding a newly laid egg; all that were
found were in a more or less advanced stage of incubation, so
that the time required for the egg to hatch was not learned. An
egg found on September 27, 1920, in a brood chamber provided
with four grasshoppers, hatched on September 28. The larva
moulted on September 29 and completed its feeding on October
1. I could find no evidence that the larva moulted more than
once; but it may have done so. On October 2 it was trying to
form a cocoon while lying on the surface of the sand in the breed-
ing cell. I left it there until October 5 but it was unable to form
a cocoon. I then filled a large vial with moist sand and after
pressing the sand down firmly made a hole in it with a lead pencil.
I put the larva into this hole and plugged the entrance of it with
moist sand and laid the vial on its side. Thus enclosed the
larva formed its cocoon successfully. Repeated experiments
convince me that the larva can not form its cocoon unless sur-
rounded with sand. If the larva fails to form a cocoon within
a limited time after completing larval growth it dies.

The cocoon is formed of sand held together by a cementing
substance furnished from the mouth of the larva. In beginning
the formation of a cocoon the larva spins a loose network of
silken threads about the body. This serves as a framework to
hold the grains of sand, which, coated with the cement substance,
the larva puts in place with the aid of its mandibles. When the
wall of the cocoon is thus formed the larva inside, using its mouth
parts in much the same fashion as a painter uses a brush, coats
the inside surface of the cocoon with a substance that further
binds the grains of sand together and gives the interior a smooth
finish. While this work is going on the wall of the cocoon is
flexible and the yielding of the wall to the pressure exerted in the

PROC. ENT. SOC. 'WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAV, 1921 107

coating process enables the observer to follow the movements of
the larva as it proceeds with its work. In one instance when the
larva had completed its cocoon I made a hole in it by removing a
small part of the wall. I then placed the cocoon in the breeding
vial with the hole in contact with the sand but the larva failed
to repair the damage done and died after a few days. When
first finished the cocoon is the same color as the sand composing
it but later changes to a light chocolate color.

While feeding the larva passes no faeces. All faecal matter
is retained in the posterior part of the alimentary canal until the
cocoon is completely formed. It is then discharged in the pos-
terior part of the cocoon to which it adheres in a dark, choco-
late-colored, sticky mass. No part of this faecal matter is used
in the construction of the wall of the cocoon.

The number of brood chambers a single wasp will provide was
not learned since all the nests that were opened were incomplete.
The largest number found was eight and of these, four contained
only larvae of parasitic flies. In one brood chamber I found
twelve mature fly larvae. In what way the fly introduces her
eggs (or larvae) into the brood chamber of the wasp was not
learned. The first act of these fly larvae, doubtless, is to devour
the egg of the wasp. They then devour the grasshoppers. In
every brood chamber in which I found one or more fly larvae,
no egg or larva of the wasp could be found.

On December 24, 1920, I opened two more nests of T. brevi-
ventris. I found a number of cocoons of which four were
removed without any damage, the others being crushed or
cracked in digging. In every case these cocoons were empty.
The four showed that the wasp had broken out of the cocoon
and escaped in the usual way, for, as is the rule in such cases,
the anterior end of the cocoon was open and the cocoon was
packed full of sand, which had been forced back into it by the
wasp as she digged her way out of the ground. Where do these
wasps spend the winter, and how do they spend the time from
spring to September while waiting for the grasshoppers to grow
to a size that will make them suitable for food for the next
generation of wasps?

FURTHER NOTES ON AMBOPOGON HYPERBOREUS GREENE.

(DIPTERA.)

By CHARLES T. GREENE, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

When I described this species1 I had but one male specimen
and was unaware that it was not fully colored. At the present
time I have four additional males and a female. Since I have

'A New Genus in Scatophagiciae (Diptera), C. T. Greene, Proc. F.nt. Soc-
\Vash., vol. 21, no. 6, June, 1919.

108 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

studied these specimens I find it necessary to make two correc-
tions to my first paper and add the description of the male
antennae.

Female. — Resembles the male. Front sub-shining, yellowish red, paler
towards the antennae. Ocellar triangle shining black. Antennae short, pale
yellow. First joint very short with a row of black bristles along the apical edge;
second joint twice the length of the first with numerous black bristles on the
outside reaching up to upper inner surface; bristles much longer on lower front
edge; one large bristle on upper, apical edge; inner surface covered with numerous
short, yellow hairs; third joint rounded apically, slightly infuscated and covered
with short yellow pubescence; one and one half times longer than wide. Arista
long, black, slightly thickened and reddish yellow at the base; located on dorsal
basal third of third joint. Face short, broad, white, with the white extending
upon the sides slightly above and below the base of antennae. Numerous, short
black bristly hairs along the lower, lateral edge of the head. Dorsum of thorax
and pleura shining yellowish red; dorsum of thorax clothed with numerous short,
black, bristly hairs; in certain lights the middle and sides are narrowly blackish.
Two pairs of dorso centrals. Scutellum yellowish red; two pairs of long bristles.
Two sternopleurals, the front one sometimes quite weak and hair like. Abdo-
men shining black; five segments visible, the sixth very narrowly visible; first
segment longer than any of the following segments, reddish at the base; second
to fifth about equal in length; dorsum of abdomen with numerous short, black
hairs and a very narrow, median, bare line or area. Fifth segment with one
large bristle on each side at the apex. Venter with numerous short, bristly
hairs. Front coxae long, robust, white pollinose; middle and hind coxae more
normal and reddish yellow. Legs more normal, reddish yellow except the apical
half of the front femora, tips of front and hind tibiae and front tarsi blackish
brown; middle and hind tarsi with a brown infuscation. Length of front meta-
tarsus equal to the remaining four joints; middle and hind metatarsi a little
longer than the following four joints. Wings hyaline, a brownish infuscation
along the costal edge; veins brown; yellowish at base of the wing. Halteres
reddish brown at the base, knobs large, lemon yellow.

Length, 5 mm.

One specimen from Mt. Moscow, Idaho, July 25, 1920, R. C.
Shannon, collector. Deposited in the collection of U. S.
National Museum.

The male antennae are very much like those described for the
above female with the following differences: Bristles on apical
edge of first joint more yellowish; second joint with fewer black
bristles on the outside surface and very few yellow hairs on
inner surface; the bristle on upper, apical edge larger and located
more towards the inside; third joint more rounded, whitish
yellow and no infuscation. Arista same but paler at the base.
The thorax may be variable from reddish to nearly black; pleura
is generally darker than the dorsum. Two pairs of dorso cen-
trals. In the type the front pair was so weak that I mistook

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 109

them for the hairs covering the surface. Two sterno-pleurals,
the front one sometimes very weak.

Four males from Mt. Moscow, Idaho, July 25, 1920, R. C.
Shannon, collector. Deposited in the collection of U. S.
National Museum.

The following note on the habit of this species was given to
the author by Mr. Shannon: "Occurs near summit of Moscow
Mountains (Cedar Mountain of government maps, — a name not
in local use) where the slope is moist and there is a heavy
growth of cedars. The females may be collected by sweeping
the undergrowth but the males are found strutting about on the
fallen logs, displaying their charms as proudly as the partridge
on the log in the drumming season."

THE MALES OF THE ICHNEUMONID GENERA MYERSIA AND
THAUMATOTYPIDEA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

(HYM.)

BY R. A. CUSHMAN-, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

Among the undetermined Ichneumonidae in the National
Collection I have recently found what I am confident are the
males of these two anomalous genera together with an undes-
cribed female Myersia, and another new species of that genus
has been received from C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

As pointed out in an earlier paper1 these two genera should be
referred to the Stilpnini.

Genus MYERSIA Viereck.

The two new species of this interesting genus described below
extend the known range of the genus to Maine and British
Columbia, and double the number of known species. The
females may be separated by the following key:

Key to females.

1 . Temples broad, flat and nearly straight behind eyes; first tergite increasing

gradually in width from base to apex, the spiracles not prominent; a
large species, 6 mm. ....grandis, new species.

Temples narrow, convex and receding; first tergite increasing suddenly in
width beyond the prominent spiracles; smaller species... ...2.

2. Pale rufous .. pullida Cushman.
Black ...3.

3. Subapical flagellar joints fully as long as thick; postpetiole at apex little

more than twice as wide as petiole... jo/insoni, new species.

Subapical flagellar joints thicker than long; postpetiole at apex nearly
three times as wide as petiole laminata Viereck.

iProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 521.

110 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

Myersia laminata Viereck.

What I am convinced is the male of this species is represented
in the National Collection by ten specimens, one from Jackson's
Island, Md. (P. R. Myers); one from Rosslyn, Va. (H. H.
Smith); two from Dixie Landing, Va. (Ashmead); five from
Langdale, Ala. (H. H. Smith); and one from Long Island, N. Y.
The most striking difference between the male and female is in
the possession by the male of a depressed and normally segmented
abdomen, the second and third tergites being not at all fused.
Other points of difference are in the relatively shorter (facial
view) head; shorter malar space; more distinctly carinate
anterior margin of cheek; nearly paralleled eyes; basally
thickened and apically tapering antennae; less deeply concave
propodeum with less prominent angles; and narrower and more
roughly sculptured postpetiole. The color of the two sexes is
the same except that the male has the antennae beyond the
second joint of the flagellum and usually the posterior tibiae and
tarsi fuscous. In some of the specimens, especially those from
the south, the base of the abdomen is quite red.

Myersia johnsoni, new species.

Female. — Length 4 mm.

Differs from laminata Viereck in having the antennae somewhat more slender,
the subapical joints being fully as long as thick; the abdomen less stout, the
postpetiole at apex being but little more than twice as wide as the petiole and the
rest of the abdomen nearly twice as long as wide; all coxae and the hind femora
and tibiae fuscous.

The apical abscissa of radius in this and in laminata is basally slightly curved
but otherwise straight, not sinuate as in pallida.

Type-locality. — South West Harbor, Mt. Desert Island,
Maine.

Type— Cat. No. 24143, U. S. N. M.
A single specimen taken by C. W. Johnson.
It is entirely possible that the differences noted between this
and laminata are within the range of specific variation.

Myersia grandis, new species.

Female. — Length 6 mm.

Head in dorsal view transversely oblong, deeply concave behind, temples
broad, flat, nearly straight, the occiput nearly as broad as eyes; in front view
almost as long as broad, cheeks weakly convex, malar space more than twice as
long as basal width of mandible; clypeus hardly twice as wide as long, broadly
truncate at apex and with a narrow reflexed margin, weakly sculptured at base;
face granular medially, subpolished laterally; eyes strongly divergent below;
frons with deep, subpolished scrobes, separated by a low ridge; vertex granulated;
cheeks and temples highly polished; antennae slightly more slender than in
laminata, the subapical joints longer than thick, scape about two-thirds as thick
as long. Thorax granulate dorsally, largely longitudinally striate laterally;

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 111

sternauli distinct; metapleurum granulate rugulose; propodeum mostly trans-
versally rugulose opaque, areolopetiolar area subpolished, deeply concave,
apophyses prominent; legs rather slender. Abdomen narrow fusiform; first
tergite gradually wider from base to apex, where it is a little more than a third
as wide as long, dorsal carinae highest just beyond spiracles, petiole striate, post-
petiole striate except between the high carinae where it is shagreened; abdomen
beyond first tergite barely half as wide as long; ovipositor sheath about as long
as first tergite.

Black; abdomen piceous; antennae, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, legs, and tegulae
ferruginous to testaceous; wings hyaline, venation brownish.

Type-locality. — Kaslo, British Columbia.

Type— Cat. No. 24144, U. S. N. M.

One female captured June 5, by Dr. H. G. Dyar.

Genus THAUMATOTYPIDEA Viereck.

The male of this genus has heretofore been unknown. In the
National Collection I have found a single specimen of this sex
that I have no hesitation in referring to the genus. The sexual
antigeny is so great that I do not attempt to associate it with
either of Ashmead's species, which differ so little from each
other that they may, with the study of more material, prove to
be synonymous.

The male is almost exactly what one knowing the genus
Pezomachus might expect it to be. It is, in fact, to Myersia
what Pezomachus is to Hemiteles: with less completely areolated
more sloping propodeum; slender, subclavate, normally seg-
mented abdomen; and broad, rather weakly veined wings.

The male differs from the female of the genus in having the
wings fully developed and the thorax normal; head shorter both
from above and in facial view; eyes and ocelli larger; malar space
much shorter; temples narrower antero posteriorly — in other
words the head is normal as compared with that of the female
exactly as is the case in Pezomachus; antennae slender, not sub-
clavate, all flagellar joints (the apex is broken off) much longer
than broad; thorax with all sclerites normally developed, but
the propodeum with only the combined areola and petiolar
area and the apical lateral areas defined, the other carinae
entirely lacking; abdomen narrow, subclavate, depressed;
second and third tergite not fused; first tergite less strongly
curved and relatively shorter.

From the male Pezomachus it is at once distinguished by the
very large and deep clypeal foveae; the posterior face of the
propodeum extending medially much nearer to the base; the
quite different venation, the stigma being narrow, the radial cell
long with the radius broken at a nearly acute angle, the practi-
cally contiguous radius and cubitus (the intercubitus almost
obliterated), the entirely wanting areolet and barely indicated

112 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

apical abscissa ot cubitus, the abscissula barely longer than
intercubitella, and the straight nevellus with entirely lacking
discoidella; the long, slender, and nearly parallel sided first
tergite; and by the probably much less numerously jointed
antennae.

Thaumatotypidea koebelei, new species.

Ma/e. — Length 4.5 mm.; front wing 4.5 mm.

Head broad behind eyes, temples strongly convex; occiput concave; face
granularly opaque, subpolished at sides; clypeus obscurely transversely striate;
head otherwise polished; eyes slightly divergent below; malar space equal to
basal width of mandible; temple slightly wider antero-posteriorly than eye;
diameter of lateral ocellus slightly more than half as long as ocell-ocular line;
antennae slender filiform, the thirteenth flagellar joint (which is the most distal
one lett) nearly twice as long as thick. Thorax largely polished; notauli weakly
indicated in front, their position behind indicated by granular sculpture; meso
pleurum striate above and in region of the scarcely indicated sternauli; meta-
pleura punctate; propodeum subopaque coriaceous; combined areola and petiolar

FIG. 1 — Wings of Thaumatotypidea koebelei.

area reaching the basal third of propodeum, the apical carina not angulate at
sides; legs slender; front wing as long as body, venation as indicated in figure.
Abdomen narrow, widest near apex; first tergite very narrow, but little wider at
apex than at base, with spiracles prominent, longer than second tergite, longi-
tudinally striate; second tergite narrow at base, broad at apex, longer than
apical width and nearly twice as long as third.

Black; mandibles and palpi yellowish; clypeus piceous; antennae fuscous;
thoracic sutures and tegulae reddish; front and middle legs stramineous, hind
legs testaceous, the femora slightly infuscate; wings hyaline, venation pale
brownish gray; first tergite black; rest of abdomen piceous with second and third
tergites at apex and the third medially yellowish.

Type-locality. — Easton, Washington.
Type— Cat. No. 24145, U. S. N. M.
One specimen captured by Albert Koebele.

I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, N'O. 5, MAY, 1921 113

REMARKS ON THE GENUS PLEUROTROPIS WITH DES( RIPTION

OF A PARASITE OF TRACHELUS TABIDUS FABRIC IIS.

i H YMENOPTERA : (H ALCIDOIDE A. j

Bv A. B. GAHA.V, Bureau of Entomology.

The occurrence of the exotic sawfly, Trachelus tabidus
Fahricius, in America as a possibly serious pest of wheat was
brought to light during the summer of 1918. A paper by the
writer treating of this sawfly has already been published by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture.1 Mention is made in this
article of the rearing by Mr. \V. R. McConnell of a parasite
belonging to the genus Pleurotropis and apparently representing
an undescribed species.

In view of the foreign origin of the host it is natural to suspect,
though the conclusion does not necessarily follow, that the para-
site too is exotic. It has proved impossible to reconcile the
insect with the description of any exotic form, however, and as it
does not conform to any described American species it seems
desirable to describe it.

In the process of identifying this species the writer was led into
making a more or less careful study of the characters, especially
those of the antennae, appertaining to the genus Pleurotropis.
The results of this study are discussed herewith.

Family EULOPHIDAE.

Subfamily Entedoninae.

Genus PLEUROTROPIS.

Pleurotropis Foerster, Hymen. Stud. II, 1856, p. 78.
Pseudacriasoides Girault, Descriptiones Stellarum Novarum, 1917, p. 9.
Epipleurotropis Girault, Descriptiones Hymenopterorum Chalcidoidicarum
cum Observationibus, 1917, p. 7.

The two genera listed as synonyms are based upon characters
which, after examination of the types, I can not accept as
generic.

Pseudacriasoides has as type Pleurotropis utahensis Crawford.
The generic description by Girault is as follows: "Antenna
9-jointed, three ring-joints, the club 2-jointed; male antenna
1 ((.jointed, three ring-joints, the club 2-jointed, the scape
dilated. Scutellum with a median sulcus at base. Otherwise
like Pleurotropis.'"

Pleurotropis utahensis'1- was described from four female and
six male specimens of which the holotype was reared at Salt
Lake Cir\ , I tah, from Agromyza parvicornis mining the leaves
of corn, while the allotype and all paratypes were reared from

»Bul. 834, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1920, 18 pp.
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, 1913, p. 316.

114

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

Cephas sp. (subsequently determined as Cephus cinctus Norton)
boring the stems of wild grasses and grain at Salt Lake City and
Kimballs, Utah. In addition to the type material there are
now in the National collection eleven specimens reared from
Cephus cinctus at Missoula, Montana, and determined by the
writer as Pleurotropis utahensis.

The different host records for the holotype and the paratypes
are ground for suspicion that the latter may represent a different
species. If so, however, Mr. Crawford who compared them
when describing the species failed to find characters to separate
them. Apparently also Mr. Girault, who saw all of the material,
accepted it as all belonging to the same species. Otherwise it is
to be presumed that he would have proposed a new specific
name for the paratypes. After a careful re-examination of all
the material and despite the antennal differences discussed
later, the writer is still of the opinion that all represent the same
species. As in all such cases unsupported by careful biological
studies the question of whether one or more species is repre-
sented in a given lot of material is merely a matter of personal
opinion.

FIG. 1 — Pleurotropis utahensis Crawford. A, B, C, and D, female antennae
illustrating variations. E, male antenna.

As shown by the accompanying figures which illustrate
antennae taken from tour different females and mounted in
balsam there is considerable variation in the antennal characters

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 115

in this lot of material. Figure 1, A is from the holotype; B
from a paratype; C and D from two of the Missoula, Montana,
specimens. Except for the differences in antennae the speci-
mens are inseparable, though differing somewhat in size. A
glance at the figures will show that the differences lie in the
relative closeness of the union between joints 8 and 9 of the
antenna and the degree of development of a suture dividing
joint 9 into two joints. The relative size and shape of the joints
is practically the same for all four antennae. In figure 1-D, we
have what appears to be a 2-jointed funicle and a 3-jointed
club. In C, joints 8 and 9 are not nearly so closely united and
the suture dividing the ninth is not so distinct. This antenna
may be said either to have a three-jointed tunicle and a two-
jointed club, or a two-jointed funicle and a three-jointed club,
the interpretation depending entirely upon the individual mak-
ing the examination. Figures A and B are alike and differ from
C only in the apparent absence of the suture dividing the ninth
joint.

Although the greatest care was exercised in making these
mounts there can be little doubt but that to some extent the
apparent differences are to be accounted for by the imperfect
definition of subopaque objects when mounted in balsam.
Careful examination, before mounting, of the antennae from
which figures A and B were made showed both to have a definite
though very delicate constriction near the apex corresponding
in position to the suture dividing the ninth joint in figures C and
D. When mounted on a slide this suture was entirely invisible.
The antennal mount made by Girault from the holotype speci-
men and upon which he based his description of the genus
Pseudacriasoid.es was removed from the slide and it too showed
a distinct constriction or shallow groove on the ninth joint.
When remounted in balsam this groove again became invisible,
corresponding in appearance to figure A which was drawn from
the other antenna of the same specimen.

The pressure of the cover glass probably accounts to some
extent for the greater separation between joints 8 and 9 in figures
A, B, and C. Joint 8 is apparently more or less cup-shaped at
apex, the base of joint 9 fitting into the aperture. The articu-
lation between the two joints is free nevertheless, and not
anchylosed as are the club joints.

Antennae from the same specimens are not always exactly
alike in respect to the characters in question. For example,
while figure B shows the ninth joint without a dividing suture
the other antenna from the same individual when mounted in
balsam shows a more or less distinct suture. Also the mate to
the antenna from which figure D was drawn appears to have
joints 8 and 9 more distinctly separated.

Whether one or more than one species is represented in this

116 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

material, it affords a good illustration of the folly of basing
genera upon such slight differences in the antenna. The mater-
ial under consideration, as already pointed out, has been exam-
ined by three different students of Chalcidoidea and accepted
by all three as a single species. Yet from an examination of
slide-mounted antennae alone, the four individuals, antennae
of which are figured, would probably be run in any of the
existing generic keys to three different genera. The genera to
which they would be assigned would depend largely upon
whether the individual making the examination chose to call the
eighth antennal joint a part of the club or a part of the funicle,
upon how many of the minute ring-joints he was able to see,
and upon whether or not the particular mount examined
revealed the suture dividing the ninth joint. The determina-
tion of the generic position would depend to a considerable
extent upon the individuality of the particular specimen from
which the antenna for mounting was taken but more largely
upon the accidents of mounting.

The antenna of the male allotype of Pleurotropis utahensis
(Figure 1, E) is ten-jointed. The scape is only slightly more
dilated than in typical species of the genus. The flagellum
tapers from base to apex and the club is hardly differentiated
from the funicle although joints 9 and 10 are more or less anchy-
losed and probably represent the club. If so the funicle is
3-jointed as in typical Pleurotropis. There are three distinct
though minute ring-joints.

Most writers have credited the genus Pleurotropis with only
one ring-joint. Waterston (Bull. Ent. Research, vol. 5, 1915,
p. 343) considers the ring a single joint but states that this joint
consists of two to three laminae which are distinctly separated
only ventrally. With this conception I can not wholly agree.
Mounts of antennae from many of the species in the National
collection have been examined with the result that in most cases
it has been possible to recognize three complete ring-joints. In
some cases there are apparently only two, while in a few in-
stances owing to the position in which the antenna was mounted
it was impossible to determine the number. The ring-joints are
always more or less telescoped into each other but are separated
both above and below. When the flagellum is bent upward it
tends to pull the ring-joints apart ventrally while pressing them
more closely together dorsally and this may account for the
impression gained by Waterston.

It is the writer's belief that while Pleurotropis normally has
ten-jointed antennae in both sexes consisting of scape, pedicel,
three ring-joints, a 3-jointed funicle and a 2-jointed club, the
genus can not be limited to this antennal formula because one
finds all degrees of separation and solidification of the apical
two or three joints of the flagellum, it is not always possible to

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 1 17

determine whether certain joints are a part of the club or a part
of the funicle, and one can seldom be absolutely certain as to
the exact number of ring-joints in a given antenna, While
these antennal differences, within certain limits, are undoubtedly
of importance as specific characters their use as generic charac-
ters can only result in adding confusion to a situation that is
already tangled enough.

Disregarding in large part the antennae and recognizing as
the essential features of the genus the medially bicarinate
propodeum, together with those other characters ascribed to the
genus by Waterston, will bring together a natural group of
species which may be easily recognized and readily defined.
The group will include species having widely different types of
antennae, ranging from those having four ring-joints, a 2-
jointed funicle and a solid club, as in the male of clisiognatluis
Waterston, to those having two ring-joints, four distinctly
pedicellated funicle joints, and a solid club as in the female of
atamiensis Ashmead. The fact that antennae of the two sexes
of the same species not infrequently exhibit such widely differ-
ent characters as illustrated by Waterston in the species
clisiognathus is proof enough that antennal characters are not of
generic value in this group.

The scutellar character referred to by Girault for the genus
Pseudacriasoides is of even less value than the antennal charac-
ters. The alleged median groove on the base of scutellum is
nothing more than a very slight longitudinal depression marking
the line of convergence of the sculpture from the two sides of the
scutellum. In some specimens it does not appear at all.

Epipleurotropis Girault is based on Epipleurotropis longfel-
lowi Girault, the type material of which consists of a single male
specimen the head of which was removed by the describer and
crushed beneath a cover glass. The abdomen is missing.
Judged by what remains of this specimen this is a distinct and
well marked species but not sufficiently different to warrant
separation from Pleurotropis. The scutellum is smooth
medially and mostly so laterally but with a narrow longitudinal
depressed line of sculpture on each side, appearing as a shallow
groove. The propodeum does not differ from ordinary Pleuro-
tropis except that the medial cannae are slightly less prominent
than usual. The mandibles are bidentate with the inner
margin exhibiting two or three fine serrations, a character com-
mon to a number of species of Pleurotropis as pointed our by
W7aterston. The antennae are of the same type as the male of
Pleurotropis utahensis.

Pleurotropis benefica, new species.

Apparently closely related to Pleurotropis nigritarsis Thomson
but differing from the description of that species principally in

118

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

antennal characters. Also similar to Pleurotropis utahensis
Crawford but is readily distinguished from that species by the
dark tarsi, by the relatively longer and more hairy antennal
joints, by the more strongly sculptured and differently colored
front of the head, and by slight differences in the propodeum
and abdominal petiole.

Female. — Length 3 mm. Head slightly broader than the thorax; vertex
rather flat, separated from the occiput by a sharp carinate margin, and closely
and strongly punctate; ocelli in an obtuse triangle, the lateral ocelli removed
from the eye-margin about the long diameter of an ocellus; occiput concave,
opaquely sculptured with a smooth line medially; eyes large, sparsely clothed
with whitish hairs, deeply emarginate within and less strongly so behind;
posterior orbits strongly punctate and clothed with rather coarse dark colored
hairs; malar space short, about equal in length to the antennal pedicel; front of
the head inflexed, above the transverse groove shining with shallow reticulations,
between the transverse groove and base of antennae closely and deeply punctate
and subopaque, just below the base of antennae weakly reticulated and shining,
moath-border finely opaquely punctate; antennae 10-jointed, inserted slightly

FIG. 2 — Antennae of Pleurotropis benefica Gahan. A, male; B, female.

above the lower eyemargins and separated at base by a distinct ridge; scape
slender, slightly curved and more or less flattened and shining metallic on the
outer side, sculptured and darker on the inner side with seven to eight erect
hairs on the ventral margin; pedicel about twice as long as thick; three small
transverse ring-joints; flagellar joints all distinctly hairy; first funicle joint dis-
tinctly the longest, about three times as long as thick; second a little thicker
than the first and approximately twice as long as thick; third about as long as
thick and a little more closely joined to the following joint than to the preceding;
club 2-jointed, about equal in length to the second funicle joint, the basal club
joint subquadrate and as broad as the funicle, second or apical joint much
narrower, conical, incompletely separated from the basal joint and terminating
in a short but distinct spine; pronotum above with a narrow smooth posterior

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 119

margin set off by acarina from the anteriordeclivous portion which is sculptured;
mesoscutum strongly punctate, the parapsidal grooves complete and each
terminating posteriorly in a large foveiform depression, the surface within the
depression as strongly sculptured as the remainder of mesoscutum; scutellum
much longer than broad, sculptured like the mesoscutum, except that on the
anterior half of scutellum the punctures are somewhat smaller; axillae above
sculptured like mesoscutum, below much more finely punctate; propodeum
polished, the median carina forked a little behind the middle, the lateral folds
straight and well developed, spiracular furrows deep; posterior lateral argles
of the propodeum produced into a short triangular tooth-like process just above
the attachment of the hind coxae; mesosternum nearly smooth, the median
groove terminating anteriorly in a foveiform enlargement; abdomen not quite
as long as the head and thorax, pointed ovate; petiole large, broader than long,
opaque, carinately margined laterally, above and below, and with the anterior
margin produced dorsally into a short flange which overlaps the posterior end
of the propodeum; second segment comprising about one-third the length of the
abdomen, smooth basally, the apical half weakly reticulated; third and following
tergites all finely sculptured, subopaque, and distinctly though sparsely hairy;
third tergite about one-third as long as the second; fourth to sixth subequai and
each about two-thirds as long as the third; seventh approximately equal to the
third; ovipositor concealed; submarginal vein of the forewing distinctly less than
half as long as the very long marginal, with two or three upright black bristles
above; proximal end of the marginal vein with a similar bristle, also; post-
marginal and stigmnl veins short and subequai. General color bright bluish-
green: head darker than the thorax with the occiput black, and the face blackish,
except that the area just below the insertion of antennae is coppery and the
triangular area above the transverse groove is slightly more bluish; antennae
entirely metallic black; legs concolorous with the thorax, their tarsi brownish
black; second tergite bright blue-green; the petiole and segments beyond the
second brownish-black; wings hyaline, the venation dark brown.

Male. — Length 2.2 mm. Antennae 10-jointed, scape slightly and nearly
uniformly thickened, about four times as long as thick; pedicel not much longer
than thick; three ring-joints transverse; flagellum longer but no more hairy than
in the female; first funicle joint four times, second two and one-half times, and
the third slightly more than twice as long as thick; fourth joint barely twice as
long as thick; club solid, about as long as the second funicle joint and terminating
in a distinct spine; abdomen short, the segments beyond the fourth retracted ami
mostly concealed; petiole longer than broad, almost as long as the hind coxai-,
and without distinct margn.al carinae. Otherwise like the female except that
the head is for the most part concolorous with the thorax, only the occiput ami
a transverse patch on the vertex embracing the posterior ocelli being black.

Type-locality. — Mount Holly Springs, Pennsylvania.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,166, U/S. Nat. Mus.

Host. — Trachelus tabidus Fabricius.

Eleven females and four males reared by W. R. McConnell,
April 13 to 19, 1919, from hibernating prepupal larva of the
black grain-stem sawfly and recorded in the Bureau of Ento-
mology under Webster No. 18,700; one female paratype reared

120 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, by C. C. Hill, April 20, 1919, from the
same host; and one male paratype reared by P. R. Myers, April
30, 1919, with the same locality and host. Antennae of type and
allotype mounted on a slide.

Mr. McConnell states that the species is a primary parasite
and that only a single individual is obtained from a host larva.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DIPTERA: SCATOPSIDAE.

BY W. L. McArEE.

These small to minute black flies have long been placed in the
Bibionidae, but seem better grouped as a separate family. They
breed in decaying vegetable matter and in excrement; in the
adult stage they are most easily found in flowers and on windows.
The most useful American paper on the family is that of Dr. A.
L. Melander (Bui. 130, Washington Agr. Exp! St., April, 1916).
It is based on a European revision of the genera by G. Enderlein
(Zool. Anz. Vol. 40, pp. 261-282, October, 1912). In the last
named paper genera are founded on trifling differences in vena-
tion which may not prove wholly satisfying; in fact one of them
is synonymized on a subsequent page. Other genera of Ender-
lein's are used but it must be admitted that in certain cases only
a little variation would link them up. The only genus here
treated that has a distinct habitus is Aspistes.

Key to the genera.

A. Front tibia ending in a decurved sharp pointed process; thorax strongly
elevated anteriorly, the declivity coarsely punctured; wing without
apical cell, i. e., anterior branch of fourth vein interrupted basally.

Aspistes.

AA. Without the preceding combination of characters.

B. Anterior branch of fourth vein strongly angulate near base or emitting
a crossvein which extends part way or entirely to third vein

Scatopse.

BB. Anterior branch of fourth vein neither angulate nor emitting a cross-
vein.
C. Apical wing cell present.

D. Apical cell much shorter than its stalk Swammerdamella.

DD. Apical cell longer than its stalk.

E. Last vein of wing with a single curve; vein 3 remote from
costa, section from radial crossvein to costal margin
strongly curved into wing; radial crossvein near middle
of second vein; subcostal cell usually larger than costal;
halteres white; hind tibiae abruptly expanded distally

.. Reichertella.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 121

EE. Last vein bent twice or thrice; vein 3 close to and nearly
paralleling costa, in nearly a straight line from the radial
crossvein to costal margin; radial crossvein nearer end
of second vein; subcostal cell usually smaller than
costal; halteres dark; hind tibiae not so expanded

. Rhegmoclema.

CC. Apical cell lacking; i. e., anterior branch of fourth vein inter-
rupted basally.

F. Last vein simply curved; third vein curved remote
from costa; radial crossvein at about middle of
second vein; subcostal cell much larger than costal

Anapausis.

FF. Last vein bent twice; third vein straighter, nearer
costa; radial crossvein between 4th and last fifths
of second vein; subcostal cell much larger than
costal... Aldrovandiella.

SCATOPSE Geoffrey .

The genus Holoplagia Enderlein (Zool. Anz. Bd. 40, No.
10-11, Oct. 18, 1912, p. 267), for the separation of which from
Scatopse, the chief character is that the crossvein between veins
3 and 4 is complete, would appear untenable since all degrees of
completeness of the vein may be found in a single species
Scatopse not at a. A new species is here described that has no
part of a crossvein (in the specimens thus far examined) but only
a hump at a point in anterior branch of fourth vein corresponding
to the origin of the stump or crossvein of species having one.

Key to the species.

A. With a more or less complete crossvein between anterior branch of 4th
vein and 3d vein; tibiae black usually with a brown annulus.... ...notata.

AA. No crossvein, but anterior branch of 4th vein distinctly angulate at
point corresponding to origin of crossvein in last species; tibiae and
tarsi chiefly pale.
B. Joints 3-6 of antennae pale; tibiae with only narrow rings of dark

color varicornis.

EE. Antennae wholly black; dark annuli on tibiae broader on each suc-
ceeding pair of legs posteriorly, the hind tibiae about half dark

.. tibialis n. sp.

Scatopse notata Linnaeus.

One of the most common species; has been taken in Virginia
near Plummers Id., Oct. 19, 1914, R. C. Shannon; Plummers Id.,
Md., ( >ct. 26, 1906, A. K. Fisher; Maryland near Plummers Id.,
April 28, 1914, on flowers of wild plum; Cabin John, Md., April
14, 1916, R. C. Shannon; Berwyn, Md., April 1, 1(>17, on
flowers of Salix capraea, McAfee; Cleveland Park, 1). C., April
14, 1918, H. I, Viereck; Washington, D. C., November 2, 1906,

122 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

McAfee, April 2, 6, 1895 (U. S. N. M.). McAfee took
numerous specimens also, on Matinicus Id., Maine, Oct. 29,
1915, from brine in hogsheads of pickled fish.

Scatopse varicornis Coquillett.

Originally described from a specimen collected in the District
of Columbia by T. Pergande; no other seen.

Scatopse tibialis, n. sp.

Third vein chiefly paralleling costa, joining it at a point more than two-thirds
of the distance from root to apex of wing, second vein joining costa a little more
than half-way from wing-root to end of third vein; radial crossvein between 4th
and last fifths of second vein; anterior branch of fourth vein distinctly angulate
at a point somewhat more than one-fourth its length from origin; last vein bent
at almost right angles once, then again at a slightly greater angle. General
color black; face with bristly black hairs, the head including antennae opaque,
the latter (.46-. 52 mm. long) however, with hairs which appear pale in reflected
light; thorax shining, somewhat greenish black, with sparse short pale reddish
hairs; scutellum opaque dead black; abdomen opaque with vestiture of short
pale hairs which in reflected light make the surface appear seal-brown; legs
normal in shape, femora black, distal joints more or less pale; femora with fine
white pubescence which shows in reflected light, the basal half of each tibia
glistening white, this followed by a darker (fuscous to black) annulus broader
on each succeeding leg posteriorly, the apex of each tibia and tarsus yellow-
brown. Length 1.84 mm.

Type, a female, Falls Church, Va., June 21, 1914, F. Knab.
(U. S. N. M.) Paratype, same sex, Great Falls, Va., May 19,
1915, McAfee. A damaged specimen probably also of this
species Plummers Id., Md., August 11, 1907, McAfee.

SWAMMERDAMELLA Enderlein.

A. Apical cell very short triangular, about one-third the length of its

stalk ...brevicornis.

AA. Apical cell relatively longer, but much shorter than its stalk, its sides

close together basally, but suddenly diverging apically ...pygmaea.

Swammerdamella brevicornis Meigen.

A minute species, varying from slightly less to slightly more
than 1 mm. in length. Washington, D. C., June 6, 19, 1912, on
windows, McAfee; Plummers Id., Md., August 1, 1903, E. A.
Schwarz, A. Busck.

Swammerdamella pygmaea Loew.

Originally described from District of Columbia material. The
type was only .85 mm. long, but other specimens measure up to
1.5 mm. Maryland near Plummers Id., May 10, 1914, under
bark of honey locust, R. C. Shannon.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921 12.^

REICHERTELLA Enderlein.

A. Femora swollen; antennae shorter than head- femora/is.

AA. Femora slender; antennae as long as head .. .gracilis n. sp.

Reichertella femoralis Meigen.
Virginia near Plummers Id., Md., May 20, 1914, R. C.

Shannon.

Reichertella gracilis, n. sp.

First section of costa : second :: 2 : 1; subcostal cell broad; apical cell much
longer than its stalk. Body black, mostly shining; legs somewhat brownish;
slender, hind tibiae expanded apically. Length 1.8 mm.; antenna .34 mm.

Type, a female, Washington, D. C., May 24, 1916, A. Busck
(U. S. N. M.).

RHEGMOCLEMA Enderlein.
A. Second vein joining costa at from one-half to two-thirds distance between

wing-root and end of third vein.
B. Length 1.3-2 mm., color normally deep black; last male tergite

tapered into a long process which is not expanded apically atrata.
BB. Length 1.1-1.3 mm., color in part or wholly brown; last male tergite

tapering into a long process which is spatulate apically- barrus n. sp.
AA. Second vein extending farther distally; second section of costa only
about one-fourth length of first.

C. Apical cell about the same length as its stalk... .floralis n. sp.

CC. Apical cell much longer than its stalk... ...willistoni n. n.

Rhegmoclema atrata Say.

Fairly common; Virginia near Plummers Id., Md., Nov. 2,
to 15, bred from butternut (Julians cinerea) hulls collected
Oct. 10, 1914; Plummers Id., Md., Aug. 8, 1914,^ bred from
fungus; Md., near Plummers Id., May 5, 1915, R. C. Shannon;
Maywood, Va., April 21, May 26, 1916; Washington, D. C.,
Tune 4, 29, 1912, on windows, McAtee; May 21, 1915, H. S.
Barber; June 7, 11, 1915, F. Knab; Woodridge, D. C., April 25,
1914, L. O. Jackson. Specimens are at hand also from Salmo,
Wis., Aug. 11, 1919, McAtee.

Rhegmoclema barrus. n. sp.

First section of costa -.second ::5 : 3; apical cell more than three times as long
as its stalk; last vein trisinuate, only the median bend very strong. Head and
body blackish (sometimes brown), pleura, and legs brownish. Last male
tergite shining pale brownish, cream colored at base, tapered apically into a
long process which is more or less expanded apically. Length 1.1-1.3 mm.;
antennae about .25 mm.

Type, a male, Washington, D. C., January 15, 1915, R. C.
Shannon. Several paratypes with same data. (U. S. \. M.)

Rhegmoclema floralis, n. sp.

First section of costa : second :: 13 : 3; apical cell almost exactly as lung as its
stalk; last vein bisinuate. Black, thorax somewhat shining, abdomen rather

124 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 5, MAY, 1921

opaque; last tergite brown, polished, the deflexed terminal portion a very short
but broad triangle; legs paler distally, the tarsi yellow-brown. Length 1.3-1.6
mm.; antennae .19-. 23 mm.

Type, a male, Plummers Id., Md., from flowers of Staphvlea
trifoliata, April 28, 1915, McAtee. (U. S. N. M.)

Paratypes Great Falls, Va., May 21, 1917, McAtee; and with
same data as type. On this occasion the flowers of the bladder-
pod shrub from which they were collected were literally filled
with these little flies, many pairs of which were in copula.

Rhegmoclema willistoni, n. n.

The species published by Williston (Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1896, p. 269, PI. VIII, fig. 26) as Scatopse pygmaea Loew
(Cent. V, 13) is not that species -(Melander, Bui. 130, Wash.
Agr. Exp. Sts., 1916, p. 14) hence the name Scatopse pygmaea
Williston was a homonym from the beginning. So far as the
writer is aware Williston's species has not yet been named, and
he is pleased to be able to name it for the late Dr. S. W. Williston,
who had in the highest degree that most admirable quality in a
systematist, the conscious purpose of aiding others in the study
of his specialty. What a contrast is this policy to the mon-
opolistic tendencies characterizing the work of some taxonomists,
but in the long run how much more profitable to science and
vastly more creditable to its exponent.

A single specimen, now unfortunately lost, which seemed to
agree perfectly with Williston's description and figure was col-
lected at Dead Run, Va., May 5, 1915, by R. C. Shannon.

ANAPAUSIS Enderlein.
Anapausis cismarina, n. sp.

First section of costa : second :: 2 : 1; subcostal cell broad, anterior branch of
fourth vein interrupted basally; last vein only slightly curved. Color black,
shining, with a brownish cast especially on legs, halteres yellow brown. Length
1.98 mm., antenna .33 mm. Male genital segment with two hairy stylets,
transversely grooved (hence appearing segmented); preceding segment divided,
the ends produced posteriorly into prominent teeth, one each side of median
line; claspers with a strong tooth externally, which is sinuate on its concave
antero-exterior margin.

Type, a female, Great Falls, Va., May 19, 1915, in flower of
Liriodendron tulipifera, W. L. McAtee. (U. S. N. M.) Allo-
type, same locality and date.

ASPISTES Meigen.
Aspistes hartii Malloch.

Beltsville, Md., May 2, June 9, 1915, May 25, 1919, McAtee.

Actual date of publication May 14, 1921.

VOL. 23 JUNE 1921 No. 6

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

;* IIJN 22 1921

CONTENTS

BUSCK, AUGUST, AND HEINRICH, CARL ON THE MALE GENITALIA OF THE

MICROLEPIDOPTERA AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC IMPORTANCE .... 145

GREENE, CHARLES T. TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIPTERA 125

MIDDLETON, WILLIAM SOME NOTES ON THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL

STRUCTURES OF SAWFLIES 139

THOMPSON, W. R. AND THOMPSON, M. C. STUDIES OF ZENILLIA ROSEANAE

B. & B. A PARASITE OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (PYRAUSTA
NUBILALIS HB.) 127

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each
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PROCEEDINGS OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF

^ottian

'^

JUN 22 1921

VOL. 23

JUNE 1921

No. 6

TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIPTERA.

Bv CHARLES T. GREENE, Bureau of Entomology.

The species treated below were referred to the author by Mr.
W. R. Walton, in charge of the Cereal and Forage Insect
Investigations of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. Mr. Walton
also made the drawing of the puparia showing how they are
formed into a cluster or comb.

The social habit of the larvae of S. sociabilis is curious. The
puparia are very firmly cemented together and it is impossible
to separate them without fracturing several cells of the comb.
The anal stigmata are unusually large in proportion to the size
of the puparium which is thickly, though shortly pilose, except-
ing immediately surrounding the stigmal field. The species is
new and may be characterized as follows:

Sturmia sociabilis, new species.

Male and female. — Black, thickly covered with a pale gray pollen. Length,
male 5 mm.; female 6 mm.

Female. — Front one-fourth the total width of the head at vertex; thickly
dusted with a golden pollen which extends to the lower end of the sides of the
face; the usual frontal bristles reach to the middle of the second antennal joint;
two large orbitals directed forward; in addition to the usual bristles there are
several very small, erect hairs, some are in the form of a straight line close to the
eye margin; frontal stripe reddish brown, one fourth the width of the front
before ocelli and extending on each side of the ocellar triangle. Ocellar bristles
very small, converging forward. Facial depression dusted with silvery white;
ridges with only three or four bristles above the vibrissae. Antennae black,
reaching the lowest fourth of the face, faintly reddish on the outside near the
base of third joint; arista about as long as the antennae, reddish, thickened on
basal half. Vibrissae large. Palpi well developed; apex yellow, black on basal
half or more. Thorax with four narrow, black vittae; four posterior dorso
centrals. Scutellum black, faintly yellowish at the apex; one discal pair of
macrochaeta; three marginal pairs and an additional smaller apical pair,
decussate. Four sternopleurals. Abdomen all black; second segment with one
pair median marginal, one pair lateral; also a very narrow median black stripe;
third segment with four marginal pairs; no discals on either segments. Legs
black; knees very narrowly reddish; middle tibia with one large bristle on front
side near the middle. Hind tibiae evenly ciliated with one large bristle in the
middle. Wing with one large bristle at base of third vein.

Male. — Same as female except the front is slightly narrower ami there arc no

126 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

orbitals. Ventral surface of the third segment shining, having the appearance
of being varnished.

Described from four (4) females and two (2) males. Speci-
mens labeled— Rio Piedras, P. R. May 23, 1913, P. R. S. G. A.
Ac. No. 473, 1913— J. R. Johnson, Collector.

Holotype, Female, Cat. No. 24,146 United States National
Museum. Allotype, Male, Cat. No. 24,146.

This species runs to S. inquinata in Coquillett's Revision.
It is undoubtedly related to Sturmia distincta Wied. a common
parasite of the sphinx moths in North America. The latter
species has the social habit in pupation as is evidenced by
specimens reared by Mr. George W. Barber of the Bureau of
Entomology at Charleston, Mo., October 24, 1914, from the
larva of a sphingid (species undetermined). The puparia in
this case are cemented together precisely as in sociabilis and
form a disc nearly circular in outline. In the case of S. sociabilis

Fig. 1 — Puparia of Sturmia sociabilis.

it was suggested to Mr. Jones that possibly the larvae were
confined in so small a space that they were compelled to crowd
each other in order to secure space in which to pupate but he
stated that this was not the case.

Phorocera meracanthae, new species.

Male and female. — Back species covered with whitish pollen; in certain lights
the apical edges of the abdominal segments are black and also have a broad
black stripe on the third and fourth segment. Eyes hairy. Length, male
9 mm.; female 8 to 10 mm.

Male. — Front prominent, silvery, about one-fourth the head width and with
numerous bristly hairs in addition to the frontal bristles; lowest frontals reach
slightly below apex of second antennal joint; below these are four or five bristly
hairs. Frontal stripe deep reddish brown. Ocellar triangle black with numer-
ous long, bristly hairs; ocellar pair large, directed obliquely forward. Antennae
long, reaching nearly the length of the face; third joint narrowly reddish at base
and about five times the length of the second. Arista long, thickened on the
basal fourth. Face strongly receding; ridges bristly almost to the lowest
frontals. Vibrissae large, decussate. Palpi dull yellow, well developed.
Thorax covered with white pollen forming four narrow, indistinct black vittae on
anterior portion; four posterior dorso centrals. Scutellum concolorous; a discal
pair of macrochaetae, also three pairs of large marginals and a small, decussate,
apical pair. Abdominal segments with macrochaetae as follows: first and
second segments with a median and lateral pair; third with four marginal pairs;

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NTO. 6, JUNE, 1921 127

second and third segments with a discal pair. Sternopleura with three bristles.
Middle tibiae each bearing one large and one small macrochaetae on the front
side near the middle. Wing with the third vein bearing two bristles at the base.
Length nine (9) mm.

female. — Like the male except the following differences: Two large orbitals
directed forward; several more large hairs below the lowest frontal. Scutellum
reddish yellow on apical third to half. Wing with two or three bristles at the base
of the third vein. Length eight (8) to ten (10) mm.

Described from six specimens. One male labeled as follows:
Meyersville, Md., June 4, 1914; H254; J. A. Hyslop, Collector.

Holotype, male, Cat. No. 24,147 United States National
Museum. Allotype, female, Cat. No. 24,147.

Reared at Hagerstown, Md., from the larva of Meracantha
contracta Beauv. There were two other specimens in this lot of
material but I did not think it advisable to include them because
they are not fully matured.

Five females from the National Museum Collection labeled as
follows: two specimens from Beltsville, Md., July 9, 1916, and
one specimen from Mount Vernon, Va., July 4, 1917, W. L.
McAtee, Collector. Two specimens from Hell Canyon, N. M.,
7,200 feet; Manzano National Forest, 18,IX,16; C. H. T.
Townsend, Collector.

This species is closely allied to P. facia/is Coq.

All the material is in the United States National Museum
Collection.

STUDIES OF ZENILLIA ROSEANAE B. & B.
A PARASITE OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER.
(Pyrausta nubilalis Hb.)

BY W. R. THOMPSON, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, AND M. C. THOMPSON.

INTRODUCTION.

The present paper embodies a portion of the principal techni-
cal results obtained during the first year of work in southern
France on one of the European parasites of the European corn
borer, under the direction of the senior author of this paper,
acting under instructions from the Chief of the Bureau of
Entomology.

This paper contains the technical information necessary for
the recognition of the parasite under consideration, in each of
the successive stages of its development and for the elaboration
of satisfactory methods of rearing and colonization.

Zenillia roseanae B. & B.

Zenillia roseanae B. & B. is a Dipterous parasite belonging to
the family Tachinidae. The females of this species are larvi-

128 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

parous, depositing upon the body of the host caterpillar thin-
shelled eggs containing larvae ready to hatch immediately. The
larva resembles in general structure the maggots of ordinary
Muscids, such as the House-fly. Like the latter, it passes
through three morphologically distinct stages separated by
moults. The pupal stage is passed within the hardened skin
of the last stage larva which forms the characteristic pupanum.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION.

The egg measures about 0.65 mm. x 0.175 mm. It is approximately cylindri-
cal, tapering slightly anteriorly; the chorion is colorless and presents under
high magnifications a fine punctuation.

The first stage larva measures about 0.65 mm. x 0.175 mm. It is moderately
elongate (Fig. 1), cylindrical, tapering rather abruptly posteriorly, more gradu-
ally toward the anterior extremity; the cuticle is colorless and transparent;
the body is composed of 11 segments and a minute head or pseudocephalon;
the cuticle is colorless, transparent and unsculptured, bearing bands of minute
dark spines. These bands of spines are broadest on the thoracic segments and
particularly on segment II. On the abdominal segments they are narrower and
here the dorsal part of each band is separated from the ventral part by a small
pleural space in the middle of which there exists a small, isolated patch of spines.
On segments I-VI inclusive, the bands of spines are situated on the anterior
region of each segment, but on segment VII there appears, just in front of the
dorsal extremity of the ventral spine-band of segment VIII, a small isolated
group of spines situated near the posterior border of the segment. On segment
VIII, below a similar patch, there sometimes appears a short ventral row and a
similar dorsal one, running parallel to the band on the anterior border of the
segment following and on segment IX there is a complete posterior band of
spines, broadest in the pleural region. On the posterior border of segment X a
similar band exists. As one passes toward the posterior extremity of the larva,
the bands of spines on the anterior border of the segments become narrower and
less important so that on segment X the pleura! group has disappeared, while on
segment XI only a few pleuro-ventral spines remain on the anterior border.
The spines on the anterior border of the segments of the larva are directed for-
ward while those on the posterior border are directed backward. The dispo-
sition of the spines on the last segment is rather unusual and serves to distinguish
this species at once from the other Tachinid parasites of Pyrausta so far studied.
On this segment there exists, in addition to the few ventro-lateral spines already
mentioned, a ventral band traversing the middle of the segment,
interrupted a short distance on either side of the median line, so as to isolate a
median group, and, finally, between this band and the posterior extremity, a
ventral patch of spines for the most part much heavier and darker than the
other spines of the body and directed forward. Opposite the ventral group, on
the dorsal surface, is a similar group (Fig. 2), which is slightly larger and situated
between the pleural extremities of the median ventral band. These two groups
of spines bear a functional relation to the posterior stigmata similar to that of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

PLATE VIII

*..;....., ,, m

• ''.I V

J.1

I

8

-,;,

!(.,;." - ,-, ..

THOMPSON AND THOMPSON— ZENILLIA ROSEANAK

130 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

the posterior hooks of such primary larvae as that of Compsilura concinnata
Meig.

In this stage the larva is metapneustic; the posterior stigmata open a little
to the dorsal side of the apex of the last segment; each stigma presents two
respiratory papillae; the "felt-chambers" (Fig. 2) are about 6.5 as long as their
diameter.

The mouth-hook or bucco-pharyngeal armature is represented by the Figures
3, 4 and 5 and it is therefore unnecessary to describe it in detail. In this stage
it is without articulations; the median tooth presents 5 or 6 minute denticles
(Fig. 5) on the cutting edge. In the newly hatched larva the armature has the
form represented in the Figure 3, but at the end of this stage its aspect is super-
ficially very different owing to a progressive chitinization which takes place in
the pharyngeal cuticula surrounding the basal plates, and especially the dorsal
wing (Fig. 4). This increase in the area of the basal portion of the armature
corresponds to an increase during the first stage of the posterior part of the
pharynx containing the elevator muscles and is doubtless due to the excitation
of the pharyngeal epithelium by these muscles.

The sensorial organs of the larva are minute. The cephalic organs consist
chiefly of a dorsal element, plano-convex in outline — the antenna — and a more
ventral group of minute organs, constituting the maxilla. The sensorial organs
of the body segments comprise a certain number of minute clavate hairs and
more numerous minute circular pits. These organs are constant in number and
distribution (Fig. 2).

The second stage larva (Fig. 6) measures about 4.0 mm. x 1.0 mm. (hiber-
nating larvae). The larva is now more robust than in the first stage. The
cuticula is colorless and transparent but the spine armature is relatively some-
what more conspicuous than in the first stage. On the first three segments
there exists only an anterior band of spines which on segment II and III is
broadened so as to form an oval plate in the ventral region. On segment IV
a posterior band appears in the ventral region. On segment V a few curving
rows of spines appear at the pleural extremity of this ventral band. The dorsal
anterior band of segment VI is broken in the pleural region, and the pleural
group above the posterior ventral band is larger. On segment VII the dorsal
anterior band is feebly developed; the anterior pleural group is divided: and the
anterior ventral band consists of only a few rows of small spines. On the
posterior border a single short dorsal row appears. On segment VIII the dorsal
anterior band is very feebly developed; there is a pleural group semi-circular in
form, opposite the pleural group on the posterior border of segment VII; and
the ventral anterior band is feeble and medially interrupted. On this segment
the posterior band is now almost complete though still rather feeble in the
dorsal region. On segment IX the dorsal part of the anterior band is absent
and the pleural and ventral anterior groups are feeble*; a continuous, moderately
broad band of heavy spines exists on the posterior border. On segment X the
anterior band is represented only by a few minute pleural spines and a single
ventral row. The posterior band is like that on the preceding segment. On
the last segment there exists a pleural group of curving rows of feeble spines, a
median ventral group and dorsal and ventral groups of stigmatic spines as in
the first stage.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

Jf '"• I

p%- ' .'

--S5

'•

.

•'••.••..

10

IZ

13

14

15

THOMPSON AND THOMPSON— ZENILLIA ROSF.ANAE

132 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

*

The second stage larva is amphipneustic. The anterior stigmata are small
and are situated just in front of the anterior border of segment III in the
middle of the pleural region; each presents two respiratory papillae (Fig. 7);
the felt-chamber is uniform in diameter throughout its length. The posterior
stigmata (Fig. 8) open on the dorsal aspect of the apex of posterior extremity;
each presents two respiratory papillae; the felt-chambers are more robust than
in the first stage, the ratio of length to diameter being about 2:1.

The bucco-pharyngeal armature is represented in figure 9; in this stage there
is no median hook, and it is replaced functionally by a pair of elongate curved
lateral or mandibular hooks, which are the homologues of the small lateral
plates of the first stage larva (Fig. 3); the base of the ventral wing of the basal
plate is partly separated from the intermediate region by a short narrow incision
but as in the first stage there are no articulations in the armature which forms
a solid block.

The third stage larva (Fig. 10) measures 1 1.0 mm. x 3.0 mm. It is sometimes
rather crescentic in form, the dorsal side being slightly concave, the ventral side
convex. On the ventral side, the surface of the body presents a series of oval
convexities, functioning as pseudopodia and situated in the region of the
intersegmental coniunctivae IV-V, V-VI, VI-VII, VII-V1II, VIII-IX, IX-X,
X-XI. These pseudopodia are slightly developed on the anterior segments but
more prominent posteriorly. The one situated on the conjunctiva X-XI,
surrounds the anal opening of the larva. In this stage, the cuticular spines,
while perhaps as numerous as in the preceding stage, are relatively much less
apparent so that under a low power the cuticle appears to be naked; the spines
are arranged for the most part in curving rows separated by rather wide intervals.
An anterior band exists on segments I-III, but on segments IV-VIII inclusive
this band is broken in the pleural region, while on segments IX-XI, the dorsal
part of the band, represented on segment VIII only by a few spines, is absent.
The ventral part of the anterior band exists on all the segments to the Xth,
where it is interrupted below the pleural region. On segment V there appears a
posterior ventral band associated with a posterior pleural group on segments
VI-IX. On segment X there is a complete and well developed posterior spine
band. The Xlth segment bears dorsal and ventral patches of stigmatic spines
as in the preceding stages.

The third stage larva is amphipneustic; the felt-chamber of the anterior stigma
is considerably swollen but diminishes rapidly in diameter distally where it
terminates in the respiratory papillae (Fig. 11); these are generally two in num-
ber but not infrequently three are present and in some specimens as many as
five exist; when such variations occur they are sometimes symmetrical but often
not so. The posterior stigmata (Fig. 12) situated on the apex of the posterior
extremity, are much larger than in the preceding stages and each possesses 4
respiratory slits of which the dorsal and ventral elements are generally short
and straight while the intermediate pair are curved; the stigmatic area is
surrounded by a well-developed, heavily chitinized, unbroken peritreme; the
stigmata in the larva are separated by a distance equal to about one half the
diameter of each stigma; the felt-chambers are very short and broad.

The bucco-pharyngeal armature (Fig. 13) differs greatly in form from that of
the preceding stage; the lateral paired mandibular hooks are short, stout and

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 133

straight with acute distal extremities; the ventral sclerite of the salivary duct,
while not detached from the intermediate region, is very prominent; an articula-
tion now exists between the intermediate and basal regions; the dorso-anterior
angle of the dorsal wing of the basal plate is strongly produced anteriorly, while
the posterior portion of this wing presents a deep narrow cleft; the hypopharyn-
geal plates (Fig. 14) are irregularly quadrangular in form and paired; each pre-
sents an oval or rounded sensorial unchitinized area; the inner surface of the
labium bears a few rows of stout uncolored spines; the epipharyngeal plate
(Fig. 15) is emarginate posteriorly and produced anteriorly into a short rounded
tooth; it bears several sensorial areas as indicated in the figure.

The puparium measures about 6.5 mm. x 3.0 mm.; it varies in color from lighr
to dark reddish brown; the surface is smooth without apparent rugosities or
excrescences and moderately polished; the puparial wall is sufficiently trans-
parent so that the cast third stage mouth hooks can usually be seen through the
cap; the anterior extremity is rounded or hemispherical; the anterior stigmata
are inconspicuous, not protuberant or elevated; the line of cleavage separating
the two halves of the puparial cap passes posteriorly on the ventral side of the
anterior stigmata and terminates just behind theanteriorspine bandof segment
IV; the circular line of cleavage runs perpendicularly to this point around the
puparium; the prothoracic cornicles traverse the puparial wall just in front of
the posterior margin of segment IV, slightly postero-dorsad to the posterior end
of the longitudinal line of cleavage of the cap; the posterior end of the puparium
is rounded conical or sub-conical; the posterior stigmata are situated slightly dor-
sad of the posterior apex; they are inconspicuous and scarcely elevated above
the surface of the puparium.

The respiratory apparatus of the pupa has the form shown in the figure 16;
the internal spiracle is oval and presents 7 or 8 double rows of respiratory papillae;
the terminal portion of the prothoracic cornicle is rather slender and only mod-
erately chitinized, with a rather small number of spiracular openings (V\g. 17).

THE ADULT.

According to the system of classification based on adult
characters, this species belongs in the genus Zenillia R.-D. Dr.
J. Villeneuve has very kindly supplied me with the diagnostic
characters of this genus.

The genus Zenillia, writes Dr. Villeneuve, has replaced the genera Myxexo-
rista B. B., Tritochaeta B. B.; the vibrissae become weaker as they approach the
upper part ot the facial plate and, especially in the female, cease to exist toward
the upper half or third of the facial plate; eyes hairy; no orbital bristles in the
male; front moderately broad; anterior claws of the male more or less elongate;
posterior tibiae with regular or irregular ciliation; third longitudinal vein bear-
ing bristles at its origin only; bend of the fourth vein without an appendage;
second segment of the arista not perceptibly elongate; apical bristles present
on the scutellum.

The synonymy of the genus Zenillia, according to the Cata-
logue of Palaearctic Diptera, of Bezzi and Stein, is as follows:

134 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

Zenillia R.-D. Myodaires, 152, 1 (1830).
syn. Atilia R.-D. 1863.
Clemelis R.-D. 1863.
Elpe R.-D. 1863.
Myxexorista B. B. 1891.
Nilea R.-D. 1863.
SagarisR.-D. 1863.
Tritochaeta B. B. 1889.
Zelinda R.-D. 1863.

Zenillia roseanae was originally described by Brauer and von
Bergenstamm in Denkschr. Akad. Wien. LVIII, 332, (1891)
under the genus Myxexorista. As the original description is
rather brief, I have prepared a new one from the specimens
reared from Pyrausta which has been made sufficiently detailed
for purposes of identification.

The adult (Fig. 18) is black, the calypteres brownish, the wings hyaline.

Male. — Front, seen from above about four-fifths as wide as eye; frontal
vitta dark brown; pollen of para-frontals, para-facials and cheeks bluish grey; a
single row of strong frontal bristles and outside this several rows of fine hairs;
three to five frontal bristles below the base of the antennae, the row extending
below the apex of the second antennal segment; para-facials bare; facial ridges
ciliate on about the lower half; cheeks about one-fifth eye-height; eyes densely
hairy; palpi black; occiput flat; antennae as long as the facial plate, the third
segment about five times the length of the second; the arista thickened on
its basal half.

Mesonotum black, thinly dusted with greyish-blue pollen, with one median
and two pairs of lateral black vittae not very apparent from above; an irregular
black vitta adjacent to the margin of the humeral callus; pleurae blue-black,
very thinly dusted; 4 sterno-pleural bristles 1:2:1; 4 post-sutural and 3 post-
acrostichal bristles; scutellum rather thinly pollinose, bearing 3 pairs of marginal
bristles, a pair of cruciate, upwardly directed apical bristles and a pair of discal
bristles.

Abdomen with segments II-IV greyish pollinose anteriorly, the bands of pollen
interrupted by a dorsal median vitta; first segment with a pair of marginal
bristles, sometimes feeble; second segment with a pair of discals and a pair of
marginals; third segment with a pair of discals and a marginal ring; fourth seg-
ment with numerous scattered bristles; hypopygium not prominent, the visible
portion polished black; hind tibiae regularly ciliate though one of the bristles
toward the middle of the row is often larger than the others.

Female. — Two forwardly directed and one backwardly directed orbital bristles
on each side; front, seen from above about as wide as eye; antenna not extending
quite the full length of the facial plate, the third segment 3.5-4 times as long as
the second.

The male genitalia have been represented (Fig. 19) as they present characters
of value for the recognition of the species but it is not necessary for the purpose
of this paper to describe them in detail. The female internal reproductive sys-
tem corresponds in form to that of the species of Group VI in the system of Pan-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

f>-C.

16

17

19

- '

THOMPSON AM) THOMPSON XKMI.I.I \ KOSKVNAK

136 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

tel; the terminal sclerites of the body of the adult female are simple and un-
specialized.

BIOLOGY.

The oviposition of this species has not been observed; but the
structure of the reproductive system and of the primary larva
indicates that the larvae are deposited directly on the body of
the Pyrausta caterpillar during the period when the latter is
feeding on the exterior of the plant or moving from place to
place.

Immediately or at all events very shortly after entering the
body of the host caterpillar, the primary larva enters one of the
longitudinal bands of adipose tissue. The larvae of the autumn
generation remain in the fat body during the winter (Fig. 20),
which they pass in the second larval stage; during the initial
period of its existence the larva has no connection with the
tracheal system of the caterpillar and it must therefore obtain
its supply of oxygen either from the ingested blood and adipose
tissue of its host or from the fine tracheae which penetrate the
fat body in which it lies; later on, however, the second stage
larva applies its posterior extremity to a trachea of the cater-
pillar and forces an opening through which it secures a more
abundant supply of oxygen; sometimes the larva attaches itself
to one of the larger tracheal vessels, but more often to the finer
branches which supply the fat body; in this stage it is thus sur-
rounded by a sheath of mixed tracheal and fatty origin, in which,
however, the adipose elements greatly predominate. Finally,
after the second ecdysis, the parasite larva, which up to this time
has fed only upon the blood and adipose tissue, begins to devour
indiscriminately all of the internal organs of the caterpillar of
which it leaves little but the skin.

The parasite larvae of the winter generation which we have
had under observation have invariably emerged from cater-
pillars of the borer and this is also the usual habit of the larvae
of the summer generation; but in one case a larva of the summer
generation was observed to emerge from a chrysalid of the
borer.

The larvae pupate in the gallery of the host beside the empty
skin of the caterpillar from which they have emerged.

It is not necessary to consider in detail in this paper the
changes produced in the structure of the adipose tissue of the
host by the presence of the parasite larva; it may be noted,
however, that the zone of adipose tissue immediately adjacent to
the body of the Tachinid larva eventually takes on a light
yellowish tinge, contrasting with the pure white color of the nor-
mal tissue in this species; in older larvae, the part of the adipose
tissue forming the sheath becomes semitransparent owing to the
disappearance of the fat globules from the cells composing it.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 137

In the spring of 1920, most of the larvae of P. nubilalis col-
lected in southern France were shipped to the corn-borer
laboratory in Massachusetts. Consequently, few parasites
were bred in the laboratory at Audi anil the data secured in
regard to the later phases of their life histories is somewhat
fragmentary. From the information available it appears that
the larvae of Zenillia roseanae emerge from the hibernating
caterpillars of the borer about a month before the latter begin
to pupate; but that the duration of the pupal and preoviposition
periods in the case of the parasite are so much longer than in
the case of the host, that the adult females of the Tachinid are
not ready to oviposit until the young caterpillars of Pyrausta are
present on the corn plant.

The first puparium found under outdoor conditions in 1920
was taken from a corn stalk in the laboratory garden on March
24; it was then freshly formed.

In caterpillars of the summer generation, larvae of Zenillia
roseanae in stage II were first found on July 28 and last found on
August 12, after which time no further dissections of the summer
generation caterpillars were made in this region. The first
puparium of the summer generation of this species was found in a
flower stalk of the corn plant on August 3, the last on August
17, on which date a puparium from which the adult had already
emerged was also collected. The duration of the pupal stage
in the summer generation appears to be considerably shorter
than in the hibernating generation but on this point we have not
yet secured any exact information.

Few dissections of caterpillars of the autumn generation were
made in 1920, but in a lot collected on October 3 a larva of Z.
roseanae in the first stage was found in the fat body of a Py-
rausta caterpillar.

The most important practical point determined by the inves-
tigations undertaken up to the present on the seasonal history
of 7,enillia roseanae is that this parasite has a seasonal historv
synchronous with that of the host in southwestern France, having
like the latter two generations a year of ivhich the second is passed
in the larval stage in the hibernating caterpillars of the borer .

OTHER HOSTS.

In the work of Brauer and Yon Bergenstamm already cited,
Zenillia roseanae is recorded as a parasite of the well-known
grape pest Conchy/is roseana Hw. As we have had occasion to
examine only a small number of the caterpillars of the host in
question we are unable to confirm this record.

SECONDARY PARASITES..

On April 14, 1920, a puparium of this species was found which
was filled with the larvae of a chalcid parasite; the puparium

138 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

was unfortunately broken in collection and the parasites could
not be reared; no other hyperparasites have since been discov-
ered.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Zenillia roseanae has been found in Pyrausta larvae in several
of the departments of southwestern France (Gers, Hautes Py-
renees, Landes), and in the Mediterranean region at Hyeres
(Var) and Men ton (Alpes Maritimes). In material from
southern Germany (southern Wurtemberg) and Belgium, it
has not been discovered. It would thus appear to be a southern
species; but so far it has not been found in material from Naples
and it seems to be rarer along the Mediterranean littoral than
in the region north of the Pyrenees.

IMPORTANCE AS A CONTROLLING FACTOR OF THE CORN BORER.

In order to determine accurately the status of this species as
a controlling factor of the corn borer in Europe it will be neces-
sary to carry on an investigation continuing over a considerable
period. However from the data now available it would appear
that Zenillia roseanae is a very important parasite of Pyrausta
nubilalis. As it has two annual generations, both passed on the
borer, its introduction into the United States offers much less
difficulty than that of species with several generations which
develop in different hosts. Having two broods a year it should
be able to overtake and check the invasion of the host with com-
parative rapidity; and finally, the method of hibernation of the
species, in the hibernating caterpillars of Pyrausta, enables the
parasite to pass through one of the most difficult periods in its
seasonal history with a much lower mortality than is caused by
extreme unfavorable meteorological conditions and hyperpara-
sitism in the case of species which pass the winter in the pupal
or adult stages.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. 1. Zenillia roseanae. First stage larva.

Fig. 2. First stage larva; posterior extremity, seen from dorsal side; f". — "felt-
chamber" of posterior stigmata; s. o. — clavate sensory organ; s. s. —
stigmatic spines.

Fig. 3. Mouth-hook or bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of newly hatched, first stage
larva, b. r. — basal region; d. w. — dorsal wing of basal plate; i. r. —
intermediate region; 1. p. — lateral plates; in. t. — median tooth; s. s. d.
— sclerite of.the salivary duct; v. w. — ventral wing of the basal plate.

Fig. 4. Mouth hook or bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of larva at the end of the
first stage.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 139

Fig. 5. Anterior end of mouth hook of first stage larva.

Fig. 6. Second stage larva.

Fig. 7. Anterior stigma and "felt-chamber" of second stage larva.

Fig. 8. Posterior stigma and "felt-chamber" of second stage larva.

Fig. 9. Mouth hooks or bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of second stage larva;

m. h. — lateral paired mandibular hooks.
Fig. 10. Third stage larva.

Fig. 11. Anterior stigmata of third stage larva.
Fig. 12. Posterior stigmata of third stage larva.

Fig. 13. Mouth hooks or bucco-pharyngeal apparatus ot third stage larva.
Fig. 14. Hypopharyngeal plates and inner surface of labium of third stage larva;

h. p. — hypopharyngeal plate; 1. — labium.
Fig. 15. Epipharyngeal plate of third stage larva.
Fig. 16. Pupal respiratory apparatus; i. s. — internal spiracle; p. c. — prothoracic

cornicle.

Fig. 17. Tip of prothoracic cornicle of the pupa.
Fig. 18. Head of adult male.
Fig. 19. External genitalia of adult male.
Fig. 20. Hibernating second stage larva in a lobe of the fat body of the corn

borer caterpillar; tr. — tracheae of caterpillar.

SOME NOTES ON THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES

OF SAWFLIES.

BY WILLIAM MIDDLETON, U. S. Bureau of Entomo/o^v.

This paper, which was prepared under the direction of S. A.
Rohwer, at the Eastern Field Station, East Falls Church,
Virginia, and is a contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects,
IL S. Bureau of Entomology, deals with some of the terminal
abdominal structures of sawfly larvae and adults, and presents
a terminology to be used in future taxonomic papers.

Postcornu.

The larvae ot the wood, stem and grass boring sawrlies have
long been known to possess a single, heavily chitinized, terminal
appendage, or posterior horn, which until quite recently was
unnamed. This structure was called the postcornu by Cramp-
ton1 and the term is adopted by the author.

The postcornu in the internal feeding larvae is quite promi-
nent, occurring at the apex of the abdomen above the anal open-
ing upon a well defined told which is distinctly separated from
the dorsal plate, or epiproct, by lateral cauciad grooves. In

'"The Genitalia and Terminal Abdominal Structures of Males and the
Terminal Abdominal Structure of the Larvae of "Chalastogastrous Hymenop-
tera" by G. C. Crampton, Proc. Knt. Soc. Wash., vol. 21, \o. 6, June, 1919,

p. 137-8.

140 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

another group of the sawflies, the Pamphiliinae, there exists a
smaller and less conspicuous, though undoubtedly identical
structure. No special attention has been given to this structure
in the Pamphiliinae, and because of this and its use in classifi-
cation, the organ is herewith described. It consists of a small,
obscure and somewhat S-shaped chitinized rod projecting from
a posterior median plate, which occurs in a depression on the
dorsad-caudad surface of the epiproct (see Plate I, Fig. A), and
because of the position in which it is carried by the larva the
postcornu can hardly be seen. (These observations were made
upon dead larvae and the author has not yet had an opportunity
to note the position or use of this structure in living larvae).

The character of, and the position occupied by, this appendage
and the slight tendency for the formation of the lateral caudad
grooves, as indicated by the depression at the lateral margin of
the epiproct, seems to give ample grounds for believing it to be
homologous with the postcornu of the other sawflies.

A comparative study of the postcornu of those groups ot the
Chalastogastra which possess this structure reveals certain
similarities within families and differences between them, which
may be described and tabulated as follows:

1. Postcornu small, inconspicuous, projecting anteriorly, S-shaped and

unornamented (see plate I, figs. A and E). Larvae of four genera
examined Pamphiliinae.

- Postcornu large, conspicuous, projecting posteriorly and more or less

ornamented by spines, spurs or barbs 2.

2. Postcornu short, tube-like, circular in cross-section at apex, unornamented

with spurs or barbs except on basal lobe (see plate I, fig. D). Larvae
of four genera examined ' Cephidae.

- Postcornu long, rod-like, compressed laterally or semicircular in cross-

section at apex, ornamented on the dorsal or ventral margin with barbs
or spurs

3. Postcornu slightly curved, concave ventrally; semicircular in cross-section

at apex, convex dorsally; ornamented on the ventral margin with spurs
or barbs (see plate I, fig. C). Larvae of the genus Xiphvdria ex-
amined .. Xiphydriidae.

- Postcornu straight; a vertical line in cross section at apex; ornamented on

the dorsal margin with spurs or barbs (see plate I, fig. B). Larvae of
five Nearctic genera examined Siricidae.

Paired Terminal Structures

Dr. G. C. Crampton in his excellent paper2 on the terminal

J" Notes on the Larvae of Some Cephidae," William Middleton, Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., vol. 19, 1917, p. 174-179.

2The Genitalia and Terminal Abdominal Structure of Males, and the Terminal
Abdominal Structure of the Larvae of "Chalastogastrous Hymenoptera"
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 21, No. 6, June, 1919, p. 137-8.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 141

abdominal structures of sawflies, applies the term "cerci" to a
larval and an adult appendage. In a paper recently submitted1
the author indicated the existence of a homology between the
larval postpedes and the adult cerci, thus disposing of the term
cerci, as applied to larval structures other than the postpedes
and leaving those protuberances of the larva designated as
"cerci" by Crampton without a name. In the following para-
graphs the writer, (1) treats somewhat more in detail his
reasons for believing the larval postpedes and adult cerci to be
homologous; (2) compares the styli, or arthrostyli, of the
Pamphiliinae and Cephidae with the postpedes of other sawfly
larvae and advances some reasons for considering them homolo-
gous; (3) suggests a new term for those larval structures desig-
nated "cerci," by Crampton; and (4) discusses briefly the cerci
of the adult male Tremex.

Postpedes and Cerci.

The conclusion that the postpedes are homologues of the cerci
was reached by means of a study of the ontogenetic development
of Pteronidea ribesii supplemented by the position that the cerci
occupy in relation to other parts of the adult.

In the formation of the pupa there are below the anus, and at
the laterad caudad extremities of the venter of the tenth urite,
a pair of rounded protuberances. (See Plate XI, Fig. I.) These
lobes are formed from that area of the larva which gives rise to
the postpedes and are the pads within which the adult cerci are
developed, therefore they are undoubtedly homologous with
these appendages (Plate XI, Figs. H and J). In the adult, the
cerci do not spring from the chitin of the tergum, but are sepa-
rated from that sclerite by a narrow strip of the membrane which
constitutes the venter of the tenth urite. They are also below
the anus and in one abnormal, adult, female of Pteronidea
ribesii the cerci were fused together forming a single structure
projecting below the anus. Thus, it would seem to the author
that the cerci of the adult are not homologous with the so-called
"cerci" of the larvae and that they are developed from the post-
pedes.

Postpedes and Styli.

The tenth, or terminal, abdominal segment has, in a number of
sawflies, a pair of uropods or postpedes and in some of those
sawflies (Cephidae and Pamphiliinae) not possessing what have
been recognized as postpedes, there are a pair of laterad appen-
dages on the sternum of this segment to which the term styli or
arthrostyli, has been applied (Plate XI, Figs. A and G). Since
these styli bear a very close structural resemblance to, and
occupy a position similar to, the thoracic legs (in the Pam-

»To the Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.

142 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

philiinae) and since it is a rather well recognized fact that the
uropods are true limbs, the author can see no reason for not
believing that the styli and postpedes are homologous struc-
tures (Plate XI, Figs. F and G).

That the styli should differ considerably in general appearance
from the postpedes of an ordinary larva can not but be expected
when the differences of use are borne in mind (Plate XI, Figs. A
andH). In this respect it is to be remembered that the Cephidae
live in grass stems and twigs and that they line their galleries
with silk and that the Pamphiliinae make web nests, roll leaves
and make silk and leaf tubes, while those sawflies possessing
postpedes are usually free feeders, laying flat upon the surface of
the leaf, or holding to the edge with the apex of the abdomen
curled gripping the leaf or carried in the air curved S-shaped.
The styliform thoracic legs of the Pamphiliinae, in which the
claw is lost or changed in shape, resembles more closely the
arthostyli, than the well-developed thoracic legs of the free feed-
ing sawfly larva resemble the posterior uropods of these larvae.

Cerci and Pseudocerci.

Since the so called "cerci" of the larvae are not homologous
with the true cerci of the adult they should not bear the same
name, and since the "cerci" of larvae are without a name the
term "pseudocerci"1 is suggested (Plate XI, Fig. H).

The pseudocerci of the sawfly larvae, are much less regular in
presence, location and character than the cerci of the adult, a
fact which in itself would tend to throw suspicion upon their
being cerci. In the larvae of Pteronidea the pseudocerci are
wanting in some species while in others they are present and well
developed. In another Nematine genus (Pontania) the pseudo-
cerci of the larvae of some species approach each other quite
closely at the apex of the caudad margin of the epiproct and in
the Siricidae structures, which appear to be sufficiently similar
to bear at least tor the present the same name, are found situ-
ated to either side of the dorso-median caudal groove and
immediately above the basal lobe of the fold bearing the post-
cornu. The pseudocerci may easily be differentiated from the
cerci because they are always found dorsad of the anal opening,
and are always a continuation of the chitin of the epiproct
(Plate XI, Figs. H and J).

Cerci of Tremex.

Certain authors (Rohwer, MacGillivray and Bradley) have
remarked upon the absence of the cerci in the male of Tremex
and some have considered the absence of these appendages to
be of taxonomic importance.

'Pseudocerci is a name for these structures suggested by G. C. Crampton in
a letter to S. A. Rohwer.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

pc

L

MI DDLETON— ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF SAWFLIES

144 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

In the studies made, by the author, on these appendages in
sawflies, he found them present in Tremex columba (Linnaeus)
but greatly reduced and inconspicuous (Plate XI, Fig. K). The
cerci are quite small, but are present as distinct, cone-like,
chitinous buttons on the membranous sternum of the tehth
urite. They are situated at the cephalad laterad angles of the
sternum of the segment in a position identical with that occupied
by them in insects where they are larger.

The tenth tergite is arched, presenting a convex surface
dorsally, and its posterior margin is curved to produce a project-
ing semi-circular disk of chitin. Beneath the tergum there is1 a
membrane lying close to it and connecting its posterior margin
with anus. Anus projects but slightly (never beyond the tenth
tergite) and is carried compressed, close to the membrane (tenth
sternite) below it, within the concavity made by the arching of
the tenth tergite (Plate XI, Figs. K and L). Thus, the entire
tenth sternum, including the cerci, is concealed beneath the
epiproct.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

A — Urite X of larva of Pamphilimae, showing postcornu (cc) on epiproct

(ep) and styli on hypoproct (hy).

B — Lateral view of postcornu of Siricidae, showing dorsal barbs.
C — Lateral view of postcornu of Xiphydriidae, showing ventral barbs.
D — Lateral view of postcornu of Cephidae, showing short, cylindrical, unorna-

mented type with spines on basal lobe.
E — Lateral view of postcornu of Pamphiliinae, showing anterior projection

from the posterior median plate (mp).
F — Leg of larva of Pamphiliinae.

G — Styli of larva of Pamphiliinae, appendages of the tenth urite.
H — Urites IX and X of larva of Pteronidea ribesii showing epiproct (ep) with

pseudocerci (pc) above anus (a) and postpedes (ppd) ventrad.
I — Urites VIII-IX and X of pupa of Pteronidea ribesii showing epiproct (ep)

above anus (a), hyproproct (hy) below anus bearing cerci (c), sheath

(sh) and lancets (It).
J — Urites IX and X of adult Pteronidea ribesii from venter showing cerci (c)

below anus (a) and separated from tergum.
K — Ventral view X urite of adult of male Tremex columba showing membranous

sternite below anus (a) with cerci (c) at lateral extremities.
L — Lateral view VIII, IX and X, urites of adult male Tremex columba.

Key to Symbols.

a — anus. It —lancets,

c — cerci. mp — median plate,

cc — postcornu. pc — pseudocerci.

ep — epiproct. ppd — postpedes.

hy — hypoproct. sh — sheath.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 145

ON THE MALE GENITALIA OF THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA AND
THEIR SYSTEMATIC IMPORTANCE.

BY AUGUST BUSCK. AND CARI. HEINRICH.

In recent papers we have applied certain terms in defining
the genitalia structure which it is our intention to use in subse-
quent treatment of the various Micro families. These are
based on careful morphological studies of many forms and a
homology of the parts in their various and often puzzling
modifications. While we have considered mainly the Micro-
lepidoptera our studies have included the Macro groups
also and to them the nomenclature applies equally well.
We have not conformed to strict priority in choice of names but
have adopted the terms which seemed most appropriate and
at the same time most generally accepted by Lepidopterists.1

In the structure of the genitalia are involved two segments of
the abdomen (the 9th and 10th) aside from occasional modifica-
tions of the 8th.2

The exact defining limits of these two segments are not
determinable; but the general structure, homologized with the
locations of corresponding openings in the pupa, clearly indicate
that the chitinized structures surrounding the genital opening
are developments of sclerites of the 9th abdominal segment and
that the chitinizations surrounding the anal opening are devel-
oped from the 10th.

John B. Smith has been the first to make extensive systematic use of
the genitalia in Lepidoptera we have where possible used his terms in preference
to others. For this reason we have not followed the suggestion of Dr.
McDunnough in his excellent paper on the terminology of these parts (Can.
Ent., vol. 43, 1911, pp. 181-189.)

2Different homologies have been suggested by other authors. Some following
Berlese have included an eleventh abdominal segment in the genitalia. In a
recent paper by Mr. John R. Ever (Bui. Brook Ent. Soc., vol. 16, 1921, pp.
1-8) certain of the structure we refer to the 9th segment" (harpes, vinculum
ami aedoeagus) are considered as belonging to the 8th and 10th respectively,
while others which form their close association with the anal opening (socii) we
consider as developments of the l()th segment are considered by him as belong-
ing to the 9th. Such homologies do not seem to harmonize with the position
of the genital and anal openings anil armature of the pupa. Again we are
unable to find any indication of an llth abdominal segment in any Lepidop-
terous larva or pupa and the hypothesis of such an additional segment in the
adult moth is at least unnecessary to a definition of the various parts of the
genitalia structure and their homology within the Lepidoptera.

Our purpose, however, is not primarily the homology of the genital parts with
particular sclerites or somites, but a homology of the structures as they are
developed within the order Lepidoptera and a definition which will enable
satisfactory application to Taxonomy.

146 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

In the lepidopterous genitalia all or most of the following nine
external structures are present and can be differentiated and
definitely homologized in the various groups however modified
they may be.

Vinculum (Vm).

The vinculum is a ventral chitimzed band articulating at its dorsal extremi-
ties with the tegumen. It is usually a simple narrow band but may be divided
in the middle ventrally (ex. Ellopia) or extended into an anteriorly projecting
process (ex. many Gelechiidae and Plutellidae). This and the following four
structures are formed from sclerites of the ninth abdominal segment.

Anellus (An).

The anellus is a small, more or less triangular plate situated within the ven-
tral angle of the vinculum and supporting the aedoeagus. This support may
be affected in various ways; the anellus may be a mere plate with a hole (ex.
Hemerophila) or smuation in which the aedoeagus rests (ex. Xyloricta); or it may
partially surround the aedoeagus as a chitinous cylinder (ex. Cerostoma) or semi-
cylinder (ex. Eorkhausenia conia) or from the plate an arm may be developed
on which the aedoeagus is supported and pivoted (ex. Olethreutidae). In some
forms the anellus develops various projections or lobes (ex. Ethmiidae, Steno-
miidae). Sometimes the structures are not differentiated, the aedoeagus pass-
ing through the unchitinized membrane (ex. some Helialidae}.

Aedoeagus (Ae).

The aedoeagus is normally a tube containing and protecting the penis, some-
times so modified as to be merely a ring with a thin extension (ex. many Blasto-
basidae) or more or less split and occasionally developed into finger or thorn-like
projections from a tubular base (ex. Gelechia natalis). It articulates on the
anellus when the latter is present. Sometimes, however, it is merely supported
by the membrane of the 9th segment. It may be simple or prolonged into one
or more spines or processes at apex (ex. Gelechia and Stenoma) or be laterally
armed with tooth-like projections (ex. Hystricophora}. Often the posterior end is
produced beyond the entrance hole of the penis into a blind sack (ex. Tortricidae,
Plutellidae, etc.). Some authorities have considered the aedoeagus to be but
a chitinized part of the penis proper and therefore strictly speaking an internal
structure; but we consider it a part of the external structure. As a chitinized
part it has always a definite beginning and ending, is always rigid and serves
directly as a protective armature and guide to the membranous penis.

Within and for part of its length connected with the aedoeagus lies the penis
(P), a soft flexible tube which can be projected by blood pressure far beyond the
mouth of the aedoeagus itself. It is usually armed near its tip by one or more
spines or thorns, the so-called cornuti (Cn) (of Pierce) or "love thorns" (of Roth-
child and Jordan). The number, size and shape of these is constant within the
species and of great aid in specific differentiation.

Harpes (Hp).

The harpes are paired lateral clasping organs attached to the vinculum ard
frequently also articulated on the anellus, occasionally fusing at their base (ex.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 147

certain Geometridae); hollow flattened structures of various and diverse shapes
subject to extravagant modification; usually symmetrical but not seldom as-
symetrical (ex. many Gelechiidae, Gracilariidae, some Oecophoriidae). In most
forms three distinct areas can be differentiated: a costal, an apical and a dorsal.
These are sometimes defined by actual sutures (as in Ethmidae) indicating that
the harpes are compound organs (modified pedal appendages). More often
the areas are only defined by heavier chitimzation, or inward folding of the
edges, or by peculiarities of armature and hairs. These parts have been named
respectively, costa (Ca), cucullus (Cs) anil sacculus (Sc) (Pierce) which terms
we have-adopted. They are each subject to various modifications, and one is
often developed at the expense of the others; the sacculus and costa having a
tendency to develop into free extended arms. Occasionally one of these is so
far separated from the rest of the harpes as to form a double harpe structure
(Comp. Fig. 4). The so-called clasper of Smith prominently developed in the
Noctuidae\s a similar modification of the sacculus, being a free extension from
the edge near the base. It takes various shapes in different families, is often
forked and otherwise highly modified (ex. Agrotinae, Pyraustinae), and some-
times is represented by a mere thorn-like projection (ex. Epiblema, in Olethreu-
tidae}. Very often it is entirely absent. Similar clasper-like processes (Arl
may often be found arising from the annellus (ex. Ethmiidae, Stenomidae) and
sometimes fusing into the harpes. These must not be confounded with the
clasper of the harpes. All ot these characters are constant within the species,
and furnish excellent aid in the separation of higher groups. In a few groups
the harpes are greatly reduced and hardly capable of functioning as clasp-
ing organs.

Transtilla (Ts).

The transtilla is a more or less band-like bridge connecting the harpes at their
inner costal angles. Often merely a plain band. Often lobed or sinuated and
ornamented with spine clusters. Sometimes attenuated or broken in the mid-
dle (ex. Adoxophyes) and appearing as free arms from the harpes. These arms
may be reduced to mere knobs or spurs (ex. Oletkreutidae and a few Tortricidae).
Sometimes the transtilla is entirely absent (ex. Oecophoridae, Blastobasidae and
Noctuidae).

Uncus (II).

This and the following two structures constitute the armature of the anus
and therefore belongs to the 10th segment. The uncus is the posterior dorsal
projections of the genitalia above the anal opening. It is normally more or less
hook like (ex. Sparganothis^ bur may be broadened out (ex. Ge/echia), spoon
shaped (ex. Pandemis), tritid !e\. Ethmia zelleriellti), bifurcate (ex. Rhopob
or otherwise modified. It may he smoothed or haired. Often it is reduced or
absent.

Socii (.Si).

The socii are paired organs, normally soft, membranous and hairy; arising
from the base of the uncus, more or less lateral to the anal opening. The\ are
of very varied shape; commonly soft, papilla like and drooping (ex. EHCOSHHD,
sometimes erect (ex. Harpypteryx) or flattened or leaf-like (ex. SparganotAis),

148 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

rarely strongly chitinized (ex. some species in Epinotia). They are occasionally
more or less fused with gnathos (ex. some Olethreutidae) and are frequently rudi-
mentary or absent (ex. Laspeytresia).

Gnathos (Gn).

The gnathos is a paired organ, ventral to the anus, arising near the base of the
uncus below the soci if the latter are present and consisting in its completeness
of two lateral arms and a ventral plate (Vp). The arms may be tree, more or
less tentile and hairy (ex. Sparganothis^ Synnoma). Much more commonly they
are fused at their tips into a strongly chitinized, smooth hook or beak-like struc-
ture (ex. Cacoecia, Gelechia), or into a variously modified and ornamented knob
(ex. Co/eophora, Depresparia). Occasionally the joined arms are reduced to a
mere band (ex. Holcocera). The ventral plate (Figs. 2, 3) if present, is situated
in a median line immediately below the anus and is more or less fused with the
arms when these are present. It may be a broad shield-like structure (ex. Pe-
ronea) or a narrow chitirious strip along the under side of the alimentary canal
(ex. Pyrausta, Cerosloma). It is sometimes greatly developed and apparently
free lying against and covering much of the anal tube; in which case the arms
themselves may be absent. It is often absent or not to be differentiated as a
distinct part.

The gnathos is subject to very great modification. Rarely it is entirely ab-
sent (ex. Amorbia, Coelostathma).

Tegumen (Tg).

The tegumen is really the entire external covering of the 9th and 10th seg-
ments which have not been differentiated in the foregoing 8 parts and from which
these 8 parts originate as specialized sclerite structures; but specifically it is rec-
ognized as the chitinized dorsal part, articulating at its lower extremities with
the vinculum and from which arises the uncus, soci and gnathos, the other parts
being normally membranous. This chitinized part of tegumen has been con-
sidered by many as the tergite of the 9th segment continued ventrally in the
vinculum which is recognized as the sternire of the 9th segment. In certain
isolated forms a suture just below the base of uncus would seem to substantiate
this view; but the structure is normally so fused that it is impossible to differ-
entiate two distinct parts, and we are inclined to consider the entire chitinized
tegumen as part of the 10th segment; the 9th segment being greatly reduced
and continued dorsally as membrane only.

In several groups the 8th abdominal segment is more or less modified and ap-
parently a part of the genital apparatus, either as a specially chitinized covering
(ex. Gelechia) or forming a lobed and strongly haired structure closely associated
with the genitalia proper (ex. Pandemis).

In his presidential address before this society in 1914 the
senior author gave in outline the progress of the classification of
the Micro-Lepidoptera up to that time and showed how it had
culminated in a comprehensive and natural system based
fundamentally on venation as conceived and elaborated by
Meyrick, who brilliantly utilized the foundations laid by Heirrich-
Schaefer.

It was even then realized that while venation is the funda-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921 149

mental character upon which our classification must rest, it does
not tell the whole story, nor is it alone always sufficient to deter-
mine natural groups. Characters of the pupa and larva and
genitalia give an added light and a fuller understanding. In
fact the seta arrangement in the larva is as fundamental as
the venation. As an independent basis for classification it en-
ables sure and accurate group definition and the results corre-
late with those obtained by venation.

Genitalia on the other hand are subject to such extreme modi-
fications and the group characters are so subtle that unsupported
by other characters in the insect, they would not be a safe guide
except for specific differentiation; but as an additional factor in
the classification they are of considerable significance, enabling
clearer and sharper definition and finer division of families and
genera.

For example, while the division between the families Tortri-
cidac and Olethreutidae has always been clearly recognized and
their species properly referred, no exact definition between them
has been possible on venation or other hitherto considered adult
characters. It is a curious coincidence that an attempt should
have been made to employ genitalia in the separation of these
very families by Fernald and Meyrick and unfortunate that
these authors should have hit upon a superficial character — the
presence or absence of uncus — which does not hold.1

The long standing confusion regarding the family Xylorictidae
and its present mistaken lumping with the family Stenomidae
could have been avoided by a consideration of the genitalia. The
two represent distinct geographical entities with but few
stragglers outside their respective continents, Australia and
America, and their genitalia in gross structure and detail (for
example the split hairs on the harpes in Stenomidae) at once
separate the two.

The genus Setiostoma Zeller described as a Glyphipterygid
and always so considered on pterogostic characters is defi-
nitely proven by the genitalia to belong to the family Steno-
midae (not equal Xylorictidae Meyrick). This fact is fully
born out by a proper consideration of the venation though the
venation alone might be — and has been — otherwise interpreted.

In the separation of genera the genitalia must be used with
extreme caution, but here also they throw an additional light
on the correlation of species and thereby enable a more natural
grouping and a sharper division.

As a character for specific differentiation the genitalia are of

f: "Uber den Genitalapparat von Rhopobota Naevana," Iris, 1908, pp.
304-329.

Heinrich: "A Note on the Tortricid Genitalia," Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol.
19, 1917, pp. 137-138.

PLATE XII

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

BUSCK AND HEINRICH— GENITALIA OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA

I'ROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

ri.ATi sin

BUSCK AND HEINRICH— GENITALIA OF MICROLF.PIDOPTI' k \

152 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 6, JUNE, 1921

supreme importance, enabling the separation and definition of
closely allied species that otherwise would be difficult or im-
possible to separate and also proving beyond dispute the
specific identity of varieties, the superficial differences of which
obscure their specific limits. With the aid of genitalia the
identity or non-identity of a supposedly introduced species can
be definitely ascertained, and a question of synonymy settled.
No longer need it be a matter of personal opinion. It can be
proven or disproven. For example, the identity of Laspeyresia
molesta Busck with the Japanese and Australian Peach Moth is
thus established while the hitherto accepted identity of the
American and European pea moths (L. nigricana Stph. and L.
novimundi Heinrich) is disproven. Except for the genitalia
both of these cases and many similar ones would have remained
debatable.

The introduction of the male genitalia into the classification
of the Microlepidoptera does not in any way invalidate or
revolutionize our present well-founded system. On the con-
trary, it gives us a better understanding and a surer confidence
in this very system, substantiating it, enlarging upon its founda-
tions and giving added light where venation is insufficient.
The use of genitalia together with characters of the larva and
pupa brings us nearer to that ideal of the systematist, a classifi-
cation based upon the whole insect.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES1
Plate XII

Fig. 1 — Male genitalia of 'Sparganothis pilleriana Schiffermuller.
Fig. 2 — Male genitalia of Peronsa cristana Fabricius.

Plate XIII

Fig. 3 — Male genitalia of Cerostoma vittella Linn.
Fig. 4 — Male genitalia of Platyedra vilel/a Zeller.

Ae — aedoeagus.

An — anellus.

Ca — costa.

Cn — cornuti.

Cs — cucullus.

Gn — gnathos.

Hp — harpes.

Sc — sacculus.

Si — socii.

Tg — tegumen.

Ts — transtilla.

U — uncus.

Vm — vinculum.

Vp — ventral plate.

'The drawings were made by Miss Eleanor T. Armstrong under the direction
of the authors.

Actual date of publication June 22, 1921

VOL. 23

OCTOBER, 1921

No. 7

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

CRAWFORD, J. C. A NEW SPECIES OF THE CHALCIDID GENUS ZATROP1S.

(HYM.) 171

CUSHMAN, R. A., AND GAHAN, A. B. THE THOMAS SAY SPECIES OF ICHNEU-

MONIDAE 153

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

OCT 22 1921

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Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3. 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

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Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
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OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

Honorary President ........ . E. A. SCHWARZ

President W. R. WALTON

First Vice-President A. B. GAHAN

Second Vice-President A. G. BOVING

Recording Secretary R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor . A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE

and E. R. SASSCER.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 OCTOBER 1921 No. 7

THE THOMAS SAY SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDAE.

BY R. A. CUSHMAN AND A. B. GAHAN, Bureau of Entomology.

The Say types are no longer in existence and the only means
of identification of the species are the original descriptions.
These are usually short and incomplete. But careful study of
a description will usually disclose some very characteristic
feature that points unmistakably to a certain genus and fre-
quently to a certain species.

Say described a total of sixty-one species of Ichneumonidae
under the generic names Ichneumon, Pimpla, Op/iion, Anomalon,
Acaenitus, Banchus, Peltastes, Cryptus, and Agathis. He later
removed his Anomalon humeralis to Xorides. He thus employed
ten generic names.

Of the sixty-one species, forty-four have been identified,
specifically or generically, and treated of by subsequent authors.
Most of these first identifications have proved to be correct. In
a few cases, however, the identifications are obviously wrong.
Ashmead has pointed out one such instance and Cushman
another and four more are indicated in the following pages.
Thirty-eight of the first revisions, therefore, have been verified
as have also the two corrections noted. Of the twenty-one
species remaining unrecognized we have been able to positively
identify fourteen. Six we have placed generically to our satis-
faction, although we have been unable to determine the species
in the available material. One species we have been unable to
place even generically.

In listing synonymy we have in general listed references only
to the first revision and to generic changes. Unless otherwise
stated the published synonymy has been verified.

The species are treated alphabetically under the genera in
which they were originally placed, and the genera are arranged
alphabetically. In case the species is considered to belong to a
genus different from the one in which it was originally placed
the original genus is placed in parentheses followed by the proper
genus.

For each of the species here positively identified for the first
time and for each of the corrections in identification we have
designated a neotype. These neotypes are all in the National
Collection and each bears a red label with the word "Neotype."

154 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

1. (Acaenitus) Arotes decorus (Say).

Acaenitus decorus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. I, 1835, p. 248 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 702).
Arotes decorus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 164; Rohwer,

in Cushman and Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 516.

2. (Acaenitus) Arotes melleus (Say).

Acaenitus melleus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 249 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 703).
Arotes melleus Rohwer, in Cushman and Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.

57, 1920, p. 516.

3. (Acaenitus) Xorides stigmapterus (Say).

Acaenitus stigmapterus Say, Long's Second Exped., Phila., 1824, p. 325 (Leconte

ed., vol. 1, p. 218).
Xylonomus stigmapterus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1870, p. 167; Walsh,

Trans. Ac. Sci., St. Louis, vol. 3, 1873, p. 153 and 165.
Xorides stigmapterus Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 444.

4. (Agathis) Ceratogastra ornata (Say).

Agathis ornata Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. I, 1835, p. 226 (Leconte ed.,

vol. 2, p. 684).

Ceratosomafasciata Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 283.
Ceratosoma rubyata Davis, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 366.
Ceratogastra (fasciata) Ashmead, Can. Ent., vol. 32, 1900, p. 368.
Ceratogaster Jasciata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., 1891, p. 62.
Ceratogaster rubyata Dalla Torre, loc. cit.

The color and color pattern of the head, thorax, and pro-
podeum in this and the following species point unmistakably
to Ceratogastra. Davis's name is based on a cyanide stained
specimen.

Neotype. — A female without data.

5. (Agathis) Ceratogastra polita (Say).

Agathis polita Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 226 (Leconte ed.,
vol. 2, p. 684).

Possibly an unusual variant of ornata but since we have no
specimen that agrees in all particulars with Say's description,
we hesitate to synonymize the two species. If synonymy is
proved polita will be the name to apply to the species since it
has line precedence.

6. (Anomalon attractus Say) = Diplazon laetatorius (Fabricius).

Ichneumon laetatorius Fabricius, Spec. Ins., vol. 1, 1781, p. 424.
Bass us laetatorius Panzer, Kfit. Revis., vol. 2, 1806, p. 74.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 155

Anomalon laetatorius Jurine, Nowr. Meth. Class. Hyni., 1807, p. 116.
Anomalon attractus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 241 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 696).

Bassus tripiticrus Walsh, Trans. Ac. Sci., St. Louis, vol. 3, 1873, p. 85.
Diplazon laetatorius Vireck, Hym. Conn., 1917, p. 303.

There are in the National Museum several specimens of
laetatorius that have the white markings of mesopleurum and
mesosternum described by Say in varying degrees of complete-
ness. In some cases these spots are confluent and in others
represented only by white dots behind the front coxae. Certain
of these specimens agree almost perfectly with Say's description,
one female differing only in having the entire fourth tergite
black. This tergite, however, varies in a series of specimens all
the way from all black to all red.

Neotype.—A. female collected April 1 8, 1 911 , at Dallas, Texas,
by H. Pinkus.

The above synonymy is not complete but includes only generic
changes and North American synonyms.

7. (Anomalon) Neleopisthus densatus (Say).

Anomalon densatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 243 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 698).
Neleopisthus similis Cushman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56, 1919, p. 379.

The type of Neleopisthus similis Cushman agrees almost per-
fectly with Say's description, so nearly perfectly that the dis-
crepancy in the length of the "oviduct" must be explained by
the supposition that in Say's specimen the ovipositor proper was
free of the sheath and it was this to which Say referred.

Neotype. — The type of Neleopisthus similis Cushman.

It should be noted that in the first line of the description as
reprinted in the Leconte edition the word "orbits" occurring
in the original description before "above with a white line" is
omitted.

8. (Anomalon) Glypta divaricata (Say).

Anomalon divaricatns Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1 , 1 835, p. 244 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 699).
Glypta divaricata Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1870, p. 153. Possibly

(=pulchrtpes Cresson).

Undoubtedly a Glypta but apparently not pulchripes as sug-
gested by Cresson, for Say says nothing of red pleura, white
clypeus and mandibles or hind tibiae. His description is more
like tuberculifrons Cresson. Say's specimen was from Florida,
from which State Cresson had no specimens of Glypta; nor are
there any in the National Museum. \Ve suspect that Say's
species is distinct from any that Cresson knew.

156 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

9. Anomalon ejuncidus Say.

Anomalon ejuncidus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 241 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 697).

Trachynotus texanus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 169.
Trachynotus ejuncidus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 169.
Trachynotus canadensis Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 11, 1879, p. 119.
Nototrachys canadensis Cresson, Synop. N. Am. Hym., 1887, p. 200.
Nototrachys ejuncidus Cresson, loc. cit.
Nototrachys texanus Cresson, loc. cit.

Sixty North American specimens of Anomalon in the National
Collection have been examined. Included in this number are
a paratype of texanus Cresson and a homotype (Gahan) of
canadensis Provancher. Notwithstanding the fact that in this
material there are to be found considerable differences in color
as well as slight structural differences, we are unable to find any
characters of either color or structure that appear to be constant.
We are therefore in doubt as to whether the material represents
one species or more than one. The paratype of texanus and the
homotype of canadensis are in our opinion the same species, how-
ever, and since they agree in every way with Say's description
of ejuncidus we are constrained to believe that Say's species is the
same.

10. (Anomalon) Thyreodon flavicornis (Say).

Anomalon flavicornis Say, West. Quart. Kept., vol. 2, 1823, p. 73 (Leconte ed.,
vol. l,p. 163).

This species was confused by Norton1 and subsequent authors
with Anomalon flavicornis Brulle, a species now referred to
Heteropelma. The color of the wings as described by Say is
sufficient to show that his species is not the same as Brulle's.
This color immediately suggests Thyreodon flammipennis Ash-
mead and T. fernaldi Hooker, species from the same general
region as that recorded for flavicornis Say, and although we have
seen no specimen that agrees exactly with Say's description we
are strongly of the opinion that the species should be referred to
this group.

11. (Anomalon) Xorides humeralis (Say).

Anomalon humerale Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 74

(Leconte ed., vol. 1, p. 378).
Xorides humeralis Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 223 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, P. 682).

Xylonomus lavalensis Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 6, 1874, p. 59.
Xylonomus humeralis Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 12, 1880, p. 100.
Xorides humeralis Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 434.

iproc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, 1863, p. 360.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 157

12. (Anomalon) Aplomerus lineatulus (Say).

Anomalon lineatulus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 244 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 699).
Aplomerus j out si Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 454.

Say's statement that "This has some resemblance to mellipes"
at once suggests Aplomerus^ the male of which has not as yet
been described. A male offoutsi Rohwer, unfortunately with-
out the head, but reared by J. C. Bridwell with the female at
Baldwin, Kansas, has recently been received from Mr. Bridwell.
This specimen agrees perfectly with Say's description and is
undoubtedly his species.

Neotype. — The above male specimen.

13. (Anomalon) Odontomerus mellipes (Say).

Anomalon mellipes Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 74 (Leconte
ed., vol. 1, p. 378); Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 242 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 697).

Odontomerus mellipes Walsh, Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 3, 1873, p. 164.

Odontomerus errans Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 45, 1913, p. 360.

Odontomerus mellipes Bradley, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 13, 1918, p. 104;
Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 458.

14. (Anomalon) Clistopyga recurva (Say).

Anomalon recurvus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 243 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 698).
Clistopyga annulipes Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 3, 1870, p. 150.

The only ways in which any of the National Museum speci-
mens of annulipes disagree with Say's description are in size and
in the color of the mesosternum and mesopleura. Both of these
characters are very variable, several of the specimens being fully
as small as Say's type and some almost lacking the red on the
thorax.

Neotype. — A female captured at Ocean View, Virginia, by A.
N. Caudell.

15. (Anomalon) Cylloceria sexlineata (Say).

Anomalon sexlineata Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 74

(Leconte ed., vol. 1, p. 378).
Lampronota sexcarinata Davis, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1895, p. 30.

Davis's species agrees so exactly with Say's description that
it seems that the length (three twentieths of an inch) given by
Say must be a misprint for three tenths of an inch.

Neotype, — A female taken June 28, 1918, at Kanawha Station,
West Virginia, by S. A. Rohwer.

158 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

16. (Banchus) Acroricnus aequatus (Say).

Banchus aequatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 247 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 701).

Atractodes cloutieri Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 6, 1874, p. 150.
Linoceras cloutieri Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 11, 1879, p. 110.
Agathobanchus aequatus (Say) Ashmead (name but not description), Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 97.
Exetastes (?) aequatus (Say) Viereck, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., vol. 19, 1905, p. 303.

Ashmead's determination of aequatus, and probably the speci-
mens from which he drew his description of Agathobanchus, is
obviously wrong when these specimens are compared with Say's
description of aequatus. From Say's description of the areolet
his specimen was obviously cryptine.

A male of Acroricnus clouteri (Provancher) in the National
Museum agrees except in minor details with the description,
and we have no hesitation in synonymizing cloutieri with
aequatus.

Neotype. — A male specimen without data.

Agathobanchus Ashmead, although based on a mistaken
determination of Say's species, still has that species as type and
is synonymous with Acroricnus Ratzeburg, the synonymy of
which is as follows:

Genus Acroricnus Ratzeburg.

Acroricnus Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstins., vol. 3, 1852, p. 92. Genotype —

(Acroricnus schaumi Ratzeburg) = Cryptus macrobatus Gravenhorst.
Macrobatus Holmgren, Svensk. Vet. — Akad. Handl., vol. 75, 1854, p. 50. Geno-
type.— Cryptus macrobatus Gravenhorst.
Xenodocon Foerster, Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinland, vol. 12, 1855, p. 237.

Genotype. — Xenodocon ruficornis Foerster.
Linoceras Taschenberg, Zeitschr. Gesammten Natur., vol. 25, 1865, p. 105.

Genotype. — Cryptus macrobatus Gravenhorst.

Osprynchotus Kriechbaumer, Ent. Nachr. Heft 4, 1878, p. 221 (not Spinola).
Agathobanchus Ashmead (of genotype, not of description), Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 97. Genotype. — Banchus aequatus Say.
The specimens that Ashmead left in the National Museum determined as
Banchus aequatus Say and apparently the ones from which he drew his descrip-
tion of Agathobanchus are banchine. Bradley redescribed both genus and
species, but did not note the differences between it and the aequatus of Say.
Viereck, however, noted the differences and renamed aequatus Ashmead as
bradleyi, but retained it in Agathobanchus. Morley has synonymized Agatho-
banchus (of the description, not of the genotype) with Agathilla Westwood,
in which he is undoubtedly correct, and also doubtfully synonymized aequatus
\N\t\\fulvopicta Westwood. There can be no doubt of the specific distinctness
of the two species.

The synonymy of Agathilla Westwood and of Agathilla bradleyi (Viereck)
are therefore as follows:

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 159

Genus Agathilla Westwood.

Agathilla Westwood, Tijds. Ent., vol. 25, 1881-1882, p. 24, PI. 6, figs. 1-7.

Genotype. — Agathilla fulvopicta Westwood.
Agathobanchus Ashmead (of description, not of genotype), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

vol. 28, 1900, p. 97; Bradley, Ent. News, vol. 14, 1903, p. 144; Viereck, Trans!

Kans. Ac. Sci., vol. 19, 1905, p. 303.
Agathilla Morley, Rev. Ichn. Brit. Mus., part 4, 1915, p. 140.

Agathilla bradleyi Viereck.

Agathobanchus aeqiiatiis Ashmead (of description), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
23, 1900, p. 97; Bradley, Ent. News, vol. 14, 1903, p. 144 (not Say).

Agathobanchus bradleyi Viereck, Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., vol. 19, 1905, p. 303.

Agathilla acquaint Morley, Rev. Ichn. Brit. Mus., part 4, 1915, p. 140. [Doubt-
fully synonymizes aequatus with fulvopicta Westwood.]

17. (Banchus) Hyposoter fugitivus (Say).

Banchus fugitivus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 247 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 701).
Campop/ex fugitivus Riley, 1st Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, p. 139 (parasite on

Euchaetes egle).

Limneria fugitiva Riley, 4th Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1872, p. 41.
Limneria guignardi Provancher, Addit. Faun. Can. Hym., 1886, p. 87.
Limneria oedemasiae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, 1890, p. 436.
Ameloctonus fugitivus Ashmead, Smith: Ins. of N. J., (1899) 1900, p. 582.
Hyposoter fugitivus Gahan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, 1914, p. 156.

The specimen recorded by Say as having come from "a very
pretty cocoon which is somewhat cylindric, white, with two
maculated black bands" is not fugitivus as here recognized, since
the cocoon of fugitivus is spun inside the skin of the host and is
not banded with black. The cocoon that Say refers to may be
that of (Limneria) Hyposoter annulipes (Cresson), a very similar
species.

18. (Banchus) Exetastes nervulus (Say).

Banchus nervulus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 246 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 700).

A male specimen captured by C. W. Johnson at Princeton,
Maine, that agrees perfectly with Say's description is in the
National Museum. There are also a female from Savoy, Massa-
chusetts, and two females from Mt. Desert Island, Maine. The
species is closely allied to suaveolcus Walsh, but is at once dis-
tinguishable by its black hind tibiae and uniformly infuscate
wings.

Neotype. — The above male.

160 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, .NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

19. (Cryptus) Compsocryptus calipterus (Say).

Cry plus calipterus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 234 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 690); Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1872, p. 158.
Compsocryptus calipterus Ashmead, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 43.

Cryptus fletcheri Provancher, synonymized by Provancher
himself with calipterus, is apparently distinct. This opinion is
based on notes on the type by S. A. Rohwer as well as on the
original description.

Cresson's statement that the antennae of calipterus are with-
out an annulus is not in agreement with the original description.
A large series of calipterus from Mexico, Texas, and New Mexico
shows that this character is, however, not constant.

Cryptus calipterus as restricted by us does not agree in all
respects with Ashmead's description of Compsocryptus. Ash-
mead included under the name, several very similar species, some
of which do agree with the generic diagnosis, and in our opinion
these are all obviously congeneric.

20. (Cryptus) Compsocryptus ? cestus Say.

Cryptus cestus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 234 (Leconte ed.,
vol. 2, p. 691).

We are not able to identify this species in the National Col-
lection. It is similar to calipterus and is very likely a Compso-
cryptus.

21. (Cryptus) Itoplectis conquisitor (Say).

Cryptus conquisitor Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 232 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 689).

Cryptus pleurivinctus Say, loc. cit., p. 235 (Leconte ed., vol. 2, p. 691).
Pimp/a conquisitor Walsh, Can. Ent., vol. 2, 1869, p. 12. (First synonymizing

of pleurivinctus with conquisitor}.
Ephialtes (Itoplectis) conquisitor Cushman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, 1920,

p. 347, fig. 1, PI. 21, fig. 2.

Further synonymy is given in the last reference.

22. (Cryptus) Mesochorus discitergus Say.

Cryptus discitergus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 231 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 689).

Say's description of the abdomen of discitergus is so suggestive
of some species of Mesochorus that there seems little doubt that
it belongs to this genus. An undetermined specimen of Meso-
chorus in the National Collection comes very close to Say's
description, differing only in the extent of black on the thorax
and in having the basal joints of the antennae (the flagella are
gone) reddish.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 161

23. (Cryptus ductilis Say) = Campoplex (Nemeritis) canescens

Grav.

Campoplex canescens Gravenhorst, Ichn. Eur., vol. 3, 1829, p. 1118.

Cryptus ductilis Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 233 (Leconte ed.,

'vol. 2, p. 690).

Campoplex frnmentarius Rondani, Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 6, 1874, p. 134.
Nemeritis canescens Thomson, Opusc. Ent., fasc. 11, 1887, p. 1120.
Omorga frumentaria Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. Xo. 8, n. s.,

1897, pp. 41 and 43.
Omorga columbiana Ashmead (MS), Chittenden, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent.

Bull. No. 20, n. s., 1899, p. 67.

Idechthis oahuensis Ashmead, Faun. Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, pt. 3, 1901, p. 355.
Amorphota ephestiae Cameron, Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, 1912, p. 187.
Nemeritis canescens Morley, Brit. Ichn., vol. 5, 1914, p. 133.

This is a well-known cosmopolitan parasite of lepidopterous
larvae in stored grains, etc. The synonymy of ephestiae and
oahuensis with canescens was demonstrated by Morley, and
there can be no doubt thatfrumentarius is also synonymous since
both the description and the host relations agree. Specimens
in the National Museum labelled in Ashmead's hand Omorga
columbiana are the same species as those determined by Gahan
as frumentarius and as the paratypes of oahuensis. There is
considerable variation in the color of the legs and abdomen, and
many specimens agree with Say's description of ductilis.

Neotype. — A female taken in a flour mill at Hillsdale, Michi-
gan, by D. B. Whelan.

We do not believe that Nemeritis Holmgren, Omorgus Foerster,
and Idechthis Foerster are generically distinct from Camoplex.

24. (Cryptus) Labena grallator (Say).

Cryptus grallator Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 236 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 692).

Mesochorusfuscipennis Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., vol. 4, 1846, p. 250.
Labena grallator Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, 1864, p. 399; Walsh

Trans. Ac. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 3, 1873, p. 162. (First synonymizing of
Mesochorusfuscipennis.)

ft

25. (Cryptus micropterus Say) = Aptesis pterigia Bradley.

Crvptus micropterus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 238 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 694).

Brachypterus [Cryptus] micropterus Walsh, Can. Ent., vol. 2, 1869, p. 11.
Aptesis micropterus Cresson, Syn. and Cat. No. Am. Hym., 1887, p. 199.
Aptesis pterygia Bradley, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 13, 1918, p. 100.

Finding the name micropterus preoccupied in Aptesis, Bradley
renamed this species.

If Viereck has described correctlv the material characterized

162 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

in Hym. Conn., p. 328, it probably was not this species for he
says "exserted portion of ovipositor about as long as the abdo-
men."

26. Cryptus (Spilocryptus) nuncius Say.

Cry plus nuncius Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 237 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 693); Riley, Amer. Ent., vol. 2, 1870, p. 100. (Synonymizes
extrematis Cresson with nuncius); Riley, 4th Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1871,
p. 110-111. (Recognizes extrematis Cresson and nuncius as distinct).

None of the species listed in the synonymy with nuncius by
Dalla Torre is correctly so placed. With the possible exception
of sordidus Provancher, which its author says has the second
tergite medially aciculate, all of these specimens are apparently
synonyms of extrematis Cresson. Provancher's extrematis is not
the same as extrematis Cresson, for the face, clypeus, mandibles,
and tegulae are said to be white, while the true extrematis has all
of these parts black.

27. (Cryptus) Crypturopsis orbus (Say).

Cryptus orbus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 231 (Leconte ed.,

vol. 2, p. 688).

Hemiteles orbus Walsh, Can. Ent., vol. 2, 1869, p. 9-10.
Mesostenus diligens Cresson, Can. Ent., vol. 10, 1878, p. 207.
Lymeon annulicornis Ashmead, Ins. Life, vol. 7, 1894, p. 243.
Crypturopsis annulicornis Cushman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 521.

(Possibly synonymous with diligens.}

The male of diligens agrees in every way with Says' descrip-
tion. Examination of more specimens since the publication of
Cushman's paper convinces us of the identity of diligens and
annulicornis.

Neotype. — A male reared by August Busck near Twining City,
Maryland, from a spider egg-cocoon.

28. (Cryptus pleurivinctus Say) = (Cryptus) Itoplectis conquisitor

(Say), which see.

29. (Cryptus) Stylocryptus subclavatus Say.

Cryptus subclavatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 237 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 693).
Phygadeuon rotundiceps Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 9, 1877, p. 12.

A homotype (Rohwer) of rotundic-eps agrees in every way with
the description of subchatus except that the abdomen is not
blackish at the apex, but this is variable, some specimens show-
ing a distinct infuscation. The bifoveate prescutellar groove
with its distinct margin, the stout, subclavate antennae,
depressed thorax, and nearly parallel intercubiti are character-
istic and are exactly as described for rotundiceps. The species

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 163

is extremely closely allied to the genotype, Stylocryptus brevis
(Gravenhorst).
Neotype. — A female from province of Quebec, Canada.

30. (Cryptus) Hemiteles tenellus Say.

Crvptus tenellus Say, Boston Journ. Xar. Hist., vol. 1 , 1835, p. 233 (Leconre eel.,

vol. 2, p. 690).

Hemiteles tenellus Walsh, Can. Knt., vol. 2, 1869, pp. 9-12.
Hemiteles nemativorus Walsh, Can. Ent., vol. 2, 1869, p. 11,
Hemiteles utilis Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 2, 1869, p. 326.
Hemiteles melitaeae Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 12, 1890, p. 399.
Hemiteles coleophorae Ashmead, loc. cit., p. 400.
Hemiteles variegatus Ashmead, loc. cit., p. 400.

Otocuates orgyiae Ashmead, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, 1896, p. 209.
Otocuates periliti Ashmead, loc. cit., p. 210.
Hemiteles (Orthizema?) areator subspecies tenellus Viereck, Conn. Hym., 1917,

p. 337.
Hemiteles tenellus Timberlake, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc., vol. 3, 1918, p. 400.

The above synonymy, except of nemativorus Walsh, is that
proposed by Timberlake, who, however, admits that there may
possibly be more than one species. Walsh's description is of an
insect entirely within the range of color variation of tenellus.

31. (Ichneumon) Exetastes bifasciatus (Say).

Ichneumon bifasciatus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 73

(Leconte ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 377).
Cryptus? bifasciatus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 209.

Further discussion of very suggestive character descriptive of
this species is given by Say in his description of Cryptus calip-
terus. This leaves no apparent doubt that the species is an
Exetastes allied tofascipennis Cresson.

An unnamed species heretofore confused in the National Col-
lection withfascipennis agrees very well with Say's description.
It differs from fascipewiis principally in having the face rela-
tively shorter; the malar space shorter than basal width of
mandible; clypeus nearly twice as broad as long; ovipositor
fully as long as first tergite; and the wings more distinctly
fasciate.

Neotype. — A female from Washington, District of Columbia,
taken by T. Keleher.

Other specimens are from Georgia, Florida, and Texas.

32. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles brevicinctor (Say).

Ichneumon brevicinctor Say, Am. Ent., vol. 2, 1825, 1. 49, PI. 22, fig. 1 (Leconte
ed., vol. 1, 1859, P. 49, PI. 22, fig. 1); Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, Pt. 3,
1835, p. 228 (Leconte ed., vol. 2, 1859, p. 686).

164 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

Ichneumon extrematis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, 1864, p. 149.

Phvgadeuon niger Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 6, 1874, p. 280.

Ichneumon brevicinctor Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 150, no.

140.
Ichneumon extrematatis Cresson, loc. cit., p.' 150, no. 141.

In a series of both sexes reared from pupae of Bleptina sp.
under apple bark at Vienna, Virginia (Quaintance Nos. 7922
and 14419), all the females are extrematis and the males brevi-
cinctor. There is no female in the National Collection having
the black trochanter of brevicinctor, while most of the males
have. There are three males in which the trochanter is partly
white.

33. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles centrator (Say).

Ichneumon centrator Say, Am. Ent., vol. 2, 1825, p. 49, PI. 22, fig. 3 (Leconte ed.,

vol. 1, 1859, p. 49, PI. 22, fig. 3).

Ichneumon Jortis Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 79.
Ichneumon flavicornis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Vol. 3, 1864, p. 140.
Ichneumon centrator Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 144.
Stenichneumon centrator Roman, Ent. Tidsk., 1910, p. 192.
Stenichneumon flavicornis Roman, loc. cit.

There is a large series of both centrator and flavicornis in the
National Collection. There can be no doubt that they are sexes
of the same species.

34. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles comptus (Say).

Ichneumon comptus Say, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 229 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 686); Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 165.

35. (Ichneumon) Plagiotrypes concinnus (Say).

Ichneumon concinnus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 68

(Leconte ed., vol. 2, 1859, p. 374).
Amblyteles ? concinnus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 194.

(Excluding female.)
Plagiotrypes concinnus Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, 1900, p. 20.

Cresson has expressed the opinion that the female described
by Say is a Cryptine. We are unable to confirm or disprove
this opinion. It may possibly have been a Mesostenine,
although the exserted ovipositor is not sufficient evidence to
exclude it from the Joppmae.

36. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles devinctor (Say).

Ichneumon devinctor Say, Am. Ent., vol. 2, 1825, p. 48, PI. 22, fig. 2 (Leconte
ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 48, PI. 22, fig. 2); Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1,
1835, p. 230 (Leconte ed., vol. 2, 1859, p. 687).

Ichneumon tibialis Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. vol. 4, 1846, p. 301.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 165

Ichneumon montivagus Cresson, Proc. Knt. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, 1865, p. 255.
Ichneumon devinctor Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 174.

The above synonymy is by Cresson.

37. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles duplicatus (Say).

Icheumon duplicatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 230 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 688).

Ichneumon signatipes Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, 1867, p. 308.
Ichneumon lobatus Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 77.
Ichneumon duplicatus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 6, 1877, p. 180.
Ichneumon signatipes Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 180.

A series of six females (signatipes] and two males (duplicatus}
reared by A. B. Champlain from the same host at various
localities in Pennsylvania shows these two to be sexes of the
same species. The antigeny is much the same as in the closely
allied W -album (Cresson).

38. (Ichneumon) Theronia? hilaris Say.

Ichneumon hilaris Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 71 (Leconte
ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 376).

The form of the areolet would exclude this species from the
' Joppinae and suggests Theronia. The male of Theronia melano-
cephala Brulle comes very close to the description, but the face
is not distinctly yellow but rather reddish in the middle and
black at the sides. The specific name is a primary homonym,
being preoccupied in Ichneumon by hilaris Gravenhorst.

39. (Ichneumon inquisitor Say [not Scopoli])=Epiurus inquisi-

toriella (Dalla Torre).

Ichneumon inquisitor Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 71

(Leconte ed., vol. 1, p. 375).
Cryptus inquisitor Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 233 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 690).

The true status of this species has already been pointed out
by Cushman;1 as has also that of Cryptus inquisitor var. a. The
latter is Iseropus coelebs Walsh. The synonymy of both is given
in detail in the reference cited.

40. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles malacus (Say).

Ichneumon malacus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 72
(Leconte ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 376); Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p.
227 (Leconte ed., vol. 2, 1959, p. 6S5).

Ichneumon afer Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phila., vol. 3, 18f>4, p. 137.

Ichneumon maurus Povancher, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1S75, p. 75 'not Cresson).

iProc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 20, 1918, p. 10-12.

166 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

Ichneumon malacus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 143.
Stenichneumon malacus Roman, Ent. Tidsk., 1910, p. 192.

41. (Ichneumon) Hoplismenus morulus (Say).

Ichneumon morulus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 73
(Leconte ed., vol. 1, p. 377); Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 227
(Leconte ed., vol. 2, p. 685).

Ichneumon calcaratus Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 49.

Hoplismenus morulus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 186.

42. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles navus (Say).

Ichneumon navus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 229 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 687).

Ichneumon cinctipes Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 7, 1875, p. 51.
Ichneumon navus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, 1877, p. 51.
Coelichneumon navus Roman, Ent. Tidsk., 1910, p. 152.

43. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles otiosus (Say).

Ichneumon otiosus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 69 (Leconte
ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 374); Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, Pt. 3, 1835, p.
686; Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 155.

Stenichneumon otiosus Roman, Ent. Tidsk., 1910, p. 192.

•

44. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles paratus (Say).

Ichneumon parata Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 68 (Leconte

ed., vol. 1, p. 373) [not 1835].

Ischnus paratus Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, 1864, p. 156.
Ichneumon paratus Cresson, Trans. Am.^Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 168.

Cresson was undoubtedly correct in synonymizing parata
Say 1835 (not 1828) with laetm Brulle.

45. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles pectoralis Say.

Ichneumon pectoralis Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 72
(Leconte ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 376).

Cresson failed to recognize this species, merely remarking that
it is apparently allied to scitidus Cresson, which disposition of it
seems to us to be the logical one. From the pale front and
middle legs Say's specimen was apparently a male.

46. Ichneumon pterelas Say.

Ichneumon (Pimp/a) ptereles Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828,

p. 71 (Leconte ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 376).
Pimp/a pterelas Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 224 (Leconte ed.,

vol. 2, p. 683).

This is not the Pimp/a -pterelas Say of Cresson, Provancher,
and others, which was first described by Walsh, under what

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 167

name is not known, for Cresson substituted Say's name in the
manuscript of Walsh's paper. It was redescribed many years
later by Ashmead as Pimpla pterophori.

The Say species is obviously a true Ichneumon as indicated by
the very long ovipositor and the coloration of the legs. Support
of this idea was given by Say in his second reference to the
species when he stated that Pimpla humid a is similar in si/e
and form to pterelas. There is no specimen of this genus in the
National Museum that exactly agrees with the description.

47. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles residuus (Say).

Ichneumon residuus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 73
(Leconte ed., vol. 1, p. 377); Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p.
231 (Leconte ed., vol. 2, p. 688); Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877,
p. 184.

The writers have accepted Cresson's interpretation of this
species. The specimen at hand appears to differ slightly in some
minor details from Say's description but the description is so
indefinite that it is doubtful if it would be possible to associate
any species with it which would more nearly fit it.

48. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles suturalis (Say).

Ichneumon suturalis Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 226 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 685).
Amblyteles suturalis Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 193.

Cresson1 synonymized his propinquus with suturalis^ but a
paratype of the former in the National Collection seems to be
sufficiently different to warrant retaining the name propinquus.

Amblyteles superbus Provancher, placed in synonymy with
suturalis by Davis,2 is also a distinct species as indicated by notes
on the type made by Mr. Gahan.

49. (Ichneumon) Amblyteles unifasciatorius (Say).

Ichneumon unifasciatorius Say, Am. Ent., 1825, p. 48, pi. 22, fig. 4 (Leconte ed.,
vol. 1, p. 48, pi. 22, fig. 4); Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 228
(Leconte ed., vol. 2, p. 686). [Mentioned in comparison with /. otiosus.\

Ichneumon niger Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., vol. 4, 1846, p. 302, male only.

Ichneumon unifasciatorius Riley, 3d Ann. Kept. Ins. Mo., 1871, p. 71; Cresson,
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 155.

The female of niger is apparently a different species since it is
not described as having the white-markings of hind tibia, pro-
notum, mesoscutum, scutellum, and first tergite, while the wings
are fuscous with black or blue-black venation. The description

!Trans. Am. Soc., vol. 6, 1877, p. 193.
2Can. Ent., vol. 27, 1895, p. 287.

168 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

is so brief that it is impossible to fix on any of the species
described by Cresson or others as the same, although it might
be either viola Cresson or malacus Cresson or even a small
specimen of maurus Cresson.

50. (Ichneumon) Itamoplex vinctus Say.

Ichneumon vinctus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1878, p. 70 (Leconte

ed., vol. 1, 1859, p. 375).

Cry plus americanus Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phila., vol. 3, 1864, p. 297.
Itamoplex americanus Ashmead, Smith's Ins. N. J., (1899) 1900, p. 570.

Cresson failed to recognize this species and simply included it
under "Desiderata" in his "Classification of the North Ameri-
can Ichneumonides."

The male of Itamoplex americanus (Cresson) usually has a
blackish line on each side of the middle of the face, but the dis-
tinctness of these lines varies greatly, and the National Collec-
tion contains two specimens which lack them and agree per-
fectly with the description of vinctus.

Neotype.—A male collected May 29, 1895, by Hugo Kabl at
Lawrence, Kansas.

Further synonymy is given in Dalla Torre's "Catalogus
Hymenopterorum " under Cryptus americanus Cresson.

51. (Ophion) Labrorychus analis (Say).

Ophion analis Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 75 (Leconte ed.,

vol. 1, p. 379).

Anomalon analis Norton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, 1863, p. 361.
Erigorgus analis Viereck, Conn. Hym., 1917, p. 281.

Norton was certainly correct in placing this in the (Anomalini)
Therionini, and specimens determined by Ashmead as analis
and confirmed by Gahan by comparison with Norton's specimen
run to Labrorychus.

52. Ophion bilineatum (Say).

Ophion bilineatus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 75 (Leconte
ed., vol. 1 , p. 378) ; Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1 , 1 835, p. 240 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 695).

For synonymy see Hooker.1 This has not been verified by
the writers.

53. (Ophion) Viereckiana brachiator (Say).

Ophion brachiator Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 240 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 695).
Campoplex xanthogaster Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., vol. 4, 1846, p. 159.

!Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 38, 1912.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 169

Hooker1 places this among the "Misplaced and Unrecognized
Species, etc.," and no other writer appears to have recognized
it.

A female in the National Collection determined, we believe
correctly, by Ashmead as Campoplex xanthogaster Brulle agrees
in every respect with Say's description and is undoubtedly this
species.

Neotype. — The above mentioned female specimen.

54. (Ophion) Exochus emarginatus (Say).

Ophion emarginatus Say, Contrib. Muclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 76

(Leconte ed., vol. 1, p. 380).
Anomalon emarginatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 245,

(Leconte ed., vol. 2, p. 699).

Davis2 referred this species to the Orthocentrine genus
Tapinops Foerster and synonymized with it Exochisc us pusillus
Walsh, Alomyia abdominalis Provancher, and Orthocentrus
caUfornicus Ashmead. Ashmead3 called attention to Say's
second reference to the species and showed that Davis was in
error in his synonymy, the areolet being absent in Say's species,
which would exclude it from Tapinops. Ashmead also states
;< I have recognized Say's species; it does not even belong to this
tribe (Octhocentrini) but belongs to a genus in the next tribe or
the "Exochini." The present writers had arrived at the same
conclusion independently. Ashmead did not indicate by further
statement or by labelled specimen what he recognized as Say's
species. Nor have the writers been able to determine exactly
the species to which Say's name should be assigned, but that it is
an Exochus resembling Exochus laevis Cresson there appears to
be no room for doubt.

55. (Ophion) Paniscus geminatus (Say).

Ophion geminatus Say, Contrib. Maclur. Lye. Phila., vol. 1, 1828, p. 76 (Leconte

ed., vol. 1, p. 379).
Paniscus geminatus Norton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, 1863, p. 364.

Norton remarked that there appeared to be two sizes of the
species which he was unable to separate. Aside from the
question of size there appear to be several species of true
Paniscus, not to mention the genus Para&atus, confused in the
National Collection under this name. In order to fix the species
it seems advisable to designate a neotype combining at least
the apparently most nearly constant characters mentioned by

!Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 38, 1912, p. 159.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, 1897, p. 222.
3Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1902, p. 230.

170 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

Say, leaving for a later time the revision of the genus. These
characters are: "antennae somewhat shorter than body" and
"vertex with a black spot." In addition to these the neotype
designated below has the antennae brownish with scape paler,
head yellow, discocubital vein without a ramulus, and color of
venation and size as described. The pleura are not noticeably
yellow, but this character is extremely variable.

Neotype. — A male taken June 14, 1918, at Falls Church,
Virginia, by R. A. Cushman.

56. (Ophion) Eremotylus glabratus (Say).

Ophion glabratus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 239 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 695); Riley and Howard, Ins. Life, vol. 3, 1890, p. 155.
Eremotylus arctiae Ashmead, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, 1896, p. 192.
Ophion glabratus Viereck, in Smith's Ins. of N. J., 1909, p. 620 and 621.
Eremotylus arctiae Viereck, loc. cit.

Hooker1 synonymized this with macrurns (Linne), but it
appears to us that Say's description applies better to arctiae
Ashmead, especially in the size and the glabrous area of the
discocubital cell. The latter is much more conspicuous and
elongate in arctiae and thus agrees better with Say's "longi-
tudinally ovate spot" than does the small spot of macrurus.
Moreover, Riley and Howard and Viereck had previous to
Hooker recognized glabratus as a parasite of Hyphantria cunea^
which is also commonly a host of arctiae.

57. (Ophion mundus Say) =Therion morio Fabricius.

Ichneumon morio Fabricius, Spec. Ins. 1, 1781, p. 436, n. 100.

Ophion morio Fabricius, Suppl. entom. System. 1798, p. 237, n. 8.

Ophion mundus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1836, p. 239 (Leconte

ed.,vol. 2, 1859, p. 695, n. 3).

Anomalon flavipes Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., vol. 4, 1846, p. 170.
Exochilum mundus Norton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, 1863, p. 360, n. 10.
Anomalon nigripenne Provancher, Nat. Can., vol. 6, 1873, p. 173.
Exochilum morio Morley, Rev. Ichn., Pt. 2, 1913, p. 73.
Therion morio Viereck, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916, p. 286.

This species has become well known in American literature
under the name of Exochilum mundum. The synonymy of Say's
species with morio Fabricius was first pointed out by Morley in
1913 after an examination of the Fabrician type. The genus
Exochilum Wesmael is a synonym of Therion Curtis as pointed
out by Rohwer, Cushman, and Gahan.2

iTrans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 38, 1912, p. 148.
2Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 17, 1915, p. 149.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921 171

58. (Ophion) Enicospilus purgatus (Say).

Ophion purgatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 238 (Leconte

ed., vol. 2, p. 694).

Ophion lateralis Brulle, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym., vol. 4, 1846, p. 14.1.
Ophion purgatus Norton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 1, 1863, p. 358. (Symmy-

mizes lateralis with purgatus.)
Enicospilus purgatus Ashmead, in Dimmock's "Notes on Parasitic Hymen-

optera," Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 4, 1898, p. 153.

Szeplegeti1 and Morley2 accredited this species, under
Bridle's name, to the Australian Region, evidently under the
mistaken idea that "la Caroline" referred to the Caroline
Islands. That this is wrong is shown by the locality given under
Ephialtes irritator Brulle, "1'Amerique du Nord (la Caroline)."
Both of the species were collected by the same person, one
L'Herminier.

59. (Peltastes) Metopius poilinctorius (Say).

Peltastes poilinctorius Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 245 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 700).

For synonymy see Dalla Torre's Catalog.

60. (Pimpla) Rhyssella humida (Say).

Pimp/a humida Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 224 (Leconte ed.,

vol. 2, p. 683).
Rhyssa (Pararhyssa) humida Walsh, Trans. Ac. Sci., St. Louis, vol. 3, 1873, p.

109.
Rhyssella humida Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, 1920, p. 423.

61. Pimpla ? petiolata Say.

Pimpla ? petiolatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1835, p. 224 (Leconte
ed., vol. 2, p. 683).

We are unable to recognize this insect, but are of the opinion
that it probably belongs to the subfamily Tryphoninae.

A NEW SPECIES OF THE CHALCIDID GENUS ZATROPIS. (HYM.)

BY J. C. CRAWFORD.

To this genus must be referred Catolaccus hunteri Crawford,
C. incertus Ashmead, C. nigroaeneus Ashmead, C. coeliodis
Ashmead, C. perdubius Girault, and Meraporus bruchivorns
Ashmead.

'Gen. Ins., Fasc. 34, 1905, p. 27.
2Rev. Ichn., Pt. 1, 1912, p. 49.

172 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 7, OCTOBER, 1921

The genus must, I think, be kept distinct from Neocatolaccus
from which it differs in lacking the transverse ridge on the pro-
podeum (which makes the propodeum of Neocatolaccus appear
areolated); in having a broad band back of marginal vein with-
out ciliae; the area between postmarginal and stigmal almost
destitute of ciliae; and the under side of wing back of marginal
with a row of long large curved ciliae.

Zatropis tortricidis, new species.

Female. — Length 3 mm. Head and thorax bronzy, abdomen greenish bronzy;
head and thoracic dorsum with timble-like punctures; face with striae converg-
ing towards mouth, laterad extending almost to eyes, medially extending over
two-thirds distance from apical margin of clypeus to insertion of antennae;
scape and first two ring joints testaceous, pedicel brown with testaceous apex,
last ring joint and rest of antennae dark brown, first joint of funicle distinctly
longer than wide and longer than either pedicel or second joint of funicle; pro-
podeum with fine thimble-like punctures, a distinct median carina which does
not extend to apex of neck, foveae at base of neck bounded laterally by a
carina; metapleura smooth polished, the anterior margin reflexed; coxae metallic,
femora dark brown with a metallic lustre, tibia brownish-testaceous with
whitish apices, tarsi whitish; abdomen somewhat larger than head and thorax
combined.

Male. — Length 1.75 mm. Similar to female except in secondary sexual
characters, but the tibia much more brown; antenna with two ring joints, the
first joint of funicle shorter than second.

Type-locality. — North East, Pennsylvania.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,589, U. S. N. M.

Host. — Polychrosia mteana Clemens.

Described from six females and four males.

Differs from incertus in having foveae at base of neck of pro-
podeum bounded laterad by carinae; from cafalpae, coeliodis and
nigroaeneus in having the front edge of metapleura recurved and
projecting above plane of mesopleura; from perdubius and
bruchivorus in having first joint of funicle distinctly longer than
wide and distinctly longer than second or than pedicel.

Actual date of publication, October 15 ', 1921 .

VOL. 23 NOVEMBER, 1921 No. 8

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

MIDDLETON, WILLIAM SOME SUGGESTED HOMOLOGIES

AND ADULTS IN SAWFLIES

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each
month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 r. M.

Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee Jl.OO. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1921.

Honorary President E. A. SCHWARZ

President W. R. WALTON

First Vice-President A. B. GAHAN

Second Vice-President '. . A. G. BO' VING

Recording Secretary R. A. CUSHMAN

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE

and E. R. SASSCER.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 NOVEMBER 1921 No. 8

SOME SUGGESTED HOMOLOGIES BETWEEN LARVAE AND
ADULTS IN SAWFLIES.

BY WILLIAM MIDDLETON, Bureau of Entomology.

Introduction.

The following paper, which is a contribution from the Branch
of Forest Insects of the Bureau of Entomology, was prepared
under the direction of S. A. Rohwer and presents some of the
results of a study of the metamorphosis of the gooseberry saw-
fly, Pteronidea ribesii Scopoli. The homologies, between the
larval areas and the adult sclerites here indicated are only
suggested as the author does not believe they are founded on
sufficient evidence to be considered as conclusive. The chief
value of these suggested homologies lies in the fact that they
summarize a series of observations on the external appearance
of the larval areas of a sawfly secured by a study of its meta-
morphosis and that they form a small part in the controversy
of the composition of the insect segment and origin of post-
scutellum. Their chief weakness lies in the fact that as yet
they are not supported by definite anatomical and histological
evidence.

The composition of the tergum of the segments of the larva
of Pteronidea ribesii Scopoli was given considerable attention,
especially the limits of the segments and the relations that the
areas bear to each other, segment to segment and abdomen to
thorax. The results obtained by these studies are supported
by successful application to other sawfly larvae representing
well separated groups.

For the time being, the author does not adopt for the tergal
areas of the larva the names of the adult parts to which they
apparently give rise, but prefers to use a system of lettering and
numbering. Such a method of referring to the various parts
of the larval tergum makes it possible to describe it and in this
paper has the added advantage of not making it necessary to
repeat the words "of adult" and "of larva."

Method of Study.

The insect chiefly under observation \vus Pteronidea ribcsii
Scopoli (the ( Jooseberry Sawfly) which was chosen because it is

174 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

well known, widely distributed, very abundant, of fair size and
has several generations in a year.

The data for this paper were chiefly obtained directly from the
study of living larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults of Pteronidea
ribesli. Large numbers of these insects were examined every
day, and the progress of metamorphosis was recorded by notes
and drawings. Specimens showing changes in areas or folds,
were preserved for confirmation of the observations and to aid
in the final preparation of the notes. Dissections of living
larvae and prepupae were occasionally made.

The body folds of the larval skin were studied from both the
exterior and interior; and the arrangement and points of attach-
ment of all of the larger muscles were determined. The arrange-
ment of the areas of the larva and the newly formed prepupa
were found to be identical. But as there are great differences
between the prepupa and the pupa, and since it is in the pre-
pupal stage that profound changes occur, the areas of the pre-
pupa were followed to the pupal stage by frequent observations
on living specimens which had been removed from their cocoons.
Changes of body contour together with the relaxation of the
mandibles and the gradual movement of the optical centers
inwards and dorsad in the head served as an index to the prog-
ress of the prepupa in its development. The relation of the
sclerites of the pupa to the prepupal areas and the changes in
body contour caused by the formation of the pupa within the
prepupal skin has suggested the homologies herein described.
The removal of the skin of the prepupa, before the pupa had
developed sufficiently for shedding lent further weight to these
suggestions. The evidence obtained by this last method was
often very satisfactory, because on the sclerites of the incom-
plete pupa there were indications of divisions corresponding
with the folds and areas of the enclosing prepupal skin.

The pupa skin seems merely a sack within which the adult is
developing and while in general structure it is sufficiently similar
to the adult, as to make unnecessary any such elaborate method
as is necessary to trace homologies between prepupa and pupa,
considerable attention was given to the development of the
sclerites and abdominal appendages.

The interpretations of the body folds as thus determined in the
larva of Pteronidea ribesii have been successfully applied to
several other sawfly larvae belonging to well separated groups,
the principal of which are: Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch), Cimbex
americana Leach, Arge salicis Rohwer.1

'A few drawings showing the satisfactory way in which these interpretations
can be applied to larvae belonging to well separated groups have been included
in this paper. (See Plate XIV, figs. 2, 4, 7 and 8.)

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., XrOL. 23, NO. 8, \< ) \ K \1 B E R, 1921 175

Limitation and Composition of Larval Segments.

The larva of a sawfly is distinctly divided into a head anil
body. The body is further divided, more or less distinctly, into
prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax and ten abdominal seg-
ments and it is readily observed that in the abdomen each seg-
ment excepting the ultimate is subdivided into a constant num-
ber of areas and that the areas of one segment are recognizable
duplicates of the areas of any other abdominal segment. 1 lencc
between any two abdominal spiracles on the same species there
is a constant number of areas (see Plate XIV, figs. 2-5 and 6).
In each of the first nine larval abdominal segments of Ptcronidea
ribesii there are four tergal areas; three ornamented with spots
and hairs, and one, plain without markings or hairs. The
thoracic segments (see Plate XIV, figs. 1 and 2) are somewhat
similar to the abdominal ones especially in containing four
tergal areas but differ chiefly as follows:

1. The position occupied by the spiracle.

2. The possession of but two spiracles for the three segments, one very large

within and apparently belonging to the prothorax ami one very small and
obscure, situated between the mesothorax and metathorax.

3. Some change in the proportion and spotting of the areas.

4. A considerable constriction of the anterior area of the prothorax where it

unites with the head.

5. The division of the pleural zone into four more or less distinctly defined

areas termed preepipleurite and postepipleurite and prehypopleurite
and posthypopleurite.

Thus, in Pteronidea ribesii, the segments, exclusive of the head
and the anal segment, are composed dorsally of four areas each.
It will be seen from a study of the drawings illustrating the com-
position of the body areas for both thorax and abdomen of saw-
flies belonging to different groups, that the number of folds per
segment is not the same for all sawfly larvae, but that although
some annulets may be divided, homologies do exist between
these areas from abdomen to thorax and from species to species.
(See Plate XIV, figs. 2, 4, 7 and 8.) The homologies between
the different segments of an individual larva are readily seen if a
definite area be followed throughout the segments from abdomen
to thorax. The homologies between widely different larvae
can be determined by comparison although it may sometimes be
necessary to assure oneself by an examination of the muscles.

It now becomes necessary to decide with which of the trans-
verse tergal folds segments begin. In this connection the mus-
culature offers some suggestions and since the infoldings of the
skin, which determine the annulets, are used for muscle attach-
ments these muscle attachments undoubtedly add weight to the
value of these infoldings as intersegmental and segmental

176 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

divisions. Before proceeding with the following short account
of the musculature of Pteronidea ribesii it is necessary to accur-
ately indicate the limits of each of the tergal areas. The four
areas are accordingly designated by the letters A, B,, C and D
(see Plate XIV, figs. 2 and 5) and are defined as follows:

A — the anterior of the three ornamented areas. In the abdomen it is the area
preceding that above the spiracle.

B — the area posterior of A. It is the second of the three oranamented areas
and the one which in the abdomen lies above the spiracle. (In some
sawfly larvae this area is large and subdivided. See Bl and B2 in draw-
ings of Cimbex americana. Plate XIV, fig. 7.)

C — the area posterior of B. It is the posterior of the three ornamented areas
and lies above the alar1 area. (In certain sawfly larvae area C is large and
is subdivided, see Cl, C2, C3, in drawings of Neodiprion lecontei, plate
XIV, fig. 4.)

D — The area which is unarmed and posterior of C or anterior of A. (In certain
sawfly larvae this area is infolded and not visible as a distinct and sepa-
rate division of the segment, see drawing of Arge salicis, Plate XIV, fig. 8.)

An idea of the musculature of Pteronidea ribesii may best be
had by an examination of the accompanying diagram (Plate
XIV, fig. 3) in which the principal muscles of the mesothorax,
metathorax, and first abdominal segment are pictured. It will'
be observed that all of the stronger infoldings marking areas
A, B, C and D are used to a certain extent as ridges for muscle
attachments for the majority of the large muscles. Both the
anterior and posterior margins of area A bear many muscles and
either margin more than both margins of all the other areas.
Furthermore all the long, longitudinal muscles, that (are seg-
mental) go from one segment to another attach only to the
margins of this area always uniting area A of one segment with
area A of the preceding and following segments. Thus we have
in each segment one area which bears on its anterior and pos-
terior margins the great majority of the muscle attachments,
and to either its anterior or posterior margin is attached at least
one end of all longitudinal muscles. This indicates area A as
either the first or last area of the segment.

'In a paper recently published by the author ("Leconte's Sawfly, an Enemy
of Young Pines," Jour. Agri. Research, Vol. XX, No. 10, pp. 741-760, see foot-
note 1 on pages 742-3 and fig. F, plate 91) he adopts certain names for longi-
tudinal regions of the sawfly larval body and figures them. Under the tergum
he recognizes supraspiracular and spiracular regions (IV & V). Since the
spiracle does not always retain the same position on the body wall, i. e., within
the so called spiracular region, he proposes to substitute supraalar and alar
for the names supraspiracular and spiracular respectively and believes that in so
doing he increases the usefulness of the plan making it adaptable to other
groups where the spiracle is less fixed in its position than in the sawflies.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 177

Superficial examination of any sawfly larva immediately
suggests that area A is at the cephalic end of any abdominal
segment but more substantial indications that the anterior
margin of this area marks the cephalic limit of each tergum are
obtained from certain features of the musculature and from the
construction of the prothorax and the tenth abdominal segment.

An examination of the musculature of the larva of Pteronidea
ribesii (Plate XIV, fig. 3), as well as that of such other sawfly
larvae as have been studied shows that there is a greater number
of muscles extending -posteriorly from the anterior margin of area
A, and linking it with the segment caudad than there are muscles
extending anteriorly from the posterior margin of the same area
A, and serving to unite it with the cephalad segment. Area A
is also closely linked to the three posterior areas by the small,
short, intrasegmental muscles which extending caudad always
start from margin D A, and which extending cephalad start at
the same margin. The significance of these two points of
musculature can be more readily understood by an examination
of accompanying illustration (Plate XIV, fig. 3), and they seem
to the author to indicate quite clearly that the infolding D A is
the line of intersegmental division and that area A belongs to
the segment caudad of the line.

The anal segment (Plate XIV, fig. 6) is not of the same con-
struction as the other abdominal segments, and seems to be
dorsally composed of a single, fused, segmental plate named the
epiproct. This plate extends from the posterior margin of the
unarmed area D of the ninth abdominal segment to the anus at
the apex of the abdomen. In those larvae in which the anal
segment retains traces of the ornamentation of the preceding
segments, this ornamentation is aborted and the portion of the
segment on which it occurs, although occupying the same rela-
tive position as the ornamented parts in preceding segments, is
not separated from the remainder of the epiproct by any such
constriction or infolding of the skin as marks the posterior
margins of similar areas in the preceding segments. The areas
of the anal segment are never distinct but are occasionally
indicated by the vestiges of ornamentation mentioned above,
and when thus indicated they occupy the same relative position
as in any preceding abdominal segment. The unarmed, narrow
area (D) immediately preceding the unified anal segment can not
be considered as part of the last segment, but must be looked
upon as the terminal fold of the ninth abdominal segment. The
sharp, well defined infolding or constriction separating this
area (D) from the anterior of the anal segment adds proof to the
muscular indications that area D is the posterior subdivision of
the segment.

Viewing the larva from the exterior there seems to be a reduc-
tion in the number of areas in the prothorax (Plate XV, fig. 9).

178 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

However, when the skin is examined from the interior, the four
tergal areas are to be found (Plate XIV, fig. 1). The anterior
area is a constricted, unarmed, narrow band partly (or entirely)
covered by the head and connects the head with the first area
of the prothorax which is visible from the exterior (B). This
unarmed band I have considered as the aborted first area (A)
of the prothorax thereby completing that segment.

Thus we see, that to limit the segment of a larva of Pteronidea
ribesii in any other manner than that described above makes it
necessary to (1) ignore the neck-like membrane of the prothorax
or to explain its presence by deriving it from the head or to con-
sider it as a distinct and separate development; (2) to separate
as belonging to the ninth abdominal segment a portion of the
epiproct which is never a distinct area and which is frequently
indistinguishably fused with the remainder of the anal segment
or to connect with the anal segment area D of the ninth abdom-
inal segment which is never as distinctly separated from the
ninth segment as it is from the anal segment; and (3) to consider
many small, short, weak muscles as intersegmental, /'. e., arising
in one segment and attaching to an infolding in another.

To summarize: the segment of Pteronidea ribesii is composed
tergally of four areas and begins with the area preceding that
above the spiracle. These areas are here designated by the
letters A, B, C and D with the anterior being known as A. The
first three (A, B, and C) of these areas are ornamented with
spots and hairs while the posterior one (D) is plain and entirely
without spots or hairs. That other sawfly larvae agree with
this limitation and composition of a segment may be demon-
strated by the following examples:

Nediprion lecontei (Plate XIV, fig. 4). The thorax and tenth
abdominal segment of Neodiprion lecontei is practically of the
same construction as Pteronidea ribesii but in the first nine
abdominal segments area C is twice subdivided forming three
subareas (Cl, C2, C3) of which only the middle one (C2) is
ornamented. Hence the construction of the tergum of Neodi-
prion lecontei is: Thorax — A, B, C and D. Abdomen — (urites
1-9) A, B, Cl, C2, C3 and D; (urite 10) epiproct.

Arge. (Plate XIV, fig. 6.) In the larvae belonging to the
genus Arge the thoracic and abdominal (1-9) segments appear
to consist dorsally of only three areas (A, B and C). The fourth
area (D) is present however, but infolded under C. This may
easily be demonstrated by splitting a larva longitudinally along
the back, or by injecting a living larva with alcohol, which ex-
pands the body.

Cimbex. (Plate XIV, fig. 7.) The larva of Cimbex ameri-
cana is in respect to A, C, D similar to Neodiprion lecontei but
B is divided Bl and B2, in both the thorax and the abdomen.
The construction of the tergum of this species is: Thorax — A,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 179

Bl, B2, C, D: Abdomen— (urites 1-9) A, Bl, B2, Cl, C2, C3,

D — -(urite 10) epiproct.

Thus, in all sawfly larvae the segments are divided into four
areas, three of which are usually armed, and always distinct and
prominent, for which reasons and others which will follow I
have called them segmental areas and a fourth, unarmed area
which is occasionally infolded or not found unless sought for.
The first area is recognized by bearing on its anterior and pos-
terior margins the greatest number of muscles. The second is
above the spiracle in the abdomen and the third is above the
alar area. All three of these areas are always present and
usually ornamented more or less conspicuously but the fourth
area is never ornamented, not infrequently reduced in size or
appearing wanting and occurs between the third area of the
segment of which it is a part and the first area of the following
segment. Because the fourth area is unlike the segmental areas
in never being ornamented and in not always possessing a similar
prominent, easily seen position, and because it is apparently
used chiefly to connect the segment of which it is a part with the
segment following, I have called it a connective area.

Composition of Adult Thorax.

Having thus briefly characterized the composition and defined
the limitation of the larval segment of Pteronidea ribesii the
salient parts of the segments in the adult may be called to mind
before entering into a discussion of the possible homologies
existing between larval and adult areas. The three thoracic
segments of adult sawflies are not equal in size or composition
(Plate XV, fig. 20). The mesothorax is much larger than
either of the other thoracic segments and is the part usually
considered as the typical thoracic segment. It is divided into
four parts: the prescutum, scutum, scutellum (including
posttergite) and postscutellum. The three anterior parts are
fused together and constitute the most conspicuous part of
the segment. The posterior plate is rather distinct, being
separated from the anterior part by a membrane, although
laterally it usually fuses with the pleurum. The prothorax
differs remarkably from the mesothorax and is much smaller.
The metathorax while much smaller than the mesothorax
differs from it chiefly in the lack of a prescutum.

Comparing the construction of the thorax of the adult with
that of the larva two striking differences are evident: 1 — The
mesothorax of the adult is composed of four, dorsal, segmental
areas and a connective membrane, while in the larva there are
only three dorsal segmental areas ami a connecting area. 2—
The thoracic segments of the adult arc of unequal construction,
while in the larva each thoracic segment has an equal number

180 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

of divisions. These differences in themselves seem to indicate
that no homology exists between the adult and larva; however,
through a study of the transformation of the thorax of the pre-
pupa into the thorax of the pupa indications are found suggest-
ing the existence of a relation in development, or homology,
between the larval segmental elements and the adult segmental
elements.

Metamorphosis (See drawings Plate XV, Figs. 9-10).

The larva is ornamented on areas A, B, and C with prominent
black spots and when the larva sheds, the skin of the prepupa is
of the same shape but with the spots lacking color though rather
more prominent or elevated than in the larva. As the prepupa
develops these spots become more distinct, not in prominence,
however, for they lose to a considerable degree their elevation,
but in a difference of texture from the surrounding skin. In the
larva the skin of areas A, B, and C seems much the same in
thickness and rigidity, although perhaps the black shininess of
the spots does differentiate them rather markedly from the
surrounding tissue. In the prepupa as development advances
the skin between these spots seems to become considerably less
rigid and thick, and has somewhat the appearance of a mem-
brane connecting the toughened areas. As the pupa is formed
within, this membrane seems to occupy considerable of the sur-
face and enables the prepupal skin to accommodate itself to the
forming pupa. The spots seem to be in their relation to the
parts of the pupa formed below, the latent imaginal discs1 from
which the adult form develops.

The development of the prepupa is accompanied by two evi-
dent changes other than reduction in size and consequent
wrinkling of the skin. These changes are: the relaxing and
opening to some extent of the mandibles and a gradual move-
ment of the optical centers. The relaxing of the mandibles
occurs rather early in the prepupal stage and does not seem to
be especially indicative of the immediate approach of pupation.
The mandibles although open are capable of closing as was
determined by inserting objects between them. The movement
of the sensory parts of the eye is, however, considered of impor-
tance as indicating the beginning of the greater changes inciden-
tal to the development of the pupal stage.

The prepupa up to the apparent beginning of the formation
of the pupa has a black eye in a black eyespot but when this stage
is attained the eye assumes a translucent whitish appearance
in the black eyespot. A close examination will now reveal that
the eye or the sensory part, is being withdrawn from the old

'Korchelt — Heider Text book on Embryology, Invertebrates, Part III,
Insecta, footnote p. 296 (Burger).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 181

larval and prepupal location and moves slowly dorsally and
inwards, while, as this progresses the facets of the compound
adult and pupal eye become slowly and indistinctly visible close
to the head capsule and in approximately their normal adult
position, extending from the old eye about halfway up the side
of the head.

This withdrawing of the eye is accompanied,- and followed, by
a gradual development of the pupa. The head capsule of the
prepupa wrinkles and changes its surface in conformation with
the new and somewhat differently shaped structure within. The
thorax lengthens and the legs lay stretched straight posteriorly.
The first abdominal segment is constricted giving the prepupa a
characteristic "waistlined" appearance. The abdomen as a
whole is somewhat contracted and shortened and the spiracles
of the prepupa are connected with those of the forming pupa by
whitish narrowing bands or tubes.

The dissections of the prepupa during these critical changes
and the attempts made to remove the skin of the prepupa from
the pupa indicate that during the early formation of the new
stage the two skins are practically identical in the closeness of
their association and that the pupal skin is very delicate.
Indeed no attempts to separate the two skins are successful
until the contraction of the pupa has advanced considerably and
the insect has begun a natural separation, with the pupa con-
siderably resembling the adult in form. This complicates the
work by making all the observations on the early pupal develop-
ment indirect and dependent upon observations of the changes
denoted by the prepupal skin and contour and the association
of these changes with steps in pupal development. However,
since the same insect can be observed through the entire course
of its development and by removing the skin of the prepupa
when it has separated from the pupa, pupal areas can be con-
nected with prepupal areas, it is possible to understand to some
extent the development of the pupa by the effects it produced
upon the skin of the prepupa. As the pupa is formed and its
divisions become sufficiently distinct for interpretation through
the prepupal skin it is found that the pronotum of the adult is
formed below areas B and C of the prepupal prothorax (area C
lies above the anterior margin of the prescutum of the meso-
thorax of the adult but is empty and folded flat posteriorly,
probably due to the longitudinal lengthening of the prescutum
and the consequent withdrawing anteriorly of that portion of
the pronotum formed beneath). The prescutum is narrow, long,
medianly divided and extends cephalad from under area A,
mesothorax of prepupa. Scutum is formed under B, and the
latero-dorsal and supraalar discs of C (in a specimen of a pre-
pupa the skin of which was removed to disclose the pupa
beneath, scutum was transversely and longitudinally divided)

182 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

(Plate XV, figs. 16, 17 and 18). Scutellum (including posttergite1)
is formed under the subdorsal pair of discs of C, and area D is
above the posterior of scutellum and the membrane separating
postscutellum from the anterior portion of the mesothorax.
Postscutellum is found under area A of the prepupa's metathorax
which occurs in the depression between the mesothorax and the
metathorax. The metathoracic scutum and scutellum are
below areas B and C. The scutum being found below area B
and the latero-dorsal and supraalar discs of area C and the
scutellum being found below the subdorsal discs of area C which
are rather distinct from the remainder of C. Metathoracic area
D is very narrow and area A of the first abdominal tergite is
above the postscutellum of the metathorax. ,

The phragmae seem to be the prolongations of the infolded
margins of areas used for attachment of the muscles which have
been enlarged. In their development, the particular muscles
enlarged, for the accomplishment of the new duties or activities
required of the insect upon reaching its adult stage, are the con-
trolling guide. Area A in bearing on its posterior and anterior
margin all the attachments of intersegmental muscles (Plate
XIV, fig. 3) is the natural base for these structures as evinced
by the following text figure and the illustration showing the
longitudinal section of the adult mesothorax (Plate XV, fig. 22).
An examination of these drawings will show the anterior margin
of the prescutum (or A larval mesothorax) and the posterior
margin of the postscutellum (or A larval metathorax) produced
to form phragmae and connected by a large muscle. An exami-
nation of the drawing of Pteronidea ribesii musculature will reveal
that there exists already in the larval thorax (T III — Plate XIV,
fig. 3) three muscles having these points of attachment in
common.

From the above comparison, which describes the position
occupied by the tergal sclerites of the adult in relation to tergal
areas of the prepupa, it would seem that the adult tergal sclerites
are developed from the larval areas indicated in the following
table and figure.

Suggested Homologies.

•

Adult and Pupa from Prepupa and Larva.

Pronotum B and C prothorax

Membrane between pronotum and

prescutum D prothorax.

'The posttergite is the "lobe on posterior margin of scutellum" recognized
by Snodgrass ("Thorax of Hymenoptera," Proc. U. S. X. M., Vol. 3'^, pp. 37-91.
See o, page 88 and Plate T, fig. 3) and designated "posttergite" by Crumpron
("The Ground Plan of a Typical Thoracic Segmcnr in \Vinged Insects, "
Zoologischer Air/eiger, Vol. 44, 1914, pp. 56-67. See page 60.)

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 183

Anterior mesothoracic phragma

Mesoprescutum
Mesoscutum

Mesoscutellum

Membrane between scutellum2 and

ppstscutellum2
Mesopostscutellum
Posterior mesothoracic phragma
Metascutum

Metascutellum

Membrane between scutellum3 and

postscutellum3
Metapostscutellum

margin D A (mesothoracic

side).

A mesothorax
B and latero dorsal and su-

praalar discs C.
subdorsal discs C.

D mesothorax.

A metathorax.

margin A B (metathorax).

B and laterodorsal and

supraalar discs C.
Subdorsal discs lobes C.

D metathorax.

A first abdominal tergite.

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Conclusion.

The foregoing observations on the structure of the larvae of
sawflies supports the findings of Doctors A. D. Hopkins and A.
Boving on Coleoptera. Dr. Hopkins, in his fine monograph on
'The Genus Dendroctonus,"1 recognized four transverse seg-
mental divisions in adult, larva and pupa. Of these four trans-
verse segmental divisions Dr. Hopkins finds clearly represented
in the tergites of the larval thorax, two, the prescutal and scutel-
lar divisions with evidence of a third, the scutal division, on the
sides and in the abdominal tergites 1-6, three, the prescutal,
scutal and scutellar divisions.

"The Genus Dendroctonus." U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
Entomology. Technical Series, No. 17, Part I, \W), pp. 24-26.

184 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

In his monograph, Dr. Hopkins does not discuss the homology
of the larval with the adult areas and explains his use of the
adjective form of adult sclerite names to designate larval areas
as follows:

''Whether or not these divisions or lobes are homologous with
divisions occupying relatively the same positions in the pupa
and adult may be a subject for difference of opinion, but the
names here applied to what appear to be corresponding parts
should serve as a reliable guide to their recognition and accurate
definition and description in comparative studies and identifi-
cation of species."

However, in the discussion of a paper by Dr. Boving,1 Dr.
Hopkins2 makes the following statement: "The essential
features in the development from the egg to the adult in the
insects with a so-called incomplete metamorphosis is not so very
different from those in insects with a so-called complete meta-
morphosis. Therefore much of the terminology, as applied to
the primary elements of the adult, is applicable to all stages,
such as the tergum with its prescutum, scutum, scutellum and
postscutellum; the sternum with its presternum, sternum,
sternellum and poststernellum; the pleurum with its epipleurum
and hypopleurum; the epipleurum with its epimeral area, lobe
or sclerite and its spiracular area, lobe or membrane; the hypo-
pleurum with its episternal area, lobe or sclerite and its coxal
area, lobe or coxa — and so on as applied to all body segments of
all stages."

The present observations and interpretations made, also, in
part, substantiate the conclusions of Berlese3 in which he con-
siders the part here called the postscutellum as the " acrotergite "
or anterior portion of the segment posterior. Berlese found the
adult mesothorax and metathorax to consist of four parts
exclusive of the intersegmental skin; these he called "acroter-
gite," "protergite," "mesotergite," and "metatergite." In
the mesothorax: the acrotergite was the anterior phragma
("Profragma (partim)"); the protergite, the prescutum ("Pre-
scuto (partim)"); the mesotergite, the scutum ("Meso-
scuto"); the metatergite, the scutellum ("Scutello"). In the
metathorax: the acrotergite was that part here called the post-
scutellum and the posterior phragma of the mesothorax as

111 On the Abdominal Structure of Certain Beetle Larvae of the Campodeiform
Type. A study of the Relation between the Structure of the Integument and
the Muscles." Dr. A. G. Boving. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XVI, No. 2,
June, 1914, pp. 55-61.

2Dr. A. D. Hopkins in discussion of above paper. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
Vol. XVI, No. 2, June, 1914, pp. 61-63.

31906-1909 Gli Insetti, loro organizzazioni, sviluppo, abidiedini e rapporti
coll' uomo.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 185

recognized in adults and which he called "Mesofragma (par-
tim)"; the protergite, the prescutum ("Prescuto (partim)");
the mesotergite, the scutum ("Metascuto"); and the metater-
gite, the scutellum ("Metascutello").

The chief objection to this interpretation of Berlese's is that
as noted by Snodgrass, in his excellent paper on "The Thorax
of Insects and the Articulations of the Wings,"1 Berlese (see
Plate IV of the preceding reference) has drawn some purely
arbitrary lines across the notum in some figures to support his
interpretation, and that this interpretation necessitates the
presence of the mesothoracic postscutellum and the metapre-
scutum in the same insect. I have not been able to recognize
a metaprescutum in the sawfly adults studied and the following
quotations from Snodgrass' 'The Thorax of Insects and the
Articulation of the Wings"2 lead to the conclusion that in the
Hemiptera and Coleoptera where the mesopseudonotum
(mesopostscutellum) is absent a metaprescutum is present and
in the Hymenoptera where a mesopseudonotum is present the
metaprescutum is absent.

In the Lepidoptera, however, Snodgrass has recognized a
metaprescutum and a mesopseudonotum (see "The Thorax of
Insects and the Articulation of the Wings," Plate LX, figs. 150
and 151), while Berlese in his figure of Sphinx (Plate IV, fig. 6
of the preceding reference) shows an arbitrary division into

1 •

'Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1909, Vol. 36, pp. 511-595.

2P. 561, 24th line — speaking of Hemiptera:

"Scutellum of mesonotum forms a large triangle between the bases of fore
wings. Mesopseudonotum absent. Metanotum distinctly divided into three
transverse parts by transverse lines (87, psc, set, scl). A pseudonotum (87,
88, PN) present, very narrow mesially, expanded laterally where fused with
epimera (epm.).

First abdominal tergum (87, 88, IT) a narrow bar fused with metapseudo-
notutn, expanded laterally, bearing the spiracles (I sp.) and phragmal arms
(I PH)."

P. 563, 29th line — speaking of Coleoptera:

" Mesopseudonotum lacking unless represented by two small plates (127, 128,
131, q) connecting mesonotum and metanotum.

Metanotum in lower families with Carabidae (132) and Dytiscidae (136)
distinctly divided into three transverse parts (psc, set, scl)."

P. 567, 24th line — Hymenoptera:

"Mesopseudonotum (160, 161, 163, 169, 170, PN2) carries large potsphragma
(161, 163, 170, Pph) projecting downward and backward into metathorax.

Metathorax well developed and of normal shape in Cimbex (164) presenting
all the principal pleural and tergal parts (Eps, Kpm, sot, scl, (PN)3."

3Note no psc present.

186 PROC. ENT. SQC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

"protergite" (metaprescutum) and "mesotergite" (meta-
scutum). The writer is uncertain as to what the real signifi-
cance of this condition may be. There is room for considerable
speculation but inasmuch as it does not absolutely disprove the
homologies he suggests and since these homologies are founded
upon observations on metamorphosis he has refrained from dis-
cussing the situation.

Snodgrass dismisses the derivation of the postscutellum from
a succeeding segment on the ground that it is "most frequently "
"continuous laterally with the epimerum" although he states
that, "often there is a line between the two and sometimes they
are only articulated or merely contiguous." He derives the
postscutellum as a "secondary tergal chitinization in the dorsal
membrance behind the notum," and the following quotations2
from his 1910 paper give his views in brief on the origin of this
plate and the phragma:

P. 45, 5th line:

"The posterior transverse postalar sclerite of the mesotergum and the meta-
tergum (figs. 1, 4, and 5 PN) developed best in those segments that have the
wings best developed as organs of flight, though not present in either segment of
the Isoptera. It is absent in the mesothorax of Orthoptera, Euplexoptera, and
Coleoptera, and is greatly reduced or absent in the metathorax of species having
the hind wings reduced. That of the metathorax is generally fused with the
first abdominal tergum in Orthoptera^ Euplexoptera, and Hymenoptera. The
postnotum is ordinarily called the 'postscutellum' since it lies immediately
behind the scutellum of the notum. However, it is not one of the divisions of
the notum, since it is formed independently as a secondary tergal chitinization
in the dorsal membrane behind the notum."

P. 45, 39th line — speaking of phragmas:

"The first, when present, is always fused with the front edge of the mesonotum.
The second is likewise fused with the front of the metanotum in Orthoptera,
Euplexoptera and Coleoptera, but when present in the other orders it is con-
nected with the postnotum of the mesotergum. The third is always connected
with the metapostnotum even when this plate is fused with the first abdominal
tergum. "

C. W. Woodworth3 in his review of three papers by R. E.
Snodgrass recognizes the significance of the muscular and
morphological conditions in the adult insects in the following
statements:

"The interpretation of the origin of the postscutellum or pseudonotum, as
he (Snodgrass) calls it, was suggested by myself in the paper previously referred

'"The Thorax of Insects and the Articulation of the Wings," p. 523.
2Snodgrass, R. E., "The Thorax of the Hymenoptera," Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1910, Vol. 39, pp. 37-91.
"Science, Vol. XXX, No. 764, Aug. 20, 1909, pp. 243-244.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 187

to, though I can not agree in considering this region belonging more to the
segment in front than to the segment behind, particularly when the phragma is
considered as part of this interpolated sclerite.

"The great dorsal muscle of flight for which the phragma was developed is
probably only a dorsal intersegmental muscle. These extend from the anterior
edge of one segment to the corresponding part of the next. The anterior
phragma is mesoprescutal, the posterior is a part of the first abdominal segment.
The hymenoptera appear to be an exception in regard to the position of the first
abdominal segment, only because of the great constriction between the first and
second segment.

"It may be impossible on anatomical grounds to locate the division between
segments after the articular membrane has become wholly chitinized. The
phragma may be, as this author says, a 'chitinization of the infolded interseg-
mental membrane,' but if so, why is not the deepest point of the fold the point
of demarkation between the segments?

"A more reasonable position would seem to be that the infolding for the
attachment of intersegmental muscles marks the posterior boundary of the
prescutum that the phragma belongs therefore entirely to the following segment
and that with the completion of the chitinization of the articular membrane,
the division is lost somewhere immediately anterior to the phragma.

"The region designated by this author as pseudonotum developed as a
chitinization of the articular membrane is probably therefore made up of two
elements, one of which is continuous with the prescutum of the following seg-
ment."

The present studies on the larva and adult support a concep-
tion of the insect segment as composed of four primary parts,
three plates, prescutum, scutum, scutellum, and an interseg-
mental membrane, and tend to lead to the conclusion that the
postscutellum, in being derived from the segment posterior, is
homologous with the prescutum.

In view of the lack of anatomical and histological support for
the suggested homologies, the author has not adopted the adult
sclerite names for the larval areas from which they appear to
originate but expects to use the letters as assigned under
"Limitation and Composition of Larval Segments."

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

A — first division of segment.

a — anus.

ab —infold between divisions of segment A and B.

ant —antenna.

B — second division of segment.

B1 — first subdivision of B.

B2 — second subdivision of B.

C — third division of segment.

188 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

C' — first subdivision of C.

C2 — second subdivision of C.

C3 —third subdivision of C.

cen — cenchri.

cl — connecting ligament.

ex — coxa.

cxl — coxal lobe.

cy — compound eye.

D — fourth division of the segment — a connecting membrane.

ep — epiproct — dorsal portion of terminal abdominal segment.

epm — epimeron.

eps — episternum.

H -head.

hy — hyproproct — ventral portion of terminal abdominal segment.

hyp — hypopleurite.

id — imaginal discs — embryonic tissue from which adult sclerites and

appendages develop,

im — intersegmental muscles.

Ism —large segmental muscles,

ly — larval eye or ocellus,

lys —larval eye parts within the head,

m —muscle,

mb — membrane,

mdm — mid dorsum.

P — pleurum.

par — parapterum.

pea — postcallus — prominent lobe between anus and postpedes.

peps — preepisternum.

phrg — phragma.

pn — pronotum.

ppd —postpedes — legs of the terminal abdominal segment,

prep — preepipleurite.
prhyp — prehypopleurite.

prsc — prescutum.

psctl — postscutellum.

psep — postepipleurite.
pshyp — posthypopleurite.

pspa — alar area,

pt — posttergite.

set — scutum.

S — sternum,

sctl — scutellum.

sp — spiracle,

spa — spiracular area,

ssm — small segmental muscles.

T —thorax,

ter — tergum.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921 189

tg — tegula.

U — urite — abdominal segment.

upd — uropod — leg. of abdominal segment (proleg).

w —wing.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate XIV — Larval Structure.

fig. 1 — Pteronidea ribesii Scopoli; larva; skin from interior, showing folds;
head, prothorax and mesothorax.

fig. 2 — P. ribesii; larva; skin from interior, showing folds; mesothorax,
metathorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 3 — P. ribesii; larva; skin from interior, showing folds and muscles;
mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment. The only
muscles indicated on the drawing of the mesothoracic tergum are
small, short, close to the body wall, attached to infoldings defining
the subdivisions of the segment and always attached within the
limits of the segment. Those indicated in the metathorax are only
the large segmental and intersegmental muscles. The first urite
shows muscles of all three types in the one segment.

fig. 4 — Neodiprion lecontei; larva; skin from the interior, showing folds;
mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 5 — Pteronidea ribesii; larva; skin from the interior showing folds; third
and fourth abdominal segments.

fig. 6 — Pteronidea ribesii; larva; skin from the interior, showing folds; seventh
eighth, ninth aad tenth abdominal segments.

fig. 7 — Cimbex americana; larva; skin from interior, showing folds; meso-
thorax, metathorax and third abdominal segment.

fig. 8 — Arge salicis; larva; skin from interior, showing folds (area D exten-
ded); mesothorax, metathorax and third abdominal segment.
Plate XV — Metamorphosis and Adult Structure of Pteronidea ribesii.

fig. 9 — Larva; from exterior; head, prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax and
first abdominal segment.

fig. 10 — Early prepupa; from exterior; head, prothorax, mesothorax, meta-
thorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. U — Prepupa in first stages of transformation to pupa (eye spot moving
and compound eye just discernible as forming); head, prothorax,
mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 12 — Same prepupa (as figure 11) two days later; head, prothorax, meso-
thorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 13 — Prepupa, transformation to pupa advanced; head, prothorax, meso-
thorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 14 — Same prepupa (as figure 13) one day later; head, prothorax, meso-
thorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment. (Note: Wing
forming in mesothorax).

fig. 15 — Same prepupa (as figure 14) one day later; head, prothorax, meso-
thorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment. (Dorsal viewK

fig. 16 — Same prepupa (as figure 15) one day later. Skin partially removed;
head, prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. (Dorsal view.)

PLATE XIV

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL 23

u nr ui?

B B C DflB C D

TI TIE UI

DftBCD RBCDflBCD

ow om on

fl.B.C P.R.B.C D.fl.B.C D

2 Tfl TIL

D RRBICp.fl B'.B' C D fl 5'B2C'C2CJ D

TH Tin ur

DRBCDRBCDf^D C'L'C D

TI TH U IE

RBCDflBCD flBCD

prfiyp

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

PLATE XV

H T[ TI TH UI

H TI TI TUT UI

fl BcDp H
C D LL / _/ / B C D fl

H TI TH THI UI

H TI TH Tffl

flBCOfl e c flB

10

TI TH Tinur

BCDflB C DflBCDH

H TI TI TIK UI
-Qf> B CDRB CD

TI^ TJI^ pt ^TS. UI
ceo

ant' 12

H TI TI TIE UI

-o.;9l5i_£r -° fi B CDR BCD

it

v>f

13

mb

192 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 8, NOVEMBER, 1921

fig. 17 — Same prepupa same day (as figure 16) but with skin entirely removed
showing formation of pupa; head, prothorax, mesothorax, meta-
thorax and first abdominal segment. (Dorsal view).

fig. 18 — Same as figure 17; lateral view.

fig. 19 — Pupa which had shed its prepupal skin naturally, prothorax, meso-
thorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 20 — Adult; thorax and first abdominal segment.

fig. 21 — Adult; longitudinal section through mesothorax including post-
scutellum and the anterior and posterior phragmae, showing large
dorsal longitudinal muscle and connecting ligament.

fig. 22 — Adult; posttergite, connecting ligament, postscutellum and phragma
and longitudinal section of postscutellum and phragma.

fig. 23 — Adult; metathorax including metapostscutellum.

fig. 24 — Adult; longitudinal- section from tergum of abdomen, showing
divisions of segment and large longitudinal muscles.

Actual date of publication, November 29, 1921 .

VOL. 23 DECEMBER, 1921 No. 9

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

$*

CONTENTS

COCKERELL, T. D. A. A NEW ASILID FLY FROM THE MADEIRA ISLANDS . 208

EWING, H. E. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PROTURA 193

FISHER, W. S. A NEW CERAMBYCID BEETLE FROM CALIFORNIA .... 206

FOX, WILLIAM H. NOTICE OF DEATH 213

MCATEE, W. L. THE PERIODICAL CICADA, 1919; BRIEF NOTES FOR THE

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA REGION 211

WADE, J. S. AND MYERS, P. R. OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO RECENT RE-
COVERIES OF PLEUROTROPIS EPIGONUS WALKER. (HYM.) .... 202

ZWALUWENBURG, R. H. VAN MELANOTUS HYSLOPI N. SP. (cOLEOP.) . . . 210

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 23 DECEMBER 1921 No.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PROTURA.

BY H. E. EWING, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

At the March meeting of the Entomological Society of Wash-
ington Mr. Barber and I reported the finding of Proturans in
the vicinity of Washington, D. C. At that time they had been
found only on a very few occasions and in numbers, only in one
situation. Since then the writer has taken them in several local
situations at Takoma Park, Maryland, and in some instances in
large numbers.

The first specimen reported from the vicinity of Washington,
which was accidentally found by Barber in some leaf mold in
which he was rearing beetle larvae, and the two subsequent
specimens taken near Plummer's Island, Maryland, have been
found to be of the same species which is new. This species has
been named Acerentulus barberi by the writer, and is described
in a short paper which has been sent to the Entomological News
for publication.

Since the finding of these primitive insects at Takoma Park,
Maryland, large numbers of them have been taken there. Up
to the present no less than twelve species have been found, and
more than this, all of these twelve species are represented in
collections from a single deposit of decaying leaves, twigs and
other organic material situated only a few rods from the writer's
home. It should be stated, however, that at no other place have
Proturans been found in such diversity or numbers as at this
particular spot where they were first located, almost by accident,
one evening last February.

In reporting from a single locality as many as twelve different
species, which number is only four less than have been described
from the world, it is realized that some critics may be inclined to
discredit the specific determinations of the same. To these the
desire is expressed that they examine tor themselves the types
of these species which are deposited in the United States
National Museum. It asked to explain the occurrence of such
a larye number of species in a single locality I can only state
that it is my opinion that an unusually good sample of the North
American species occurring in the t'ppcr Austral Life /one has
been obtained. Certainly this collection can be n (thing more
and it may be much less than this; which fact causes one, upon

194 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

reflection, to conclude that the Nearctic Proturan fauna must
be much richer in species than would be supposed if we should
base a conclusion upon what has been known in the past of the
species occurring in Europe or reported from the world.

In presenting the descriptions of these new species the writer
wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. H. S. Barber of
this society for the many helpful suggestions he has made in
regard to the method of studying living specimens and the
preparation of mounted material.

Descriptions of Genera and Species.

The ten new species described in this paper fall into three
genera recognized by Berlese or into the new genera here
created, of which there are three.

Eosentomon Berlese.

Species of the genus Eosentomon differ from all the other Proturans in possess-
ing tracheae and in having all pairs of the abdominal appendages large and
two-segmented.

Eosentomon vermiforme, n. sp.

A medium sized but very long species. Head long, being fully twice as long
as wide; pseudoculi entirely lateral in position and in the form of irregular pits;
mouth-parts conspicuous; rostrum present, reaching the tips of extended maxil-
lary palpi. Exposed portion of prothorax about twice, as broad as long. Meso-,
and metathorax of about the same length but in the latter slightly the longer;
spiracles conspicuous, ventro-lateral. Abdomen very long, broadest at the
fourth segment and all tergal plates distinctly yellowish; tergal apodemes
slightly thickened toward the center, not antero-posteriorly arched and un-
branched laterally; seventh abdominal segment equal to the eighth in length,
the latter slightly narrower than the former and considerably narrower at its
posterior margin than at its anterior margin. Abdominal appendages very
slender, those of the first pair being about one-third as broad as long. Legs
moderate; first pair extending beyond the rostrum by the full length of the
tarsi and about one-half the length of the tibiae, and each leg ending in a tarsal
claw which is of about the same length as those on the other legs but is less
strongly curved. Total length, slightly extended, 1.32 mm.; width, 0.16 mm.

Type— Cat. No. 24,578 U. S. N. M.

Described from a single specimen, a female, collected at
Takoma Park, Maryland, from decaying leaves. This species
differs from all the described species in being more slender and
worm-like. It is rare at Takoma Park.

Eosentomon pallidum, n. sp.

A small, white species. Head broad, about two-thirds as broad as long;
pseudoculi lateral, inconspicuous; rostrum minute; maxillary palpi when exten-
ded long, conspicuous, in this state equaling in length one-half the width of the

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 195

head. Exposed part of prothorax about two-thirds as long as broad. Meso-,
and metathorax subequal; their stigmata small and lateral. Abdomen very
whitish in front becoming more yellowish toward the tip; tergal apodemes not
thickened toward the middle, not antero-posteriorly arched and not branched
laterally; seventh abdominal segment slightly longer and slightly broader than
eighth. Legs moderate; anterior pair extending beyond the tip of head by the
full length of the tarsi and by about one-half the length of the tibiae, claws
about as long as those on other legs but not so strongly or evenly curved. Total
length, maximum extension, 1.14 mm.; width, 0.13 mm.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,579 U. S. N. M.

Described from a single female which was one of many speci-
mens taken at Takoma Park, Maryland, from among decaying
leaves. This species is very much smaller than E. wheeleri
Silvestri, the only American species known in the past, and E.
vermiforme just described. The species appears to be common
in the smaller and finer-fibered leaves of decaying masses at
Takoma Park.

Eosentomon minimum, n. sp.

A minute, yellowish species. Head long, being nearly twice as long as broad;
pseudoculi either rudimentary or wanting; rostrum present, almost as broad as
long. Prothorax as usual. Meso-, and metathorax subequal; spiracles, large,
conspicuous and entirely lateral. Tergal plates of abdomen well developed and
equally conspicuous on all the segments; tergal apodemes conspicuous, very
slightly thickened toward the middle, not antero- posteriorly arched and not
branched laterally; seventh and eighth abdominal segments similarly shaped,
but the seventh is slightly the larger. Claws of anterior legs considerably
longer and stouter than those on the other legs. Length with segments some-
what telescoped, 0.54 mm.; width, 0.12 mm.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,580 U. S. N. M.

Described from the type specimen, a male, taken at Takoma
Park, Maryland, from decaying leaves. This species is closely
related to palHdum but differs from it in several particulars,
especially in having the more anterior segments of the abdomen
as well chitinized as the posterior ones and in having a much
longer head. It is rare at the locality where taken.

Protentomon, n. gen.

Tracheae and spiracles wanting. First and second abdominal appendages
large, conspicuous and two-segmented; third abdominal appendages much
smaller, one-segmented. Apodemes wanting. A single transverse row of
dorsal setae on each abdominal segment.

Type. — Protentomon transitans Ewing.

This species, which is here to be described and which is made
the type of this new genus, is by far the most important taxo-
nomicallv of anv of the American forms thus tar discovered.

196 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

This is because it unites the two quite distinctive families of the
Protura that have been recognized in the past; the Eosentomi-
dae, which have tracheae and the Acerentomidae, which do not.
The abdominal appendages of P. transitans are very similar to
those of Eosentomidae, but on the other hand the absence of the
tracheae and the presence of but a single transverse row of dorsal
setae on each abdominal segment are characters of some of the
species of Acerentomidae. The writer expects to make a more
detailed study of this species later.

Protentomon transitans, n. sp.

Living specimen white; mounted specimen entirely hyaline. Head short;
pseudoculi circular in outline, dorso-lateral; mouth-parts inconspicuous and
hyaline except for the minute labial palpi which are yellowish. Prothorax
large, exposed part being fully two-thirds as long as the mesothorax. Meso-,
and metathorax subequal, without chitinous plates and with a few very minute
setae. Abdomen long; dorsal setae minute except for segments seven to twelve
where they are fairly conspicuous; segment nine about two-thirds as long as
eight and eight two-thirds as long as seven. First and second abdominal
appendages large, conspicuous and of the same size and constitution, each is
noted for having an intersegmental plate at the junction of proximal with
distal segment; last abdominal appendages one-segmented yet conspicuous,
shaped as those of Acerentomon. Legs short, stout and similar; front pair only
slightly larger than the others and with a similar claw. Length when moder-
ately extended, 0.74 mm.; thickness, 0.08 mm.

Type— Cat. No. 24,581 U. S. N. M.

Described from a single male, taken from decaying leaves at
Takoma Park, Maryland. This species is in some respects
probably the most generalized of any of the Proturan species yet
described. The anterior legs are but little specialized, the pro-
thorax is much more comparable to the mesothorax than in any
other of our American species, and the seventh, eighth and ninth
abdominal segments are remarkably similar except for size.

Acerentomon Silvestri.

This is the genus erected by Silvestri for the first species of the
Protura to be described, the much studied A, doderoi. It is
usually differentiated from the other genera of the family
Acerentomidae as recognized by Berlese upon variations in the
number of segments found in the maxillary and labial palpi.
An investigation into the composition of these structures by the
writer has caused him to doubt the occurrences of such differ-
ences as are .supposed to exist, hence it appears best for the
present to use other characters.

Acerentomon is distinguished from the other genera that should be recognized
in its family by two good characters: First, in this genus some ot the tergal
apodemes are broadly branched laterally and, second, the second and third

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 197

abdominal appendages are by no means all but invisible vestiges, but are fully
one-half as long as the large first segments of the first pair of appendages.

Acerentomon americanum, n. sp.

Species medium-sized, uniformly yellowish. Head long, pointed and almost
completely concealing the prothorax from above; pseudoculi lateral, pit-like;
rostrum conspicuous. Dorsal part of prothorax about three times as broad as
long. Mesothorax slightly smaller than metathorax and both with convergent
sides. Abdomen long, unicolored; segment seven larger than eight, slightly
swollen at the level of tergal apodeme, the latter with a stout posterior horn
which reaches the pleuron and a more slender anterior horn which does not reach
the pleuron, tergal plate with a single transverse line. Legs rather stout;
anterior pair extending beyond the tip of rostrum by three-fourths the length
of their tarsi; tarsi of anterior legs each ending in a long, slightly curved claw.
Length when much extended, 1.17 mm.; width, 0.14 mm.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,582 U. S. N. M.

Described from the type specimen, a female collected in decay-
ing leaves at Takoma Park, Maryland. This species differs from
doderoi and microrhinus in several minor details and markedly
in the shape of the rostrum and of the tergal apodemes, especially
the seventh tergal apodeme. Only a single specimen of this
species has been obtained.

Acerentomon conurus, n. sp.

Species undersized for its genus, pale yellow and almost uniform in coloration.
Head very long, being over twice as long as broad; pseudoculi pit-like, lateral;
rostrum very small and short. Prothorax about as broad as mesothorax and
mostly concealed above by the superplaced head. Meso-, and metathorax
about equal, the latter slightly the broader. Abdomen with sides almost
parallel from the base to the end of segment six; segment seven a truncate cone,
as is eight; apodeme of seventh tergal plate twice forked laterally and squarishly
thickened near its middle; eighth abdominal segment with transversely striated
band. Anterior legs extending beyond the tip of rostrum by the full length
of the tarsi; the latter armed with claws that are longer, stouter and less curved
than those on the other legs. Length with segments neither extended nor
telescoped, 0.81 mm.; width, 0.12 mm.

Type— Cat. No. 24,583 U. S. N. M.

Described from the type only, a female taken at Takoma Park,
Maryland, from decaying leaves. This species is considerably
smaller than the others found in the genus and is at once sepa-
rated by the peculiar shape of the seventh abdominal segment.
An examination of the mouth-parts shows the maxillary palpi
to be three-segmented, instead of four. The reason for the
apparent discrepancy between the number of segments in this
pair of appendages in this species and the number apparently
found in others will be found only by further investigation. The
species is abundant in moist decaying leaves at Takoma Park.

198 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

Acerentulus Berlese.

In this genus, sensu restricto, the following distinguishing characters may be
given: Tergal apodemes never twice forked laterally; both tergal plates and
apodemes present on the meso-, and metathorax and first eight abdominal seg-
ments; tarsi of front legs without row of spines. This genus is richest by far in
number of species of all the genera of Protura.

Acerentulus oculatus, n. sp.

A medium-sized species which has the thorax and first abdominal segment
somewhat paler than the rest of the body. Head about twice as long as broad
and strongly arched in front; pseudoculi (or ocelli?) dorso-lateral, conspicuous
and provided each with a hemispherical cornea-like structure; rostrum absent;
in front of eyes four transverse striations are present. Exposed part of pro-
thorax about two-thirds as long as wide. Meso-, and metathorax similar, the
latter broader than the former. Segments one to six inclusive of the abdomen
quite similar in shape; seven narrower and slightly longer; eight much smaller
than seven and with both striated band and pair of pectines. Some of tergal
apodemes, — two to seven inclusively, — but slightly antero-posteriorly arched,
squarishly thickened at the middle and branched laterally; most of tergal plates
with two transverse lines, only one of which is conspicuous. Tarsi of first pair
of legs about one and a third times as long as tibiae, and each terminated by a
long, stout claw which is curved only beyond its middle. Length, with seg-
ments slightly telescoped, 0.89 mm.; width, 0.20 mm.

Type— Cat. No. 24,584 U. S. N. M.

Described from type specimen, taken at Takoma Park, Mary-
land, from decaying leaves. This species is most nearly related
to A. confinis (Berlese) of the described species but differs from
confinis in having the head about twice as long as broad instead
of about one and one-half times as long as broad, as well as in
other characters. It is a common species at Takoma Park.

Acerentulus tenuiceps, n. sp.

A good sized, well chitinized, yellow species. Head very long, over twice as
long as broad, somewhat squarish behind and cone-like in front; pseudoculi not
conspicuous, slightly dorsal of lateral in position; rostrum in the form of a
chitinous tubercle. Exposed part of prothorax not one-halt as long as the
mesothorax. Meso-, and metathorax large. Abdomen large, broadest at the
fourth or fifth segments; some of tergal apodemes thickened near their middle
and branched near their extremities, none of them strongly antero-posteriorly
arched; seventh abdominal segment similar in shape to the eighth but much
larger; eighth segment with transversely striated band and pair of pectines.
Anterior legs much larger than the others; tarsal claw of anterior legs very long,
curved only beyond its middle and without accessory spur at or by its base.
Length with segments slightly telescoped, 0.85 mm.; width, 0.15 mm.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,585 U. S. N. M.

Description based on the type, a female taken from decaying
leaves at Takoma Park, Maryland. This species is most nearly

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 199

related to A. oculatus just described, but differs from it in having
small pseudoculi, which are more lateral in position, in having
the head more slender and in minor details. The species is very
common at the locality where it was taken.

Acerentuloides, n. gen.

The thorax and at least first abdominal segment without tergal plates and
tergal apodemes; tergal plates present on some of the posterior abdominal
segments, without transverse lines. Most of other characters similar to those
of Acerentulus.

Type. — Acerentuloides bicolor Ewing.

The type species of this genus is minute and has the anterior
part of the body hyaline and but little chitinized but the pos-
terior part well chitinized. It differs from the species of
Acerentulus known to the writer in many characters, but at
present it can not be stated how many of these should be
regarded as generic.

Acerentuloides bicolor, n. sp.

Minute species with head, thorax and anterior parts of abdomen whitish,
while the posterior part of the abdomen is yellow. Head long; pseudoculi
lateral; rostrum short, minute. Exposed part of prothorax about three times as
broad as long. Meso-, and metathorax about equal, hyaline without tergal or
sternal plates. First two abdominal segments without tergal plates, the remain-
ing segments showing a progressive increase in the development of these plates
from the third segment backward; seventh abdominal segment about one and
a half times as broad as long and with two transverse rows of dorsal setae com-
posed of seven setae to the row; eighth abdominal segment shaped similarly to
the seventh but smaller, with transversely striated band. Anterior legs extend-
ing beyond the head by the full length of the tarsi and by about one-fourth the
length of the tibiae; claws slightly longer and less curved than those on the other
legs. Length when much extended, 0.82 mm.; width, 0.10 mm.

Type— Cat. No. 24,586 U. S. N. M.'

Description based on the type specimen, a female taken from
a decaying mass of organic matter at Takoma Park, Maryland.
This species is common at Takoma Park, but because of its small
size is easily overlooked.

Microentomon, n. gen.

Differing from previously described genera of Acerentomidae in having but
a single transverse row of dorsal setae to each abdominal tergum. Tergal
plates very poorly developed; tergal apodemes broadly rounded and not
thickened near their middle.

Type. — Microentomon minutum Ewing.

In this genus also should be placed the Acerentulus per-
pusillus of Berlese, described from Italy in 1910. Berlese's
species is said by him to be rare, and he possessed but a single
example. The members of this genus are exceedingly small.
When well extended they are about .5 mm. in length, but in a

200 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

contracted state are much less. Being flattened and almost as
slender as a nematode, they probably are the smallest insects
known, although some others are shorter, e. g., minute beetles
and some of the parasitic Hymenoptera.

Microentomon minutum, n. sp.

When living not seen by the unaided eye except when on a dark background
and then appearing only as a minute white speck. Head about three-fifths as
broad as long; pseudoculi inconspicuous, lateral, pit-like; rostrum in the form of
a tubercle. Exposed part of prothorax about twice as broad as long. Meso-,
and metathorax subequal. Abdomen with sides parallel tor most of its length;
tergal apodemes very slender, extending from pleuron to pleuron and unbranched
laterally; seventh abdominal segment about twice as broad as long, with its
single transverse row of dorsal setae situated at the posterior margin of the
tergal plate and composed of six setae. Anterior legs, although larger and
differently conformed from the others, yet not so much so as in most all other
Proturans. This pair extends beyond the anterior margin ot the head by about
four-fifths the length of the tarsi. Length, well extended, 0.61 mm.; width,
0.09 mm.

Type.— Cat. No. 24,587 U. S. N. M.

Described from type specimen taken from decaying leaves
and twigs at Takoma Park, Maryland. This minute insect
normally inhabits moist decaying twigs, being found under the
bark of the same. The species is probably very common, but is
not usually observed because of its minute size and habits.
Three mounted specimens are at hand, all of which lack the com-
plete number of segments and the genital papilla hence are not
mature. The generic characters of these specimens agree
exactly with those of the single female found by Berlese. Be-
cause of its common occurrence it appears desirable to make this
species the type of the genus, notwithstanding the fact that the
mature form has not yet been taken. I have frequently
observed live specimens of the species and studied them alive
in the laboratory.

A Comparison Between the Palearctic and Nearctic Protura.

The number of Proturan species now known from the Nearctic
Region is twelve, which number happens to be exactly the same
as reported from the Palearctic Region. Of the mors general-
ized forms which breathe through tracheae and constitute the
family Eosentomidae, four species are known from each of these
two zoogeographical regions. Of the forms without tracheae,
the Palearctic is represented by four genera, one of which has
not been found yet in the Nearctic; of these same atracheate
forms the Nearctic is represented by five genera, two of which
are yet not known to occur in the Palearctic. Most of the Pal-
earctic species thus far described are over one millimeter long
and are well chitinized; on the other hand most of the twelve

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23

PLATE XVI

EWING— NEW PROTURA

202 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

species so far reported from the Nearctic are less than one
millimeter long and are very poorly chitinized. This apparent
difference between the two faunas is probably due to the fact
that the writer has employed specialized methods of collection
which has revealed better the microproturans than have those
methods that have been used in Europe. Finally it should be
stated that the study of our Nearctic Proturans shows that the
group as a whole, at least as far as the Holarctic is concerned, is
one of marked unity; a unity in fact not found in the case of the
two other major groups of Apterygota, the Thysanura and the
Collembola.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 1, Eosentomon vermiforme, n. sp., dorsal view of head, x 333; fig. 2,
Eosentomon vermiforme, n. sp., ventral abdominal appendages on left side, x
about 267; fig. 3, Eosentomon pallidum, n. sp., ventral view of left appendage of
second abdominal segment, together with a part of same segment, x 333; fig. 4,
Eosentomon minimum, n. sp., left labial palpus from below (camera lucida
drawing with oil immersion lens); fig. 5, Protentomon transitans, n. sp., abdominal
appendages of right side, lateral view, x 333; fig. 6, Acerentomon americanum,
n. sp., dorsal view of seventh abdominal segment, x 333; fig. 7, Acerentomon
conuris, n. sp., seventh abdominal segment from above, x 333; fig. 8, Acerentomon
conurus, n. sp., left maxillary palpus from outside (camera lucida drawing with
oil immersion lens); fig. 9, Acerentulus oculatus, n. sp., dorsal view of anterior
part of head, x 333; fig. 10, Acerentulus tenuiceps, n. sp., dorsal view of head,
x 333; fig. 11, Acerentulus tenuiceps, n. sp., dorsal view of dorso-lateral part of
eighth abdominal segment (oil immersion lens); fig. 12, Acerentuloides bicolor,
n. sp., dorsal view of seventh abdominal segment, x 333; fig. 13, Microentomon
minutum, n. sp., dorsal view of seventh abdominal segment, x 333.

OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO RECENT RECOVERIES OF
PLEUROTROPIS EPIGONUS WALKER. (HYM.)

BY J. S. WADE AND P. R. MYERS, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

It is the purpose, in the compilation of the data here submitted,
to recapitulate very briefly the more essential facts regarding
the introduction into this country from England of Pleurotropis
epigonus Walker, a well-known Chalcidoid parasite of the
Hessian fly Phytophaga destructor Say. It also seemed desirable
to collect the records of distribution, and to assemble chrono-
logically all available citations to the literature on the insect.
Acknowledgment is gratefully made to Mr. A. B. Gahan of
the Bureau of Entomology for much information furnished.

The original description of the species by Francis Walker
appeared in 1839 under the name of Entedon epigonus Walker.
This later was found by Dr. Riley (who compared specimens
with Walker's type in the British Museum), to be synonymous

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 203

with Semiotellus nigripes Lindemann described in 1887. Sub-
sequently the species was placed by W. R. McConnell at the
suggestion of A. B. Gahan in the genus Pleurotropis.

The great abundance of the Hessian fly in England in 1886
and 1887 enabled Dr. Riley, who was then abroad, to study its
parasites in some detail. The most abundant of these parasites
proved to be the species under discussion, and it was at that
time that the idea was conceived that the artificial introduction
of the parasite might prove of the greatest practical value to
the wheat growers of the United States. The idea was based
on the well-recognized fact that European insects often increase
in excess of their normal abundance when introduced into
foreign countries. With this idea in view, a quantity of para-
sitized Hessian fly puparia were sent by Mr. Frederick Enock of
London in 1891, and were received and released by Prof. F. M.
Webster at Lafayette, Indiana, by Prof. S. A. Forbes at Cham-
paign, Illinois, and by Prof. A. J. Cook at Agricultural College,
Michigan. Later a supply, sent by Prof. Forbes from Cham-
paign, Illinois, was released by Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion
Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.

The material sent to Prof. Forbes was placed in an enclosed
plat experiment and rearings therefrom were released by him.
There are published records of recoveries of this species and
hints of the ultimate success of the experiments conducted by
Prof. Forbes, but there do not appear to be any reports from
Prof. Webster, Prof. Cook, and Prof. Fletcher. Additional
material received from Mr. Enock in 1894 was released at
Cecilton, Md., and Fredericktown, Md. Mr. William H.
Ashmead, in May, 1895, collected one specimen at Cecilton,
Md , but we have no record of its successful introduction at
Frederick, Md., until April 19, 1917, when the junior author
reared a male from Hessian fly puparia secured at that locality.
The records of two other males and three females from that
locality were also secured between May 26, 1917, and March 26,
1921. All other specimens appear to have been liberated, as
Dr Riley quaintly says: "Under such conditions as to warrant
the expectation of continuous breeding."

For many years the results were not marked, and, as indicated,
only two positive reports as to the establishment of the parasite,
those from Prof. Forbes, and Mr. Ashmead were received. The
lack of evidence from the other points of introduction seems due
almost entirely to lack of proper examinations by those having
trained eves for minute forms, and to lack of familiarity with
this and allied species. No further records of recoveries were
found until 1915, when rearings were made by Mr. W. R. Mc-
Connell and the junior author from material collected at
Hagerstown, Md., Andersonburg, Pa., Ford City, Pa., Green-
ville, Pa., Warfordsburg, Pa., and Montoursville, Pa. A brief

204 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

resume of the introduction of the parasite and records of rear-
ings to 1916 inclusive, was published in the Journal of Economic
Entomology, February, 1916, by Mr. McConnell, who adds:
"We know practically nothing of its life history and I have
never succeeded in inducing it to oviposit. Adults have emerged
in cages from April to June inclusive, and from September to
December inclusive. Most of the specimens reared were males. "

Mr. McConnell's statement that there was a predominance
of males in this species apparently was based on the 19 speci-
mens which had been reared at that time. Since then over 1,400
specimens have been reared, of which 529 were males and 929
were females. This shows the females predominate by nearly
2 to 1.

This species has become one of the common parasites of the
Hessian fly throughout Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
and New York, but apparently is more abundant in New York
than in any of the other States mentioned. The rearing records
of this species would indicate that the climatic conditions of the
more northern latitudes of the Middle Atlantic States are more
adaptable for its development. Nearly 1,500 emergence
records have been secured from 151 localities and of these only
seven emergence records from three localities are from south
of the Potomac River. Hundreds of puparia have been reared
from various localities in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia,
but so far we have secured but one record of its occurrence in
that State.

In view of subsequent developments, it seems quite obvious
that the insect eventually has obtained a secure foothold in at
least part of the country as a result of the efforts at introduction.
All things considered, it is not remarkable that it has taken many
years for the presence ol this parasite to become manifest, and
it now appears certain that it has now become adapted and
increased in numbers sufficient to rank in value with other
important parasites of the Hessian fly.

The following list comprises all known records of distribution
down to date:

Delaware:

Dover, Townsend. C. C. Hill.

Illinois:

Campaign, S. A. Forbes; Freeport, Grand Ridge, Hollowayville, Minooka,
Morris, Princeton, Seneca, Toulon, W. P. Flint.

Indiana:

Logansport, W. H. Larrimer.

Maryland:

Braddock Heights, Boonsboro, W. R. McConnell; Cecilton, W. H. Ash-
mead; Frederick, P. R. Myers; Funkstown, P. R. Myers and W. R. McCon-
nell; Hagerstown, W. R. McConnell, P. R. Myers and E. M. Craighead;
Middletown, P. R. Myers; Myersville, W. R. McConnell and P. R. Myers;

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 205

New Windsor, P. R. Myers; Williamsport, \V. R. McConnell and P. R.
Myers.

Michigan:

Battle Creek, W. H. Larrimer.

New Jersev:

Frenchtown, P. R. Myers; Hightstown, P. H. Hertzog.

New York:

Akron, Alabama, Albian, Alden, Alexander, Waldwinsville, Barker, Batavia,
Bergen, Berne, Borodino, Bristol Center, Brockport, Brocton, Brookview,
Byron Center, Caledonia, Canandaigua, Canawaugus, Chafee, Charlotte,
Churchville, Clifton Springs, Conewango, Coopersville, Corfu, Cuylerville,
Eagle Harbor, East Hamlin, Elba, C. R. Crosby; Evans Mills, W. R.
McConnell; Fairport, Fancher, Fayette, Fishkill, Freedom Plains, Gasport,
Genesee, Greigsville, Genoa, Hall, Hamburg, Hamlin, Hilton, Holley,
Indian Falls, Indian Fields, C. R. Crosby; Ithaca, W. R. McConnell;
Knowlesville, LaFayette, LeRoy, Lincoln, Lima, Lockport, Macedon
Center, Medina, Marilla, Mumford, North Rose, Oakfield, Ontario, Pultney-
ville, Retsot, Rhinebeck, Rochester, Sanborn, Romulus, Scottsville,
Skaneateles, Skaneateles Falls, Slingerlands, Sodus Point, South Sodus,
South Wales, Stafford, C. R. Crosby; Theresa, W. R. McConnell; Tona-
wanda, Tully, Unionville, Vernon, Wallington, Walworth, C. R. Crosby;
Waterport, W. R. McConnell; West Henrietta, Wolcott, C. R. Crosby.

Ohio:

Franklin, Highland, Jefferson, Marion, Miami, Trumbell and Wood
Counties, W. H. Larrimer.

Oregon:

Centralia, M. M. Reeher; Forest Grove, M. C. Lane and M. M. Reeher.

Pennsylvania:

Alinda, C. C. Hill; Andersonburg, P. R. Myers and C. C. Hill; Boiling
Springs, W. R. McConnell and C. C. Hill; Butler, W. R. McConnell;
Carlisle, P. R. Myers, W. R. McConnell, P. H. Hertzog and C. C. Hill;
Carlisle Springs, W. R. McConnell; Danville, P. R. Myers and P. H.
Hertzog; Dover, P. R. Myers; East Texas, C. C. Hill; Fairfield, P. R.
Myers; Ford City, W. R. McConnell; Gettysburg, P. R. Myers; Greens-
burg, Greenville, W. R. McConnell; Hanover, Hellertown, Herndon,
P. R. Myers; Hunters Run, W. R. McConnell, P. R. Myers and C. C.
Hill; Indiana, Johnstown, W. R. McConnell; Lancaster, P. H. Hertzog;
Landisburg, C. C. Hill; Landsdale, P. R. Myers, C. C. Hill; Lewisburg,
W. R. McConnell, P. H. Hertzog and P. R. Myers; Linden, P. R. Myers;
Macungie, P. R. Myers and C. C. Hill; Marysville, P. R. Myers; Middle-
burg, P. R. Myers and P. H. Hertzog; Milheim, W. R. McConnell; Mon-
toursville, P. R. Myers and P. H. Hertzog; Mt. Holly Springs, P. R.
Myers; W. R. McConnell and C. C. Hill; Muncy, P. R. Myers and P. H.
Hertzog; New Castle, Needmore, New Wilmington, W. R. McConnell;
Northumberland, P. R. Myers and P. H. Hertzog; Palmyra, P. R. Myers
and C. C. Hill; Penbrook, P. R. Myers; Perkasie, P. R. Myers ami C. C.
Hill; Red Lion, P. R. Myers; State College, Saegerstown, W. R. McConnell;
Springtown, C. C. Hill; Terre Hill, P. R. Myers; Vicksburg, W. R. McCon-

206 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

nell; Warfordsburg, P. R. Myers and W. R. McConnell; Wernersville,

C. C. Hill; York, P. R. Myers; West Chester, C. C. Hill.
Virginia:

Woodstock, P. R. Myers.
Washington:

Chehalis, Kelso, M. C. Lane.
West Virginia:

Charleston, Martinsburg, P. R. Myers.

LIST OF REFERENCES.

1834. Nees. Hym. Ichneum. affin. Monogr. II. p. 176 no. 34 (Eulophus
metallicus Nees).

1839. Walker. Monographic Chal. I, p. 112, No. 119. (Entedon epigonus.)

1848. Walker. List. Hym. Brit. Mus. Chal. II. p. 136. (Entedon metalli-
cus.)

1887. Lindemann, K. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow (2) 1, p. 185. (Semiotellus
nigripes.)

1891. Forbes, S. A. Insect Life, Vol. IV, p. 179-181.
Riley, C. V. Report U. S. Entomologist, pp. 235-236.

1892. Riley, C. V. Report U. S. Entomologist, p. 158.
Forbes, S. A. Insect Life, Vol. V, p. 72.

1893. Riley, C. V. Insect Life, Vol. VI, pp. 133-4.
Riley, C. V. Report U. S. Entomologist, p. 211.

1894. Howard, L. O. Insect Life, Vol. VI, p. 375.

1895. Howard, L. O. Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 356-7.
Howard, L. O. Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 414-415.

Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Div. of Ent. Cir. (New Series) No. 12, pp. 1-4.
1898. Osborn, H. U. S. Div. of Ent. Bull. (New Series) No. 16, pp. 38-41.
Dalla Torre. Catalogus Hymenopterorum, Vol. 5, p. 40.

1900. Pospjelov, 111. Zeitschr. Ent. 5, p. 263, f 6. Oslov. Gov. Russian.

1901. Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 132, pp. 13-22.

1902. Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Ent., 17th Rpt., p. 699-925.

1907. Prospelor, V. P. Choziajstva, Kiev, Russia, 2, 101-106, 149-156.
1911. Howard, L. O. and Fiske, W. F. U. S. Bur. Ent. Bull. 91, p. 30.

1915. Webster, F. M. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bulletin No. 640, p. 14.

1916. McConnell, W. R. Journ. of Econ. Ent., Vol. 9, pp. 145-146.
1919. Miller, D. New Zealand Jour, of Agr., vol. XIX, p. 205.

A NEW CERAMBYCID BEETLE FROM CALIFORNIA.

Bv W. S. FISHER, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

In working over a collection of beetles submitted by Mr. J. S.
Wade, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, Bureau of
Entomology, for determination, the following new species was

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 207

found. This is the sixth species to be described in the genus
Desmocerus, five of these belong to the Pacific fauna, and one is
found throughout the eastern and southern states.

Desmocerus dimorphus, new species.

Male. — Elongate, moderately convex and strongly attenuate posteriorly,
head, antennae, pronotum, underside and legs black; elytra dull orange colored
in pinned specimens (bright orange when living); each elytron with an oblong
oblique bluish-black space just behind the humeral umbone.

Head rather large, strongly obliquely narrowed behind the eyes and deeply,
longitudinally grooved on the vertex, the groove extending between the anten-
nae to the front; surface coarsely, deeply and confluently punctate and sparsely
clothed with long cinereous hairs; antennae with joints three, four and five con-
siderably enlarged at the inner apical angles. Pronotum one and one-halt times
as wide as long, distinctly narrower in front than behind, strongly transversely
constricted along the anterior margin and with a feeble transverse depression in
front of scutellum; sides strongly obliquely diverging from anterior angles to a
feeble, round tubercle at middle, then strongly sinuate and nearly parallel to
posterior angles, which are acute and somewhat projecting; base nearly truncate
with a broadly rounded lobe in front of scutellum; surface coarsely, deeply and
confluently punctate and sparsely clothed with inconspicuous cinereous pubes-
cence, the hairs becoming much longer towards the sides. Scutellum oblong,
black and densely clothed with velvety black pubescence. Elytra wider than
pronotum at base, humeral angles rounded, strongly, regularly attenuate to
apical sixth, then broadly rounded to the apex, which is feebly truncate; each
elytron strongly bilobed at base; humeral umbones well developed; surface
deeply and densely punctate, the punctures becoming smaller and more con-
fused towards the apex, sparsely clothed with short inconspicuous hairs; inter-
vals smooth. Beneath rather strongly punctate, somewhat rugose and rather
densely clothed with long recumbent cinereous pubescence.

Length 15 mm.; width at base of pronotum 5.5 mm.

Female. — Elongate, moderately convex and parallel, head, antennae, pro-
notum, underside and legs black; elytra dull black with the margins of a dull
orange color in the pinned specimens (bright orange when living).

Head and pronotum similar to the male; antennae with joints three, four and
five regularly enlarged at both apical angles. Elytra distinctly wider than
pronotum at base, humeral angles rounded; sides parallel to apical sixth, then
broadly rounded to apex, which is very feebly truncate; surface opaque, more
densely punctured than in the male; intervals finely granulated. Body beneath
similar to that of the male.

Length 18 mm.; width 6.5 mm.

Type Locality. — Sacramento, California.

Type, allotype and paratypes. — Cat. No. 24678, U. S. Nat.
Mus.

Described from four specimens, two males and two females,
received from Mr. J. S. Wade and collected by Mr. B. G.
Thompson at Sacramento, California, during May and June,

208 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

1921. Mr. Thompson states that the "specimens were collect-
ed on Elderberry (Sambucus sp.), and borings in the stems
indicated that they breed in the stems of this host. " Paratype
A is a male, and is similar to the type except that each elytron
has an additional oblong bluish-black spot near the apex.
Paratype B is a female, and is similar to the allotype except that
it is smaller, measuring only 16 mm. in length and 5 mm. in
width.

This species belongs to the section of Desmocerus in which the
sexes differ in color. It is allied to D. piperi Webb, but can be
distinguished, however, from that species by the elytra being
smoother, with the tips more truncate; females with the elytron
opaque black and intervals finely granulated; males with the
elytron marked with bluish-black spots and more strongly
attenuate posteriorly. It resembles D. californicus Horn very
closely in the punctation of the elytra but can be separated
from that species by the sexes being differently colored.

A NEW ASILID FLY FROM THE MADEIRA ISLANDS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the Museum of the Seminario at Funchal is a considerable
collection of Madeira Diptera, determined by Becker. In it
I found only one Asilid, Machimus madeirensis of Schiner. My
wife took a specimen of this species at Camcal, Madeira,
January 5, 1921. One other Asilid is recorded from Madeira,
Tolmerus novarensis Schiner. The Canary Islands possess a
much richer Asilid fauna, with four species of Promachus, six
of Epitriptus, two Stictopogon, and one each of Heligmoneura,
Tolmerus and Habropogon. There are many indications that
the Canaries, or at least the more eastern ones, were united with
the African continent during part of Tertiary time. The
Madeiras, on the other hand, appear far more isolated, and in
general have the biota of oceanic islands. It there was ever
any land connection with the continent, it was as far back as
the Mesozoic

In the island of Porto Santo, 23 miles from Madeira, there is
an extremely distinct snail-fauna, and a considerable number of
endemic insects, particularly Coleoptera. On the southern
slopes of the Pico de Castello, in January, I collected two males
and a female of a Machimus which at first sight seems identical
with that of Madeira. It is, however, rather smaller, and close
inspection shows that it is certainly distinct, with the following
characters:

Machimus portosanctanus, n. sp.

Fcmcde (Type). — About 13 mm. long, wing 9 mm.; black, with the tibiae
suffusedly dusky reddish basally; face narrow, white with a faint yellowish tint;

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 209

face-beard long, mainly composed of" black hair?, but lower parr with slender
white hairs; lower part of cheeks, behind eyes, with long pure white hair;
occiput with erect black hair; proboscis shining black, about as long as the
antennae; antennae black, the style not much shorter than the third joint;
thorax dorsally with a faint median stripe, obsolete posteriorly, sublaterally with
narrow shining ochreous bands, broadest in front; sides of thorax yellowish gray,
with black spots, the mesopleura with two small round spots in front, and a
broad bar behind, the whole like a grotesque face; thoracic bristles (posterior to
the suture) long and black; wings pale grey, distinctly more dusky apically;
legs with coarse black bristles, hind tibiae and basitarsi with fine ochreous hair
on inner side; halters purplish at base, with a white stem and orange knob;
abdomen compressed, the segments viewed laterally showing white apical bands
rapidly broadening ventrad, so as to make elongate triangles, becoming con-
tinuous with the greyish-white venter; end of abdomen more produced, with
terminal lamallae, than in M. rusticus Meigen.

Compared with a female M. madeirensis, this is readily distinguished by the
anterior part of thoracic dorsum, which has only extremely short inconspicuous
pubescences, and no dorsal bristles anterior to the insertion of the wings, though
there are three notopleural bristles, the anterior one short. The front is dis-
tinctly narrower, and the face-beard seems less extensive. The long bristle on
under side of hind femora is creamy-white; in madeirensis it is black. In
madeirensis the apex of the discal cell, if produced upward, would reach the
extreme base of the second submarginal; in portosanctanus it would reach a point
well beyond the base. In other respects the two species are essentially alike,
and arc- evidently very closelv related.

Male. — Length about 13 mm.; similar to the female except for the sexual
characters. The eyes are redder; the hind tibiae are dusky red except the
middle third posteriorly, but the color is obscure; the hind tarsi are reddish.
The genital armature is similar to that of M. atricapillus Fallen, but the forceps
seem to be more slender, and more distinctly truncate in lateral view.

Type and Allotype. — Cat. No. 25049 U. S. National Museum.
The paratype sent to the British Museum.

The genus Machimus has 34 Palearctic species, including five
from Spain and one (M. micropygus Becker) from Morocco.
Eastward, it extends as far as Persia (M. armipes Becker, M.
thoracicus Lw., M. cinguli/er Becker), and Speiser has described
two species from the Kilimandjaro region in Africa. Great
Britain has two species. Aldrich's Catalogue cites one species
(M. avidus U. d. Wulp) from Wisconsin.

A mosquito and Tipulid I collected at Villa Baleira, Porto
Santo, were found by Mr. F. W. Edwards to be "tramp"
species, Culex pipiens L. and Trimiera pilipes Fab.

210 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

MELANOTUS HYSLOPI N. SP. (COLEOP.).

BY R. H. VAN ZWALUWENBURG.

The species herein described has been found so often in
material submitted for determination that it has seemed
advisable to publish this description in advance of a mono-
graphic revision of the genus.

Melanotus hyslopi, n. sp.

Male. — 11.5 mm. long, 3.0 mm. wide. Slender elongate; dark chestnut
brown. Pubescence grayish white, moderately thick, coarse, short, recumbent.
Free margin of frons rather acutely rounded, slightly convex and very precipi-
tous along its median portion. Parantennal foveae very deep, entering strongly
sideways into the cranium behind the anterior face of the parantennal area.
Parantennal area prominent, and on a plane distinctly anterior to that of the
rest of the fronto-clypeal region; median height of parantennal area about equal
to its median width. Mandible with a deep fovea entering sideways near the
ba?e of its exterior face.

Third antennal joint about one-third longer than the 2d; both together about
as long as the 4th (1.0-1.33-2.33). Tip of 8th antennal joint attaining the
posterior angle of the prothorax.

Prothorax about as long as wide. Sides of prothorax, including posterior
angles, straight and diverging slightly backwards from about the anterior one-
third; gently narrowed from anterior one-third to the anterior angles. Punctua-
tion of notum of prothorax simple on disc, where it is rather coarse and sparse.
Posterior angles unicarinate, the carina strong and diverging slightly from the
lateral margin, attaining nearly midway to the anterior angle. Notum ot pro-
thorax somewhat depressed, with a posterior, median, impressed line. Sulci
well marked, subparallel with lateral margin.

Scutellum longer than wide. Elytral striae consisting of a single series of
well impressed, sublinear punctures. Interspaces nearly flat, sparsely and finely
punctate. Elytra as wide at base as posterior angles of prothorax; sides sub-
parallel to about middle, thence conjointly narrowed to the apex. Humeral
carina not prominent; base of elytron without prominent knob opposite base of
4th stria. Sternites of abdomen coarsely and subconfluently punctate.

Female. — Slightly more robust than male. Tenth antennal joint attaining
to about apex of posterior angle. Prothorax more transverse than in male.
Elytra with sides parallel to beyond middle, thence conjointly narrowed to the
apex. Otherwise similar to the male.

The color varies from light castaneous to deep chocolate brown. The males
vary in length from 11.3 mm. to 12.0 mm., the females varying within the same
limits. The relative length of the 2d, 3d and 4th antennal joints also varies,
the 3d varying from one-fourth to one-half longer than the 2d, and the 4th from
slightly less than the combined length of the 2d and 3d to slightly more than their
combined length. In some males the antennae exceed the posterior angles by
only 2 or 1l/2 segments.

Described from 9 males and 2 females: (Males — South

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 211

Mountain, near Hagerstown, Md., July 6, J. A. Hyslop; Hagers-
town, Md., June 20; Harpers Ferry, W. Va., May 19, Hubbard
and Schwarz; Landisburg, Pa., June 30, J. N. Knull; Bear
Swamp, near Ramsey, N. J., Aug. 28, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.;
New Baltimore, N. Y., July 10, E. B. Southwick; Portland,
Conn., May 25 on white pine, F. W. Harris; Beverly, Mass.,
Cornell Univ., lot 200, Crew; Toronto, Ont., May 22, R. J.
Crew. Females — North Saugus, Mass., June 15, D. H.
demons; Amherst, Mass., June 1, Mass. Agr. Coll.).

Type. — Male, allotype and 2 male paratvpes, Cat No. 24561,
U. S. N. M.

Type locality. — South Mountain, Md.

This species, which is named in honor of Mr. J. A. Hyslop,
runs to Sagittarius Leconte, in Candeze's key (Mon. des Elateri-
des, vol. 3) and is often found in collections labelled as that
species. The two are similar in habitus, but show the following
differences: (1) as a rule Sagittarius Lee. is larger (12.5-13.5 mm.
long); (2) has the posterior angles more divergent than the side
of the prothorax; (3) has the free margin of the frons more
broadly rounded and less precipitous medianly; (4) has the pro-
thorax relatively broader, and (5) each lateral lobe of the male
aedeagus has a prominent acuminate angle on its outer margin
near the apex, whereas in hyslopi the lateral lobes (see Fig. 1)
are entire and have their sides subparallel. The aedeagus of
pertinax Say resembles that of the present species very closely,
but in hyslopi the lateral lobes are apically broader and more
robust than in pertinax. The very prominent parantennal
area and deeply incised parantennal foveae easily distinguish
hyslopi from all other known American species except Sagittarius
Lee.

The species seems to be confined to the northeastern part of
this country, and southeastern Canada. In addition to the
localities given above, specimens have been seen by the writer
from Marion, Mass., Mastic, L. I., and Trenton, N. Y., Jack-
son's Id., Plummer's Id., Wolfsville and Meyersville, Md.,
Washington, D. C., and Black Mountains, N. C.

THE PERIODICAL CICADA, 1919; BRIEF NOTES FOR THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA REGION.

BY \V. L. McATEE.

Perusal of two papers1 relating to the 1919 occurrence <>t"
Brood X of the Periodical Cicada suggested to the writer the

'Allard, H. A., Am. Nat., Vol. 54, pp. 545-551, Nov.-Dec., 1920, and St.
George, Raymond A., Proc. Enr. Soc. Wash. Vol. 22, pp. 227 2.11 (Dec., 1920).
Feb. 10, 1921.

212 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921

desirability of putting on record a few of his own observations
made in the vicinity of the District of Columbia. Both of the
articles referred to record nocturnal singing by this cicada;
testimony agreeing with the writer's experience, but disagreeing
with the statement in our most complete publication1 on the
seventeen-year "locust." During the height of abundance of
the insect in the Washington region the nights were very warm
especially for the period May 29 to June 4 inclusive. On these
dates not only were the insects singing as I retired and when I
arose, but whenever I waked at night I did not fail to hear the
cicada chorus. Perhaps nocturnal singing occurs only when
the temperature surpasses a certain and probably rather high
minimum.

It does not seem that the general ring of cicada music can
be produced by the notes one hears made by individual cicadas
close at hand. The most common solo note, in my experience,
is perhaps the " Pha-r-r-r-aoh " note. To me the first part of
it sounds like the distant cry of Fowler's toad; the latter part
passes from a cooing to an "o" sound, this phrase descending
rapidly both in pitch and volume. The end of the abdomen of
the insect is depressed each time these falling notes are given.

Another common note produced by the cicadas is a clicking
sound. It is given rapidly and the end of the abdomen of the
insect is depressed with each click; one individual I noted lifted
the wings and swiftly depressed them at each emission of the
sound. This note is quickly taken up by nearby cicadas and
a clicking chorus is soon under way.

A note that I have not seen described is a zip, zip, z-e-e-e-e-
a-a-ah, of quite orthopteran quality. This note also is quickly
taken up by a number of individuals and in such a chorus, as
well as in the case of the clicking note, a considerable degree of
synchronism is apparent.

It was observed at Laurel, Md., that a large number, and
apparently a high percentage, of cicadas which had been com-
pelled to make their exit holes through a compact gravel walk,
were so injured in the process that they either did not win free
from the pupal shell, or having accomplished that failed to
complete their metamorphosis. The most common defect
was that the wings did not fully expand, being more or less
crumpled and withered in appearance; probably this was caused
by undue pressure on the wing pads occurring while the nymphs
were tunneling through the very hard sidewalk.

The following observation on a dragon-fly feeding upon the
Periodical Cicada is offered as a contribution to knowledge of
the predatory enemies of the insect. On May 30, 1919, near
Laurel, Md., I flushed a Tachopteryx thoreyi from near the

'Mat-late, C. L., Bui. 71, U. S. Bur. Ent. p. 85, 1907.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 23, NO. 9, DEC., 1921 213

ground, and found that the prey which it dropped was a periodi-
cal cicada; about half of the head of the cicada had been eaten
away.

The foregoing notes all refer to the larger seventeen-year
"locust" (Tibicena septendecim). The smaller form also was
locally abundant, and renewed observation of the very distinct
character of its song was made. A review of the literature
brings out the following points bearing on the specific character
of the dwarf form. This smaller insect seems never to inter-
breed with the larger, and notwithstanding ordinary variability
is distinct in size, color and genital characters as well as in song.
There seems no good reason therefore why it should not be con-
sidered a full species (Tibicena cassinii}. T. cassinii does seem
to be rather a camp-follower of T. septendecim, varying with it
in periodicity (in response to temperature no doubt) from 13
years for the southern to 17 years for the northern broods, but
this should not militate against its recognition as a species.
Doubtless one form was derived from the other, but it certainly
is not more difficult to consider them distinct, than two species
of Phyllophaga, for instance, which may have identical habitat,
food and life cycle. Geographic or seasonal isolation is no
longer regarded as essential to distinctness of species, it being
recognized that just as effective isolation may be due to more
subtle factors.

WILLIAM H. FOX.

Doctor William H. Fox, a former member of the Entomo-
logical Society of Washington, died at his home in Washington,
D. C., November, 1921. Doctor Fox was elected a member of
our Society November 3, 1887. From 1888 until 1893 he was
a member of the Executive Committee; during the year 1889
was Recording Secretary; he was a member of the Editorial
Committee for volume I. He took an active part in the earlier
meetings of the Society, presenting many notes and papers.
Most of these dealt with spiders although some presented new
facts about habits of insects. He described a number of new
species of spiders and was especially interested in their habits.
The collection which he prepared was sold to Cornell LTniversity
when it became necessary for Doctor Fox to discontinue his
avocation in favor of his vocation. Doctor Fox was a gradu-
ate of Yale, and for many years a member of the medical pro-
fession in Washington, D. C. He was a kind and thoughtful
man and loved bv all who knew him.

Actual date of publication, December j/, 1921 .

INDEX TO VOLUME 23

Acerentomon americanum, n. sp., 197; conurus,

n. sp., 197.
Acerentuloides, new gen., 199; bicolor, n. sp.,

199.
Acerentulus oculatus, n. sp.. 198; tenuiceps,

n. sp., 198.
Address of the retiring President, W. R.

Walton, 69.
ALDEN, C. H. with B. A. PORTER: Anaphoidea

conotracheli Girault an egg parasite of the

Apple maggot, 62.
Ambopogon hyperboreus, Further notes on,

107.

Anapausis cismarina, n. sp., 124.
Anaphoidea conotracheli an egg parasite of

the Apple maggot, 62.
Anomala aenea, Description of larva, 53.
Aphis, Origin of the word, 101.
Apple maggot. Eggs parasitized by Anaphoidea

conotracheli, 62.

Asilid fly, A new from the Madeira Islands, 208.
Axymyia, new. gen., 49; to be added to the

Rhyphidae, SO; furcata, n. sp., 49, SO.
BAKER, A. C.: On the family name for the

Plant lice, 101.
BARBER, H. G.: Revision of the genus Lygaeus

Fabr., 63.

Bombyliidae, A new genus of, 23.
BOVING, ADAM G.: The larva of Popillia

japonica and a closely related undetermined

Ruteline larva, 51.
BUSCK, AUGUST, and CARL HEINRICH: On the

male genitalia of the Microlepidoptera and

their systematic importance, 145.
Calopelta, new gen., 23; fallax, n. sp., 23.
Catantops viridifemoratus, n. sp., 32.
CAUDELL, A. N.: Some new Orthoptera from

Mokanshan, China, 27.

Cerambycid beetle, A new from California, 206.
CHAPIN, EDWARD A.: Remarks on the genus

Hystrichopsylla Tasch., with description of

a new species, 25.

China, Some New Orthoptera from, 27.
Chrysochraon anomopterus, n. sp., 32.
Cicada, The mouth parts of, 1; Notes on, 211.
COCKRELL, T. D. A.: A new Asilid from the

Madeira Islands, 208.
Conocephalus breviventris the prey of Tachy-

tes, 103.

CRAIGHEAD, F. C.: Larva of the North Ameri-
can beetle Sandalus niger, 44.
CRAMPTON, G. C.: Notes on the Ancestry of

Hymenoptera, 35.
CRAWFORD, J. C.: A new species of the Chal-

cidid genus Zatropis, 171.
CUSHMAN, R. A.: The males of the Ichneu-

monid genera Myersia and Thaumato-

typidea, with description of new species, 109.
CUSHMAN, R. A., and A. B. GAHAN: The

Thomas Say species of Ichneumonidae, 153.
Desmocerus dimorphus, n. sp., 207.
-Diptera, Two new species of, 125.
Dipterous parasites of European corn borer,

127.

Dipterous parasites of Sawflies, 41.
Drymadusa mokanshanensis, n. sp., 34.
Entomological drawings and draughtsmen, 69.
Entomological Society of Washington : Address

of the retiring President, W. R. Walton, 69.

Eosentomon pallidum, n. sp., 195; vermiforme,
n. sp., 194.

Epipleurotropis Girault a synonym of Pleuro-
tropis, 117.

European corn borer, A dipterous parasite of,
127.

EVVING, H. E.: New genera and species of
Protura, 193.

Fernald, Charles Henry, Notice of death of, 68

FISHER, W. S.: A new Cerambycid from Cali-
fornia, 206.

Fox, William H., Notice of death of, 213.

GAHAN, A. B.: Remarks on the genus Pleuro-
tropis, with description of a parasite of
Trachelus tabidus Fabr., 113.

GAHAN, A. B., with R. A. CUSHMAN: The
Thomas Say species of Ichneumonidae, 153.

Geea, new gen., 29; conspicua, n. sp., 30.

Genitalia of the males of Microlepidoptera, 145.

Goodia, A new species belonging to, 99; kahli,
n. sp., 99.

Gooseberry sawfly, Homologies suggested
between larva and adult, 173.

GREENE, CHARLES T.: A new genus of Bomby-
liidae, 23; Dipterous parasites of Sawflies,
41; Further notes on Ambopogon hyper-
boreus Greene, 107; Two new species of
Diptera, 125.

HEINRICH, CARL, with AUGUST BUSCK: On the
male genitalia of the Microlepidoptera and
their systematic importance, 145.

HERBERT, FRANK B.: The genus Matsucoccus,
with a new species, 15.

HOLLAND, W. I.: A new species belonging to
the Goodia, 99.

Homologies suggested between Sawfly larvae
and adults, 173.

Hymenoptera, Notes on the Ancestry of, 35.

Hystrichopsylla, Remarks on the genus, 25;
Key to the species, 26; mammoth, n. sp., 25.

Ichneumonidae of Thomas Say, Neotypes of,
153.

Lygaeospilus, new subgen., 65.

Lygaeus, Revision of the genus, 63; Key to
subgenera and species, 63; Synonymy and
distribution, 67; rubricatus, n. sp., 65, 67.

Machimus portosanctanus, n. sp., 208.

Madeira Islands, A new Asilid fly from, 208.

Male genitalia of Microlepidoptera, 145.

Matsucoccus, The genus with a new species, 15;
Description of the genus, 15; Key to the
species, 16; acalyptus, n. sp., 20; fasciculensis,
20; matsumurae, 17.

McATEE, W. L.: Description of a new genus
of Nemocera, 49; District of Columbia
Diptera: Scatopsidae, 120; The Periodical
Cicada, 1919; brief notes for the District
of Columbia Region. 211.

Megaulacobothrus, new gen., 27; fuscipennis,
n. sp., 28.

Melanotus hyslopi, n. sp., 210.

Microentomon, new. gen.. 199; mimutum, n.
sp., 200.

Microlepodoptera, On the male genitalia of,
and their systematic importance, 145.

MIDDLETON, WILLIAM: Some notes on the
terminal abdominal structures of sawflies,
139; Some suggested homologies between
larvae and adults in sawflies, 173.

214

INDEX

215

MYERS, P. R., with J. S. WADE: Observations

relative to the recoveries of Pleurotropis

epigonus Walker, 202.
Myersia, Key to females, 109; grandis, n. sp.,

110; johnsoni, n. sp., 110; laminata, descrip-
tion of male, 110.

Nemocera, Description of a new genus of, 49.
Neotypes of Thomas Say Ichneumonidae, 153.
Obituary Notice of Charles Henry Fernald, 68.
Obituary Notice of William H. Fox, 213.
Orthoptera, Some new from Mokanshan,

China, 27.
PARKER, J. B.: Notes on the nesting habits of

Tachytes, 103.

Phlaeoba brachypters, n. sp., 30.
Phorocera meracanthae, n. sp., 126.
Phvllopertha horticula, Description of larva,

S3.

Plant lice, On the word Aphis, 101.
Plecia, Generic characters of, 50.
Pleurotropis, Remarks on the genus, 113;

benefica, n. sp., 117; epigonus, 202; utahensis,

113, 114.
Pleurotropis epigonus Walker, Observations

relative to recent recoveries of, 202; History

of, 202.
Popillia japonica, Description of larva, 53;

Other Scarabaeid larvae likely to be mistaken

for it, 58.
PORTER, B. A., and C. H. ALDEN: Anaphoidea

conothacheli, an egg parasite of the Apple

maggot, 62.
Protentomon, new gen., 195; transitans, n. sp.,

196.

Protura, new genera and species of, 193; Com-
parison between palearctic and nearctic, 200.
Pseudacriasoides Girault, a synonym of Pleuro-
tropis, 113.
Pteronidea ribesii, Homologies suggested

between larva and adult, 173.
Pyrausta nubilalis, A dipterous parasite of, 127.
Reichertella, Key to the District of Columbia

species, 123.
Rhagoletis pomonella, Eggs parasitized by

Amaphoridea conotracheli, 62.
Rhegmoclema, Key to the District of Columbia

species, 123; barrus, n. sp., 123; floralis, n.

sp., 123; willistoni, n. sp., 124.
Rhyphidae, Characters of the family, 50;

Table of subfamilies, 51; Another anomalous

Dipteron of, 50.
Rutelini, Characterization of larvae, 51;

Description of an undetermined larva of. 56.

Sandalidae, new family, 45.

Sandalus niger, Larva of, 44, 46.

Sawflies, Dipterous parasites of, 41; Some notes

on the terminal abdominal structures of, 139;

Homologies suggested between larvae and

adults, 173.
Say, Thomas, The Ichneumonidae described

by, 153.
Scarabaeid larvae likely to be mistaken for

Popillia larva, 58.
Scatopse, Key to the species from District of

Columbia, 121; tibialis, n. sp., 122.
Scatopsidae of the District of Columbia, 118;

Key to genera, 120.
Schiodte's Characterization of Ruteline larvae,

51.
SHANNON, RAYMOND C.: Another anomalous

Dipteron added to the Rhyphidae, 50.
SNODGRASS, R. E.: The mouth parts of the

Cicada, 1.

Strigodermia arboricola, Description of prob-
able larva, 56.

Sturmia sociabilis, n. sp., 125.
Swammerdamia, Key to the District of Colum-
bia species, 122.

Tachinidae parasitic on Sawflies, 41.
Tachytes, notes on the nesting habits of, 103;

breviventris, 104; dubia, 103.
Tenthredinidae, see Sawflies.
THOMSON, W. R., and M. C. THOMSON:

Studies of Zenillia roseana B. & B., a para-
site of the European corn borer, 127.
Tibicena cassinii, Notes on, 213.
Tibicena septendecim, Mouth parts of, 1 ; Notes

on, 211.
Trachelus tabidus. Description of a parasite

of, 113, 117.
WADE, J. S., and P. R. MYERS: Observations

relative to recent recoveries of Pleurotropis

epigonus Walker, 202.

WALTON, W. R.: Address of retiring President:
Entomological drawings and draughtsmen;

their Relations to the development of

economic Entomology in the United States,

69.
Zatropis, A new species of the Chalcidid genus,

171; Species referred to the genus, 171;

tortricidis, n. sp., 172.
Zenillia roseanae, Studies on, 127; Description

of larval stages, 128; of the adult, 134;

Biology, 136.
ZWALUWENBURG, R. H. VAN: Melanopus

hyslopi, n. sp., 210.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

WASHINGTON

VOLUME 24

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, D. C.

1922

ACTUAL DATE OF PUBLICATION OF VOLUME 24.

Number 1 — pages 1- 32 inclusive 'January 31, 1922.

Number 2 — pages 33- 64 inclusive February 14, 1922.

Number 3 — pages 65- 84 inclusive March 23, 1922.

Number 4— pages 85-108 inclusive April 20, 1922.

Number 5 — pages 109-126 inclusive May 26, 1922.

Number 6— pages 127-158 inclusive July 3, 1922.

Number 7-8— pages 159-206 inclusive November 18, 1922.

Number 9 — pages 207-244 inclusive; i-iv December 30, 1922.

PRESS OF

H. L. & J. B. MCQUEEN, INC.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME 24.

Page

ALDRICH, J. M.: A new genus of two-winged fly with mandible-like labella 145
BARBER, H. G.: Two new species of Reduviidae from the United States

(Hem.) 103

BARBER, H. S., with SCHWARZ, E. A

BOVING, ADAM G., and CHAMPLAIN, A. B.: The larvae of the North

American beetle Zenodosus
sanguineus Say of the family

Cleridae 9

BUCHANAN, L. L.: Notes on Apion, with descriptions of two new species

(Coleopt., Curculionidae)

BUSCK, AUGUST, and HEINRICH, CARL: Life History of Ethmia macelhosi-

ella Busck (Lep.) 1

CAUDELL, A. N.: A diving wasp 125

CHAMPLAIN, A. B., with BOVING, ADAM G

COCK.ERELL, T. D. A.: New bees from the Madeira Islands 31

CRAMPTON, G. C.: A comparison of the first maxillae of Apterygotan
insects and Crustacea from the standpoint of Phy-

logeny 65

The derivation of certain types of Head capsule in In-
sects from Crustacean prototypes 153

CUSHMAN, R. A. The identity of a Hymenopterous parasite of the alfalfa

leaf weevil 64

The identity oiHabrobracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hym.

Braconidae) 122

The identity of Ichneumon coccinellae Schrank (Hym.) . 241

BELONG, M. M., with SANDERS, J. G

EWING, H. E.: Three new species of peculiar and injurious spider mites . 104

FISHER, W. S.: Notes on Agrilus lateralis Say (Coleopt.) 124

GAHAN, A. B.: A list of Phytophagous Chalcidoidea with descriptions of

two new species

GARRETT, C. B. D.: New Tipulidae from British Columbia (Dipt.) . . .

HEINRICH, CARL, with BUSCK, AUGUST

HILL, CHAS. C.: A preliminary account of two Serphoid (Proctotrypoid)

parasites of the Hessian fly 109

HOLLAND, \V. J.: Cakpteryx maculata Beauvois. An interesting photo-
graph

SANDERS, J. G., and DELONG, M. M.: New species of Cicadellidae (Hom-

optera) from the eastern and
southern United States .... 93
SCHAUS, W.: New species of Pyralidae of the subfamily Crambinae from

Tropical America

Notes on the neotropical Epipaschiinae with descriptions
of new genera and species

[iii]

SCHWARZ, E. A., and BARBER, H. S.: The specific names of two Otiorhyn-

chid weevils of Florida .... 29

SHARP, Dr. DAVID, Obituary note of 207

SNODGRASS, R. E.: Mandible substitutes in the Dolichopodidae .... 148
TAK.AHASHI, RYOICHI: Two new genera of Aphiidae (Homopt.) .... 204
THOMPSON, W. R.: On the Taxonomic value of larval characters in

Tachinid parasites (Dipt.) 85

WALTON, W. R.: Address of the Retiring President: The Entomology of

English Poetry ....-.-.•.-..'. 159

WICK.HAM, H. F.: Weevils of the genus Apion injurious to beans in Mexico 118
VAN ZWALUWENBURG, R. H.: External anatomy of the Elaterid genus

Melanotus (Coleopt.) with remarks on
the taxonomic value of certain characters 12

VOL. 24

JANUARY, 1922

No. 1

PROCEEDING

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SO

OF WASHINGTON

TY

CONTENTS

BOVIXG, ADAM G. AXD CHAMPLAIN, A. B. — THE I.ARVA OF THE NORTH

AMERICAN BEETLE ZEXODOSUS SAXGUI.V EUS SA\ OF THE FAMILY

CLERIDAE . . 9

BUSCK, AUGUST AXD HEIXRICH, CARL. — LIFE HISTORY OF ETHMIA MACEL-

HOSIELI.A BUSCK (l.EP.) ... 1

COCKERELL, T. D. A. — NEW BEFS FROM THE MADEIRA ISLANDS . ... 31

SCHWARZ, E. A. AND BARBER, H. S. — THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF TWO OTIO-

RHVNCHID WEEVILS OF FLORIDA

VAX ZWALUWEXBURG, R. H. — EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ELATERID GEXUS
MELANOTUS (COLEOP.) WITH REMARKS OX THE TAXONOMIC VALUE
OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS .

29

12

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VOL. 24 JANUARY 1922 No. 1

LIFE HISTORY OF ETHMIA MACELHOSIELLA BUSCK. (LEP.)

Bv AUGUST BUSCK AND CARL HEINRICH.

Ethmia macelhosiella was described in 1907 (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., vol. 8, p. 93) from a single male specimen collected late
in September, 1904, near St. Louis, Mo., by Mr. H. A. McElhose.
The species was considered rare and remained unknown except
for this unique type in the National Museum until the fall of
1916. On November 8, 1916, Mr. E. A. Schwarz brought from
Plummers Island, Maryland, a vial containing half a dozen
moths with the remark: "What is that common thing? There
are a hundred thousand millions of them on the island." The
moths were our rare Ethmia. The authors went the same day
to the island and found the striking black and white moth
abundant everywhere on the tree trunks as reported. Plum-
mers Island had probably been explored entomologically more
than any other American locality and the reason of our missing
this conspicuous species during all these years is partly explained
by the fact that it is not equally abundant every year, but more
so by the unusually late appearance of the moths, at a season
when the collecting of Lepidoptera is normally abandoned.
There was no clue to be discovered at that time of the year as
to its food plant and it was not before early last spring that we
gained further knowledge of the species.

On May 5th last year (1920) Mr. Herbert Barber brought in
a small, prettily striped caterpillar found on a tree trunk at
Plummers Island.

An examination of the setal arrangement proved the cater-
pillar to be an Ethmia. The authors immediately accompanied
Mr. Barber to the island in search of more material. Such
we found quite abundant on or near tree trunks. Apparently
the caterpillars were full grown and in search of suitable
quarters for pupation. Diligent search of the plants growing
in the immediate neighborhood was for a long time without
result and about to be abandoned when Barber discovered one
of the larvae on the leaf of a Phacelia. Renewed search on this
plant on a lower and more shaded, undisturbed part of the
island soon resulted in additional specimens. The brightly
striped larvae are quite conspicuous and feed exposed in full

2 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

view, but drop to the ground when disturbed and are easily
lost sight of. They were all full grown at this date and on the
point of leaving their foodplant. A search for the larvae a
week or even a day later would have been futile. When full-
grown the larva wanders from the foodplant in search of a
suitable log or tree trunk in which to pupate. There they
sometimes find accidental holes or cracks to satisfy them, but
much more often they bore into the sound bark, chewing their
way with the mandibles and leaving the chips behind as tell-
tale evidence of their presence, an evidence quickly effaced by
rain or wind. About a quarter of an inch or more from the
surface the larva makes a snug chamber, lining it with silk.
Here it pupates a few days later, remaining as pupa all through
the summer and fall.

Many larva were taken home for rearing and they were
observed boring their way laboriously into solid bark of Cork
Elm taken along for the purpose. Others were given the
ingenious, ready made pupation blocks covered with isinglass,
invented and employed by the economic workers of the Bureau
of Entomology in Dr. Quaintance's Division. The Rthmia
larva at once adopted these, thus saving themselves the hard
work of boring their own holes. They merely lined and closed
the small chambers with silk, pupating head outwards to enable
successful issue of the adult.

On a sunny day late in October or early in November the
adults appear and copulate on the tree trunks, flying rather
sluggishly when disturbed. An effort was made to keep moths
over winter under various conditions, but it was unsuccessful.
All of them died within a few weeks without laying eggs. It is
probable that in nature the moths live over winter, at least
the females, and that they deposit their eggs on the foodplant
in the spring. The foodplant has only a very short season in
April and early May. Then it disappears and there is no
evidence of it above ground. If the eggs of macelhosiella are
laid on the foodplant, which is the most reasonable supposition,
then the adult female must hibernate until early spring. But
the possibility that the eggs may be laid in the fall on the
ground or on the tree trunk and that the young larvae go in
search of their foodplant when it appears in the spring is not
excluded by our present observation.

However this may be, the active life of this insect is confined
to a very short larval period in early spring and to an adult
period of a few days in early winter during which copulation
takes place. Through the entire summer it remains inactive
as pupa within the bark and during the winter it hibernates
inactively as adult (or possibly as egg). The eggs were not
obtained and it is not definitely known where anil how they
are deposited. Dissection of the abdomen of several fertilized

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

females disclosed only some 20 to 40 rather large eggs in each
female, but it is possible that additional eggs may be formed
before egglaying begins.

A technical description of the known stages follows:

Larva— (Plates 1,2, Figs. 1,2, 3, 4, 10) full grown 18-20 mm. long by 2-2.5
mm. wide. Ventral and ventro-lateral surface of body pale smoky grey white;
lateral area white, more or less suffused with pinkish and with occasional slight
suffusion of yellow, the white area extending in a continuous, clearly defined,
longitudinal band the length of the body and including the areas of the spiracle,
thoracic setae III, IV and V and abdominal setae IV and V; above the spiracle
a broad subdorsal longitudinal band of smoky black including all the setal areas
above the spiracles; along mid dorsum a rather narrow, sharply defined longi-
tudinal yellowish white strip faintly suffused with pink and dividing both the
thoracic and anal shields; chitinized areas about tubercles large, round or oval,
deep dull black; legs strongly chitinized with chitinized areas shiny jet black;
crochets of prolegs black, 26 to 30; chitinized attachment of proleg muscles in
prolegs black, conspicuous; thoracic and anal shields deep, dull black; body
setae moderately long, black; setae group VII on 9th abdominal segment con-
sisting of a cluster of several minute hairs; spiracles small, round, with chitin-
ized rim black. Head and chitinized areas of trophi shining jet black; an
irregular transverse white band extending across the top of the head and includ-
ing in its area setae A2, A3 and Adfl; ocellar lenses whitish.

The presence of secondary hairs on some part of the body
coupled with the normal micro arrangement of three setae
(III, IV and V) on the prespiracular shield of prothorax and
of the close approximation of setae IV and V under the spiracle
on the pro-leg bearing abdominal segments appears to be
characteristic of the family Ethmiidae. In E. macelhosiella
the secondary hairs are limited to a small cluster in group VII
on the 9th abdominal segment.

Pupa. — (Plate 2, Figs. 7, 8, 9) 9.5 mm. long by 3 mm. wide at widest part;
dark brown, rather stout; somewhat flattened; abdomen laterally swollen
between abdominal segments 4 ami f-., widest at abdominal segment 5. With-
out spines or hairs of any kind, entire surface however finely and irregularly
corrugated (see Fig. 7a). Cephalic end rounded; vertex distinct, rather
narrow; labrum prominent; labial palpi very small; mandibles rather large;
maxillary palpi not reaching proximo-lateral angles of maxillae; maxillae less
than half the length of the wing cases; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs half
the length of the wing cases; antennae reaching to tips of wings; no femora
exposed; wings extending to anterior margin of fifth abdominal segment;
spiracles minute, round, not produced; caudal end of abdomen bluntly rounded,
bent under and appressed for last three segments; sutures between abdominal
segments 5-6 and 6-7 wide and deep; segments 8, 9, 10 narrow; abdominal 10
entirely ventral and flatly appressed. Anal prolegs (apl) with their crochets
present; anal and genital openings slit-like, the latter lying between the prolegs;
cremaster absent.

4 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

The most striking and characteristic features of the pupae in
this family are : the retention of anal prolegs from the larval
stage ; the even flattening of the entire pupa and the laterally
swollen abdomen with its bent under appressed terminal
segments.

(Plates 1, 2, 3, Figs. 5, 6, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15). Male antennae blackish
brown very indistinctly annulated with white and with undersides of first
joint white; second joint of labial palpi black with white base; terminal joint white
with a few black scales. Face white with black edges towards the eyes. Head
white with a small central black dot on vertex. Thorax white with a central
longitudinal, black line and two small posterior black dots. Patagia white
with black base. Forewings white with a slight roseate tinge and sparsely
sprinkled with black scales; from base to just below apex a conspicuous black
longitudinal streak, partly interrupted at the end of the cell by a round pure
white dot, the black streak narrowly edged below and partially above by a thin
more or less interrupted line of bright orange scales; the black scales in the upper
part of the wing tend to form longitudinal streaks; a row of ill-defined black
dots before the cilia along the terminal edge. Cilia white. Hindwings light
fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, each joint tipped with white and anal tuft
yellowish white. Venation typical of the genus.

The females are considerably smaller than the males and much darker
(Comp. figs. 5 & 6), the forewings more sprinkled with black scaling and the
central longitudinal line broader than in the males; hindwings blackish fuscous
with light fuscous cilia. Male genitalia (Pis. 2,3, Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14) with
uncus broad, hood-shaped, slightly bilobed;soci absent; gnathos a large, strongly
chitinized bulging central plate, heavily spined at apex; vinculum simple;
annullus large, semi-cylindrical, fused with transtilla and partly fused with
harpes, with two large flaring lobes; aedoeagus large with stout, strongly
curved "blind sack" below the entrance hole of the penis, mouth bilobed;
cornuti consisting of two long slender spines; harpes broadly fused at base with
anellus and a broad undifferentiated transtilla; costa separated by distinct
sutures from the rest of the harpes; sacculus large, apex sharply pointed, cu-
cullus armed with a few long costal spines.

The female genitalia with strongly chitinized dorsal and genital plates;
ductus bursae with a spiraled, strongly chitinized median part; bursaecopulatrix
large, oval, with oblong triangular spined signum (Plate 3, Fig. 15).

Alas expanse males: 26-28mm.
females: 22— 24mm.

The male genitalia are typical of the largest group of Ethmia to which tnacel-
hosiella belongs (discostrigella Chambers, geranella Busck, umbrimarginella
Busck, semitenebrella Dyar, etc.) but are at once differentiated by the acutely
pointed apex of the harpes.

TERMS USED IN FIGURES HEAD OF LARVA (Figs. 1-2).

Al, A2, A3 .......... anterior group of setae.

Aa .............. anterior puncture.

ADFR ........... adfrontal ridge of frons.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

A D F S adfrontal suture.

El, E2 epistomal setae.

Fl frontal setae.

Fa frontal puncture.

Fr frons.

Gl genal seta.

LI lateral seta.

LR longitudinal ridge of frons.

O1,O2,O3 ocellar setae.

Oa ocellar puncture.

PI, P2 posterior setae.

SO1,SO2, SO3 subocellar setae.

SOa subocellar puncture.

X ultra posterior setae and punctures.

TERMS USED IN SETAE MAP OF LARVA (Fig. 3).

TI, Til first and second thoracic segment.

AIII, AYIII, AIX third, eighth and ninth abdominal segments

TERMS USED IN FIGURES OF PUPA (Fig. 7-8;.

a antenna.

ao anal opening.

ge glazed eye.

go genital opening.

11 prothoracic leg.

12 mesothoracic leg.

Ib labrum

Ip labial palpi

md mandible.

mp maxillary palpi.

ms mesothorax.

mt metathorax.

mx maxilla.

se sculptured eyepiece.

v vertex.

w wing.

TERMS USED IN FIGURES OF GENITALIA (Figs. 11,12, 13, 14).

Ae aedoeagus.

An anellus.

Cn cornuti.

Gn gnathos.

Hp harpes.

Tg tegumen.

Ts transtilhi.

U uncus.

Vm . vinculum.

PLATE 1

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL 24

ADFS

6

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

PLATE 2

10

u

PROC. ENT. SOC WASH., VOL. 24

HP —

u

14

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 9

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The drawings were made by Mr. Harry B. Bradford under the direction of
the authors.

Plate 1.
Fig. 1. Head capsule of larva, front view.

2. Head capsule of larva, side view.

3. Setal map of body segments of larva.
" 4. Larva.

5. Wings of male.

6. Forewing of female.

Plate 2.

Fig. 7. Pupa, dorsal view.

7a. Section of pupa skin, showing sculpture.

8. Pupa, ventral view.

9. Pupa, side view.

10. Abdominal proleg of larva.

11. Male genitalia of moth, front view; aedoeagus removed.

12. Male genitalia of moth, back view; aedoeagus removed.

Plate 3.
Fig. 13. Male genitalia, side view.

14. Male genitalia, front view.

15. Signum of female bursa copulatrix.

THE LARVA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BEETLE ZENODOSUS
SANGUINEUS SAY OF THE FAMILY CLERIDAE.

BY ADAM G. BOVING AND A. B. CHAMPLAIN.

The description of the following form adds another genus to
those previously described by us.1

Zenodosus sanguineus Say.

( = Thaneroclerus sangnineiis Say.)

(Plate 4, figs. 1-11.)

U. S. Nat. Mus., Wash., D. C.; four specimens of which one
specimen is dissected and mounted on two slides; labeled:
Zenodosus sanguineus Say, Harrisburg, Pa. In mines of
Ptinids and Calandrids in dead scar on living Betula. Larvae
collected and adults reared by A. B. Champlain.

Total length of body, about 10 mm.; extreme width, about 1 mm.; extreme
thickness almost 2 mm.; anterior width of prothorax about 1^2 mm. Head
capsule with length to width as 5 : 4. Chitinous parts shiny. Head capsule
dark Indian red; mandibles dark brown, almost black; prothoracic shield brown
ochre, posteriorly with two slightly darker colored spots, medianly with fine
light line, meso- and metathoracic plates, basal plate <>t cerci and claws sepia
brown: other chitinized parts brown ochre to pale brown; membranous parts
vermillion red with slightly lighter pattern above heart and muscle attachments;

'Adam Boving and A. B. Champlain: Larvae of North American beetles of
the family Cleridae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, No. 2323, p. 620.

10 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

intersegmental membranes slightly lighter red than segments. Setae pale
yellow. Mandible with two setae. Spiracles very small; the mesothoracic
spiracle with diameter in proportion to diameter of abdominal spiracles as
3 : 2; peritrema and finger-shaped tubes slightly chitinized. Basal plate of
cerci circular, flat, well chitinized, covers median half of the dorsal surface of
ninth abdominal segment; cerci entirely absent.

The present larva agrees in general shape, in size, color and
almost every detail, except the complete lack of cerci, with the
larva of Thaneroclerus girodi Chevrolat. In the family Cleridae
it belongs to the sub-family "D," established on larval charac-
ters by Boving and Champlain.1 The genus Zenodosus Wol-
cott has been separated by Wolcott2 from the genus Thaner-
oclerus Spinola, in which the present species hitherto was placed.
This separation, however, is hardly supported by any valid
larval characters. The only difference between the larvae of the
two genera as represented by Thaneroclerus girodi Chevrolat
and Zenodosus sanguineus Say is rudimentary cerci in the
former and no cerci in the latter form. All the other generic
characters are identical as comparison will show between the
generic description of Thaneroclerus given by Boving and
Champlain3 and the present figures 1-1 1, Plate 4.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4.<

Zenodosus sanguineiis Say.

Fig. 1. Ocelli and antenna, external view.

Fig. 2. Left mandible, ventral side.

Fig. 3. Labrum and clypeus, external view (epipharyngeal plate shining

through).

Fig. 4. Right mandible, dorsal side.
Fig. 5. Ocelli and antenna, internal view.

Fig. 6. Larva, lateral view, slightly turned to show the epicranial suture.
Fig. 7. Mesothoracic spiracle.
Fig. 8. Third abdominal spiracle.
Fig. 9. Left leg of first pair.
Fig. 10. Maxillae, labium, mentum, submentum, gular plate with large conical

protuberance.
Fig. 11. Basal plate of cerci on the dorsal side of ninth abdominal segment.

'Adam Boving and A. B. Champlain: Larvae of North American beetles of
the family Cleridae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, No. 2323, p. 620.
2Ent. News, Vol. XXI, 1910, p. 321.
3L. c., p. 621.
4Drawings by Adam G. Boving.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

PLATE 4

•'<\'H:

12 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ELATERID GENUS MELANOTUS

(COLEOP.) WITH REMARKS ON THE TAXONOMIC

VALUE OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS.1

Bv R. H. VAN ZWALUWENBURG.

In the following study of the general external anatomy of
the Melanotus adult, discussion is confined to American repre-
sentatives of the genus, and detailed descriptions are drawn
either from M. fissilis Say or M. communis Gyllenhal, both
widely distributed species throughout the eastern United
States. Throughout the genus, as far as the writer has ex-
amined, there is a great uniformity in the general anatomical
features.

Form elongate; unicolorous (only leonardi Leconte and
taenicollis Leconte are bicolored); varying with the species
from yellowish brown to black; size varies from less than
5 mm. (insipiens Say) to more than 18 mm. (9 decumanus
Erichson).

HEAD. (M. fissilis Say, fig. 1.) Oval in outline as seen
from above, with eyes somewhat protruding. Occipital fora-
men higher than wide, its lateral margins slightly converging;
the superior margin (Spm, fig. 1) regularly curved on its median
portion with its sides oblique and nearly straight to the lateral
margins; inferior margin sinuate between the gular sutures
(fig. 2). Lateral and superior margins with a finely rounded
carina.

Throughout the genus a heavy carina (shown in fig. 2 in
profile at the posterior margin of the eye) arises on the anterior
end of the gena near the mandible, and extends backward and
upward at a varying distance from the margin of the eye; it
is most strongly pronounced along the basal third of the eye,
less so on the upper part of the gena, and finally (in fissilis
Say) ending in a more or less distinct, impressed line on the
occiput, varying somewhat in length but usually extending
about halfway along the inner margin of the eye. and parallel
with it.

The occiput in fissilis Say is finely and closely punctate; the
upper part of the gena impunctate and shiny. Across the
epicranium a sudden transverse coarsening of the punctuation
to a widely umbilicate character marks the approximate
position of the anterior margin of the pronotum in the undis-
sected insect. Anteriorly and ventrally the gena is narrowed
between the maxilla and the eye to the inferior basal margin
of the mandible (fig. 2).

'Note. — The writer is indebted to Dr. A. G. Boving, Dr. G. C. Crampton,
Mr. J. A. Hyslop and Mr. R. E. Snodgrass for reading the manuscript and
offering valuable suggestions, and to Mr. K. M. King for verifying some of
the details in the drawings.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 13

Throughout the genus the fronto-buccal region inclines for-
ward and downward (figs. 3 & 4). The frons is strongly
transverse, bounded laterally by the eyes and anteriorly by
the free margin of the frons (Fm, fig. 1). The frons is flat to
feebly convex in fissilis Say and in most other species; in
decumanus Er., it is strongly concave. The free margin of
the frons is distinct throughout the genus; rounded broadly
or acutely or subtruncate, according to the species; in a few
species deflexed over the fronto-clypeal region.

Thefronto-c/ypea! region (FCL, fig. 5, M. fissilis Say) is the
area bounded laterally by the eyes, above by the free margin
of the frons, and below by the base of the labrum and the
insertion of the mandibles; it bears the antennal bases and is
always transverse. A suggestion of a suture on either side
below the antennal foveae separates vaguely the clypeus from
the frons.

The fovea of the antenna (Ant Fov, figs. 3, 4 & 5) is located
near the lateral margin of the fronto-clypeal region and a little
above the middle. Leading from it in a downward and out-
ward direction is a shallow, opaque antennal fossa which in
some species continues across the exteiior basal part of the
mandible. Situated between the antennal foveae is another
pair of foveae, here termed the par antennal foveae (Prt Fov,
figs. 3, 4 & 5) which are extremely variable in form. The
parantennal fovea may be only a shallow impression (fissilis
Say and communis Gyll.) or a wide ear-shaped chamber with
deep recesses entering sideways into the cranium behind the
anterior face of the parantennal region (^Sagittarius Leconte and
Melanotus sp., fig. 3). For the taxonomically important area
between the parantennal foveae Dr. Boving suggests the term
parantennal region (Prt A, figs. 3, 4 & 5). Besides the foveal
differences, the shape of the parantennal region (transverse,
quadrate or vertical), and its plane with reference to the rest
of the fronto-clypeal region, promise to be of great value in
the taxonomy of the genus.

In all the species examined the eye is nearly hemispherical
and somewhat emarginate at the lateral extremities of the free
margin of the frons.

The labrum (fig. 6") is transverse, convex and coarsely punc-
tate; its superior margin straight, the sides and lower margin
broadly rounded. This structure varies little in shape through-
out the genus. On its inner face is the membranous epipharynx
which is partially visible below the lower margin of the labrum
(ep, fig. 6).

Mandible. (Mnd, figs. 5, " & 8.) External part robust,
strongly curved, cleft near the apex, and in some species rugosely
punctate; the left overlying the tip of the right; the right man-
dible a little more strongly curved than the left. In some species

14 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

a fovea enters more or less sideways the external face of the
mandible near its base (Mnd fov, fig. 3); this fovea varies in
shape and size, and is entirely absent in about half of the
known American species, including communis Gyll. andjissi/zs
Say. The prostheca (prs. figs. 7 & 8) is broadly rounded,
pubescent along its free margin and prominent when the
mandible is extended. In the species examined its superior
surface is shiny except for an opaque, suboval area near its
base. The flexor muscle (fix, figs. 7 & 8) is strongly developed
and is attached along the middle of the basal margin; the
weaker retractor muscle (rtr, figs. 7 & 8) used only in opening
the mandible is attached in the condylar fossa. The posterior
condyle (pc, fig. 8) is strongly developed and with its articula-
tion forms a ball-and-socket joint. The anterior condyle
(ac; figs. 7 & 8) is less prominent; it bears a shallow longitudinal
depression on its side along the fossa, into which the condyle
of the clypeus fits.

Throughout the genus, as far as the writer has examined,
the mental suture (mt sut, fig. 2) lies just back of a sharp, anteri-
orly deflexed carina which forms the posterior margin of the
submentum. The outline of the gula (fig. 2) is clepsydral
(resembling an hour-glass) being strongly constricted behind
its middle. The gula is declivous on its anterior part from the
mental suture to its narrowest point; the part behind the con-
striction is sharply raised above the plane of the narrowest part
of the sclerite.

Labium (figs. 2 & 9, M.fissilis Say). Except for its sharply
carinate, anteriorly recurved posterior margin, the submentum
(Smt, figs. 2 & 9) is evenly and deeply depressed as compared
with the gula. It bears two pairs of long, converging, anteriorly
directed hairs; its posterior margin is sinuate; its sides anteriorly
convergent, rising posteriorly to meet the level of the posterior
margin. The mentum (Mt, figs. 2 & 9) is semi-membranous,
its sides continuing the line of the submentum, and its anterior
margin nearly truncate with a small sinuation curving between
the bases of the palpigers. The ligula (Lgl, figs. 2 & 9) is mem-
branous, broadly triangular, with a median slit extending nearly
to its base; its anterior margin bears a fine pubescent fringe.
There is no trace of the paraglossae.

The buccal side of the ligula (fig. 10) is thickly covered with
short bristly hairs in communis Gyll. About half way down
the buccal face the slit ends in a semi-chitinous point. From
this point down along the median line toward the base is a
prominent carina which is accentuated by a thick fringe of
medianly directed hairs which curve upward from the bottom
of a concavity lying on either side of the median line. This
heavily pubescent carina ends posteriorly in a shallow depres-
sion which separates it from the hypopharynx (hyp. fig. 10).

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 15

The hypopharynx is suboval, pubescent and not prominent;
directly above and behind it is the buccal opening. As far as
could be seen in dried specimens of fissilis Say the ligula does
not differ appreciably on either face from that of communis
Gyll.

The labial palpus (LbPlp, fig. 9) is 3-jointed. \nfissilis Say
the first joint is short, barely longer than wide; the second is
nearly twice as long as the first along its internal margin, more
than twice as long on its external margin, obconical, slightly
arcuate; the terminal segment is twice as long as the second,
securiform, curved at its base, its internal and apical margins
subequal. The palpiger (plgr, fig. 9) is robust, about half as
long again as wide, and slightly arcuate.

Maxilla (described from M. fissilis Say) (fig. 11). The
cardo (Cd, figs. 2 & 11) is located in a depression of the gena,
and is separated on its external face from the basistipes by a
sharp transverse carina which extends on either side, continuing
the line of the posterior carina of the submentum. The cardo
is externally more prominent than the gular and genal areas.
The basistipes (Btp, fig. 11) bears a thick cluster of long bristles
on its exterior face below the palpus. (Note. — Dr. Crampton
points out to the writer that the terms "stipes" and "sub-
galea" as commonly used by coleopterists are morphologically
incorrect, the former being the basistipes and the latter the true
stipes). The lacinia (Lc, fig. 11) is a semi-membranous blade,
very thickly ciliate toward its external margin, and when at
rest lies along the interior margin of the galea. The gale a
(Gal, fig. 11) is oval, distinctly two-jointed, and is provided
with thickly set cilia on the apical segment. The galeal and
lacinial brushes curve upward toward the buccal cavity. The
maxillary palpus (MxPlp, figs. 2 & 11) is large and 4-jointed.
The first joint is small and subspherical, and is attached to the
slightly smaller, oblique palpifer (plfr, fig. 11); the second joint
is elongate obconical and slightly longer than the third; the
third is also obconical and distinctly arcuate; the fourth is
slightly longer than the second, broadly triangular, its interior
margin arcuate and about as long as the apical margin; its ex-
terior margin the longest and nearly straight.

The antennae of Melanotus are 11-jointed and the terminal
joint is entire, never being constricted to suggest a pseudo
12th segment as is the case in Parallelostethns, Crigmus, etc.
The basal joint is about 2>^ times the length of the second,
subcylindrical and distinctly arcuate. ' The second joint is
small and subglobular; the third is variable in size and shape
depending upon the species, \r\fissilis Say the fourth to tenth
segments are subtriangular, giving that part of the antenna a
serrate appearance, and are subequal in length. The eleventh
segment is elongate oval with the apex rather acutely rounded.

16 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

The size of the third antennal joint as compared with that of
the second and fourth is a character which has been used by
nearly every worker with the genus; in spite of the fact that
there are some intermediate and variable species, lack of more
satisfactory characters has made necessary its continued use.
The sexes can be distinguished by the presence of a thick and
erect pubescence on the inferior margin of the fourth to eleventh
antennal segments of the male (fig. 12). In some species this
pubescence is very short and therefore difficult to see (e. g.
cribricollis Candeze) but so far as the writer knows the character
can be seen in all the American species.

PROTHORAX. Throughout the genus the notum (fig. 13)
is roughly quadrilateral, but the outline of the lateral margins
is so variable within a species that this character has proved
less valuable than many earlier writers have supposed. The
anterior margin of the notum may be truncate or sinuate; the
anterior angles are sometimes produced and sometimes extend
no further anteriorly than the middle of the margin itself.
Posteriorly the notum of the prothorax is nearly truncate,
varied by slight sinuations. The posterior angles are generally
prominent, though varying in width and length with the species.
Medianly from each posterior angle, at a distance varying with
the species, is the short sulcus (sul, figs. 13 and 15) which varies
somewhat in length, width and direction; it is apparently of
slight taxonomic value. Another character sometimes, but
not often, useful is the presence or absence of a median basal
groove on the notum (shown in fig. 13)

The posterior angle always bears one carina and in some
species a second, more or less well-defined, which diverges
inwardly. Candeze and other writers have attached much
importance to um- and bicarination, much more in the present
writer's opinion than the character merits, for in many species
a series of specimens will show all gradations from a well-defined
second carina to the most vague and uncertain suggestion of
bicarination; this is particularly true of decumanus Er. The
first carina is variable in length, and the second, when present,
is always the shorter.

The notal punctuation is variable, but is generally (except in
opacicollis Leconte and gradatus Leconte) noticeably sparser
and finer on the disc than on the rest of the notum.

The relative length and width of the notum have been very
generally used in the taxonomy of the genus, but unfortunately,
writers have differed in their use of these measurements, with
the result that much confusion has arisen. The present writer
has found it convenient to confine himself (as Candeze usually
does) to the use of the median measurements ', as indicated in the
figure of M. communis Gyll. (ML and MW, fig. 13). Through-
out the genus the relative width of the prothorax is greater in
the female than in the male.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 17

The anterior foramen of the notum is regularly and trans-
versely elliptical, except for the more strongly arched margin
of the sternum and the anterior excavations of the sterno-
pleural sutures. In fissilis Say the posterior foramen of the
pronotum (fig. 15) has the superior margin strongly arched and
very sinuate, being brought down on the sides to meet the
posterior margin of the fused pleura and the inflexed part of
the notum at a point about midway between the apex of the
posterior angle and the juncture of the pronotal-epipleural
margin with the coxal cavities; this superior margin of the
foramerr is strongly reentrant just before attaining the lateral
margin. The sides of the foramen are strongly convergent
ventrally but are separated below by the coxae and the mucro.
Above the superior margin of the foramen, and meeting it only
along the middle, is the transverse posterior margin of the
plane of the notal disc, extending between the posterior angles
and bearing the sulci. This leaves on either side of the center
and above the posterior foramen, a roughly triangular, deeply
excavate area bounded by the superior margin of the foramen,
by the posterior margin of the plane OF the disc of the notum
and by the exterior half of the posterior margin of the pronotal
epipleura or tergo-pleural region.

The sternum of the prothorax throughout the genus is convex
and longitudinal, with the sides subparallel as far as the coxae
(St 1, fig. 16, M. fissilis Say). Anteriorly it is broadly rounded
and more or less deflexed, depending upon the species, to form
a vague lobe (PtL, fig. 16) whose free margin is finely raised.
On either side the sternum is bounded by externally concave,
.double sterno-pleural sutures (Sps, fig. 16) which are somewhat
widened and excavate anteriorly. Posteriorly these sutures
curve outward and the inner of them ends in a small pit near
the anterior edge of the coxal cavity. The outer suture con-
tinues backward, passing around the coxal cavity and finally
disappearing in the general direction of the posterior angle as
a vague sinuate line more or less parallel with the posterior
margin of the pronotal epipleura.

Posteriorly the sternum of the prothorax is sharply narrowed
by the coxal cavities to form the prosternal process or mucro
(figs. 13 & 16). \\-\fissilis Say the mucro is slightly concave
between the coxae, with its lateral margins somewhat rolled;
along the posterior third of the coxae the mucro becomes
gently declivous, at the same time narrowing more sharply on
its ventral than on its dorsal face; its tip is slightly declivous,
forming a blunt apical point which curves gently toward the
body.

Between the sterno-pleural sutures and the lateral margin of
the notum lies a wide area, the proiiotal epipleura or tcrgo-
pleural area (PE, fig. 16) which is composed of the inrlexed

18 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

part of the tergum of the prothorax and the pleura, which are
indistinguishably fused together. Anteriorly the outline of this
area is subogival (more or less resembling a pointed arch);
for a short distance along the middle its sides are nearly parallel;
its posterior margin is oblique and widely sinuate and bears
the vague suture described above. This pronotal-epipleural
area is nearly flat except for a shallow excavation near the
posterior angle.

The coxae of the prothorax are subglobular and prominent.

MESOTHORAX. Little of the notum of the mesothorax is
visible without removing the elytra, except the prominent
elevation of the scutellum (scl, fig. 14) which rises between
the bases of the elytra to approximately the plane of their
disc. In communis Gyll., the prescutum (psc, fig. 14) is roughly
yoke-shaped, transverse and has a medianly reentrant anterior
margin and a strongly depressed central area. It bears the
anterior notal wing process (ANP, fig. 14). The elevated
portion of the scutellum is suboval and prominent, sloping
away sharply on either side to the axillary cord (AxC2, fig. 14).
The scutum (set, fig. 14) is small and closely fused with the
scutellum; it bears the posterior notal wing process (PNP, fig.
14). The structure of the notum of the mesothorax is generally
uniform in all the species so far examined.

The sternum of the mesothorax (St 2, fig. 17) \nfissilis Say is
roughly pelecoidal (i. e., like the axe of the Roman fascis),
and except for its posterior intercoxal portion is not so promi-
nent ventrally as the sternum of themetathorax. The anterior
margin is double, being split transversely; each of these anterior
edges is interrupted by a prominent median bifid knob which
marks the anterior end of the mesosternal cavity. The lateral
margins of the sternum slope away to meet the coxal cavities.
The posterior margin of the sternum is defined by the regularly
rounded coxal cavities which are separated by a space equal to
about one-third the width of the anterior margin of the sternum.
The posterior part of the sclerite ends at the narrowest point
between the coxae, and the margin is marked by the transverse,
deeply incised meso-metasternal suture. The mesosternal
cavity (MsC, figs. 17 & 18), which occupies about one-third
the entire area of the sclerite, is roughly oval; its posterior
margin is met by the concave, declivous intercoxal portion of
the mesosternum.

The episternum of the mesothorax (eps2, fig. 18) in fissilis
Say, is roughly triangular, with its exterior angle bluntly
rounded; its anterior margin is sinuate and oblique; its interior
margin is concave. Its exterior margin is convex and on its
anterior part has an oblique marginal cleft just below the exterior
angle, into which the inflexed margin of the elytron fits when
at rest.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 19

The epimeron of the mesothorax (epm2, fig. 18) in fissilis
Say suggests rather vaguely an anvil. Its short anterior
margin is transverse. The interior margin is divided distinctly
into a posterior and an anterior portion; the anterio-interior
portion is concave; the posterio-interior portion partially
closes the coxal cavity. The posterior margin is concave and
contiguous with the sternum and part of the episternum of the
metathorax. The exterior margin is thick and somewhat sul-
cate to receive the margin of the elytron; the outermost edge
of this marginal cleft combines with the anterior margin of the
sclerite to form an acute external angle.

The coxae of the mesothorax are subspherical, rather large,
but not protruding (Cx2, fig. 17).

METATHORAX. The notum of the metathorax (fig. 14)
is semi-membranous, and in communis Gyll., is subquadrate.
The scutellum (Scl, fig. 14) divides the scutum (set) by a narrow
median tongue extending forward from a more robust basal
scutellar area from which the axillary cord (AxC3, fig. 14)
extends on either side. Each longitudinal division of the
scutum is partially divided by a transverse suture into anterior
and posterior areas, the former of which bears the anterior notal
wing process (ANP, fig. 14), and the latter the posterior notal
wing process (PNP). The postscutellum or postnotum (PS,
fig. 14) is strongly transverse and partially divided by a broken
transverse suture.

The sternum of the metathorax (St 3, fig. 17) is convex. In
.fissilis Say it is subquadrate, its anterior margin roundly
emarginated by the coxal cavities of the mesothorax. Its
lateral margins are straight and slightly divergent posteriorly.
The posterior margin is sinuate, acuminate at the middle with
the apex of the acumination finely emarginate. The. posterior
coxae (Cx3, fig. 17) are contiguous with the sternum along the
entire length of its posterior margin except for a separation
along the median line. The sternum bears a median longi-
tudinal impressed line which varies with different species in
depth and length; it may prove of taxonomic value in some
cases.

Of the pleura of the metathorax only part of the episternum
(eps3, figs. 17, 19 & 20) is visible when the elytra are closed.
The entire episternum (fig. 19) in communis Gyll., is elongate
and roughly triangular; it ends anteriorly in the wing process
and parapterum (WP & P, fig. 19). The portion concealed
beneath the closed elytron is semi-corneous, while that part
ordinarily visible is oblong, about six times as long as wide,
and as heavily chitinized as the sternites. The two parts of the
episternum are separated by an impressed line, and the con-
cealed area is slightly depressed.

The epimeron (epm3, figs. 19 & 20) of communis Gyll., lies

20 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

in two planes, a lateral and a dorsal. The lateral plane is very
narrow and elongate anteriorly, widening behind to form a
rough parallelogram. On the dorsal plane is a distinctly semi-
chitinized subtriangular. plate the posterior corner of which is
separated by a suture from the rest of the plate. The rest of
the dorsal area of the epimeron is membranous except for its
anterior portion which is semi-chitinous along its outer margin
where it fuses with the tergo-pleural membrane, gradually
becoming more strongly chitinized anteriorly until it ends in
the wing process (WP, fig. 20).

The coxae of the metathorax (Cx3, fig. 17) are flat throughout
the genus, strongly transverse, gradually narrowed outward,
and separated along their inner margin. The posterior margin
is sulcate or strongly excavate for the reception of the femora.

The legs of Melanotus are not remarkable. The pectination
of the claws is characteristic of the genus; while two other
Elateroid genera in America have pectinate claws (Eniconyx
and Aptopus}, they are not easily confused with Melanotus.
There is considerable variation in the number and character
of the pectinations in Melanotus, but as Candeze has said, not
only does the pectination vary in the same species and in the
same individual, but even in the two claws of the same tarsus.

The elytron throughout the genus bears nine striae. It is
strongly deflexed along its anterior third and at the humeral
angle. The disc is flat to feebly convex anteriorly, depending
on the species, and distinctly convex posteriorly. The outer
margins of the elytra of the females are subparallel to their
middle or posterior third, depending on the species, and thence
narrowed to the apex; in the males the elytra are narrowed
from the humeral angle or, in other species, from their anterior
third, to -the apex. The striations vary in form and depth
with the species; they are sometimes posteriorly (cribricollis
Cand.) or laterally (paradoxus Melsheimer) obsolete. The
interstrial spaces are flat or convex, and vary from finely and
sparsely (angustatus Erichson) to very coarsely (tenax Say and
dijficilis Blatchley) punctate. The anterior margin of the ely-
tron is transverse and sinuate with often a more or less prom-
inent knob at the base of the fourth stria. The anterior margin
of the elytra is always deeply emarginate to receive the scu-
tellum. The humeral angle is strongly carinate in some
species. The elytra are conjointly and acutely rounded and
in a few species (e. g., scrobicollis Leconte) the tip of each elytron
is sometimes faintly acuminate.

The wing (fig. 21) is of the Cantharoidean type as charac-
terized by Gahan (The Entomologist, v. 44, p. 121, 1911),
having the anterior branch of the media and the posterior
branch of the radius hooked so as to look like recurrent branches
of their respective veins. The second anal vein crosses and
interrupts the first anal vein throughout the genus.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 21

ABDOMEN. Only five abdominal segments are visible
ventrally (S3-S7, fig. 17), while seven are visible dorsally
(T1-T7, fig. 22). The first apparent ventral segment is there-
fore morphologically the third or the fused second and third.
Sometimes anywhere from one to three additional segments
are partially visible, but these form a protrusible carrier for
the external genitalia and are not ordinarily visible in dry
specimens. The outline of the abdomen is elongate triangular
with the sides gently arcuate, especially on the apical third.
The following descriptions of the abdomen are from communis
Gyll., but are applicable in general in every species the writer
has examined

The first six tergites (T1-T6, fig. 22) are membranous and
hardly distinguishable from the tergo-pleural membrane. The
median length of the first tergite is slightly less than that of the
second, and the two together are about as long as each of the
following five. The seventh tergite (T7, figs. 22 & 23) is similar
in both sexes; it is slightly narrower than the preceding segment,
slightly longer, and is moderately chitinized and flexible. Its
outline is roughly parabolic; it is fimbriate posteriorly and
broadly rounded medianly; emarginate on either side before
the apex, with a longitudinal impression beginning at the
emargination and continuing more or less parallel with the
lateral margin nearly to the base.

The tergum of the abdomen is bordered on either side by a
sharp lateral ridge (LR, fig. 22) extending from the second to
about midway of the seventh tergite. It is formed by the
pleura. A gutter-like channel into which the edge of the
elytron fits, separates it from the sternites.

Borne on the tergo-pleural membrane, and therefore visible
only dorsally, are seven pairs of spiracles, each marking a
urosegment (Spl-Sp7, fig. 22). The first spiracle (Spl, figs.
14 & 22) is wide and soft-lipped and deeply set in the membrane;
it is suboblong, extends along the entire length of the oblique
lateral margin of the first tergite and is arcuate on its anterior
fourth. The second spiracle is slightly elongate-oval, some-
what obliquely placed and is about one-fifth the length of the
first; it is located in a deep fold of the membrane about one-
third of a millimeter from the lateral ridge. The stoma of this
and the succeeding spiracles is somewhat chitinized. The
third to seventh spiracles are slightly smaller and rounder and
are located a little nearer the lateral ridge.

The sternites of the abdomen (S3-S7, fig. 17) are heavily
chitinized and strongly convex. The posterior angles of
sternites 4, 5 and 6 are somewhat produced, the prolongation
becoming more pronounced preceding posteriorly. The last
visible sternite is subtriangular, its sides arcuate and its apex
acutely rounded, \nfissilis Say the median length of the first

22 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

two visible sternites is subequal except for the intrusion of the
metathoracic coxae; the last sternite is about one-third longer
than each preceding pair. A narrow membrane connects the
last two visible sternites. The fifth visible sternite in different
species exhibits some variation in the degree of its convexity
and in the nature of its punctuation.

The number and character of the retractile segments of the
abdomen vary with the sex and the species (figs. 23, 24, 25
and 26). They are most easily seen in specimens which have
been prepared in dilute acetic acid.

Retractile segments of the male (described from communis
Gyll., figs. 23, 24 & 25). The eighth tergite is about as long as
the seventh, and about as wide. It is slightly longer than
broad; its sides are subparallel and broadly rounded on the
apical third, and fimbriate on its posterior margin; it is very
nearly flat and of the same degree of chitinization as the
seventh tergite. The ninth tergite is subquadrate; its poster-
ior margin is deeply emarginate, the outer third on either side
being free, while the inner third is fused with the tenth tergite.
The tenth tergite at its base is about two-thirds as wide as
the posterior margin of the ninth, and is subtriangular in out-
line. The ninth and tenth tergites are subequal in length,
together a little shorter than the eighth. They are less heavily
chitinized and more flexible than the eighth.

The eighth sternite is subquadrate, slightly wider at the
base and a little longer than wide; it is nearly flat, and along its
outer margins about as heavily chitinized as the corresponding
tergite. The ninth sternite is slender and bullet-shaped, about
two and one-half times as long as its basal width. It is narrowly
rounded and on the sides is flexed sharply upward. Its base is
membranous, but towards its apex it becomes well chitinized.
The tenth sternite is ovate and flat; it is flexible and about one-
third the length of the ninth sternite.

The pleurites are entirely membranous (fig. 24). A small
prominently-borne spiracle (Sp8, fig. 24) is present on the eighth
pleurite about halfway from the base of the eighth tergite; in
dried specimens it is usually completely hidden by the collapse
of the pleural region and the consequent approximation of the
tergite and sternite.

The anus (An, fig. 24) lies just beneath the tip of the tenth
tergite, and may be strongly everted.

Retractile segments of the female (described from communis
Gyll., fig. 26). The eighth tergite is subogival in outline, with
the sides almost parallel along their basal half; it is membranous
at the base but well chitinized apically; it is about two-thirds
the length of the seventh tergite. Its sides are flexed downward
along their basal third to partially enclose the pleurite, and just
beneath the flexed edge at about the point where it curves

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 23

upward to the dorsal plane is a small spiracle on the eighth
pleurite, borne on a small backwardly-directed prominence.
The ninth urosegment is entirely membranous and is not
differentiated into tergite, sternite or pleurite. It encloses
the ovipositor, being everted when that organ is extruded.

The eighth sternite is about two-thirds the length of the
seventh, about half as long again as wide, its sides subparallel
and rounded toward the apex. It is slightly narrower and
shorter than the eighth tergite. In fissilis Say the apical
margin is more or less acuminate medianly. The eighth
sternite is as heavily chitinized as the corresponding tergite.

As in the male, the pleurites are membranous. The writer
has been unable to trace the alimentary tract of the female to
its anal opening.

External genitalia of male (figs. 23, 24 & 25, M. communis
Gyll.) Throughout the genus the male genitalia are depressed
and consist of a basal piece (Bs) (orismology of Sharp and Muir)
which is chitinous and horse-shoe shaped, and encloses within
its open margin the bases of a slender median lobe (Mlb) and
two slender lateral lobes (Lib). The entire apparatus including
the basal piece and the three lobes is termed the aedeagus.
The basal piece is well chitinized on its lateral surfaces and on
its ventral face; the dorsal side of the median lobe and the entire
structure of the lateral lobes is likewise well chitinized. The
part within the horse-shoe of the basal piece, on its ventral
surface, the entire dorsal surface of the basal piece, and the
ventral side of the median lobe are membranous. The ejacula-
tory duct leads through the dorsal face of the basal piece to the
interior of the median lobe. The membranous ventral face
of the median lobe is perforated near its apex by the median
orifice (mo, fig. 24) through which the membranous internal
sac is everted when the apparatus is functioning. At such
time the membranous ventral surface of the lobe becomes
turgid, as does also of course, the everted internal sac. The
lateral lobes articulate laterally and are capable of opening at
nearly right angles to the median lobe. (Note. — The orienta-
tion of the male genitalia is apt to be confused due to the fact,
that when fully exerted the aedeagus is bent upon the turgid
membranous structure which supports it, upward and forward,
and its surfaces become reversed, as shown in fig. 24. The
terms ventral and dorsal as here used refer to directions when
the genitalia are at rest within the body.)

Valuable taxonomic characters have been found in the male
genitalia in the shape and relative slenderness of the median
lobe, and especially in the shape of the lateral lobes (see fig. 1).
One group of species (to which belong fissilis Say and co/mniviis
Gyll.) has the outer margin of the lateral lobe strongly angu-
•lated near its apex; the second group (containing cribulosus

24

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

Leconte and trapezoideus Leconte) has the lateral margin
straight or simply curved, but in all cases entire. Within
these two groups there are many variations of shape which have
proved to be of specific value. On the other hand
unquestionably distinct species tend to group
about certain genitalic types. The presence or
absence of an angle on the outer margin of the
lateral lobe is not consistently correlated with
any recognized external character.

External genitalia of female (fig. 26, M. communis
Gyll. & fig. 27, M. sp.). Throughout the genus
the ovipositor is a slender, rather depressed, trans-
parent, cylindrical tube, ending in a bulbous
structure which bears the genital valves (GV) and
the terminal styli (Sty). The valves and styli
are finely and sparsely haired. The genital valves
are elongate and spatulate, articulating laterally.
Each is surmounted near its apex by a cylindrical
stylus about one-third as long as the valve. Show-
wing conspicuously within the cylindrical part of
tne °vip°sitor, and connecting posteriorly with
hyshpiVanZwa\u- a. less conspicuous pair in the bulb, is a pair of
narrow, elongate, flexible chitinous rods (Rd)
which serve to strengthen the ovipositor when it is thrust into
the nidus at oviposition. As the ovipositor belongs more
properly to a consideration of internal, rather than external
anatomy, a more detailed description is left for future discussion.
Although the writer has not studied the female genitalia as
carefully as those of the male, it is apparent that they do not
offer such satisfactory characters as the male aedeagus does.

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE FIGURES.

A 1, A2 —first and second anal vein.

AJ — antennal joint.

An —anus.

Ant Fov — antennal fovea.

'ANP — anterior notal wing process.

Ax — axillary sclerites by which the wing articulates with the scutum

of the metathorax.

AxC — axillary cord (2, of mesothorax; 3, of metathorax).

B — basalar plate; the parapterum of Snodgrass.

Bs —basal piece of aedeagus.

Btp — basistipes, a subdivision of the true stipes; the "stipes" of cole-

opterists.

Cd — cardo.

description of this species and reference to this figure see Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., vol. 23, no. 9, 1921, p. 211.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 25

Cu 1 , Cu 2 — first and second cubitus.

Cx — coxa (2, of mesothorax; 3, of metathorax).

CxC — coxal cavity.

F. —eye.

EL — elytron.

FCL — fronto-clypeal region.

Fm — free margin of frons.

Gal — galea.

GV — genital valve of ovipositor.

H -head.

LbPlp —labial palpus.

Lbr — labrum.

Lc — lacinia.

Lgl — ligula.

Lib — lateral lobe of aedeagus.

LR — lateral ridge of abdomen.

M — membrane.

M 1, M2 — first and second media.

ML — median length of notum of prothorax.

Mlb — median lobe of aedeagus.

Mnd — mandible.

Mnd fov — tovea of mandible.

MsC — mesosternal cavity into which the mucro fits when at rest.

Mt — mentum.

MW — median width of notum of prothorax.

MxPlp — maxillary palpus.

Nt —notum of prothorax.

Ov — ovipositor.

OvSh — sheath of ovipositor, which is everted when ovipositor is extruded.

PA — posterior angle of prothorax.

PE — pronotal epipleura; the tergo-pleural area.

PNP —posterior notal wing process.

PrtA — parantennal region.

Prt Fov — parantennal fovea.

PS — postscutellum or postnotum.

PtL —anterior lobe of sternum of prothorax; the prosternal lobe.

R 1, R 2 — first and second radius.

Rd — chitinous rod of ovipositor.

S — sternite of abdomen, numbered to show the segment to which

it belongs.

Sc — subcosta.

Smt — submentum.

Sp — spiracle; those of abdomen numbered to indicate the segment to

which they belong.

Sprn —superior margin of occipital foramen.

Sps — sterno-pleural suture; "prosternal suture" of Candeze and others.

St — sternum (I, ot prothorax; 2, of mesothorax; 3, of metathorax).

26 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

Stp —the true stipes according to Dr. Crampton; the "subgalea" of

coleopterists.

Sty — stylus of genital valve of ovipositor.

T — tergite of abdomen, numbered to indicate the segment to which

it belongs.
Ur9 — ninth segment of abdomen, forming in the female Melanotus, the

sheath of the ovipositor, and not differentiated into tergite,

sternite or pleurites.
WP — wing process,

ac —anterior condyle of mandible.

car — carina.

•

ep — epipharynx.

epm — epimeron (2, of mesothorax; 3, of metathorax).

eps — episternum (2, of mesothorax; 3, of metathorax).

fix — flexor muscle.

gul sut — gular suture.

hyp — hypopharynx.

mt sut — mental suture.

mo — median orifice of median lobe of aedeagus.

plfr — palpifer.

plgr — palpiger.

pip —palpus.

pc — posterior condyle of mandible.

prs — prostheca.

psc — prescutum.

rtr —retractor muscle.

scl — scutellum.

set — scutum.

sul — sulcus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE 5.

1. Head of Melanotus fissilis Say, in dorsal aspect.

2. -Ventral view of head and mouthparts; M. fissilis Say.

3. Lateral view of head and part of prothorax; Melanotus sp.

4. Lateral view of head and part of prothorax; M. fissilis Say.

5. Frontal and slightly ventral view of head and prothorax; M. fissilis Say.

6. External view of labrum, with edge of epipharynx visible; M. fissilis Say.

7. External (superior) view of right mandible; M. communis Gyll.

8. Lateral view of right mandible; M. communis Gyll.

9. External view of labium; M. fissilis Say.

10. Buccal aspect of labium; M. communis Gyll.

11. Left maxilla; M. fissilis Say.

12. First four antennal joints of M. fissilis Say, male and female, showing erect

pubescence on 4th joint of male.

13. Head and prothorax in dorsal aspect; M. communis Gyll.

14. Meso- and metathorax, dorsal view; M. communis Gyll.

15. Posterior view of prothorax; M. communis Gyll.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

PLATE 5

Fffl

PLATE 6

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

SP», TtL

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 29

16. Prothorax in ventral aspect; M.fissilis Sa;. .

17. Ventral view of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen; M.fissilis Say.

18. Latero-ventral view of pleurites of mesothorax; M. Jlssilis Say.

PLATE 6.

19. Latero-ventral view of left pleurites of metathorax; M. communis Gyll.

(partially diagrammatic).

20. Dorsal view of left epimeron of metathorax (showing parts nor visible in

fig. 19), and portion of notum of metathorax; M. communis Gyll.

21. Wing of Melanotus sp.; from balsam slide mount.

22. Dorsal view of abdomen with elytra and wings removed; M. communis

Gyll. (fimbriation of last segment omitted).

23. Dorsal view of protusible abdominal segments of male M. communis Gyll.

with aedeagus lying along the plane of the body axis; (fimbriation of
7th and 8th tergites omitted).

24. Lateral view of protrusible abdominal segments and aedeagus of male

M. communis Gyll., with aedeagus directed forward over the tergum,
the position assumed when fully extruded.

25. Ventral view of protrusible abdominal segments of male M. communis

Gyll. In this figure only the bottom of the basal piece is visible, the
aedeagus being held at right angles to the body axis in this instance.

26. Dorsal view of protrusible abdominal segments of female M. communis

Gyll., with ovipositor fully extruded.

27. Apex of ovipositor; Melanotus sp.; drawn from balsam slide mount.

THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF TWO OTIORHYNCHID WEEVILS OF

FLORIDA.

BY E. A. SCHWARZ AND H. S. BARBER, U. S. Bureau oj Entomology.

Incorrect application of the names for our two species of
Pachnaeus recently became apparent and the correction should
be noted before the changes appear in forthcoming biological
notes.

One species is abundant in tropical Florida from near Miami
to Key West, and the other, common from central Florida
(Tampa, Crescent City, Lake Poinsett, etc.) to Alabama and
North Carolina, being recorded also from New Jersey. Simp-
son, in his very readable popular account of the natural history
of southern Florida,1 discusses the dual character of the fauna
and flora, and it appears to us that the two species here con-
sidered offer a striking parallel to the cases he cites (pp. 144-5);
—'that our northern form of Pachnaeus was perhaps part of the
pre- or- interglacial fauna of north Florida long before the
drift- or tempest-borne migrants from the West Indies (to which
fauna the second species belongs) began to find lodgment on
the newly forming reefs which now constitute the most southerly

»"In Lower Florida Wilds" by C. T. Simpson, 1920, G. P. Putnam's Sons.

30

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

part of the U. S. The northern form seems to be very closely
related to a species ( P. citri Marshall 1918) recently described
from Jamaica, and the southern form appears to be identical
with a Cuban species. The two species are most readily
distinguished by the degree of sinuosity of the suture between
the pronotum and elytra, as shown in the accompanying
figure.

P. op»Aua Oliv. (=

Her*)

otO\iv)

When Horn, 1876, recognized that two species were to be
distinguished among these green weevils, he appears to have
committed an error in applying the old specific name to the
wrong species and in describing the old species as new. At
that time none of our American coleopterists knew much of the
tropical forms living adjacent to our southern border, and even
to-day we are just beginning to realize that many of the peculiar
species of Florida, Texas or Arizona are only strays from com-
plex tropical groups. Their nomenclatorial status can only be
determined after study of the greatly involved and often very
unsatisfactory literature and specimens representing our
knowledge of the fauna of the American tropics.

Of the series in the National Collection we are unable to
distinguish between those from south Florida and those from
Cayamas, Cuba, which have been identified as the Cyphns
litus of Germar 1824 (Ins. Spec. Nov. p. 451) except that the
latter average slightly larger, but there seems to be considerable
doubt as to Schoenherr's 1840 (Gen. et Spec. Curcul., vol. 6,
p. 426) record of its occurrence in Mexico.

The synonymy of our two species of Pachnaeus may be indi-
cated thus:

Pachnaeus opalus (Olivier 1807). Type data, Carolina (Bosc). Range, N. J.
to Central Fla.

Syn. Pachnaeus distans Horn 1876. Type data, Cedar Keys & Capron,

Fla. (Hubbard & Schwarz).

Pachnaeus litus (Germar 1825). Type data, Cuba. Range, Cuba, South Fla.
(Mex.?)

Syn. Pachnaens opalus Horn 1876 et auct. — non Ol'v.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922 31

NEW BEES FROM THE MADEIRA ISLANDS. (HYM.)

Bv T. D. A. COCK.ERELL.

Three of the species now described were collected by Wol-
laston, the greatest student of the entomology of the Atlantic
Islands, and placed in the British Museum as tar back as 1858.
The fourth was recently obtained by myself in Porto Santo, an
island from which no bees had been recorded All ot the species
are closely related to European forms. These are the only
endemic bees described from Madeira, excepting the beautiful
Anthophora maderae Sichel, which the British Museum has
from Canical, Madeira, April 21-25, 1904. This Anthophora,
though a very striking form, is so near to the European A.
quinqnefasciata Vill., that authors treat it as a mere variety.
The bee-fauna of the Madeira Islands is certainly very limited
as Wollaston and Eaton obtained only eleven species, and I
found only two more. This fact, and the close relationship
of the endemic species to continental ones, indicate clearly
that the Madeiran bees are not relics of extreme antiquity,
such as many of the snails, but are derived from ancestors
which reached the islands in comparatively recent times.
Probably they date back to the Pleistocene, but certainly not
to the Miocene. During Tertiary time, it would seem that the
islands possessed no bees, or if they existed, they have become
extinct. Had there been Tertiary bees, we should expect to
find a fauna with numerous allied species, as in the Hawaiian
Islands.

Halictus wollastoni, n. sp.

Female. — Length about 5.5 mm.; a small species of the subgenus Chloralictus,
with the head and thorax bluish-green; abdomen very dark brown, with the
hind margins of the segments pallid; stigma dusky reddish, wings dusky. The
mesothorax may or may not show brassy tints. Very closely allied to H.
morio Fab., but the head and thorax are larger, the mesothorax dull and closely
punctured, the area of metathorax considerably longer. The type is a female.

Male. — Differs from morio by the much broader face, the clypeus not snout-
like, ami not at all pallid apically; mesothorax with a distinct median groove;
abdomen broader basally, not at all claviform. The flagellum is clear fer-
ruginous beneath.

Madeira, several of each sex in British Museum, collected by
Wollaston. One of the males has a darker stigma, and lacks
the median groove of mesothorax; it may possibly be distinct.
Some specimens have clearer wings.

Edward Saunders recorded this in 1903 as Halictus n. sp.,
near morio. In the Museum, it has stood as H. unicolor Brulle,
but quite erroneously, as that Canarian insect is entirely black.
Brulle described four Canarian species with green thorax, but
this seems to agree with none of them.

32 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 1, JAN., 1922

Andrena maderensis, n. sp.

Female. — Length about 12 mm.; very close to A.bimaculata Kirby, but differ-
ing thus: clypeus shining, with well separated punctures, smooth down the
middle; labrum fringed with shining red hair, and its process pointed; meso-
thorax posteriorly not distinctly punctate, and without a shining area: stigma
with a strong dark margin; nervures fuscous; second submarginal cell very
broad; area of metathorax less distinctly defined and less coarsely sculptured;
abdomen distinctly greenish, and first two segments without distinct punctures;
hair at apex of abdomen dark reddish; scope of hind tibiae redder, blackened
posteriorly. The dark chocolate facial foveae are like those of bimaculata.

Male. — Similar to A. bimaculata, but easily separated by the shining clypeus,
dark margined stigma, and other characters as in the female.

Madeira, 4 9, 2 cf, in British Museum (T. V. Wollaston).
This was recorded by E. Saunders as A. bimaculata var?

Andrena portosanctana, n. sp.

Female. — Like A. maderensis, and differing similarly from A. bimaculata,
but the thin abdominal hair-bands are white, without any fulvous tint, the apical
tuft is black; the wings are clearer, not so red; the hair of front and vertex
(but not occiput) is black, and on face dull white, but there is a conspicuous
reddish band from eye to eye at level of antennae; the discs of mesothorax
and scutellum have pure black hair, that on pleura is long and whke; the pro-
cess of labrum is more rounded, without a distinct point or tubercle; the clypeus,
though shining, lacks a distinct smooth median line. The greenish tint of the
abdomen is very obscure.

Porto Santo, near the south side of the Pico do Castello,
January, 1921, at flowers of Oxalis cernua and Calendula
(Cocker ell}. 3 9.

Andrena wollastoni, n. sp.

Female. — Like A . minutula Kirby, but area of metathorax dull and granular,
with sculpture hardly visible under a lens; mesothorax less punctured; stigma
larger and darker.

Male. — Recorded by E. Saunders from the Mount, Funchel (Eaton); the
specimens are in the British Museum. He remarks that they are apparently
minutula, a form with the mesonotum rugulose and with very distinct shallow
punctures, with the long-haired face characteristic of the first brood.

Madeira; eight in British Museum; the females collected by
Wollaston. A. pusilla Perez, from Constantine, Algeria, is
very similar, and agrees in the sculpture of the metathorax,
but is easily separated by the more shining mesothorax.

A single female, collected by my wife in Porto Santo, is
referred to A. wollastoni, though it is distinctly smaller and
otherwise slightly different. It was on flowers of Euphorbia,
north of the Villa Baleira, January 16, 1921. Possibly a series
would indicate a separate form.

Actual date of issue January 31 , 1922

VOL. 24 FEBRUARY, 1922 No. 2

PROCEEDINGS^ M,U1922

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

CUSHMAN, R. A. THE IDENTITY OF A H YMENOPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE

ALFALFA LEAF WEEVIL 64

GAHAN, A. B. A LIST OF PHYTOPHAGOUS CHALCIDOIDEA WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES 33

GARRETT, C. B. D. NEW TIPULIDAE FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (DIPTERA) . 58

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

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month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M.

Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1922.

Honorary President E. A. SCHWARZ

President A. B. GAHAN

First Vice-President • A. G. BOVING

Second Vice-President R. A. CUSHMAN

Recording Secretary C. T. GREENE

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor . A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE,

J. M. ALDRICH.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 24 FEBRUARY 1922 No. 2

A LIST OF PHYTOPHAGOUS CHALCIDOIDEA WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.1

B\ A. B. GAHAN.

Phytophagous habits among certain groups of Chalcidoidea
although strenuously disputed at one time are now established
and well known facts. C. R. Crosby in 1909 (Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 265, p. 368) gave a short resume of the
groups and species at that time known to be plant-feeders.
Included in this list are representatives of three families, viz.,
Agaonidae, Callimomidae (= = Torymidae), and Eurytomidae.
Excepting the Agaonidae or true fig insects, and the Callimomid
subfamily Idarninae associated with the fig-insects but whose
relationship is not clearly understood, all of the phytophagic
forms listed by Crosby, with one exception, are either seed
chalcids or grass and grain stem-infesting species. The single
exception is the Eurytomid, (Isosoma) Eurytoma orchidearum
Westwood, which infests the leaves and stems of orchids.

Crosby apparently overlooked two or three interesting
papers, and more recent literature has brought to light numer-
ous additional examples of phytophagic species. These
additional records not only involve other groups of Chalci-
doidea, but show an interesting diversity in modes of life.

Whereas Crosby's list showed representatives of only three
families, the present list includes species placed in six families.
The three not included by Crosby are Perilampidae, Encyrtidae,
and ' Eulophidae. There is considerable doubt in the writer's
mind whether all of the species are correctly placed but the
fact remains that they probably represent groups quite differ-
ent from those commonly known to include plant-feeding
species. In Ashmead's systematic arrangement of the families,
the Agaonidae are placed first and the Eulophidae last with the
four other families, in which phytophagy is said to occur,
ranging themselves between. This fact, provided they are
correctly classified, would seem to indicate that plant-feeding

'This paper is a contribution from the Division of Cereal and Forage Crop
Insects, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department <>t Agriculture. Credit
for the included list of phytophagous species is largely due to Miss Margaret
Fagan who has compiled from literature most of the references and data.

34 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

species may be looked for in other families and that ultimately
phytophagy may prove to be much more common than at
present suspected.

Seed-chalcids and joint- worm flies are by no means the only
phytophagic forms. Certain species are definitely stated to be
makers of galls, the galls in some instances at least showing a
marked resemblance to Cynipid galls. Other species are said
to bore in plant tissue much as do certain Coleoptera, Diptera,
and Lepidoptera.

The list of food plants is a varied one. Species are shown
to infest seeds of such widely different groups of plants as
Leguminaceae, Lauraceae, Pomaceae, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae,
Vitaceae,Mimosaceae, and Anacardiaceae, as well as the various
groups of conifers. The so-called joint worms are found attack-
ing a long list of grains and grasses and a new species described
herewith infests the young stems of bamboo. The gall-makers
are found on Acacia, Eucalyptus, Asparagus, Scutia, and on
other unnamed plants. Of the species which may be classed as
borers, one infests orchids, another lives in the fleshy part of
juniper berries, while still another is said to bore under the
bark of Eucalyptus.

Thus it will be seen that both in manner of living and in
the matter of food plants the phytophagous Chalcidoidea
exhibit no small degree of adaptability. So far as known none
of the species feed as exposed larvae, all being internal feeders
in the larval state. Doubtless this will prove to be an invariable
rule since the structure of the larva would need to be greatly
modified from the usual type in order to enable it to exist as an
external feeder. With this single limitation there seems to be
no good reason why they should be confined in their activity
to the few modes of living which have been enumerated. It
would appear entirely within the range of probability that
species may yet be found duplicating in their modes of living
many of the other internally feeding insects of other orders.
For example, many species of Chalcidoidea are parasitic upon
leaf-mining hosts, and, in the light of what has already been
shown, it would not be surprising eventually to discover a
Chalcidoid which is itself a genuine leaf-miner.

It may be noted here that not only are the phytophagous
forms distributed through a number of families but in many
cases they apparently do not offer even minor group characters
which will permit them to be differentiated even generically from
species known to be parasitic. Thus we find phytophagous
species of the genus Eurytoma which can be separated specifically
only with great difficulty from forms known to be parasitic upon
Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. The genera Synfomaspis,
Callimome, Megastigmus, and Tetrastichus each contains both

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 35

parasitic and phytophagous forms, if published records are to
be credited.

Attention should also be called to the fact that the phyto-
phagous species, so far as known, belong almost exclusively to
groups in which a large percentage of the related parasitic
forms breed in host larvae which are concealed within plant
tissue. Parasitic Eurytomidae and Callimomidae are largely
found infesting gall-makers, borers in wood or herbaceous
plants or insects which infest fruits or seed capsules. Rarely
if ever is a species of either of these groups parasitic upon a free
living or exposed larva. The phytophagous Eulophidae like-
wise apparently belong to groups in which many of the species
are parasitic upon gall-makers and leaf-miners although the
hosts are not so restricted as in the previously mentioned groups.
The single phytophagous genus and species of Encyrtidae
placed by its describer in the subfamily Eupelminae, tribe
Tanaostigmini, is unknown to the writer except through the
description and figure. The tribe is an anomalous one and its
relation to the Eupelminae is open to serious doubt. The known
species are not numerous. The type genus and species were
described by Howard (Ins. Life, vol. 3, 1890, p. 147) from
specimens cut from abnormally swollen ovaries of a leguminous
tree (Coursetia? mexicana), and the author was uncertain
whether the species was phytophagous or parasitic, although
he states that no indications of parasitism were found. Other
species of the tribe are said to be parasitic upon various species
of Coleoptera, which cause gall-like malformations of the seed
heads of Prosopis, Hibiscus, Helianthus, and other plants.
The phytophagous species of Perilampidae, if rightly placed,
would form an exception to this rule since true Perilampids are
usually associated, either as primary or secondary parasites,
with- free living host larvae. The writer is strongly inclined to
doubt the relationship of these gall-making forms to true
Perilampids. They appear to be more closely related to the
Decatomini, and it is not improbable that all ot these so-called
Perilampids really belong to the Eurytomidae (?) and that they
should constitute a separate subfamily made up of many
genera now placed in the Perilampidae, as well as several from
the Pteromalid tribe Isoplatini. The writer is not willing to
commit himself definitely on this point without further study.

Consideration of the foregoing facts very naturally starts a
train of speculation as to the evolution of the phytophagous
habit in Chalcidoidea. Were the Chalcidoids originallv
parasitic as a group with phytophagy a more recently acquired
habit? Were they as a group originally vegetable feeders and
is the present parasitic habit ot the vast majority ot the species
a later development, the phytophagous habit being retained
by only a comparatively few forms. Or were they originally

36 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

plant-feeders, later turning to parasitism and then again to
phytophagy, perhaps in a different form?

There can be no doubt that the progenitors of the Chalci-
doidea at perhaps the earliest period in their developmental
history were plant feeders. Whether the morphological break
away from the ancestral type of structure which resulted in the
development of the modern Chalcidoidea took place before the
beginning of the parasitic habit, coincidental with it, or whether
parasitism developed after the break is an interesting problem
but is beside the point. Unless one is willing to believe that they
arose from a source entirely separate from that of other insects
and at a later date, it is impossible to conceive of the Chalci-
doids and their ancestors always having been parasitic. The
possibility of such an origin will, I think, be rejected without
serious consideration and the first stated hypothesis may,
therefore, be discarded.

It is evident, then, that at some point in their evolution the
Chalcidoidea themselves or their ancestors were phytophagous
and that parasitism must have been a subsequent development.
The second and third hypotheses may be restated as one in the
following manner: Did a part of the original Chalcidoid stock
become adapted to a parasitic life while another part retained
its original plant-feeding habits, and could these two habit-
groups (if I may so designate them) maintaining such entirely
different modes of existence have come down to us through the
ages without any radical divergence in structure which would
enable us" at the present day to separate them into different
genera and only with great difficulty into different species?

I believe not. The very numerous and highly specialized
forms to be found among the Chalcidoids seem to indicate a
high degree of plasticity and it would appear extremely unlikely
that two such different modes of existence could be main-
tained throughout long geological periods without resulting in
the development of marked structural differences to correspond.
One would naturally expect structural differentiation between
two such habit-groups if long continued and it would be much
easier to believe that phytophagy as found to-day is a continua-
tion from ancestral type if it were at present confined to a
restricted group or to nearly related groups. Such is apparently
not the case, however, as we find it showing up more or less
sporadically throughout the superfamily and in such widely
separated groups, as regard specialization of structure, as
Eurytomidae and Eulophidae. Acceptance of the idea that
phytophagy on the one hand and parasitism on the other could
exist for any great length of time without differentiation of
structure would, it seems, in an inverse manner, entail rejection
of the fundamental principle that environment is one of the
controlling factors in structural modification. Verification of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 37

this point is apparently to be found in the Cynipoidea, another
group containing both parasitic and phytophagous forms.
While it is probably not possible to point to any one structural
character or group of characters which will separate the para-
sitic Cynipoids as a whole from the gall-making forms, it is
nevertheless true that certain more or less definite structural
groups are always parasitic while others are always phytopha-
gous and one is able to determine with considerable confidence
from examination of any given specimen whether it is parasitic
or phytophagous. This does not warrant the assumption that
phytophagy even among the Cynipoids is a continuation from
ancestral type but certainly does seem to indicate that it has
longer existed in this group than in the Chalcidoids.

Parasitic forms of the Chalcidoids have been shown to possess
to an extremely high degree the ability to adapt themselves to
different environmental conditions. Not only do they attack
successfully all manner of insect hosts under almost every con-
ceivable condition as regards environment, but they attack
them in the egg, larval, and pupal stages, and they may be either
primary parasites or hyperparasites. Some individual species
are not confined to a single host or to closely related hosts but
live at the expense of widely different hosts, in some cases
embracing even different orders. Several instances are known
of species that develop either as primary or secondary parasites
as circumstances determine. Considering these facts it seems
certain that if phytophagy had long existed it would be found
much more common than at present seems to be the case since
there appears to be no good reason why the phytophagous
forms should be more restricted in their powers of adaptation
than the parasitic forms.

The most important point confirmatory of the probable
recent development of phytophagy among Chalcidoids is found
in the assertion by three different authors that certain species
of Eurytomidae are parasitic in their early stages and finish
their development as plant-feeders. Nielsen has claimed
this to be the habit of an unnamed species of Eurytoma; Rimsky-
Korsakov has recorded the same habit for Harmolita hiquUhntm;
and Phillips asserts that Eurytoma pater follows the same mode
of development. There is evidence that this phenomenon
may occur in the development of other Chalcidoid species,
notably with some of the gall infesting species which have
been supposed to be commensals. Such a mode of development
if proven to be at all common would seem to leave little room
for doubt that phytophagy is a recent specialization.

On first thought the transition from a parasitic to a phyto-
phagic existence would appear to involve an extremely radical
ecological readjustment. One must, however, bear in mind
that these now phytophagous species were, as shown by their

38 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

parasitic relatives, probably originally parasitic upon some
internally feeding larva, frequently one living within a gall, or
possibly a seed or a grass stem. More than likely in every
instance the host larva lived in some such circumscribed
position where not only its movements were restricted but its
food confined to a particular kind of plant tissue. The para-
site larva attacking such a host externally would be in direct
contact with the plant food of its host. Feeding as it would
upon a larva whose food was restricted to a particular kind of
plant tissue, the food of the parasite would consist of the same
material after it had undergone digestion and assimilation by
the host. Just how great would be the chemical changes
involved in these processes is of course unknown. In the case
of an insect larva they would probably be relatively simple as
compared to those of higher animals. The nutritive require-
ments of the parasite doubtless approximate chemically those of
the host especially if the two be closely related as host and para-
site sometimes are. Be this as it may, the fact is established
that some insects are capable of accomodating themselves to
a degree to either animal or vegetable food. Examples of this
are found among Meloi'd beetles which live parasitically in
bees' nests, their young larvae first destroying the bee egg and
then feeding upon the vegetable contents of the cell. Canni-
balism is by no means an uncommon occurrence among certain
plant feeding Lepidoptera. Among Hymenoptera, the Ichneu-
monid, Grotea anguina Cresson has been shown to live parasiti-
cally in bees' nests destroying first the egg or young larva of the
bee and then feeding upon the bee bread. (Graenicher, Ent.
News, vol. 16, 1905, p. 44.) That certain species of Chalci-
doidea can and do develop partly as parasite and partly as plant
feeders has just been shown.

Partial phytophagy probably was first forced upon the para-
site by premature exhaustion of the natural food supply due
to attacking a host which was insufficient in itself to furnish
food for complete development. The transition from such a
habit to that of development entirely as a plant feeder does
not appear as such a difficult matter after all.

SPECIES CATALOG OF PHYTOPHAGOUS CHALCIDOIDS OTHER

THAN THE FIG INSECTS.

Following is a list, compiled from literature, of the species
of Chalcidoidea said to be phytophagous, omitting only the fig
insects, Agaonidae and Idarinae. Only those species are
included which have been expressly stated to be plant-feeders
or probably plant-feeders. Records such as "reared from
galls" or "reared from stems" have been disregarded unless
the author has definitely indicated that the species was probably

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 39

phytophagous. In most cases only the most comprehensive
account of the insect has been cited, no attempt having been
made to catalog all of the references to the individual species.
The host plant is given as found in the reference cited. For
corrected botanical names see appended list of host plants.

Family AGAONIDAE.

AGAON, BLASTOPHAGA, A\D RELATED GENERA. The fig-insects or caprifiers
of the figs (Ficus). The entire family is supposed to be phytophagous,
living in the seeds of figs.

Family CALLIMOMIDAE.

CALLIMOME TSUGAE Yano and Koyama, Rept. For. Bur. Tokyo, 1918, p.

38-58. (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A, vol. 6, 1918, p. 403.) Said to infest seeds

of Tsuga sieboldi in Japan.

IDARNINAE. — This whole subfamily is found associated with the true fig-
insects. Very little is known of their actual habits. Some are said to be

inquilines while others are believed to be true parasites of Agaonidae.
MEGASTIGMUS ACULEATUS (Swederus): Wachtl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 3, 1884,

p. 38-39. Said to be phytophagous in seeds of rose in Europe. Also recorded

from seeds of rose in North America by Crosby (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol.

6, 1913, p. 165); and in Japan, by Weiss (Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 10, 1917,

p. 448).
MEGASTIGMUS ALBIFRONS Walker: Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 6,

1913, p. 167-8. Reared from seeds of Pinus ponderosa from Placerville,

California.
MEGASTIGMUS AMELANCHIERIS Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 19,

C1917) 1918, p. 81. Reared from seeds of Amelanchior canadensis from

Pickens, West Virginia, French Creek, West Virginia, and North East,

Pennsylvania.
MEGASTIGMUS BALLESTRERII (Rondani): Stefani, Boll. Studi. Inform. R.

Giardina Col. Palermo, 4, 1917, p. 101-131. Reared from fruits of Pistacio

vera and P. terebinthus from Sicily. Probably occurs also throughout

southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor.
MEGASTIGMUS BORRIESI Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 6, 1913, p. 169.

Reared from seeds of Abies mariesi in Japan.
MEGASTIGMUS BREVICAUDIS Ratzeburg: Rodzianko, Comment. Torym., 1908,

p. 608-11. Reared from seeds of Sorbus aucuparia at Poltava, Russia.

Recorded also by Crosby (Bui. 265 Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1909, p. 375) from

Sorbus seeds in New York.
MEGASTIGMUS CRYPTOMERIAE Yano, Rept. For. Bur. Tokyo, 1918, p. 35-58.

Reared from seeds of Cryptomeria japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa in

J apan .
MEGASTIGMUS INAMURAE Yano, Rept. For. Bur. Tokyo, 1918, p. 35-58. Reared

from seeds of Larix leptolepis in Japan.
MEGASTIGMUS LARICIS Marcovitch, Can. Ent., vol. 46, 1914, p. 435. Reared

from seeds of Larix laricina du Roi at Ithaca, N. Y. Larva completely

devours the kernel.

40 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

MEGASTIGMUS LASIOCARPAE Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 6, 1913, p. 163.

Reared from seeds of Abies /asiocarpa, from Rye, Colorado.
MEGASTIGMUS NIGROVARIEGATUS Ashmead: Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.,

vol. 6, 1913, p. 158-60. Reared from seeds of Rosa rugosa and other roses.

Northern United States from Atlantic to Pacific.
MEGASTIGMUS PHYSOCARPI Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 6, 1913, p. 158.

Reared from Physocarpus pulijolius (probably from the seeds), at Allentown,

Missouri.
MEGASTIGMUS PICEAE Rohwer, Can. Ent., vol. 47, 1915, p. 97. Reared from

seeds of Picea sitchensis in California. Records of the Bureau of Entomology

show this species to have been reared from seeds of Picea engelmanni and

Picea parryana also.
MEGASTIGMUS PICTUS (Forster): Wachtl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 3, 1884, p. 214.

From seeds of rose in Germany.
MEGASTIGMUS PINUS Parfitt: Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 6, 1913,

p. 160. Infests seeds of Abies nobilis, A. magnifica, A. concolor, A. amabilis,

A. grandis, and Tsuga sp. Western United States.
MEGASTIGMUS PISTACIAE Walker: Wachtl, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 12, 1893, p. 28.

Lives in fruits of Pistacio lentiscus Linne. Probably phytophagous. France

and Italy.
MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS Wachtl: Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol.

6, 1913, p. 163. Infests seeds of Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Abies magnifica, A.

amabilis, A. grandis, A. concolor. Recorded in the Bureau of Entomology

from seeds of Abies shastensis also. Occurs in Europe and western part of

North America.
MEGASTIGMUS STROBILOBIUS Ratzeburg: Judeich and Nitsche, Lehrbuch

der Forstins., 1893, p. 704, 1339. From seeds of Abies pectinata. Germany.
MEGASTIGMUS THUYOPSIS Yano, Rept. For. Bur. Tokyo, 1918, p. 35-58. In

seeds of Thuyopsis dolabrata in Japan.
MEGASTIGMUS TSUGAE Crosby, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 6, 1913, p. 162.

Reared from seeds of Tsuga Mertensia hookeriana in the western United

States.
SYNTOMASPIS AMELANCHIERIS Cushman, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 19 (1917)

1918, p. 82-3. Reared from seeds of Amelanchier canadensis collected at

Pickens, West Virginia, and North East, Pennsylvania. Doubtfully phyto-
phagous. At least, sometimes parasitic on Megastigmus.
SYNTOMASPIS AUCUPARIAE Rodzianko, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, (1907), 1908,

p. 592-601. Reared from seeds of Sorbus aucuparia in Russia.
SYNTOMASPIS DRUPARUM (Boheman): Mokrzecki, Zeitschr. wiss. Insektb

2, 1906, p. 390-92; Crosby, Bui. 265 Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., 1909, p. 369;

Cushman, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 7, 1916, p. 487. Infests seeds of apple

(Pyrus) and of Mountain ash (Sorbus) in Europe and North America.
SYNTOMASPIS MYRTACEARUM da Costa Lima, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Janeiro

T. 19, 1916, p. 199. Phytophagous in seeds of Psidium guavava (Guava)

in Brazil.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 41

Family EURYTOMIDAE.

BEPHRATA CUBENSIS Ashmead: Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 19! 1,

p. 274. Infesting seeds of Anona in Cuba.
BEPHRATA PARAGUAYENSIS Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, 1911,

p. 274. Reared from seeds of Anona sp. received from Paraguay.
BRUCHOPHAGUS FUNEBRIS (Howard): Webster, Bur. Ent. Circ. 69, 1906.

Infests seeds of clover (Trifolium) spp. and alfalfa (Medicago safiva Linne.).

Probably cosmopolitan.
BRUCHOPHAGUS MELLIPES Gahan,1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56, 1919, p.

513; Eurytoma indi (Girault) Ramakrishna Ayyar, Rept. Proc. 3d Ent.

Meeting, Pusa, 1919, Calcutta, 1920, p. 315. PI. 9, fig./. Said to live in

the pods of dhaincha (Sesbania aegyptiaca), destroying the seeds. Also

recorded from "red gram pods" (Cajamus indicus) and from "agathi pods"

(Sesbania grandiflora). India.
DECATOMIDEA COOK.I Howard, Bur. Ent. Bull. Techn. ser. 2, 1896, p. 23. Reared

from grape seeds collected at Lansing, Michigan. Four specimens from

Vienna, Austria, reared from Iritis californica imported from California.
EURYTOMA ACACIAE Cameron, The Ent., vol. 43, 1910, p. 115. Infests seeds

of Acacia decurrens in New Zealand.
EURYTOMA AMYGDALI Enderlein: Rodzianko, Kiev, 1913, 10 pp. (Rev. Appl.

Ent., ser. A, vol. 2, 1914, p. 348); Lesne, Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, Paris, T.

6, 1919, p. 228-241, 14 figs. Infests mature seeds of almond in Bulgaria

and plums and apricots in Astrachan.
EURYTOMA JUNIPERINUS Marcovitch, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 1915,

pp. 166-68. Tunnels in fleshy part of fruits of Juniperus virginiana, at

Ithaca, New York.
EURYTOMA LARICIS Yano, Rept. For. Bur. Tokyo, 1914, pp. 35-58. Infests

seeds of Larix dahurica in Japan.
EURYTOMA LONGIPENNIS (Walker): Weijenbergh, Arch. Need. Sci. Exact.,

5, 1870, p. 420-7. Makes galls on Ammophila arundinacea (beach grass).

Holland.
(Isosoma} EURYTOMA ORCHIDEARUM (Westwood),2 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1882, p. 323, f. 13. Larvae injure buds of Cattleya in Brazil and Mexico.

Known to occur as a pest of orchids in the United States also.

Specimens of this species were examined by Girault and given the manu-
script name, Eurytoma indi. This identification was returned to the Govern-
ment Entomologist of India, but so far as known no description of the species
has ever been published by Girault. A later sending of material from the same
source came into the hands of the writer, who was at the time unaware of
Girault's manuscript name, and were described in 1919 as Bruchophagits
mellipes. Subsequently Girault's type was discovered and found to be the same
species. The description of Rruchophagus mellipes antedates the note and figure
by Ramakrishna Ayyar. Hence, Eurytoma indi is a synonym of Rruchophagus
mellipes and the synonym should be credited to Ayyar and not to Girault.

'-Specimens believed to be this species are in the National Collection reared
from orchids and are not Uarmolita ( = Isosoma) but belong more properly to
Eurytoma.

42 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

EURYTOMA PATER Girault: Phillips, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 10, 1917, p. 145.

Larva said to be a true parasite, in its early stages, of Harmolita ( = Isosoma).

Consumes host larva before completing more than one-third of its own

growth and continues its development upon plant tissue. Ohio, Oklahoma,

New York, Virginia.
EURYTOMA PHYTOPHAGA Girault, Treubia, vol. 1, no. 2, 1919, p. 55. From

fruit of an orchid in Java. "This species has been reared by Doctor van

Leeuwen from the fruits of the large earth orchid, Rhajus sp. This Chalcis

seems to be truly phytophagous. " — Roepke, Treubia, vol. 1, 1919, p. 60.
EURYTOMA PICUS Girault, The Ent., vol. 47, 1914, p. 53. Seems phytophagous,

according to Girault, since he "found it inhabiting short grooves or channels

under the bark of young Eucalyptus trees somewhat after the manner of

Scolytidae. Where occurring the stems of the trees were somewhat swollen. "

Australia.
EURYTOMA RHOIS Crosby, Can. Ent., vol. 41, 1909, p. 52. Reared from seeds

of Rhus hirta collected at Ithaca, and Taughannock Falls, New York.
EURYTOMA SAMSONOVI Vassiliev, Mem. Bur. Ent, Sci. Comm. Centr. Bd.

Agr., Petrograd, vol. 11, 1915, 11 pp., 9 figs. (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A,

vol. 3, 1915, p. 727.) In kernels of apricot in Ferghana.
EURYTOMA SCHREINERI Schreiner, Zeitschr. wiss. Insektb., 4, 1908, p. 26.

Infests seeds of plum in Astrachan, Russia.
EURYTOMA(?) SP. da Costa Lima, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Janeiro, T. 19, 1916,

p. 199. Phytophagous in seeds of Psidium guayava (guava) in Brazil.
EURYTOMA SP. Nielsen, Zeitschr. wiss. Insektb., Bd. 2, 1906, p. 46. Larva in

first stages parasitic on Cryptocampus angustus on Salix, later phytophagous.

Denmark.
EURYTOMOCHARIS ERAGROSTiois Howard, Bur. Ent. Bull. 2, Techn. ser. 1896,

p. 21. Reared from stems of Eragrostis poaeoides from Lafayette, Indiana.

Stems not at all or very slightly swollen. First or second joint below the

head seems to be portion most commonly attacked.
EURYTOMOCHARIS TRIODIAE Howard, 1. c., p. 21. From dry sterns of Triodia

cuprea from Virginia side of the Potomac near Washington, D. C.
EVOXYSOMA VITIS (Saunders) : Crosby, Bui. 265, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp.

Sta., 1909, p. 380. Infests seeds of grape in Canada.
(Isosoma) HARMOLITA ACICULATUM (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,

1891 (1890), p. 10. Causes a scarcely noticeable swelling of stem above third

or fourth node on Stipa capillata. Central Europe.
(Isosoma HARMOLITA AGROPYRI (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,

1891 (1890), p. 10; 1896 (1895), p. 7. Infests Triticum repens causing the

leaf sheath above the nodes to be thickened and usually split on one side,

showing on the inner side as long spindle-shaped galls. Central Europe.
HARMOLITA AGROPYROCOLA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.

55, 1919, p. 458. Is a gall-maker in stems of Agropyron sp. Salt Lake City,

Utah.
HARMOLITA AGROPYROPHILA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,

1919, p. 450. Inhabits the center of the stem and breeds only in species of

Agropyron. United States from Atlantic west to Kansas.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 43

(Isosorna) HARMOLITA AGROSTIDIS (Howard), U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Knt. Bull.
2, Techn. ser., 1896, p. 12. Reared from small galls occurring rarely upon
Agrostis sp. in Placer County, California. Galls distinct elliptical swellings
about 7-10 mm. long and from 2-3 mm. in greatest diameter and occurring
upon different parts of the stalk. Placer County, California.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA AIRAE (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,
1891 (1890), p. 7. Causes a scarcely noticeable swelling of stalk of Aira
caespitosa Linne above first or second node. Central Europe.

HARMOLITA ALBOMACULATA (Ashmead): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 443. Inhabits the center of the stem ami breeds
only in timothy (Phleum pratense). Central and Eastern United States.

HARMOLITA APTERUM (Portchinsky): Rimsky-Korsakov, Mem. Bur. Ent.
Sci. Comm. Centr. Bd. Land Admin, and Agr., St. Petersburg, vol. 10, 1914,
p. 22 (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A, vol. 2, 1914, p. 472). Adults oviposit in
internodes of summer and winter-sown wheat. Russia: Government of
Cherson.

HARMOLITA ATLANTICA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 461. Infests species of Agropyron in which it forms galls. United
States east of Mississippi River.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA BRACHYPODII (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat.
Zwickau, 1891 (1890), p. 8. Causes a spindle-shaped swelling at top of stem
with formation of a tuft of leaves on Brachypodium pinnatum. Central
Europe.

(ho'soma) HARMOLITA BREVICORNE (Walker): Ashmead, Psyche, vol. 8, 1897,
p. 138. Supposed to be a gall-maker on oats. Central Europe.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA BRISCHK.EI (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,
1891 (1890), p. 8. Questionably a gall-maker in stems of Elymus arenarius
Linne. Central Europe.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA BROMI (Howard), U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bull.
2, Techn. ser. 1896, p. 11. Reared from Bromus ciliatus. Los Angeles,
California.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA BROMICOLA (Howard), U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bull.
2, Techn. ser., 1896, p. 16. Reared from Bromus ciliatus. Los Angeles
County, California.

(Eurytoma) HARMOLITA CALAMAGROSTIDIS (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver.
Nat. Zwickau, 1891 (1890), p. 8; Reuter, Med. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn., 23,
1908, p. 65. (German summary, p. 208.) Makes galls on Calamagrostis
epigejos (Linne). Galls red, frequently showing a hardly noticeable, long
spindle-shaped, sometimes weakly transversely wrinkled, tubercle-like
swelling on the stalk between the upper nodes and the flower pannicle.
The gall contains several small, longitudinal larval cells one behind the
other. Central Europe.

HARMOLITA CAPTIVA (Howard): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas.,
vol. 55, 1919, p. 444. Makes inconspicuous galls near the base of the seed
stalks of blue grass (Poa pratensis}. Known only from Illinois and Indiana.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA CYLINDRICUM (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat.
Zwickau, 1891 (1890), p. 10. Forms long, spindle-shaped fruit-galls on

44 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

Stipa capillata, causing mixing of flower parts with fruit glume and scattering
of the grain. Central Europe.

HARMOLITA DACTYLICOLA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
55, 1919, p. 446. Inhabits the center of the stem and breeds only in orchard
grass (Dactylis glomerata). United States east of Mississippi River.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA DEPRESSUM (Walker): Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver.
Nat. Zwickau, 1891 (1890), p. 8. Causes tubular, irregular, usually yellow-
° ish green swelling of stalk above first or second node on Festuca ovina. Cen-
tral Europe.

HARMOLITA ELYMI (French): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
55, 1919, p. 447. Inhabits the center of the stem and breeds only in spurs
of Elymus sp. United States.

HARMOLITA ELYMICOLA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 460. Makes very conspicuous galls in stems of Elymus sp., usually
at the second or third internode from the base of the plant. Indiana and
Virginia.

HARMOLITA ELYMIVORA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 464. Makes inconspicuous galls near the head of species of Elymus.
United States east of the Mississippi River.

HARMOLITA ELYMOPHILA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 462. Makes inconspicuous galls in species of Elymus. California.

HARMOLITA ELYMOPTHORA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 465. Forms galls in the stems of the species of Elymus. Minot,
North Dakota.

HARMOLITA ELYMOXENA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 459. Reared from Elymus americanus. Santa Cruz Mountains,
California.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA EREMITUM (Portchinsky): Rimsky-Korsakov, Mem.
Bur. Ent. Sci. Comm. Centr. Bd. Land Admin, and Agr., St. Petersburg,
vol. 10, no. 11, 1914, p. 20. (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A, vol. 2, 1914, p. 471.)
Inhabits stems of rye, usually at the fourth internode. Russia: Government
of Cherson.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA EREMITUM (Portchinsky) var. NODALE Rimsky-Korsa-
kov. (See eremitum.)

HARMOLITA FESTUCAE Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919,
p. 454. Breeds only in species of Festuca, making conspicuous hardened
enlargements or galls in the second to fourth internode from the base of the
plants. Virginia.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA GIRAUDI Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,
1891 (1890), p. 8. Makes scarcely noticeable swelling above second or third
node on Festuca gigantea Vill. Central Europe.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA GRAMINICOLA (Giraud): Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver.
Nat. Zwickau, 1891 (1890), p. 10. Causes thickening of stem tip and by
shortening of internodes causes bunching of leaves on Triticum repens and
Triticum junceum. Central Europe.

HARMOLITA GRANDIS form GRANDIS (Riley) and form MINUTA (Riley): Phillips
and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 440. Inhabits the
center of the stem of wheat. North America wherever wheat is grown.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 45

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA HAGENI (Howard), U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bull. 2,
Techn. sen, 1896, p. 12. "In quick grass." Boston, Massachusetts.

HARMOLITA HESPERUS Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 457. Gall-former on species of Elymus. Holliday, Utah.

(Isosoma} HARMOLITA HIERONYMI (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,
1891 (1890), p. 8. Causes a spindle-shaped, more or less bulging yellowish
stem gall above second or third node on Festuca g/auca Schrad. Central
Europe.

HARMOLITA HORDEI (Harris).1 Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 55, 1919, p. 452. Gall-former in stems of barley making conspicuous
hardened enlargements above the second to fourth nodes. Auburn and
Little Falls, New York.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA HYALIPENNE (Walker): Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver.
Nat. Zwickau, 1891 (1890) p. 7. Causes thickening of tops of young shoots
of Ammophila arenaria, and through shortening of internodes causes crowd-
ing of leaves. Central Europe.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA INOUILINUM Rimsky-Korsakov, Mem. Bur. Ent. Sci.
Comm. Centr. Bd. Land Admin, and Agr. St. Petersburg, vol. 10, no. 11,
1914, p. 19. (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A, vol. 2, 1914, p. 471). Oviposit in
galls of Harmolita rossicum on wheat, and larvae in first stage attack and
kill those of gall-maker, and then finish development phytophagically.
Russia: Government of Cherson.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA MACALUSOI (Stefani Perez), Marcellia, vol. 7, 1908,
p. 148. Produces galls on Sideroxylon sp. with hypertrophy of leaf paren-
chyma. Italian Somaliland.

HARMOLITA MACULATA (Howard): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 55, 1919, p. 449. Inhabits the center of the stem and breeds only in
cheat (Bromus seca/inus) and other species of Bromus. United States east
of the Mississippi River.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA NOXIALE (Portchinsky); Rimsky-Korsakov, Mem. Bur.
Ent. Sci. Comm. Centr. Bd. Land Admin, and Agr., St. Petersburg, vol. 10, no.
11, 1914, p. 18. (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A, vol. 2, 1914, p. 471.) Inhabits
center of stems of wheat at third and fourth internodes. Russia: Govern-
ment of Cherson.

HARMOLITA OCCIDENTALIS Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 466. Makes inconspicuous galls near head of species of Agropyron-
Koehler, New Mexico.

HARMOLITA OVATA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919,
p. 459. Forms galls on species of Elymus. Wellington, Kansas.

HARMOLITA PHYLLOTACHITIS Gahan, described beyond. Inhabits center of
the stem of young growth of bamboo, Phvllotachys bambusoides. Florida.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA POAE Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau, 1891

'Hedicke, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1919, p. 205-6 (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A,
vol. 9, 1921, p. 92), records Isosoma lineare Walker and Isosoma agropyri
Schlechtendal as synonyms of this species and states that it infests wheat,
rye, and grass. Also states habits vary with food plant. Hedicke has
probably confused three different species.

46 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

(1890), p. 9. Causes a hard spindle-shaped, longitudinally striate, yellow
green, swelling of stalk of Poa nemoralis. Central Europe.

HARMOLITA POACOLA Gahan (n. n. for poae Phillips and Emery not Schlech-
tendal): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 445.
Inhabits the center of the stem in the seed stalks of blue grass (Poa pratensis) .
Lafayette, Indiana.

HARMOLITA POOPHILA Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55,
1919, p. 463. Reared from galls in Poa lucida. Husted, Colorado.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA ROSSICUM Rimsky-Korsakov, Mem. Bur. Ent. Sci.
Comm. Centr. Bd. Land Admin, and Agr., St. Petersburg, vol. 10, no. 11,
1914, p. 15. (Rev. Appl. Ent., ser. A, vol. 2, 1914, p. 470.) Infests stems of
rye and wheat. Russia: Government of Cherson.

HARMOLITA RUFIPES Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919,
p. 453. Forms inconspicuous galls in the internode just below the head of
Elymus sp. There is often no external enlargement of the stem where the
galls occur. Central United States.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA SCHEPPIGI Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau,
1891 (1890), p. 10. Infests Stipa pennata Linne, causing a spindle-shaped
two- or three-winged swelling of the bud axil which is abnormally lengthened.
Central Europe.

HARMOLITA SECALIS (Fitch): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
55, 1919, p. 456. Makes conspicuous hardened enlargements or galls usually
in the second or third internodes from the base of the rye plant. Lafayette,
Indiana, and Warsaw, Poland.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA STIPAE Stefani Perez, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., Firenze,
vol. 8 (n. s.), 1901, p. 543. Infests Stipa torlilis Desfontaines, producing
graceful, cylindrical, more or less fusiform galls upon the ovaries when the
grain is the size of a pea or a little less. The gall at first is green, becoming
red later, and on reaching maturity, straw color. The walls are polished,
thick, resistant, and contain a narrow and elongate larval chamber. Sicily.

HARMOLITA TRITICI (Fitch): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
55, 1919, p. 451. Makes conspicuous hardened enlargements or galls in
wheat stems, usually about the second or third internode from the base of
the plant, though they may occur at every internode. Central and Eastern
United States.

HARMOLITA VAGINICOLA (Doane): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
"vol. 55, 1919, p. 455. Gall-former in wheat making a conspicuous hardened
enlargement in the sheath surrounding the head. North America from
Atlantic coast to Rocky Mountains.

HARMOLITA WEBSTERI (Howard): Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 55, 1919, p. 442. Inhabits the center of the stem and breeds only in
rye. United States from Atlantic to Pacific.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA sp. (Riibsaamen in lit.): Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver.
Nat. Zwickau, 1896 (1895), p. 5. Makes scarcely noticeable swelling in
pithy stems of Arundo phragmites. Central Europe.

(Isosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Kieffer): Schlechtendal, Jahresb., Ver. Nat. Zwickau,
1896 (1895), p. 6. Infests stem of Festuca durluscula causing slight swelling.
Central Europe.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 47

(hosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Rubsaamen): Schlechtendal, Jahresb. Ver. Nat.

Zwickau, 1896 (1895), p. 5. Causes weakly spindel-shaped swelling above

a node in the stem of Calamagrostis lanceolata Roth. Central Europe.
(hosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau, 1896

(1895), p. 7. Causes a short, thick, spindle-shaped swelling in stems of

Triticum repens. Central Europe.
(Isosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau, 1896

(1895), p. 7. Causes a thick knot-shaped swelling above a node in stem of

Triticum repens. Central Europe.
(Isosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau, 1896

(1895), p. 7. Inhabits a long, spindle-shaped swelling in stems of Triticum

repens. Central Europe.
(Isosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau, 1896

(1895), p. 7. Causes a knot-shaped swelling close above the stem nodes of

Triticum repens. Central Europe.
(Isosoma) HARMOLITA SP. (Schlechtendal), Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Zwickau, 1896

(1895), p. 7. Inhabits a hardly noticeable swelling above the node in stems

of Triticum repens. Central Europe.
ISOSOMA Walker.1 See Harmolita.

ISOSOMA ORCHIDEARUM Westwood. See Eurytoma orchidearum (Westwood).
ISOSOMORPHA MUHLENBERGIAE Howard, Bur. Ent. Bull. 2, Techn. ser, 1896,

p. 20. Reared from gall on Muhlenbergia diffusa, from Cadet, Missouri,

closely resembling deformation made by Isosoma hordei.
PRODECATOMA PHYTOPHAGA Crosby, Can. Ent., vol. 41, 1909, p. 50. Reared

from seeds of Parthenocissus quinquefolia from Ithaca, and Taughannock

Falls, New York.
PRODECATOMA SP. da Costa Lima, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio Janeiro, T. 19, 1916,

p. 199. Phytophagous in seeds of Psidium (guava) in Brazil.

Family ENCYRTIDAE.

MINAPIS NIGRA Brethes, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Bs. As., T. 27, 1916, p. 422.
Produces rather large spherical or elongate galls on the branches of Scutia
buccijolia in Argentina.

»As indicated by Phillips and Emery (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919,
p. 435) Isosoma Walker is preoccupied in Coleoptera by Isosoma Billberg,
making it necessary to substitute the generic name Harmolita Motschulsky
for that of Isosoma. Phillips and Emery restricted Harmolita to those species
of Isosoma having no umbilicate punctures and a non-carinate occiput. The
effect of this was to leave many species formerly placed in hosoma without a
generic name. Inasmuch as it is impossible to determine from the description
of many species whether they would fall within or without this restricted defin-
ition, the writer has considered it better, for the purposes of this paper, to treat
Harmolita as the full equivalent of Isosoma Walker et Auct.

48 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

Family PERILAMPIDAE.

ASPARAGOBIUS BRAUNSi Mayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 55, 1905,
p. 553. Gall-maker on Asparagus striatus in Cape Colony, South Africa.

MAYRELLUS MIRABILIS Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, 1910,
p. 238. Reared from galls on an unknown plant from Ceara, Brazil, and said
to be the probable gall-maker.

MONOPLEUROTHRIX KiEFFERi Mayr, Marcellia, vol. 4, 1905, p. 79. Gall-
maker on an unknown plant from Paraguay.

PERILAMPOIDES BICOLOR Girault, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 2, 1913, p. 302.
Makes small round isolated galls on the foliage of Eucalyptus in Australia.

TRICHILOGASTER ACACIAE-DISCOLORIS (Froggatt), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
vol. 7, 1892, p. 153; Girault, Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 5, 1916, p. 222.
Gall-maker on twigs of Acacia discolor in Australia.

TRICHILOGASTER ACACIAE-LONGIFOLIAE (Froggatt), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, vol. 7, 1892, p. 154; Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 55, 1905,
p. 560. Gall-maker on flower stalks of Acacia longifolia in Australia.

TRICHILOGASTER MAIDENI (Froggatt), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. 7,
1892, p. 155; Mayr, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 55, 1905, p. 558. Gall-
maker on twigs and small branches of Acacia longifolia in Australia.

TRICHILOGASTER PENDULAE Mayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 55, 1905,
p. 560. Gall-maker on axillary buds of Acacia pendula in Australia.

RELATED GENERA OF PERILAMPIDAE. Epiperilampus Girault (—TrichHo-
gaster according to Girault), Melanosomella Girault (=Terobiella Ashmead
according to Girault), Coelocybomyia Girault ( = Coelocyba Ashmead according
to Girault), Brachyscelidiphaga Ashmead, Paracoelocyba Girault, Coelocy-
belloides Girault, Perilampomyia Girault, Parelatus Girault, Neoperilampus
Girault, Eucoelocybomyia Girault, Coelocybella Girault, Perilampella Girault,
Euperilampus Girault, Epichry Somalia Girault, and Parachry Somalia
Girault, are all placed in this group by Girault (Mem. Queensland Mus., vol.
2, 1913, p. 300-302; vol. 3, 1915, p. 303-310; and vol. 5, 1916, p. 222-226).
Among the numerous species recorded in these genera are many reared from
galls on various plants in Australia. Doubtless many and perhaps all will
eventually be found to be actual gall producers.

Family EULOPHIDAE.

GENIOCERUS JUNIPERI Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, 1915, p. 585;
Marcovitch, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 8, 1915, p. 169. Tunnels in the
flesh of berries of Juniperus virginiana at Ithaca, New York.

RHICNOPELTELLA EUCALYPTI Gahan, new species described beyond. Said to
be a gall-maker on Eucalyptus globulus in New Zealand.

RHICNOPELTELLA SPP. (Several species have been described by Girault in
the genus Rhicnopeltella from Australia and at least two of these are recorded
from galls on Eucalyptus, but without indication that they were the pro-
ducers of the galls. If the above record is correct it seems probable that other
species of the genus may prove to have similar habits.)

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 49

ZAGRAMMOSOMOIDES FASCIATUS Girault, The Entom., vol. 47, 1913, p. 177.
Reared in enormous numbers, according to Girault, from globular green
galls on the foliage of bloodwood gum (Eucalyptus sp.) in Australia. Girault
concludes his remarks with the statement: "This Eulophid appears to be a
true gall-making species. "

HOST PLANT LIST.

The writer is indebted to Dr. Paul C. Standley of the U. S.
National Museum for having checked over the botanical names
in the following list and brought the nomenclature down to
date.

PLANT. CHALCIDOID.

ABIES AMABILIS Loud Megastigmus />/««.? Parfitt.

spermotrophus Wachtl.

coNCOLoaGord Megastigmus pinus Parfitt.

spermotrophus Wachtl.

GRANDIS Lindley Megastigmus pinus Parfitt.

spermotrophus Wachtl.

LASIOCARPA Hooker Megastigmus lasiocarpae Crosby.

MAGNIFICA Murray Megastigmus pinus Parfitt.

spermotrophus Wachtl.
MARIESI Mast Megastigmus borriesi Crosby.

NOBILIS Lindley Megastigmus pinus Parfitt.

PECTINATA Poiret
= Abies picea, q. v.

PICEA Lindley Megastigmus strobilobius Ratzeburg.

SHASTENSIS Lemmon Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl.

ACACIA DECURREXS Willdenow Eurytoma acaciae Cameron.

DISCOLOR Willdenow Trichilogasteracaciae-discoloris

(Froggatt).

LONGIFOLIA Willdenow Trichilogaster acac iae-longifoliae

(Froggatt).
maideni (Froggatt).

PENDULA Cunningham Trichihgaster pendulae Mayr.

AGATHI PODS see Sesbania grandiflora.

AGROPYRON JUNCEUM (Linn£)Be;uiv. . . Harmolita graminicola Giraud.

REPENS (Linn6) Beauv Harmolita agropyri (Schlechtendal).

agropyrophila Phillips

and Emery.
graminicola Giraud.
spp. (Schlechtendal).

50 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

AGROPYRON (cont.)

PREPENS (Linne) Beauv Harmolita hageni (Howard).

SPP • Harmolita agropyrocola Phillips and

Emery.
atlantica Phillips and

Emery.

occidentalis Phillips and
Emery.

AGROSTIS sp Harmolita agrostidis (Howard).

AIRA CAESPITOSA Linn6 Harmolita airae (Schlechtendal).

ALFALFA see Medicago sativa.
ALMOND see Prunus amygdalus.

AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (Linne) Medic. Megastigmus amelanchieris Cushman.

Syntomaspis amelanchieris Cushman.
AMMOPHILA ARENARIA (Linne) Link . . . Eurytoma longipennis Walker.

Harmolita hyalipenne (Walker).
AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS (Linne) Fritsch

= Prunus amygdalus Stokes, q. v.
ANONASPP Bephrata cubensis Ashmead.

paraguayensis Crawford.
APPLE see Pyrus spp.
APRICOT see Prunus armeniaca Linne.
ARUNDO PHRAGMITES Linne

= Phragmites communis Trinius, q. v.

ASPARAGUS STRIATUS Thunb Azparagobius braunsiMayr.

AVENA SATIVA Linn£ Harmolita brevicorne Walker.

BAMBOO see Phyilotachys bambusoides.
BARLEY see Hordeum.

BEACH GRASS see Ammophila arenaria Linne.
BLOODWOOD GUM see Eucalyptus.
BLUEGRASS see Poa pratensis.

BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM (Linne) Beauv. Harmolita brachypodii (Schlechten-
dal).

BROMUS CILIATUS Linne Harmolita bromi (Howard).

bromicola (Howard).

SECALINUS Linne Harmolita macnlata (Howard).

SPP Harmolita maculata (Howard).

CAJANUS INDICUS Sprengel Bruchophagus mellipe s Gahan.

CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEJOS (Linn6) Roth . Harmolita calamagrostidis (Schlech-
tendal).

LANCEOLATA Roth HarmoHtci sp. (Rubsaamen).

CATTLEYASPP Eurytoma or chide arum (Westwood).

CHAMAECYPARIS OBTUSA Sieb. and Zucc. . Megastigmus cryptomeriae Yano.
CHEAT see Bromus secalinus.
CLOVER see Trifolium.

CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA Don Megastigmus cryptomeriae Yano.

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA Linne" Harmolita dactylicola Phillips and

Emery.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 51

DHAINCHA see Sesbania aegyptiaca.
DOUGLAS FIR see Pseudotsuga.
EARTH ORCHID see Phajus sp.
ELYMUS AMERICANUS Vasey & Scribner
= E. glaucus Buckley, q. v.

ARENARIUS Linne Harmnlita brischkei (Schlechtendal).

GLAUCUS Buckley Harmolita elymoxena Phillips and

Emery.

SPP Harmolita elymi (French).

elymicola Phillips and

Emery.
elymivora Phillips and

Emery.
elymophila Phillips and

Emery.
elymopthora Phillips and

Emery,
hesperus Phillips and

Emery.

ovata Phillips and Emery.
rufipes Phillips and

Emery.
ERAGROSTIS POAEOIDES Beauvois .... Eurytomocharis eragrostidis Howard.

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS Labill Rhicnopeltella eucalypti Gahan.

SPP Eurytomapicus Girault.

Perilampoides bicolor Girault.
Rhicnopeltella spp. Girault.
Zagrammosomoides fasciatits Girault.

FESTUCA DURIUSCULA Linne Harmolita sp. (Kieffer).

GIGANTEA (Linne) Vill Harmolita giraudi (Schlechtendal).

FESTUCA GLAUCA Lamark Harmolita hieronymi (Schlechtendal).

OVINA Linne Harmolita depressum (Walker).

SP Harmolita festucae Phillips and

Emery.

Ficus Agaonidae..

FIR see Abies.
GRAPE see Vitis.
GUAVA see Psidium.
HEMLOCK see Tsuga.

HORDEUM SATIVUM Linne Harmolita hordei (Harris).

JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA Linne Eurytoma juniperinus Marcovitch.

Geniocerus juniperi Crawford.
LARCH see Larix.

LARIX DAHURICA Turcz Eurytoma laricis Yano.

LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch .... Megsatigmus laricis Marcovitch.

LEPTOLEPIS Murray Megastigmus inamurae Yano.

MEDICAGO SATIVA Linne Bruchophagus junebris Howard.

52 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

MOUNTAIN ASH see Sorbus.

MUHLENBERGIA DIFFUSA WilldetlOW

= M. schreberi Gmelin, q. v.

SCHREBERJ Gmelin Isosomorpha muhlenbergiae Howard.

OATS see Avena sativa.

OPULASTES OPULIFOLIUS (Linne) Kuntze . Megastigmus physocarpi Crosby.

ORCHARD GRASS see Dactylis glomerata.

ORCHID see'Cattleya.

PARTHENOCISSUS QUINQUEFOLIA (Linne)

Planch Prodecatoma phytophaga Crosby.

PHAJUS SP Eurytoma phytophaga Girault.

PHLEUM PRATENSE Linne Harmolita albomaculata (Ashmead).

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS Trinius . . . . Harmolita sp. (Riibsaamen).
PHYLLOTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES Sieb. and

Zucc Harmolita phyllotachitis Gahan.

PHYSOCARPUS OPULIFOLIUS (Linne) Maxim

= Opulastes opulifolius (Linne) Kuntze, q. v.

PICEA ENGELMANNI (Parry) Engelmann . Megastigmus piceae Rohwer.
PARRYANA Andre

= Picea pungens Engelmann, q. v.

PUNGENS Engelmann Megastigmus piceae Rohwer.

SITCHENSIS Bong Megastigmus piceae Rohwer.

PINE see Pinus.

PINUS PONDEROSA Dougl Megastigmus albifrons Walker.

PISTACIA LENTISCUS Linne Megastigmus pistaciae Walker.

TEREBINTHUS Linne Megastigmus ballestrerii (Rondani).

VERA Linne Megastigmus ballestrerii (Rondani).

PLUM see Prunus spp.

POA LUCIDA Vasey Harmolita poophila Phillips and

Emery.

NEMORALIS Linne Harmolita poae (Schlechtendal).

PRATENSIS Linne Harmolita captiva Howard.

poacola Gahan.

PRUNUS AMYGDALUS Stokes Eurytoma amvgdali Enderlein.

ARMENIACA Linne Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein.

samsonovi Vassiliev.

SPP Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein.

schreineri Schreiner.

PSEUDOTSUGA MUCRONATA (Raf.) Sudw. . Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl.
TAXIFOLIA (Poiret) Britton

= P. mucronata (Rafinesque), q. v.

PSIDIUM GUAJAVA Linn6 Syntomaspis myrtacearum Costa

Lima.

SPP Eurytoma sp. Costa Lima.

Prodecatoma sp. Costa Lima.
PYRUS SPP Syntomaspis druparnm Boheman.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

"QUICK. GRASS" see Agropyron? repens (Linne).

RED GRAM see Cajanus indicus.

RHUS HIRTA (Linne) Sudworth .... Eurytoma rhois Crosby.

ROSA RUGOSA Thunb Megastigmus nigrovariegatus Ash

mead.

spp. Megastigmus aculeatus (Swederus).

pictus (Forster).
ROSE see Rosa.
RYE see Secale cereale.

SALIX ALBA Linne . . Eurytoma sp. Nielsen.

PURPUREA Linne Eurytoma sp. Nielsen.

SCUTIA BUCCIFOLIA Reiss Minapis nigra Brethes.

SECALE CEREALE Linne Harmolita eremitum (Portchinsky).

var. nodale
(Portchinsky).
rossicum Rimsky-Korsa-

kov.

secalis (Fitch).
websteri (Howard).
SERVICE BERRY see Amelanchier.

SESBANIA AEGYPTIACA Poiret Bruchophagtis mellipes Gahan.

GRANDIFLORA Bruchophagus mellipes Gahan.

SIDEROXYLON SP Harmolita macalusoi (Stefani).

SORBUS AUCUPARIA Linne Megastigmus bremcaudis Ratzeburg.

Syntomaspis aucupariae Rodzianko.

sp Megastigmus bremcaudis Ratzeburg.

Syntomaspis druparum Boheman.
SPRUCE see Picea.

STIPA CAPILLATA Linne Harmolita aciculatum (Schlechten-

dal).

cylindricum (Schlechten-
dal).

PENNATA Linne Harmolita scheppigi Schlechtendal.

TORTILIS Desfontaines Harmolita stipae (Stefani).

THUJOPSIS DOLOBRATA Sieb. and Zucc. . Megastigmus thuyopsis Yano.
TIMOTHY see Phleum pratense.

TRIFOLIUM SPP Bruchophagus funebris Howard.

TRIODIA CUPREA (Walt.) Chapm.

= T. flava (Linne) Hetche, q. v.

FLAVA (Linne) Hetche Eurytomocharis triodiae Howard.

TRITICUM JUNCEUM

= Agropyron junceum, q. v.
REPENS

= Agropyron repens, q. v.
AESTIVUM Linne Eurytoma pater Girault.

Harmolita apternin (Portchinsky).
grandis form grandis

(Riley).
minuta
(Riley).

54 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

TRITICUM AESTIVUM (cont.) inquilinum Rimsky-Kor-

sakov).

noxiale (Portchinsky).

rossicum (Rimsky-Kor-
sakov).

tritici (Fitch).

vaginicola (Doane).

TSUGA MERTENSIANA HOOK.ERIANA (Bong.)

= T. mertensiana (Bong.) Sargent, q. v.
MERTENSIANA (Bong.) Sargent . . Megastigmus tsugae Crosby.

SIEBOLDII Carr Callimome tsugae Yano.

SP Megastigmus pinus Parfitt.

UNKNOWN PLANTS Mayrellus mirabilis Crawford.

Monopleurothrix kiejferi Mayr.

VITIS CALIFORNICA Bentham Decatomidea cooki Howard.

SPP Decatomidea cooki Howard.

Evoxysoma vitis (Saunders).
WHEAT see Triticum aestivum.
WILLOW see Salix.

NEW SPECIES.
Family EULOPHIDAE.

Rhicnopeltella eucalypti, new species.

(PL 7, Fig. 1,1 a, Ib.)

This species seems to be very close to purpurea Girault but
differs from the description of that species in having the anterior
tibiae pale in front and black behind instead of pale throughout,
the knees not at all pale, and the antennal joints somewhat
differently proportioned.

Female. — Length 1.6 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen with fine shallow,
reticulate-punctate sculpture, subopaque; vertex broad; ocelli in a low triangle,
widely separated, the posterior ocelli separated from the eye margin by about
the diameter of an ocellus; the antennae very short, 11-jointed, strongly clavate;
pedicel large, approximately twice as long as thick and half as long as the scape;
funicle 6-jointed, not longer than the pedicel, joints all transverse and increasing
gradually in width toward the club, the first four joints of funicle ring-like and
nearly equal in length, joint five approximately twice as long as four, joint six
a little more than twice as long as five; club ovate, distinctly much broader
than the funicle, about four-fifths as long as the scape, nearly twice as long as
funicle, distinctly 3-jointed, broadest at apex of first joint, and tapering gradually
to apex; distal club joint longer than the last funicle joint; parapsidal grooves
deep, complete, short and sharply curved outward, the scapulae short; scutellum
rather large, almost as long as the mesoscutum and only slightly convex; pro-
podeum very short, medially barely longer than the postscutellum, sculptured
like the rest of thorax; marginal vein rather thick, not quite twice as long as the
rather long stigmal; postmarginal distinctly longer than the stigmal, tapering

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

gradually from the base until lost in the margin of wing; hind femora a little
thickened; hind tibiae with one spur; apical joint of hind tarsi as long as the
metatarsus; tarsal joints 2 and 3 subequal and shorter than the others; claws
very short, blunt at apex; pulvilli large; abdomen not longer than the thorax,
subspherical, not at all pointed at apex, the ovipositor not exserted. Black,
faintly tinged with purplish on the thorax; antenna] club grayish; anterior tibiae-
pale in front, black behind; middle and hind tarsi pale except the apical joint
which is dark; rest of the legs concolorous with the body; wings mostly hyaline
but a faint duskiness behind the marginal vein; venation grayish black.
Male. — Unknown.

Type locality. — Wellington, New Zealand.

Type.— Cat. No. 24372, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Described from twenty-nine females received from David
Miller and reared by him from galls on Eucalyptus globulus.
According to the collector "There is no doubt that the galls are
the work of the Chalcid itself and the pest has now become
extremely widespread and serious. " Mr. Miller does not
indicate on what part of the plant the galls occur.

Family EURYTOMIDAE.

Tribe HARMOLITINI.

Harmolita phyllotachitis, new species.

(PI. 7, Fig. 2, 2a.)

This species runs straight in Ashmead's Classification to the
genus Harmolita (=Isosoma) but does not fall wholly within
that genus as restricted by Phillips and Emery1 on account of
the partly umbilicate punctuation of the thorax. The abdom-
inal petiole is also unusually prominent for members of this
genus and the antennal funicle is apparently 6-jointed instead
of 5-jointed as in typical Harmolita. The agreement in other
characters is so close, however, and the habits apparently so
similar that it does not seem advisable at this time to erect a
new genus for it, especially in view of the fact that differ-
ences pointed out are purely relative ones which would probably
break down as other species are discovered.

Female. — Length 5.5 mm. An elongate rather slender species. Head
broader than thorax, convex in front, concave behind, strongly rugulose-punc-
tate but without distinct umbilicate punctures, a narrow median area below
antennae and a space below the eye nearly smooth, the area surrounding ocelli
more finely sculptured than the face; occiput immargined, ocelli in a low
triangle, postocellar and ocellocular lines subequal; viewed from in front the
head is slightly broader than long, subcircular in outline; malar space subequal
in length to the height of eye; antennal depression moderately deep and
rather narrow; antennae 11-jointed, the flagellum scarcely at all clavate; pedicel

'Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p. 435.

56 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

cone-shaped and somewhat longer than broad at apex; ring-joint small; funicle
distinctly 6-jointed, the first funicle joint about twice as long as the pedicel,
following joints shorter but each distinctly longer than broad; club scarcely
thicker than the funicle joints, about as long as the two preceding funicle
joints combined, 2-jointed, the joints subequal; pronotum large, the dorsal
portion behind the anterior declivity as long or nearly as long as the meso-
scutum, narrowest at the posterior margin, coarsely rugoso-punctate anteriorly,
more finely reticulate-punctate posteriorly; mesoscutum and scutellum nearly
uniformly rugoso-punctate, some of the punctures more or less rounded and
indistinctly umbilicate; propodeum coarsely rugose with a narrow moderately
deep, immargined median longitudinal channel, the sculpture within this groove
similar to that of remainder of propodeum; forewings reaching nearly to apex
of abdomen; marginal vein thick, fully twice as long as the stigmal; postmarginal
nearly twice as long as the stigmal, indistinct toward apex; hind coxae reticulate-
punctate; abdomen as long as the head and thorax, subcylindrical, slightly
compressed, distinctly petiolate; abdominal petiole usually a little broader than
long (in one specimen as long as broad), rugosely sculptured; tergites beyond
the petiole (except the first which is polished) faintly shagreened; first tergite
constituting approximately one-fourth the total length of abdomen; second
about one-third as long as first; third and fourth subequal and a little less than
twice as long as second; fifth and sixth longer than the second and not as long
as the third; ovipositor sheaths slightly exposed at tip. Black; antennal scape,
pedicel, all tarsi, anterior tibiae, apices of all femora, and the middle and hind
tibiae at base and apex testaceous; all femora except apically, and the middle
and hind tibiae except base and apex black or brownish-black; wings hyaline,
the venation brownish. Male unknown.

Full grown larva. — Length 7.5 to 9 mm.; width at second segment approxi-
mately 1.2 mm. Long, slender, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the second
segment to a blunt point posteriorly; on the median line of the dorsal surface
are eight more or less prominent, bluntly cone-shaped protuberances each aris-
ing at the junction between the segments, the first between the third and fourth
segments and the eighth between the tenth and eleventh segments, the first
and last usually much smaller than the other six; occasionally a similar process
indicated between the eleventh and twelfth segments but this never prominent;
spiracles very small and circular; mandibles curved, acute at apex, with or with-
out a distinct tooth on the inner margins some distance from the apex. Color
pale yellowish white with the mandibles dark brown. Described from
specimens in alcohol.

The larvae live within the young stems and the adults emerge
in the spring through small round shothole-like apertures cut
in the flattened side of the previous year's growth.

Mr. Sasscer has supplied the following notes:

"A number of dead shoots of Phyllotachys which were undoubtedly killed
by the jointworms were found in the gardens. Adults were found in living as
well as dead branches. Exit holes are most frequently found in dead branches,
although some branches which were alive exhibited adults ready to emerge,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

PLATE 7

58 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

larvae, and pupae. On April 19th, fully 85 per cent of the overwintering larval
stage had pupated and were emerging as adults. In all probability there is
but one generation a year, the adult appearing in early spring and depositing
eggs in the young shoots in which the larvae develop until late fall and over-
winter as full grown larvae.

"From present indications, it would appear that this joint- worm is a compara-
tively recent introduction into the Brooksville gardens, or else it has been there
for some time and is slowly developing into a serious pest. It is recalled that
in January, 1917, an inspector of the Florida Plant Board reported the finding of
a borer in bamboo from Avery Island. Unfortunately, this larva was not
preserved." The following observation was made by Dr. B. T. Galloway:
"The adult fly always pierces the node through the sheaf in such a position
that the egg may develop just above the node where the larval and pupal
stages take place."

Type locality. — Brooksville, Florida.

Type— Cat. No. 24371, U. S. N. M.

Host Plant. — Phyllotachys bambusoides.

Described from five female specimens reared by E. R. Sasscer
from young stems of bamboo, April 10, 1918, and three females
reared by C. A. Bennett in April, 1919, from the same source.

Harmolita poaeola, new name.

Harmolita poae Phillips and Emery, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, 1919, p.
445 (not Schlechtendal 1891). See ante, p. 46.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.

Figures prepared by Eleanor T. Armstrong under the writer's direction.
Figure 1. Rhicnopeltella eucalpti Gahan, adult female.

la. hind tarsus of female.

lb. antenna of female.

Figure 2 Harmolita phyllotachitis Gahan, adult female.

2a. antenna of female.

NEW TIPULIDAE FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (DIPTERA).

BY C. B. D. GARRETT, Cranbrook, fi. C.

The season of 1920 produced a large number of specimens
many of which were new to the Kootenay List, however, I did
not have the time this winter (1920-21) to work them further
than to the genera, the following few notes being of more than
passing interest were completed. On August 2, 1920, I was
lucky enough to secure a perfect female of that very rare fly
Profop/asa vipo O. S. I took it on the window of a pool room
in the center of Cranbrook, B. C., doubtless attracted there by
the light of the previous evening. This I think is the first
Canadian record of this genus.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 59

The next items are of three new species belonging to the
Dicranomyia whartoni (Needham) group, all representing the
least development of the medial vein in the tribe Limnobini,
an almost similar veination existing in the Limnobinae tribe
Antrochini, or species Diotrepha mirabilis O. S., which has but
one media and three radii reaching the wing margin, but this
tribe is largely separated by having sixteen antennal segments
instead of fourteen as in the Limnobini. Another somewhat
similar veination is found in the tribe Anisomerini, species
Anisomera magacera O. S., this having one media and four
radii to the margin, and only six to ten antennal segments and
tibial spurs, etc. Dr. Needham when describing Dicranomyia
whartoni inferred that it may represent another distinct group,
he however did not erect a new genus possibly due to having
only a single female and single specimens may often be of the
freak of nature when considering Tipulid veination. Before
me are three other distinct species (in the first case a male and
female, the second two males and a female, and third a single male)
seemingly quite sufficient material to establish the constancy of
this veination in particular species, I would thus propose the
new generic name of Alexandriaria to contain these three new
species and Dicranomyia whartoni of Needham. The latter
should have the right to be the type of the genus but it does
not quite fulfill the idea of the characters, namely the complete
absence of that vein usually representing M3 or M3 --(- 4, in
whartoni; this seems to be represented as a spot occurring near
the wing margin situated on Cu1 and I would therefore select
suffusca as the genotype.

I take much pleasure in naming the proposed genus after the
well known Tipulid expert Dr. C. P. Alexander, whose kindness
to me in the past is much appreciated and most helpful. In a
recent letter, without having examined the specimens, Dr.
Alexander suggests that it may be only of subgeneric rank, but
contrary to the usual male hypypogium of Dicranomyia which
are always supposed to have a base of fleshy lobes, these have
quite a distinct form, being all horny; thus I did not follow
his suggestion. Whether subgenus or not they are at least
distinctly separated from the general tangle of the two genera
Dicranomyia and Limnobia, which at times seem impossible to
separate distinctly.

Excepting where mentioned the types and paratypes are in
the author's collection.

It will be noted that the type of Dicranomyia whartoni, the
male paratype of Alexandriaria intermedia and the type of A.
kooteniensis were all taken at lamplight, which would indicate
a habit of night flying. The types of suffusca were taken about
2 to 3 P. M. when out duck hunting.

60 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

Alexandriaria, new genus.

Type. — Alexandriaria siijfusca, new species.

This genus would contain the usual characters of Dicranomyia of Stephens,
except that but one branch of the median vein reaches the margin of the wing
and that there is no cell 1st M2.

In describing D. whartoni Dr. Needham mentioned that the antennal seg-
ments (tip) show a tendency to fuse; in A. snffusca n. sp. the right antenna
has segments three and four apparently united, four being smaller than usual.
This is not the case with the other new species which have all segments clear.

Alexandriaria suffusca, n. sp.

Male. — Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Head brown, pale; occiput to vertex
suffused; face and rostrum yellow brown; palpi gray black, first joint paler.
Antennae dark brown, segment one slightly paler; thorax dorsum pale brown,
with a broad median dark brown stripe from the collar to the suture and a short
broad one on each side from the suture to near the tuberculate pits which are
plainly visible; pleura and coxae yellow to whitish brown. Abdomen dorsally
all dark brown, ventral segments 2 and 3 yellow brown shading to dark brown
at the anus; hypopygium lighter, in part yellow brown; anal style and
its base completely visible, not covered by the 9th sternite. Legs brown, tarsi
dark. Wings broad, hyaline, veins yellowish to dark. Sc joining C at the
origin of RS, RS leaving R at a broad angle somewhat curved; vein R at about
the middle of cell 1st R becomes pale and colorless reaching C in this condition;
cross vein R is also pale.

Female. — Length 5.5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Similar to the male but darker
throughout; pleura blackish; no yellow on the abdomen ventrally; only coxae,
face and rostrum yellow brown. Wing veins all heavy and strong, except the
tip of R and cross vein R which are as in the male. Cu2 does not reach the
wing margin, stopping abruptly and strongly near the wing margin, the other
wing is torn in this place.

Holotype male, and allotype female taken at the same place
and time on Oct. 9, 1920, Cranbrook, B. C., Alt. 2950 ft.

Alexandriaria intermedia, n. sp.

Male. — Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Head rich yellow brown, occiput to
vertex only a shade darker; face, rostrum and base of first palpi yellow brown,
rest of palpi gray black; antennae dark brown, most of segment one yellow
brown. Thorax, dorsum rich brown, a broad median dark brown stripe from
collar to near tuberculate pits, the pits are not distinctly marked. Pleura
yellowish. Abdomen all yellow brown parts infuscated. Hypopygium yellow-
ish, base of anal style about half covered by the 9th sternite. Legs brown,
tarsi darker. Wings, hyaline; Sc joins C slightly before the origin of RS; RS
leaves R more acutely than in snffusca and less curved; tip of R and cross vein
R where they join pale and colorless. Wings narrower than suttusca but less
so than kooteniensis.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922 61

Paratype male differs from the type as follows: Thorax ciorsum yellow brown,
the broad median stripe from the collar to less than half way to the suture, the
side stripes indicated by shade only; abdomen more yellow than the type.

Female. — Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. The female is as pale as the paratype
male, but the thoracic stripes are more evident but less so than in the type.
Hypopygium, tergite valves longer than the sternitu. Segment one of the
antennae is pale yellowish.

Described from: Holotype male 10 July 1920, Cranbrook,

B. C.,'2950 ft.

Allotype female 6 July 1920, Cranbrook, B. C.,

2950 ft.

Paratype male 15 July 1920, Cranbrook, B. C.,
295~0 ft. Lamplight. In collection of Dr.

C. P. Alexander.

Alexandriaria kooteniensis, n. sp

Description of type male. Length 5 mm.; wing 5 mm. Color almost exactly
as paratype of intermedia except dorsum of thorax which is paler but the dark
stripes are more pronounced, the tuberculate pits are not evident. Wings
hyaline, distinctly narrow; Sc joins C at the origin of RS; RS leaves R at an
acute angle and straight. Vein R beyond origin of R4 + 5 and cross vein r
colorless. Base of anal style almost completely covered by the 9th sternite.

Described from one male. (Monotype) 15 July 1920, Cran-
brook, B. C., 2950 ft. Lamplight.

The males of the three species show other differences in the
construction of the hypopygium. Antennal segments 3 and 4
vary in size. A wing or all male types have been mounted on
slides.

By the descriptions it would seem the three species are very
closely allied. The following comparisons will be helpful. In
sufusca, RS up to branch R 4 -f 5 is shorter than the last
part of M to the wing margin and is shorter than Cu 1, from the
basal deflection of Cu 1 to the wing margin. In kooteniensis
the RS part is longer and in intermedia the RS part is equal to
the M part but shorter than the Cul part. Suffusca has cell
1st R I deep; intermedia is medium depth, and kooteniensis
distinctly narrow. This key will separate the species.

1. Sc joining C beyond origin of RS

Sc joining C at or slightly before origin of RS

'The figure illustrating Dicranomyia whartoni at the time of describing or on
plate 27, p. 476, 23d report State Ento. New York, shows Sc joining C about
one-third across the length of cell 1st R; the figure given by Dr. Alexander in
Crane Flies of New York, Plate 31, fig. 12, shows Sc joining C almost above the
origin of R, but beyond it.

62 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

2. Type female; lower valves obtuse at apex, upper valves short triangular

at the base, apex prolonged and upcurved; tips of both pairs nearly
on a level. (Type description of.) whartoni Needham.

3. Rs leaves R obtusely or at a curve 4

RS leaves R acutely or straight 5

4. RS shorter; wings broader; abdomen dark; October form; anal style

completely visible in the male; sternite valves reach to the tip of the

tergite in female '. . . . sujfusca, n. sp.

RS longer; wings narrower; pale species; July form; anal style half covered
by ninth sternite in male; sternite valves not reaching the tips of the
tergites in the female intermedia, n. sp.

5. RS long; wings narrow; cell 1st R I, distinctly narrow; base of anal style

almost completely covered by the ninth sternite . . . kooteniensis, n. sp.
RS shorter; wings broader cell 1st R I, deeper; base of anal style about half
covered by ninth sternite intermedia, n. sp.

The last item is the description of a new Chionea allied to
noveboracensis Alex. I wrote the description and sent it to Dr.
Alexander asking him to be kind enough to compare it with the
type female of noveboracensis ', in which specimen it is most
unfortunate that the antennae are missing, as the antennae of
this new species are distinct from any known species of Chionea,
because of the few number of segments, having only five
whilst six is the accepted number for the genus. Again • I
take much pleasure in naming it after Dr. C. P. Alexander who
has already done so much work on this genus, and at the same
time I thank him for his kindness in comparing the notes.

Chionea alexandriana, n. sp.

Male and female. — Length about 5 mm., width about 1 mm.

Description of male and female. Antennae, five segments. Segment one
long, cylindrical, with some dorsal, basal, black hairs. Segment two cylin-
drical, swelling to an apical club, a whorl of black hairs at % and another at%
with more hairs and longer. Segment three short, about halt the length of one
or two, conical, with a few short hairs. Segments four and five short, cylindri-
cal, four with two or three basal, five with three or four terminal, very long,
golden hairs, longer than the whole five segments together. Segment one equals
two in length, and one is longer than 3, 4, 5 together. Antennae, palpi, head,
thorax, abdomen, black with slight gray pruinosity, in strong lights a brownish
shade. Head with some coarse black hairs from occiput to vertex. Collar
with a bunch of black hairs each side dorsally. Thorax with a scattered bunch
of black hairs on the dorsum as long as the haltres, which are pale yellow.
Abdomen with apparently seven complete segments in the female each with
a few short scattered black hairs. (In strong sunlight al! hairs shine brownish.)
Legs with all femora very slightly incrassated, brownish black (in strong sunlight
brown), tibia and tarsi the same, all with longitudinal rows of black hairs,
bristly. Male hypopygium with base very solid, thick, somewhat conical to

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

63

7.

Fig. A. — 1. Alexandriaria si/Jfttsca, ventral view, showing exposed sternite
base; 2. same, left clasper from end and above; 3. same, clasper, lateral view;
4. same, wing of type male; 5. same, antennal segments 1 to 7; 6. Chionea
alexandriana, antennae, male and female; 7. Chionea alexandriana, female
hypopygium dorsal view; 8. same, ventral view; 9. same, lateral view; 10. same,
tergite valve; 11. Chionea alexandriana, male, hypopygium, one clasper open;
12. Alexandriaria kooteniensis, wing of male type; 13. Alexandriaria intermedia,
wing of male type. The illustrations are merely rough sketches to give some
idea of the form. The wings are from a lantern slide sketch.

64 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, FEB., 1922

half way, color as abdomen, fleshy; below and inside with a prominent round
point near the apex. Claspers, horny, subhyaline, bases thick and with an
inside point which is modified on the outside. All with some black hairs.
Female hypopygium subhyaline with four valves, tergal pair in lateral view
flat, sword like; from base slightly up curved to the tips; base, thin, swelling from
the second half diminishing to the tips and a bump dorsally at the first basal
quarter.

Described from six specimens. Ho/otype, male, and Allotype,
female, 22 Feb., 1921, Cranbrook, B. C., 3500 ft.

Four female paratypes. One data as types sent to Dr. C.
P. Alexander. One data as types sent to U. S. Nat. Coll.,
Wash., D. C. One, 13 Feb., 1920, Cranbrook, B. C., taken
a few hundred yards off the type spot, sent to the Canadian
Nat. Coll., Ottawa. One taken in March or April, 1921, from
the hills near Canal Flats, Kootenay Valley, taken by a trapper
and given to me (damaged).

THE IDENTITY OF A HYMENOPTERUS PARASITE OF THE
ALFALFA LEAF WEEVIL.

BY R. A. CUSHMAN,

Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.

At the time of the description of Aenophgimorpha phytonomi
the only specimen known to Viereck had been reared as a para-
site of Phytonomus postica at Hoytsville, Utah. Since that
time additional specimens have been reared from the same host
in Italy. This European record led me to try to identify it
among the European species with the result that it was found to
be identical with Hemiteles micator Gravenhorst.

The synonymy is therefore as follows:

Aenoplegimorpha micator (Gravenhorst).

Ichneumon micator Gravenhorst, Vergl. Uebers. Zool. Syst., 1807, 260.
Hemiteles micator Gravenhorst, Ichn. Eur., vol. 2, 1829, p. 832, 9 only.
Aenophgimorpha phytonomi Viereck, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912,
p. 147.

Actual date of publication February 14, 1922.

VOL. 24 MARCH, 1922 No. 3

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

BUCHANAN, L. L. NOTES ON APION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW

SPECIES (COLEOP., CURCULIONIDAE) 82

CRAMPTON, G. C. A COMPARISON OF THE FIRST MAXILLAE OF APTERYGOTAN

INSECTS AND CRUSTACEA FROM THE STANDPOINT OF PHYLOGENV . 65

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OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1922.

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VOL.24 MARCH 1922 No. 3

A COMPARISON OF THE FIRST MAXILLAE OF APTERYGOTAN

INSECTS AND CRUSTACEA FROM THE STANDPOINT

OF PHYLOGENY.

BY G. C. CRAMPTON, Ph. D., Massachusetts Agricultural College.

The present paper dealing with the phylogenetic origin of the
maxillae of insects, is offered as the fourth of a series of articles
in which the evidence for deriving the various insectan struc-
tures from crustacean prototypes, has been presented in order
to demonstrate that the Crustacea, rather than the Chilopoda
or other "myriopods," are the nearest representatives of the
ancestors of insects. The other papers of this series were pub-
lished in Vol. 28 of Psyche (an article on the evolution of the
paragnaths or "superlinguae" of insects), in Vol. 29 of the
Journal of the New York Entomological Society (an article on
the evolution of the mandibles of insects), and in Vol. 32 of the
Entomological News (a paper on the evolution of the cerci of
insects). A general review of the subject was presented in the
50th Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario
for 1919, and in the Transactions of the Entomological Society
of London for 1921 ; but it is only in the papers dealing with each
phase of the subject separately, that drawings of the anatomical
details were given to demonstrate the truth of the contentions
made, since it would not be feasible to attempt to present all of
the evidence, accompanied by the necessary illustrations, in a
single paper.

It is manifestly disadvantageous (although unavoidably
necessary) to scatter the evidence through a series of discon-
nected papers, since in so doing, the ever increasing mass of
evidence loses much of its cumulative effect, and it is not so
readily apparent that each additional study of another struc-
tural feature merely adds its quota to the overwhelming
accumulation of facts driving one irresistibly to the conclusion
that the Crustacea, rather than the Chilopoda, have departed
the least from the type ancestral to the Insecta — for in each
case, it has been the Crustacea alone which have furnished the
key to the proper interpretation of the parts in insects, and they
alone furnish an unbroken series of evolutionary stages connec-
ting the insects with the lower arthropods. On this account,

66 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

I would especially emphasize the fact that a preliminary study
of crustacean anatomy is indispensible to the proper under-
standing of insectan anatomy, since the parts of a crustacean
(unlike those of a chilopod) are for the most part built upon
exactly the same plan as those of an insect, but have remained
in a condition much nearer the ancestral one; and by comparing
the parts in a series of Crustacea, we can trace the development
of the various modifications back to their very source, thereby
revealing the true nature of the various parts in a way that is
not. even approached, for completeness, by any other group of
arthropods. The chilopods, on the other hand, present practi-
cally no structures built upon exactly the same plan as in insects,
but are modified along their own special paths of development,
so that it would be impossible to derive the parts of an insect
in general, from the types of structures present in any known
chilopod. The truth of this statement is so readily apparent
if one will only take the trouble to make even the most super-
ficial comparison of the parts of one of our common and easily
obtained chilopods (which are to be found under dead logs in
any wood) with those of a common mayfly nymph, Machilis, or
any similar primitive insect, that it is hardly in keeping with
the modern spirit of scientific truth to continue to foist upon
unsuspecting and inexperienced students the fallacious and
easily refuted hypothesis that insects are descended from chilo-
pods!

Current Misconceptions.

One of the prevalent misconceptions concerning the nature
of the maxillae of insects, is the view that they represent the
second maxillae of Crustacea, instead of the first maxillae of
Crustacea, with which they are really homologous. This
practically universally accepted view apparently owes its
origin to the erroneous claim of Hansen,- 1893, and Folsom,
1900, who maintain that the so-called "superlinguae" of insects
are homologous with the maxillulae or first maxillae of Crus-
tacea; and since they mistake the "superlinguae" of insects for
the first maxillae of Crustacea, they naturally mistake the first
maxillae of insects for the second maxillae of Crustacea. The
only semblance of proof brought forth in defense of the view
that the "superlinguae" represent the maxillulae (first maxil-
lae) of Crustacea is Folsom's description of an alleged super-
lingual segment in an embryo of Anurida^ which he claims is
the representative of the first maxillary segment of Crustacea;
and those unfamilar with the embryology of insects in general
(in which no superlingual segment has ever been found) or with
the embryology and anatomy of Crustacea, have been com-
pletely deceived by Folsom's much-heralded "discovery."
In his extensive and extremely thorough study of apterygotan

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 67

embryology, Philiptschenko, 1912, has very clearly shown that
the supposed superlingual segment described by Folsom in
Anurida does not exist in this or any other insect, and that in
all probability what Folsom mistook for an embryonic super-
lingual segment was merely an artifact of some sort — or as
Philiptschenko more tactfully expresses it, Folsom's description
of a superlingual segment is a 'lapsus calami."

It was hardly necessary, however, for Philiptschenko to
point out the falsity of the claim that there is an embryonic
"superlingual" segment in Anurida^ since it is absolutely
patent that the developing superlinguae of Anurida correspond
in every way to the developing paragnaths of the isopod
crustacean Jaera if one compares Folsom's Fig. 21 of an Anurida
embryo with Fig. of a Jaera embryo by McMurrich, 1895; and
since the paragnaths of Crustacea are not modified limbs of a
distinct segment, it naturally follows that their homologues, the
superlinguae of insects, can not represent modified limbs of a
distinct segment, as I have pointed out in an article published
in Vol. 28 of Psyche, where it was shown that the location, form,
structure and embryological development of the superlinguae
of insects give absolute proof of the fact that the superlinguae
are in every way homologous with the paragnaths (not the
maxillulae) of Crustacea. Since the superlinguae are homolo-
gous with the paragnaths, it is an easy matter to compare the
maxillae of insects with the first maxillae (maxillulae) of Crus-
tacea, and comparative embryology has long shown that the
latter is the only correct method of homologizing the parts in
question in insects and Crustacea.

In Vol. 29, No. 2, of the Journal of the New York Ent. Soc.
for June, 1921, I have shown that the mandible of an insect
represents only the basal or first segment (coxopodite) alone
of a crustacean limb, and in the present paper I would point out
the fact that the Uacinia of an insect's maxilla represents a lobe
of the second segment (basipodite) of a crustacean limb, while
the galea represents a lobe of another segment — the third or
ischiopodite — of a crustacean limb. It is therefore impos-
sible that the galea, lacinia, and other parts of an insect's
maxillae could be repeated in the mandible, as Smith,
Packard, and many others have claimed is the case. Fur-
thermore, the commonly accepted view that the palpus of
an insect's maxilla represents the exopodite of a biramous
crustacean limb, while the galea and lacinia of an insect's
maxilla represent the endopodite of such a biramous crus-
tacean limb is absolutely unfounded, tor, as will be shown
later, the maxillary palpus represents the terminal segments of
the endopodite ot a crustacean limb in \\huh lobe-like out-
growths of the second and third segments of the endopodite

68 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

form the lacinia and galea. These misconceptions of the true
nature of the maxillae of insects, and other misinterpretations
of the parts of the maxillae (such for example as the mistaking
of the lacinial lobes for the galea in the maxillae of Anurida,
Orchesella, etc., by Folsom, 1899-1900, Imms, 1906, and their
followers) very clearly indicate the need of a more thorough
understanding of the modifications of the corresponding parts
in those Crustacea which approach the insectan type very closely
before attempting to interpret the homologies of the various
insectan structures, which can be interpreted aright only by
comparing them with their prototypes among the Crustacea.
On this account, it may be of some interest to briefly review
certain evolutionary tendencies in the Crustacea which eventu-
ally result in the production of the insectan type of maxilla.

Evolution of the Maxillae.

The derivation of a typical arthropodan limb from the para-
podium of an annelid has been discussed in Vol. 29 of the Journal
of the N. Y. Entomological Society, so that it is unnecessary to
go into the matter further here; and a typical biramous crus-
tacean or trilobitan limb (see text figure 1) having an exopodite
ex, usually serving as a gill, and an endopodite en, used as a
locomotor organ, may be taken as the starting point in the
developmental series resulting in the production of the insectan
type of maxillary mouthpart-limb. It may be remarked
parenthetically, that trilobites are exceptionally favorable
forms for demonstrating the fact first discovered by Savigny,
1816, that the mouthparts of an arthropod are merely modified
legs, since all of the mouthparts of a trilobite such" as Triarthrus
are exactly like the trunk limbs, mesal outgrowths of the basal
segments of the limbs serving to hold and comminute the food.

The main axis of a typical crustacean limb (formed by the
basal segments and the endopodite) is composed of seven seg-
ments, which, beginning with the basal one, have been termed
the coxopodite, basipodite, ischiopodite, meropodite, carpopodite,
propodite, and dactylopodite, by carcinologists, or students of the
group Crustacea. The exopodite, or outer branch of the bira-
mous limb, is borne on the second segment or basipodite in
most Crustacea (or on the fused basipodite and coxopodite,
termed the protopodite by carcinologists), and this fact is of
some value in determining the identity of the basipodite in
certain cases in which it has become secondarily divided into
subdivisions superficially resembling segments, as in Fig. 8,
Plate 8. The basal segment or coxopodite of a crustacean
limb may bear a lateral gill-like appendage, the epipodite (ep
of Figs. 8, 2, etc., Plate 8), but the epipodite is of relatively
slight importance for the study of insectan anatomy. On the

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 69

other hand, the median outgrowths or endites labeled ce, be,
ie, me, etc., borne on the median surface of the coxopodite,
basipodite, ischiopodite, meropodite, etc. (which, for convenience,
may be termed the coxendite, basendite, ischiendite, merendite,
etc., to indicate the segment on which they are borne) are of
considerable importance in the study of insectan anatomy,
since the galea, lacinia, and certain structures of the masti-
cating surface of the mandibles of insects are derived from these
endites of a crustacean limb, the coxendite, basendite, and
merendite (or the endites of the coxopodite, basipodite, and
meropodite) being the ones chiefly involved.

The coxendite, or endite of the coxopodite (basal segment) of
the mouthpart-limb — in other words, the homologue of the
structure labeled ce in Plate 8, Fig. 6, or in text figure 1 — is
called the gnathobase by students of the trilobites and lower
Crustacea. This coxendite, or gnathobase, in the trilobites,
merostomes, and related forms, acts as a holding and commin-
uting structure (by abutting against its fellow borne on the
corresponding limb of the opposite side of the body) in manipu-
lating the food, and is the prototype of the masticatory portion
of the mandible of insects, as was pointed out in a previous
paper (Vol. 29, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.). The coxendite, or
gnathobase, however, is not of any importance for the study of
the evolution of the maxilla, since it is the basendite and
ischiendite (or endites of the second and third segments of the
limb) which form the lacinia and galea of the maxilla, as will be
presently seen.

In the trilobitan limb shown in Fig. 6 (Plate 8) the second,
third, and fourth segments of the limb bear endites (i. e. the
basendite, ischiendite, and merendite) labeled be, ie, and me,
and if the trilobitan limb were straightened up to assume the
position of the main axis of the crustacean limb shown in Fig.
8 of Mysis, it would be seen that the endites labeled be, ie, and
me in Fig. 8 correspond to the endites bearing these labels in
Fig. 6 (although the basal endite ce of Fig. 6 is not represented
in Fig. 8). The exopodite (ex of Fig. 8) has been omitted from
Fig. 6, since it would overlap and hide the endites, if drawn
in this view.

If we compare Fig. 10 of a maxilliped of the crustacean
Gammarus, with Fig. 8 of a maxilliped of the crustacean Mysis,
it will be seen that the exopodite ex and epipodite ep of Fig. 8,
have been lost in Fig. 10, and instead of three endites be, ie and
me being present as in Figs. 8 and 6, only two of them be and ie
are retained in the maxilliped shown in Fig. 10. By comparing
the maxilliped of Gammarus (Fig. 10) with that of the other
crustacean shown in Fig. 8, there can be no doubt that it is the
endopodite en alone, and not the exopodite ex of Fig. 8, which is
retained in Fig. 10, and this fact is of the greatest importance in

70 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

comparing the parts of the maxilliped of the crustacean shown
in Fig. 10 with those of the maxilla of the insect shown in Fig. 1 1 ,
since there is a wonderfully close resemblance in the relative
sizes, etc., of the segments in the mouthpart-limbs shown in
Figs. 11 and 10, enabling us to compare the parts without the
least difficulty, so that having in our possession the key furnished
by the mouthpart-limb shown in Fig. 10, the veriest tyro would
be able to homologize the parts of the insect's maxilla shown
Fig. 1 1 (and hence the parts of the maxillae of all insects as well);
and we are thus able at once to demonstrate the fallacy of the
generally accepted view that the maxillary palpus of an insect
represents the exopodite of a crustacean limb, or that the galea
and lacinia of an insect's maxilla represent the endopodite of
such a crustacean limb, for the basal segment cp of Fig. 1 1
clearly represents the basal segment cp of Fig. 10, while the
second segment bp of Fig. 11, which is large and bears an endite
be, clearly corresponds to the second segment bp of Fig. 10,
which is also large and bears an endite be. The third segment
ip of Fig. 11 is smaller and bears an endite " ie," and is clearly
homologous with the third segment ip of Fig. 10, which is also
smaller and bears an endite ie. The fourth segment mp is the
smallest of all the segments in both Figures 11 and 10, while
the fifth segment crp is long and slender in both, and is followed
by a shorter slender segment pp in both figures. The terminal
segment dp is still shorter in both figures, but in Fig. 10 it
bears a terminal claw not present in Fig. 11 — although the
terminal claw is also absent in many Crustacea as well as in the
insect shown in Fig. 11. The remarkable resemblance even
to the details of the relative sizes of the different segments com-
posing the mouthpart-limbs thus enables us to establish beyond
all possibility of doubt, that the maxillary palpus en of Fig. 11
represents the endopodite en of Fig. 10, while the galea ie and
lacinia be of Fig. 11 are clearly the representatives of the endites
ie and be of the third and second segments of the mouthpart
limb shown in Fig. 10, thus showing conclusively that it is
folly to claim that the palpus of an insect's maxilla represents
the exopodite of a crustacean limb, and that the galea and
lacinia represent the endopodite of such a biramous limb!
Furthermore, a comparison of the parts in Figs. 11 and 10 would
indicate that a four-jointed maxillary palpus, such as that
labeled en in Fig. 1 1 probably represents the condition typical
for insects in general or that four was probably the "ancestral"
or primitive number of segments entering into the composition
of the palpi of the maxillae of the first insects.

By comparing Fig. 11 with Fig. 12 it may be seen that the
basal segment or cardo cp of Fig. 12 is proportionately much
smaller than in Fig. 11, while the second segment or stipes bp

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 71

becomes more elongate. in Fig. 12, and its endite be becomes
differentiated into several lacinial structures which will be dis-
cussed later. The third segment or palpifer ip of Fig. 12
becomes more closely applied to the second segment bp and its
endite, the galea ie is proportionately much larger in Fig. 12
than in Fig. 11. The maxillary palpus en of Fig. 11 consists of
only four segments, as was mentioned above, while the palpus
en of the maxilla of Machilis shown in Fig. 12 is composed of
seven segments. It is also a simple matter to compare the
parts of the maxilla shown in Fig. 11 with those of the maxilla
of the primitive apterygotan insect Eosentomon shown in Fig.
17, since the basal segment cp of Fig. 11 evidently corresponds
to the small basal segment cp of Fig. 17, while the second seg-
ment bp of Fig. 11, with its endite be, evidently corresponds to
the second segment bp of Fig. 17, which also bears an endite be,
although the endite be of Fig. 17 has become differentiated into
certain lacinial structures not present in the endite be of Fig. 1 1 .
The third segment ip of Fig. 17 with its endite ie clearly corres-
ponds to the third segment ip with its endite ie of Fig. 11, and
there are indications of four segments in the maxillary plapus
en of Fig. 17 suggestive of the four-segmented maxillary palpus
en of Fig. 11. It is a simple matter to compare the maxillae of
higher insects, such as the one shown in Fig. 18, with the type
of maxilla shown in Fig. 12, and one may easily compare the
parts of the maxilla of an apterygotan insect, such as the one
shown in Fig. 17, with the type of maxilla shown in Figs. 16,
14, 9, etc., so that, having established the meaning of the parts
of the maxilla in one case, it is a comparatively easy matter to
apply the knowledge thus gained, to insects in general.

In order that there may be no misunderstanding in this mat-
ter, I would call attention to the fact that in comparing the
parts of Fig. 10 with those of Fig. 11,1 have compared the parts
of a maxilliped of a crustacean with the parts of an insect's
maxilla, instead of comparing a crustacean maxilla with an
insect's maxilla. This however is perfectly justifiable, since
the segments of a crustacean's maxilliped are in every way
homologous (serially) with the segments of a crustacean's
maxilla and may be compared part by part, just as the protho-
racic leg is in every way serially homologous with a metathoracic
leg in an insect, and the prothoracic coxa, trochanter, femur,
etc., correspond in every way to the metathoracic coxa, tro-
chanter, femur, etc. Since the parts of the maxilliped are
homologous with those of the maxilla in Crustacea, it is there-
fore justifiable to homologize the parts of a crustacean's raaxilli-
ped with the parts of an insect's maxilla in an attempt to deter-
mine the proper interpretation of the insect's parts, it the maxil-
liped serves the purpose better than the maxilla does, as is the
case with those Crustacea available to me at present (although

72

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

there are certain Crustacea in which the maxillae are as suitable
as the maxillipeds, for comparison with the maxillae of insects—
but specimens of these are inaccessible to me, and one must
perforce do the best he can with such material as he is able to
procure.

Unfortunately, the diagrams of hypothetical evolutionary
stages employed by many investigators to illustrate the probable
mode of origin of various animal structures, all too frequently
correspond to nothing which has ever existed "in the heavens
above, or the earth beneath, or the waters under the earth,"
and in order to avoid this pitfall, I have at first purposely used
only actual cases occurring in some living or fossil arthropod, to
illustrate the probable evolutionary stages in the development
of the insectan type of maxilla, since, if modifications occurring
in existing cases are used, they at least represent actual devel-
opmental tendencies which have manifested themselves in
nature, and are not purely a figment of one's imagination. On
the other hand, despite the fact that in using diagrams one
frequently is obliged to sacrifice accuracy to simplicity, the
judicial use of diagrams (safeguarded by reference to actual
structures upon which they are based) is an invaluable aid in
explaining in a concise and readily understandable form, the
ideas one has worked out in his own mind from evidence col-
lected from many sources; and in this account, I have ventured
to add the appended text figures to aid one in visualizing the
probable evolutionary stages through which the mouthpart
appendages have passed in the evolution of the insectan type
of maxilla.

Fig. 1, biramous limb of trilobite or crustacean. Fig. 2, maxilliped ofGammarus.
Fig. 3, maxilla of neuropteron larva. Fig. 4, Maxilla of MacAi/is. 1,
coxopodite or cardo; 2, basipodite or stipes; 3, ischiopodite or palpifer;
4, 5, and 6, segments of endopodite or maxillary palpus, ex, exopodite;
en, endopodite; ie, ischiendite or galea; be, basendite or lacinia. The
stippled segments are the homologues of the cardo and palpifer.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 73

In textfigure 1 is represented the typical buccal appendage
of a trilobite (compare Fig. 6 of Plate 8) having a gill-like
exopodite "ex" and a locomotor endopodite "en," in which
segments two and three bear short flat endites "be" and "ie"
(the endite of segment four has been omitted for simplicity).
In textfigure 2, based upon the maxilliped of Gammarus (com-
pare Fig. 10) the exopodite "ex" of texfigure 1 has been lost,
and the endopodite "en" assumes a palp-like appearance, while
the endites "be" and "ie" of segments two and three become
more elongate. In textfigure 3, based upon the maxilla of a
larval Neuropteron (compare Fig. 11) the endopodite "en" has
become the maxillary palp, and the endites "be" and "ie" of
segments two and three have become modified to form the
slender lacinia and galea; while in textfigure 4, based upon
Machilis (compare Fig. 12) segment number two becomes more
elongate and segment number three is more closely applied to
it, forming the palpifer still distinguishable as a distinct segment,
but tending to unite with the second segment or stipes. In
the higher insects, the union of the palpifer segment with the
stipes segment is usually complete, although traces of the palpi-
fer are retained in certain forms.

Comparison of Structural Details.

In the foregoing discussion, it was shown that the maxilla of
an insect can be readily derived from crustacean prototypes
(although it would be impossible to derive an insect's maxilla
from any of the chilopod buccal appendages I have been able to
examine), and in the following brief discussion, I would point
out the fact that even the minuter details of structure bear out
the contention that we must seek the prototypes of the parts
of insects among the Crustacea, rather than among the chiol-
pods — and after all, it is the evidence of the minute details of
structure which is of the greatest value in any phylogenetic
study, since convergent development may bring about a general
resemblance in the various parts, but when this resemblance
extends to the more minute details of structure as well, the possi-
bility of the resemblance being due to convergent development
is very slight, and we are forced to the conclusion that a common
heredity is the cause of the resemblance, when it extends to the
structural details of many organs from widely separated regions
of the body — as is the case with numerous structures in insects
and Crustacea.

In the maxilla of the primitive crustacean Nebalia shown in
Fig. 4, Plate 8, the endite, or mesal lobe, of each of the two basal
segments is bordered by an endofimbrium or mesal fringe of
seta-like, or spine-like structures, shown more highly modified

74 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

in Fig. 29, where it may be seen that the seta-like structures may
become broader and exhibit a tendency to become serrate upon
one side. In Fig. 25, the endofimbrium, or mesal fringe, of the
second segment of the maxilla of the amphipod crustacean
Talorchestia is seen to have become differentiated into a tooth-
like spine labeled " a " and a series of somewhat broader flattened
processes or lacinulae, " le, " which exhibit a tendency to become
serrate, or "pectinate," on one side. In the isopod crustacean
Trichoniscus, shown in Fig. 22, there occurs in the median fringe
of the second segment of the maxilla, an elongate midappendix,
"b," which is apparently a modified member of the median
fringe. In Fig. 23 of the maxilla of the amphipod crustacean
Gammarus, the endofimbrium of the second segment has become
differentiated into a group of laciniadentes "a," or tooth-like
processes, a midappendix labeled "b, " and the lacinulae, "le,"
which are "pectinate" on one side, and suggest very strongly
the condition occurring in the apterygotan insects next dis-
cussed; and having determined the nature of these structures
in Crustacea, we are now in position to determine the nature
of their homologues in insects.

If one compares the mesal fringe, or endofimbrium, of the
stipes (or second segment) of the maxilla of the apterygotan
insect Tetrodontophora shown in Fig. 24, with the mesal fringe
of the second segment of the maxilla of the crustacean Gam-
marus, shown in Fig. 23, it is a very simple matter to identify
all of the parts, which correspond in an astonishingly close
fashion, in both forms (as has also been pointed out by Boerner,
1909). Thus the laciniadentes or incisor processes "a" of Fig.
23 clearly correspond to the laciniadentes or incisor processes
" a " of Fig. 24, while the midappendix " b " of Fig. 23 is evident-
ly the midappendix "b" of Fig. 24, and the "pectinate"
lacinulae " le " of Fig. 23 are clearly the pectinate lacinulae " le "
of Fig. 24. It is likewise a very simple matter to identify with
the incisor processes "a" of Fig. 24, the incisor processes "a"
of the insects shown in Figs. 27, 28, 30, etc., while the midappen-
dix "b" of Fig. 24 is apparently the homologue of the process
labelled "b" in Figs. 27, 28, 30, etc., and the lacinulae "le" of
Fig. 24 evidently correspond to the processes labeled "le" in
Figs. 27, 28, 30, etc.; and it is quite evident that the lacinial
structures (i. e. those borne on the second segment or stipes of
the maxilla) correspond, even in their minutest details, through-
out the sub-class Apterygota, and it is folly of Handlirsch, 1908,
to attempt to divide the apterygotan insects into several
"classes," since the great similarity among them in other
structural details as well, would preclude such a course of pro-
cedure on the part of any one familar with the structure of the
Apterygota in general.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 75

It is very surprising that Folsom, 1900, Imms, 1906, and
others, who have made a detailed study of the mouthparts of
the apterygotan Anurida, have wholly missed the significance
of the parts of the maxilla in this insect, thus showing very
clearly that is impossible to interpret the parts in insects aright,
without first making a study of related forms, and comparing
the parts with those of the Crustacea. Thus, Folsom and Imms
apply the term "galea" to the incisor process of the lacinia
labeled "a" in Figs. 20 and 21 of Anurida, and they restrict the
term "lacinia" to the right hand lacinular plate labeled "le"
in Fig. 20, while Imms applies the designation "maxillary palp"
to the left hand lacinular process labeled "le" in Fig. 20.
Folsom, 1899, has also misinterpreted the parts of the lacinia of
the maxilla of Orchese/la, as may be seen by comparing his figure
of the parts with Fig. 31 of the present paper.

The lacinial fringe ofNicoletia (Fig. 19) is quite different from
that of Machilis (Fig. 27) and this feature adds further confirma-
tion of the contention that Machilis should be placed in an order
distinct from that containing Nicoletia and the other Lepisma-
tidae. On the other hand, the lacinia of Nicoletia (Fig. 19) is
quite like that of certain pterygotan insects such as the one
shown in Fig. 18, since the laciniadentes, or incisor processes
"a" of Fig. 19, evidently correspond to the incisor processes
labeled "a" in Fig. 18, and the process labeled " b " (provisional-
ly homologized with the midappendix " b " of other apterygota)
in Fig. 19 is apparently the homologue of the appendage
labeled "b" in Fig. 18. ' The small processes labeled "le" m
Fig. 19 doubtless correspond to the processes labeled "le" in
Fig. 27, but they appear to be wanting in Fig. 18, unless they
are represented by the seta-like structures borne on the lacinia,
but not represented in Fig. 18.

Several investigators have recently questioned the advisa-
bility of grouping the Protura with the rest of apterygotan
insects, since they claim that the Protura are not true insects,
but belong in a class by themselves — or the Protura are even
regarded by some investigators as being nearer the "myriopods"
than insects. The head, thoracic, and terminal abdominal
structures of the Protura, however, are clearly insectan, as is
further borne out by the structure of the maxilla, as one may
readily see by comparing the maxilla of the insect shown in Fig.
16 with that of the proturan shown in Fig. 17, and I can see no
reason why the Protura should not be grouped with such aptery-
gotan insects as Tomocerns, Tetrodontophora, and similar forms
with which they have so much in common. The Protura are
evidently an early offshoot of the primitive Apterygota, from
which the sminthurids and entomobryids were also derived, and
the evidence derived from the studv of the maxillae of the Pro-

76 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

tura is fully in accord with that drawn from other sources,
clearly indicating that the Protura are true insects.

In many of the primitive representatives of the sub-class
Pterygota, the cardo "cp" of these insects is divided into
eucardo "ec" and paracardo "pc" as in Fig. 18, and the stipes
"bp" is divided into parastipes "ps" and eustipes "es" as in
Figs. 18 and 12. In a paper published in Vol. 23, p. 83, of
Psyche, in which these subdivisions were first described, I sug-
gested that the division of the cardo and stipes into two parts
might indicate traces of the union of parts formerly distinct.
I am now inclined, however, to regard the subdivision of the
cardo "cp" in Fig. 18, as of the same nature as the division of
the basal segment "cp" into two parts in the maxilla of the
crustacean shown in Fig. 25, in which the subdivision of the seg-
ment is purely secondary. Furthermore, the narrow marginal
sclerite "ps" of Figs. 18 and 12, may possibly represent the
narrow structure labeled "ps" in Fig. 25, but I have not been
able to obtain suitable material for definitely determining

this point.

Summary.

The principal points brought out in the foregoing discussion
may be briefly summarized as follows:

The Crustacea, rather than the chilopods or other "Myrio-
poda," furnish us with the prototypes of the various insectan
structures, and much of the misinterpretation of the parts in
insects is due to the fact that entomologists are largely ignorant
of the anatomy of the Crustacea.

The basal segment of a crustacean buccal appendage forms
the cardo of an insect's maxilla. The second segment with its
endite in the Crustacea, forms the stipes with the lacinia in
insects. The third segment with its endite in Crustacea, forms
the palpifer with the galea in insects. The terminal segments
of the endopodite of the crustacean's buccal appendage forms
the palpus of an insect's maxilla. It is therefore incorrect to
state that the maxillary palpus of an insect represents the
exopodite of a biramous crustacean limb, while the galea and
lacinia represent the endopodite of such a biramous limb.

Since the galea represents the endite of the third segment of
a mouthpart limb, and the lacinia represents the endite of a
second segment of such a mouthpart limb in insects, it is like-
wise incorrect to state that the mandible of an insect, which
corresponds to the basal segment alone of such a limb, may
exhibit structures corresponding to the galea, lacinia, and other
structures of the maxilla.

The maxilla of an insect corresponds to the first maxilla of a
crustacean, and it is therefore incorrect to state that the "super-
linguae" of insects represent the first maxillae (maxillulae) of

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 77

Crustacea. Comparative embryology and anatomy clearly
show that the superlinguae of insects are the paragnaths of
Crustacea, and the first maxillae of insects are the first maxillae
of Crustacea, and the evidence of comparative anatomy and
embryology if further confirmed by the form and function of
the organs in question.

The evidence obtained from the study of the minuter details
of the maxillary structures of insects substantiates that drawn
from other sources, indicating so close a relationship between
the apterygotan insects, that it would be wholly unjustifiable
to attempt to group the Apterygota otherwise than in a single
sub-class; and a study of the minute details of structure of the
maxillae furnishes further confirmation of the claim that the
Crustacea alone represent the probable types ancestral to
insects, and if the Crustacea are not the actual ancestors of
insects, they at least enable us to determine what the ancestors
were probably like, possessing as they do a number of features
unmistakably suggestive of the prototypes of many of the struc-
tures of insects, which are built upon the same plan, but are
much more highly modified in insects.

The present paper is largely of the nature of a preliminary
study, in which an attempt has been made to determine the
true nature of the maxilla as the basis of further work along this
line. In the second part of this paper, it is proposed to trace
the various modifications of the maxilla in different insects,
with particular reference to the evidence it may add to that
from other sources, in determining the closest affinities and the
interrelationships of the various insectan orders.

Appendix.

The appended textfigures of the embryonic development of
the head structures of insects and Crustacea have been added
to show that the evidence of embryology is in full accord with
that of comparative anatomy (Psyche, Vol. 28, p. 84) which
clearly indicates that the "superlinguae" of insects represent
the paragnaths of Crustacea. As may be seen in Textfigure 5,
the superlinguae" of insects (labeled "e") are mandibulur
structures arising (in the embryo) upon the mandibular ganglia,
immediately mesal to the forming mandibles (labeled "d");
while the paragnaths of a crustacean embryo (labeled "e" in
Textfigure 6) are likewise mandibular structures arising upon
the mandibular ganglia, immediately mesal to the forming
mandibles (labeled "d" in Textfigure 6). The evidence of
embryology is therefore no less conclusive than that of compara-
tive anatomy in demonstrating that the "superlinguae" of
insects are really the paragnaths of Crustacea, and it is therefore

78

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

wholly incorrect to homologize the "superlinguae" of insects
with the first maxillae (maxillulae) of Crustacea, and to homolo-
gize the first maxillae of insects with the second maxillae of
Crustacea, etc., as is done by recent investigators who have
not made a sufficiently thorough comparison of the structures
in question in the two groups of arthropods.

FIG. 5

FIG. 6

Textfigure 5. — Ventral view of anterior portion of embryo of Anurida, after
Folsom, 1900. Textfigure 6. — Same of the isopod crustacean Jaera,
after McMurrich, 1895. 1, optic ganglion; 2, cerebral ganglion; 3, pre-
antennular ganglion; 4, antennular ganglion; 5, antennal ganglion; 6,
mandibular ganglion; a, upper lip or labrum; b, first antenna (antennule)
of crustacean, antenna of insect; c, second antenna of crustacean, mouth
fold of insect; d, mandible; e, paragnath; f, first maxilla (maxillula) of
crustacean, maxilla of insect; g, second maxilla of crustacean, labium of
insect; h, first maxilliped of crustacean, prothoracic leg of insect; i, liver of
crustacean.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Boas, 1883. — Studien ueber Malakostraken. — Morphol. Jahrb., 8, p. 485.

Boerner, 1909. — Beissmandibel der Insekten. Zool. Anz., 34, p. 100; also
Collembolen aus Sudafrica. Forschungsreise im westlichen Afrika, 4, 1908.

Caiman, 1896. — Genus Anaspides. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 38, p. 787.

Crampton, 1918. — Maxillae of Orthoptera. Psyche, 23, p. 83; also Evolution
of Paragnaths in Insects and Crustacea. Psyche, 28, p. 84; also Evolution
of Mandibles in Insects and other Arthropods. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 29,
p. 53; also Evolution of Cerci. Ent. News. 32, p. 257; also articles in 50th
Ann. Report Ent. Soc. of Ontario for 1919, p. 105, and Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, 1921.

Daday, 1910. — Suesswasser-Mikrofauna. Zoologica, 23, p. 1.

Escherich, 1905. — Lepismatiden. Zoologica, 43, p. 1.

Folsom, 1899.— Mouthparts of Orchesella. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard,
35 p. 1; also Mouthparts of Anurida. Same, 1900, 36, p. 87.

Hansen, 1893. — Mundtheile dei Insekten und Crustaceen. Zool. Anz.,
16, p. 201.

Imms, 1906. — Anurida. L. M. B. C. Memoirs, 13, p. 1.

Korschelt und Heider, 1890. — Lehrbuch Vergl. Entwk. Ges. \Virbellosen
Thiere, I.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 79

McMurrich, 1895. — Embryology of Isopods. Jour. Morphol, 21, p. 63.
Philiptschenko, 1912. — Embryonalentwicklung von Isotoma. Zeit. Wiss.

Zool, 100, p. 519.

Prell, 1913. — Chitinskelett von Eosentomon. Zoologica, 1913, p. 1.
Racovitza, 1907-1908. — Isopodes. Arch. Zool. Exper., 4, ser., 7, p. 145, 9,

p. 238.
Raymond, 1921. — Appendages of Trilobites. Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci.,

7, p. 1.
Stummer-Traunfels, 1892. — Mundwerkzeuge der Thysanuren. Sitzb. K.

Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. Classe, Abt. 1, 1891.

ABBREVIATIONS.

a — Laciniadentes or incisor processes of lacinial region.

b — Midappendix, or median appendage of lacinial region.

be — Basendite, or endite of crustacean basipodite; lacinia of insectan maxilla.

bp — Basipodite of crustacean limb; stipes of insectan maxilla.

ce — Coxendite, or endite of crustacean coxopodite.

cp — Coxopodite of crustacean limb; cardo of insect's maxilla.

crp — Carpopodite of crustacean limb.

dp — Dactylopodite of crustacean limb.

ec — Eucardo, or subdivision of cardo of maxilla.

ei — Endites of crustacean limb.

en — Endopodite of crustacean limb; maxillary palpus of insect.

ep — Epipodite of crustacean limb.

es — Eustipes, or subdivision of maxillary stipes.

ex — Exopodite, or outer branch of biramous crustacean limb.

ie — Ischiendite, or endite of ischiopodite of crustacean limb; galea of insect's

maxilla.

ip —Ischiopodite of crustacean limb; palpifer of insect's maxilla,
le — Lacinulae, or lamellar processes of lacinial region,
me — Merendite, or endite of meropodite of crustacean limb,
mp — Meropodite of crustacean limb,
pc — Paracardo, or subdivision of cardo of maxilla,
pp — Propodite of crustacean limb,
ps — Parastipes, or subdivision of stipes of maxilla.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Figures 4 and 7 are after Boas, 1883; Figs. 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30,
and 31 are after Boerner, 1908; Fig. 2 is after Caiman, 1896; Fig. 29 is
after Claus, 1889; Fig. 5 is after Daday, 1910; Fig. 19 is after Escherich,
1905; Fig. 3 is after Korschelt and Heider, 1890; Fig. 17 is after Prell, 1913;
Fig. 22 is after Racovitza, 1908; Fig. 6 is after Raymond, 1921; Figs. 9
and 14 are after Stummer-Traunfels, 1892.

Fig. 1 — A trunk limb of crustacean Apus productus.

Fig. 2 — First thoracic limb of crustacean Anaspides tasmaniae.

Fig. 3 — Maxilla of crustacean Calanella sp.

Fig. 4 — First maxilla of crustacean Nebalia bipes (terminal portion cut off).

Fig. 5 — Maxilla of female of crustacean Cypris denticulata.

PLATE 8

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

CRAMPTON— MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

PLATE 9

31

CRAMPTON— MAXILLAE OF INSECTS.

82 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

Fig. 6 — A posterior trunk limb of the trilobite Triarthrus.

Fig. 7. — Second maxilla of crustacean Nebalia bipes.

Fig. 8 — Maxilliped of crustacean My sis sp.

Fig. 9 — Maxilla of apterygotan insect Japyx so/if ugus.

Fig. 10 — Maxilliped of crustacean Gammarus sp.

Fig. 11 — Maxilla of larval neuropterous insect Sialis sp.

Fig. 12 — Maxilla of apterygotan insect Machilis sp.

Fig. 13 — Maxilla of crustacean Mysis sp.

Fig. 14 — Maxilla of apterygotan insect Campodea staphylinus.

Fig. 15 — Enlarged palpifer and maxillary palpus ot apterygotan insect Tetro-

dontophora bielanensis.

Fig. 16 — Maxilla of Tetrodontophora bielanensis.
Fig. 17 — Maxilla of apterygotan insect Eosentomon sp.
Fig. 18 — Maxilla of pterygotan insect Periplaneta orientalis.
Fig. 19 — Lacinia of maxilla of apterygotan insect Nicoletia neotropicalis.
Fig. 20 — Lacinial structures of apterygotan insect Anurida maritima.
Fig. 21 — Same from another view.
Fig. 22 — Tip of endite of second segment of first maxilla of crustacean Tri-

choniscus corsicus.

Fig. 23 — Tip of endite of second segment of maxilla of crustacean Gammarus sp.
Fig. 24 — Lacinial structures of apterygotan insect Tetrodontophora bielanensis.
Fig. 25 — First maxilla of crustacean Talorchestia longicornis. The position of

a hypothetical palpus is indicated by dotted lines.

Fig. 26 — Hypopharynx and maxilla of apterygotan insect Japyx japonicus.
Fig. 27 — Lacinial structures of apterygotan insect Machilis sp., from Japan.
Fig. 28 — Lacinial structures of apterygotan insect Sminthitrides serroseta,
Fig. 29 — Distal lobe (endite) of first maxilla of crustacean Nebalia geoffroyi.
Fig. 30 — Lacinial structures of maxilla of apterygotan insect Pogonognathus

(Tomocerus?) plumbeus.
Fig. 31 — Lacinial structures of apterygotan insect Allacmafusca.

NOTES ON APION, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW
SPECIES (COLEOP., CURCULIONIDAE).

BY L. L. BUCHANAN, Washington, D. C.

The following paper presents a few notes on a collection of
Apion from the vicinity of Lake Okoboji, northwestern Iowa;
and the descriptions of two new species, one from Iowa, the
other from the South Atlantic region. The Lake Okoboji
series at hand represents 12 or 13 species, but among them I can
recognize only 5 or 6 of the dozen which appear in Wickham's
Iowa catalog, the remainder being heretofore unrecorded from
the state. It may not be out of place to mention here that,
as a whole, the coleopterous fauna of the Lake Okoboji region
is distinctive in containing a considerable scattering of species
of a decided northern or western type, that disappear a little
further south in the state.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922 83

By the kind permission of Messrs. Schwarz and Barber I
have been able to make comparisons with the Apion material
in the U. S. National Museum.

Apion delta, n. sp.

Oblong, rather robust, strongly convex longitudinally, with a faint luster;
legs pale. Pubescence of rather sparse but conspicuous hair-like scales, evenly
distributed except for 3 spots at base of elytra, forming the apices of a triangle.
Beak (cf ) as long as head and prothorax, subcylindrical, shining above, dull
laterally, scaly almost to tip, evenly and weakly curved, strongly dilated, finely
and sparsely punctured. Front wider than tip of beak, bisulcate: beak ( 9 )
1/7 longer than head and thorax, plainly more slender, punctate and sparsely-
scaly in anterior half, almost sculptureless and shining to tip. Dilation con-
spicuous. Bisulcation of front not so well indicated. Eyes prominent in both
sexes. Antennae black, stout, and scaly, inserted % or less from base, 1st
joint hardly as long as next two, 3d reaching eyes. Thorax subconical, 1/5
wider than long, base strongly bisinuate, sides sinuate, widest a little behind
middle, thence strongly narrowing to the weakly constricted apex, median
groove entire. The punctures are good sized, but not crowded. Elytra ovate,
8/11 as wide as long, humeri rounded; base marked with 3 conspicuous patches
of broader scales, one white post-scutellar spot % the length of thorax, and two
smaller ones at base of 3d interval, the latter sometimes pale brownish or dirty
white. The striae are deep and clean cut, nearly as wide as the intervals, and
set with coarse punctures; intervals flat, each with a row of vague more or less
confused punctures; both intervals and striae with rows of white or brownish
hair-like scales. Legs reddish, coxae and trochanters black, tips of femora,
and tarsal joints dusky, claws small with a minute basal tooth. Punctuation
of under surface well marked but not coarse or crowded. Sterna with quite
dense white scales, 1st and 2d ventrals with sparser and narrower scales.
Length, 2 mm.

Hab.: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina.

Described from 4 specimens; type cf , Southern Pines, N. C.
(A. H. Manee); and 1 paratype, Petersboro, Va. (L. O. Jackson)
are in my collection; 1 paratype, Manning, S. C. (E. A. Chapin)
in collection of U. S. Biological Survey; 1 paratype, Holly Hill,
S. C. (Russell) on croton, Chittendon No. 385, in U. S. National
Museum.

This finely marked species is closely allied tofumitarse Fall,
from San Diego, Tex., but a comparison with Fall's type shows
his species to be a narrower insect, with finer pubescence, and
a comparatively shorter thorax which is grooved only half its
length, \\~\fnmitarse the scales are diffused far along the suture,
not condensed in a sharply defined scutellar spot as in delta.

Apion notabile, n. sp.

Moderately elongate, a little wider behind; black, sparsely pubescent with fine
white hairs. Beak (cf ) cylindrical, about as long as head and thorax, curved,

84 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 2, MAR., 1922

feebly dilated, finely but distinctly punctate, alutaceous and dull except for the
shining tip. Front more coarsely punctured, the punctures confluent, forming
longitudinal grooves. Eyes not prominent. Antennae inserted at basal %,
first joint piscescent, equal at least to the next two, but shorter than next three,
2d joint subcylindrical much longer than wide, and more than reaching eye.
Thorax wider than long (5 to 4) widest behind middle, sides narrowed at base,
decidedly converging from middle to the constricted apex. Punctuation strong
and close, but not coarse. Basal fovea distinct, reaching middle. Elytra 8/13
as wide as long, widest behind middle, humeri subangulate, striae not very
deep, intervals convex, nearly twice width of striae, both intervals and striae
with rows of fine white hairs. Meso- and meta-sternal side pieces covered with
white scales. Punctuation of 1st and 2d ventrals rather fine and sparse, coarser
on metasternum. Legs black, first joint of mid and hind tarsi with a strong
spine, tibiae unarmed, fore and mid femora equally, not excessively dilated.
Length, 2.2 mm.

Hab.: Iowa.

Type, a male in my collection from Lake Okoboji.

In Fall's key this species will come next to spinipes Fall, from
which it can be easily separated by the elongate, almost cylin-
drical second antennal joint which is as long as, or longer than,
3 + 4, while in spinipes the 2d joint is more triangular in outline
and distinctly shorter than 3 + 4. The beak in spinipes is also
more strongly and evenly curved, the thorax less convex
longitudinally and with weaker punctures.

Apion impunctistriatum, melanarium, robustum, minor, and
griseum, already recorded from Iowa, were found at Okoboji,
and, in addition, the following 7 which are new to the state
list:

A. occidentals Fall. Inhabits most of the country west of
the Mississippi River.

A. punctinasum Smith. Fall gives its range as Wyoming,
Nevada, and B. C. I also have Alberta specimens.

A. tenuirostrum Smith. 15 specimens. Known from Kansas,
Nebraska, Texas, Colorado and Montana.

A. turbulcntum Smith. Three specimens. The mucro of
the mid-tibiae of the one male is dentate, of the hind tibae
simple.

A. centrale Fall. Known from Colorado, Montana, Hudson
Bay Territory, and British Columbia.

A. varicorne Smith. A dozen individuals, which agree best
with Fall's var. b. The range of this form is given as "North-
West Territory," Nebraska, Texas, and Colorado.

A. carinatum Smith. Ranges over most of the country, but
not common.

Actual date of publication, March 23, 1922.

VOL. 24 APRIL, 1922 No. 4

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

"CONTENTS

BARBER, H. G. TWO NEW SPFCIES OF REDUVIIDAE FROM THE UNITED

STATES (HEM.) 103

EWING, H. E. — THREE NEW SPECIES OF PECULIAR AND INJURIOUS SPIDER

MITES 104

SANDERS, J. G. AND DE LONG, D. M. NEW SPECIES OF CICADELLIDAE

(HOMOPTERA) FROM THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN UNITED STATES 93

THOMPSON, W. R. ON THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF LARVAL CHARACTERS

IN TACHINID PARASITES (DIPT.) 85

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY,

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIET
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It

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 24 APRIL 1922 No. 4

ON THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF LARVAL CHARACTERS IN
TACHINID PARASITES (DIPT.).

BY \V. R. THOMPSON, Bureau of Entomology.

The present paper, which deals with one of the parasites of
the European Corn Borer, is offered as a proof and an example
of the fact that in the family Tachinidae, it is at times almost
or quite impossible to define genera or species with the pre-
cision necessary in practical entomological work, with refer-
ence to the morphology of the adult flies alone. It sometimes
happens that species belonging to this group, though easily
separated by constant and well marked characters in the larval
stage are in the adult stage so similar that it is only possible
to separate them, by characters, whose value in the group as
a whole is so open to question, that to admit their validity in
general, would be to plunge the taxonomy of the family into
inextricable disorder Such is precisely the state of affairs in
the case of the parasites considered in this paper.

In 1919, Madame A. Vuillet of the French Entomological
Service reared from specimens of Pyrausta nubilalis collected
in South-Western France, a Tachinid determined by Dr. J.
Villeneuve as the dark variety of Paraphorocera senilis Rond.
In the following year I reared further specimens of the same
form which were determined by the same authority.

On comparing the primary larvae of the species reared from
the Corn-Borer with larvae extracted from a female labelled
Paraphorocera senilis in the collection of the Entomological
Museum of the University of Cambridge, I found that certain
well marked and constant differences in the conformation of
the bucco-pharyngeal armature existed between these larvae.

A little later I sent to Dr. Villeneuve for determination a
lot of Tachinids among which were several specimens collected
in the garden of Haslar Hospital, near Portsmouth, England.
These were labelled by him as Paraphorocera senilis; but on
examining the larvae, of which I possess a large series, taken
from a number of different females collected on the same spot,
I found that they differed from those of both the other forms
mentioned above.

On June 9, 1920, I collected in the garden of the laboratory of

PLATE 10

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

THOMPSON -LARVAL CHARACTERS IN TACHINIDAE.

Figures 1-4. — Paraphorocera senilis, typical form, first stage buccopharyngeal
armature: 5, senilis, variety "c" first stage buccopharyngeal armature:
6-9, senilis, variety gratiosa (from caterpillars of Pvnmstn nitbilalis] first
stage buccopharyngeal armature: 10, senilis, variety "c," felt-chamber of
the posterior spiracles, first stage: 1 1 , seni/is, typical form, felt-chamber of
posterior spiracles first stage: 12, senilis, variety "c," tip of first stage
buccopharyngeal armature: 13, senilis, typical form, tip of first stage
buccopharyngeal armature: 14, senilis, variety gratiosa (from caterpillar of
Pyrausta nubilalis), tip of first stage buccopharyngeal armature.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 87

the United States Bureau of Entomology at Auch, Gers,
(South-West France), a female Tachinid which seemed to me
to be practically indistinguishable from the form reared from the
Borer and which contained fully-developed larvae. I sent the
specimen to Dr. Villeneuve and he returned it with the label,
Paraphorocera senilis, dark variety, stating further that this
form had been described by Brauer and von Bergenstamm under
the name of Leptotachina gratiosa. The larvae obtained from
this female differed from those found in the caterpillars of the
Corn Borer but were morphologically inseparable from those of
the species in the Cambridge Museum collection.

Figure 15. — Paraphorocera senilis, variety "c," first stage buccopharyngeal
armature. This specimen was collected at Auch, while that represented
in figure 5 is from a Cambridge specimen.

Thus, in the material examined there exist three types of
larvae corresponding to adult females all determined by the
same distinguished dipterologist. Of the form which appears
to be the typical senilis we have a large1 series of larvae extracted
from a series of adult females taken at Haslar: of the form
reared from the Corn Borer we have numerous larvae taken from
caterpillars of Pyrausta nubilalis in an area extending from
Mont-de-Marsan (Landes) in South-Western France, through
Menton (Alpes Maritimes) near the Italian frontier, to the
region around Naples: finally, of the third form we have two
series of larvae, one from a female in the Cambridge collection
the other from a female taken at Auch. As has already been
stated, each of these larval forms is morphologically distinct
and each is represented by material sufficiently extensive to
prove the relative constancy of the characters distinguishing it.
In order to make this clear the accompanying series of drawings
has been prepared showing four buccal armatures of each of the
first two forms and two of the third. Each armature repre-
sented has been taken either from a separate female or from a
separate larva of the Borer in order to demonstrate that the
various forms are not simply variations characteristic of certain

'With the exception of the Cambridge female, determined, I think, by Mr.
Wainwright.

88 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

females but represent races, varieties or species. The figures
of the anterior extremity of the mouth hook of the three types
show the precise nature of the differences between the three
varieties: while the drawings of the thoracic region show the
differences in the pattern of the spine bands as well as the differ-
ences in the dimensions of the first stage larvae. It should be
noted, however, that the figure of the larva of the gratiosa
variety was prepared from a specimen taken from a caterpillar
of the Borer and that consequently this specimen is probably
larger than are the newly born larvae of this type. Finally,
although the body and mouth armature of the larvae of the
females taken at Haslar are uniformly larger than those of the
larvae of the specimens from the Cambridge female, the felt-
chambers of the posterior spiracles are of the same size in these
two forms.

'

Figure 16. — P. senilis, variety "c," thoracic region of first stage larva: 17,
senilis, typical form, thoracic region of first stage larva: 18, senilis, var.
gratiosa, from caterpillar of Pyrausta nnbilalis, thoracic region of first stage
larva.

The differences between the adult flies corresponding to the
three forms of primary larvae are slight and have to do chiefly
with the color and distribution of the pollen of the head and
thorax. The adults collected at Haslar, which may be con-
sidered as the typical senilis, since they agree with a specimen
of this species which Dr. Villeneuve kindly supplied from his
own collection and with a female ^containing undeveloped
larvae) so determined by him and collected at Auch, have the
pollen of head and body yellowish or golden. The specimens
reared from the Corn Borer, determined by Dr. Villeneuve as
senilis var. gratiosa B. B., have the pollen of the head and body
blue or bluish grey: but as the specimen of the third variety
collected at Auch is also bluish grey and was also determined

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 89

by Dr. Villeneuve as the gratiosa variety, it is not now possible
to say which of these two forms really corresponds to the variety
described by Brauer and von Bergenstamm, especially since
according to these two" authors (Denks. Akad. Wien. I. VII I,
330, 1891), both forms are blue-grey or grey-black species.
The adults corresponding to the three forms of larvae may be
separated somewhat as follows:

Pollen of head and body yellowish senilis (t\ -picalj

Pollen of head and both' bluish.

Three rather ill defined anil broad post-sutural thoracic vittae

senilis var. gratiosa (B. B.?)
Five well defined and narrow post-sutural thoracic vittae

senilis var. "c. "

However, as I possess but one specimen of the variety "c':
and but three of the form provisionally called gratiosa, the value
of these distinctions, which in some species of Tachinids would
come well within the limits of specific variation, remains some-
what doubtful For this reason, in spite of the fact that the
differences between the primary larvae are sufficiently well
defined and apparently constant, it does not appear advisable
to create new specific or varietal names to cover any of the three
types of senilis , especially since the synonymy of this species is
already fairly extensive. To give these forms definite system-
atic status as species or even as varieties will not increase the
value of the differences between them nor will it make them any
easier to separate in the adult stage than they now are

The case considered in this paper, of a species presenting in
the larval condition several morphologically distinct forms-
associated perhaps with different larval environments — but
in the adult condition morphologically homogeneous or almost
so, belongs to a group of phenomena studied in a series of papers
by the eminent biologist Alfred Giard, and grouped by him
under the general techical term of pcecilogony (Giard, Oeuvres
Diverses, I Biologie, nos XLI-XLVI).

The phenomenon of pcjecilogony if it really exists is not one
which either the systematician or the practical entomologist
can afford to neglect. If in a given "species" there exist races
or varieties almost or quite inseparable in the adult, which are
nevertheless separated in the larval stage by distinct and con-
stant differences, it follows that between these races there may
exist fundamental or constitutional differences which the prac-
tical worker is obliged to take into account. To make this
clear it will be sufficient to consider briefly the case of the para-
site studied in this paper. This species is in certain regions
of FAirope an important parasite of the Corn Borer ami an effort
is therefore being made by the I'nited States Bureau of Knto-
mology to introduce it into the North American areas invaded

90 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

by this insect. Now let us suppose that one of the other races
of senilis here described was found to parasitize abundantly
some other European insect already existing in the infested
areas: and that this race had been assumed on the report of a
reputable specialist to whom the adult parasites had been sub-
mitted to be identical with the form attacking the Borer. In
such a case the collection and shipment of parasitized caterpil-
lars of the other insect would naturally appear to be a legitimate
and desirable proceeding: and unless a subsequent study of the
larval forms disclosed the differences between the two parasites,
the total failure of an experiment which perhaps entailed a con-
siderable expenditure of time and money would come as a dis-
agreeable surprise and the reasons for this failure would, remain
quite obscure.

The question is, however, whether the phenomenon of poecil-
ogony really exists: or in other words whether it might really
be impossible for the trained specialist, even when fully awake
to the difficulties presented by a particular case, to discover
definite characters for the separation of the races in the adult
stage.

At first sight it would seem that such differences must of
necessity exist: for if two individuals produce offspring mor-
phologically different at birth it would seem to follow logically
that the differences in these offspring must have their origin in
differences in the adults which it ought to be possible for the
trained eye of the specialist to detect. Viewed from this
stand-point — which I have found in practice to be that of a
representative and reliable specialist — the phenomenon of
poecilogony appears to be an impossibility. Nevertheless it
can be shown to be practically if not theoretically possible:
and to demonstrate this it is only necessary to reduce the
phenomenon to its simplest expression and study it in its simplest
form.

Reduced to its most general form the question of the existence
of poecilogony may be expressed somewhat as follows:

Whether two continuous series expressed by different formulae
and consequently fundamentally different when taken as a whole
are nevertheless under certain circumstances practically indis-
tinguishable in certain homologous portions of their trajectories.

So expressed, the question can for practical purposes be solved
by the use of elementary mathematical methods: bearing in
mind the fact that the mathematical study of plane curved and
straight lines is simply a morphological study of a type much
simpler than that with which the biologist has usually to deal—
a morphology in which the laws of form are both clearly and
simply expressed.

In figures 19 A and 19 B I have plotted the corresponding

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

91

portions of twojplane curves of which the laws of development
or in mathematical language, the formulae, are known. An
inspection of these two curves will show that they are so similar
in form as to be practically identical: so that it would not he
possible by an examination of the morphology of these regions of
the curves, to refer them to different species. An inspection
of the following table, giving the length at a series of points of
the radius vector whose extreme point sweeps out the curves,
will serve to show how close the correspondence is in the regions
considered:

Vector! al

angle
Degrees

0
10
20
30
40
50
60

70
90
110
130
150
170
180

Length of Ratlins

Vector
Curve A Curve B

4.002
3.968
3.870
3.728
3.530
3.300
3.050

2.800
2.280
1.860
1.570
1.390
1.289
1.290

4.000
3.970
3.880
3.730
3.530
3.280
3.000

2.680
2.000
1.320
0.710
0.270
0.030
0.000

A

Figure 19. — A, B, similar portions of the two curves represented in Figure 20.

As the table shows, until the radius vector has swept through
an angle of about 60 degrees its length is practically the same
for the two curves, the slight differences in the figures being due

92 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

at least in part to inaccuracies in calculation and to an imper-
fect choice of constants in the formulae. After this point, how-
ever, as the figures for the length of the radius vector show, the
differences between the two curves become more and more
marked until the vectorial angle approaches 300 degrees after
which the curves again become similar.

The complete curves are represented in figures 20 A and 20 B
and it is obvious from these that the mere inspection of the
portions of the curves on the left hand side of the figures enables
us to classify them at once as distinct morphological species.
The curve A is of course the circle, whose formula, in polar
coordinates is in this case

r2 — 2Rr cos e + R2— a2 = O
the circle plotted being represented by the equation

r2~2.7r cose— 5.2 = O
while the curve B is the one known as "Pascal's snail," whose

formula is

r = a cos e — a

where r = length of radius vector, R = length of radius of the circle
plotted, a = a constant and e=the vectorial angle: the value of
a in the equation for the curve B being in this case, 2.

Figure 20. — A, circle, B, "Pascal's snail" or cardioide.

Thus, from two forms which are at least in practice morpholo-
gically indistinguishable one from another but nevertheless
develop according to different laws of growth, there may arise
forms morphologically quite different: or conversely, two
forms which are at a certain stage of development morphologi-
cally very dissimilar may in later stages become so much alike
that it is practically impossible to refer them to different species:
and this is precisely the phenomenon which we have found to
exist in the case of the species studied in this paper, or more
generally, the phenomenon of pcecilogony.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 93

Poecilogony is therefore a practical possibility: and since this
is so it follows that the biologist undertaking operations with
groups of organisms in which this phenomenon exists can not
safely rely on the appearances presented by any given stage of
the animal with which he has to deal: but must acquire a
thorough knowledge of it in all the transformations through
which it passes in the cycle of its development.

Finally, it is of interest to note that although such cases as
the one studied in this paper may be considered as illustrations
of certain special modes of the transformations of species — the
differences between the larvae being interpreted as the result
of the action of different environments or the resemblance
between the adults as convergence resulting from the action of
similar environments on forms originally unlike — nevertheless
as the mathematical example shows, these cases could exist
were species as fixed or immutable as are the mathematical
formulae for the curves given above. Such cases can not
therefore be considered as furnishing evidence for the trans-
formist hypothesis as they can be perfectly understood without
reference to this theory.

NEW SPECIES OF CICADELLIDAE (HOMOPTERA) FROM THE
EASTERN AND SOUTHERN UNITED STATES.

Bv J. G. SANDERS AND D. M. DrXoNG, State Capitol, Harrisburg, Pa.

This paper presents the descriptions and figures of eleven
new species of Cicadellidae (Jassidae) including original des-
criptions of the males of two species previously described.
The types, where not otherwise indicated, are in the collections
of the authors at Harrisburg.

Chlorotettix dozieri, n. sp.
Plate 11, Fig. 1, la, 1 h.

A species with broadly rounded vertex, in general appearance greatly resem-
bling -ciriilins but slightly larger with distinct genital characters. Length
6 mm.

Form rather stout and robust. Vertex broadly rounded and parallel mar-
gined, a little more than twice as wide between the eyes as the length at middle.
Pronotum more than twice as wide as long and less than twice as long as vertex.
Scutellum as long as pronotum. Klytra rather short and broad with a small
appendix.

Color: Varying from pale yellowish green to brmht apple green as in viridius
and without definite markings. Legs dark u

94 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment more than three times the length of
preceding. Lateral angles strongly produced and broadly rounded either side
of a deep V-shaped notch two thirds distance to base; lateral margins of notch
sinuate to a small rounded median notch either side of which is a small indenta-
tion. Pygofers narrow, outer margins straight. Male valve one and one-halt
times as long as last ventral segment, very bluntly angled. Plates four times
as long as valve, broad at base, outer margins convexly rounding to near the
apices where they are slightly concave forming bluntly rounded tips. Apical
third of plates bent upward.

This species might easily be taken for viridius without exam-
ination of the genital characters.

Described from one female and five males collected by H.
L. Dozier, at Helena, Mississippi, July 18, 1920. Mr. Dozier
had labeled the species C. suturalis? and stated in an accompany-
ing letter that these were taken abundantly while sweeping
among cypress shrubs. Most of the species of the genus are
grass and sedge feeders, and if this occurs on Cypress it is an
interesting addition to the known food plants of the group.
We take pleasure in dedicating this species to the collector.

Chlorotettix fallax, n. sp.
Plate 11, Fig. 2, 2a.

Resembling Ch. terrains in appearance, size and coloration, but with male
genitalia very similar to the much smaller Ch. viridius. Length of male, 7.5
mm.

Vertex broadly rounded and almost parallel margined. Elytra subhyaline
as in tergatus, and somewhat smoky at tips.

Male genitalia with valve slightly more than one-half length of preceding
segment; convexly rounded but scarcely angled; width of plates together at
base twice their length, very strongly and convexly rounded, and semicircular
in outline.

Described from a single male specimen swept from prairie
grasses in the Everglades, Paradise Key, Fla., Apr. 10, 1921,
by D. M. DeLong.

Chlorotettix divergens, n. sp.

Plate 11, Fig. 3, 3a, 3b.

In size and coloration resembling terrains but with a bluntly angled, produced
head and very different genital characters. Length 7 mm.

Vertex bluntly, angularly rounded, almost one-third longer on the middle than
next the eyes, not quite twice as wide as long. Pronotum less than twice the
length of vertex, elytra long, tips appressed. Face almost as wide as long,
gradually narrowed to clypeus.

Color: Face, lorae, clypeus and genae greenish yellow, unmarked; vertex,
pronotum and scutellum dark greenish yellow, irregularly marked with darker

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 95

areas. Elytra sordid greenish hyaline often smoky toward the tips, the dark
veins of the wings showing through them. Beneath greenish.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment more than twice as long as preceding,
lateral margins convexly rounded to prominent, bluntly pointed lateral angles
either side of a deep "U "-shaped excavation extending two-thirds the distance
to the base with the apex slightly notched, exposing base of ovipositor. The
basal portion of concavity narrowly brown bordered. Male valve rounded,
longer but narrower than last ventral segment. Plates twice longer than valve
and broader at base, outer margins strongly convexly rounded two-thirds the
distance to the apex where they are distinctly narrowed and produced into
long divergent tips. Secondary brown foliaceous plates are visible at the mar-
gins of the ventral plates.

Described from six female and twelve male specimens col-
lected at Cape Charles, Va., by the Junior author, August 2
and 3, 1920. They were swept from patches of tall grasses
growing in pine woodland.

Chlorotettix latifrons, n. sp.
Plate 11, Fig. 4, 4u.

Resembling unicolor in size and form, but dull greenish yellow in color and
with distinct genitalia. Length 8 mm.

Vertex broadly rounded, parallel margined, more than twice as wide as
long, and strongly rounded to front. Pronotum twice as long as vertex. Face
very broad, gradually narrowed to clypeus.

Color: Dull yellow without definite markings, often spots or blotches slightly
bronzed and usually a darker blotch on apex of vertex. Veins somewhat
darker especially on the smoky apical portion.

Genitalia: Last ventral segment of female longer than preceding. Lateral
angles rounded but prominently produced. Between these the posterior
margin is strongly concavely excavated half way to the base, in the middle of
which is a rather V-shaped notch extending entirely to the base. The notch
and posterior margin are broadly bordered with dark brown.

Because of the large size and distinct genital characters it is strange this
species has not been previously captured and described.

Described from two female specimens collected by the
junior author at Cape Charles, Virginia, August 3, 1920, swept
from very coarse sedges on the sandy margins of a salt marsh,
and a female specimen received from Mr. H. L. Dozier taken
at Pascagala Mississippi.

Chlorotettix capensis, n. sp.

Plate 11, Fig. 4, 4a.

A narrow yellow species with bluntly atmlol head. Length of male and
female 6 mm.

96 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

Length of vertex equals one half width between eyes, strongly produced.
Pronotum almost twice as long as vertex, very convex anteriorly.

Color above dull greenish yellow; elytra subhyaline; paler beneath; eyes rich
maroon in fresh specimens.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment equals preceding one, lateral angles
strongly produced, slightly rounded; posterior margins shallowly concave to
prominent rounded angles either side of a narrow V-shaped notch extending
two-thirds of distance to base; median notch broadly bordered with brown.
Basal pieces of ovipositor plainly visible behind posterior segment. Male
valve bluntly angled, length one-half the width; plates exceeding valve by more
than its length, gradually na'rrowed toward tips which are broadly rounded to
distinct inner angles.

Described from four specimens collected from Panicum
hemitomum (Maiden Cane) at Paradise Key, Fla., Apr. 6-9,
'21, by D. M. DeLong; 2 specimens same locality, Apr. 1 and
9, 1919, by C. A. Mosier; also 4 specimens from Cleveland,
Fla., Apr. 25-28, one from Miami, Fla., Apr. 12, and one from
Ft. Myer, Fla., Apr. 24, collected by DeLong in 1921.

Chlorotettix productus S. & DeL.

Plate 1 1 , Fig. 6.

This species was described1 from female specimens only
collected at Battle Pt., Va., by the senior author. Numerous
females have been collected at LaBelle and Cleveland, Fla.,
by D. M. DeLong, as well as males which apparently belong to
this species, and are here characterized for the first time.

Male, dull yellowish green, as in the female. Length, 4.5 mm.

Genitalia: Male valve triangular with apex rounded, equal in length to pre-
ceding segment. Plates exceeding valve by almost twice its length, lateral
margins almost straight, gradually narrowed to rather broad, blunt apices.

Chlorotettix minimus Baker.

Plate 11, Fig. 7, 7a, 7b.

Resembles Ch. viridius VD. in form and color, but is closer to Ch. prodnctns
S. & DeL., in size and genital characters. Length of female 5 mm.; male,
4.5 mm.

Vertex bluntly rounded and slightly produced, twice as wide as long. Elytra
pale subhyaline and faintly smoky at tips.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment twice the length of preceding with
lateral margins gradually sloping to the posterior margin, which is strongly
produced at middle. A narrow sinuate incision extends nearly to the base of
posterior segment, forming a small rounded projecting inner lobe, bounded
outwardly by a concave emargination often forming a small indistinct secondary
lobe from which the margin slopes gradually toward the base. Male valve
broadly rounded, almost twice the length of preceding segment. Plates exceed

'Am. Entom. Soc. Amer. XII, p. 2.V> (\(>\(>). Figures.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 97

valve by two and one-half times its length, broad at base, gradually and evenly
narrowed to sharp-pointed tips.

Eighteen specimens were collected at Miami, Cleveland and
La Belle, Fla., Apr. 2-28, 1921, by D. M. DeLong from coarse
grasses.

Note: In Baker's original description (Can. Ent. XXX, p. 220, 1898) he
ascribes to minimus a male collected at Corumba, Rrax.il, which doubtless is the
male of another species (undetermined), the female of which was collected at
this place and is labeled erroneously as " Ch. minima" var. The females of
typical minimus were collected at Chapada, Brazil. This is therefore the first
description of the true male of Ch. minimus Baker.

The male Chlorotettix originally ascribed by Baker to minimus ami the
female labeled as " Ch. minima var." both of which were collected at the same
place in Brazil are described below.

('hlorotettix bakeri, n. sp.

Plate 11, Fig. 8, Sa.

This species resembles Ch. minimus in size and form, but differs strikingly
in the genital characters.

Female last ventral segment about twice as long as preceding segment;
lateral angles broadly rounded to posterior margin which is broadly and round-
ingly notched one-third distance to base of segment. Male valve equals pre-
ceding segment in length, broadly and evenly rounded; plates about four times
as long as valve, broadly and convexedly expanded toward the base, then
abruptly and concavely narrowed two-thirds their distance to apex forming
narrow rounded tips.

A male (holotype) and female specimen in the Baker collec-
tion, U. S. Nat. Museum labeled "Corumba, Brazil, May."
U. S. Nat. Mus. Type No. 24951.

The male specimen was labeled originally "Chlorotettix
minima"; and the female as "C/7. minima var" by C. K.
Baker.

Chlorotettix excultus, n. sp.

Chlorotettix minimus DeLong, Bull. Ohio St. Univ. XXIII, No. 15, p. 21,
Figs. 18 a and 18 b (1919), cited in error.

The description and figures appearing as above were pre-
pared from two specimens, one each from Florida ami Jamaica,
loaned to the junior author by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee and labeled
" Ch. minimus Baker." On examination of Baker's types, it
became evident that these specimens were erroneously identified,
and that they require a new specific name. No description is
appended on account of the availability ot the description and
figures as cited above. The type is from Florida and has been

98 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

returned to Mr. Van Duzee and doubtless is in his collection at
the present time.

Phlepsius cottoni, n. sp.

Plate 12, Fig. 1, la, Ib.

A blunt headed, rather robust species resembling incisus in size and form but
with unusually distinct genital characters. Prevailing color pale. Length:
female 6.5 mm.; male 6 mm.

Vertex very blunt and almost parallel margined, a little longer on middle
than next the eyes, more than three times as broad as long and broadly rounding
to the front. Pronotum more than twice as long as vertex and twice wider
than long. Elytra rather broad and flaring at tips. Face broad and convexly
rounded.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, scutellum and face white, rather heavily but
irregularly irrorate with brown. Scutellum more heavily marked, with three
conspicuous white spots, one at apex and one midway on either side. Elytra
white rather sparsely and irregularly inscribed with brown. Posterior half
more heavily inscribed, apex and spots along costa dark brown.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment twice as long as preceding. Side
margins abruptly narrowed about one-third the distance to apex, then convexly
produced to posterior margin which is slightly sinuated forming four indistinct
lobes, a small one at either side and two larger ones at middle, the latter two
separated by a rather broad shallow notch. Male valve triangular, almost
equilateral, longer than last ventral segment; plates divergent, produced the
length of valve beyond its apex, outer margins at base almost straight then
abruptly narrowed at two-thirds their length to the robust, parallel margined
and bluntly rounded apices.

Described from five females and one male; one female col-
lected by R. T. Cotton, Orlando, Fla., Aug. 20, 1920; three
females collected at Cleveland, Fla., Apr. 26, 1921, and a pair
at Orlando, Apr. 29, 1921, by D. M. DeLong.

Phlepsius planus, n. sp.

Plate 12, Fig. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c.

A plain undecorated, buff species resembling Ph. nebiilosus in size and color-
tone, but with a short sharp vertex. Length of female, 8 mm.; male, 7 mm.

Vertex short, almost parallel-margined, margin somewhat compressed and
slightly upturned, four times as wide as long, and less than half the length of
pronotum. Elytra broad and flaring.

Color: Face, vertex, pronotum and scutellum irregularly and sparsely marked
and inscribed with dull brown. Markings of elytra very sparse, following the
veins or in linear pattern. Two female specimens show a distinct brownish
spot near middle of elytra. General color-tone above and below is dull buff.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment more than twice length of preceding.
Lateral angles strongly produced and rounded either side of a broad rectangular

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 99

excision one-fourth distance to base, the posterior margin of which is produced
and angularly notched at middle forming two broad brown teeth. Male valve
distinctly triangular and pointed at apex, exceeding length of preceding segment.
Plates exceed valve by three times its length, somewhat concavely narrowed
from base to small blunt tips.

Described from twenty-three specimens from Paradise Key,
22 collected by D. M. DeLong, Apr. 5-10, 1921, swept from
Panicum hemitomum (Maiden cane) in the everglades, and one
specimen collected by Schwarz and Barber, U. S. National
Museum Collection, Feb. 19, 1919; also one specimen collected
at Cleveland, Fla., Apr. 25, 1921, by J. N. Knull.

Thammotettix virginianus, n. sp.
Plate 12, Fig. 2, 2a, 2b.

Resembling fitchii in size and general appearance but with blunter head,
strongly marked with orange stripes and with distinct genital characters. Very
similar to Thamnotettix aureooitattus.1 Length: female, 4 mm.; male, 3.5 mm.

Vertex blunt, almost rounded, a little longer on middle than next eyes and a
little broader at base between eyes than length at middle. Pronotum twice as
wide as long, longer than vertex. E'.lytra long, greatly exceeding abdomen.

Color: Dull yellowish marked with black and orange. Vertex with ocelli
and tour spots above margin black. Two approximate ones at apex and a
somewhat larger one either side just above ocellus. Vertex washed with orange,
a definite longitudinal stripe either side extending across pronotum and onto
scutellum. Pronotum with two fainter longitudinal stripes either side behind
eyes. Elytra orange shading to dusky orange at apex; veins pale, smoky mar-
gined on posterior portion. Beneath dull yellow, marked with orange.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment about one-half longer than preceding.
Posterior margin convexly rounding and slightly notched either side of a central,
rather narrow blunt embrowned tooth, produced at least one-third the length
of the segment. Male valve as long as last ventral segment, broadly convexly
rounded. Plates two and one-half times longer than valve, broad at base,
gradually narrowed to closely appressed tips which together are broadly
rounded.

Described from two female specimens from Cape Charles,
Virginia, collected by the junior author, July 31, 1920, swept
from tall grasses along the sandy shore; and a male specimen
collected at Battle Point, Virginia, June 22, 1918, by the senior
author.

Typhlocyba inscripta, n. sp.
Plate 12, Fig. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.

A milky white species with bizarre brown markings on apical portion of
wings. In general appearance resembling species of Empoa. Length 4 mm.

Head rounded before, twice as wide between eyes as length at middle. Pro-
notum more than twice as long as vertex and much broader, with humeral

'Penna. Bur. Plant Industry, Tech. Ser. Bull. 1, p. 16 (1920).

100 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

angles produced and rounded. Elytra long, narrow, broadly rounded on outer
apical margin and concavely truncate toward inner margin. Two apical
veinlets reflexed to costal margin.

Color: Face, vertex and scutellum white, washed with yellow. Pronotum
and elytra milky white, the latter with a large central area on apical cross veins
dark brown. From this are.a a number of brown lines radiate to apex, costa
and corium, following the veins; with an irregular brown band returning diagon-
ally toward middle of costal margin. Venter black, borders of abdominal
segments and male genital plates pale.

Genitalia: Female last ventral segment four times as long as preceding,
lateral margins strongly produced and rounded. Posterior margin roundingly
excavated one-third the distance to the base either side of a broad central
rounded tooth one-third as broad as the segment and equaling or exceeding in
length the lateral angles. Male valve more than twice as long as last ventral
segment, posterior margin with broad V-shaped notch extending from the
lateral angles one-third the distance to the base. Plates narrower than valve
and twice longer, margins almost parallel, tips broadly rounded.

Described from a series of eleven female specimens collected
at Kew Garden, London, England, August 27, 1919, by the
senior author, and seven male specimens taken from pear
tree at New Haven, Connecticut, July 6, 1920, by Mr. B. H.
Walden.

We have not been able to identify this species with any
described European form, and since a record of its occurrence
in the United States should be established we are giving it the
above name.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES
Plate 11.

1. Chlorotettix dozieri n. sp. la — male genitalia; Ib — female genitalia.

2. Chlorotettix fallax n. sp. 2a — male genitalia.

3. Chlorotettix divergent n. sp. 3a — female genitalia, letter a obliterated by

engraver; 3b — male genitalia.

4. Chlorotettix latifrnns n. sp. 4a — female genitalia.

5. Chlorotettix capensis n. sp. 5a — female genitalia; 5b — male genitalia.

6. Chlorotettix productus S. & DeL. — male genitalin.

7. Chlorotettix minimus Baker. 7a — female genitalia; 7b — male genitalia.

8. Chlorotettix bakeri n. sp. female genitalia; 8a — male genitalia.

Plate 12.

1. Phlepsius cottoni n. sp. la — female genitalia. Ib — male genitalia.

2. Thamnotettix virginianns n. sp. 2a — female genitalia; 2b — male genitalia.

3. Tvphlocyba inscripta n. sp. 3a — female genitalia; 3b — male genitalia;

3c — elytron.

4. Phlepsius planns n. sp. 4a — female genitalia; 4b — male genitalia, letter b

obliterated by engraver;1 4c — side view of head.

1 Block supplied by authors.

PROC. hNT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

1-1. Ml 11

SANDERS AND DK LONG— NEW C1CADEUJDAE.

PLATE 12

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

^

SANDERS AND DE LONG— NEW CICADELLIDAE.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 103

TWO NEW SPECIES OF REDUVIIDAE FROM THE
UNITED STATES (HEM.).

H. G. BARBER, Rose/le, N. J.
Alloeorrhynchus Fieb.

The genus Alloeorrhynchus almost world-wide in its distri-
bution has three representatives in the neotropical realm. No
member of the genus has hitherto been reported from within
the United States, although a closely related genus Phorticus is
represented in Texas. Members of the genus Alloeorrhynchus
can be differentiated by the unkeeled ventral base of the
abdomen; shining body; longer basal segment of the antenna
and by the character of the fore and intermediate femora which
are angularly dilated or toothed beneath near the middle and
finely denticulate from thence to apex. The anterior tibiae are
inwardly widened at apex and provided with spongy fossa.

Alloeorhynchus nigrolobus, n. sp.

Flavo-testaceous, sparsely pilose. Head, posterior lobe of pronotum, scutel-
lum, meso- and metasternum nigro-piceous; apical part of corium and antennae
except basal segment infuscated. Scutellum and metapleura dull; corium,
membrane and remaining parts shining. First segment of antenna pale
clavate, the remainder of the antenna embrowned, more densely pilose, second
segment fully twice as long as first segment. Rostrum pale testaceous, second
segment as long as third and fourth taken together. Anterior lobe of pronotum
bright yellow verging into orange, over twice as long and nearly two-thirds
as wide as posterior lobe. Legs entirely pale testaceous; fore femora angularly
dilated forming a stout tooth about middle and furnished with minute black
spines from thence to apex; fore tibia finely spinulose, abruptly expanded
within on its apical third and furnished with spongy fossa along its obliquely
truncated apex. Less incrassate intermediate femora widest across the middle
point and there armed beneath with two acute black spines, from thence to
apex with minute black spinules; inner face of intermediate tibia very finely
serrate. Scutellum dull black, provided outwardly with few long hairs. Entire
corium and clavus very shining, finely and sparsely pilose. Membrane less
shining, irridescent, translucent, somewhat ' lacteous. Connexivum pale
flavo-testaceous exposed beyond middle point of hemielytra. Venter shiniiiL',
sparsely pilose, somewhat embrowned towards apex.

Length, 3^ mm.

Type cf Brownsville, Tex. (coll. by H. S. Barber); Paratypc
cf San Antonio, Tex. (coll. by H.Osborn.) — Collection of U.S.
National Museum (Cat. No.' 25205).

Key to American Species of Alloeorrhynchus.

I. Pronotum entirely nigro-piceous .................. 2

- Pronotum with anterior lobe testaceous or rufo-testaceous . . . . 3

104 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

2. Corium bright yellow, clavus and apical part piceous black. Length,

3>^ mm. (Is. Grenada) armatus Uhler.

- Corium entirely nigro-piceous and shining throughout. Length 5 mm.
(Panama, Colombia) vittativentris Stal.

3. Posterior lobe of pronotum rufo-testaceous, trimaculate with black.

Corium fuscous with pale costal margin, inner field opaque. Length

5% mm. (Mex., Guat., Panama, Brazil) trimacula Stein.

-Posterior lobe of pronotum entirely nigro-piceous. Corium pale tes-
taceous, apically infuscated, shining throughout. Length 3y£ mm.
(Texas) nigrolobus, n. sp.

Oncerotrachelus pallidus, n. sp.

Color pale stramineous except outer marginal vein of membrane which is
lightly infuscated and the apical portion of the venter which is slightly em-
browned, as is the membrane.

Compared with 0. acuminatus Say the body parts and appendages are less
densely pilose, the antennae and legs being almost entirely devoid of the long
hairs so distinctive of that species. The head is more prolonged before the
eyes, these being relatively larger; the posterior lobe of head being slightly more
globose dorsally and laterally.

Size larger measuring from l-1]/2 mm. long.

Described from four specimens. Type 9 Sabinal, Tex.
(collected by F. C. Pratt); Paratypes ? Zavalla Co., Tex.
(coll. by Hunter and Pratt) and 29s from Victoria, Tex.,
Collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum (Cat. No. 25204).

Easily distinguished from 0. acuminatus Say by differences
in size, coloration and pilosity. Say's species is always of a
flavo-testaceous color with distinct fuscous markings above
and below. Judging from the artist's figures PI. XI, figs.
8, 8a, Biol. Cent. Amer., the specimens from Mexico and
Central America referred to by Champion, p. 180, may in all
probability be referred to pallidus.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF PECULIAR AND INJURIOUS SPIDER

MITES.

BY H. E. EWING, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

Of the large number of spider mites that recently have been
sent to the writer for determination, three species are somewhat
remarkable; one for the dimorphism shown by the male,
another forjits wonderful plumo_se and foliaceous coat of setae,
and the third for its gall-making habit, its peculiar mouth-parts
and its possession of but six legs in all instars. The latter

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 105

species, which is the second gall-making spider mite to be re-
ported, has many morphological and biological affinities with the
true gall mites, the Eriophyidae, and throws much light on the
origin of the latter degenerate and highly specialized group.
This gall-making species will be made the subject of a paper to
be presented later on the phylogeny of the Eriophyids.

The first mentioned species belongs to the genus Para-
tetranychus Zacher, which genus is characterized by having one
simple and one strongly deflexed divided tarsal claw.

The divided claw is split into 5 or 6 spurs, the inner one or
two of which are usually somewhat stouter than the others.
A formal description of the new species follows.

Paratetranychus heteronychus, new species.

Female. — Distinctly larger and stouter than the male. Mandibular plate
about three-fifths as broad as long and evenly rounded in front. Palpi moder-
ate; thumb slightly exceeding claw, terminal digit about one and two-thirds
times as long as broad at its base and pointed distally, two terminal digituli
situated just above digit and each slightly surpassing the latter, sense seta fusi-
form, equal to digit in length; claw of palpus rather slender and strongly hooked
toward tip; antepenultimate segment of palpus ring-like, about three times as
broad as long. Abdomen with rather long simple setae arranged in the usual
manner. Legs moderate, the anterior and posterior pairs being about equal anil
longer than the second and third pairs. Tarsal armature as follows: four
tenent hairs in two groups as usual, outer hair shortest, inner next in length and
two middle hairs longest and subequal; a single simple claw slightly over one-
half as long as middle tenent hairs and a deflexed split claw of the six usual
prongs the inner, or most strongly deflexed, ones being slightly stouter than the
others. The deflexed claw is about two-thirds as long as the simple one, its
inner spurs very slightly surpassing the somewhat tubercle-like base of claws.
The simple claw is more strongly curved toward its tip and is rather slender
throughout its length. Length, 0.38 mm.; width, 0.20 mm.

Male. — Smaller and more slender than the female, especially in the abdominal
region. Palpal spur conspicuous, slightly recurved and situated on a prominent
internally and dorsally situated tubercle. When the palpus is viewed from
the inside this spur-bearing tubercle is seen to extend forward and upward for
over half the length of the antepenultimate segment; antepenultimate segment
longer, relatively in the male than in the female. Penis of the telarius type;
inner lobe slightly longer than the shaft; basilar lobe apparently absent; shaft
broad and stout, being fully one-half as broad at its base as it is long; hook
short, recurved beyond 90° and with flattened barb. Legs relatively more
slender than in the female; tarsi of first pair with two simple claws! One of
these claws slightly shorter and deflexed. It evidently represents the barbed
claw of the female. The deflexed daw of the second pair of legs is not simple
yet differs from the corresponding claw of the female in that it is split into
barbs for only a part of its length. Length of male, 0.31 mm.; width, 0.15 mm.

106 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

Type locality. — Coachella Valley, California.

Type slide.— CM. No. 24720, U. S. N. M.

Description based upon specimens on two slides, one of them
the type slide and the other a slide of cotypes. All specimens
collected July 22, 1921, in Coachella Valley, California, and sub-
mitted by A. D. 'Borden with the label "date mite." The
females of this species are similar to those of P. viridis (Banks)
but differ from viridis individuals in having the finger of palpal
thumb about one and two-thirds times as long as broad at the
base instead of being almost as broad as long as in viridis. In
the dimorphism of the male, as reflected in the tarsal claws, this
species differs apparently from all other species of the genus.

Eupalopsis pavoniformis, new species.

Species of Eupalopsis are characterized especially by having
the tarsal claws provided with pectines and by having the
abdomen divided by one or more transverse sutures. The
species here to be described is clothed with foliaceous and
plumose setae. At the caudal end of the abdomen is a whorl
of the latter, enormous in size. When this whorl is thrown for-
ward the plumose setae arrange themselves into a fan, like the
feathers of a peacock's tail when the peacock is strutting, hence
the name pavoniformis. As a common name for this mite that
of "The Peacock Spider Mite" is suggested.

Female. — Skin coarsely and somewhat irregularly reticulate; body clothed
with large foliaceous setae and at the tip of abdomen with enormous, finely
pectinate plumes; setae on legs foliaceous, pectinate setiform and simple seti-
form. Beak very long, slightly surpassing the palpi and deeply grooved above
for the reception of the chelicerae. Palpi rather large; claw large, stout and
strongly hooked; thumb slender, not swollen, tipped with two unequal setae,
and not quite reaching the tip of claw. Dorsally the cephalothorax bears six
foliaceous setae arranged into two longitudinal rows of three each. Abdomen
apparently two-segmented, the dividing suture passing entirely around the body
and just in front of the posterior coxae. Foliaceous setae on the dorsum of
abdomen arranged as follows: A transverse row of eight setae just behind
cephalothoracic groove; a similar transverse row, but of only six setae, just
behind the abdominal groove; a row of eight setae, the posterior one being much
reduced, along each lateral margin of abdomen; a circle of eight setae around
middle part of postabdomen and a single seta in the middle of circle. The tail
plumes are in a single whorl and number an even dozen. They are fully equal
in length to the total length of the body, are wavy and flagelliform toward their
tips, the flagelliform part of each seta being exceedingly minutely pectinate.
Legs short and stout; first pair longer than the others which are sub-equal.
Length, 0.44 mm.; width, 0.19 mm.

Male. — Unknown.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922 107

Type locality. — Hawaii.

Type— Cat. No. 24721, U. S. N. M.

Description based exclusively on the type specimen. A
paratype is in the writer's private collection, and a slide con-
taining two distorted but well stained specimens is in the United
States National Museum. All material taken on Hibiscus,
from Hawaii, by L. A. Whitney at the port of San Francisco.
This splendid and beautiful species differs not only from all
other species of its genus, but from all mite species known to
the writer, in the possession of its erectile whirl of long tail
plumes.

PHYTOPTIPALPIDAE, new family.

In 1905 Tragardh described from an Acacia species, in Egypt,
a very peculiar gall-making spider mite. He created for its
reception the genus Phytoptipalpus, which he placed in the sub-
family Tetranychinae. Not only was this species peculiar in
its gall making habits, but, according to Tragardh, even more
peculiar in its transformations. Because of the structure of
the mouth-parts being of the same type as in Eriophyes (formerly
Phytoptus)) Tragardh suggested the name Phytoptipalpus for
his new genus.

Quite recently there has been sent to me through Nathan
Banks a collection of gall-making Phytoptipalpi, sent by C. S.
Misra from India. The specimens were collected from the
jujube tree (Zizyphusjujuba), the galls being cut off and inclosed
with specimens in vials. Mr. Misra also sent, sealed in a glass
tube, a fine specimen of a galled twig of the jujube preserved in
spirit. The mite species makes blister-like galls by feeding
under the bark, and specimens are found in all stages of devel-
opment in a single gall, which during its earlier growth has no
opening to the exterior.

A study of this species from the jujube shows it to be closely
related to the one described by Tragardh. I am convinced,
however, that it has no such remarkable transformations as he
describes for his paradoxns, also that the genus Ph\t<>pti pn/pns
has important morphological homologies with the Tetranychi-
dae on the one hand and the Eriophyidae on the other, that
were not observed by Tragardh. In fact a morphological study
of the species from the jujube, convinces the writer that in the
genus Phytoptipalpus we not only have a group of family im-
portance but a group that probably included species which
were the direct ancestors of the gall mites, or Kriophyidac.

Description of Family. — The following characters are given for the new
family, Phytoptipalpidae: Prostigmatic mites \\hich are hexapod in all stages;
palpi greatly reduced and completely fused with the maxillary kise to form a
guttered beak for holding the needle-like chelicerae. Chelicerae elbowed at

108 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 4, APR., 1922

the base as in Tetranychidae and situated in a greatly reduced mandibular
plate which is completely concealed from above. Legs stout, six-segmented;
tarsi in immature individuals with tenent hairs and in all instars with pecten-
bearing claws. Vulva situated ventro-posteriorly; anus and penis terminal.

Phytoptipalpus transitang, new species.

Female. — In general appearances similar to Tenuipalpus species, cephalo-
thoracic-abdominal groove marked and abdomen long and swollen in egg-
bearing individuals. Cephalothorax with much of its anterior margin formed
into a collar-like projection above the retractile mandibular plate. Eyes four,
subequal, and with well developed corneas; posterior eye situated less than its
diameter behind the anterior eye. Mandibular plate completely concealed
from above; it is greatly reduced in size, being much narrowed and shortened in
front, while posteriorly it is bilobed as usual. Chelicerae very slender, except
near their bases where they are elbowed and enlarged; they lie in an almost
capillary gutter on the upper side of the beak and are thrust from the beak at
its tip and not through the opening on the lower side as stated to be the case with
paradoxus. Palpi so completely fused with the beak that only the vestige of
a single segment remains more-or-less marked off and bearing a single small
seta. Beak as a whole rather stout and conspicuous and extending to tips of
femora. Abdomen sparsely clothed with moderate, curved, obsoletely pectin-
ate, setiform setae. Anus a subterminal and almost vertical, irregular slit.
Vulva large, with more or less evenly folded, or crumpled, integument around
its rim, situated as in Tetranychidae, i. e. ventrally, just in front of the anus.
Legs stout and nearly subequal; posterior pair falling far short of tip of abdomen.
Tarsi armed with a pair of inner, subequal claws and an outer pecten-bearing
pair; pecten composed of several short subequal elements each of which is
knobbed at its tip. Length, 0.33 mm.; width, 0.18 mm.

Male. — Considerably smaller than female and more slender. Abdomen
frequently somewhat drawn out and always bilobed behind, each lobe bearing
a distal and two inner setae. Penis very large and stout, composed of two ele-
ments that fit together making a strongly chitinized spike-like structure that is
frequently observed extending beyond the abdominal lobes. Length, 0.20
mm.; width, 0.10 mm.

Type locality. — Pusa, India.

Type slide.— Cat. No. 24722, U. S. N. M.

Described from hundreds of specimens many of which were
dissected or given special treatment. Some of the cotypes
are on the type slide, some in a vial of material retained for the
United States National Museum, some on slides for my private
collection and some in a vial to be returned to Mr. Misra. All
specimens were taken from galls on Zizyphus jujiiba and were
sent in by Mr. Misra from Pusa, India.

Actual date of publication, April 20, 1922.

VOL. 24 MAY, 1922 No. 5

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

CAUDELL, A. N. A DIVING WASP 125

CUSHMAN, R. A. THE IDENTITY OF HABROFRACON BREVICORNIS (\VESMAEL),

(HYM., BRACONIDAE) 122

FISHER, W. S. NOTES ON AGRILUS LATERALIS SAY (COLEOP.) 124

HILL, CHAS. C. A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF TWO SERPHOID (PROCTOTRY-

POIO) PARASITES OF THE HESSIAN FLY 109

HOLLAND, W. J. CALOPTERYX MACULATA BEAl'VOIS. AN INTERESTING

PHOTOGRAPH 117

BOOK NOTICE 126

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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President . A. B. GAHAN

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 24 MAY 1922 No. 5

A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF TWO SERPHOID
(PROCTOTRYPOID) PARASITES OF THE HESSIAN FLY.

Bv CHAS. C. HILL, Bureau of Entomology.
INTRODUCTION

The Serphoids (Proctotrypoids), (Polygnotus) Platygaster
vernalis Myers and (Polygnotus) Platygaster hiemalis Forbes,
two important parasites of the Hessian fly, Phytophaga destruc-
tor Say, have been confused in the past as the same species by
entomologists of this country. Although Webster (19)2 pre-
dicted more than one species of Polygnotus as being involved
with the Hessian fly, it was not until 1917 when Myers (27)
published his description of Polygnotus vernalis ^ that two sepa-
rate species were definitely distinguished. Recently, however,
many inquiries concerning them have arisen among workers on
the Hessian fly because of the similarity in appearance of their
adult stages and the lack of information concerning their
respective life histories. It has, therefore, been deemed
advisable to publish without further delay a brief treatise on
these two species rather than to await the completion of the
more exhaustive investigations under way.

In a- recent article on the genus Platygaster Latreille by
Fouts (29), the genera Polygnotus Forster and Platygaster
Latreille are declared synonymous, with priority given to Platy-
gaster Latreille. Both species under discussion, therefore,
rightly belong to the genus Platygaster.

In the following account the life history observations were
made on material reared in confinement from carefully de-
termined adults. Nearly all the phases of development were
also obtained from the field for comparison and checking of
results.

HISTORY

Herrick (1) in 1841 was the first investigator to record the
occurrence in this country of a parasite which oviposited into

'The author wishes to express his appreciation for kindly criticisms lu
Mr. V. R. Myers, Mr. A. B. Gahan and Dr. R. \Y. I.eilu.

-Reference is made hy number (italic) to Bilil'nuraphy, p. 115.

110 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

the egg of the Hessian fly, and from his description of the habits
of the parasite under his observation it was evidently the species
Platygaster hiemalis. He briefly recorded observing it oviposit
in the egg of the Hessian fly in autumn, and mentioned that four
or five eggs were laid in a single egg of the fly, and that the host
continued its development but never reached the adult stage.
All of these habits conform identically to those of Platygaster
hiemalis. In 1847 (2) and again in 1862 (3 Asa Fitch reviewed
Herrick's account ot this insect but added no original observa-
tions. Herrick's account was again quoted by Packard both
in 1880 (4) and in 1883 (5). In these articles the statements
of Herrick were assumed to refer to the larger proctotrypoid
parasite Platygaster herrickii Pack.

According to Ashmead (10) Platygaster hiemalis was first
reared by Riley in 1876 and again by Forbes in 1888, in which
year Forbes published the original description (7). The following
year, Riley (8) called att;ntion to Forbes' description, and in
1891, (9), he listed the species. Two years later Ashmead (10)
incorporated Forbes' description in his "Monograph of the
North American Proctotrypidae," and in 1897 the species was
again listed by Paul Marchal (11). Osborn (12), in 1898, cited
the original description, and in 1899 Lugger (13) recorded finding
six cocoons of this parasite in a Hessian fly pupanum. In an
article by Webster and Newell (14), published in 1902, this para-
site was mentioned as being reared in quantities in Ohio, and
in 1906 Tucker (16) discussed the economic importance of this
parasite, citing a letter by Webster in which was mentioned the
introduction of P. hiemalis from North Dakota into Kentucky,
Tennessee, and California. This same year Webster (17) gave
a brief discussion of P. hiemalis, and Gossard and Houser (15)
mentioned the abundance of P. hiemalis in Ohio. The' follow-
ing year Bruner and Swenk (18) referred to P hiemalis in
Nebraska, and Webster (19) recounted the great importance of
this parasite in control of the Hessian fly and discussed its
possible polyembryonic nature. In 1907 (21) he also gave a very
interesting economic account of this parasite and related various
attempts to introduce it from one part of the country to another.
He attributed two generations a year to Polygnotus, but more
recent observations have shown that each species normally has
but one generation a year. The erroneous conclusion was*
undoubtedly due to a confusion of the two species one of which
emerges in the spring, the other in the fall. In 1908 C. N.
Ainslie (20) gave an account of the parasitism of Polygnotus by
Tetrastichus. In so far as this material was taken from wheat
stubbles collected during July, the species involved was very
likely vernalis. In this same article Mr. Ainslie told of the at-
tempted introduction of Polygnotus into Sharpsburg, Md., con-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 111

ducted by F. M. Webster.1 P. hiemalis was listed by Smith
(22) in 1910, and the same year a brief mention of this para-
site as a means of control of the Hessian fly in Michigan
was made by R. W. Pettit (23). In 1915 a reference to
P. hiemalis was made by Webster (25), and in 1916 it was
briefly redescribed by Viereck (26). Early in the year of
1916, Myers (27) identified the species vernalis from the other
parasites of the Hessian fly which resulted in the publica-
tion of his original description the following year. In 1920
P. hiemalis was again mentioned by Walton (28).

(Polygnotus) Platygaster vernalis Myers.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

This species occurs in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Michigan, Ohio,
Indiana and Missouri. Records so far obtained show that its
distribution extends as far west as Charleston, Mo., and as far
south as Buchanan, Va.2

LIFE HISTORY

The egg is highly refractive, claviform in shape, and before
oviposition measures about 0.07 mm. long by 0.016 mm. wide.
Immediately after oviposition the main body of the egg is usually
found dilated to about twice the above width. A minute
projecting piece of membrane may sometimes be found at the
swollen extremity of the egg.

The eggs are deposited singly in the eggs of the host, and some-
times in the newly hatched larvae before they have left the
exposed surface of the leaf.

'Mr. Ainslie said that "wheat plants containing Hessian fly larvae" infested
with Polygnotus were transferred from Marion, Pa., to Sharpsburg, Md., and
that in July of the same year "ripening straw containing numerous flaxseeds"
was gathered and sent to Washington. The account further stated that
examinations ot these flaxseeds revealed the presence of Polygnotus, which was
thought to have proved the success of the introduction. It might be mentioned
that, in another review of this experiment made by Dr. Howard, (24) the
Polygnotus introduced were referred to as being the species hiemalis. Our
present knowledge of the life histories of these parasites in these localities
indicates that in this experiment a mistake was made in the identity of the
parasites used, because hiemalis does not emerge in this locality in time to
parasitize the summer generation of the Hessian fly. This generation of the
fly is, however, parasitized by "ernalis which accounts for Polygnotus beint:
found in the flaxseeds secured from the ripening wheat straws.

2The records from Michigan and Indiana were obtained from Mr. \V. H.
Larrimer, those from Ohio, through the kindness of Mr. Larrimer and Mr.
Parks, and those from Missouri from Mr. A. K. Satterthwait.

112 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

The egg differs in its manner of development from those of
most insects by being polyembryonic in nature. The original
germ-cell, instead of giving rise to a single embryo, develops
many separate embryos. At the same time the nutritive
functioning plasm of the egg develops in a remarkable way to
accommodate the rapidly multiplying embryos. The egg
always develops in the mid-intestine of the host and during its
early growth, is constantly tossed back and forth in the chyle
of the mid-intestine by peristaltic action.

The primary larva is bluntly rounded at extremities, with
length of body about three times its width. Before it has
become very much inflated with food, a broad, deep constriction
is evident on each side slightly posterior to the mouth. This
is caused by the greatly .enlarged .and projecting bases of the
mandibles. The large size of the mandibles is characteristic
of this stage, the length of each being nearly one-third the
width of the head. They are slightly curved, setosous toward
the extremity, and practically coiorless. During this stage the
body segments are not distinct.

In the succeeding larval development the mandibles are
replaced by small, d:stinctly chitinized mandibles, the body
segments become apparent, and the body assumes a more
obtusely ell psoidal form.

When the primary larvae have freed themselves from the
surrounding gelatinous-like mass, they commence to imbibe the
chyle from the host stomach and soon ingest particles of the
stomach wall itself. They shortly pass into the advanced
larval stage of development, and it is not long before nearly the
entire contents of the host is consumed. At this point each
larva forms for itself a separate cocoon in which it pupates and
transforms to the adult. The parasitized host larva very seldom
succeeds in pupating.

The cocoons are broadly ellipsoidal, pale yellowish brown in
color, and made of a tough, flexible material. The number
which develop in a single flaxseed varies somewhat. An
examination of 100 Hessian fly puparia taken from the field and
containing Platygaster vernalis cocoons showed an average of
7.91 cocoons per puparium with a maximum number of 13 and
a minimum of 3. The average number of cocoons in which
adults developed was 5.49 All these adults, however, did not
emerge. This was probably due to the artificial conditions
under which thev were reared.

SEASONAL HISTORY

Normally this parasite emerges in the early spring when the
Hessian flies are beginning to lay their eggs. It begins at once
to oviposit into the host eggs. Development progresses

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 113

rapidly and pupation usually takes place about the last of July,
the exact date varying considerably in different years according
to meteorological conditions. By the end of the first week in
August the adult stage is usually reached and the remainder of
the summer, fall, and winter is passed inside the cocoons as
adults. Occasionally adults emerge in the fall and oviposit into
the fall generation of the fly, but field observations indicate that
these ovipositions fail to mature.

(Polygnotus) Platygaster hiemalis Forbes.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION*

This species occurs throughout most of the wheat growing
region where the fly is found. According to F. M. Webster
(21, 25) this parasite was introduced several years ago into
Washington and California and has been found in abundance in
Washington since that time. Mr. C. M. Packard informs me,
however, that this species has never been reared from rather
extensive collections of Hessian fly material made in California.

LIFE HISTORY

The egg, like that of Platygaster vernalis, is highly refractive.
In form it is ellipsoidal, slightly flattened along one side, and
with two tiny, flagellum-like processes at one extremity.
Freshly oviposited eggs measure approximately 0.02 mm. long
by 0.01 mm. wide. The size and shape of the egg undergoes no
appreciable change upon oviposition.

The parasite oviposits in the host egg, or occasionally in the
newly hatched larva while the latter is exposed to attack.
From the examination of 81 ovipositions it has been found that
from 1 to 7 eggs with an average of 4.22, are laid at each single
oviposition.

The eggs always develop in the body cavity of the host and
never in the mid-intestine as is the case with Platygaster vernalis.
The young embryos may nearly always be found as colorless,
spherical masses entirely separated from each other and loose
in the haemolymph ot the host larva.

In the larval stage the segments are always discernible and
the mandibles are very small. Upon reaching the larval stage
development usually proceeds rapidly. The contents of the
host are soon almost entirely devoured, and the larvae form
individual cocoons which are broadly ellipsoidal, pale yellowish
brown in color, and made of tough, flexible material, being
similar to those made by Platygaster vernalis. From 1 to 2 ;
cocoons have been found in a single puparium, and from 100
puparia examined, an average of 6.52 cocoons \\eiv found.

114 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

Within these cocoons adults developed to the average number of
6.31 per host puparium, although, as in the case of P. vernalis ^
all did not emerge. The host larva very seldom succeeds in
pupating, although a well developed puparium case is always
formed.

SEASONAL HISTORY

In the eastern states in winter wheat this parasite normally
has but one generation a year. The adults emerge in the fall
at the time the Hessian flies are laying their eggs for the over-
wintering generation. They begin at once to oviposit into the
eggs of the fly. Cold weather setting in now greatly retards
the development of the growing embryos, and usually the entire
winter and spring, and frequently the early summer are passed
in the embryonic stage. The larvae and pupae commence to
develop during July, and by the end of August most of them have
transformed into adults within their cocoons. Weather con-
ditions modify the rapidity of development, and sweeping
records prove that adults occasionally emerge throughout the
summer months.

COMPARISON OF THE TWO SPECIES

The immature stages of Platygaster vernalis may be distin-
guished from those of P. hiemalis by the following character-
istics and habits:

P. vernalis

Egg claviform; about 0.07 mm.
long by 0.016 mm. wide.

Embryos held together in a spheri-
cal or ellipsoidal, elastic poly-
embryonic mass.

Embryos always develop inside
the mid-intestine of the host.

Primary larva with greatly en-
larged, setosous mandibles.

Mandibles of mature larva dis-
tinctly curved.

P. hiemalis

Egg ellipsoidal, slightly flattened
along one side; about 0.02 mm.
long by 0.01 mm. wide.

Embryos individual, spherical
masses separated one from the
other except in rare instances.

Embryos always develop in the
haemolymph of the body cavity of
the host.

Mandibles very small and smooth
throughout larval period.

Mandibles of mature larva almost
straight.

The two species may also be distinguished by certain
habits of the adults. Platygaster vernalis is rather sluggish
and seldom flies when in captivity. P. hiemalis, on the
other hand, is normally very active and flies readily. In
ovipositing, P. vernalis holds the body parallel to the
long axis of the Hessian fly egg, while P. hiemalis poises

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 1 15

the body at right angles to this axis of the host egg. These
habits of oviposition furnish a positive means of identification
sometimes very convenient.

The adults of the two species may also be distinguished
by certain structural characteristics. Mr. P. R. Myers has
kindly outlined the following comparison of outstanding feat-
ures:

P. vernalis P. hiemalis

Head quadrate; about as wide as Head subquadrate, distinctly

thorax. wider than thorax.

Face convex. Face nearly flat.

Occiput, vertex, and face dis- Occiput transversely rugulose, ver-

rinctly transversely rugulose. tex and face shining with faint acic-

ulations running obliquely away
from an indistinct median carina.

Antenna with base of scape black. Antenna with base of scape pale

yellow.

Scutellum laterally margined. Scutellum not laterally margined.

Legs entirely piceous; tarsi fuscous. Legs dark brown to piceous; tarsal

joints pale brown except apical
joint which is tuscous.

Wings 2*/2 to 3 times as long as Wings about twice the length of

abdomen. abdomen.

Ovipositor straight; slightly en- Ovipositor curved and attenuated,

arged and blunt at apex.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) HERRICK, EDWARD C.

1841. A Brief Preliminary Account of the Hessian Fly and its Parasites,

Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts. v. 41, no. 1, p. 153-158.
' 1> FITCH, ASA.

1S47. The Hessian Fly, Its History, Character, Transformation and
Habits, 60 p., 1 pi. Albany, N. V. Literature cited p. 43-44.

(3) .

1862. Seventh Report on the Noxious and Other Insects ot the State of
New York. Hessian Fly. In Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Snc., v. 21
(1861), p. 819-830, 1862. Reprint, 1865, p. 133 144.

(4) PACKARD, A. S.

1880. The Hessian Fly. U. S. Ent. Comm. Bui. 4, 43 p., 1 fig., 1 fold. map.

Literature cited p. 20-21 .
(5)

1883. The Hessian Fly— Its Ravages, Habits, and the Means of Pre-
venting its Increase. In U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Comm. Rep. 3, p.
198-248, fig. 9, 1 fold. map. Literature cited p. 219-220.

116 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

(6) RlLEY, C. V.

1885. On the Parasites of the Hessian Fly. In Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
v. 8, no. 26-27, p. 413-422, pi. 23.

(7) FORBES, S. A.

1888. A New Parasite of the Hessian Fly. In Psyche, v. 5, no. 144,
p. 39-40, 1 fig.

(8) RlLEY, C. V.

1889. General Notes. In Insect Life, v. 1, no. 10, p. 322-326. Literature
cited, p. 323.

(9) RILEY, C. V.

1891. Some of the Bred Parasitic Hymenoptera in the National Collection.
In Insect Life, v. 4, no. 3-4, p. 122-126.

(10) ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H.

1893. Monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae. U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bui. 45, 472 p., 2 fig., 18 pi. Literature cited p. 311-312.

(11) MARCHAL, PAUL.

1897. Les Cecidomyies des Cereales et Leurs Parasites. In Ann. Soc.
Ent. France, v. 66, Trim. 1, p. 1-105, 9 fig., 8 pi. (partly col.). Litera-
ture cited p. 81.

(12) OSBORN, HERBERT.

1898. The Hessian Fly in the LInited States. LT. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Ent. Bui. 16, n. s., 57 p., 8 fig., 2 pi., map. Literature cited p. 35-36.

(13) LUGGER, OTTO.

1899. The Hessian Fly. In Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 64, p. 551-557,
fig. 14-18.

(14) WEBSTER, F. M., AND NEWELL, W.

1902. Insects of the Year in Ohio. In U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bui. 31,
n. s. p. 84-90. Literature cited p. 85.

(15) GOSSARD, H. A., and HOUSER, J. S.

1906. The Hessian Fly. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 177, 39 p., 2 fig., 1 col.
pi. Literature cited p. 31-33.

(16) TUCKER, E. S.

1906. An Important Enemy of the Hessian Fly and Other Parasites. In
Kansas Farmer, v. 44, no. 15, p. 404-405.

(17) WEBSTER, F. M.

1906. The Hessian Fly. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Cir. 70, 16 p., 16 fig.
Literature cited p. 11-12.

(18) BRUNER, LAWRENCE, and SWENK, MYRON H.

1907. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat During 1905-1906. Neb. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Bui. 96, 36 p., 14 fig., 1 col. pi. Literature cited p. 16-17.

(19) WEBSTER, F. M.

1907. The Value of Parasites in Cereal and Forage Crop Productions.
In U. S. Dept. Agr. n. s. Bui. 67, p. 94-100, fig. 5.

(20) AINSLIE, C. N.

1908. Tetrasticus as a Parasite on Polygnotus. In Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash,
vol. 10, no. 1-2, p. 14-16, 2 fig.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 117

-21) WEBSTER, F. M.

1908. The Value of Insect Parasitism to the American Farmer. In U. S.

Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1907, p. 237-256, fig. 7-30.
(22) SMITH, J. B.

1910. Insects of New Jersey. Ann. Rept. \. J. State Mas. 1909, 888 p.,

340 fig., 1 fold. map. Literature cited p. '>52.
23 PETTIT, R. H.

1910. Insects of Field Crops. Mich. Sta. Agr. Col. Exp. Sta. Bui. 258,
84 p., 51 fig. Literature cited p. 28, 35-36.

i 24 1 HOWARD, L. O., and FISK.E, W. F.

1911. The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the
Gypsy Moth and the Brown-Tail Moth. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. F.nt.
Bui. 91, 344 p. ~4 fig., 28 pi. (partly col., incl. 4 fold maps). Literature
cited p. 21.

(25 i WEBSTER, F. M.

1915. The Hessian Fly. I'. S. Dept. Agr. Farm. Bui. 640, 20 p., 1~ riu.
Literature cited p. 14-15.

(26) VIERECK, H. L.

1916. Hymenoptera of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv.
Bui. 22, v. 3, 824 p., 15 fig., 10 pi. Literature cited p. 536-537.

(27) MYERS, P. R.

1917. A New American Parasite of the Hessian Fly. Proc. U. S. Nar.
Mus. v. 53, p. 255-257, sep. no. 2204.

(28) WALTON, W. R.

1920. The Hessian Fly and How to Prevent Losses From it. U. S. Dept.

\gr. Farm. Bui. 1083, 16 p., 13 fig. Literature cited p. 12.
i 2V i FOUTS, R. M.

1920. Some New Parasites, with Remarks on the Genus Platygaster
(Hymenoptera). In Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., v. 22, MM. 4, p. 61 ~2.

CALOPTERYX MACULATA BEAUVOIS.
AN INTERESTING PHOTOGRAPH.

Bv W. |. HOLLAND.

Through the kindness of one of my correspondents, Mr.
Fred H. Beer of Pittsburgh, I have been put in possession of a
photograph, showing the male and female of Calopteryx niaculata
Beauvois /';/ copula. So far as I am now aware this is the first
time that a good photograph of this common species engaged
in the act of coition has been secured. References to the matter
are common enough in the literature of the subject and there
are a few drawings and cuts which are available, but no actual
photographs, unless I am greatly mistaken. In the Pro-
ceedings of the t'nited States National Museum, Volume
XLIX, pp. 259 el seq., Dr. Charles H. Kennedy in his paper,
entitled "Notes on the Life History and F.cology of the Dragon-
Mies (Odonata) of Washington and Oregon," unves some druu

118 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

ings and an excellent description of the conjunction and ovi-
position of one of the Odonata found on the Pacific Slope.
Needham in a volume entitled "Aquatic Insects in New York
State," published in 1903, at page 225 says in reference to the
species represented in the photograph, "The females descend
to stems of more or less completely submerged aquatic plants
(Elodea), and unattended by the males, insert their eggs into
the green stems just below the surface of the water."

In the case of the form described bv Kennedy, the female is

J J '

accompanied, as he states, during the act of oviposition, by the
male still clasping her by the prothorax.

In the act which the photograph represents the male, shown
in the lower figure, seizes the female by the prothorax and
copulation ensues The sexual organ of the male is located
on the second post-thoracic segment; that of the female being
located at the extremity of the abdomen.

That the female of many species of the Odonata deposits
her eggs in minute incisions in the stems of aquatic plants is a
fact known to specialists. I have before me a dried piece of
the stem of a yellow water lily (Nenuphar), which under the
magnifying-glass shows that it is covered all over with deep
pittings made by the ovipositors of female dragonflies. These
pits are surrounded by circular elevations of the tissue of the
plant, which continued to grow after the incisions were made.
They are somewhat crater-like in appearance. The female
in the act of oviposition submerges the anal extremity of her
abdomen below the water-line, continuing to descend as she
makes incision after incision, in which she deposits the eggs,
until she is submerged up to the head, and she frequently
descends further, until she is completely submerged below the
surface, in which submerged position she may remain for as
much as an hour, as I am told by one of my colleagues. Where
the female is accompanied by the -male both of them may be
completely submerged during the act of oviposition for a long
time. These creatures, the airy flight of which, as they dash
about in the sunshine in quest of their prey, consisting of midges,
gnats, and mosquitoes, would not be suspected by one who has
thus seen them, to be capable of living under water, but they
not only do this in the larval stage continuously, but also in
copulation for long periods after they have emerged as imagoes.

WEEVILS OF THE GENUS APION INJURIOUS TO BEANS IN

MEXICO.

BY H. F. WICK.HAM.

While engaged upon the principal subject of the investiga-
tion of the Mexican bean beetle, it was noticed almost from the

PKOC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

13

HOLLAND— CALOPTERYX MACULATA.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 1 21

first that the bean plants were infested by one or more species of
Apion. These little beetles were seen mostly upon the leaves,
in which they ate small holes, thus inflicting some damage upon
the foliage. Sometimes they were seen puncturing the terminal
or lateral buds of the plants, perhaps only for feeding purposes,
but at no time were they observed ovipositing, though, from
future developments, it seems that eggs must have been laid in
the pods.

These weevils occurred on the bean plants all around the city
of Mexico, at San Angel, Mixcoac, Atzcapotzalco and Tacuba,
and were very abundant in the grounds of the Agricultural
College at the last named place. They occurred on beans in the
corn and on those planted in the open, were active during the
middle of the day and took flight readily if disturbed, or, as an
alternative habit, would drop to the ground and run off. \o
other insects were seen to attack them. Specimens could be
caught by hand or with a small net and many were secured for
study and determination. Examples were submitted to Mr.
H. C. Fall, specialist on the genus, who identified one species
as A. griseum Smith, the other three species are apparently
unknown in this country. A. griseum is common to the I'nited
States and Mexico, being recorded by Fall as occurring from
New York to Florida and westward to Colorado and Arizona.

After receiving, through Mr. Graf, a copy of Dr. Chittenden's
paper upon this genus, in which the bean-feeding habit of A.
griseum is recorded,1 some further notes were made, although
time did not permit of a thorough study. These notes are
based almost entirely upon observations carried on in the
grounds of the Agricultural College, since this place is easily
accessible and, through the courtesy of the administration, \\as
thrown open to me.

In these bean plots, it was noticed that a great many of the
pods which were just beyond the "snap" stage and in which
the seeds were well filled out, showed yellowish or brownish
discolorations along the sides, often several blotches to the pod.
A rot frequently set in, apparently starting from these blotches,
so that the tissues broke down in the wet atmosphere, especially
if in contact with the soil. This gave the product a very dis-
gusting appearance and would serve at once to diagnose the
worst cases of infestation.

When one of these pods was opened, it would show rhc seed
more or less badly eroded by the attacking larva. The grub
sometimes burrowed well within the seed while the latter was
still soft, but sometimes fed largely from the surface. The fat
larva appeared to be of great size in comparison with irs parent,

^hittenden, F. H.— Bui. 64, Bur. Ent., LJ. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 29, 30, Jan.
14, 1908.

122 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

but there seems to be no doubt as to the relationship of the two,
in the light of future observations. Because of the danger of
introducing a most serious pest, no living examples were
brought out.

The larva forms a case for pupation, composed of a brownish
material, probably largely excrementitious. This case lies
within the bean pod and the adult emerges through an irregular
opening which is broken out at or near the end of the cell.
Several pods which were opened for examination showed the
newly disclosed adult weevils, feeding larvae and other larvae
in their cells. Sometimes as many as three grubs had attacked
a single bean. Occasionally one seed in a pod would be sound
while all of the rest would be damaged.

In order to estimate the percentage of damage, a lot of pods
were picked and opened. Further, a number were examined
for the blotches but not gathered. This estimate indicates
that in the plot most carefully studied the injury runs about
80 per cent. Badly attacked seed did not mature in the pod
but shrivelled and became distorted. '

From my observations, it appears that the adults emerge
from the pupa case into the lumen of the pod and probably
depend upon the pod splitting to effect their escape. If this
be true, it follows that the danger of introduction of this pest
into the United States lies mostly in permitting shipment of
green beans, i. e., snap beans and fresh shell beans. It is doubt-
ful if there is much danger from dried beans of good grade,
although thev can not be considered entirelv safe.

o - -

In my opinion, shipment of beans in the pod, whether green
or ripe, from Mexico to the United States, would be dangerous
and might easily result in the introduction of another bean pest
of first rate importance. I consider that on the plateau, near
Mexico City at least, this Apion is a worse menace than Epi-
lachna. Since observations in Mexico show it to be coincident
in bean fields with Epilachna, it is probable that the same habit
would obtain in the United States, and I consider it likely that
in case of introduction it would do as great damage in this'
country as in its native home.

THE IDENTITY OF HABROBRA( ON BREVK ORNIS (WESMAEL).

(HYM., BRACONIDAE).

Bv R. A. CUSHMAN,
Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.

Wesmael's description1 was based on an insect having 17
joints in the antennae in the female and 20 to 26 joints in the
male.

'Nouv. Mem. Ac. Sc. Bruxelles, vol. 11, 1838; p. 23, fig. 2, wing.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 123

Marshall2 later referred to it certain British specimens having
14-jointed antennae in the female ami 21 to 2.Vjointed
antennae in the male.

The present writer,3 following Marshall's determination,
synonymized with brevtcornis, Eracon juglandis Ashmead,
Habrobracon hebetor Johnson (not Say), and Bracon (Habro-
bracon} honestor Riley and Howard (misprint for hebetor). In
the large number of specimens examined the female antenna
in no case had more than 15 joints and the male antenna never
more than 22. The species as thus determined is apparently
invariably parasitic on lepidopterous larvae such as Ephestia,
Plodni, and Galleria infesting stored products.

In connection with the importation into the I nited States
from Europe of parasites of the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta
nubilalis Hubner) there has been reared in considerable num-
bers a species of Habrobracon, the females of which have 17
iointed (in one small specimen 16), and the males 21 to 27-
jointed antennae. This species is very closely allied to the one
previously determined as brevicornis, differing from it, in addition
to the antennal characters, apparently only in the slightly
shorter malar space and larger eyes, a somewhat greater
tendency to black coloration, and shorter ovipositor.

There seems to be no room for doubt that these European
specimens are the true brevicornis^ Wesmael. This makes it
necessary to call the parasite of storage insects by the oldest
name, which \sjuglanais Ashmead. This is, in a way, unfortu-
nate, since the species has nothing to do with Juglans except
as stored walnuts become infested by lepidopterous larvae.

Such host records as that of Brischke recording brevicortiis
as a parasite of Dioryctria abietella and of Webb (quoted by
Marshall) with Myelois ccratonlae as host should probably
be credited to brevicornis.

The two species may be separated by the following characters:

Antennae in female 17-jointed, in male 20 to 27-jointed; malar space in
female hardly one-third, in male barely one-fourth as long as eye;
ovipositor sheath hardly longer than hind femur

Habrobracon l>rc':it>ir>iis (\\Vsmael I.

Antennae in female 13 to 15-jointed, in male 2<> to 2.vi"i'^ed; malar
space in female quite, in male nearly one-third as long as eye; ovi-
positor sheath distinctly longer than hind femur

Habrobracon iuglandis (Ashmead).

-Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885; p. 24, PI. I, figs, la, lb.
Proi . Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 1'., W!4, p. H>1.

124 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

NOTES ON AGRILUS LATER ALIS SAY (COLEOP.).

Bv W. S. FISHER, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

This apparently rare species was described by Thomas Say
from Missouri, from material collected on the expedition to the
Rocky Mountains under Major Long, and has been reported
from a number of widely separated localities from Maine to New
Mexico, but its host plant remained unknown, at least it has
not been reported in the literature.

On March 12, 1918, Mr. A. B. Champlain, of Lyme, Con-
necticut, submitted some limbs of Bayberry (Myrica carolinensis
Mill) infested with Agrilus larvae to the writer for identification.
As this was a new host plant for the genus, the material was
caged, and on June 2, the first adult emerged, which proved
to be Agrilus lateralis Say.

During the summer of 1918 the writer was located at Lyme,
Connecticut, and had a chance of making observations on the
habits of this species during the season. On May 29 a large
patch of Bayberry was carefully examined and this species was
found in the larva, pupa and adult stages. Some of the adults
had nearly burrowed through the bark, but no emergence holes
could be found after a careful search. The first adult was
found on the Bayberry foliage on June 3, and the last one on
July 8, and were most abundant about the middle of June.
The adults are very active* and when disturbed, would alight
on the upper surface of the foliage without making any attempt
at hiding on the underside of the leaves, as is the habits of some
species of this genus. They seem to prefer the foliage on the
low plants growing along the outside of the patches, and usually
select the sunny places that are protected from the wind. The
adults feed around the margins of the leaves, causing them to
become somewhat ragged in appearance.

The eggs are rather variable in outline, usually oval and some-
what flattened. The surface is feebly corrugated, especially
towards the margins, and each egg is partially covered with
fine excrement. When first laid, the egg is whitish, but in a few
days it changes to a grayish color, similar to that of the bark,
resembling some of the soft scales, and is rather difficult to dis-
tinguish on the bark. The eggs are glued tightly to the bark,
and are usually deposited singly near the ground on healthy
plants. In captivity the adults would not oviposit on anything
except freshly cut limbs, and this was also found to be the case
out-doors, as no eggs were found on dead stalks. The larva
on hatching from eggs laid in captivity were unable to bore into
the wood, on account of the wood drying out very rapidly and
becoming extremely hard. All of the eggs laid on the plants
out-doors had hatched by July 31, and the larvae had bored
into the wood.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922 125

This is a two year species. In most cases the eggs were laid
near the ground, and the larvae on hatching, bore directly into
the bark from the underside of the eggs, filling the empty shells
with excrement, then burrowing downwards into the roots
where they pass the first winter, the following spring they start
making spiral mines around the limbs and extending upwards
for a considerable distance before reaching maturity, when they
extend their mines into the wood and make their pupal cells
near the outer wood, from which they emerge the following
year. These mines are rather difficult to distinguish, and as
the plant is a rapid grower, the new wood grows over the larval
mines, causing a slight swelling on the outside, which is
scarcely noticeable. When these mines are examined, those
made by the larvae during the first year are covered with new
wood, and represented by a raised spiral ring on the wood, while
the mines made during the second year are only covered by a
thin filament of wood, allowing the dark borings in the mines
to be readily seen through the new wood.

This species seems to be apparently free from natural enemies
in the localities where the writer made observations, as no evi-
dence of parasites was found in any of the mines.

In some sections a great many of the plants have been killed
by this beetle, but where the plants were only slightly infested,
the mines were soon overgrown, without any noticeable injury
to the plants.

A DIVING WASP.

BY A. X. CALDELL.
The following is an extract from my Entomological Journal:

"Monday, July 4, 1921. — A blazing hot day, but I went
picnicking to Great Falls, on the Maryland side of the Potomac.
Very disagreeable weather, but in spite of the heat I secured a
few desirable insects and made some interesting observations.
Before crossing the swinging bridge I found a pair of green
stone flies mating on the ground and after crossing the bridge
I took a nymph of Pterophylla camellifolia on a large oak leaf
but a few feet from the ground. Among other insects taken
was a female psammocharid wasp which Mr. Rohwer identified
later as Anoplius illinoiensis Robt. I first observed this wasp
on a flat stone barely rising above the surface <>t a stagnant
pool of water, about three inches in depth, lying near the river.
The wasp was lying on one side and kicking the hind legs as
if severely injured. Soon it dragged itself a few inches and
turned over on the other side and kicked the legs, mostly the
long hind ones, with which it rubbed the end of the abdomen,

126 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY, 1922

but still giving the appearance of being hurt. I watched it
fully a minute, wondering what ailed it, when it suddenly
righted itself and ran rapidly and nervously about, showing
it was not in the least injured. But it almost immediately
went through the same performance of lying on the side and
kicking the legs, the posterior ones moving the most. Soon it
again got to its feet and ran to the edge of the stone where a
large leaf was floating flat on the surface of the water. To
my surprise it deliberately crawled beneath this floating leaf
and out of sight. I failed to see just when or where it emerged
but soon it was again on the stone and going through its queer
actions. Then, after taking a short but very active flight for
a few feet, it did the most interesting thing of all. It alighted
near the edge of the same stone and crawled deliberately down
the edge into the water, which, as stated before, was about
three inches deep, and ran across the bottom, moving freely
but not nearly so fast as when on top of the rock in the open
air. It crossed the narrow channel to another stone, a distance
of about one-half foot, where it came to the surface by climbing
up the edge of that stone.1 After again going through its kicking
performance it flew across the pool with the legs and apparently
the tips of its wings touching the surface of the water. It
then ran along for some distance on the surface of the pool
somewhat after the manner of a water-strider, but the wings,
I think, vibrating rapidly all the time. Fearing it would leave
the vicinity I then swatted it with a bunch of weeds, as I had
no net, knocked it down and caught it, injuring it somewhat
in doing so."

The above notes were written the same day the observations
were made, and essentially as here presented.

BOOK NOTICE.

An Introduction to Cytology. — By Lester W. Sharp. New York, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., 1921.

Intended, on the animal side, as supplementary to Wilson's well known work,
this book brings into one volume the more recent phases of both plant and
animal cytology. For this reason it will be of special interest to the entomolo-
gist whose field includes not only the nature of the insects themselves but their
relation to the tissues of the plants on which they feed. — EDITOR.

'This probably explains why its emergence from beneath the floating leaf
was unobserved, as it probably went to the bottom of the pool on that occasion,
and perhaps ran around co the opposite side of the stone before coming to
the surface.

Actual date of publication, May 26, 1V22.

VOL. 24 JUNE, 1922 No. 6

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

X
CONTENTS

AI.DRICH, J. M. A NEW GEN'US OF TWO-WINGED FLY WITH MANDIBLE-LIKE

LABELLA 145

CRAMPTON, G. C. THE DERIVATION OF CERTAIN TYPES OF HEAD CAPSULE

IN INSECTS FROM CRUSTACEAN PROTOTYPES 153

SCHAUS, W. NEW SPECIES OF PYRALIDAE OF THE SUBFAMILY CRAMBINAE

FROM TROPICAL AMERICA 127

SNODGRASS, R. E. MANDIBLE SUBSTITUTES IN THE DOLICHOPODIDAE . . . 148

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter Marcli 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24. 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3, 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

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Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
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OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1922.

Honorary President E. A. SCHWARZ

President A. B. GAHAN

First Vice-President A. G. BO'VING

Second Vice-President . R. A. CUSHMAN

Recording Secretary C. T. GREENE

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHVVER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE,

J. M. Al.DRICH.

Re-presenting the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of
Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 24 JUNE 1922 No. 6

NEW SPECIES OF PYRALIDAE OF THE SUBFAMILY CRAMBINAE
FROM TROPICAL AMERICA.

Bv W. SCHAUS.

The specimens from Castro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, were
collected by E. D. Jones, those from Venadio, Mexico, by J.
A. Kiische, and were presented to the Museum by B. Preston
Clark. Where not otherwise stated the bulk of the species
were collected by Barnes and Schaus or purchased by Schaus
for the collection. In a few cases the specimens have been in
the Museum for a long time and only their locality is known.

Culladia castrella, new species.

Male. — Head whitish, the palpi avellaneous, darker shaded at base,
the third joint mouse gray. Collar and thorax avellaneous with some
brown scales. Abdomen above avellaneous, the base with subdorsal white
scaling, the anal segment buff white; underneath whitish buff. Fore wings
irrorated with sayal brown becoming denser and forming fine striated lines
before the subterminal fine brown black line which is almost straight and parallel
with termen; the brown irrorations form a vague spot antemedially below cell,
an oblique patch on costa medially, and an indistinct postmedial line outcurved
around cell; termen white with a few fine brownish striae; black spots terminally
on interspaces; cilia silvery white. Hind wings white faintly suffused with
light buff; cilia white.' Fore wings below suffused with grayish buff, the costa
of hind wings with similar irrorations.

Expanse 12 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Carana.

Type— Cat. No. 25521, U. S. N. M.

Culladia francescella, new species.

Male. — head and palpi white, the latter with some gray scaling at tip. Thorax
white the patagia deep mouse gray. Abdomen above mouse gray, the two last
segments silvery gray; underneath white. Fore wings white with transverse
striations; some brownish striations at tornus, and en postmedial space; an
inbent brown line from end of cell to inner margin; suhtermmal line double,
curved below costa, then vertical, the inner line thick, brown, the outer line
forming a triangular spot on costa, then very fine anil barely traceable; a dark
terminal line preceded by fuscous spots on interspaces, obsolete towards apex.
Hind wings white very faintly suffused with whitish buff.

F.xpanse 9 mm.

128 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

•

Habitat. — San Francesco Mountains, San Domingo.
Type.— Cat. No. 25522, U. S. N. M.
Collected by A. Busck.
Near C. psythiella Schaus.

Culladia habanella, new species.

Female. — Head whitish, the palpi mouse gray. Collar and thorax grayish
burl. Abdomen above vinaceous buff, underneath gray. Legs white streaked
with gray. Fore wings light silvery gray with darker irrorations; base shaded
with light buff, and a few black scales subbasally below cell and on inner margin;
antemedial black scales below cell and below submedian; a few black scales
at end of cell; a medial cinnamon buff line from end of cell to middle of inner
margin; a similar thick subterminal line, outangled on costa then parallel with
termen; termen rather broadly cinnamon buff with terminal black points, the
scaling striated; cilia gray. Hind wings whitish gray with a fine darker gray
terminal line; cilia buff at base followed by a dark gray line and tipped with
white.

Expanse 16 mm.

Habitat. — Havana, Cuba.
Type— Cat. No. 25523, U. S. N. M.

Culladia eucosmella Dyar has as synonym Crambus argyrip-
lagalis Hampson.

Eufernaldia panamella, new species.

Male. — Head white, palpi drab brown. Thorax ochraceous buff, the patagia
tipped with white. Abdomen brownish above, white underneath; legs white,
the tarsi shaded with light buff. Fore wings ochraceous buff, the veins silvery
white, also the costal edge except at base; base of costal vein fuscous; a white
line along submedian told; all the veins and lines finely edged with dark brown;
discocellular not white and with a dark brown spot; a dark line in cell with only
a few white scales; a medial series of dark spots on veins, outbent at discocellular
spot, then inbent to submedian fold; a postmedial series of spots on veins from
vein 5 to inner margin; a white line on inner margin at base, and from middle
to near tornus. Hind wings tuscous gray; cilia on both wings white.

Expanse 18 mm.

Habitat. — Alhajuelo, Panama.
Type.— Cat. No. 25524, U. S. N. M.
Collected by A. Busck.

Crambus edredellus, new species.

Male. — Head, collar and thorax warm buff. Abdomen above light buff; body
below and legs white, the fore legs buff. Fore wings whitish thickly irrorated
and suffused with warm buff; a whitish indistinct postmedial line oblique on
costa, vertical from vein 4 to inner margin; minute terminal black points; cilia
white. Hind wings white irrorated with light buff; cilia white.

Expanse' 16 mm.

Habitat. — Jamaica, British West Indies.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 129

Type.— Cat. No. 25525, U. S. N. M.
Vein 11 suffuses with 12.

Crambus santiagellus, new species.

Female. — Head, collar and thorax buff white, the palpi laterally shaded with
gray. Abdomen above light cinnamon buff; body underneath and legs white.
Fore wings white, with some grayish brown irrorations; inner margin to near
cell suffused with olive buff; termen with fine olive buff striae; a short subbasal
black streak on costal vein; some black scaling forming an antemedial line from
within cell to inner margin, outbent from below fold; a cluster of fuscous brown
scales at lower angle of cell; traces of a postmedial line outbent on costa; a sub-
terminal grayish shade preceded below costa by two short black streaks; terminal
black points. Hind wings silvery white suffused with gray except in cell and
between veins 2 and 3 to near termen; cilia white, on fore wing tipped with gray.
Fore wings below silvery gray. Hind wings below silvery white.

Expanse 15 mm.

Habitat. — Santiago, Cuba.

Type— Cat. No. 25526, U. S. N. M.

Crambus paucipunctellus, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi white, the latter brownish below and laterally. Col-
lar white shaded with buff. Thorax and abdomen white. Fore wings white
with a few brown irrorations; a short brown streak at end of cell, one below
middle of cell, and one below base of vein 2; basal third of costal edge brown,
and a fine streak on costa medially; subterminal clusters of brown scales from
below costa to below vein 2 partly suffusing, closely followed from vein 5 to
vein 2 by a fine dark line; minute terminal dark points. Hind wings white.
Fore wings below and costa of hind wings fuscous gray.

Expanse 18 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Panama.
Type.— Cat. No. 25527, U. S. N. M.

Belongs to the group of C. immunellus Zeller and C. intangens
Dyar.

Crambus domingellus, new species.

Male. — Head white, the palpi below mouse gray. Collar white, shaded with
brown in front and with outer brown spots. Thorax steel gray, in front whitish;
patagia white. Abdomen silvery white; from base laterally steel colored lines
meet dorsally at middle; anal hairs steel gray. Legs white, the fore tarsi with
brown rings. Fore wings silvery white, the costal margin shaded with tawny
olive; some tawny olive irrorations on inner margin, a short inbent streak ante-
medially below cell, a medial streak from vein 2 to middle of inner margin, and
a postmedial line very oblique from costa above end of cell to near subterminal line
at vein 4 following it closely to inner margin; the subterminal line also oblique
from costa and much finer than the postmedial both starting from gray spots
on costa with a third spot nearer apex; minute terminal black points; cilia white.
Hind wings silvery white. Fore wings below suffused with gray.

Expanse 10 mm.

130 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

Habitat. — San Francesco Mountains, San Domingo, West
Indies.

Type.— Cat. No. 25528, U. S. N. M.

Crambus elphegellus, new species.

Male. — Head white, palpi laterally mouse gray. Collar and thorax white.
Abdomen silvery gray, the anal tufts buff. Legs white, the fore tarsi brown.
Fore wings silvery white, the markings antimony yellow; a streak at base of
costa; a faint medial line outangled at end of cell, forming a larger spot on inner
margin mottled with dark brown; two fine outer parallel lines, oblique from
costa and curved to submedian fold, where they are somewhat interrupted and
again outcurved; a terminal line with small black spots at veins 4 and 3; cilia
silvery white becoming golden from vein 4 to tornus. Hind wings white, the
costa shaded with light buff.

Expanse 12 mm.

Habitat. — Caracas, Venezuela.

Type— Cat. No. 25529, U. S. N. M.

Near C. albellus Clemens.

Very similar to Culladia psy thiella Schaus; but vein 9 present.

Crambus sinaloellus, new species.

Male. — Head white, palpi laterally vinaceous buff. Thorax and fore wings
pale orange yellow, the patagia tipped with white. Abdomen above avellane-
bus, underneath white; the legs white. Fore wings: all the veins except dis-
cocellulars narrowly white; a white streak in cell and along submedian fold;
cilia long, white. Hind wings white suffused with light brownish gray; cilia
white. Fore wings below grayish, the veins terminally white. Hind wings
below slightly whiter than above.

Expanse 27 mm.

. Habitat. — Venadio, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Type.— Cat. No. 25530, U. S. N. M.

In appearance somewhat like Eufernaldia cadarellus Druce
but the white lines much narrower and on fore wing vein 3 is
present, veins 4 and 5 stalked.

Crambus damotellus, new species.

Male. — Body cupreous buff. Fore wings silvery buff white; a cupreous
brown streak along subcostal and above vein 6 to termen; a similar streak from
cell to fold not reaching termen; a broad silvery white streak through cell to
termen between veins 4 and 6; a narrow white streak on costal margin extending
on to costal edge above vein 8; terminal white streaks above and below vein 7;
cilia white; no transverse lines or markings. Hind wings white, the costal
margin broadly suffused with buff gray. Fore wings below tuscous; the costal
margin light buff; the termen and inner margin, also a shade from within cell to
termen, whitish.

Expanse 36 mm.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 131

Habitat. — Popocatepetl slopes, Mexico.
Type— Cat. No. 25531, U. S. N. M.

Crambus dukinfieldiellus, new species.

Male. — Head verona brown; palpi white at base and underneath. Collar
and thorax deep neutral gray. Abdomen whitish buff. Fore wings glossy
buffy brown; costa finely white except at base; a silvery white streak through
cell from base to terminal black point on discal fold; a white streak below median,
becoming silvery lead color at middle of cell and continued below vein 2; similar
lines below veins 3, 4, 5 and 7; inner margin silky pale buff gray; a subterminal
silvery lead shade consisting of fine stnations; terminal black points; cilia
silvery lead at base, then silvery white. Hind wings white suffused with light
buff on costal margin and below cell and vein 5 to vein 2, also on inner margin;
cilia white.

Expanse 26 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Parana.

Type— Cut. No. 25532, U. S. N. M.

Near C. albiradiellus Hampson.

Catharylla paulella, new species.

Female. — Head white, palpi wood brown laterally, fringed above with white.
Collar and thorax white. Abdomen above brown; basal segment and segmental
lines white; underneath white. Legs white streaked with pinkish buff. Fore
wings white with a few light brown irrorations in cell and on postmedial space
to termen; basal third of costa finely brown; fine, oblique, brownish streaks on
costa medially, postmedially, subterminally, and a short streak along costa
before apex; a fine, wavy, light brown medial line, outcurved at end of cell with
a black spot on discocellular; postmedial below costal margin only indicated
by irrorations; subterminal line fine, distinct, curved below costa and parallel
with termen, straight and with minute darker points on interspaces; termen
finely brownish with black points; cilia golden silvery. Hind wings white; a
fine, dark brown, terminal line and faint marginal gray shading at apex. Wings
below silvery, the fore wing and costal margin of hind wing suffused with brown;
a terminal dark line, partly interrupted; cilia of fore wing dark, of hind wing
white with a brownish'dividing line.

Expanse 21 mm.

Habitat. — Sao Paulo, South East Brazil.

7>p*.-Cat. No. 25533, U. S. N. M.

Near C. tenella Zeller.

Under the genus Catharylla the first species mentioned by
Zeller is tenella which I consider the type of the genus and I
retain this generic name as it is not synonymous with Argyria,
veins 7, 8, 9 on fore wing being stalked; the palpi are shorter
than in Crambus to which it is allied.

Diptychophora pictella, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi white, the latter broadly circled with cinnamon buff;
some similar scaling on frons anteriorly. Thorax vinaceous buff, the patagia

132 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

tipped with white. Abdomen silvery white with light buff shading at base
dorsally and on anal segment; legs white. Fore wings creamy white, the costa
medially and inner margin white; black irrorations forming a subbasal shade
from costa to vein 1; at middle of cell and extending below it a black patch of
scales inwardly oblique, its outer edge rounded followed by a streak of black
scales from subcostal to vein 2; fine oblique chrome streaks on costa medially,
postmedially and at outer line; outer line creamy white finely edged with black,
oblique to vein 6, then wavily curved and indentate on vein 2 preceded and
followed between veins 4 and 6 by black spots consisting of finely striated lines;
apex beyond line mars yellow containing a silvery streak above vein 7, and an
upright fine white line above it to costa; termen mars yellow except between
veins 3 and 4, and from vein 2 to tornus; cilia iridescent silvery white or
fuscous gray. Hind wings silvery white; a fine dark terminal line from vein 4
to vein 7. Wings below silvery white a fuscous shade through cell to near
termen on fore wing.
Expanse 15 mm.

Habitat. — Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; also from French Guiana.
Type— Cat. No. 25534, U. S. N. M.

Diptychophora herstanella, new species.

Male. — Head and thorax white. Abdomen whitish buff. Fore wings white;
costal edge finely tuscous; a small brown spot on costa near middle; a dark point
in middle of cell; some dark scales just beyond cell; a fine subterminal black
line outcurved from costa, followed by a short thick light orange yellow line
from costa to vein 7, outbent to termen on vein 7, and a shorter streak below
it; an interrupted terminal yellow line with black points below veins 4-2; cilia
white, basally fuscous towards apex. Hind wings white; a terminal fuscous line
from apex to vein 2.

Expanse 9 mm.

Habitat. — Porto Bello, Panama.
Type— Cat. No. 25535, U. S. N. M.

Argyria quevedella, new species.

Female. — Head and palpi cinnamon. Collar and thorax silvery white.
Abdomen white at base, otherwise light buff with white segmental lines. Fore
wings silvery white; costal edge finely light brown; a small light orange yellow
spot on costa above end of cell; a similar short curved subterminal streak from
costa, followed by a shorter streak; cilia white with a very fine golden brown
line at base. Hind wings white. Wings below silvery white.

Expanse 17 mm.

Habitat. — Quevedo, Ecuador.
Type— Cat. No. 25536, U. S. N. M.

Argyria tunuistrigella, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi white, the latter cinnamon below. Front of collar,
thorax and abdomen pale drab gray, the collar otherwise and patagia silvery
white. Fore wings silvery white; the costa narrowly light buff shaded with

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 133

brown at base; an inbent line of small reddish brown spots from beyond end of
cell to middle on inner margin; a curved series of spots from costa to vein 7;
terminal brown streaks almost forming a line; cilia silvery golden. Hind wings
creamy white. Fore wings below whitish buff, the disc shaded with brown; the
base of costa brown.
Expanse 19 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Parana, Brazil.

Type.— Cat. No. 25537, U. S. N. M.

A specimen from Sao Paulo has the fore wing thinly irrorated
with brown, and the line more pronounced forming an angle
beyond cell with a fine inbent line to costa; this costal line is
very faintly indicated in the type specimen.

Argyria anlonialis, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi white, the latter cinnamon below. Thorax and
shoulders reddish brown, the collar and patagia white. Abdomen white shaded
dorsally with gray. Fore wings white; costa cinnamon with an orange streak
at base; a medial orange yellow line, suffused with dark reddish brown, slightly
oblique and wavy, outangled at vein 5 and more deeply so at submedian, pre-
ceded in cell by a small curved similarly colored line, so a small white spot is
enclosed at end of cell; a triangular orange yellow spot on costa at apex with a
fine line from it to termen; termen narrowly and cilia orange yellow with a red-
dish brown line at base of cilia. Hind wings silvery white. Fore wings below
suffused with gray.

Expanse 16 mm.

Habitat. — San Antonio, Colombia.
Type— Cat. No. 25538, U. S. N. M.

Argyria fingurialis Dyar has veins 7, 8, 9 stalked and should
be removed to Crambus.

Platytes arimatheella, new species.

Male. — Head brown, palpi grayish brown, vertex light gray. Collar and
shoulders orange cinnamon; thorax gray with some brown scaling. Abdomen
above gray irrorated with cinnamon buff. Fore wings cupreous brown, paler
on inner margin and termen; costal margin broadly whitish, the costal edge
buff brown; from end of cell a broad, whitish, oblique fascia, narrower at inner
margin near tornus, edged with purple black scales; an outer inbent dark, but
indistinct, line from costa to fascia, followed by a lilacine shade obscured by
darker scales; faint dark terminal spots. Hind wings white with a terminal
grayish shade at apex.

Expanse 22 mm.

Habitat. — Nicaragua.

Type— Cat. No. 25539, U. S. N. M.

Near Platytes cndochalybella Hampson.

Platytes damienella, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi white, the latter mottled laterally with cinnamon
buff. Collar and thorax white mottled with cinnamon buff. Abdomen

134 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

whitish buff above with white segmental lines, underneath white. Fore wings
mostly white; base of costa finely buff; some brown scaling subbasally in and
below cell; medial space from below subcostal light cupreous brown with darker
brown edging on either side, the inner side inangled between fold and submedian,
the outer side incurved; a few brown scales on discocellular; a dark silky brown
spot beyond cell, its inner edge sinuous from vein 6 to vein 3; its outer edge
straighter extending to vein 8; below it to inner margin and beyond it to apex
a pale buff brown shade with two darker streaks on veins 7 and 8; a very fine
terminal cupreous line with darker terminal spots; cilia white. Hind wings
silvery white.
Expanse 15 mm.

Habitat. — Pernambuco, Brazil.
Type— Cat. No. 25540, U. S. N. M.

Erupa somenella, new species.

Male. — Head and thorax buff brown. Abdomen cinnamon; venter with
light buff segmental lines. Legs light buff streaked in front with brown. Fore
wings cinnamon buff thickly irrorated with buff brown, the veins on termen
light buff; a fuscous point antemedially below cell; a dull fuscous spot at end of
cell, preceded by a short pale streak; a deeply dentate lunular postmedial fus-
cous line, not reaching costa or inner margin, oblique from vein 6 to submedian
fold, macular on last two interspaces; terminal black points; cilia whitish buff.
Hind wings dull white, the veins irrorated with brown terminally; a lunular fine
subterminal brown line; terminal black points. Wings below whitish buff with
a distinct postmedial fuscous line and black discal spots; terminal black points;
the costal margin of fore wing pale cinnamon.

Expanse 34 mm.

Habitat. — Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25541, U. S. N. M.

Erupa huarmellus, new species.

Male. — Head and thorax purplish brown, the patagia paler tipped with
lilacine white. Abdomen above brown, whitish at base and on anal segment.
Fore wings avellaneous glossed with purple; a dark brown line from costa at
one fourth from base to inner margin at two-thirds; a small dark spot in cell and
a larger oblique spot at end of cell continued as a dark shade to termen at sub-
median fold; a fine postmedial dark dentate line outwardly paler shaded; a
terminal black brown line; cilia whitish with black spots terminally. Hind
wings whitish suffused with light silky brown; a very fine dark terminal line.
Wings below iridescent ochreous brown; dark discal spots; a dark terminal line
partly cut by veins; discal area of fore wing darker shaded.

Expanse 35 mm.

Habitat. — Yahuarmayo, Peru.
Type— Cat. No. 25542, U. S. N. M.

Erupa chilopsisina, new species.

Male. — Head light buff, the palpi laterally brown. Thorax light buff shaded
in front with light brown, the neck darker brown. Abdomen above brown

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 135

gray, the two basal segments light reddish brown; underneath white with a
ventral and lateral brown line. Legs whitish partly streaked with brown,
especially the fore legs. Fore wings light buff, the margins pinkish buff; a few
reddish brown irrorations on basal half and beyond the subterminal line; from
before middle of costa an oblique reddish brown line partly suffused with fuscous,
outangled at end of cell, and inbent to inner margin, followed at discal angle
by a round black spot from which a reddish brown line extends to apex; a fine
fuscous brown line on inner margin not reaching base or subterminai line; two
black points above the discal spot; a postmedial series of black points on veins,
closely followed by the fine subterminal line; marginal black spots on interspaces;
cilia divided by a grayish line. Hind wings whitish suffused with brown on
costal margin and inner area; a subterminal diffuse grayish brown line; terminal
space light buff with a few dark irrorations, the terminal spots almost forming
a wavy line. Wings underneath whitish; a subterminal dark line cut by veins;
terminal spots forming a line on fore wing, well separated on hind wing; a dark
brown discal spot on fore wing, a round black spot on hind wing, the latter with
brown irrorations below costa and on submedian fold.
Expanse male 35 mm., female 45 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Parana.
Type.—Czt. No. 25543, U. S. N. M.

Erupa impunctella, new species.

Female. — Head white. Collar and thorax white, iridescent, changing to
lilacine gray. Abdomen light buff, the base dorsally white, the following three
segments shaded with light brown. Fore wings light pinkish cinnamon, the
veins light buff; the cell and a streak to termen slightly darker; a similar streak
above submedian from base to termen; a few dark scales above and below sub-
median. Hind wings white; faint brownish suffusions on termen towards apex.
Fore wings below whitish buff. Hind wings below white, the costa whitish
buff.

Expanse 40 mm.

Habitat. — Paraguay.

Type— Cat. No. 25544, U. S. N. M.

Macrochilo herstanellus, new species.

Male. — Head, palpi, collar and thorax auburn. Abdomen buffy brown, legs
auburn. Fore wings auburn glossed with lilacine except on costal margin and
terminal area; a medial black brown line outangled at end of cell inwardly
marked by a few pale blue scales in cell, on fold, and on inner margin; an outer
fine dark line, outcurved and wavy followed on costa by a white spot, below
vein 7 forming a thicker inbent black brown line to inner margin, prccfded by
light blue streaks on veins 5-8 and with some blue scaling on inner margin;
terminal silvery white spots with dark edges; cilia a little paler than wing.
Hind wings whitish buff; a grayish brown subterminal line; termen narrowly
darker. Fore wings below fuscous brown, the margins golden buff.

Expanse 32 mm.

136 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

Habitat. — San Antonio, Colombia.

Type— Cat. No. 25545, U. S. N. M.

Near M. pravella (Erupa) Schaus.

Vein 5 on both wings from above angle; this is also the case
in pravella. Erupa luceria Druce also belongs here, but has
vein 5 from angle of cell. It is probable that other species of
Erupa described by Druce have veins 7-10 stalked.

Macrochilo eambardella, new species.

Male. — Head, palpi and thorax sayal brown. Abdomen cinnamon buff.
Fore wings glossy sayal brown; basal white spots in and below cell; a subbasal
wavy, interrupted white line; an antemedial white line, outangled at median
and vein 2, below told finely edged with black; some black scaling on discocellular;
an outer wavy lunular line black brown, slight-outcurved below costa, out-
wardly edged with white scales to vein 4, broadly so at costa; terminal white
points not reaching apex; termen faintly shaded with purple. Hind wings
whitish suffused with cinnamon buff; a brown point at upper angle ot cell; a
faint subterminal line; the termen narrowly.rufous brown. Wings below with
the oater line distinct, the surface cinnamon buff, the fore wing shaded with
light sayal brown from base to outer line.

Expanse 24 mm.

Habitat. — El Tepo, Rio Pastaza, Ecuador.
Type— Cat. No. 25546, U. S. N. M.

Eoreuma paranella, new species.

Female. — Head, palpi and thorax pale Congo pink thinly irrorated with pale
bister brown scales; abdomen similar above at base, otherwise white. Fore
wings pale congo pink thinly irrorated with pale bister brown; a point at end of
cell; a postmedial series of minute clusters of scales outcurved beyond cell,
vertical below vein 2; a similar subterminal series of minute clusters of scales;
terminal black points; cilia white. Hind wings silky white faintly suffused with
gray. Fore wings below wood brown, the inner margin white. Hind wings
below white, the margins suffused with pale wood brown.

Expanse 30 mm.

Habitat. — Sao Paulo, South East Brazil.
Type— Cat. No. 25547, U. S. N. M.

Eoreuma donzella, new species.

Female. — Head, body and legs cinnamon buff. Fore wings cinnamon buff;
costa finely white; a narrow cinnamon shade from end of cell to termen; a simi-
lar streak above submedian vein; an almost imperceptible dark point at end
of cell; no terminal markings. Hind wings silky white. Fore wings below-
paler. Hind wings below white, the costal margin cinnamon buff.

Expanse 33 mm.

Habitat. — Sao Paulo, South East Brazil.
Type— Cat. No. 25548, U. S. N. M.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 137

This species and E. paranella Schaus are the two undescribed
species referred to by Ely in his description of the genus Eore-
uma.

\/ Haimbachia dumptalis, new species.

Male. — Head and thorax white, palpi avellaneous. Abdomen whitish buff,
the basal segments dorsally yellow ocher; underneath and legs light buff. Fore
wings light buff suffused with avellaneous on terminal half; scattered black
irrorations; traces of an avellaneous line outcurved around cell, inbent from
vein 2 to inner margin and better defined; a fine subterminal line outcurved
before apex, white with darker edging; marginal white streaks above veins 6 and
7, small fuscous terminal points; cilia silvery white at base followed by a fine
fuscous line, the tips avellaneous. Hind wings white; an indistinct double
tilleul buff subterminal line from costa to vein 2; a similarly colored terminal
line. Fore wings below silky avellaneous; the hind wings below whitish, the
costa faintly darker tinged.

Expanse 16 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25550, U. S. N. M.
Also in collection from Mexico and French Guiana.
Diatraerupa guapilella Schaus belongs to the genus lesta
Dyar which has priority.

Haimbachia gloriella, new species.

Female. — Head wood brown; two black points on vertex. Collar brown
broadly tipped with white. Thorax brown in front, tilleul buff behind with
black points, the patagia white with an angled dark line. Abdomen buff brown.
Fore wings white, the basal half irrorated with black; an ochraceous buff stripe
across middle of wing, angled on costa from a brownish line; an oblique post-
medial line on costal margin; veins 1-7 edged with fuscous gray scales, filling
some of the interspaces; two subterminal fuscous gray lines, somewhat apart
on costa, outcurved, slightly sinuous from vein 3 to inner margin, followed by
ochraceous buff spots on interspaces; geminate black points at veins terminally,
forming a line at apex; cilia silvery white with dark tips. Hind wings buffish
white; a faint subterminal and a dark terminal line. Hind wings below white,
the costa broadly suffused with fuscous gray.

Expanse 15 mm.

Habitat. — Venadio, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Type— Cat. No. 25551, U. S. N. M.

Eromene chiriquitensis Zeller belongs to the genus Haim-
bachia

Haimbachia quiriguella, new species.

Female. — Head, collar and thorax white, the palpi irrorated and tipped with
gray. Abdomen white, the two basal segments dorsally shaded with ochraceous
buff. Fore wings white with some brown irrorations, more numerous on inter-
spaces beyond cell, leaving the veins white; a fine ochraceous line from cosru
outcurved around cell and incurved below vein 2, oblique below submediun; a

138 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

double ochraceous buff subterminal line outcurved from costa to near termen,
deeply inangled on vein 2, and again outcurved followed on veins 7 and 8 by
ochraceous buff streaks; a fuscous terminal line at apex, changing to minute
paired spots at veins 6-4, below vein 2 and 3 a single larger black spot; cilia
silvery tipped with fuscous. Hind wings white.
Expanse 18 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25552, U. S. N. M.
Closely allied to H. squamulellus Zeller.

y Haimbachia prestonella, new species.

Male. — Head and body white; palpi with a few gray brown hairs laterally
and near tip; abdomen dorsally ochraceous buff at base. Legs white, the tarsi
with brown rings. Fore wings white irrorated with coarse black scales to post-
medial line, with finer black scales on space beyond; postmedial line cinnamon
buff, outcurved around cell, vertical below vein 2, followed on costal margin
by a similar oblique line; subterminal line double, outcurved on costa where it
is cinnamon buff, from vein 8 to inner margin fine, black; terminal cinnamon
buff streaks on veins 6-8 finely edged with black; a terminal fine black line and
one on cilia. Hind wings white suffused with light grayish buff. Wings below
fuscous gray; a dark terminal line; cilia white tipped with black on fore wing;
inner margin of hind wings white.

Expanse 12 mm.

Habitat. — Venadio, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Type— Cat. No. 25553, U. S. N. M.

y Diatraea guatemalella, new species.

Mate. — Head, palpi and body light ochraceous buff, the base of abdomen
dorsally cinnamon. Body below and legs light buff. Fore wings light buff;
warm buff streaks in cell and interspaces; the median, submedian and veins
from cell finely brown; a black point at end of cell; postmedial line deeply out-
curved around cell indicated by streaks on veins from costa to vein 6, then by
small clusters of scales, partly suffusing and inbent to inner margin near base,
below vein 2 expanding into a spot; a subterminal series of black points on veins,
outcurved and inbent to inner margin; terminal black points on interspaces.
Hind wings whitish buff with terminal black points.

Expanse 25 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25554, U. S. N. M.

Near D. tabernilla Dyar, but differs in genitalia and the
absence of tufts on hind tibiae.

v Diatraea postlineella, new species.

Male. — Head light buff. Thorax and abdomen above wood brown, the base
of abdomen shaded with rufous; underneath white, legs light buff. Fore wings
light buff irrorated with wood brown; a minute cluster of black scales at end of
cell; a postmedial and subterminal series of similar clusters, deeply inbent from

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUXE, 1922 139

vein 4 to inner margin, the postmedial hardly defined above vein 5; terminal
black points on interspaces. Hind wings whitish irrorated with wood brown;
a distinct subterminal dark line. Wings below light buff; discal area of fore
wings suffused with fuscous; veins on hind wings darker.
Expanse 27 mm.

Habitat. — Quingua, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25555, U. S. N. M.

The only species of Diatraea I know with a distinct line on
hind wing.

Diatraea fuscella, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi buff brown. Abdomen light buff irrorated above
with wood brown, the basal segments orange buff. Fore wings pinkish buff; a
white line from within cell to termen with a black point at end of cell, and a fine
•cinnamon line on discal fold; whitish lines on costa, below veins 11, 8, 4, 3, 2,
below cell, and above submedian; from vein 6 an inbent series ot small clusters
of black scales forming a streak below vein 1 towards base; an outer series of
small clusters of black scales on veins, only slightly inbent from vein 7 to inner
margin; terminal black points on interspaces. Hind wings gray brown. Fore
wings below fuscous with pale margins; hind wings below whitish irrorated with
wood brown.

Expanse 25 mm.

Habitat. — Carillo, Costa Rica.
Type— Cat. No. 25556, U. S. N. M.

f Diatraea maronialis, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi whitish gray. Thorax whitish with a medial avellane-
ous line and shading on patagia. Abdomen whitish, the two basal segments
dorsally ochraceous buff. Legs whitish. Fore wings light buff, the veins, two
lines in cell, and a streak below costa ochraceous buff; a black point at end of
cell. Medial space from inner margin to vein 2 cinnamon, limited inwardly by
a slightly darker curved line; base of interspaces from veins 2 to 4 gray, with
gray streaks on interspaces above; veins 6 to 8 terminally fuscous gray; short
ochraceous buff streaks subtermmally below veins 3 to 5; terminal black spots;
cilia white. Hind wings white shaded with light buff on inner margin; veins 6
and 7 brownish; terminal fuscous points towards apex.

Expanse 26 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25557, U. S. N. M.
The apex of fore wings rounded.
A cotype in Collection Dognin.

\J

Diatraea umbrialis, new species.

Female. — Head white, the palpi laterally cinnamon buff; a medial buff line
on vertex. Collar white edged in front with wood brown. Thorax white; a
medial line and patagia wood brown. Abdomen white, the second and third
segments above cinnamon buff; legs white. Fore wings white, the veins wood
brown; two similar streaks on costa, two in cell, two between cell and fold, one

140 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

above and below submedian, also on interspaces from cell to near termen,
heavier postmedially forming a vague shade from inner margin to apex; the
discocellular white; a subterminal line from veins 4-2; a terminal cinnamon
buff line with dark points above and below vein 2; cilia white. Hind wings
white.

Expanse 31 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana.

Type.— Cat. No. 25558, U. S. N. M.

The apex of fore wing is rounded as m D. maronialis Schaus.

Diatraea sobrinalis, new species.

Male. — Head, palpi and thorax drab. Abdomen white, the second and third
segments dorsally cinnamon buff. Fore wings light buff, the veins light wood
brown; the basal area suffused with wood brown; light wood brown streaks on
interspaces; a black point at end of cell; a terminal brown line with black points
on interspaces. Hind wings white.

The female has the fore wing more of a light brownish buff, the veins and
streaks darker.

Expanse male 21 mm.; female 29 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25559, U. S. N. M.

Allied to D. angustellus Dyar, but with shorter and broader
wings.

Xubida, new genus.

Male. — Proboscis minute; palpi three times the length of head, porrect, the
third joint downcurved and with short hairs; maxillary palpi triangularly scaled;
antennae thick and flattened, slightly serrate at tips; tibiae with long spurs.
Fore wing with the apex acute and slightly produced; vein 3 from before angle of
cell; 4 and 5 from a point; 7 and 10 from cell; 11 oblique. Hind wing with vein
3 from before angle or stalked; 6 and 7 from upper angle.

Type of genus. — Xubida dentilineella Schaus.
Near Platytes but with longer palpi.

Xubida cayugella, new species.

Male. — Head and thorax cinnamon buff, abdomen whitish buff, dorsally
thinly irrorated with ochraceous scales. Legs whitish, the fore legs tinged with
brown. Fore wings cinnamon buff with a purplish gloss and some dark irrora-
tions; cell darker shaded with a fuscous purple spot at end; traces of a subbasal
dark shade; an antemedial outangled macular line; a medial series of small brown
spots curved around end of cell and deeply inbent to inner margin before middle;
a more pronounced series of postmedial purplish spots also outcurved beyond
cell; terminal space darker, shaded with purplish and with fine fuscous streaks
on interspaces; no terminal spots or lines; cilia dark purple brown. Hind
wings white, the cilia towards apex grayish. Fore wings below ochraceous,
the discal area dark shaded. Hind wings below whitish, the costal margin
irrorated with ochraceous brown scales.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 141

Female brighter, the fore wings suffused with roseate; no dark streak in cell,
only a small spot at end; antemedial and medial macular lines very faint.
Expanse male 25 mm.; female 35 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cut. No. 25560, U. S. N. M.

Xubida narinella, new species.

Male. — Head whitish; palpi laterally brownish gray, collar and thorax
medially whitish, otherwise brownish gray. Abdomen above gray brown, the
basal segment and anal tufts whitish. Legs white, the fore tibiae streaked
with brown. Fore wings pale ochraceous buff thinly irrorated with black scales;
a black point at end of cell; a fine line from costa at one third from base, extend-
ing obliquely to above end of cell, then forming a series of small clusters of scales
deeply curved beyond cell and inbent to just before middle of inner margin; a
fine subapical line, dark from costa to vein 7, then whitish, faint and dentate to
inner margin, the apex above it somewhat whitish; terminal black points on
interspaces; a darker brown shade above submedian from base to termen with
a whitish shade above it to cell and vein 3; a brown antemedial point on inner
margin. Hind wings whitish, the subterminal space broadly irrorated with
ochreous. Fore wing below whitish irrorated with ochreous brown; a darker
shade beyond cell; veins finely ochreous brown on terminal third with fine dark
gray streaks on interspaces. Hind wings below with costal margin broadly
irrorated with light brown.
Expanse 21 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25561, U. S. N. M.

Xubida dentilineella, new species.

Male. — Head whitish buff, the palpi laterally bister brown. Collar and thorax
whitish buff laterally shaded with cinnamon. Abdomen gray with sublateral
white lines; legs whitish with avellaneous streaks. Fore wings cinnamon, the
veins rufous brown; fine white lines on costa, in cell and on submedian fold;
cell shaded with fuscous extending beyond to termen below apex; a few scat-
tered brown scales; a fuscous streak above submedian; a black point at end of
cell; a faint medial line consisting of minute brown spots outcurved well beyond
cell and inbent to below cell; minute postmedial brown spots on veins; a fine
dark line from costa above end of cell to termen at vein 8, then partly whitish
and deeply dentate from postmedial spots to terminal dark points on inter-
spaces; cilia silvery divided by a gray line. Hind wings white suffused with
gray; veins 4 and 5 form a point. Fore wing below and costal half of hind wing
fuscous gray, the hind wing otherwise white.

Expanse 23 mm.

Habitat. — Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25562, U. S. N. M.

Allied to X. narinella Schaus, paler and the dentate marginal
line twice as deep.

142 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

Xubida minorella, new species.

Male. — Head white, a medial brown line on vertex; palpi laterally buffy
brown. Thorax and collar medially light buff, laterally brownish. Abdomen
above grayish brown, underneath buff with paired converging gray lines on seg-
ments; legs whitish partly streaked with fuscous gray. Fore wings cinnamon,
the veins from cell reddish brown; edge of costa white; two silvery lines below
costa, one in cell edged above with fuscous gray; a silvery line on submedian
vein edged above by a brown line and below with fuscous gray to near inner
margin; a black point at end of cell; a grayish shade from cell above vein 5;
faint traces of a curved line beyond cell; fine dark streaks terminally on inter-
spaces; a dark line from costa above end of cell to termen at vein 8; a subterminal
dentate line from vein 4 to inner margin; terminal black points; cilia dark silvery
gray divided by a fuscous line. Hind wings silvery gray. Fore wings below
and costa of hind wing broadly dark silvery gray, the hind wing otherwise
white.

Expanse 19 mm.

Habitat. — Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25563, U. S. N. M.

Xubida venadialis, new species.

Male. — Body white; palpi laterally buff brown; thorax streaked with gray;
legs streaked with buff brown. Fore wings white, the veins streaked with gray-
ish brown; similar streaks on costa, in cell and on interspaces; the submedian
fold white with dark streaks above and below it; a black point at end of cell; a
faint brownish line from middle of costa, outcurved around cell; a subterminal
dentate gray brown line; terminal black points; cilia white divided by a grayish
brown line and another at base. Hind wings white suffused with pale grayish
brown; a terminal line from apex to vein 2; cilia white. Fore wings below
grayish brown. Hind wings below white, the costa faintly darker shaded.

Expanse 14 mm.

Habitat. — Venadio, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Type— Cat. No. 25549, U. S. N. M.

Platytes thyonella Schaus, P. rutubella Schaus, P. circum-
vagans Dyar, Ubida neogynaecella Dyar, U. monodisa Dyar,
U. cretaceipars Dyar and U. delinqualis Dyar should be trans-
ferred to Xubida Schaus.

Chile truncatellus, new species.

Male. — Body above pale ochraceous buff, underneath whitish buff; palpi
laterally avellaneous. Fore wings clay color; costa finely white; the basal
third brownish; inner margin white to above submedian; a black point at end of
cell; some dark gray scaling in cell, and similar irrorations beyond cell to the
fine brownish postmedial line, which is very indistinct, outcurved beyond cell
and obsolete below vein 3; a faint darker subterminal line, outcurved below
costa; white points terminally on interspaces with black points on either side;
cilia fuscous gray at base, then broadly white. Hind wings white; a fine fuscous
gray terminal line somewhat interrupted from apex to below vein 2. Fore

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 143

wings below light buff, the termen white; a black discal point. Hind wings
below white; a black discal point; a broken black terminal line on both wings;
cilia light buff at base, then white.
Expanse 27 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Parana.
Type— Cat. No. 25564, U. S. N. M.

Chilo matanzalis, new species.

Female. — Head pinkish buff, the vertex white. Collar and thorax wood
brown. Abdomen pinkish buff, faintly paler underneath. Fore wings pinkish
buff, a few scattered dark irrorations; a fine dark lunule on discocellular; a wood
brown shade from base below cell to termen at vein 2; a narrower similar streak
from base of vein 6 along discal fold to termen; streaks above and below vein
3, and above vein 2; vein 4 terminally darker; the inner margin from below fold
light buff; terminal black points; cilia silky light buff. Hind wings white faintly
suffused with light buff. Wings below whitish, the costal margins of both wing-
light buff.

Expanse 46 mm.

Habitat. — Matanzas, Cuba.
Type— Cat. No. 25565, U. S. N. M.
The fore wings are rather broad.

Chilo cynedradellus, new species.

Female. — Head and body pinkish buff; a few darker scales on palpi and
patagia; a small black spot dorsally at base of abdomen. Fore wings pinkish
buff; some faint darker irrorations; a black point at end of cell; faint traces of a
curved dentate line beyond end of cell; a faint fuscous streak along submedian
fold from base to vein 2; a very faint series of outer points forming a line, curved
below costa and parallel with termen; small terminal black points; cilia pinkish
buff. Hind wings white; a taint terminal light brown line from apex to vein
2. Wings below white; fore wings from subcostal to median, and below sub-
median shaded with pale avellaneous to an erect postmedial line inbent on costa;
terminal dark points on both wings. The tore wings long and narrow.

Expanse 41 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Parana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25566, U. S. N. M.

Chilo alfoldellus, new species.

Male. — Head and thorax pinkish buff, the palpi laterally with some dark
shading. Abdomen grayish buff, the two basal segments dorsally pinkish
cinnamon. Fore wings pinkish buff suffused with sayal brown except below
submedian fold and vein 2 to subterminal line; a small white spot with a black
point at end of cell; a few dark irrorations on costa and terminal half; a fine post-
medial crenulate but indistinct line outangled well beyond cell ami inbent to
before middle of inner margin; an outcurved similar subterminal line, the two
lines connected on discal told by a taint fuscous bar; almost imperceptible
terminal fuscous points. Hind wings whitish buff, the termen suffused with

144 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

pale sayal brown. Wings below whitish; cilia of fore wings iridescent whitish
to rufous brown.
Expanse 39 mm.

Habitat. — Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Type .— Cat. No. 25567, U. S. N. M.
Fore wings rather broad.

Chilo venatella, new species.

Female. — Head white, the palpi avellaneous fringed above with white. Collar
and thorax white with wood brown shading at neck and shoulders. Abdomen
whitish buff; legs white inwardly, whitish buff outwardly. Fore wings silvery
white; the subcostal, median and veins 1-8 cinnamon brown; some similar color-
ing on inner margin; cilia white. Hind wings silvery white; a faint brownish
shade at apex. Fore wings below tinged with pale grayish brown.

Expanse 18 mm.

Habitat. — Baracoa, Cuba; also from Pernambuco, Brazil.

Type— Cat. No. 25568, U. S. N. M.

The type from Baracoa collected by A. Busck.

Chilopsis peruanellus, new species.

Male. — Head, collar and thorax ochraceous buff, the collar and thorax stri-
ated with pale olive buff. Abdomen above fuscous brown. Body below and
legs light buff. Fore wings pale ochraceous buff with some scattered large black
scales; some vinaceous fawn shading in cell; a black point at end of cell; minute
terminal black points; a very faint brownish postmedial line curved around
cell, dentate, broader below vein 2; cilia ochraceous buff. Hind wings suffused
with smoky olive gray, the costa and postmedial space from vein 4 to below
vein 2 whitish. Wings below light buff with some black irrorations at apices;
black points on discocellulars.

Expanse 40 mm.

Habitat. — Yahuarmayo, Peru.
Type— Cat. No. 25570, U. S. N. M.

Chilopsis castrellus, new species.

Male. — Head and palpi ochraceous buff, the palpi laterally wood brown.
Thorax and abdomen above buffy brown, the abdomen irrorated with cinnamon,
the basal segments suffused with cinnamon; body below and legs ochraceous buff.
Fore wings light buff suffused with brownish buff except at end of cell and on
discal and submedian folds; large scattered black scales, also on base of cilia; a
small black spot at end of cell; a faint dark line around end of cell, inbent to
inner margin before middle; a subterminal deeply crenulate line; terminal black
points on interspaces; cilia white. Hind wings fuscous brown, slightly paler on
termen; large terminal black points; the costal margin light buff. Wings below
light buff; terminal black points; dark brown points at end of cells; a postmedial
fuscous line; space from cell to inner margin and postmedial line suffused with
grayish brown on both wings.

Expanse 50 mm.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 145

Habitat. — Castro, Parana.

Type— Cat. No. 25571, U. S. N. M.

Allied to C. nigristigmellus Hampson.

Chilopsis dorsipunctellus, new species.

Male. — Head and body light buff; at base of abdomen dorsally a large fuscous
brown spot with brownish shading on two following segments. Fore wings light
buff and with some dark gray irrorations; no point at end of cell; terminal black
points on interspaces; a slightly darker postmedial line outangled below costa
then oblique and wavy to before middle of inner margin; a faint subterminal
dentate line; cilia whitish buff. Hind wings glossy light buff; a terminal dark
line between veins 5 and 6. Wings below light buff; the discal space on hind
wing more thinly scaled, whiter and faintly opalescent; traces of a postmedial
darker line.

Expanse 40 mm.

Habitat. — Yahuarmayo, Peru.
Type.— Cat. No. 25569, U. S. N. M.

^/ Doratoperas biumbrata, new species.

Female. — Head and body above ochraceous buff, underneath light buff; legs
ochraceous buff. Fore wings light buff; a few scattered light brown scales; a
diffused light pinkish cinnamon shade from apex to inner margin at two-thirds
from base; a similar shade from its inner edge at vein 5 to middle of inner margin,
the space between suffused with ochraceous buff; minute terminal cinnamon
points on interspaces; cilia ochraceous buff. Hind wings whitish, the inner
margin with light buff hairs. The underside of hind wing shows a faint sub-
terminal shade from costa to vein 5.

Expanse 65 mm.

Habitat. — Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala.

Type.— Cat. No. 25572, U. S. N. M.

Near D. spectabilis Felder which I do not consider the same
as D. atrosparsellus Walker; these two species were united by
Hampson.

A NEW GENUS OF TWO-WINGED FLY WITH MANDIBLE-LIKE

LABELLA

BY J. M. ALDRICH.

In the Dipterous family Dolichopodidae the adult insects are
well known to be predaceous; they capture the smaller and
weaker flies, and in their favorite haunts at the edge of water
they pick up small Chironomid and other dipterous larvae, as
well as oligochaete worms. These various animals they hold
within or partly within the labella while extracting the juices.

In the present paper a new form is reported, in which the
labella have undergone a striking specialization, the outer lobe
forming an organ like the mandible of a carnivorous beetle.

146 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

That this actually functions as a mandible can not be doubted,
but no exact information is at hand regarding the nature of its
food; it is known however to live on the sea beach.

In describing this unique fly as a new genus and species, I
am indebted to Mr. Snodgrass tor his assistance in the mor-
phological aspect, as well as for his drawings. His article with
plate follows mine.

Melanderia, new genus.

First antennal joint bare above, third antenna] joint short, arista dorsal.
Palpi large and flat, resting upon the proboscis; proboscis greatly enlarged, its
basal portion forming a very broad, short tube, the apical half fleshy, opening
underneath in a longitudinal slit, each side bilobed, the outer side pieces extend-
ing forward in the form of mandibles; in the type species they are elongated
and sharp. In the normal resting position of the mouth they are drawn up
enough to be mostly concealed behind the inner lobes, which extend below the
palpi for some distance. Head bulging behind, with numerous bristles below
at the neck, a single row of which extend across the occiput above with only a
slight interruption in the middle. Prothorax with spines around the neck
except below. Pleura hairy or bristly in front of the posterior spiracle, acrosti-
chal hairs in an irregular double row. Scutellum with a single pair of upright
bristles; dorsocentral bristles 6 or 7; intraalar 2, one of which is directly on the
.suture; supraalar 1, postalar 1. Abdomen with 6 visible segments in the male,
5 in the female.

Hind cross-vein of the wing beyond the middle, about its own length from
the margin. Genital segments of the male rather prominent, but not extend-
ing forward under the venter.

Type of genus, Melanderia mandibulata new species.

The genus is related to Hydrophorus, differing principally in
the structure of the mouth. Beside the typical species i t
includes Hydrophorus curvipes Van Duzee.

Melanderia mandibulata, new species.
[Plate 14, figs. 1-6.]

Male. — Front dark purple, face of the same color; the face runs to a sharp
median point below. Palpi black, with numerous long hairs; proboscis black
with brownish gray dust except on the mandible-like organs, which are shining,
black, curved and sharp, and when let down so as to be visible, have an astonish-
ing resemblance to the mandibles of a carnivorous beetle. The basal segment
of the mouth is almost as wide as the whole head and has two or three rows of
hairs across its apex below. Back of head with black hairs partially arranged
in rows, the lower hairs much the longer; antennae wholly black, very short,
the arista thickened at base for a very short distance, slender for the rest of its
length.

Mesonotum and scutellum green, sub-opaque, with brownish dust. The
pleura rather pure green, but not very shining; in the side view the same color
extends above the suture between the humerus and the wing; propleura of
the same color with a tuft of coarse hairs; sternopleura on its posterior

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 147

portion above the coxa with a similar tuft of hairs; pteropleura with a cluster
of smaller hairs on its lower part, directly below the calypters; the latter brown
with blackish cilia. Abdomen of the same color as the thorax, somewhat
flattened rather than compressed. Hypopygium black, the lamellae brown
with black hair, rather spatulate in form, longer than one segment of the
abdomen.

Front coxae green with rather thick whitish dust, on their front side with
numerous erect rather long hairs; front femora of the same color, on the inner
side near the base with a slight protuberance bearing a close bunch of 6 or 8
bristles; on the under side of the femur, near the base, are scattered, erect hairs,
which become bristle-like about the middle where they form a cluster not very
dense; front tibia dark brown, on its flexor side slightly curved and bearing an
irregular row of erect, small black spines, which begin at the second third of its
length; the apex of the tibia does not have any conspicuous spines.

Front tarsi black from the base, the last tour joints almost equally long; the
first joint as long as the following three, slightly swollen on the under side, and
bearing a few spines below. Middle and hind femora slender, subshining,
ereen, the middle one with a row of erect bristles on the upper front side, begin-
ning about the middle, and some rather long hairs below, not arranged in rows.
Middle and hind tibiae and tarsi black.

Wing elongated, narrow, uniformly brown in color, the third and fourth veins
parallel and rather far apart, ending in the apex; hind cross-vein at right angles
to costa.

Female. — Head structure precisely as in the male except that the face is a
little wider. Front legs of plain structure. Wing as in the male.

Length of male 4.6 mm.; of female 5.2 to 6.2 mm.

Described from 29 specimens of both sexes, collected by A.
L. Melander on the beach of the Pacific Ocean at Ilwaco,
Washington, in July, 1917.

Type— Male No.' 25240 U. S. Nat. Mus.

In 24 specimens out of 29 the proboscis is retracted so that
the mandible-like organs are concealed by the inner lobes of the
lobelia: in the remaining five these organs are plainly visible as
in the accompanying figure.

Melanderia curvipes Van Duzee.

Hvdrophorus curvipes Van Duzee, Entomological News, Vol. 29, p. 49, 191 8_

A paratype female is in the National Collection from San
Diego, California, collected by Mr. Van Duzee; there are also
one male and three females collected by the writer at Santa
Barbara, California, July '>, 1(>17; one of the latter has the mouth
let down sufficiently to show the anterior tips of the side pieces,
but instead of being pointed, as in the other species, they are
rounded; they are hi .\\cver shining black for a little distance
and sharp enough so that they doubtless serve for grasping
and holding animals of some size. This species has in front of
the posterior spiracle a row of three or four well developed

148 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

bristles, the male does not have the striking tuft on the inner side
of the front femur and there are slight differences in the other
peculiarities of the front legs. It is considerably smaller than
the preceding species, the male measuring hardly more than
3 mm. and the female about 3.5 mm. The front and face are
green instead of purple and the third vein runs closer to the
second than in mandibulata^ curving considerably backward,
near the tip of the wing.

Paratype, Female No. 25241, U. S. N. M.

MANDIBLE SUBSTITUTES IN THE DOLICHOPODIDAE.

BY R. E. SNODGRASS.

A first view of the face of Melanderia mandibulata (pi. 14,
fig. 1) gives one a decided shock, followed by a desire to dis-
cover by what morphological trick the fly so cleverly imitates
the features of a mandibulate insect. But the disguise is a
flimsy one. Each labellum of the proboscis (fig. 6) is divided
into an upper and a lower lobe (a and ^, c), free terminally, but
united basally by an ample infolded membrane. The lower
lobe is differentiated again into a basal part (<r) and a terminal
part (£), the latter of thick, polished chitin and produced into
a large, sharp, free tooth turned inward toward the one on the
opposite side (fig. 1). These are the "mandibles." The lobe
(c] is movably articulated at its base to the basal plate (fig. 6
Th) of the labium. This sclerite, called the theca, as in most
flies, presents a high median ridge on its inner or anterior surface
which gives attachment to muscles diverging to the lobes of
the labellum. The fibers on each side are separated into two
bundles, the proximal ones being inserted on the upper outer
angle of the basal lobe (c] of the labellum, and the distal ones
on the inner, median angle of the same lobe, which is united
internally to the lower margin of Th by a special median articu-
lar condyle. Thus the lobe (f), terminating in the strongly
chitinized point (<£), can be worked in and out in true mandibular
fashion. Figure 2 shows the parts of the labellum in repose
with the mandible-like lobes (b) concealed beneath the upper
lobes (a). The insect now presents the aspects of an ordinary
fly.

But Melanderia possesses, besides its pseudo-mandibles,
other mouth structures of interest which, however, are not
visible externally. These are four great prongs depending
from the epipharynx (fig. 3, Ephy), in addition to the usual
hypopharynx (hphy), which is a strongly-developed, decurved
appendage projecting from the lower lip of the mouth within
the anterior enclosure of the labium. These parts may be
exposed as shown in figure 3 by dissecting off the rest of the head

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 149

and the labium along the line g. This discloses the chitinous
floor (Phy) of the sucking pharynx with its two posterior cornua,
and the dilator muscles of the pharynx (Phy Mel) stretched
between the invaginated roof of the pharynx and the edges of
the lower facial plate (C/p) which is apparently the clypeus.
These muscles form two lateral sheets in the Dolichopodidae,
between which is a large apodeme (d) from the epipharynx
carrying another set of muscles. The true labrum (Lm) is some-
what membraneous in Melanderia but a basal plate (x) inter-
venes between it and the clypeus which might belong to either,
though, judging from some other forms, it is probably the base
of the labrum. A removal of the clypeus, as in figure 4, fully
exposes the muscles (Ephy Mel) attached to the epipharyngeal
apodeme (d) and inserted on the plate (x). Figure 5 shows all
parts removed except the epipharyngeal armature and its
apodeme (d). It is here seen that the two sets of prongs (Ephy)
are carried on two basal plates (e and/). Each plate is grooved
and weakly chitinized along the median line, and the posterior
plate (/) supports the great flat apodeme (d) between the bases
of its prongs. The contraction of the muscles (fig. 4, Ephy Mel),
pulling forward and downward against the base of the labrum
(x),- turns the posterior prongs of the epipharynx backward.
A lobe on the anterior angle of the posterior basal plate (fig. 5,
/) on each side, pressing downward on the posterior angle of
the anterior plate (e), turns the anterior prongs forward. At
the same time the median flexibility of both plates (e and/)
allow the prongs to flare outward. Thus the action of one set
of muscles brings about a simultaneous diverging of all the
prongs in four directions, forward, backward and laterally.

Such a complicated epipharyngeal structure as that of
Melanderia has apparently not been noted before in any fly,
though something similar is common to all or most of the
Dolichopodidae. Langhoffer (1902) divided the genera of this
family into four groups according to the development and
character of the armature of the epipharynx, but he had only
two-pronged species, and in a former paper (1888) he had de-
scribed the processes as true maiidibles. While we can not
accept this idea LanghofFer's study of the organs themselves
is interesting. In his first group of genera, typified by Hydro-
phorus, he includes forms in which two processes are well-devel-
oped and project as long hooks or tusk-like spikes beneath the
labrum, recurved in some cases, decurved in others. In
Hydrophorus signatus there is a prominent tooth at the base
of each large anterior prong suggesting the quadruple structure
of Melanderia. In this connection it is interesting to note the
great development of the hypopharynx in Aphrosylus venator,
which belongs to the Hydrophorus group, the organ forming
a long beak-like rod projecting from between the lobes of the

150 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUXE, 1922

labellum and curving back to between the front coxae. The
epipharyngeal prongs are also well developed, forming two
decurved tusks extending beyond the labrum.

In Langhoffer's second group, including genera similar to
Dolichopus, the epipharyngeal armature is less developed and
consists of two ventral, longitudinal ridges beneath the labrum,
ending anteriorly in free points. In the next two groups,
including a smaller number of genera, Porphyrops, Neurigona
and Orthochile, the armature is still weaker. In all four groups
the presence and position of spines and teeth on the lobes con-
stitute also distinguishing characters.

It is evident that Langhoffer was not acquainted with species
having the characters of Melanderia, else he would have had to
define a fifth group to include forms having four well-developed
epipharyngeal prongs. In this he was fortunate, however, for
such a discovery might have embarrassed his mandible theory.

Melanderia mandibulata does not stand alone as a unique
thing; it culminates a small series of forms tending toward an
excessive development of mouth armature, all of which live
along ocean beaches where they probably feed on small animals
stranded by the tide, as do other members of the family. We
may suppose that their mouth hooks and prongs give them a
special efficiency in ripping open the soft skin of the creatures
from which they then suck out the body fluids. Dr. Aldrich,
who has furnished the material for this paper, describes how he
has seen shore-inhabiting species of Do/ichopus, with the pro-
boscis attached to one end of living prey, apparently sucking
the b'ood, undisturbed by the squirming and writhing of the
victim.

Hypocharassus pruinosus, from the beaches of Florida,
Georgia and North Carolina, has an epipharyngeal armature of
four thick, wide pieces, the anterior plates being especially deep
and provided on the front edges with a series of small teeth
above the principal hooks. This apparatus constitutes a
lacerating implement probably quite as effective as the epi-
pharyngeal parts of Melanderia. But this species has no labial
"mandibles," though the general outlines of the lateral lobes of
the labellum are very suggestive of those of Melanderia when
its jaws are closed (fig. 2).

Melanderia curvipes, of the coast of Southern California, is
distinctly of the mandibulata type. It was formerly placed
in the genus Hydrophorus, but Dr. Aldrich would now transfer
it to Melanderia. The labellum on each side is separated into
a dorsal and a ventral division, and the tip of the lower one is
prolonged and curved inward as a strongly chitinous, polished
lobe, but with a rounded edge instead of a sharp point. The
epipharyngeal armature is like that of mandibulata, but the
plate (x) at the base of the labium, on which the epipharyngeal

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

PLA I K I 4

SNODGRASS— MANDIBLE SUBSTITUTES.

152 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

muscles are inserted, is distinct all around from the clypeus,
instead of being united mesially with this plate as in mandibu-
lata (fig. 3).

Melanderia mandibulata, of the coast of Washington, boldly
goes to the logical extreme and has the jaw lobes of its labella
developed into well-formed, tapering, sharp-pointed organs of
true mandibular form.

We have here, evidently, a case of species badly in need of
jaws, but, mandibles having been lost by their ancestors, and
irrevocably, the family has developed substitutes for these organs
in the form of prongs and hooks on the epipharynx, while
Melanderia has supplemented these with special jaw-like lobes
of the labellum.

REFERENCES.

1888. Langhoffer, A. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mundtheile der Dipteren.

Inaugural Dissertation, Jena, 32 pages.
1902. Langhoffer, A. Mandibulae Dolichopodidarum. Verhandlungen des

V Internationalen Zoologen-Congresses zu Berlin, 1901, pp. 480-

486, 4 figs.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14.

Melanderia mandibulaia Aidrich.

Fig. 1 — Facial view of head with "mandibles" open.

Fig. 2 — Side view of head with "mandibles" (b) closed and concealed beneath

upper lobes (a) of labellam.
Fig. 3 — The clypeus (Clp), labrum (Lm), epipharynx (Ephy) and hypopharynx

(Hphy) removed from rest of head and labium along the line (g),

exposing the sucking pharynx (Phy) and its dilator muscles (PhyMcl).
Fig. 4 — The labrum and epipharynx, with clypeus, pharynx and hypopharynx

removed, exposing the epipharyngeal apodeme (d) and its muscles

(Ephy Me!) attached to basal plate (x) of labrum.
Fig. 5 — The epipharyngeal armature and apodeme (d) with muscles removed.

The four epipharyngeal prongs (Ephv) separated and shown arising

from two basal plates (e and/) beneath labrum, which is removed.

The second plate (/) carries the apodeme (d) between bases of prongs.
Fig. 6 — Side view of labium, showing basal plate (Th), and the three lateral

divisions of the labellum (a, b and c), the middle one strongly chitinous

and mandible-like.

a, upper lateral lobe of labeilum; b, jaw-like lobe of labellum; c, lower basal
lobe of labellum; Clp, lower part efface, probably the clypeus; d, epipharyngeal
apodeme; c, basal plate of anterior epipharyngeal prongs; Ephy, epipharynx;/,
basal plate of posterior epipharyngeal prongs; g, epipharyngeal apodeme;
Hphy, hypopharynx; Phy, pharynx; PhyMcl, dilator muscles of pharynx; Pip,
maxillary palpus; Th, theca; x, plate between labrum and clypeus, probably
basal part of labrum.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 153

THE DERIVATION OF CERTAIN TYPES OF HEAD CAPSULE IN
INSECTS FROM CRUSTACEAN PROTOTYPES.

Bv G. C. CRAMPTON, Ph. D., Massachusetts Agricultural College.

The evolution of the mandibles (Journal N. Y. Erit. Soc.,
Vol. 29, p. 63) and of the paragnaths or "superlinguae" of
insects (Psyche, Vol. 28, p. 84), and the derivation of the maxil-
lae (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. 24, p. 65) as well
as the cerci (Ent. News, Vol. 32, p. 257) and other structures of
insects, from crustacean prototypes, have been discussed in a
series of articles dealing with each set of structures in detail.
To the evidence of relationship drawn from these sources, I
would add in the present paper, the further evidence of the
head capsule, in support of the contention that the Crustacea,
more nearly than any other known arthropods, represent the
types ancestral to insects.

As this investigation has progressed, and the comparison of
the various features in insects and Crus acea has been extended
to include more and more structu es from different parts of the
body, each additional study has merely served to strengthen
and confirm the view that the Crustacea are the nearest known
representatives of the types ancestral to insects. Furthermore,
there is no possibility of being deceived by "convergent"
development1 in this instance, since the remarkable resemblance,
both anatomical and embryological, present in so wide a series
of structures from such different parts of the body, and extend-
ing even to the minutest details, in the two groups of arthropods,
can be explained only as the result of consanguinity rather
than of convergence! I would therefore maintain that all of
the available evidence points unmistakably to a crustacean,
or at least a "crustaceoid," ancestry for insects, although the
Symphyla have also preserved many ancestral features from the
common crustaceoid stock from which both they and insects
were derived.

There are several very primitive types of head capsule occur-
ring among the Apterygota and certain of the lower Pterygota;
and apparently some of these types were developed at a very
early stage of insectan evolution — possibly at the time the first
insects were evolved. One of these types, such for example
as that found in Japyx and Campodea, apparently harks back
to a symphyloid origin, since it is remarkably similar to the

'Since convergent development is supposedly the result of the effects of similar
environmental conditions, it is difficult to believe that the environment of a
marine crustacean (or even a littoral one) can have enough in common with the
environment of a terrestrial insect (in some cases mountain-dwelling ones) to-
produce the astoundingly close similarity one finds in the minutest structural
details in the two groups of arthropods!

154 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

head capsule of Scolopendrella, and was apparently inherited
from a similar source, for insects seem to have inherited certain
traits from the "symphyloid" side of their ancestry, as well as
more directly from their crustaceoid forebears — although those
traits which the Insecta have in common with the Symphyla
might possibly have been inherited from the common crustace-
oid ancestors of both Symphyla and insects, rather than through
the insertion of a purely symphyloid stage in the development of
one phase of insectan evolution. The pearshaped head capsule
of the Protura is also a very primitive type, and is very sugges-
tive of that occurring in certain diplopods, so that this type and
the symphyloid type in insects may have been inherited from
the myriopodan side of insects' ancestry. The most important
of the head types found in the Apterygota, and the types ot
head found in the great assemblage of winged insects, however,
are clearly traceable directly to crustaceoid prototypes, as I
shall attempt to show in the fo lowing discussion. Of the insec-
tan types of head capsule derived from crustacean prototypes,
the most important are the aselloid type, such as that found in
Lepisma and its allies, and the oniscoid type occurring in most
pterygotan insects, and it is with these two types that we are
largely concerned in the following discussion.

In the isopod crustacean Asellus (Fig. 8), the head is flattened
above, and is somewhat broader than long. The eyes, e, are
widely separated, and the mandibles (labelled nid in Fig. 8)
extend backward to, or behind, the eyes. Since this type of
head is typical of Asellus and its immediate relatives, I have
referred to it as the aselloid type of head capsule. The head
capsule of Lepisma (Fig. 7) and Nicoletia (Fig. 6) is markedly
of the aselloid type. Thus in Lepisma (Fig. 7), as in Asellus
(Fig. 8), the head is flattened above, is broader than long, and
the huge mandibles labeled md in Fig. 7, extend backward to
the eyes, <?, in the peculiar fashion characteristic of Asellus.
The eyes are wanting in Nicoletia (Fig. 6), but the mandibles,
md, are huge, and extend backward in the aselloid fashion,
although the head capsule of Nicoletia is somewhat intermediate
between the true asselloid type of head capsule and the symphy-
loid type characteristic of the insects nearer the myriopodan
side of the group. The head capsule of certain myriopods,
such as the chilopods, is also rather suggestive of the aselloid
type; but in all of the chilopods I have examined, the mandibles
are reduced, and I have been unable to find any in which the
mandibles are of the type found in Asellus and Lepisma.

In the insect Machilis (Fig. 5), the head capsule is longer
than broad, and the eyes, e, have become approximated along
the median line of the head. The mandibles, md (which are
overlapped by the maxillae, nix) are large, and extend backward
for some distance, but the space between the base of the man-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 155

dibles and the eyes is much greater than in Lepisma (Fig. 7)
and other forms of the true aselloid type. In some respects,
Machi/is' head capsule approaches the gammaroid type such
as that shown in Fig. 4 of the amphipod crustacean Talor-
chestia. In Talorchestia (Fig. 4) the head is longer than broad,
and in certain related forms there is a tendency for the eyes to
approach one another along the median line of the head, thus
suggesting the operation of a tendency which resulted in the
approximation of the eyes in this region of the head in Machilis
(Fig. 5). The mandibles, md, however, are not huge in Talor-
chestia (Fig. 4) and other gammaroids, and there is a consider-
able space between the base of the mandibles and the eyes in
these forms.

The most important type of head capsule from the standpoint
of the derivation of the types found in winged insects is the
oniscoid type, exemplified by the isopod crustacean Ligyda (Fig.
1). The head of Ligyda (Fig. 1) is somewhat triangular in out-
line, and in this type, the head is usually slightly longer than
broad, with the eyes, e, situated at the sides of the head. There
is considerable space, g, between the bases of the mandibles,
md, and the eyes, and the mandibles are not exceptionally
large. A well defined labral suture demarks the labrum, /,
from the clypeus, cl, behind it, and the posterior limits of the
clypeal region, d, are demarked by a clypeal suture extending
from the base of one mandible to the other as in pterygotan
insects (see Annals Ent. Soc. America, Vol. 14, p. 65). The
head capsule of this type is usually more hypognathus, though
this is not always the case. By comparing Fig. 3 of a typical
winged insect (a psocid of the genus Thyrsophorus) with Fig. 1,
it is at once apparent that the oniscid (or better ligydoid) type
of head is the precursor of the type occurring in most winged
insects, since the labrum, /, of Fig. 3 clearly corresponds to the
labrum, /, of Fig. 1, and the clypeus, cl, of Fig. 3, clearly corres-
ponds to the clypeus, cl, of Fig. 1. There is an anterior frontal
region labeled of in both forms, the head is hypognathous in
both, and the nature of the mandibles (which are not huge, and
are separated from the eyes by a considerable space) is much the
same in both forms. The location of the eyes in the insect
shown in Fig. 3 is suggestive of that in the isopod shown in Fig.
1, and if a mantid (which usually has a triangular head) had
been used instead of the insect shown in Fig. 3, the resemblance
between the head of the isopod shown in Fig. 1, and a winged
insect, would have been even more pronounced. The resem-
blance of the oniscoid type of head (Fig. 1) to the insect shown
in Fig. 3, however, is sufficiently evident, and the resemblance is
all the more striking when one takes into consideration the fact
that (so far as I am aware) no other known arthropods than the
isopods and insects have exactly this type of head capsule.

156 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922

The evidence of the head capsule is thus seen to be in complete
agreement with that drawn from other structures of the body,
which in every case points very clearly to the Crustacea as the
nearest known representatives of the types ancestral to insects;
and, while the isopods themselves are not to be regarded as
representing the actual ancestors of any insects, they, together
with the insects and myriopods, were apparently descended
from common ancestors related to the Mysidacea, Anaspidacea,
and similar crustacean forms. As the three lines of descent
emerged from this common ancestry, the line of descent of the
"myriopods" paralleled that of insects for a short distance on
the one side, while the line of descent of the isopods and higher
Crustacea paralleled that of the insects on the other side for a
much longer time (or greater distance) than is true of the
myriopodan line of development. This dual relationship of
insects to the higher Crustacea and to the "Myriopoda, "
however, has been fully discussed elsewhere (see Fiftieth Rpt.
Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1919, etc.) and need not be further
discussed here.

In the 1921 volume of the Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London (p. 340) attention was called to the fact that
the head of a higher crustacean is composed of one more seg-
ment than the head capsule of an insect, since in the higher
Crustacea, the first maxilliped becomes closely associated with
the head capsule — and even in chilopods, the "poison claws,"
which are homologous with the first maxillipeds of Crustacea,
tend to become more closely associated with the head than
with the trunk region. In the article in question, the parag-
naths (also called superlinguae,1 "maxillulae," or "paraglossae")
were attributed to the first maxillary segment of the head in
insects, Crustacea, etc., but, as I have pointed out in a subse-
quent paper published in these Proceedings, the embryological
evidence points to a mandibular origin of the "superlinguae"
(paragnaths) in insects and higher Crustacea, so that the ap-
pended table, in which the segments of the head are compared in
insects, chilopods, and crustaceans, is more nearly in accord
with the embryological evidence of the nature of the compo-
sition of the head, than is the case with the table given in the
former article.

1 Dr. Folsom developed purely as a side issue of his classic monograph on the
development of the head structures of Anurida, the view that the superlinguae
'(paragnaths) of insects represent the maxillulae of Crustacea, and in attacking
the tenability of this view, I would most vigorously disclaim any intentions
whatsoever of calling into question the correctness of the main features of Dr.
Folsom's investigations, which were admirably executed, and were carried out
.in an exceptionally thorough manner.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 6, JUNE, 1922 157

INSECTS

Protocephalon.

Antennal segment.
Intercalary segment.

Mandibular segment, with
paragnaths.

First maxillary segment.

Second maxillary or labial
segment.
(Last segment of head.)

First thoracic segment.

a — Antennafers.
af — Antefrons.
an — Antennules.
cl — Clypeus.
e — -Eyes.
g — Genae.
/ — Labruin.

CHILOPODS

Acron.
Preantennal segment.

Antennal segment.
Intercalary segment.
Mandibular segment.

First maxillary segment.

Second maxillary seg-
ment.
(Last segment of head.)

"Poison claw" segment.
(Loosely associated with
the head.)

HIGHER CRUSTACEA

Protocephalon.

Antennular segment.
Antennal segment.

Mandibular segment,
with paragnaths.

First maxillary segment .

Second maxillary seg-
ment.

First maxilliped seg-
ment. (Last segment
of head.)

ABBREVIATIONS.

//> —Labial palpi.
md — Mandibles,
mdp — Mandibular palpi.
mp — Maxillary palpi.
mx — Maxillae.

—Ocelli.

— Parietals.

— Postfrons.

oc

pa
Pf

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15.

Fig. 1. — Frontal view of head of isopod crustacean Lygida exotica.
Fig. 2 — Same of isopod crustacean Gnathia maxillaris (male).
Fig. 3 — Same of pterygotan insect (psocid) Thyrsophorus speciosus.
Fig. 4 — Same of amphipod crustacean Talorchestia lonncornis.
Fig. 5 — Same of apterygotan insect Machilis sp. (M. polypoda?).
Fig. 6 — Same of apterygotan insect Nicoletia texana (?).
Fig. 7 — Same of apterygotan insect Lepisma sp.
Fig. 8 — Same of isopod crustacean Asellus communis.

IS

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

CRAMPTON— THE HEAD CAPSULE IN INSECTS.

Actual date of publication, July J, 1922.

VOL. 24 OCT.-NOV., 1922 No. 7-8

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

CONTENTS

TAK.AHASHI, RYOICHI TWO NEW GENERA OF APHIIDAE (HOMOPTERA) . 204

WALTON, W. R. THE ENTOMOLOGY OF ENGLISH POETRY. . .

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

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Act of August 24. 1912.

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THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

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Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
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precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1922.

Honorary President . . . E. A. SCHWARZ

President A. B. GAHAN

First Vice-President A. G. BOVING

Second Vice-President . R. A. CUSHMAN

Recording Secretary C. T. GREENE

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington,- D. C.

Editor . . A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE,

J. M. AI.DRICH.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the flashing/on Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 24 OCT.-NOV., 1922 No. 7-8

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF ENGLISH POETRY.1

BY W. R. WALTON.

"Nor shall the Muse disdain
To let the little, noisy summer-race
Live in her lay, and flutter through her Song. "

—Thomson.

By "English poetry," I mean the poetry of the English lan-
guage and the period covered in the following discussion is from
the last of the fourteenth to the end of the nineteenth century,
or approximately five hundred years.

In the choice of this somewhat odd subject as a title for the
present paper, I offer no reasons other than those of curiosity
and inclination. If an excuse for the perpetration of this paper
should be demanded, however, it might be pleaded with some
show of truth that although the prose writings on entomology
have been well catalogued in this country, on the contrary, the
poetic literature of entomology remains for the most part hidden
away under titles not included in the libraries of science or
buried under mountains of verse dealing with totally unrelated
subjects.

Some few writers, it is true, have included in a decorative
way, brief excerpts from famous poets in popular or general
works on entomology. Such references may be found in Kirby
and Spence,2 the "Butterflies t>f the Eastern United States and
Canada," by Samuel Scudder, and the "Moth" and "Butterfly"
Books of W. J. Holland. The general subject has also been
cleverly introduced by Harriette Wilbur3 who treats it largely
from a poetical standpoint, illustrating her discussion with
copious excerpts from the poets, especially those of recent years.

In this comparatively brief paper it will be possible merely to
skim over the subject somewhat hurriedly. Starting originally

'The writer desires to express his indebtedness to Mr. J. S. Wade for valuable
aid in the bibliographical researches attendant upon the preparation of this
paper and to Miss Susan Alexander for intelligent and sympathetic aid in the
preparation of the manuscript.

2An Introduction to Entomology: Or, Elements of the Natural History of
Insects. London, 1822, 1826.

3The Entomology of the Poets, Harriette Wilbur, American Catholic Quarterly
Review, Vol. XLV, Oct. 1919, pp. 566-587.

160 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922

with the idea that some material of interest would be found in
poetry, the writer finds himself literally overwhelmed and seri-
ously embarrassed by such an avalanche of excerpts as to render
difficult the choice of material for discussion. Although the
present paper is but a glance at the subject, nevertheless it has
involved the scanning of approximately 650,000 lines and has
resulted in the accumulation of more than 1200 separate excerpts
and about 75 complete poems from the writings of 150 poets.
Most of this work has been done during the leisure hours of the
past year, but when completed, the collection will be deposited
in the library of the Federal Bureau of Entomology, where, the
author hopes, it may form the nucleus for a complete dictionary
of the entomology of poetry. In the course of this investigation
it has not been possible to examine very many of the minor poets
because of the restrictions of time. Neither has the Bible been
included in the field of endeavor, principally because the zoology
of that greatest of epics has been rather fully investigated 'here-
tofore, and the necessity of excluding generally such works as
are frankly translations from other languages. It is true, of
course, that the writings of practically all the earlier English
bards, down to the time of Wordsworth and Cowper, are com-
posed quite extensively of paraphrastic excerpts or translations
from the Latin or French poets. In point of fact, it is useless
to attempt to read them intelligently without previous acquain-
tance with the history and mythology of ancient Greece. Most
scholars of the period deemed indispensably necessary at least
some slight allusion in their writings to the gods, goddesses and
demi-gods of the Greeks as a demonstration of scholarship. A
reflection of this habit is found in the works of the great pioneer
zoologists and entomologists. Linneaeus and his pupil Fabri-
cius, for instance, applied mythological names to many of the
larger American butterflies and their example has been followed
extensively by later writers on'this subject. Thus there has
been formed a more or less artificial link of sympathy between
poetry and entomology.

It is said that in mediaeval times fragments of entomology
and other sciences were memorized by incorporating them in
verse or doggerel rhymes.

The "entomology of poetry"! At first blush this expression
seems a contradiction in terms. What natural relation possibly
can exist between poetry and "bugs"? As well mention
"music and sauer-kraut" or "lilies-of-the-valley and garlic"
as attempt to couple the mention of insects with the Muse.
What has one of the most ancient forms of English literature to
do with what is, perhaps, the very youngest of the natural
sciences ?

Absurd as this relationship may seem at first glance, an
examination of the poets of the English language, from Ch'aucer

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 161

to Longfellow, demonstrates beyond cavil the existence of a
very intimate connection between these seemingly remote
subjects.

When we consider the fact that insects are the most numerous
of all visible creatures and that according to McAtee,1 every
four square feet of ordinary meadow land may contain approxi-
mately 1200 individual insects, or about 13,000,000 per acre, it
does not seem remarkable that their presence has become
apparent even to the poets.

It is not my purpose seriously to discuss the subject from the
poet's point of view, as I do not pretend to competency in this
respect, but rather to approach it principally from the stand-
point of entomological interest. It should be realized, however,
that your true poet must of necessity ever be a naturalist in the
broader sense of the term and therefore possess at least an ele-
mentary knowledge of the familiar insect fauna of the home,
the field and the wood. It is true, moreover, that there have
been naturalists who might well lay claim to real poetic ability;
David Thoreau was one of these.

The insects most commonly mentioned in poetry are, as
might be surmised, those forms most familiar to man and especi-
ally the species domiciled near, with, or even upon his person, as
will be shown when we proceed more deeply into the subject.
By far the greater number of such references are embodied in
lines dedicated to subjects utterly unrelated to entomology,
where they occur merely by way of similitude, trope or meta-
phor.

When we come to inquire regarding the entomology of the
earlier poets some curious facts are developed. Chaucer and
Shakespeare bitten by fleas; Spenser grievously worried by flies;
and even Milton, whose imagination soared to the very heights
of heaven itself, could not escape entirely the influences of the
class Insecta in his work! As it is in real life, so we find it in
the realms of imagination; insects pervade all human affairs.

References to insects are introduced into poetry for a variety
of purposes, some of which are as follows: First — by way of
simile, which is by far the commoner way.

"Here in her hairs

The painter plays the spider; and hath woven
A golden mesh to entrap the hearts of men,
Faster than gnats in cobwebs."

Shakespeare — The Merchant of Venice.

Second, in pastoral scenes as a part of rural life, like this from
Gray :

'McAtee, W. L. Census of Four Square Feet, Science, Vol. 26, pp. 447-449,
Oct. 4, 1907.

162 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

"Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds."

—Elegy.

Third, for the purpose of impressing the reader with a sense
of the supernatural or weird, and in this effort Thomas Hood has
succeeded most admirably in the "Haunted House":

"The air was thick, and in the upper gloom
The bat — or something in its shape — was winging;
And on the wall, as chilly as a tomb
The death's-head moth was clinging."

Fourth, in distinguishing the insect's behaviour as a subject
for philosophic comment or pointing a moral; the following is
from Cowper:

"Dreams, empty dreams. The millions flit as gay
As if created only like a fly,

That spreads its motley wings in th' edge of noon,
To sport their season and be seen no more. "

—The Task.

Fifth, in humorous verse as a means of accentuating the jest.
In this relation Thomas Hood has given us many most amusing
examples, as in "Hymeneal Retrospections":

"Your mouth, it was then quite a bait for the bees,
Such nectar there hung on each lip;
Though now it has taken the lemon-like squeeze,
Not a blue-bottle comes for a sip!"

There are of course countless variations of such poetical uses,
but those mentioned above seem the commoner.

Introduction to Discussion of Authors.

Having arranged chronologically the entomological excerpts
from the poets so as to enable us to gaze across the five centuries
that have elapsed since Chaucer, we find here and there among
these men, one who stands head and shoulders above his con-
temporaries in appreciation of insect life. The most conspicu-
ous of these are: Shakespeare, Phillips, Gay, Thomson, Cowper,
Rogers, Wordsworth, Montgomery, Hood and Tennyson.
Many other poets during this period have sung of insects but
these men above all others have given proof of real sympa-
thy with the insect life about them. Although the early poets
mention only the very familiar forms of insect life, the more
nearly we approach our own era, the more special becomes the
entomological knowledge displayed, until we find recent poets

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, XO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 163

writing familiarly of forms which remained entirely unnoticed
by the earlier bards. For instance, Bryant identifies the plum
curculio in

"That pest of the gardens, the little Turk,

Who signs with the crescent his wicked work

And causes the half-grown fruit to fall."

Thus have the poets indicated unmistakably the advance of
the natural sciences through the centuries. It is not my inten-
tion to bore you by attempting to review the works of all these
writers, but there are certain outstanding facts with regard to a
few of them which seem worthy of special comment. Although
English poetry really began with Caedmon in the seventh cen-
tury, Geoffrey Chaucer, who lived from 1340 to 1400, has been
called the "father of English poetry," and an examination of
his works discloses some twenty-five references to insects belong-
ing to six different orders. Most of these are trivial similitudes,
but the following indicates that the ubiquitous flea was a com-
mon and familiar pest in England even in the 14th century:

"Awake thou cook, quod he, god yeve thee sorwe,
What eyleth thee to slepe by the morwe?
Hastow had fleen al night, or artow drunke?"

— The Manciple s Prologue.

In an effort to inculcate the virtue of compassion, Chaucer has
the following, the simple naivete of which must amuse natural-
ists:

"And han on pore folk compassioun,
For lo, the gentil kind of the lioun!
For whan a flye offendeth him or byteth,
He with his tayl awey the flye smyteth,
Al esily; for, of his gentrye,
Him deyneth nat to wreke him on a flye,
As doth a curre or elles another beste. "

— The Legend of Good Women.

One can not glance through the series of entomological refer-
ences from the works of Edmund Spenser and fail to be impressed
with the idea that the poet suffered personally from the on-
slaughts of swarms of flies. In the Faerie Queen, for instance,
there occur no less than eight such references, of which the fol-
lowing is a typical example:

"And all the chamber filled was with flies,
Which buzzed all about, and made such sound
That they encumbered all men's ears and eyes."

According to his biographers, Spenser was born in London,
and doubtless spent a considerable portion of his boyhood (the
most impressionable part of his life) in that great city. The

164 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

period of his most active work was between 1570 and 1597, that
is to say, five or six years previous to the first great outbreak of
the Black Plague, which occurred in 1603, resulting in the loss
of 38,000 lives. In that age the science of sanitary engineering
was as yet unconceived in Britain, and consequently the con-
ditions surrounding even the well-to-do were, of necessity, more
squalid and filthy than is easily conceivable in these days of
comparatively good sanitation. History pictures the streets
as filthy, narrow and unlighted by the sun, because of the fact
that most of the buildings overhung them. The soil, resultant
upon the density of human habitation, stagnated in the gutters,
or "kennels" as they were called, while the biological relations
existing between the house fly and the domestic animals, with
their train of sequelae pathogenic to man, were undreamed of
until hundreds of years later. It seems an unavoidable con-
comitant of such conditions, therefore, that the coprophagous
and sarcophagous flies of the Muscoidean group bred uninter-
ruptedly and by millions, at the very doors of even the aristoc-
racy of the time. In view of this it is not remarkable that poor
Spenser, endowed with the poet's nervous irritability of tempera-
ment, should have reflected annoyance in his verse, nor does it
seem any mystery, either, why the well-to-do enclosed their beds
with heavy hangings, in spite of the partial asphyxiation which
inevitably resulted.

x^ccording to Macaulay, even as late as 1685, "St. James's
square was the receptacle for all the offal and cinders, for all
the dead cats and dead dogs of Westminster,"1 while Swift
(1710) in "A Description ot a City Shower," draws a similar
and even less attractive picture:

"Now from all parts the swelling kennels flow,
And bear their trophies with them as they go;
Filths ot all hues and odors seem to tell
What street they sailed from by their sight and smell."

"Sweepings from butcher's stalls,
Guts, dung and blood.

Drowned puppies, stinking sprats, all drenched in mud,
Dead cats and turnip-tops come tumbling down the flood. "

All this is reflected directly in the insect fauna of the writings
of contemporary poets. Thus, we find in Spenser, Shakespeare,
Herrick, Butler, and other poets of the period, abundant al-
lusions to worms, maggots, the blow-fly, the fly-blow and the
flesh-fly, couched in such familiar terms as to make it quite
obvious that myiasis and its attendant phenomena were of com-
mon occurrence.

'See Macaulay, History of England, Chapter 3, London in 1685.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 165

Next to the Bible, probably no poetic writings have been more
thoroughly studied and scrutinized by students of various cults
than those of Shakespeare. It is not surprising, therefore, to
find that no less than three papers have been published in recent
years on the entomology of Shakespeare.1 It will therefore
be unnecessary to discuss extensively the entomology of his
works. The total number of references to insects in Shakes-
peare is given by Fyles as 168, but as he found none in "Much
Ado about Nothing," in which there are two (in Act III), the
correct number is doubtless about 170. Not a single play but
contains at least one direct mention of insect life. Thus the
comedy and tragedy of the drama alike, in the opinion of the
master poet, (a very wizard in the use of words), require the aid
of entomological allusion for completeness of expression.

Shakespeare and Spenser were contemporaries, although the
former continued to write for nearly twenty years after Spenser's
death. It therefore is not remarkable that the character of the
insect life mentioned in their works is similar. The insects
mentioned by these poets are the most familiar forms, and al-
though Shakespeare contains numerous references to flies, he
seems not to have been so afflicted by them as Spenser. Doubt-
less this was due to a difference in temperament, as the latter,
who died at the age of 46, is shown by his portrait to have pos-
sessed a good head of hair, while on the other hand, the "Bard
of Avon," although not so bald as the proverbial cue-ball, had
shed the greater part of the thatching from his roof!

It should be remembered that zoology in Britain during the
latter half of the 16th century was still in an extremely nebulous
condition. To be sure, Dr. Thomas Mouffet had compiled his
pioneer work on natural history, including insects,2 during
Shakespeare's time. But he wrote entirely in Latin, a language
which, according to the biographers of the 17th century, was
practically unknown to Shakespeare. Furthermore, Dr. Mouf-
fet's work was not published until 1634, or 18 years after the
death of the great poet. An English translation of it appeared

'Natural history of the Insects mentioned in Shakespeare's Plays. Robert
Patterson, London, 1838.

The Entomology of Shakespeare, Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, 21st Annual Report,
Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, pp. 78-87. Insects discussed ordinally and by plays.
Summary of species by plays and orders, total number of references to insects
given as 168.

Shakespeare and Insects, by Henry J. Turner, Proc. So. London Ent. Soc.,
Jan. 25, 1917. The insects are discussed according to the plays in which they
occur and by ordinal arrangement. Pp. 24-42.

2Insectorum sive minimorum Animalium Theatrum, by Dr. Thos. MourTet,
London, 1634, printed by Thos. Cotes.

166 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

in 1658, embodied in a compilation made by Dr. John Rowland.1
John Ray,2 whom Cuvier has called the "first systematist of
the animal kingdom," was not born until 1627 and accomplished
his memorable work in the last quarter of the 17th century, while
the great Linne was not to appear on the scene until 1707.

Thus it readily may be seen that the great poet's knowledge
of insect life must have been largely the result of experience
rather than reading. In spite of this, however, it is evident that
he knew something of the biology of the flesh-flies, the blow-flies,
the stomach-bot of the horse and the warble-fly of the domestic
ox. It is equally obvious from a passage occurring in the first
part of King Henry IV, Act II, that he was well informed regard-
ing some of the larval habits of the house flea. This seems all
the more remarkable when we realize that this play was written
in 1 597, while Van Leeuwenhoek's studies of the biology of the flea
were not conducted until the latter half of the following century!
Another remarkable entomological note occurs in Troilus and
Cressida: " I had rather be a tick in a sheep than such a valiant
ignorance," as this forms the only reference to Melophagus
ovinus to be found in all English poetry.

Just as insects obtrude themselves into all sorts of unwelcome
and unlocked tor places in real life, so in poetry we find them
occurring in the most astonishingly odd situations. For
instance, who would look for such references in a lofty and
solemn epic poem such as Milton's "Paradise Lost"? Yet we
find nearly a dozen of them scattered through the work, the
most important occurring in Book VII, in the account of the
creation:

"At once came forth whatever creeps the ground,
Insect or worm. Those waved their limber fans
For wings and smallest lineaments exact
In all the liveries decked of summer's pride,
\\ith spots of gold and purple, azure and green."

While in Paradise Regained there occurs the only reference to
the flies of the genus Drosophila which it has been possible to
identify with certainty:

"Or as a swarm of flies in vintage time,
About the wine press where sweet must is poured,
Beat off, returns with humming sound."

-Book IV.

Possibly it may be contended that Izaak Walton, author of

:The History of the Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents: by Edward Topsell,
edited and compiled by Dr. John Rowland, London, England, 1658, printed by
E. Cotes, at the Bible, Ludgate Hill, 1130 pages.

Systematic Zoology: Its Progress and Purpose, Theo. Gill, Report Smithson-
ian Inst., 1907, p. 449.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 167

the "Compleat Angler," was not a poet. If so, it easily may
be shown that not only was he a poet, but an entomologist as
well. The following quotation from his celebrated work will, I
think, prove beyond a peradventure the contention that Walton
was an entomologist and that he might have qualified as a taxon-
omist had such an undreamed-of profession then existed. He is
describing a caterpillar:

"Nay, the very colors are, as one has observed, very elegant
and beautiful. I shall for a taste of the rest, describe one of
them, which I will sometime the next month show you feeding on
the willow tree, and you shall find him punctually to answer this
very description: his lips and mouth somewhat yellow, his eyes
black as jet, his forehead purple, his feet and hinderparts green,
his tail two-forked and black; the whole body stained with a
kind of red spots which run along the neck and shoulder-blade,
[Walton's terminology here is somewhat obsolete] not unlike
the form of Saint Andrew's cross, or the letter X, made thus
cross-wise, and a white line drawn down his back to his tail; all
of which add much beauty to his whole body."

Please observe the ecological note at the beginning of this
description which shows plainly that Walton not only knew his
insects, but had made mental note of their food-plants, doubt-
less as an aid to piscatorial success. Indeed, it would be safe
to assume that anglers in those days of primitive entomology
were comparatively well-informed regarding the ecology of such
forms as were valued in the "gentle art." In further proof of
this assumption, the following is offered from "The Book of
Saint Albans," published by Wynkyn de Worde, in 1496 (four
years after the discovery of America), which contains the
earliest known treatise in the English language on "Fysshynge
Wyth an Angle." The author of this work, strange to relate,
is said to have been one Juliana Berners or Barnes, the prioress
of a convent at Sopwell, and Merely1 says that Dame Berners
wrote these papers about 1460.

Speaking of baits for the cheven or chub, the treatise says:
"In May [place] ye bayte that bredyth on the osyer leyf and
the docke-canker together upon your hoke. Also a bayte that
bredyth upon a fern leyf; ye codworme and a bayte that bredyth
on an hawthorn. In June taket the creket and the

bayte that bredyth in a dunghyll; and a grete greshop. In July
the greshop and the humblybee in the medow. Also a grete
brended flye that bredyth in pathes of medowes, " etc.

Referring to the present divergence of practice as to the use
of the term "grasshopper" and "locust," between the entomolo-
gists of the United States and their brethren of England and
Canada when referring to the short-horned grasshoppers, the

'Manual of English Literature, Henry Merely, New York, 1879, p. 121.

168 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922

quotation given above shows that the term "greshop" or grass-
hopper was the name in general use in England in the 15th cen-
tury and practically all ot the early English poets use the word
"grasshopper" and not the Latin term "locust," which ap-
parently came into popular use during more recent times.

Although William Cowper is known to have spent a consider-
able portion of his life in a madhouse, he has left us, among other
delightful works, two fables in verse, namely, "The Nightengale
and the Glow-worm," and "The Pineapple and the Bee," which
certainly evince no sign of his malady. His masterpiece, "The
Task," also contains several apt and charming allusions to
insects, while his translations from the Latin of Vincent Bourne
have given the English three of the most pleasing and genuine
entomological poems in the language. These are dedicated to
the Glow-worm, the Silk-worm, and the Cricket respectively.
Vincent Bourne was a sub-master at Westminster in the early
18th century1 and is said to have been the best Latin poet of his
day. Subsequent to the publication of the "Theater of Agri-
culture"2 in 1600, treating on sericulture, efforts were made
from time to time toward the establishment of the craft in Eng-
land, and for this reason Bourne doubtless had the opportunity
of observing the silk-worm at first-hand.

In spite of the intensely subjective and even morbid character
of many of Shelley's poems, they contain numerous pleasing
allusions to insect life, notably to the glow-worm, the moths and
fire-flies, as in the following:

"Carved lamps and chalices, and phials which shone
In their own golden beams — each like a flower,
Out of whose depth a firefly shakes his light
Under a cypress in a starless night."

-The Witch of Atlas.

Quite different however is this, taken from a satirical drama
called "Oedipus, or Swellfoot the Tyrant":

"The gad-fly was the same which Juno sent
To agitate Io, and which Ezechiel mentions
That the Lord whistled for out of the mountains
Of utmost Ethiopa, to torment
Mesopotamian Babylon. The beast
Has a loud trumpet like the Scarabee;
His crooked tail is barbed with many stings,
Each able to make a thousand wounds, and each
Immedicable; from his convex eyes
He sees fair things in many hideous shapes,
And trumpets all his falsehood to the world.

'Manual of English Literature, Henry Merely, New York, 1879, p. 551
2" Theatre d'Agriculture, d'Olivier de Serres," Vol. II, p. 158, Paris, 1600.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 169

Like other beetles he is fed on dung —
He has eleven feet with which he crawls,
Trailing a blistering slime."

With all due allowances for poetic license and exalted ecstasies,
it seems evident that the poet evolved this description entirely
from the resources of his inner consciousness. In other words,
it affords an example of what might aptly be termed "subjec-
tive entomology," less striking examples of which occur in the
writings of certain modern, entomological taxonomists. The
vision of a gad-fly which was at the same time a "beetle"
possessing "eleven legs" is one calculated to convince an ento-
mologist that the 18th amendment to the Constitution had
become null .and void, and that the heyday of the "high-ball"
and the "gin-rickey" had indeed returned.

No English poet, early or recent, has made more effective, nor,
from an entomological standpoint, more correct use of allusions
to insects than Thomas Hood, 1798-1845. Hood is best remem-
bered perhaps by his " Song of the Shirt, " but his " Mid-summer
Fairies" has been most frequently quoted by entomological
writers. This latter poem contains no less than 17 references
to insects of seven different species, including grasshoppers,
ants, flies, gnats, the silk-worm, and of course the honey-bee.
While none of Hood's verses is dedicated to insects, more than a
score of his poems contain references to them. In his verse
various forms of insect life and their behaviour are used as a
means of expression, or of impressing the reader with the atmos-
phere of the scene described; as for instance, in "The Haunted
House":

"The centipede along the threshold crept,
The cob-web hung across the mazy tangle,
And in its winding sheet the maggot slept,

At every nook and ingle.

*****

"The wood-louse dropped and rolled into a ball,
Touched by some impulse occult or mechanic;
And nameless beetles ran along the wall
In universal panic."

In "Love Lane," the poet makes use of the familiar insect
fauna of the field with comical effect throughout the poem:

" I vowed to give her all my heart,
To love her till my life took leave,
And painted all a lover's smart—
Except a wasp gone up my sleeve.

"But when I ventured to abide
Her father and her mother's grants —
Sudden she started up and cried,
'O dear, I am all over ants!"

170 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922

So amusing is Hood that there is a temptation to multiply
quotations in his case. The following is from verses entitled
"No":

"No warmth, no cheerfulness, no healthful ease,

No comfortable feel in any member —
No shade, no shine, no butterflies, no bees,
No fruits, no flowers, no leaves, no birds,
November!"

The wider the range of a poet's imaginative sympathy, the
more apt he is to draw upon the resources of animate nature as an
aid to expression. Thus it is with Tennyson, whose catholicity
in this respect is well illustrated by such extremes as the tinkling,
melodious absurdity of "The Goose," and the stately dignity
of "In Memoriam" or that romantic epical series, "The Idylls
of the King. " In the full gamut of poetical expression run by
this author there occur a score or more of allusions to insect life
and at least one complete poem dedicated to "The Grass-
hopper." Even the prejudiced mind of the entomologist will
not fail to appreciate the beautiful diction of these verses, in spite
of the fact that he finds his hereditary enemy disguised as:

"Voice of the summer wind,
Joy of the summer plain,
Life of the summer hours,"

and farther on a description of the innocent life of the insect:

"What hast thou to do with evil

In thine hour of love and revel,

* * * *

Shooting, singing, ever springing
In and out the emerald glooms,
Ever leaping, ever singing,
Lighting on the golden blooms?"

In the opening lines of this poem, the following occurs, "No
Tithon thou as poets feign." This alludes to the Greek legend
of the demi-god Tithonus, who was granted immortality but
who inadvertently omitted to request a grant of perpetual youth,
and having grown old, was transformed into a grasshopper by
his faithless wife, Eos, goddess of the dawn. Evidently she was
a cruel woman who effected his transformation before break-
fast, judging by the prodigious appetite transmitted to his
descendants!

In Hiawatha, Longfellow has made generous use of insect
life and perhaps the most interesting reference relates to the
hero's conquest of Megissogwan, who was described by Nokomis

as:

"He, the mightiest of magicians,

Sends the fever from the marshes,

*****

Sends disease and death among us!"

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 171

and she urges Hiawatha to

"Slay this merciless magician,
Save the people from the fever
That he breathes across the fen-lands
And avenge my father's murder!"

Which injunction he proceeds to obey but in doing so encounters
various dangers, among which is:

"All the air was white with moonlight,
All the water black with shadow,
All around him the Suggema
The mosquito, sang his war song."

thus correlating the insect vector of malaria with the disease
itself, which seems almost prophetic in view of the fact that
Hiawatha was written in 1855 and this relation was not finally
established by Ross until 1897.

The poetry of entomology has previously been mentioned
and to this category are referable all complete poems which
have for their principal themes insects or insect life. There are
many of these, some of them consisting of but a single verse
while others run into hundreds of lines. Most of the "standard"
poets have at one time or another apostrophized insects or sung
of them in relation to nature. Thus we find Spenser, Cowley,
Herrick, Parnell, Cowper, Gay, Montgomery, Clare, Keats,
Moore, Rogers, Wordsworth and many more, all represented,
while among the recent poets such verses are exceedingly numer-
ous, Madison Gawein, the Kentucky poet, alone having written
more than a dozen complete poems on various insects. Ento-
mological poems are of several forms, but perhaps the most com-
mon is the apostrophe, or address directed to the insect by the
poet, such as Wordsworth's and Rogers's "To a Butterfly,"
John Clare's "Sonnet to the Glow-worm," Tennyson's "The
Grasshopper," and Emerson's "The Humble Bee." Another
favorite form of entomological poem is the fable in which the
insect holds converse with some other creature, as in Gay's
"Turkey and the Ant," Cowper's "Nightingale and the Glow-
worm," Wordsworth's "Star and the Glow-worm," and Caro-
line Leslie's " Meadow Talk. " Still another form. is the allegory,
such as "The Periwinkles and the Locusts," and "The Bullock
and the Fly" of Thomas Moore, Herrick's "Upon a Fly," and
Spenser's " Fate of a Butterfly. " The poetry of love, too, is not
without its entomological phases. Witness, for instance,
Thomas Moore's "What the Bee is to the Floweret," and
"When the First Summer Bee," and Herrick's "Captivated
Bee," all of which are love poems of the most fervent and
saccharine character. Less common but more interesting to the
entomologist, are the narratives in verse dealing with the natural

172 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922

history of the insect itself. Such are Cowper's Translations from
Bourne, as "The Silk-Worm":

"The beams of April, ere it goes,
A worm scarce visible, disclose;
All winter long content to dwell
The tenant of his native shell.

"The same prolific season gives
The sustenance by which he lives,
The mulberry leaf, a simple store,
That serves him, till he needs no more."

Other verses of this character are quoted in various parts of the
present paper. The longest poem in the language, devoted to
an entomological, theme, is Spenser's "Fate of a Butterfly"
and perhaps the shortest is Burns's quatrain on the "Book-
Worm," quoted elsewhere. One of the most amusing of poems
depending upon insects for the point of the jest is Oliver Wendell
Holmes's "Stethoscope Song," which relates the story of a young
doctor:

"There was a young man in Boston town,
He bought him a stethoscope nice and new,
All mounted and finished and polished down,
With an ivory cap and a stopper too.

"It happened a spider within did crawl,
And spun him a web of ample size,
Wherein there chanced one day to fall
A couple of very imprudent flies.

"The first was a bottle-fly, big and blue;
The second was smaller, and thin and long;
So there was a concert between the two,
Like an octave flute and a tavern gong."

The poem then relates the lamentable errors into which this
young disciple of Aesculapius was led, several of which were of
quite as fatal a character as usual, but the spider drops out of
the story and we are left to wonder why he did not eat the flies,
and thus reduce the prevailing rate of human mortality.

A list of the-more important entomological poems is appended
below.

Araneida:

To the Little Spinners — Robert Herrick; To a Spider — Robert Southey;
To a Spider — Samuel Low.

Suctoria:

The Flea — John Donne.

Siphunculata:

To a Louse — Robert Burns.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 173

Orthoptera:

The Grasshopper — Abraham Cowley; On the Grasshopper — \Villam
Cowper; The Grasshopper — Alfred Tennyson; The Grasshopper and the
Cricket — John Keats; To the Grasshopper and the Cricket — Leigh Hunt;
A Soliloquy — Walter Harte; The Cricket — William Cowper (Translation
from Vincent Bourne); To a Cricket — Wm. C. Bennett; II Grille — Thos.
Augustine Daly; To a Cricket — Mary A. H. Dodd; To an Insect — Oliver W.
Holmes; Fall Choristers — Jas. J. Montague; The Periwinkles and the
Locusts — Thos. Moore; On Listening to a Cricket — Andrews Norton; The
First Cricket — W. D. Howells; The Katy-Dids and the Moon, Numerous
poems on the Grasshopper, The Cricket, etc. — Madison Cawein.

Coleoptera:

To the Burnie Bee — Robert Southey; The Glow-worm — James Mont-
gomery; Sonnet to the Glow-worm — John Clare; The Nightingale and the
Glow-worm — Wm. Cowper; The Glow-worm — \Vm. Cowper (Translation
from Bourne); The Lover to the Glow-worms — Andrew Marvell; The Star
and the Glow-worm — Wm. Wordsworth.

Diptera:

To a Fly — John Wolcott; Upon a Fly — Robert Herrick; The Midges Dance
Aboofi the Burn — Robert Tannahill; Midges — Owen Meredith; The Fly-
Win. Oldys (Translation from Bourne); To a Troublesome Fly — Thos.
MacKellar; To the Gnat — Samuel Rogers; To a Mosquito — W. C. Bryant;
To a Mosquito — J. J. Montague.

Hymenoptera:

To a Bee — Robert Southey; The Captivated Bee, The Present, or the Bag
of the Bee, The Bag of the Bee — Robert Herrick; The Honey-Bee's Song —
Frances H. Green; The Honey-Bee — Anne C. Lynch; What the Bee is to the
Floweret, When the First Summer Bee — Thos. Moore; Telling the Bees —
John G. Whittier; The Bee — Henry Vaughan; The Pine-Apple and the Bee
— Wm. Cowper; The Humble Bee — Ralph W. Emerson; Where the Bee
Sucks — Ednah P. Clark; To a Honey-Bee — Philip Freneau; The Turkey
and the Ant — Jno. Gay; King Solomon and the Ants — J. G. Whittier; The
Ant and the Grasshopper — Joe. Lincoln; Why? — James J. Montgomery;
The Wasp — Francis Hopkinson; King Solomon and the Bees, the Bee and
the Cuckoo, the Hen and the Honey Bee — J. G. Saxe.

Lepidoptera:

To a Butterfly, the Redbreast and Butterfly — Wm. Wordsworth; The Fate
of a Butterfly — Edm. Spenser; To the Butterfly — Saml. Rogers; A Butterfly
in the City — Thos. Buchannon Read; Hugo's Flower to Butterfh — Eugene
Field; The Butterflies' Fad — Ella Wheeler Wilcox; Butterfly Fancies —
Albertine Ward; The Butterfly — Alice F. Palmer; A Chrysalis — M.iry
Emily Bradley; The Silk-worm and the Caterpillar — J. G. Saxe.

Odonata:

Old Snake Doctor, Dragon-Flies — Madison Cawein.

Miscellaneous:

The Book-worm — -Trios. Parnell; The Stethoscope Song — O. W. Holmes;
An Entomological Lyric — Anonymous; Meadow Talk — Caroline Leslie;

174 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

The Bullock and the Fly — Thos. Moore; It's an 111 Wind — Jas. J. Mont-
gomery; The Hive at Gettysburg — J. G. Whittier.

Since the present paper is supposed to be of entomological pur-
port, the insects of poetry will be discussed by ordinal arrange-
ment although no attempt has been made to arrange the orders
represented, in accordance with the usual sequence.

All the larger orders of insects have been found represented
except those placed by recent systematists in the subclass
Neuropteroidea. These forms are recognized by poets in a
general way and referred to as "water flies," etc., but little or
nothing of a specific character is to be found which will permit
their identification. A sole exception seems to be this line from
Shelley:

"Not a may-fly shall awaken,
From its crad'ling blue-bell shaken."

And even in this, there is nothing to denote that the poet realizes
the entomological meaning of the term employed.

Madison Cawein, in the "Old Snake Doctor," has spoiled a
perfectly good poem on the "ant-lion" by confusing the insect
with the dragon-fly, when he could instantly have settled his
doubts in the matter by referring to any good, general work on
natural history

A few poets have endeavored to picture insect life at large and
one of these, Thomas Montgomery, has been remarkably suc-
cessful:

"Then insect legions, pranked with gaudiest hues,
Pearl, gold, and purple, swarm'd into existence;
Minute and marvellous creations these!
Infinite multitudes on every leaf,
In every drop, by me discerned at pleasure,
Were yet too fine for unenlightened eye,
******

Some barely visible, some proudly shone,
Like living jewels; some grotesque, uncouth,
And hideous — giants of a race of pygmies
These burrow'd in the ground and fed on garbage,
Those lived deliciously on honey dews,
And dwelt in palaces of blossom'd bells;
Millions on millions, wing'd and plumed in front,
And armed with stings for vengeance or assault
Filled the dim atmosphere with hum and hurry. "

-The Pelican Island.

The ferocity of the spiders has attracted the attention of
many poets and their skill in weaving is a subject for frequent
comment. The most notable of the passages relating to the
former occur in the writings of James Thomson, John Phillips

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 175

and James Montgomery; the former gives a most realistic and
vivid description of the behaviour of the Arachnid:

"But to heedless flies the window proves
A constant death; where gloomily retired,
The villain spider lives, cunning and fierce.
Mixture abhorr'd! Mid a mangled heap
Of carcasses, in eager watch he sits,
O'erlooking all his waving snares around.
Near the dire cell the dreadless wanderer oft
Passes, as oft the ruffian shows his front;
The prey at last ensnared, he dreadful darts,
With rapid glide, along the leaning line;
And, fixing in the wretch his cruel fangs,
Strikes backward grimly pleased."

— Summer,

Poets, in spite of their assumed wisdom, often make comical
mistakes in interpreting the behaviour of insects. Thus Samuel
Low, an American poet of the late 18th century, has turned his
spider wrong-end-to in the following:

"Thou villain insect! well do I perceive
The treacherous web thy murderous fangs have wrought. "

No particular species of spider ever is mentioned but frequent
allusion is made to Arachne, a Lydian maiden, who, by superior
skill in weaving, is said to have aroused in the goddess Pallas,
the extremely ungoddesslike emotion of envy, and hence was
transformed into a spider. But spiders are not the only Arach-
nids mentioned in poetry, as the mites have receivedjappropri-
ate attention; says Swift:

"In bulk there are not more degrees
From elephants to mites in cheese,
Than what a curious eye may trace
In creatures of the rhyming race."

— On Poetry.

Mrs. Annie T. Slosson, a celebrated American collector of
insects, wrote many humorous verses on insects among which is
one on the red-bugs or "chiggers." These pestiferous mites
were long supposed to enter the sweat glands of the human
species but the recent work of Dr. H. E. Ewing has shown this
supposition to be entirely erroneous. The opening lines of Mrs.
Slosson's verse are:

"I sing of the red bug
You know that this said bug
Doth e'en as a dead bug
Sting, tease and inflame;
A sweat pore doth enter
And dive to its center."

176 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

Chaucer, Pope, Montgomery and many later poets contain
passages mentioning mites, but there is no hint in any of these
allusions which would indicate a recognition of their relation
to the spiders. Only the web-making spiders have been noticed
by poets and although Samuel Butler was renowned as a very
learned man in his day, he makes this statement:

"As spiders never seek the fly,
But leave him of himself to apply,"

thus ignoring the numerous "wolf spiders" which make their
living by hunting flies. The Phalangidae appear in poetry only
during very recent days, as exemplified by Joe Lincoln in "Cape
Cod Ballads":

"Then the girls they'll be a-yippin', 'cause a bug is in the cream;
And a 'daddy-long-legs' skippin' round the butter makes 'em scream."

— The Sunday School Picnic.

In a consideration of the insects of poetry by ordinal arrange-
ment, it becomes immediately evident that for frequency of men-
tion, the Hymenoptera must be awarded the primacy. This is
true, however, solely because a single member of the order, and
man's chief domestic servant among insects, the honey bee, has
ever been the favorite of poets in all ages. Previous to the intro-
duction of the silkworm into Sicily from Greece, in the twelfth
century, the honey bee was man's sole servitor among insects
in the Occident and still remains as such in most portions of the
globe. The reasons for its popularity among poets are not far
to seek, as they doubtless reside in the intimacy existing between
the insect and the flowers; as the only source of sweets known
to man during many centuries, to its musical hum, its industry
and social habits, and above all to its familiarity to man since
time immemorial. No poetic portrayal of the pastoral beauties
of nature, or of that peaceful and placid state of being, toward
which man is ever reaching out but seldom attaining, is complete
without its bee. Most people have heard the time-worn story
of the city man who aspired to become a suburbanite in order
that he might " keep a bee " ! In like manner almost every poet
has kept his bee, not, however, for the sake of its honey, but in
order that it might caper and buzz throughout his verse when-
ever the spirit moved him. Thus we find the insect "bee"
adjectived unmercifully by rhymsters and poets both modern
and ancient, literally without end and on all occasions. In point
of fact, the verses of some poets (Ethel Louise Cox, for instance)
are so swarming with bees, that only an experienced bee-keeper
is safe in turning the pages.

The bee of poets is, above all things, busy, laboring, diligent,
industrious, toiling, laden, sedulous, and although sometimes

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 177

"painful" and even "stinging" is generally referred to in a dis-
tinctly complimentary way. It seems obvious that among the
hundreds of bees humming throughout poetry, at least 99 per-
cent are the honey-bee. Occasionally we find reference to the
"wild-bee," but there is no evidence that this refers to the
Andrenidae or related families but rather to the honey-bees
which have taken up their residence in some tree or wood.
Whittier has expressed this specifically in the "Witch of Wen-
ham":

"They say that swarming wild bees seek
The hive at her command."

The identity of the "mountain-bee" (a species peculiar to the
poets) also seems difficult of determination, although in the
following:

' 'Twas transport to inhale the bright sweet air;
The mountain-bee was revelling in its glare,
And roving with his minstrelsy across
The scented wild weeds, and enamell'd moss. "

—Thomas Campbell.

the behaviour of this insect leads us to suspect that it is a female
humble-bee looking for a place in which to build, in spite of the
supposed gender of this particular bee! In fact, it has been the
habit of poets to refer to the honey-bee in the masculine gender
as:

"O velvet bee, you're a dusty fellow."

of Ingelow and,

"Thus in a thousand wax-erected forts
A loitering race the painful bee supports;
From sun to sun, from bank to bank he flies,
With honey loads his bag, with wax his thighs."

—Parnell.

and it is only in very recent verse that we find any recognition
of the fact that the worker bees are females. The error of mis-
taking the pollen baskets on the hind legs of bees for wax organs,
as indicated in the last line of this verse, is another fallacy which
poets have shared; but this is excusable, because it is only
within comparatively recent years that the manner in which the
wax of bees is secreted has been at all well understood. An error
of omission which is less explicable, is the complete oversight
by the poet of the important agency of the bees in the pollination
of blossoms, in view of the fact that Sprengel had discovered the
main facts regarding it as early as 1793. That this relation
between the bee and the flower is capable of infinitely charming
and effective poetic treatment is obvious, and future poets, in
their efforts to keep abreast with science, doubtless will utilize

178 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

these facts with good effect. Of the poems for which the bee
furnishes the principal theme, perhaps none is more quaint and
interesting than Whittier's "Telling the Bees," which immortal-
izes a legend to the effect that, when the master or mistress of
the house dies, unless the bees are specifically informed of the
sad event, they will immediately swarm and be lost to the farm.
The last two stanzas of this poem contain the gist of the matter:

"With his cane to his chin,
The old man sat; and the chore-girl still
Sung to the bees stealing out and in.

And the song she was singing, ever since
In my ears sounds on: —
'Stay at home, pretty bees, fly not hence!
Mistress Mary is dead and gone!"

There are of course innumerable poetic references to the
honey-bee which might be discussed at great length, but the
literature of the insect is a voluminous one and there remain
many other insects of poetry still to be mentioned.

In view of their conspicuous appearance and booming voices,
it seems rather curious that the humble-bees have not come in
for more general notice among the poets. In recent years
Emerson has apostrophized the insect with excellent effect, but
it is seldom that the earlier poets mention these beautiful and
interesting bees. Shakespeare is an exception to this rule, as
he alludes to the humble-bees several times; the most specific
reference is:

" — kill me a red-hipped humble-bee on the top of a thistle."

— Midsummer Night's Dream.

According to Fyles this refers to Eombus lapidarius, a common
British species, although in this country there are several species
which might be called "red-hipped." Unique in the field of
entomological poetry is Dr. L. O. Howard's humorous contribu-
tion of 40 lines, describing the habits and tragic end of a certain
Psithyrid bee. This was published anonymously in Entomo-
logica Americana for March, 1890, and subsequently reprinted in
his "Insect Book" where its authorship is acknowledged. With
regard to the Vespidae, poets apparently have noticed but two
facts; first, that they sting readily, as in Longfellow's Hiawatha:
"Ah! the singing fatal arrow;
Like a wasp it buzzed and stung him!"

and second, that they are fond of ripening fruit, as shown by
William Sharp's verse:

"Where the ripe pears droop heavily,
The yellow wasp hums loud and long,
His hot and drowsy autumn song;

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 179

A yellow flame he seems to be,
When darting suddenly from on high,
He lights where fallen peaches lie."

The methods used in the 18th century to protect choice fruits
from wasps are given in John Phillips's didactic poem entitled
"Cyder":

— let every bough

Bear frequent vials, pregnant with the dregs

Of Moyle, or Mum, or Treacle's viscous juice;

They by the alluring odor drawn, in haste

Fly to the dulcet cates, and crowding sip

Their palatable bane; joyful thou'lt see

The clammy surface all o'erstrown with tribes

Of greedy insects that with fruitless toil

Flap filmy pennons oft to extricate

Their feet, in liquid shackles bound, till death

Bereave them of their worthless souls. "

The earliest American poet of the wasp seems to have been
Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791), signer of the Declaration of
Independence and treasurer of the American Philosophical
Society, who penned a poem of 32 lines in the form of a fable
entitled "The Wasp."

Whittier has the following in the "Barefoot Boy":

"Of the black-wasp's cunning way,
Mason of his walls of clay,
And the architectural plans
Of gray hornet artisans."

but apart from this, little of interest is to be found regarding the
social wasps, or their wonderful organizations and beautiful
paper nests, although Erasmus Darwin also sings of them. Of
the Sphecoidea the poets are silent, nor indeed have they recog-
nized in any way the innumerable solitary wasps with their
interesting, predaceous habits and variety of architecture.
Erasmus Darwin in "The Origin of Society" has pointed the
way to still another opportunity in:

"The wing'd Ichneumon for her embryon young
Gores with sharp horn the caterpillar throng,
The cruel larva mines its silky .course,
And tears the vitals of its fostering nurse."

Here among the truly parasitic forms is a whole world as yet
unknown to poets, replete with tragedy and comedy, which in
some dim and distant day will furnish rhymsters with many a
pithy line.

The ants, mentioned frequently by the early poets as the
"emmet" and sometimes by a less euphonious name, are cele-
brated in poetry as in prose, chiefly for their industry and provi-

180 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

dence. Whittier wrote a didactic poem of 42 lines entitled
'' King Solomon and the Ants," inculcating magnanimity, while
Ben Jonson, Prior, Milton, Thomson, Rogers and Young, not to
mention later poets, have all sung to some extent of the insects.
Among these, however, there is really very little of entomological
interest, as the object usually is to point a moral, as:

"O mortal man, who livest here by toil,
Do not complain of this thy hard estate;
That like an emmet thou must ever moil,
Is a sad sentence of an ancient date."

—Thomson.

Robert Herrick, who is full of odd conceits, shows us a beggar
supplicating the fairy queen thus:

"Black I'm grown for want of meat;
Give me then an ant to eat."

and Butler, in Hudibras, emphasizes the medical use of the insect
in the following:

"Till purging comfits and ant's eggs
Had almost brought him off his legs —

Ants' eggs, or rather their pupae, were administered by physi-
cians of the 17th century, as a cure for the lovesick, while tincture
of " Formica rufa " or red ants, is still to be found in some modern
pharmacopaeas as a remedy for rheumatic pains, paralysis and
epilepsy.

As the author was for some years a student of the Diptera, the
poetical references to that order have been of more than passing
interest to him. Arranging these according to the usual family
succession, the first'group is the Tipulidae:

"Nay, when beginning to beseech
The cause that led to my rebuff,
The answer was as strange a speech —
'A Daddy-Longlegs, sure enough!"

—Thomas Hood — Love Lane.

Daddy-Long-Legs is the vulgar name applied to Tipula oleracea
in England, according to Harold Bastin.

In view of the widespread damage done in America by a no-
torious member of the Cecidomyiidae, the Hessian fly, it is not
surprising to find that our poets have recognized it; although
the sentiment expressed in the following of Whittier's will hardly
find favor with our orchardists and winter-wheat growers:

"Let earth withold her goodly root,

Let mildew blight the rye,
Give to the worm the orchard's fruit,
The wheatfield to the fly."

— The Corn Song.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 181

Prophecy was ever a dangerous calling, and Bryant has suf-
fered the prophet's usual cruel fate in the following:

"The army worm and the Hessian fly
And the dreaded canker-worm shall die,
And the thrip and the slug and the fruit-moth seek
In vain to escape that busy beak,
And fairer harvests shall crown the year,
For the Old-Word sparrow at last is here."

If the poet could have lived to observe the results of this
experiment, he might have been moved to add a postscript to
this verse, not, of course, in the diction of George Ade, but some-
what as follows:

Alas for the sparrow's vaunted "pep";
He has fallen down and lost his "rep";
And the army-worm and the Hessian fly
Ne'er cease to gnaw as he flutters by;
And tho' fair harvests garnered be
This is not due to such as he;
But science with her helping hand
Has put to flight this robber band.

References to the "mosquito" under that name do not seem
to occur until James Montgomery, during the second decade of
the 19th century:

" These giant fowlers snapt them, like musketoes
By swallows hunted through the summer sky. "

— The Pelican Island.

Under the term "gnat," however, there are many references
running back to Chaucer and Spenser. The following passage,
which is of interest as showing the progress of biological science,
is from Matthew Prior, written during the second decade of the
18th century, while Linneaeus was still but a boy:

"Fix they corporeal and internal eye
On the young gnat or new-engendered fly.

******

Laying their eggs, they evidently prove
The genial power, and full effect of love.
Each then has organs to digest his food,
One to beget and one to receive the brood;
Has limbs and sinews, blood and heart, and brain,
Life and her proper functions to sustain;
Though the whole fabric smaller than a grain."

References to the mosquito's song are many and amusing, much
more so, in fact, than the song itself!

182 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

"Now near and nearer rush thy whirring wings,
Thy dragon scales still wet with human gore.
Hark, they shrill horn its fearful larum flings!
— I wake in horror, and dare to sleep no more!"

— Samuel Rogers.

Bryant, no doubt, had ample opportunity of observing the
insect in all its maritime lusciousness, as the following shows:

"Fair insect that with threadlike legs spread out
And blood-extracting bill and filmy wing,
Dost murmur as thou slowly sail'st about
In pitiless ears full many a plaintive thing,
And tell how little our large veins would bleed,
Would we but yield them to they bitter need."

But most of us will agree with Edward Sanford:

"Our vein's pure juices were not made for thee,
Thou living, singing, stinging atomy."

Butler's Hudibras, which abounds in curious passages, has this:

" For as the fly that goes to bed
Rests with his tail above his head. "

These lines apply accurately to the mosquitoes of the genus
Anopheles and perhaps may have been inspired by them.

While it is impossible positively to identify members of the
Chironomidae in poetry, the following passage may, from cir-
cumstantial evidence, be assumed to refer to them:

"Meanwhile, there is dancing in yonder green bower
A swarm of young midges. They dance high and low,
'Tis a sweet little species that lives but one hour
And the eldest was born half an hour ago."

— Owen Meredith.

There are lines which suggest strongly the presence of the
Tabanidae, such as the following:

"But he them all from him full lightly swept,
As doth a steer, in heat of summer's day,
With his long tai! the brizes brush away."

— Spenser.

When we consider the great abundance and comparatively large
size and brilliant colors of many Diptera in the families between
the Culicidae and the Muscoidea, it seems remarkable that
poetry is silent regarding them. Such families, for instance, as
the Asilidae, the Stratiomyiidae, and the Syrphidae so rich in
beautiful forms, seem to be largely unknown except to entomolo-
gists. That the warble-fly of cattle, and very probably Hypo-
derma bouts, was familiar even to Shakespeare is shown by the
following:

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 183

"The breeze upon her, Ijke a cow in June
Hoists sails and flies."

— Antony and Cleopatra.

This refers beyond a doubt to the well-known habit of cattle in
stampeding at the approach of the warble-flies. The biting
flies of the Muscoidea are referred to by the earliest of British
poets and probably Spenser had Haematobia or that curse,
Stomoxys calcitrant, in mind in the following passage:

"How many flies, in hottest summer's day
Do seize upon some beast whose flesh is bare,
That all the place with swarms do overlay
And with their little stings right felly fare."

— Faerie Queen.

The Calliphorinae of the Muscoidea are freely referred to by the
British poets usually as the blow-fly, the commonest species of
which in Europe is Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. Perhaps
this species isjresponsible for Chaucer's remarks in the Canter-
bury Tales:

"Of many a pilgrim hastow Cristes curs
For of they parsly yet they farethe wors
That they han eten with they stubbel-goos;
For in thy shoppe is many a fly loos. "

—The Cook's Tale.

And Shakespeare's:

"I would not so! — and would no more endure
This wooden slavery than to sufTer

The flesh-fly blow my mouth."

— The Tempest.

A certain type of morbid, melancholy poet seems to be singu-
larly attracted by the insect fauna of the mortuary, and refuses
to profit by the salutary advice contained in the negro folk
song which warns us to

" Keep away from the grave yard, it's nasty old place,
Where dey lay yo on yo' back an' shovel dirt on yo' face."

These poets, of whom Shelley is an excellent example, refer
copiously to the worm of the grave; for instance:

"We decay

Like corpses in a charnel; fear and grief
Convulse us and consume us day by day,
And cold hopes swarm like worms within our living clay. "

— Adonais.

in fact, his are the most maggoty and worm-eaten verses in the
language.

In view of the investigations of Doctor Murray G. Matter,
all such passages may unhesitatingly be referred to the Diptera,

184 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

although there are references to the "worm of conscience," etc.,
which can not be referred accurately to any order. Shakespeare
contains several famous references to the worm of the grave,
and among them is this:

"A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king.
And eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm."

— Hamlet.

The maggots of the Muscoidean diptera are not much used as
bait by anglers in this country, but in England it has long been
the custom to employ them for this purpose. Izaak Walton
calls them "gentles" and describes the technique of rearing
them to best advantage so that they may be available all winter.
He adds: "These will last until March and about that time
turn to be flies. " When we consider that this was written about
the middle of the 17th century, it seems to argue a remarkably
advanced knowledge of insect biology on the part of "honest
Izaak. "

There still remains to be considered the ubiquitous, filthy,
house-fly which, of course, is not mentioned under that name by
the earlier poets, who refer to it simply as " the fly. " Sometimes,
however, the circumstances are such as to identify the insect
almost certainly as in Shakespeare:

"Thus smiling, as some fly had tickled slumber,
Not as death's dart, bfing laughed at."

— Cymbeline.

Or the following:

"Rouse him; make after him, poison his delight,

******

Plague him with flies."

-Othello.

Later poets have apostrophized the insect, usually in the pro-
testing tones of Thomas MacKellar:

"What! here again! indomitable pest?
Ten times I've closed my heavy lids in vain
This early morn to court an hour of sleep;
For thou, tormentor, constantly dost keep
Thy whiz/ing tones resounding through my brain,
Or lightest on my sensitive nose, and there
Thou trimmest thy wings and shakest thy legs of hair. "

—To a Troublesome Fly.

Thomas Hardy pictures him in a familar act:

"While mid my page there idly stands
A sleepy fly, that rubs his hands. "

Although Holmes calls the insect by name in the following verse,
it seems more than likely that the flv whose behaviour is men-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 185

tioned is the cluster-fly (Pollenia rudis Fabr.) which hibernates
as an adult:

"The House-fly, stealing from his narrow grave,
Drugged with the opiate that November gave,
Beats with faint wing against the sunny pane,
Or crawls, tenacious, o'er its lucid plain."

— Spring.

In point of numbers the poetic references to the Lepidoptera
come next.

The esthetic appeal of the diurnal Lepidoptera is strongly
reflected in the writings of the poets, and more than one half
of their references to this order relate to the butterflies. These
are the most conspicuous and brilliantly colored of insects, and
for this reason alone might be expected to claim the attention
of the poet, but when we consider their apparently happy and
care-free lives, their intimate relations with the flowers and the
fact that a butterfly was anciently regarded as the symbol of
the soul, it is readily understood why these insects are among
the favorites of the poets.

Of the numerous excerpts in the present collection, 55% refer
to butterflies, and of the remainder about 20% relate to the
moths and the rest to caterpillars, canker-worms, or "worms"
obviously of Lepidopterous origin. Regarding the symbolism
of the butterfly Coleridge says:

"The butterfly the ancient Grecians made
The soul's fair emblem, and its only name."

and Browning refers to the same fact in:

"Look at the woman here with the new soul,
Like my own Psyche's, — fresh upon her lips,

Alit, the visionary butterfly."

—Psyche.

Lepidopterous larvae are often mentioned merely as "worms":

" — the small worm th.at crept abroad at midnight
To sip the cool dews, and feed on sleeping flowers
Then slunk into its hole, the little vampyre!"

— Montgomery.

Beginning with hibernation, it is possible to follow thejlarva
through its transformations to the adult insect, in poetry:

"What penetrating power of sun or breeze,
Shall e'er dissolve the crust wherein his soul
Sleeps, like a caterpillar sheathed in ice?'

— Wordsworth.

"Thus are my blossoms blasted in the bud,
And caterpillars eat my leaves away."

— Shakespeare.

186 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

— caterpillars dangling under trees
By slender threads and swinging in the breeze,
Which filthily bewray and sore disgrace
The boughs in which are bred th' unseemly race."

— Cowper.

''And there lay visions swift, and sweet, and quaint,
Each in its thin sheath like a chrysalis."

—Shelley.

Having arrived at the pupal stage, next in order is the emer-
gence of the adult:

"Straight from the filth of this low grub behold!
Come fluttering forth a gaudy spendthrift heir,

All glossy, gay, enamelled all with gold,
******

See her bright robes the butterfly unfold
Broke from her tomb in prime of May!
What youthful bride can equal her array?"

— Thomson.

Until recently poets have been satisfied to allude to these
insects simply as the "butterfly" but we find them mentioned
rather abundantly by their vulgar specific names, thus:
Alfred Noyes has:

"Now they roam these mortal dells
Wondering where that happy glade is,

Painted Ladies,
Admirals and Tortoise-shells."

And John Burroughs:

"The mourning cloak takes up her clew
And dances through the sunny glades."

— April.

There are many such, but space forbids their mention.

Although poets usually mention the butterflies with admira-
tion or at least in approbation, this is not always the case, as
shown by the following, from Chaucer:

"Your tale annoyeth all this companye:
Swych talking is nat worth a boterflye."

— Canterbury Tales.

Thus, having belittled the insect, the poet proceeds to take a
shot at the collector:

"The virtuoso thus at noon,
Broiling beneath a July sun,
The gilded butterfly pursues
O'er hedge and ditch, through gaps and mews:

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 187

And, after many a vain essay
To captivate the tempting prey,
Gives him at length the lucky pat,
And has him safe beneath his hat."

— Cowper.

The poet then permits the insect to escape and mock the col-
lector, but the latter is entitled to at least a quiet smile, to think
of a " virtuoso " collecting butterflies with his hat ! But the pro-
fessional entomologist is not allowed to go entirely unscathed
either, as Edward Young has singled him out for ridicule:

"But what in oddness can be more sublime
Than Sloane, the foremost toyman of his time?
His nice ambition lies in curious fancies,
His daughter's portion a rich shell enhances,
And Ashmole's baby-house is, in his view,

Britannia's golden mine, a rich Peru!

******

'Was ever year unblest as this?' he'll cry,
'It has not brought us one new butterfly!' '

— Love of Fame.

The Sloane mentioned by the poet is Sir Hans, founder of the
British Museum, a famous surgeon and naturalist, who, when a
young man, collected much natural history material in the West
Indies; while "Ashmole's baby-house" is nothing less than the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford University, founded by the cele-
brated English antiquary, Elias Ashmole, who died in 1592.
Many of the earlier English poets pose as men of science, but
as a rule the cult has been antagonistic toward the development
of the natural sciences, which they ridiculed unmercifully.

But enough of the Rhopalocera; we have yet to mention the
Heterocera, or moths. The "moth and the flame," of course,
come in for their share of notoriety, and the "death's head
moth," Acherontia atropos, which Hood calls:

"That mystic moth, which, with a sense profound
Of all unholy presence, augurs truly. "

has been instrumental in securing immortality for the Sphingi-
dae. However, as the moths are mostly creatures of the night,
whose origin and movements were largely a mystery, poets
usually have been content to refer to them in general terms;
hence they are "spotted moths," "painted moths," or merely
"soft moths that kiss the sweet lips of the flowers," etc.

There is, however, one notable exception, and this is the silk-
worm. This strictly domestic insect we find mentioned in
English poetry beginning with Shakespeare: "Thou owest the
worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no
perfume." -King Lear. The last reference does not, as might

188 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

be supposed, refer to the pole-cat, but to the civet-cat, an animal
of the genus Viverra, related to the hyena.

After Shakespeare we find Butler, Waller, Bourne, Cowper,
Shelley, Young, Hood and others singing of the silk-worm at
considerable length, but the most complete account of the insect
is Bourne's poem, mentioned previously.

Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of the famous naturalist,
Charles Darwin, attempted, in 'The Temple of Nature," a
philosophical poem, to use the biology of the insect to illustrate
his theme, with somewhat unfortunate results:

"Erewhile the changeful worm with circling head,
Weaves the nice curtains of his silken bed;
Web within web involves his larva form,
Alike secured from sunshine and from storm;
For twelve long days he dreams of blossom'd groves,
Untasted honey, and ideal loves."

•

So far there has been nothing unusual transpire, but listen to
the sequel:

"Wakes from his trance, alarmed with young desire,

Finds his new sex, and feels ecstatic fire;

From flower to flower, with honeyed lip he springs,

And seeks his velvet loves on silver wings."

The insect referred to undoubtedly is the true silk-worm
(Bombyx mori), but the male of this species takes little or no
food and is utterly unable to fly even a short distance, not to
mention flitting "from flower to flower."

Doubtless, because of the musical quality of their songs, the
Orthoptera of poetry occupy a prominent place. Considered
taxonomically, several groups and even a few species are clearly
recognizable; for instance, there is no mistaking the following for
a member of the Acridiidae:

"The russet grasshopper at times is heard,
Snapping his many wings, as half he flies,

Half hovers in the air."

— Carlos Wilcox.

Strange to say, poets are wont to ascribe all the injury oc-
casioned by the Orthoptera to the "locust," which many of
them evidently know chiefly through Biblical mention, as the
following:

"What it devours not, herb, or fruit, or grain,
A darksome cloud of locusts swarming down
Must eat, and on the ground leave nothing green."

— Milton: Paradise Lost.

On the other hand, the poet's delineation of the grasshopper
persistently depicts it as the very happiest and most care-free

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 189

of created beings, absolutely devoid of harm or potential injury,
as expressed by Cowley:

"Happy insect! what can be

In happiness compared to thee?

*****

Man for thee does sow and plow;
Farmer he and landlord thou!
Thou dost innocently joy;
Nor does thy luxury destroy."
— . indcreontics,

Cowper sings in the same strain:

"Herald of the genial hours,
Harming neither herbs nor flowers.
Therefore man thy voice attends
Gladly —thou and he are friends.

A clue to the mystery is given by Dr. Frank Cowan,1 who identi-
fies the insect of whom Anacreon sang as the Cicada, which was
called Tettix by the ancient Greeks. Evidently the first English
translator of Anacreon erred in identifying the Tettix of the
ancients as a grasshopper, and subsequent poets (as is often
the case with prose writers) accepted his identification unques-
tioningly and thus perpetuated the error. Certainly the lines
of Moore bear out this assumption:

"Oh thou of all creation blest,
Sweet insect, that delightst to rest
Upon the wildwoods leafy tops,
To drink the dew that morning drops.
Nor yet art thou the peasant's fear,
To him thy friendly notes are dear."

But Keats, who was nothing if not original, adds his opinion to
the rest, in a totally different meter:

"When all the birds are faint with the hot sun
And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run
From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;
That is the grasshopper's — he takes the lead
In summer luxury, — he has never done
With his delights; for, when tired out with fun,
He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed."

— The Grasshopper and the Cricket.

But the entomologist knows better! His more accurate view
of the grasshopper shows it hunted to the death by every bird,
beast, and creature of the 'field! Murdered by wasps, suffering

'Curious Facts in the History of Insects, Frank Cowan, J. B. Lippincott &
Co., Philadelphia, 1865.

190 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

a living death under the tortures of parasitic maggots; the vic-
tim of insidious fungous diseases and the prey of "horse-hair
snakes " and other hideous enemies, from the moment it emerges
from the sheltering earth until the insect falls exhausted to it
again, after an existence of but a few short months! Not that
its fate evokes any particular feeling of pity in the bosom of the
entomologist, who knows the villain for a greedy robber, a bandit
and a glutton, and it is safe to say that a public reading of these
enthusiastic poets of the grasshopper, if given in Kansas or the
Dakotas, would elicit about the same amount and character of
response as would the singing of "The Battle of the Boyne" at
an Irish wake! In point of fact, the following lines of Moore
regarding the locust apply quite as well to the grasshopper:

"Of all the beasts that ever were born,
Your locust most delights in corn;
And though his body be but small,
To fatten him takes the devil and all!"

—The Periwinkles and the Locusts.

But the Acridiidae do not monopolize all the attention of the
poets, as other groups such as the Locustidae are noticed, al-
though they are not always recognized as such:

" — chirps the grasshopper one good-night carol more.
He is an evening reveller, who makes

His life an infancy and sings his fill."

— Byron.

As the Acridiidae do not sing at night, the poet doubtless
alludes in these lines to the longhorned grasshoppers. Philip
Freneau, who has been called "the first national poet of Ameri-
ca," undoubtedly was the first poet to celebrate the song of the
"katy-did":

"In her suit of green arrayed,
Hear her singing in the shade —
Caty-did, Caty-did, Caty-did!"

It may be noticed that he spells the proper noun with a "C'
instead of a "K" and it seems more than likely that Freneau
was the first person to describe the song of the insect in these
syllables. Philip Freneau was born in 1770, graduated at
Princeton and was a college-mate of James Madison. He had
a checkered career, having been successively a privateersman,
a journalist and was appointed by President Jefferson as a trans-
lator for the Department of State. He was found dead in a
swamp, near Freehold, N. J., December 18, 1832. _

Oliver Wendell Holmes, whose poem on this insect is well
known, was led through his slight knowledge of entomology into
the following error:

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 191

"Thou art a female, Katydid!
I know it by the trill
That quivers through thy piercing note
So petulant and shrill."

Reasoning by analogy is not always a safe procedure, and so
it is in this case, because the female katy-did does not sing this
song, and the females of most stridulating insects, including the
Orthoptera, are practically or quite voiceless!

Of the Gryllidae, the house and field-crickets are the subject
of many passages and not a few complete poems. Of the latter,
Cowper's translation of Vincent Bourne's poem dedicated to
"The Cricket" is not by any means the worst.

"Little inmate full of mirth,
Chirping on my kitchen hearth,
Whereso'er be thine abode,
Always harbinger of good,
Pay me for thy warm retreat
With a song more soft and sweet;
In return thou shalt receive
Such a strain as I can give."

This refers, of course, to the European House-cricket, Gryllus
domesticus.

A pleasing variation from the ordinary is Thomas Augustine
Daly's clever Italian dialect poem, called "II Grille ":

"How comes he to dis colda clime
To seeng so tar trom homa?
I catch him manny, manny time
Wen I am boy in Roma.

I catch heem een da fields an' tak'
Heem back eento da ceety,
Where reecha people try to mak'
Deir gardens fine an' pritty.

Dey are so glad for hear heem seeng

Dey no can gat too manny

An' so for evra wan I breeng

Dey geevu me a penny.

Dough here hees song ees justa same,

Hees name I no ca'n speak eet —

Eh? w'at you call hees Anglaice name?

All! 'creecket,' yes, 'da creecket. '

Sh! nevva mind da snow,

An' how da weend ees blow:

Hoo-woo! Hoo-woo! Hoo-wee!

For here eet's warm, an' O!

II grillo seenga so:

Cher-ree! cher-ree! cher-ree!"

192 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922

The Gryllidae of the field are also abundantly mentioned by
both Old World and American poets. A sample of the latter is:

"The cricket to the frog's basoon

His shrillest time is keeping;
The sickle of yon setting moon
The mcadow-rr.ist is reaping."

—Whittier.

The genus Oecanthus is clearly recognizable in Keats's lines:

"Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from the garden-croft."

—To Autumn.

Even more specific are the passages occurring in more recent
poets:

"Pale tree-cricket with his bell
Ringing ceaselessly and well,
Sounding silver to the brass
Of his cousin in the grass."

— Bliss Carmen.

and Madison Cawein has positively identified the genus in these
few lines:

"I see thee quaintly
Beneath the leaf; thy shell-shaped winglets faintly—

(As thin as spangle
Of cobweb rain) — held up at airy angle."

—The Leaf Cricket.

The same author has furnished the only lines so far discovered,
referring to Gryllotalpa:

"And in the grass-grown ruts — where stirs
The harmless snake — mole-crickets sound
Their fairy dulcimers."

An Orthopterous family strangely missing in poetry is the
Blattidae, in view of the abundance of the roaches throughout
the world. It seems possible that among the English poets the
term "beetle" may in some cases refer to these insects, as the
oriental roach is known in Britain as the "black beetle" and
thus we have in Shakespeare:

"Weaving spiders, come not here;
Hence, you long-legged spinners, hence:
Beetles black, approach not near."

—Midsummer Night's Dream.

The earwigs represent the Dermaptera in poetry, and Thomas
Hood with his usual accuracy alludes to the care with which the
common ear-wig of Europe watches over its eggs:

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 193

"The key-hole lodged the ear-wig and her brood.
The emmets ot the steps had old possession,
And marched in search of their diurnal food
In undisturbed procession."

— The Haunted House.

In Love Lane, he voices the age-old superstition, which is
responsible for the vulgar name of this insect:

'Tis vain to talk of hopes and fears
And hope the least reply to win,
From any maid that stops her ears
In dread of ear-wigs creeping in!"

Of the scores of excerpts in the present collection referring to
the Coleoptera, more than one half relate to the glow-worm and
the fire-fly. The mysterious, light-giving powers of the glow-
worms especially, seem to have stirred the imaginations of the
poets to their very depths. At least twenty poets, most of them
of the highest renown, sing at greater or less length, of these
luminous insects. There are also some half dozen complete
poems for which the glow-worm furnishes the principal theme.
The most extensive of these doubtless is Wordsworth's "Star
and the Glow-worm," consisting of 72 lines, and Cowper's
translation from Bourne of 42 lines. But the most interesting,
from an entomological standpoint, is that by James Montgomery,
contemporary with Thomas Say, who explains very charmingly
the purpose of the glow-worm's beacon-light:

"When Evening closes Nature's eye,

The glow-worm lights her little spark,
To captivate her favorite fly,

And tempt the rover through the dark.

Conducted by a sweeter star

Than all that deck the fields above,
He fondly hastens from afar,

To soothe her solitude with love."

Wordsworth, who was essentially a poet of nature, affords
numerous references to these insects, and this probably is due
to his long residence in the humid "lake regions" of North
England where glow-worms no doubt were numerous and con-
spicuous.

It is somewhat disappointing to an admirer of Tennyson tb
see him entering the lists of the "grave-yard poets," in the
following lines:

"Chant me now some wicked stave,
Till thy drooping courage rise,
And the glow-worm of the grave
Glimmer in thy rheumy eyes."

— The Vision of Sin.

194 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

No one will deny the power of the lines, but the expression
"glow-worm of the grave" is misleading from an entomologist's
point of view, although no doubt some unfortunate glow-worms
are compelled, through the carelessness of their forebears, to
dwell in graveyards. Fortunately, however, most of the refer-
ences to these harmless insects are of a much more sane and
pleasing kind, such as this, which recalls our childhood days:

"Oft has she taught them on her lap to play
Delighted, with the glow-worm's harmless ray
Tossed light from hand to hand; while on the ground
Small circles of green radiance gleam around."

— Wordsworth: An Evening Walk,

Although the winged Lampyridae or fireflies are not so fre-
quently mentioned as the glow-worm, several passages are
famous and frequently quoted, such as this from Tennyson:

"Many a night I saw the Pleiads, rising thro' the mellow shade,
Glitter like a swarm of fire-flies tangled in a silver braid."

—Locksley Hall.

A single reference to the luminous Elateridae occurs in Whittier:

"Star-like, beneath whose somber shade,
The fiery-winged cucullo played!"

— Voices of Freedom.

Another group of beetles which has appealed strongly to poets
is that of the family Ptinidae,1 known popularly as "the death-
watch." These insects are common in old houses both in this
country and Europe, living within the woodwork, where the
adult males have the habit of producing a ticking sound, prob-
ably by a sharp movement of the head against the surrounding
woodwork. This^ sound is vulgarly supposed to portend the
death of some inmate of the house, and poets have introduced
both the insect and the legend in such scenes as the "Dirge of
Wallace":

"And the lady of Elderslie wept for her lord,

When a death-watch beat in her lonely room,
When her curtain had shook of its own accord;
And the raven had flapped at her window-board,
To tell of her warrior's doom!"

—Thomas Campbell.

The same insects, in most cases, constitute the "book-worm"
of poets, although these gentry have not recognized this fact,
and Thomas Parnell, a 17th century bard (unable to identify
the creature), apparently has created a mythical composite, for
public edification:

'Ptinus fur Linn., P. brunneus Dufts. and Sitodrepa panacea Linn.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 195

"Come hither, boy, we'll hunt today,

The bookworm, ravening beast of prey,

*****

Dreadful his head with clustering eyes
With horns without, and tusks within,
And scales to serve him for a skin."

and so on, for a hundred lines. It seems possible, however, that
the poet had in mind Lepisma saccharina^ a figure and account
of which was published previous to Parnell's time, by Robert
Hooke in his "Micrographia" (London, 1665). Entomologists
of the present day, of course, recognize the Lepismae as impor-
tant enemies of books and paper goods.

An amusing quatrain on the book-worm is by Robert Burns.
It seems the poet had entered a splendid library, wherein he
found an uncut but beautifully bound copy of Shakespeare, in
a badly worm-eaten condition, which elicited the following:

"Through and through the inspired leaves
Ye maggots, make your windings,
But, oh! respect his lorship's taste,
And spare his golden bindings."

Every child'is familiar with the rhymes warning the lady-bird
of imminent and disastrous conflagration, but what seems to be
the earliest mention of a similar verse among English poets
occurs in John Gay, who wrote this in 1714:

"This lady-fly I take from off the grass,
Whose spotted back might scarlet red surpass,
'Fly, lady-bird, north, south, or east, or west,
Fly where the man is found that I love best."

— The Shepherd's Week.

Numerous versions of this occur throughout Europe and the
following is said to be from the Chinese, but sounds like a
"Mother Goose Melody":

"Ladybug, ladybug, fly away, do,
Fly to the mountains and feed upon dew.
Feed upon dew, and sleep on a rug,
And then run away like a good little bug."

An entirely original and different poem is by Southey, who
apostrophizes a Coccinellid under the title of "burnie bee," a
provincial vulgar name for the insect:

"Blithe son of summer, furl thy filmy wing,

Alight beside me on this bank of moss;
Yet to its sides the lingering shadows cling,

And sparkling dews the dark-green tufts emboss."

Then the poet proceeds to offer liquid refreshments:

196 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

"Here mayst thou freely quaff the nectar's sweet
That in the violet's purple chalice hides."

which, in view of the beetle's well-known hankering for fresh
meat in the form of aphids, could hardly be acceptable to the
insect!

The familiar cock-chafer of Europe, which takes the place of
our June-beetles in that country, was formerly known in the
North of England as the "Buzzard clock" and Tennyson has
celebrated it as such in his poem in dialect on the "Northern
Farmer" (old style). The farmer is speaking of the parson in
church:

"An" I hallus corned to 's church afoor my Sally wur dead,
An' 'eerd un a bummin' away loike a buzzard clock ower my yead,
An' I niver knaw'd what a mean'd but a thowt a 'ad summut to saay,
An' I thowt a said whot a owt to'a said an' I corned awaay. "

In view of the abundance and familiarity of the Hemiptera, it
is remarkable that these insects have been consistently neglected
in the songs of practically all the English poets.

It seems inexplicable, too, that, although most of the other
familiar insects of the household, such as the flea, the house-fly,
the house-cricket, and even that unspeakable creature, the
"cootie" of recent renown, have all been duly celebrated in
poetry; the bed-bug (anciently known in England as the "wall
lowse"), has almost entirely escaped poetic mention, if we
except the well-known doggerel quatrain which gloats over the
fact that, even lacking the undeniable advantages of aerial pro-
pulsion, the insect invariably arrives at the psychological
moment. The sole exception is the neo-omniscient Butler, who,
in ridiculing the use of talismans or amulets, says in Hudibras:

"Swore you had broke and robbed his house,

And stole his talismanique louse,

*****

His flea, his morpion, and punese,
He had gotten for his proper ease,
And all in perfect minutes made,
By th' ablest artists of the trade;
Which he could prove it since he lost,
He has been eaten up almost."

"Punese" is an obsolete term for the bedbug, possibly derived
from the French (punaise), and morpion is the equivalent of
crab-louse, from the same language. In the Middle Ages, which
had come to a close but a hundred years previous to Butler's
birth, knowledge of the virtues of amulets and talismans formed
a very important branch of medicine and doubtless these super-
stitious practices still prevailed commonly in the first half of
the 17th century.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 197

It seems obvious that Lowell himself would have been the
last to contend that most of the rhymes included in the "Bige-
low Papers" were poetry; especially those signed "Birdofredum
Sawin" describing some experiences of an American soldier in
the Mexican war:

"You never see sech darned gret bugs (it
may not be irrelevant
To say I've seen a Scarabaeus pilularius
big ez a year old elephant).
The ridgiment come up one day in time
to stop a red-bug

From runnin' off with Cunnle Wright,
— 't wuz jest a common Cimex lectularius. "

Longfellow apparently had the water-striders in mind, when
in Hiawatha he says:

"Insects glistened in the sunshine,
Insects skated on the water."

as no other aquatic insects can be said to "skate" on the water,
although the Gyrinidae of the Coleoptera may almost justify
the term.

One would also expect the Cicadae of the Homoptera to have
received abundant attention by the British poets because of the
vociferous qualities of their songs, but this is not the case. As
noted elsewhere, the grasshopper has received the lion's share
of praise in this respect. The few references to the Cicadae in
British poetry occur chiefly under the Italian name of cicala or
cicale. The reason for this becomes plainly evident when we
learn that the cicada is an uncommon insect in Britain, being
represented by a single species, which is said to be a "great
rarity."1 Our American bards, on the other hand, have been
more attentive to these songsters which are so abundant both
in species and numbers throughout the length and breadth of the
land. It is not always easy, because of the confusion existing in
the popular mind regarding the use of the word "locust," to
determine whether an American poet refers to a grasshopper or
a cicada. The following, however, dedicated to the "locust,"
without question really refers to the cicada.

"Sitting with ripeness 'neath the orchard-tree
Trying repeatedly the same shrill phrase. "

— Cawein.

'Harold Bastin, British Insects and How to Know Them: "Of these, the
Cicadas, so numerous in tropical countries, are represented in Britain by a single
species. As a nymph, it is said to feed at the roots of bracken. The adult is
occasionally captured in the New Forest and elsewhere; but it is a great rarity."

198 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

Other poetical passages in recent authors are readily referable
to the cicada, as:

"The harvest-fly with sudden jingling sound,
Rings his triangle in the drowsy trees,
He bids us note wan Summer drifting by,
Her robe scarce stirring in the languid breeze. "

—Belle A. Hitchcock.

Chas. G. D. Roberts, Mrs. J. G. Wilson and other recent
American poets have noticed the Cicadae in poetry.

Although the Aphids swarm in countless numbers over nearly
all the common plants of the field during summer, it has re-
mained for Erasmus Darwin to raise a lone and albeit somewhat
quavering voice in their behalf:

"The countless Aphides, prolific tribe
With greedy trunks the honey's sap imbibe;
Swarm on each leaf with eggs or embryons big,
And pendant nations tenant every twig."

of Society.

Because of their amazingly swift flight and ferocious habits,
perhaps it is not to be wondered at that the dragon-flies have
ever been regarded by country folk with a species of superstitious
awe. In the 16th century the vulgar name for the insects in
England was "adder's boulte" and to this day they are "devil's-
darning-needles" to many people of intelligence; while in Penn-
sylvania they are "snake-doctors" or "snake-feeders," and to
be avoided as one would a pestilence ! The poets, however, have
seen nothing but their beautiful colors and aerial maneuvers,
and only the poets of comparatively recent times have sung of
them. Thomas Moore apparently is the first poet who notices
them and he mentions the Agrionidae:

"The beautiful blue damsel-flies
That flutter'd round the jasmine stems
Like winged flowers or flying gems."

And Jean Ingelow, who was contemporary, sings of the Libellu-
lidae:

"And forth on floating gauze, no jewelled queen
So rich, the green-eyed dragon-flies would break,
And hover on the flowers — most aerial things,
With little rainbows flickering on their wings."

Longfellow, Browning, Meredith, MacDonald, Whittier, Bry-
ant, and many others have done likewise, but the finest lines of
all, at least from an entomological point of view, are those of
Tennyson's in The Two Voices:

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, XO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 199

"Today I saw the dragon-fly .
Come from the wells where he did lie;
An inner impulse rent the veil
Of his old husk; from head to tail,
Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.
He dried his wings: like gauze they grew;
Thro' crofts and pastures wet with dew
A living flash of light he flew. "

That the mendacious and detestable house-flea, still so com-
mon in some European countries, which are supposed to rest
on the very crest of advanced civilization, was equally common
there from three to five hundred years ago, seems evident from
the testimony of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Butler and Swift. As
fleas are now known to be vectors of bubonic plague, this is most
significant when we consider that the first three of these poets
existed before or during the period of the great plague of Lon-
don, and Swift was born two years after the most terrible out-
break of the disease that ever occurred in Britain. Perhaps the
best known poetical passage relative to the flea is that occurring
in Jonathan Swift's Rhapsody, but which is often credited to his
critic, Dr. Johnson. There are numerous versions of this but
the original is:

"So, naturalists observe, a flea
Has smaller fleas that on him prey;
And these have smaller still to bite 'em,
And so proceed ad infinitum.
Thus'every poet in his kind
Is bit by him that comes behind."

There can be but little doubt that Swift received the inspira-
tion for this idea from the announcement by Anthony Van Leeu-
wenhoek, a Dutch contemporary naturalist, that the house flea is
parasitized in the pupal stage, and so was able to make use of it
in this witty and humorous way.1

A less known passage occurs in Butler's Hudibras, where he is
telling of the great wisdom of one of his characters and that he

knew:
t

"How many scores a flea will jump,

Of his own length, from head to rump.
Which Socrates and Chaerephon
In vain assayed so long agone;
Whether his snout a perfect nose is
And not an elephant's proboscis."

This appertains to Aristophane's comedy of the "Clouds," in
which a flea jumps from Socrates's forehead to the head of

'See Dr. D. F. Harris, Scientific Monthly, Feb. 1921.

200 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

Chaerephon, thus precipitating an argument as to how far a flea
could jump! They did not, however, attempt to measure in
terms of the length of body of the insect as Butler infers, but
dipped the feet of the flea in melted wax which presently har-
dened into shoes, which they took ofFand used as a unit of length
in measuring the leap.

Imagination is the poet's stock-in-trade, and, although the
occurrence of parthenogenesis, pedogenesis, and polyembryony
among insects have prepared the entomologist for almost any-
thing in the way of biological phenomena, it has remained for
Owen Meredith to "go all of these one better," in a poem called
"Small People":

"The Wasp told the Midge and the Gnat,
And the Gnat told the Flea and the Nit.
The Nit dropped an egg as she sat;
The Flea shrugged his shoulders and bit."

We were quite prepared for the bite of the flea, that was to be
expected, but the astounding action of the nit leaves us entirely
flabbergasted!

According to Shakespeare:

"A dozen white louses do become an old coat well;
It is a familiar beast to man, and signifies love."

— Merry Wives of Windsor,

Fortunately the opinion expressed in the first line of this passage
no longer prevails, but that the insect again became "a familiar
beast to man" during the Great War, many an American soldier
will testify. He learned to know, however, that it signifies not
love, but death, and that in a horrible form! Illustrative of the
vagaries of the poets is the reaction produced in the mind of
Robert Burns by the sight of a louse (filthy vector of a terrible
disease), on the bonnet of a lady in church ! This vision inspired
a poem which culminates in one of the wittiest and most sapient
passages in all poetry, now famous the world over:

"O, wad some pow'r the giftie gie us
To see oursels as ithers see us!
It wad frae monie a blunder free us."

Sometimes the nit or egg of the louse is mentioned, as in Shakes-
peare:

"And his page on the other side, that handfull of wit,
Ah, heavens, it is a most pathetical nit!"

The nit of the louse at that time was recognized as in some way
related to it, but was not identified as the egg of the pest until
long afterwards.

In Butler's day it was quite the thing to ridicule the embryonic

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24. NO. 7-8, OCT.-XOV., 1922 201

beginnings of Natural Science, just as it has until recently been
the fashion to regard the study of "bugs" as unworthy the
attention of serious-minded people. The following lines of that
author's Hudibras are directed against the Royal Society of
London, which was then but recently founded:

"He knew whats'ever's to be known,

And much more than he knew would own.

*****

Whether a pulse beat in the black
List of a dappled louse's back;

If systole or diastole move
Quickest when he's in wrath or love;
When two of them do run a race,
Whether they gallop, trot or pace."

Fortunate indeed for the welfare of mankind is the fact that the
day for ridiculing entomology is gone, never to return.

The saying that a "little nonsense now and then" is relished
by even the elect, is familiar to all, but Solomon seems to express
the opposite view in:

"The tongue of the wise adorneth knowledge;
But the mouth of fools bubbleth out folly!"

Those who side with the patriarch would better withdraw
their attention for the present, as what follows pretends to be
nothing but nonsense! The rhymes and jingles relating to
insects are almost endless and, to those who can smile without
undue effort, are often amusing. The following, whose author-
ship is unknown, appeared in Entomological News some years
since:

"A flea and a fly in a flue
Were imprisoned so what could they do?
Said the flea, 'Let us fly,'
Said the fly, 'Let us flee,'
So they flew through a flaw in the flue."

A similar verbal see-saw recently has appeared in the "Yale
Record":

"If flies are flies because they fly,
And fleas are fleas because they flee,
Then bees are bees because they be."

Frequently these entomological jests take the form of fables,
such as the following:

"Double, Double Toil and Trouble."

An ant, a wasp and a bumble-bee
Were met one day beneath a tree;

202 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

"Alas," said the wasp; "the wood these days
Is so very tough, I am nearly crazed,
And they've plastered the posts with creosote
It has given me such a pain in my throat!"

"Pooh, pooh!" quoth the ant, "your troubles are mean,

Why, they've slaughtered my aphids with nicotine,

And filled my halls with a poison gas

So that even our workers can not pass;

Such a horrible odor you never sniffed,

I've a racking cough and am terribly miffed!"

The bumble-bee hummed in his contra-bass,
As he wiped the pollen from his face,
"This farmer of mine is exceedingly rude,
He has cut his clover and starved my brood!"
Then they groaned in chorus, to disappear,
In the circumjacent atmosphere.

James J. Montague, whose clever rhymes appear daily under
the caption "More Truth than Poetry," in numerous news-
papers throughout the land, is fond of entomological themes.
Recently there appeared in his column an amusing discussion
on the fable of the grasshopper and the ant, in which, as usual,
the industry of the latter is contrasted with the vagrancy of the
grasshopper. This terminates as follows:

"Yet grasshoppers swarm from the north every year

And feast on the ripening grain;
They eat every blade, every leaf, every spear,
Again and again and again."

Evidently Mr. Montague had read the First Report of the
Entomological Commission, but failed to learn the sequel! — but
he goes on :

"While the ants have to work or they don't get along
Which seems to establish that something is wrong.
You may know the moral to this little song,
To me it is not very plain!"

However, Joe Lincoln, in "Cape Cod Ballads," takes an
entirely different view of this enigma and perhaps he has solved
the mystery:

"But, mind you, the ant, all summer long,
Had heard the grasshopper's merry song,
And had laughed with the rest of the happy throng

At the bubbling notes of glee;
And said to himself, as his cash he lent.
Or started out to collect his rent,
'The shif'less fool don't charge a cent —

I'm getting the whole show free!"

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922 203

The famous physician, Edward Jenner, discoverer of vaccina-
tion as a preventive of small-pox, wrote a rhyming letter to a
friend giving forty reasons for declining an invitation to make
an excursion. Among these were the following:

"The soot falls down, the spaniels sleep,

And spiders from their cobwebs peep,
**'***

How restless are the snorting swine,
The busy flies disturb the kine,

*****
Low o'er the grass the swallow wings,

The cricket, too, how sharp he sings!
*****

Through the clear streams the fishes rise,

And nimbly catch the incautious flies.

*****

The glow-worm, numerous and light
llumed the dewy dell last night.
*****

'T will surely rain; I see with sorrow
Our jaunt must be put off tomorrow.'

— Signs of Rain.

Entomological fables like other varieties are perennial, but
what is believed to be a new one is this:

A hungry sparrow chanced to spy

A brightly painted dragon-fly;

This gaudy fly, who was most vain, •

Bespoke the sparrow with disdain;

"Just gaze upon my turquoise wings,

Are they not resplendent things?

And then my slender, graceful tail,

Admire it, you cannot fail."

But the sparrow cast a cynic's eye

Upon this boastful dragon-fly;

"I think this tail is much too long":

Then snapped it off — and so do I!

204 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT. -NOV., 1922

TWO NEW GENERA OF APHIIDAE > (HOMOPTERA).

BY RYOICHI TAK.AHASHI,
Dept. dgri., Gov't Research Institute, Taihoku, Formosa.

Neophorodon new genus.

Wingless form. — Body provided with many distinct capitate hairs. Frontal
tubercles conspicuous, lacking tubercles on the inner side. Antennae 6-jointed,
spur of the 6th joint longer than the base, the 1st joint provided with a promi-
nent tubercle on the inner side. Eyes normal. Dorsal and lateral tubercles
absent. Cornicles long, gradually swollen on the distal half. Cauda stout,
shorter than the cornicle, longer than wide, tapering. Anal plate and tarsi
normal.

Winged form. — Body lacking capitate hairs. Frontal tubercles short.
Antennae provided with circular or oval sensoria, the 1st joint with a small
tubercle. Wing veins normal.

Type. — Neophorodon rubi new species.

This new genus is closely allied to Phorodon Passerini and
Acanthaphis Matsumara, but differs from the former in lacking
projections on the frontal tubercles, and from the latter in hav-
ing no tubercles on the dorsum of the abdomen.

Neophorodon rubi new species.

Wingless viviparous female. — Pale yellow. Eyes black. Antennae mostly
black. Cornicles pale brown, with black apices. Cauda yellow. Legs pale
brown; apices of tibiae, and tarsi black.

Body oblong, provided with many rather long capitate hairs. Frontal
tubercles conspicuous, almost as long as the 2d antennal joint; the inner side
very slightly convex, lacking projections, but provided with 2 capitate hairs.

Antennae provided with a few short capitate hairs; the 1st joint much larger
than the 2d, with a broad blunt tubercle, which does not reach the apex of the
2d joint and provided with two capitate hairs, on the inner side; the 2d joint
lacking tubercles; the 3d joint slightly imbricated, lacking sensoria; the 4th
joint imbricated; the relative length of joints as follows: 111-33, IV-22, V-21,
VI-61 (15 + 46).

Rostrum reaching middle legs. Eyes normal. Body lacking dorsal and
lateral tubercles. Cornicles long, as long as the 6th antennal joint, almost
reaching the base of the cauda, almost not imbricated, somewhat swollen on the
distal half, expanded at the base, about 4.2 times as long as wide, about 4 times
as long as the cauda. Cauda short, stout, triangular when seen from above,
longer than wide, with the apex rounded, provided with 2 pairs of moderately
long lateral bristles. Legs slender, furnished with many capitate hairs; hind
tarsi a little shorter than the cauda. Length of body, 2.2 mm.; cornicle, 0.4
mm.; antenna, 1.3 mm.

Winged viviparous female. — Yellowish brown. Head, antennae, and thorax
black. Abdomen somewhat dusky at the middle of the dorsum. Cornicles
slightly dusky. Cauda yellow. Wings hyaline; stigma gray; veins dark

'Takahashi's spelling Aphididae amended by the editor.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922 205

brown. Legs yellowish brown, apices of tibiae slightly dusky, tarsi blackish.
Body lacking capitate hairs; head provided with some short normal bristles.
Frontal tubercles very short, somewhat projecting on the inner side. Antennae
lacking hairs; the 1st joint larger than the 2d, with a short blunt tubercle on the
inner side, the 3d joint not imbricated, provided with 27 large oval sensoria
scattered over the whole length; the 4th joint somewhat imbricated, provided
with 14 large circular or oval sensoria scattered over the whole length; the 5th
joint provided with 5 large sensoria in a row over the whole length, the apical
sensoria large and oval, the relative length of joints as follows: 111-49, IV-29,
V-26, VI-67 (15 + 52). Rostrum reaching the middle legs. Subcosta provided
with 7 small sensoria on the distal two thirds; the 2d branch of the 3d oblique
rather short, hind wings with 2 almost parallel obliques; booklets 3. Cornicles
almost similar to those of the wingless form, moderately swollen on the distal
two thirds, expanded at the base, 5 times as long as wide, as long as the spur of
the last antennal joint, almost 4 times as long as the cauda. Cauda triangular
when seen from above, almost as long as wide, provided with 2 pairs of lateral
bristles. Legs slender, provided with many bristles; hind tarsi as long as the
cauda. Length of body, 2.25 mm.; fore wing, 3.4 mm.; antenna, 1.5 mm.;
cornicle, 0.37 mm.

Host. — Rubus sp. (Rubus fraxi nifolius?}, attacking the leaf
and the young shoot.

Hab. — Formosa (Kagi). Collected by the author in March,
1921.

Described from specimens preserved in alcohol.

Type. — Retained by the writer.

Trichosiphonaphis new genus.

Wingless form. — Body wide, provided with some short capitate hairs. Frontal
tubercles large, with a short blunt tubercle on the inner side. Antennae 6-
jointed, spur longer than the base, the 1st joint slightly convex on the inner side.
Dorsal and lateral tubercles absent. Cornicles cylindrical, somewhat swollen
near the apex, provided with some prominent capitate hairs. Cauda large,
longer than wide, somewhat constricted at the base, shorter than the cornicle.
Tarsi and anal plate normal.

Winged form. — Body lacking capitate hairs. Frontal tubercles very short,
slightly convex on the inner side. Antennal sensoria circular. The 3d oblique
of the front wings twice forked; hind wings with one oblique. Cornicles cylin-
drical, slightly swollen near the apex, provided with some bristles which are not
knobbed.

Type. — Myzus polygoniformosanus Takah.

This new genus is closely related to Myzus Passerini, but
differs from it in the following characters.

1. Hind wings with only one oblique. 2. Cornicles provided
with normal or capitate hairs.

Trichosiphonaphis polygoniformosanus Takah.

Myzus polygoniformosanus^ Takahashi, Aphididae of Formosa, 1, Agr.
Expt. St. Formosa, p. 18, pi. XIV, 1, figs. 1-3. (1921).

206 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 7-8, OCT.-NOV., 1922

Winged viviparous female. — Body lacking hairs. Head provided with a few
normal hairs. Frontal tubercles very short, somewhat convex on the inner
side. Antennae imbricated, lacking hairs; the 1st joint almost straight on the
inner side; the 3d joint' provided with about 45 very small circular sensoria
scattered over the whole length; the 4th joint provided with 18 similar sensoria;
the 5th joint provided with about 8 sensoria almost in a row, the apical sensoria
larger; the relative length of joints as follows: 111-61, IV-37, V-32, VI-91
(13 + 78). Rostrum reaching the middle legs. Fore wings with the 3d oblique
twice forked; subcosta provided with about 10 small circular sensoria on the
distal half; stigmatic vein not strongly curved; hind wings with one oblique,
hooklets 4, wing veins rather stout. Cornicles cylindrical, imbricated, very
slightly dilated on the basal and apical portions, 25 times as long as the cauda,
reaching almost to its base, 6 times as long as wide, provided with some moderately
long hairs which are not knobbed. Cauda short, stout, broadened on the
basal half, longer than wide, provided with 2 pairs of lateral bristles near the
apex. Legs long and slender, provided with many setae; tarsi rather slender;
hind tarsi as long as the cauda. Length of body, about 1.8 mm.; cornicle,
0.3 mm.; antenna, about 1.8 mm.; fore wing, 2.5 mm.

Host. — Polygonum perfo/iatus, attacking the leaf and the stem.
Hab. — Formosa (Taihoku, Kagi); Japan (Tokyo).

Actual date of publication, November 18, 1922.

VOL. 24 DEC., 1922 No. 9

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

JAN - 2 1923
**<

CONTENTS

CUSHMAN, R. A. - THE IDENTITY OF ICHNEUMON COCCINELLAE SCHRANK.

(HVM.) ........................... 241

SCHAUS, W. - NOTES ON THE NEOTROPICAL EPIPASCHIINAE WITH DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES ........... 208

SHARP, DAVID - OBITUARY NOTE OF ........... . . . . . 207

PUBLISHED MONTHLY EXCEPT JULY, AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

BY THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Entered ai «econd-cUii matter March 10, 1919, at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., under

Act of August 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October
3. 1917, authorized July 3, 1918.

THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF WASHINGTON

ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884.

The regular meetings of the Society are held on the first Thursday of each
month, from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P. M.

Annual dues for members are $3.00; initiation fee $1.00. Members are
entitled to the PROCEEDINGS and any manuscript submitted by them is given
precedence over that submitted by non-members.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1922.

Honorary President E. A. SCHWARZ

President A. B. GAHAN

First Vice-President A. G. BOVING

Second Vice-President R. A. CUSHMAN

Recording Secretary C. T. GREENE

Corresponding Secretary-Treasurer S. A. ROHWER

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Editor A. C. BAKER

East Falls Church, Va.
Executive Committee: THE OFFICERS and A. N. CAUDELL, A. L. QUAINTANCE,

J. M. AI.DRICH.
Representing the Society as a Vice-President of the Washington Academy of

Sciences . S. A. ROHWER

PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.

Published monthly, except July, August and September, by the Society at
Washington, D. C. Terms of subscription: Domestic, $4.00 per annum;
foreign, $4.25 per annum; recent single numbers, 50 cents, foreign postage extra.
All subscriptions are payable in advance. Remittances should be made payable
to the Entomological Society of Washington.

Authors of leading articles in the PROCEEDINGS will be given 10 copies of the
number in which their article appears. Reprints without covers will be fur-
nished at the following rates, provided a statement of the number desired
accompanies the manuscript:

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Certain charges are made on illustrations and there are rules and suggestions
governing the make-up of articles published. Contributors may secure infor-
mation on these points by application to the Editor or Corresponding Secretary.
All manuscripts should be sent to the Editor.

PLATE 16

PKOC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24

DAVID SHARP

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

VOL. 24 DEC., 1922 No. 9

DR. DAVID SHARP, the only honorary member of the Entomo-
logical Society of Washington, died August 27, 1922, at Brocken-
hurst, England, at the age of 82. Although primarily a very
distinguished Coleopterist, he was not only a very broad entomolo-
gist, but in general zoology, especially in the matter of nomencla-
ture and its principles, he was one of the foremost of English
workers. It is not too much to say that at the time of his death
he was the most distinguished of all living entomologists, a fact
which was recognized not only by our own Society but by practi-
cally all of the prominent entomological societies of the world.

Beginning with 1865, several hundred papers by Sharp have
been published, the most important being his great monograph
of the aquatic beetles (Dytiscidae) and the remarkable work by
himself and his son-in-law, Frederick Muir, on the comparative
anatomy of the male genital tube in Coleoptera, which opened a
new vista in the study of the phylogeny of the beetles.

His full bibliography will no doubt be published by his English
colleagues, but as ours is an American society we should mention
some of his contributions to the knowledge of the Coleoptera of
the New World. In 1876 his monograph of the Staphylinidae
of the Amazon Valley was published; in 1885 "On the Coleoptera
of the Hawaiian Islands by the Rev. T. Blackburn and Dr. D.
Sharp," more fully extended in the "Fauna Hawaiiensis"; a large
and important portion of the " Biologia Centrali-Americana"
comprising several families. He also was the chief organizer of
the British Exploration of the Lesser Antilles of which he pub-
lished as a sort of introduction the Zoological Bibliography of the
Lesser Antilles (1888).

In the North American entomological literature only a small
but interesting paper can be found (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
1918), "On the New York Weevil (Ithycerus noveboracensis},"
and there is also an extract from a letter by him on the reputed
occurrence of the Palm Weevil (Rhynchophonis palmarum) in
California. From this latter note we learn that in 1867 or 1868,
in connection with the late Mr. E. Brown and his friend Mr. G. R.
Crotch, he financed a small coleopterological exploration by send-
ing an experienced collector, Mr. J. R. Hardy, to California.

His noteworthy services as Editor of the Zoological Record,
and his two wonderful volumes on the Insecta, published in the
Cambridge datura1 History and which are to be found in almost
daily use in every entomological laboratory in America, have
e;iven him an enduring tame among biologists. His death has left
a uap which will probably never be filled by any single man.

208 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

NOTES ON THE NEOTROPICAL EPIPASCHIINAE WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES.

BY W. SCI^AUS.

The types of the new species are in the National Museum,
except three which are at Cornell University and are represented
in the National Collection by cotypes. The new forms from
Central America, Cuba and French Guiana were collected by
Barnes and Schaus; otherwise, where known, the collector's
name is given.

Milgithea, new genus.

Male. — Antennae fasciculate with a thickly scaled process reaching middle of
thorax, bent back, its end downturned, and at base is laterally covered with
long broad scales. Palpi upturned reaching well above vertex, the second joint
thick, long, smooth, with a furrow on its inner side, the third joint short, acute.
Fore wings: vein 2 from before angle of cell; 3 from angle; 4 and 5 from angle,
approximated at base; 6 from upper angle downcurved; 7, 8, 9 stalked; 10 from
cell usually anastomosing with 8; 11 free. Hind wings: vein 2 from before
angle; 3 from angle; 4 and 5 shortly stalked or approximated, in the female some-
times from a point; 7 anastomosing with 8.

Type of genus. — Pococera melanoleuca Hampson.
Differs from Paranatula Dyar in the much thicker palpi and
the very different antennal process.

Milgithea suramisa, new species.

Male. — Palpi chestnut, tipped with white, the process cacao brown with white
scaling behind at tip. Head and patagia white. Collar clay color. Thorax
white and gray irrorated with iridescent pinkish scales. Abdomen above black
with light buff segmental lines. Body below mostly white, the legs inwardly
opalescent, outwardly black with white rings. Fore wings white; a triangular
black spot on costa at base with some olive brown scales on it, and a fine line of
black scales from its apex, outbent and expanding on inner margin; a black ante-
medial line from costa outangled in cell with only a few black and ochreous
scales below cell, this line preceding a large black costal spot and an olive green
spot in cell; a wavy inbent medial black line from below cell to inner margin;
an oblique black spot on discocellular suffusing with an elongated black spot on
costa; a waved postmedial black line with a white spot at costa; terminal space
purple drab suffused with black at apex; a fine terminal black diffused line; cilia
whitish with black spots. Hind wings whitish, the termen suffused with mouse
gray; a postmedial blackish line angled on vein 2 near termen; a dark terminal
line; cilia divided by a black line towards apex. Fore wings below white suffused
with fuscous, the white costal spot at postmedial line very prominent; the post-
medial line on hind wing not approaching termen.

Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat. — Poas, Costa Rica; a female from Jalapa, Mexico.
Type— Cat. No. 25648, U. S. N. M.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 209

Near M. melanoleuca Hampson and M. albimedialis Hampson.
Arnatula circumlucens Dyar is better placed under Milgithea.

Paranatula vincentia, new species.

Male. — Palpi light buff. Head, collar and thorax white, the collar shaded
medially with pinkish cinnamon. Abdomen white shaded dorsally with cinna-
mon, also with a few black scales on terminal segments. Fore wings white
shaded with pearl gray on interspaces; some light pinkish cinnamon scales at
base; a subbasal black point below cell overlaid with raised pinkish scales; some
dark gray scales at base of inner margin; an elongated pinkish cinnamon medial
patch on costal margin entering cell and touching a velvety black spot of raised
scales and a small dark gray spot beyond it at end of cell; a similar quadrate
patch from above submedian to inner margin, the two connected by a fine
pinkish cinnamon line; a diffuse postmedial line of raised white scales tipped with
black from below costa, outangled at vein 5; an outer line, fine, white, defined by
the pearl gray shading, preceded by tiny dark gray streaks on veins 2-5, preceded
on costa by a small pinkish cinnamon spot, and followed by a similar larger spot;
irregular marginal pinkish cinnamon shading from below vein 5 to tornus; an
interrupted terminal black line; cilia yellow buff with black spots. Hind wings
suffused with smoky drab, the inner margin and a streak below cell and vein 2
yellowish white; a dark terminal line and a similar line on cilia near base. Hind
wings below whitish, the apex and termen narrowly smoky; traces of a sub-
terminal line from costa.

Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.

Type.— Cat. No. 25649, U. S. N. M.

The antennal process is only moderate in length. Veins 4
and 5 on both wings very closely approximated at base.

Paranatula Dyar is closely allied to Apocera Schaus differing
in the longer antennal process.

Besides Apocera costata Schaus, the genus includes Arnatula
colorata Dyar.

Oneida mejona, new species.

Male. — Palpi light buff, the third joint white tipped with fuscous. Head
whitish. Collar salmon color, the scales behind tipped with white. Thorax light
grayish vinaceous. Abdomen above grayish buff, with segmental brown shad-
ing. Fore wings: base to near middle cinnamon, its outer edge obliquely
curved, some black scales on it from submedian to inner margin; a short black
streak at base of inner margin; an antemedial oblique line ot raised black scales
from cell to near inner margin, some darker cinnamon scales above it in cell and
on costa, followed in cell by a black point; a medial white shade from costa to
below cell; postmedial space gray-white darker on inner margin; a short black
medial line on inner margin; cinnamon suffusion on costa, and irroration beyond
cell; an oblique white lunule on discocellular; an outbent line of black and cin-
namon scales from fold to inner margin; a subterminal white line, incurved
below costa, outcurved below vein 5, and incurved below vein 3, preceded

210 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

between veins 5 and 8 by an irregular quadrate spot edged with some black
scales; termen gray, veins 4 to 8 cinnamon; apex cinnamon, the costal edge at
apex black; a black terminal line; cilia whitish divided by a gray line. Hind
wings white, the costal margin red; a narrow terminal smoky shade; cilia white
divided by a gray line toward apex. Fore wings below dark red overlaid with
deep neutral gray scales, the termen dull gray; a yellowish streak on costa
beyond middle and subterminal yellow spot. Hind wings below white; costal
margin to median, and base of veins 3 and 4 dark red; apex yellowish white.
Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat. — -Volcan Sta Maria, Guatemala.
Type— Cut. No. 25650, U. S. N. M.

Tioga egvina, new species.

Female. — Palpi white irrorated with fuscous. Head whitish; collar reddish
brown; patagia vinaceous buff; abdomen brownish with white segmental lines
and darker dorsal spots on last three segments. Fore wings: base black followed
by a large round white spot extending from costa to near submedian, edged
behind with black scales; an antemedial fuscous shade from costa to below cell
followed by a large triangular white space from costa to just below vein 2 edged
with black scaling, its outer edge irregularly dentate and cut on costa by the
postmedial line; a small dark spot on costa at middle; postmedial line outcurved
from vein 7 to vein 2, fine, dark, lunular, inbent on vein 2 to dark edging of white
space, then indistinctly double and outbent to inner margin; inner margin
broadly vinaceous fawn; the space preceding postmedial line between veins 6
and 2 shaded with light vinaceous fawn; terminal space white irrorated with
drab; a terminal black line interrupted by white spots at veins; apex suffused
with fuscous; cilia white with fuscous spots at veins. Hind wings whitish
suffused with fuscous; cilia white with fuscous spots from apex to vein 2, then
divided by a dark line to anal angle. Wings below suffused with fuscous, the
hind wings less so than above.

Expanse, 25 mm.

Habitat. — French Guiana.

Type— Cat. No. 25651, U. S. N. M.

Tetralopha vanenga, new species.

Male. — Palpi avellaneous, the third joint streaked in front and tipped with
black. Head white mottled with buff and gray. Collar white shaded with
buff. Thorax and patagia white mottled with fuscous. Abdomen above
whitish buff with dark irrorations. Legs whitish irrorated with brown, the fore
tarsi fuscous with white rings. Fore wings with anterior half mostly grayish
with some black irrorations; a white spot at base; antemedial black streaks on
costa, in cell, and a small spot below cell partly overlaid with broad white scales;
furrow in cell rather large, a black streak below it, a black patch on costa above
it, and a small patch of black and white scales below vein 2; a black point at
origin of veins 4 and 5; a vinaceous buff spot on costa before postmedial line
which is outcurved, deeply dentate, black, not traceable below vein 3; inner
margin antemedially broadly shaded with vinaceous cinnamon; similar shading

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 211

terminally from inner margin to vein 5; a subterminal black shade from costa to
vein 6; a thick terminal black line interrupted at veins; cilia silvery gray with
darker shading and a buff line at base. Hind wings thinly scaled, whitish
suffused with fuscous, the veins dark. The fringe of large scales on costa below
iridescent from light to dark steel gray.
Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.

Type— Cat. No. 25652, U. S. N. M.

This species has no process from base of antennae.

Tetralopha aelredella, new species.

Male. — Palpi fuscous thinly irrorated with white; a fine white circle around
eyes. Collar white overlaid with pinkish cinnamon. Thorax mottled brown
and pinkish cinnamon. Abdomen banded with black and cinnamon buff.
Fore wings: base whitish with dark irrorations; a black basal spot on costa and
subbasal streak in cell; antemedial line excurved on costa, outangled on median,
inangled below cell, not reaching inner margin; medial space from cell to inner
margin clay color; a black line from costa medially, outbent and angled at end of
cell, then downbent and not reaching submedian; terminal half whitish irrorated
with fuscous and clay color; post-medial line black, vertical on costa, outcurved
and lunular dentate beyond cell, slightly incurved between veins 2 and 1; a
subterminal dark shade almost parallel with postmedial, more heavily marked
and black from costa to vein 6; a terminal black line interrupted at veins;
cilia finely buff at base followed by a dark line and tipped with white. Hind
wings thinly scaled, whitish at base, then suffuesd with fuscous, the veins dark;
cilia as on forewing. Fore wings below fuscous, the inner margin whitish; the
large scales on costa iridescent gold and pale green.

Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.

Type.— Cat. No. 25653, U. S. N. M.

This species has no process from base of antennae.

Tetralopha sabbasa, new species.

Male. — Antennae with well developed process. Palpi mottled white and
fuscous; vertex with cinnamon scaling. Collar white with cinnamon and fus-
cous scaling laterally. Thorax mottled brown and dark gray, the patagia tipped
with broad iridescent pale purplish gray scales. Abdomen buff thickly irrorated
with fuscous gray above, leaving whitish segmental lines. Fore wings: basal
half blackish slate irrorated with white, the outer half grayish suffused with
brown; a faint whitish streak below cell at base; an antemedial outcurved black
line across cell to submedian, followed by an outbent whitish line from cell to
inner margin, twice outcurved; a small cinnamon spot below vein 2; veins from
cell to beyond postmedial fuscous; an indistinct postmedial fuscous shade slightly
outcurved and outbent below vein 2; terminal area irrorated with white on inter-
spaces; cilia dark gray partly tipped with white and with a fine buff line at base.
Hind wings whitish faintly suffused with brown, the veins and termen narrowly
darker; cilia brownish tipped with white. Fore wings below with costal scales

212 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

silvery neutral gray, the inner margin broadly white. Hind wings below whitish '
the costal margin dark.
Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat. — Guadalajara, Mexico.
Type.— Cat. No. 25654, U. S. N. M.

Tetralopha basilissa, new species.

Male. — Palpi fuscous black. Head white with some fuscous mottling on
vertex behind. Collar pale drab gray irrorated in front with fuscous and white.
Thorax whitish gray with subdorsal black spots posteriorly, the patagia pale
drab gray with a few black irrorations. Abdomen above drab gray with darker
segmental lines, the basal segment white. Body below white with some black
scales. Legs inwardly white, outwardly mostly chestnut brown with white
spots on tarsi. Fore wings mostly light cinnamon drab; base irrorated with
black, also with white in cell and on costa; antemedial line fuscous on costa,
black from subcostal, thick and outcurved in cell and again below median, out-
bent from submedian fold to inner margin, followed on costa by some white
scaling; a medial outbent white line from cell to inner margin, distally finely
edged with black, proximally more heavily so, the space between it and ante-
medial from cell to inner margin clear cinnamon drab with black irrorations only
on fold, submedian and margin; a postmedial shade, fuscous on costa, black,
vertical from cell and inwardly edged with white scaling, the space before it
below cell pale drab gray; postmedial space irrorated with white from vein 5
to costa; outer line fuscous, outcurved below costa, incurved below vein 4;
termen shaded and irrorated with whitish; a fuscous subterminal shade below
costa; a terminal black line with white points on veins; cilia mottled whitish and
smoky gray. Hind wings white, the costa cinnamon drab; a faint drab terminal
line.

Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat. — Guerrero, Mexico.
Type.— Cut. No. 25772, U. S. N. M.

Tetralopha cuthmana, new species.

Female. — Head, collar and thorax white irrorated with large black scales.
Abdomen above white with transverse black bands anteriorly on each segment
and black irrorations posteriorly; underneath white with only a few black scales.
Legs white densely irrorated with black, the tarsi black with white rings. Fore
wings white thickly irrorated with black except along outer edge of medial line
from subcostal to inner margin; a thick antemedial black line fr»m costa to sub-
median; medial line double, mottled with fuscous, filled in with white, slightly
sinuous and outbent; a black point on discocellular; a fine postmedial line fol-
lowed from vein 6 to inner margin by a fuscous shade which is narrow on costa,
broad below vein 6, its outer edge dentate, outcurved beyond cell, slightly
incurved below vein 4 and again outcurved across submedian; a faint subterm-
inal fuscous, macular, line; terminal trigonate black spots; cilia whitish at base
followed by a black line, the tips grayish. Hind wings ochreous white, the ter-
men rather broadly shaded with fuscous; cilia with a light buff line at base,

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 213

followed by a black line, the terminal half white. Fore wings below fuscous,
some white irrorations on costa, on termen, and as a postmedial line; inner
margin white. Hind wings below whitish, the termen suffused with fuscous
especially at apex; a postmedial fuscous shade with black streaks on veins.
Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Tucuman, Argentina.

Type— Cat. No. 25792, U. S. N. M.

The type specimen has been kindly given to me by Mr. P.
Dognin who retains in his collection a cotype, slightly smaller,
from La Rioja, Argentina. Allied to T. basilissa Schaus.

Tetralopha agnesa, new species.

Female. — Palpi cinnamon mottled with white. Frons white; vertex and col-
lar white shaded with buff and cinnamon. Thorax gray; patagia white with a
few drab and black scales. Abdomen sorghum brown. Fore wings sayal brown
suffused with white at apex; a large white patch at base from costa to submedian
with a few brown irrorations; a double medial line, black on costa and inner
margin, slightly inangled on submedian fold; veins postmedially streaked with
black, the line on submedian heavier, nearly reaching termen; an outer curved
line indicated by thicker streaks on veins; subterminal brown suffusions on the
white shading; an interrupted terminal dark brown line. Hind wings fuscous,
the veins almost black, the cilia somewhat lighter. Fore wings below fuscous,
the inner margin broadly grayish buff. Hind wings below grayish buff; a broad
subterminal and terminal fuscous shade.

Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat. — Chejel, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25656, U. S. N. M.

As the type is a female, it may belong to some other section of
Pococera.

Tetralopha iogalis, new species.

Female. — Palpi laterally white. Head, collar, and thorax white or pearl gray
according to light. Abdomen whitish buff irrorated with brown except on seg-
mental lines, underneath white. Legs white, the mid and fore tarsi with fine
brownish rings. Fore wings white irrorated with light drab except medially,
the inner margin and termen suffused with light drab; an antemedial line of
raised black scales from subcostal to near inner margin; a double medial black
line outbent from costa, filled in with white, the inner line much less distinct than
the outer; some black scaling postmedially from vein 3 to 1; subterminal line
black, outwardly edged with clear white, slightly outcurved between veins 5
and 3; terminal black spots on interspaces; cilia white. Hind wings white, the
costa, apex and termen narrowly suffused with fuscous; cilia white.

Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat. — Santiago, Cuba.

Type.— Cat. No. 25655, U. S. N. M.

Closely allied to T.floridella Hulst. and T. polialis Hampson.

214 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

Tetralopha jovita, new species.

Male. — Palpi russet in front, whitish behind. Head, collar, and thorax white.
Abdomen above whitish buff with drab segmental lines, underneath whitish.
Legs whitish, the fore legs grayish; fore and mid tarsi with dark rings. Fore
wings whitish mostly suffused with drab gray; a small subbasal black spot on
subcostal and black irrorations below cell; an outcurved antemedial drab line
with raised black scales on costa, in cell, and below cell to vein 1 where it is
slightly outbent; a medial drab line outbent on costa, inangled in cell, where it is
connected with antemedial by a short black streak, then obliquely outcurved,
fine, consisting of minute black streaks to vein 1 where it is again outcurved,
from below cell edged on both sides with clearer white; a black point at end of
cell; raised white scales, a few tipped with black from angle of cell to inner
margin; a postmedial, sinuous, mouse gray line, partly darker shaded; a sinuous
subterminal drab shade defined by clear white and crossed by dark streaks on
veins; terminal black spots; cilia light mouse gray tipped with white. Hind
wings white; veins from cell, apex and termen narrowly light drab. Fore wings
below with the broad scales on costa light mouse gray.

Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat. — Santiago, Cuba.

Type— Cut. No. 25770, U. S. N. M.

Near T. iogalis Schs, differing in the direction ot the lines.

Tetralopha cyrilla, new species.

Female. — Palpi fuscous irrorated with white. Head and collar vinaceous buff,
some white and black spots on frons. Patagia white with gray spots. Abdo-
men above vinaceous buff, underneath whitish. Legs chiefly pale drab gray.
Fore wings whitish; basal and basal third of costa suffused with drab; an out-
bent antemedial white line from median to inner margin, distally edged by some
velvety black scaling; a velvety black point in middle of cell, below it a grayish
and rufous cinnamon shade terminating in a black line below submedian; a
medial fuscous, sinuous line, incurved across a white patch below cell to sub-
median and followed from vein 2 to submedian by an outcurved black line; post-
medial space irrorated with drab gray; subterminal line clear white slightly out-
curved, its inner edge above vein 3 defined by some crenulate black lines and
from vein 4 to costa by a wood brown shade, and is followed throughout by a
wood brown shade mottled with white on margin; terminal black points almost
forming a line; cilia white. Hind wings light cinnamon drab, somewhat whitish
at base.

Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat. — Baracoa, Cuba.
Type.— Cat. No. 25771, U. S. N. M.

Auradisa fechina, new species.

Female. — Palpi fuscous, the second and third joints tipped with white. Head
white, mottled with dark olive buff. Collar dark olive buff. Patagia pearl
gray, the shoulders dark olive buff. Abdomen above white at base, otherwise

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 215

buff with dark segmental lines. Fore wings white below cell and beyond to
subterminal line; inner margin iridescent light to dark gray; costal margin fus-
cous from base to medial line, then paler; some reddish scales above submedian
antemedially; medial line fuscous slightly outcurved, irrorated with reddish
brown from subcostal to submedian, closely followed by another straighter line
with a dark shade from it below vein 2 to inner margin at subterminal; a short
black streak on discocellular, followed by a dark point on vein 6, and below it a
short outbent fuscous shade forming part of a nebulous postmedial line; sub-
terminal line fuscous, sinuous, outwardly edged by a narrow white shade, fol-
lowed by a fuscous shade, broad on costa narrowing to a point at vein 4, expand-
ing slightly below vein 2; terminal black spots on interspaces. Hind wings semi-
hyaline white faintly tinged with yellow; termen narrowly suffused with fuscous;
cilia on both wings white with some dark mottling.
Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.
Type— Cat. No. 25658, U. S. N. M.

Auradisa soteris, new species.

Male. — Palpi testaceous with some white irrorations at base. Head and
collar mottled vinaceous pink and buff white, the fringe around eyes, except
behind, white. Thorax testacaceous with some fuscous gray shading behind
medially and subdorsal tufts of broad white scales; patagia mignonette green.
Abdomen above testaceous with white segmental lines, and lateral green scaling
towards anal segment; underneath white, the two last segments green. Legs
inwardly white, outwardly purplish irrorated with white; tarsi with white rings.
Fore wings glossy mignonette green; a darker green oblique line from costa near
base to inner margin near middle where it is preceded by some purplish scales;
a small darker green spot on discocellular; outer line fine, yellowish olive, dentate
and parallel with termen, followed on costa by a small white spot; a narrow
terminal dark shade with minute white points on veins; cilia silky mouse gray.
Hind wings white, the veins and narrow terminal shade drab; cilia drab gray
tipped with white. Fore wings below white suffused with vinaceous drab
except from submedian fold to inner margin; the veins with long dark streaks
postmedially, on termen white; the outer line well indicated followed by white
scaling on costa.

Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25773, U. S. N. M.

Auradisa tresaina, new species.

Male. — Palpi tea green. Collar and thorax yellowish citrine. Abdomen
above olive lake, with fine black segmental lines, underneath pinkish buff. Legs
light buff, the tarsi fuscous black with pale rings. Fore wings yellowish citrine;
base of costa finely black; a few black subbasal scales on costa and inner margin;
a faint whitish green medial line edged on either side with biscay green, preceded
below submedian fold by a streak of velvety fuscous black scales; a fine black
lunule on discocellular; outer line whitish green edged on inner side with biscay

216 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

green, slightly outbent from costa to vein 5, outcurved to vein 2, and again out-
curved to inner margin terminating in a black spot on cilia; apex suffused with
dull citrine; a few black irrorations subterminally from veins 5 to 7; terminal
black spots; cilia tinged with dull citrine towards apex. Hind wings semihya-
line whitish slightly suffused with vinaceous buff; costa apex and termen fus-
cous, also the veins terminally.
Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana.

Type— Cat. No. 25774, U. S. N. M.

A female in Collection Dognin has the black streak below
discocellular shorter, only a black point on discocellular and no
subterminal black irrorations; its expanse is 25 mm.

Auradisa remberta, new species.

Male. — Palpi light ochraceous buff laterally irrorated with tawny. Head,
collar, patagia and abdomen above pinkish buff faintly tinged with green; thorax
whitish; abdomen above with some darker irrorations, underneath white
irrorated with drab. Fore wings light dull green yellow, probably brighter
green when freshly caught; a few black irrorations, denser on basal third of inner
margin; a small tawny spot at base of cell, and some similar antemedial irrora-
tions; a few tawny scales on discocellular and a postmedial line from subcostal
to vein 2 where it expands into a tawny spot extending to below submedian
fold; a pale subterminal line defined by darker shading with dark streaks on
veins before it; some tawny irrorations on veins 4 to 6 beyond postmedial line;
an interrupted terminal dark line; cilia whitish green spotted with tawny
towards apex. Hind wings white, the inner margin pale drab gray; costa and
termen narrowly shaded with drab; cilia white shaded with drab and tawny at
apex.

Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana.

Type— Cut. No. 25775, U. S. N. M.

There is a specimen of this species in Collection Dognin.

Auradisa corumba, new species.

Male. — Palpi tilleul buff behind, the front light grayish olive with a few black
scales. Head, collar, and thorax tilleul buff shaded with olive buff. Abdomen
above light ochraceous buff with fine glack segmental lines on the last four seg-
ments, underneath white. Legs light buff irrorated with testaceous. Fore
wings: from basal half of inner margin a tilleul buff shade extends obliquely to
costa at outer line where it is irrorated with deep olive buff; basal half of costa
and cell to near end deep olive buff, the end of cell being tilleul buff; a subbasal
black point below cell, and a larger black point antemedially below cell; a black
point at middle of cell followed by a fine black medial line, outcurved on costa,
inangled on median, vertical to submedian, then outbent to inner margin; a
black line on discocellular; outer space from middle of inner margin obliquely
to costa near apex wood brown; outer line fuscous, slightly outcurved beyond
cell, dentate from vein 6 to inner margin, somewhat outangled on submedian;

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 217

the outer margin irrorated with white; a terminal black line with white points
on veins; cilia light vinaceous fawn tipped with white and with deep mouse gray-
spots opposite veins followed by a similar shade to tips. Hind wings white
suffused with cupreous avellaneous becoming darker on termen; cilia with a
light buff line at base followed by a fine dark line expanding and dark spotted
towards apex, the outer half of cilia white. Fore wings below hazel, the inner
margin broadly white; interspaces beyond cell streaked with whitish; a fine
black line on discocellular; the dark outer line followed by a light buff spot on
costa; a terminal black line. Hind wings below light cupreous buff, the costa
finely and a spot at apex hazel; a dark point at upper angle of cell, and traces of a
postmedial line.

The female usually has an antemedial black streak below the cell in place of
the spot, and a small cluster of scales on submedian. An interesting female
variety, taken by the Cornell University Expedition, has a large triangular
fuscous spot from base of costa to medial line.

Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat. — Corumba, Brazil.

Cotype.— No. 25790, U. S. N. M.

Type at Cornell University to which we are indebted for speci-
mens; these were collected by Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, entomolo-
gist for the Cornell University Expedition.

The species is nearst A . pagchryson = deras Dyar.

Tancoa, new genus.

Male. — Palpi upcurved, slender, reaching well above head scaled behind with
rather long hairs especially on third joint. Antennae fasciculate; a short tuft
of hair from basal joint. Fore wings long and narrow, the outer margin oblique.
Vein 3 from near lower angle of cell; 4 and 5 from lower angle or stalked; 6 from
upper angle; 7, 8, 10 stalked, 9 coincident with 8; 11 from cell. Hind wings:
vein 3 from near lower angle of cell; 4 and 5 stalked; 6 from upper angle; 7
anostomosing with 8. Anal segment of abdomen with long tutts. Hind tibiae
hairy.

Type of genus. — DeuL'rollyta calitas Druce = Pococera sphae-
ophora Dyar.

Distinguished from all groups of Pococera by the absence of
vein 9 on fore wing.

In Tancoa (Macalla) attenualis Hampson veins 4 and 5 on
fore wing are very shortly stalked; in Tancoa (Pococera) crinita
Schaus veins 4 and 5 on fore wing are well stalked.

Tancoa goanta Schaus differs in having aborted palpi, the
antennae serrate and shortly fasciculate.

Tancoa erlupha, new species.

Female. — Palpi whitish buff irrorated with black, densely so beyond base and
tufted above with long fine black hairs, the third joint naked, vinaceous pink.
Head mottled fuscous and light buff. Collar medially and thorax steel color,

218 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

the patagia buffy brown and fuscous. Abdomen above hair brown, underneath
light buff. Fore wings: base whitish irrorated with benzo brown and fuscous;
a fine lunular fuscous line inwardly edged with whitish and preceded by a small
fuscous black spot in cell, a larger spot below cell, and one on inner margin
separated by white lines; outer space benzo brown; a postmedial fuscous black
shade from subcostal outangled at vein 4, inbent to vein 2, then less oblique to
inner margin; a subterminal white line deeply outcurved, its inner edge crenu-
late from below vein 4; terminal black spots on interspaces; cilia tawny at apex,
white at base and tips near tornus, divided by a fuscous line. Hind wings white;
costal margin broadly, termen narrowly suffused with drab, also veins 2 to 5;
cilia at apex tawny. Fore wings below fuscous, the costa and apex tawny.
Hind wings below as above, but the costal margin tawny.
Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat. — Cayenne, French Guiana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25778, U. S. N. M.

Tancoa quiriguana, new species.

Male. — Palpi tawny olive mixed with cinnamon buff, the third joint tipped
with white hairs. Head whitish buff with some rufous hairs. Collar light
pinkish cinnamon, also the tips of patagia; thorax behind whitish buff. Abdo-
men above whitish buff shaded with cinnamon buff. Fore wings with costa at
base and below cell to inner margin, also antemedial line, pinkish buff, the base
of cell white; antemedial line very indistinct whitish, vertical, wavy, defined from
cell to inner margin by raised fuscous scales, sometimes absent or very faint;
wing otherwise to subterminal line fuscous from below subcostal, also the apex;
costa grayish with black irrorations, the costal edge cinnamon buff; veins beyond
cell to subterminal darker streaked, but only a short streak on vein 2; sub-
terminal white, deeply outcurved between veins 6 and 3, preceded between
veins 3 and 1 by a diffuse whitish shade with pale olive gray shading on inter;
spaces; inner margin on outer half olive gray; an interrupted terminal black line-
cilia white with grayish spots. Hind wings semihyaline whitish, the veins
brown; costalmargin broadly, termen narrowly suffused with brown; cilia white
divided by a dusky line.

Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala; also from Chejel.

Type— Cut. No. 25660, U. S. N. M.

Nearest Tancoa calitas Druce=Pococera sphaeophora Dyar.

Tancoa goanta, new species.

Male. — Antennae with thick pectinations becoming serrate at tips, a moderate
process from base. Head, collar, and thorax light mouse gray with some slightly
darker tinged scales. Abdomen light mouse gray with white segment al lines.
Legs white mottled with drab gray, the tarsi with drab rings. Fore wings light'
drab from base to near medial line; a velvety black, thick, antemedial line from
subcostal to near submedian vein; medial line fine, black, preceded by a narrow
white shade, the wing beyond white irrorated with drab; a rine black line on

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 219

discocellular with drab shades at angles and above on costa; costal margin
beyond to vein 6 suffused with drab; interspaces between veins 2 and 5 suffused
with light drab, these veins being white; an outer series of black points or short
streaks on veins, outcurved between veins 5 and 2; an interrupted dark terminal
line; cilia white tipped with dark gray. Hind wings semihyaline white, the
veins, inner margin, and termen narrowly drab; cilia white tipped with dark
gray. Fore wings below drab, the veins darker. Hind wings below white, the
veins dark streaked on termen only.
Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25657, U. S. N. M.

The fore wings are rather narrow and remind one of the species
of Oneida.

Wanda nocturna, new species.

Male. — Antennae fasciculate with well developed process. Palpi upturned,
straight, fuscous above, white with dark irrorations below. Vertex with some
white scaling. Collar olive brown in front, white behind. Abdomen above
fuscous black with fine whitish segmental lines, underside and legs whitish with
brown and gray irrorations, the tarsi fuscous with pale rings. Fore wings silky
deep mouse gray with whitish irrorations on costa and on terminal half from
costa to vein 3; some white scaling on inner margin antemedially; an antemedial
black point in cell, and small spot below cell; a trigonate black spot in cell
medially, and thick dentate line below it to near inner margin; a fine postmedial
dentate fuscous line, outcurved between veins 6 and 3; a faint subterminal
fuscous shade; terminal fuscous spots on interspaces; cilia silvery light mouse
gray. Hind wings dark cupreous; some metallic green shading on costal half,
not reaching apex; terminal silvery irrorations between veins 5 and 2; cilia silvery
white divided by a dark shade. Wings below silky fuscous, the inner margin of
fore wings whitish.

Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.

Type— Cut. No. 25659, U. S. N. M.

In this species the fore wings are long and narrow, the hind
wings broad. The Museum is indebted to Cornell University
for a male and female of this species taken at Manaos on the
Amazons.

Wanda sadotha, new species.

Male. — Palpi whitish shaded at base with snuff brown, the third joint fine,
acute, with dark streaks. Frons whitish; vertex with brown scaling. Collar
clothed with broad pallid brownish drab scales. Patagia pale brownish drab.
Abdomen brownish drab above with pale segmental lines, underneath white.
Legs pallid brownish drab. Fore wings light cinnamon drab, the medial area,
base below cell, and costa whitish with black irrorations; an antemedial black
point in cell, and a short streak below cell; a medial dark line from costa to inner
margin, slightly incurved below discocellular; postmedial line black slightly
bluntly outcurved from below vein 6 to vein 3, inherit to vein 2, angled and

220 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

vertical to inner margin; the postmedial space somewhat brownish; termen
shaded with gray and crossed by an indistinct dark subterminal shade; terminal
black spots; cilia long, drab gray with a cinnamon drab shade along base. Hind
wings whitish suffused with drab, veins 2 to 5 with blackish streaks.
Expanse, 14 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, Maroni River, French Guiana.
Type— Cat. No. 25776, U. S. N. M.

The antennae are fasciculate and without process; the palpi
upturned, slender.

Can be placed near Wanda (Pococera) capnodon Dyar. .

Wanda agatha, new species.

Male. — Palpi vinaceous tawny, slightly whitish at base. Process long, tufted
at and with dilated scales, vinaceous tawny. Head, frontal tufts, collar and
thorax light pinkish cinnamon. Abdomen above white irrorated with fuscous,
underneath white. Legs pale pinkish cinnamon irrorated with black. Fore
wings: basal area ecru olive outwardly crossed by an antemedial obliquely
incurved black line, and limited by a finer parallel black line from subcostal;
some tawny scaling at base of cell, and a subbasal black point in cell; space
beyond to termen white with a few drab irrorations, the costa and space above
vein 3 to costa slightly suffused with ecru olive; a black line from costa across
discocellular; subterminal line light brownish olive, defined by some black points
from vein 5 to costa, finely dentate and slightly outcurved opposite cell; termen
suffused with fuscous; an interrupted terminal black line; cilia fuscous at apex,
partly white towards tornus. Hind wings whitish suffused with drab, the veins
fuscous, also the termen and cilia partly.

Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25777, U. S. N. M.

Calybitia, new genus.

Male. — Palpi upturned, very long and slender reaching beyond middle of
thorax, smoothly scaled, grooved and filled with long silky hairs. Antennae
fasciculate; a long slender process from base, its upper side hairy. Fore wings:
vein 3 from before angle of cell; 4 and 5 from angle; 6 from upper angle of cell;
7 to 10 stalked. Hind wings: vein 3 from lower angle; 4 and 5 stalked; 6 from
upper angle; 7 and 8 anostomosing.

Type of genus. — Calybitia picata Schaus.

Distinguished from all sections of Pococera by the very long
palpi and process.

Calybitia picata, new species.

Male. — Palpi deep mouse gray mottled with black; process from antennae
white irrorated with black. Head and thorax white; collar cinnamon buff, white
posteriorly; patagia irrorated with cinnamon buff. Abdomen above olive buff,
the segments anteriorly shaded with grayish brown. Fore wings whitish over-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 221

laid with gray striae suffused on basal third and beyond on inner margin with
ochreous; black striae on base of inner margin; a subbasal black streak below
median and an antemedial black streak in cell; a black spot at end of cell; an
oblique fascia of black irrorations from below vein 2 to inner margin, preceded
by a dentate white line; a postmedial, dentate, fuscous line deeply outcurved,
inbent at vein 3 and oblique to inner margin near tornus; a subterminal fuscous
shade, suffusing with postmedial between veins 3 and submedian fold, extending
on vein 5 to termen; a terminal black line with white spots at veins; some silvery
white irrorations on outer part of wing, especially on gray portions; cilia mouse
gray tipped with white and with a fine white line at base. Hind wings semihya-
line smoky white suffused with golden buff, the termen shaded with fuscous.
Fore wings below glossy fuscous, the inner margin white; a dark discal point
and postmedial line. Hind wings below whiter; a discal lunule and postmedial
line; termen broadly fuscous.
Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25647, U. S. N. M.

Pococera limalis, new species.

Female, — Palpi mouse gray irrorated with white, the third joint black tipped
with white. Head, collar and thorax white with mouse gray and black irrora-
tions and some pale grayish vinaceous shading on collar, patagia, and meta-
thorax. Abdomen above whitish buff, shaded with wood brown forming trans-
verse bands; underneath white with a few dark scales, the anal segment wood
brown. Fore wings: base and medial space white finely irrorated with black
and wood brown; antemedial and postmedial space wood brown thinly irrorated
with black; an antemedial fuscous spot in cell, and an incurved line below cell,
both consisting of raised fuscous scales tipped with black; a faint fine medial line
with better defined spots on costa and inner margin, followed in cell by a small
round black spot; black irrorations forming a vague postmedial line with points
on veins 6 and 5, slightly inbent below 5; a sinuous whitish subterminal line pre-
ceded by fuscous points or streaks on veins; black streaks on veins 5 and 6 before
termen; a terminal interrupted black line; cilia white at base followed by a
broken deep mouse gray line, the tips iridescent white or gray. Hind wings
semihyaline white, the veins finely wood brown; termen narrowly shaded with
fuscous; cilia white partly divided by a dark line.

Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat. — Lima, Peru.

Cotype.— Cat. No. 25678, U. S. N. M.

The type at Cornell University to which we are indebted for
the cotype. This species was taken by Dr. \V. T. M. Forbes
on the Cornell University Expedition.

It is allied to P. insularella Ragonot.

Pococera vedastella, new species.

Male. — Palpi, head, collar, and thorax whitish irrorated with drab gray.
Abdomen irrorated and shaded with clay color. Legs white irrorated with drab

222 PROC. EXT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

gray. Fore wings finely irrorated with drab gray; a small black spot at base of
costa; a drab shade at base of inner margin; an antemedial almost vertical vel-
vety black line, the space preceding it clear white from costa to submedian vein,
a rather broad drab shade following it; a wavy fuscous medial line with a black
point on discocellular; a finely wavy black postmedial line from vein 3 to inner
margin; subterminal line drab, double, faintly sinuous, the outer line diverging
near costa to apex; a terminal black line, interrupted at veins; cilia white divided
by a smoky line. Hind wings white faintly suffused with light buff, the costal
margin apex and termen narrowly suffused with drab; some dark postmedial
streaks on veins 2 to 6. Fore wings below and costa of hind wings dark shaded.
Expanse, 14 mm.

Habitat. — Santiago, Cuba.

Type— Cat. No. 25779, U. S. N. M.

Near P. atramentalis Lederer.

Pococera baradata, new species.

Male. — Palpi cinnamon buff, the third joint fuscous. Head cinnamon buff,
the frons suffused with white. Collar cinnamon irrorated with black, posteriorly
edged with light drab. Patagia light drab. Abdomen above fuscous with
transverse whitish' buff lines; anal tufts fuscous or silvery drab gray; underneath
silvery white. Fore wings mostly drab; costa shaded with drab gray; a deep
grayish olive streak at base below submedian; a thick antemedial fuscous streak
with blunt ends below cell; a few black scales on inner margin to outer line; a
fine upright white medial line on inner margin; traces of a dark postmedial shade
on costa and dark spot on discocellular; some black irrorations on postmedial
space; outer line black, slightly outbent, inset on vein 2, outwardly edged with
whitish and light ochraceous buff; a fuscous black subterminal shade from costa
ot vein 6 and a similar shade on termen at tornus; the termen medially shaded
with light ochraceous buff; terminal black spots; cilia silvery mouse gray tipped
with white. Hind wings semihyaline whitish, the veins fuscous, the termen
shaded with fuscous black.

Expanse, 15 mm.

Habitat. — Port of Spain, Trinidad.

Type— Cat. No. 25780, U. S. N. M.

Collected by A. Busck.

The antennae are ciliated and without process.

Pococera lamonti, new species.

Male. — Palpi ochraceous with a black spot in front near end of second joint.
Head whitish buff. Collar ochraceous. Thorax vinaceous buff. Abdomen
above with basal segment white, then buff irrorated with black and orange cinna-
mon on next two segments, the other segments black with pale segmental lines.
Fore wings with basal half mostly light purplish gray, irrorated with some black
scales; base from costa to vein 1 ochraceous cinnamon; inner margin at base with
a deep mouse gray patch divided by a subbasal whitish line; an antemedial black
point in cell and raised sayal brown scales below cell; an outcurved finely wai \
black line, broader on costa and suffusing with a black bar on discocellular, out-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 223

wardly edged with ochraceous, and closely followed by a similar parallel black
line with some outbent black scaling from it at vein 2 to inner margin; outer
portion of wing ochraceous with slightly darker shading; an outer fine blackish
line, slightly excurved on costa, outcurved ami dentate below vein 6, upbent
rmvards cell below vein 3, acutely angled and outcurved to inner margin; some
black marginal shading from vein 5 to costa; an interrupted terminal black line;
cilia ochraceous buff, streaked with black towards apex. Hind wings semihya-
line whitish, the termen shaded with brpwn; traces of a postmedial line defined
by dark streaks on veins; cilia narrowly buff at base, then fuscous tipped with
white except on black spots towards apex. Fore wings below brown, the cell
suffused with black; inner margin broadly white; costa ochraceous cinnamon.
Hind wings below whitish, the costa ochraceous with dark irrorations; a black
discal spot; the postmedial streaks on veins better defined; the apex fuscous.
Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala; also French Guiana.
Type— Cat. No. 25661, I". S. N. M.

Pococera fabianalis, rew species.

\Idle. — Palpi and head ochraceous green, the vertex tinged with light vina-
ceous cinnamon. Collar and thorax light vinaceous cinnamon. Abdomen above
vinaceous tawny with fine whitish segmental lines. Fore wings ochraceous
green at base limited by a fine anternedial black line; base of costa and cell
narrowly vinaceous cinnamon; some black scales on inner margin at base; ante-
medial line followed by a vinaceous tawny fascia with some black scales on its
r edge; space following below subcostal to inner margin white crossed by a fine
medial black line on its proximal side anil outwardly by a similar postmedial line,
both wavy and starting from subcostal; a fine black line on discocellular; costal
margin ochraceous green, also a broad space following the postmedial line; sub-
terminal black shading parallel with termen, incurved below vein 2; termen
ochraceous green from apex to vein 5, then silvery whitish gray to tornus, with
short dark streaks on interspaces; terminal trigonate black spots becoming
larger towards apex; cilia white suffused with roseate from vein .1 to apex and
then spotted with black. Hind wings semihyaline white, the termen suffused
with fuscous; cilia white with a fuscous line near base and two dark spots at
apex. Hind wings below with traces of a postmedial line from costa.

Kxpanse.. 1 '> mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, l;rench Guiana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25662, U. S. X. M.

Lepidogma modana, new species.

l-t'male. — Palpi light buff, the third joint black expcept at base and tip. Col-
lar and patagia light bur1; a few black scales medially on collar. Thorax white
with some black irrorations posteriorly. Abdomen light buff thickly irrorated
with black and drab, less so below; fine black segmental lines. Fore wings light
dull green yellow suffused with olive lake; some black scales on basal third <>t
costa, below cell, and on inner margin; a black medial line from cell, expanding
towards base on inner margin, followed by a finer line from costa, interrupted

224 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

by subcostal and median, forming a spot with raised scales on discocellular; a
faint black postmedial line, outwardly denned by white, incurved and sinuous
below vein 3, well marked from vein 2 to inner margin; veins on termen some-
what tawny, the interspaces streaked with black except on costa; an interrupted
terminal black line; cilia grayish olive at base with paler tips. Hind wings
fuscous, slightly paler at base.
Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Chejal, Guatemala".

Type—Cat. No. 25781, U. S. N. M.

Probably in fresh specimens the light buff and yellow greens
of the description are different shades of green.

Incarcha aporalis Dyar = Macalla argentilinea Druce I cannot
separate from Jocara; an allied species is Jocara (Deuterollyta)
ragonoii Moschler from Porto Rico and Cuba. Several species
of Jocara display considerable variation in venation. Some
specimens of Jocara e/egans Schaus, a beautiful and conspicuous
species, could be placed in Pococera or Stericta, but the genitalia
show them to be identical; it is common in Central America and
its range extends to Venezuela.

Jocara (Macalla) mira Druce has been redescribed by Dognin
as Oxyahis ovifera.

Jocara ansberti, new species.

Male. — Palpi brownish vinaceous mottled with buff scales. Antenna! process
brownish vinaceous in front, whitish behind; a few black scales laterally at base.
Collar and patagia light vinaceous buff, the latter partly darker shaded; thorax
white, the metathorax with some black scales and edged behind with vinaceous.
Abdomen above whitish thickly irrorated with dark vinaceous, less so towards
base; fine black segmental lines. Fore wings silvery pallid neutral gray with fine
darker irrorations and striae; base vinaceous fawn limited by a subbasal black
line, outbent from costa, slightly inangled at median; an antemedial black point
below cell, and slightly beyond a black point in cell; a black point near end of
cell; termen broadly silky drab with traces of a deeply dentate subterminal line;
termen narrowly shaded with fuscous; cilia whitish buff divided by a smoky line.
Hind wings white suffused with light drab, darker on termen; median and veins
2-5 finely dark with postmedial fuscous streaks, the streak on vein 2 preceded by
an ochraceous buff shade. Wings below with short dark postmedial streaks on
veins.

Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.

Type.— Cat. No. 25782, U. S. N. M.

Near J. e/egans Schaus, but the dark base is very small.

Jocara thilloa, new species.

Male. — Palpi silvery white with a few black and ochraceous buff irrorations.
Head, collar, and thorax light buff shaded with pale pinkish buff; some cinnamon
brown and black scales on collar medially; two velvety fuscous black tufts on

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 225

thorax posteriorly. Abdomen above light buff with fine fuscous lines posteriorly
on each segment; underneath white with pinkish buff irrorations and three
black points with vinaceous scales across fourth segment. Legs buff, the tibiae
streaked with vinaceous, the coxae white. Fore wings light buff, cinnamon
brown shading on inner margin and at apex; an antemedial minute brown spot
below cell and a black point in cell; a small black spot on costa medially; a small
tuft of raised brown scales on discocellular; costa postmedially ochraceous and
tawny; vein 2 from near cell to termen cinnamon brown; the other veins with
dark streaks terminally, vein 6 dark near cell; two short oblique white streaks on
inner margin near tornus; terminal black spots from vein 5 to apex; cilia brown-
ish with large black spots, tipped with white from vein 4 to tornus. Hind wings
white; a fine terminal cinnamon brown shade expanding at vein 2 to form a' spot,
with a subterminal point above it. Wings below white, the costal margins
narrowly tawny.
Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25663, U. S. N. M.
A very distinct species.

Jocara martinia, new species.

Female. — Palpi whitish buff, the third joint streaked with fuscous. Head,
collar, patagia and fore wings buffy citrine, probably bright green when fresh.
Abdomen light drab shaded with green. Tarsi with brown rings. Fore wings:
basal half of costa and cell with white shading; some black irrorations at base of
inner margin, antemedially on costa and below cell to inner margin with a short
streak of raised scales below cell; a black point in cell before discocellular; a faint
postmedial line of black irrorations forming in one specimen a cluster of scales
beyond cell and below vein 2, followed by a better defined black line, vertical to
vein 6, then outcurved and dentate; terminal black lunules on interspaces and
black points on base of cilia at veins; cilia vinaceous tipped with white. Hind
wings drab; cilia white divided by a drab line. Fore wings below white on inner
margin, otherwise suffused with drab except on costa; a darker postmedial line.
Hind wings below whitish buff, the termen drab; a dark point at upper angle of
cell and a distinct dark outcurved postmedial line.

Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25783, U. S. N. M.
Comes near J. claudalis Moschler.

Jocara anastasia, new species.

Female. — Palpi, head, collar and thorax buffy citrine, probably greener when
fresh; below patagia buff tufts tipped with black upturned to dorsum. Abdo-
men buffy citrine irrorated with fuscous and black, with faint whitish segmental
lines. Fore wings ochreous green, the inner margin to postmedial line broadly
purple brown; black scaling forming an indistinct outbent line from base of costa
to inner margin; some dark antemedial raised scales below cell; a slightly sinu-
ous black medial line inwardly edged with whitish green; a fine, black, post-

226 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

medial dentate line outbent from costa, slightly inbent below vein 5; a tew black
irrorations subterminally; a terminal black line interrupted by veins; cilia
ochreous green. Hind wings light drab; a dark terminal line; a faint postmedial
whitish line; cilia whitish buff with a drab line near base. Wings below tinged
with vinaceous, the costal margins whitish buff with dark irrorations; a distinct
postmedial line on both wings.
Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat. — Volcan Sta. Maria, Guatemala.

Type— Cat. No. 25664, U. S. N. M.

Veins 7 and 8 on hind wing anostomose very shortly and in a
male they do not anostomose so the species could as well be
placed in Stericta but the general maculation agrees better with
several species of Jocara; it is nearest J. translinea Schaus.

Jocara abachuma, new species.

Male. — Palpi and antennal process yellow green, the process with lateral
black irrorations. Collar and thorax white thickly mottled with yellow green.
Abdomen above whitish buff with dark irrorations on terminal segments,
probably light green when fresh. Fore wings citrine, the medial space to post-
medial suffused with light vinaceous fawn; costal edge black on basal third;
a black basal point below submedian; subbasal black points above subcostal and
on median; antemedial indicated by a small brown spot on costa, a black spot
below cell overspread with broad white and fuscous scales, and some black scales
below submedian; black scaling along inner margin; traces of a medial line on
costa and from cell to inner margin, twice lunular; a fine curved black line on
discocellular; postmedial faintly indicated by some black scales outangled on
vein 5, then incurved to submedian; an outer well marked dentate black line,
outcurved beyond cell; a few black irrorations subterminally; terminal black
spots on interspaces; cilia green at base tipped with whitish gray. Hind wings
white; termen from apex to vein 2 grayish brown; a fine terminal fuscous line;
subterminal dark streaks on veins. Fore wings below white, the apical area
suffused with fuscous; orange vinaceous scaling above vein 7 from end of cell;
costa white with a few dark irrorations. Hind wings below white, the costa
with dark irrorations; a fuscous spot at upper angle of cell and a fine terminal
line.

Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat. — Castro, Parana.

Type— Cat. No. 25665, U. S. N. M.

Very near J. chlorisalis Schaus, the female of which has fus-
cous hind wings, whereas the female of this species has the hind
wings as in the male.

Jocara conrana, new species.

Male. — Body and fore wings evidently turtle green when fresh. Antennae
thickly fringed with long cilia; the antennal process long and hairy. Collar
dorsally mottled with broad black and white scales; a few similar scales on
patagia; thorax with long lateral tufts, tipped with black scales, meeting over

PROC. EMT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, \(>. <>, DEC., 1922 227

metathorax which is whitish irrorated with 'black; basal segment of abdomen
white; abdomen underneath white irrorated with black. Tarsi outwardly with
fuscous streaks. Fore wings with black markings; a spot 'at base of costa fol-
lowed by a short streak; a subbasal point below cell; a taint streak along inner
margin to near antemedial line; antemedial and medial spots on costa and
parallel lines from median outcurved to vein 1 and again to inner margin, the
antemedial line the heavier; a streak on discocellular; postmedial faint, minutely
wavy, outcurved beyond cell, almost obsolete on inner margin; subterminal
double, the inner line more heavily marked, minutely lunular dentate, inherit on
costa, slightly outcurved, somewhat incurved below vein 2; terminal streaks
almost forming a line; cilia with dark spots at veins. Hind wings thinly scaled,
white; a terminal grayish olive line with similar suffusion at apex and on cilia.
Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat. — Carabaya, Peru.

Type. -Cat. No. 25784, U.S.N. M.

Near J. chlorisalis Schs. and J. abachnma Schaus.

Jocara aidana, new species.

i/ia/e. — Palpi green scaled with black in front. Head and collar green.
Thorax ami patagia drab gray. Abdomen above buff brown with fuscous seg-
mental lines. Fore wings: costal margin from base to medial line drab gray
irrorated with black; cell and below to submedian fold, space to postmedial tufts,
and termen olive green; inner margin to medial line drab gray with some- avel-
laneous irrorations at base; a small tuft of scales in cell antemedially, and a small
tuft below cell inset, both fuscous overlaid with drab scales; medial line fine,
very indistinct, defined by black scales on costa and inner margin; a streak of
black brown raised scales on discocellular, and a reddish brown streak of scales
beyond cell, also a similar streak from base of vein 2 to inner margin; outer line
tine, black, distinct, very slightly curved shaded on either side with whitish; a
faint terminal darker line; cilia drab gray with small dark spots at veins. Hind
wings brownish drab. Hind wings below whitish, the termen broadly dark
shaded; a faint postmedial line.
Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat. — Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil; also from Castro, Parana.
Type— Cut. No. 25667, U. S. N. M.

Jocara luciana, new species.

Female. — Palpi, collar and patagia yellow green; vertex mottled green and
white; collar shaded in front with vinaceous. Abdomen above greenish with
fuscous shading anteriorly on segments. Legs whitish, tarsi fuscous. Fore
wings: costal margin to outer line, cell and a space below it yellow green, the
median vein fringed medially with broad, green, downturned scales; some black
scaling at base of median and inner margin; antemedial line fuscous and green on
costa, outcurved, black below median, mostly covered by the green fringe, broad
and diffuse to inner margin, closely followed by a fine sinuous black medial line;
postmedial space whitish green along medial line from near cell to inner margin,
above it yellow green with a black streak on discocellular; the space beyond to

228 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

near termen suffused with fuscous; the outer line black, double, finely dentate,
outbent from costa, curved and inbent below vein 5; termen green with black
spots on interspaces; cilia drab tinged with vinaceous. Hind wings fuscous
narrowly darker on termen. Hind wings below whitish; the costa with vina-
ceous irrorations; a dark discal spot; a curved postmedial line; termen broadly
shaded with fuscous.
Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25666, U. S. N. M.

Jocara theliana, new species.

Male. — Palpi and antennal process mignonette green. Vertex and collar
whitish shaded with lime green. Thorax with lateral white tufts behind, the
patagia mottled with deep mouse gray. Abdomen dark olive gray with whitish
segmental lines, the basal segment white. Fore wings mostly hellebore green;
a large whitish space from inner margin to cell, not reaching base or postmedial
line; a subbasal black line from costa, outbent below cell to a small velvety black
antemedial spot below cell; a green antemedial spot on white space at inner
margin, this spot containing some black scales; an outcurved line of tawny scales
connecting the two antemedial spots; a fine medial line, bifurcating above median
to blackish spots on costa, below median lunular across the white space to inner
margin; a black spot containing a few white scales on discocellular; postmedial
line fine, black, dentate, slightly outcurved shaded proximally with cameo
brown, broadly so from vein 3 to inner margin; a narrow smoky black subterm-
inal shade; a terminal black line interrupted at veins; cilia vinaceous fawn tipped
with white. Hind wings whitish suffused with mouse gray becoming darker on
termen; cilia vinaceous fawn. Fore wings below deep mouse gray, the costa
neutral red; inner margin whitish; the outer markings of upper surface indicated.

Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25786, U. S. N. M.

Closely allied to J. luciana Schaus and possibly a diminutive
male of that species.

Jocara agathoa, new species.

Male. — Palpi ochraceous at base, whitish irrorated with black towards
tip. Head ochraceous. Collar ochraceous in front, purplish vinaceous behind.
Thorax whitish buff crossed by a black bar posteriorly, the patagia deep livid
brown. Abdomen above fuscous with buff and ochraceous segmental lines, the
base white; underneath buff with brownish irrorations. Legs ochraceous buff,
the tarsi almost entirely black. Fore wings saccardo's umber; costal margin
and cell to medial line olive buff; short downturned hairs in cell and on median,
the space below with striated scaling; a black spot on inner margin at base;
medial line lunular, vertical from costa to submedian fold then slightly inbent,
olive buff, edged outwardly with black, inwardly with black across cell, this black
line being inbent below cell; from medial line on costa a black line crosses disco-
cellular enclosing a small olive buff spot at end of cell; obliquely from disco-

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 229

cellular to outer line at vein 3 the postmedial space to inner margin is suffused
with fuscous except a faint narrow olive buff line adjoining the medial line; the
outer line is outcurved from vein 7 to vein 2 and is defined by dentate fuscous
edging, darkest on proximal side; small terminal black spots; cilia blackish gray.
Hind wings suffused with avellaneous becoming fuscous on termen; traces of a
postmedial line more distinct on the whitish underside. Fore wings below
cupreous fuscous, the costa reddish; a silvery white streak in cell; the inner
margin silvery white to beyond middle.
Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat. — St. Laurent, French Guiana.
. Type.— Cat. No. 25668, U. S. N. M.
Near J. tenebrosa Schaus.

Jocara raymonda, new species.

Female. — Palpi whitish buff, streaked above with brownish vinaceous. Head,
collar and patagia mottled white and russet vinaceous, the thorax posteriorly
white edged and crossed by black brown scales. Abdomen above white at base>
then dark vinaceous brown with some fine, pale, segmental lines; underneath
whitish with fine light russet vinaceous transverse lines. Fore wings russet
vinaceous with a few black irrorations on basal half and a few white scales on
inner margin; costal margin citron green from base to postmedial line, its extreme
edge russet vinaceous between the medial and postmedial lines; a small cluster
of black scales below cell near medial line which is slightly outcurved on costa,
suffusing with a green patch on discocellular, from lower angle of cell vertical,
lunular, white, followed by some green shading at submedian; postmedial line
remote, green on costa then defined on either side by faint dark scaling, out-
curved, minutely dentate and white from below vein 5 to inner margin; small
terminal black spots; cilia pale russet vinaceous. Hind wings smoky fuscous.
Hind wings below whitish suffused on costa and termen with russet vinaceous; a
'dark discal point and postmedial line defined by darker edging.

Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25670, U. S. N. M.
Allied to J. tenebrosa Schs.

Jocara longistriga, new species.

Male. — Palpi ochraceous in front with some fuscous scaling, laterally white,
a fuscous streak behind. Head, collar and thorax mottled ochraceous buff and
white. Abdomen ochraceous buff irrorated with dark brown laterally and on ter-
minal segments. Fore wings mostly light mouse gray to outer line; cell darker
shaded with some black irroration; subcostal irrorated with black and white
expanding at outer line; a fuscous and black streak below cell with a long white
streak below it edged posteriorly with fuscous and Mack, interrupted subliasally;
inner margin slightly tinged with buff to medial line, with a short white streak
on marginal edge; medial line defined by light brown partly edged outwardly
with white scales, and with black brown raised scales from vein 2 to inner margin;
on postmedial area vein 1 is white with black irrorations, veins 2 and 3 black

230 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

towards outer line, vein 4 white from cell to outer line, vein 5 pinkish cinnamon
and white at cell, then black to outer line, vein 6 white with black irrorations;
outer line well marked, fuscous, deeply outcurved from costa to vein 2, then
inbent and sinuous, outwardly edged with white and isabella color, widest ar
costa; termen snuff brown becoming darker at apex where it is irrorated with
white; terminal fuscous spots and shading; cilia with a fine whitish line at
base followed by dark tawny olive, tipped with dark gray, the two latter colors
mixed with darker shading. Hind wings semihyaline whitish, the veins beyond
cell with dark streaks; terminal space faintly shaded with brown forming a
dark terminal line; cilia white shaded near base with cinnamon buff. Fore
wings below fuscous, the inner margin at base whitish, the costa and apex purple
red; outer line pale. Hind wings below white, the costal margin purple red; a
dark discal spot and postmedial line from costa to vein 2.
Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25669, U. S. N. M.
Can be placed near J. discalis Hampson.

Jocara maroa, new species.

Male. — Antennae pectinated, densely covered below with flocculent cilia, the
process fairly long, densely scaled with longer scales on upper edge, whitish
irrorated below with dark olive buff. Collar and thorax whitish buff, the shoul-
ders shaded with vinaceous fawn. Abdomen above pale pinkish buff with
dorsal segmental black lines, underneath whitish. Fore wings vinaceous buff
to near middle limited by a black medial line forming three lunules from costa
to inner margin, and crossed by a double antemedial lunular black line from
costa to median, all the lines interrupted in cell; some black scales at base of
costa and a short black streak in base of cell; outer area whitish suffused with
light drab; an outer drab line outcurved and dentate on veins beyond cell; the
veins terminally streaked with drab and black streaks on interspaces, towards
apex only subterminal; an interrupted terminal black line. Hind wings white
at base and to near termen between veins 2 and 4; inner area buff white; costa
and apex broadly, the termen narrowly suffused with drab; cilia white.

Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat. — Baracoa, Cuba.

Type— Cat. No. 25785, U. S. N. M.

The only Jocara I know with pectinated antennae.

Jocara marchiana, new species.

Female. — Palpi green becoming buff at tip. Head white mottled with cinna-
mon rufous. Collar buff in front, cinnamon rufous behind crossed by a line of black
scales. Thorax mottled white, drab, and pale vinaceous. Abdomen above
cinnamon drab with whitish buff segmental lines, the anal hairs cinnamon rufous;
underneath white with ochraceous shading. Legs mostly buff white; tibiae
shaded with ochraceous; terminal joints of tarsi black. Fore wings russet
vinaceous, the costal margin and cell javel green; a fine dark streak below cell to
a small antemedial cluster of raised black and white scales; a medial white line

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 2M

from cell, outcurved from told to submedian and again to inner margin out-
wardly edged by some blackish scales; a black point on discocellular; outer line
from below costa, outcurved, lunular dentate, black followed by greenish white
scaling, becoming pure white from fold to inner margin; terminal black spots;
cilia russet vinaceous with some black mottling at base. Hind wings semi-
hyaline suffused with light cinnamon drab becoming fuscous on termen; cilia
tipped with white at anal angle. Fore wings below fuscous, the inner margin
white; costa yellow buff; apex and tips of veins russet vinaceous. Hind wings
below white, the costa, apex broadly and termen narrowly suffused with russet
vinaceous; a fine subterminal dark line.
Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.

Type— Cat. No. 25673, U. S. N. M.

Can be placed near J. majuscula Herrich-Schaeffer.

Jocara cononalis, new species.

Male. — Palpi and body greenish ochraceous; base of abdomen above whitish,
the terminal segments with dark irrorations. Fore wings Isabella color; costal
margin to outer line greenish ochraceous; a whitish shade above submedian from
base to beyond middle with some black scaling at base and subbasally on inner
margin; a black streak below cell followed by a black point; some black scaling
beyond extending on to veins 2 and 3, and below vein 4 near cell; a black point
at end of cell and some black scales on vein 6 near cell; black scaling forming an
indistinct double, lunular, medial line; some postmedial reddish scales forming
an indistinct double dentate line; outer line, black, dentate, outcurved from
vein 7 to vein 2; an interrupted terminal black line; cilia shaded with gray.
Hind wings semihyaline whitish suffused with fuscous except at base, darkest on
termen. Wings below with the costal margin shaded with rutous, the hind
wings with a dark streak on discocellular; traces of a subterminal line from costa
and the apex fuscous.

Expanse, 21mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25671, T. S. N. M.

Nearest J. nigripnncta Schaus, and also allied to J. fcrri-
fusalis Hampson = obscuralis Schaus.

Jocara vimina, new species.

Male. — Palpi mouse gray in front with some fuscous scales, laterally white;
a black band across second joint near middle. Head, collar and thorax light
quaker drab. Abdomen above yellowish white, the terminal segments with
dark brown and black scaling. Body below yellowish white, the legs pale gray,
the fore coxae with a large black 'spot. Fore wings: the costal halt light mouse
gray irrorated with black; a streak on median and submedian dark mouse gra\ ,
the space between as on costa; an antemedial black point below cell; a medial
line from subcostal to inner margin, slightly outcurved, Isabella color with a tew
black scales on it; space beyond between veins 6 and 1 deep mouse gray, the

232 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

veins irrorated with black and white; some black scales on discocellular mottled
with Isabella color scales, these latter extending on vein 7 and there are a few on
costa subterminally; outer line faint, deeply outcurved, indicated by short
black streaks on veins, and by some whitish streaks and shading from vein 3 to
inner margin; an interrupted terminal fuscous line; cilia mottled mouse gray
and black. Hind wings semihyaline white, veins mostly buff white, but with
dark streaks towards apex, the costal margin being suffused with fuscous, the
termen very narrowly so; cilia tipped with white. Wings below with apex of
fore wings and costa of hind wings reddish.
Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25672, U. S. N. M.

Jocara crinitalis, new species.

Female. — Palpi white with a few dark scales and black rings at base and tip
of second joint. Head white, collar white shaded with vinaceous buff in front.
Thorax white with a black transverse line posteriorly, the patagia mottled
with vinaceous buff. Abdomen white, dorsrlly shaded beyond second segment
with olive buff and brown. Legs white, the tarsi with black rings. Fore wings
silvery white with some vinaceous buff irrorations; an outbent subbasal black
line from costa to submedian; a fine broken antemedial black line, followed in
cell by a black spot, outcurved below cell partly consisting of raised fuscous
scales, preceded and followed by vinaceous buff shading; a fine sinuous black
medial line; a bar of raised black scales at end of cell and a black spot above it on
costa from which the fine black postmedial line is outbent and irregularly den-
tate and curved, below vein 5 incurved with raised black scales from vein 3 to
inner margin, followed by a vinaceous buff shade to outer line; outer line fus-
cous, double, incurved below vein 3 and partly filled in with white and partly
with vinaceous buff, the distal line macular towards apex; large semilunar
terminal black spots almost united; cilia white shaded with vinaceous buff at
base. Hind v. ings buff white, the termen with darker suffusion and a dark
terminal line.

Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25674, U. S. N. M.

Very distinct, somewhat reminiscent of the whitish species
of Tetralopha.

Macalla finstanalis, new species.

Male. — Palpi cinnamon buff, the base white. Head white, the tuft behind
antenna cinnamon buff. Collar white edged in front with fuscous. Thorax
white mottled with cinnamon buff. Abdomen'orange cinnamon with segmental
white bands. Fore wings aniline yellow to postmedial line; a black streak on
inner margin near base; a subbasal black point below median followed by a large
semihyaline iridescent white spot; smaller spots between veins 2 and 4 close to
cell, a large spot beyond cell, and a small spot above vein 6; a fuscous antemedial

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 233

line inbent below vein 1 ; a black spot on discocellular preceded by a smaller spot
below subcostal with a cinnamon streak above it on costa; postmedial line black,
outbent from costa, outcurved between veins 4 and 2, then dentate and vertical
to inner margin; terminal space purplish cupreous; terminal dark spots on inter-
spaces; cilia iridescent gray and fuscous. Hind wings semihyaline white, the
inner margin fuscous; termen broadly fuscous at apex and on vein 2, narrowly
fuscous below vein 2. Wings below white; fore wings with the costa yellowish;
a fuscous streak in cell and bar on discocellular; the termen broadly fuscous.
Hind wings below with the costa broadly yellowish to beyond middle, the ter-
men as above, the inner margin grayish.
Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat. — Quirigua, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25675, U. S. N. M.

Near M. pallidomedia Dyar which has no process from base
of antennae.

Manilla glastianalis, new species.

Male. — Palpi mouse gray, a whitish gray shade behind. Antennal process
mouse gray. Collar and thorax pallid mouse gray. Abdomen above pale
ochraceous buff with minute brown irrorations and black segmental lines; under-
neath whitish buff with some brown irrorations. Fore tibiae white irrorated
with black, mid and hind tibiae buff; fore tarsi black with white rings; other
tarsi brown with white rings. Fore wings: base to medial line mouse gray
suffused with sayal brown on antemedial space above and below submedian; a
black streak below median followed by some broad pearl gray downturned scales;
some black scaling on costa forming a diffuse shade, outbent and suffusing with
medial line, and a similar shade from medial above vein 1 curved towards base
of inner margin; medial line from subcostal, outbent, thick, consisting of black
and dark brown scales; terminal half pallid mouse gray with a few drab irrora-
tions; a black brown streak from costa across discocellular; black streaks on
veins 3 and 5 to outer line; outer line fine, black, deeply outcurved between veins
6 and 3, incurved to submedian fold, and again outcurved; apex black shaded; a
terminal black line with white points on veins; cilia white. Hind wings white;
minute brown subterminal points on veins; a narrow terminal brown line; cilia
white. Wings underneath white, the costal margin and apex of fore wings light
mouse gray.

Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Oaxaca, Mexico.

Type.— Cat. No. 25676, U. S. N. M.

Macalla furseyalis, new species.

Male. — Palpi white with a few dark scales. Head, collar and thorax white
with some pale yellow suffusions, the neck fuscous. Abdomen whitish with
transverse fuscous bands dorsally. Fore wings: the base mostly antimony
yellow, irrorated with fuscous ami limited by a fuscous line; medial space semi-
hyaline white with some antimony yellow irrorations; a fuscous spot on disco-
cellular; terminal third fuscous its inner edge dentate; cilia dark gray with a

234 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

whitish line at base. Hind wings: basal half semihyaline white; outer half
silky fuscous, darkest towards apex. Wings below without the basal marking,
the hind wing with the costa to beyond middle creamy white, the marginal
shading narrowing to a point at anal angle.

Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat.— Qumgua, Guatemala.

Type— Cat. No. 25677, U. S. N. M. _

Related to M. ochrotalis Hampson, which has no black at base
of fore wing, and still more similar to Macalla mesohucalis
Hampson, described as a Pococera.

Macalla pegalis, new species.

Male. — Palpi vinaceous cinnamon, first joint fringed below with white, the
second ioint with a lateral triangular white spot, the third joint tipped with
fuscous. No long process from base of antenna. Head white shaded with
light vinaceous cinnamon; vertex with cluster of scales reaching over collar in
front. Collar and thorax light pinkish cinnamon, with a rutous central spot on
collar. Abdomen light pinkish cinnamon with transverse dark shading above.
Fore wings pinkish buff shaded with pinkish cinnamon in and below cell; base
of inner margin darker, irrorated with black scales; a rufous shade and black
streak on costa about middle; a short black streak on submedian fold ante-
medially, and a small cluster of scales below vein 1; a medial dark line from fold
to inner margin with a black streak from it towards base on vein 1, closely fol-
lowed by a parallel line forming part of the postmedial; postmedial consisting
of an oblique black and rufous series of scales extending to near subterminal
above vein 4, incurved from the same line below vein 2; some reddish scaling at
end of cell below subcostal, on median towards end of cell, and on interspaces
from vein 2 to vein 5; a double subterminal dentate black line filled in with
whitish buff, slightly outcurved from costa to vein 2, then incurved and again
outcurved; termen shaded with purplish fuscous from vein 4 to apex, below
vein 4 grayish; terminal black spots almost forming a line; cilia pinkish burl"
with black spots. Hind wings semihyaline smoky white, darker shaded along
termen, broadly towards apex. Fore wings below smoky, the costa vinaceous
cinnamon, the inner margin broadly white; a fuscous subterminal line. Hind
wings below as above, the costa vinaceous cinnamon; a subterminal fuscous line
on costa.

Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type— Cat. No. 25679, U. S. N. M.
Near M. mar gin at a Schaus.

Macalla vilstana, new species.

Female. — Palpi wood brown, irrorated in front with whitish gray. Head,
collar and patagia buffy olive, the thorax whitish mottled with buffy olive.
Abdomen mouse gray with brownish segmental lines; a fuscous dorsal tuft at
base, underneath buff with transverse drab lines. Fore tarsi brownish olive
with ochraceous rings. Fore wings isabella color irrorated with olive ochre; a

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

subbasal black point in cell; antemedial line black and olive, inbent to a black
point below cell, then outcurved to inner margin, followed in eel! by a black
point; a black spot on discocellular; postmedial coarse, black, outbent on costa,
finer, outcurved and dentate between veins 5 and 3, inset at vein 3 and some-
what macular the spot on submedian told inset; some subterminal darker shad-
ing; a thick black terminal macular line; cilia cupreous olive. Hind wings
semihyaline white, the termen broadly fuscous at apex narrowing towards anal
angle; buff hairs on inner margin. Fore wings below to postmedial white, the
cell filled in with light brownish olive scales, the costa buff"; termen from post-
medial fuscous. Hind wings below as above, the costa to beyond middle
broadly buff.

]• \panse, 37 mm.

Habitat. — Yahuarmayo, Peru.

Type— Cut. No. 25681, U. S. N. M.

This species looks very much \ike-Homura nocturrtalis Lederer,
which I think is a Macalla, though Hampson placed it in Locas-
tra, but he could not ha\'e known Lederer's species as he made
H. trisnlcata \\'arren a synonym of it. H. tnsulcata is i|uite a
different species and has priority over Locastra -ciriditinctci Schaus,
the latter having been described from a very fresh and heavily
marked specimen.

Macalla afflicta, new species.

Male. — Palpi laterally vinaceous rutous, slightly mottled with black near tip.
Vertex vinaceous cinnamon with some white mottling; collar similar with con-
siderable black scaling. Thorax mottled in the three colors, the white pre-
dominating. Abdomen above white at base, then olive gray, with brown
shading on terminal half, but varying considerably in different specimens. Fore
wings mostly silvery whitish gray; a basal darker line outbent on inner margin;
subbasal space whiter in cell and on inner margin, with broad scales ripped with
salmon buff; whiter scales forming a fine, vertical, antemedial line; a medial
In-own line slightly outcurved mottled with fuscous below cell to inner margin; a
brown spot on costa above discocellular, from it a fine black line curved around
end of cell, broader below cell, shaded with brown almost suffusing with medial
line, outbent on inner margin; sometimes these two lines are clearer, without
the brown shading; subterminal line double, slightly outbent on costa and finely
dentate, inbent on vein 2 and downturned to inner margin, preceded from .
to vein 4 by a brown shade, and followed by a similar shade to termen and apex;
a brown and fuscous spot before the subterminal from vein 2 to below vein 1;
terminal fuscous spots on intersp ha buff white with fuscous spots at

veins. Hind wings semihyaline yellowish white; termen fuscous from ape\
narrowing to a line below vein 2. Fore wing below silky fuscous, the inner
margin broadly whitish; a darker subterminal shade; a terminal black line; cilia
white with black spots; costa shaded with rutous. Hind wings below whiter; a
fuscous shade at apex; the costa shaded with rutous; traces ot a subterminal
punctiform line to vein 2.

Fxpanse, 22 mm.

236 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

Habitat. — Quirigua and Cayuga, Guatemala.

Type.— Cat. No. 25680, U. S. N. M.

Near M. rufilinea Druce = M. contortilinealis Dognin.

Chloropaschia mennusalis, new species.

Male. — Palpi mottled brown and white, the third joint black. Head and col-
lar brown and white, the latter with a few black scales. Thorax mottled white
and drab with some black scales. Abdomen above ochraceous buff, underneath
white. Throat black; fore coxae white with a black spot at throat; fore tibiae
vinaceous; fore tarsi fuscous with fine buff rings. Fore wings mostly white
irrorated with drab gray, cinnamon, and black scales; basal half of costa suffused
with light vinaceous cinnamon; small clusters of black scales form an indistinct
antemedial line slightly incurved at submedian fold; a fine black streak on dis-
cocellular; faint traces of a fine, double, postmedial line, sinuous beyond cell,
inbent at vein 2; the outer line is the most conspicuous character being velvety
brown black well marked from costa to vein 3, slightly oblique and almost
straight, inwardly shaded with mikado brown, below vein 3 finer, slightly
incurved below submedian fold, and is followed closely by a fine indistinct line
the space between pinkish brown towards costa, white from vein 3 to inner
margin; apical space mikado brown mixed with gray on termen; terminal black
spots; cilia vinaceous cinnamon, paler towards tornus and spotted with black.
Hind wings semihyaline tinged with pale cinnamon pink; costal margin with
opalescent greenish scaling, the termen narrowly fuscous; cilia drab gray tipped
with white. Fore wings below cupreous ferruginous, the inner margin whitish.
Hind wings below buff white, the costa ferruginous, the apex fuscous.

Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.
Type.— Cat. No. 25682, U. S. N. M.
Near C. canities Schaus.

Chloropaschia brithvalda, new species.

Male. — Palpi cinnamon, the third joint black. Frons pale pinkish cinnamon;
vertex and collar cinnamon; patagia whitish shaded with pale drab gray, and
with a few black tipped scales; abdomen buff gray with some darker shading and
pale segmental lines; legs whitish gray, the fore tibiae streaked with cinnamon,
the tarsi black with white rings; throat cinnamon. Fore wings shaded on basal
half with gray; some cinnamon at base; antemedial line macular consisting of
black and white raised scales forming an incurved line below cell; a medial
cinnamon spot on costa and incurved line from lower angle of cell; some black
scales on discocellular; postmedial line cinnamon, close to medial from vein 3,
followed on veins by some white scaling and dentate black lines; a double outer
line, cinnamon, filled in partly with white and with some black marks on veins,
forming streaks towards termen on veins 5 to 7; termen gray suffused with
cinnamon, the veins irrorated black and white; terminal black spots; cilia buff
at base with black spots, tips white, but darker shaded at spots. Hind wings
semihyaline tinged with pinkish, the costa and termen smoky; faint subterminal

PROC. EXT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

streaks on veins, forming a fuscous and white spot on vein 2; some terminal
white points at veins; cilia drab tipped with white.
Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat. — Carabaya, Peru.

Type.— Cat. No. 25683, U. S. N. M.

Probably the cinnamon color is green in fresh specimens.

Near C. thermal is Hampson.

Chloropaschia letharda, new species.

Female. — Palpi dark olive buff, a black spot at end of second joint. Head
olive buff, the frons shaded with white, the throat black. Collar, thorax and
abdomen olive buff, the patagia with some vinaceous buff scales. Body below
whitish, some dark irrorations on venter. Legs outwardly deep olive buff.
Fore wings dar'v olive buff, a broad streak through cell, one below cell, and one
on inner margin vinaceous fawn mottled with pale vinaceous fawn; a streak of
black irrorations on costal margin from base to above discocellular; faint traces
of antemedial black scaling; medial line well defined only on costa, median and
submedian, outbent on costa, outcurved in cell, inangled on median, outcurved
to submedian where it is inbent along vein to near antemedial; a black spot at
upper and lower angle of cell followed by a russet shade between veins 5 and 6,
and a similar shade inbent from vein 4 to submedian, these shades limited by
some black points and irrorations forming the postmedial line which is deeply
outcurved beyond cell, touching on vein 6 a larger black point, one of a slightly
outcurved series from costa to inner margin; a taint parallel subterminal lighter
russet line with black irrorations on veins; terminal velvety black spots; cilia
vinaceous tipped with white with a medial line of black points. Hind wings
semihya'ine white on basal half, light grayish vinaceous on outer half, the termen
narrow!) drab with a faint subterminai line from costa to vein 2; cilia drab with a
fine buff line at base, an^i broad white tips.
Kxpanse, 29 mm.

Habitat. — Cabima, Panama.

Type— Cat. No. 25787, U. S. N. M.

Comes nearest C. thermalis Hampson.

The fore wings are rather narrow in proportion to their length.

\\pipaschia consimilis Dognin is a Chloropaschia.

Stericta nolasca, new species.

Male. — Palpi buff white shaded in front with brown. Head and body whitish
buff, the abdomen dorsally with some drab scaling. Fore wings whitish buff,
the costal and inner margins ochraceous buff, probably light green when fresh;
some fuscous scaling antemedially on costa and in cell; medial space suffused
with drab limited by some fuscous scaling beyond cell and from vein 3 at cell to
inner margin; a fuscous baron discocellular and fuscous scaling above it on cosra;
an outer cinnamon drab line slightly outcurved from subcostal to vein 2, then
sinuous; termen broadly cinnamon drab with darker shading on veins, expanding
into spots at tips; cilia avellaneous. Hind u HILTS huff white, the termen darker;

238 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

a faint postmedial line. Fore wings below suffuse ' with drab, the inner margin
white; the outer line distinct. Hind wings below as above; cilia buff white.
Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat. — Orizaba, Mexico.
Type.— Cat. No. 25684, U. S. N. M.

Stericla canutusa, new species.

Male. — Palpi whitish buff. Head whitish and buff pink. Thorax fuscous;
patagia and collar buff pink. Abdomen above whitish irrorated with black and
buff pink; underneath buff. Thorax below and throat white. Fore wings drab
gray; a black basal spot on costa; a subbasal black point below cell; a streak of
black scales along base of inner margin; an antemedial black spot on costa and a
long thick streak below submedian, outwardly joined by some dark curved
scaling, closely followed by the black outcurved medial line; base of costal
margin whitish buff; costa beyond medial line olive brown; faint traces of a post-
medial brownish shade; subterminal line brown streaked with black, excurved
on costa followed by a white spot, outcurved to close to termen between veins
5 and 3, then incurved, barely indicated, edged by a white line at inner margin; a
black spot follows the line between veins 6 and 9; some black on termen. Hind
wings white, the costa and apex suffused with smoky brown, and the termen with
narrow suffusions; cilia white divided by a smoky line.

Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.
Type— Cat. No. 25685, U. S. N. M.

The fore wings are rather narrow, the termen obliquely
curved.

Stericta maidoa, new species.

Female. — Palpi ferruginous, the second joint whitish at base and tip. Head
and collar ferruginous. Thorax salmon buff, the patagia green on shoulders,
tipped with black and mouse gray. Abdomen hazel, with raised dark dorsal
tufts beyond middle; underneath buff irrorated with black. Tibiae mostly
ferruginous; fore tarsi ferruginous at base, then black with white rings. Fore
wings cosse green; base of inner margin ferruginous; a black basal spot; a sub-
basal black line on costa; antemedial line black, double, outbent on costa,
inversely curved below cell, the outer line followed on inner margin by a partly
black space its upper edge curved to vein 2; some black scales on discocellular;
postmedial line velvety black brown, minutely lunular, outbent from costa to
vein 3 then inbent, macular, closely followed by the more heavily marked
blacker subterminal which nearly touches termen at vein 4 is downbent to vein
3, then finer and macular; the large apical space is cinnamon rufous shading to
salmon buff on termen; small terminal black spots; cilia hazel with black and
buff mottling, tipped with green at apex and tornus. Hind wings prout's
brown, the veins and termen black brown; a terminal white point at vein 2.
Wings below fuscous, the costal and terminal margins ferruginous; a yellow

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 239

streak on costa of fore wings and some yellow spots towards apex; a postmedial
black line better defined on hind wing.
Expanse, 29 mm.

Habitat. — St. Jean, French Guiana.

Type— Cat. No. 25686, U. S. N. M.

On fore wing vein 9 is stalked with 8 before 7.

Stericta teffealis, new species.

Male. — Palpi avellaneous shaded behind with buffy brown. Head and the
frons mottled with white. Thorax tilleul buff, collar vmaceous buff, mottled
with mouse gray and white. Abdomen above white with warm buff transverse
bands, underneath white. Legs white with some dark scaling, the tarsi avel-
laneous; throat deep mouse gray. Fore wings avellaneous. the markings
chiefly fuscous; a streak on basal half of costa and one in cell faintly whitish
gray; an antemedial black point in cell, and a short fine streak below cell of
raised black scales; an outcurved double medial line, the inner line rather broad;
a line of raised black and fuscous scales on discoeellular; small postmedial spots
on veins 4, 5, and on submedian fold; an outer macular line, slightly outcurved
from vein 6 and closely followed by a subterminal continuous line; terminal
round black spots on interspaces; cilia whitish crossed by a macular brown line.
Hind wings silvery white; veins 2-7 streaked with wood brown terminally, and
a narrow dark shade at apex; a very fine terminal dark line; cilia white with dark
mottling at veins. Fore wings below suffused with fuscous, the inner margin
white, the costa light buff. Hind wings below white; a few dark scales and sub-
terminal spot on costa; apex narrowly fuscous.

Expanse, 29 mm.

Habitat.— Mouth Rio Teffe, Brazil.

Cotype—Cat. No 25791, U. S. N. M.

The type at Cornell University to which we are indebted for
a specimen.

The antennae are bipectinated. Vein 10 is from the cell and
apparently anostomoses with 9 to form a long narrow areole.

Stericta alnotha, new species.

Male. — Palpi whitish shaded with ochraceous buff, the third joint fuscous.
Antennal process pale ochraceous buff. Collar white overlaid with broad
salmon buff scales. Thorax and patagia white with a few scattered black scales.
Abdomen above whitish irrorated'with vinaceous except on basal segment; fine
transverse segmental lines; underneath white. Legs white, the tarsi with fus-
cous rings. Fore wings cream color with a faint greenish tinge; a black point on
vein 1 at base; subbasal black spots on costa and below cell, also a streak of
irrorations below vein 1; an oblique white fascia limited by the antemedial
black line which is very fine, outcurved from costa to near vein 1 , followed in cell
by a black point; medial line more heavily marked from a black spot on o >
incurved, almost touching antemedial below cell, then straight and outhent to
inner margin, followed below cell by black irrorations; a fine black line on dis-

240 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

cocellular; some black irrorations on veins 2-5 near cell; outer line obliquely
incurved from costa to below vein 5 near termen, then inbent, lunular, with
projecting lines on distal side; a subterminal fuscous spot from costa to vein 7,
and salmon color spots on interspaces, forming a large spot at tornus; a fine
terminal black line; cilia white spotted with drab. Hind wings white; costa,
apex and termen narrowly suffused with cinnamon drab; veins terminally dark
streaked with subterminal points.
Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat. — Porto Rico.

Type.— Cat. No. 25788, U. S. N. M.

Fresh specimens are probably greener.

Stericta emerantia, new species.

Female. — Palpi cinnamon buff with some black scaling in front and a white
shade below. Head, collar and thorax light pinkish cinnamon, the collar shaded
in front with vinaceous cinnamon. Abdomen cinnamon buff, a whitish buff
dorsal shade at base, the terminal segments whitish buff irrorated with black.
Fore legs and tarsi vinaceous fawn, the tarsi with whitish rings. Fore wings:
basal half cinnamon buff limited by a series of black scales, inangled in cell;
terminal half white thickly irrorated with black with grayish shadings on either
side of postmedial line from veins 2 to 7; postmedial black, outcurved between
veins 6 and 3 with projecting streaks on veins 3 to 5; traces of a subterminal line
with streaks on veins 3 to 5; termen narrowly fuscous; cilia white with black
spots. Hind wings semihyaline white faintly tinged with pale pinkish cinnamon;
costal margin cinnamon buff; some slight fuscous shading on termen; cilia white
with some black tipped hairs near apex. Wings below with costal margins
vinaceous cinnamon, the fore wings suffused with black except from cell and
vein 2 to inner margin.

Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat. — Carabaya, Peru.

Type— Cat. No. 25687, U. S. N, M.

Stericta ildefonsa, new species.

Female. — Palpi whitish buff, shaded behind with avellaneous, some fuscous
scaling in front at end of second joint. Head white. Collar and thorax white
shaded with pale cinnamon pink. Abdomen above cinnamon buff; underneath
and legs whitish buff, the fore and hind tarsi with large black spots. Forewings:
the basal half cinnamon buff with whitish shading below cell and on inner margin,
limited by an outbent line of raised black and fuscous scales from subcostal to
submedian; the buff color extends a bit further above subcostal; an antemedial
small cluster of black scales below cell; terminal half of wing drab thickly irror-
ated with white; some raised brown scales on discocellular; postmedial line out-
curved, dentate, defined by some whitish buff scaling on its outer edge; traces of
a subterminal line parallel with postmedial, both of ground color with fewer
irrorations; a terminal dark line; cilia mottled dark smoky gray and whitish
buff. Hind wings semihyaline white suffused with pale pink; costa, apex and
termen narrowly silkv fuscous; cilia gray brown tipped with white.

PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922 241

Fore wings below suffused with fuscous, the costa and apex tinged with
vinaceous, the inner margin whitish. Hind wings below white, the costa and
apex vinaceous; a small discal spot.

Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat. — Cayuga, Guatemala.
Type.— Cat. No. 25688, U. S. N. M.
Very close to S. emerantia Schaus.

ERRATA.

Note. — The following errors should be corrected in part 6 of
this volume:

On page 132 drgyria tunuistri^ella should be tenuislrigella.

On page 140 the end of the description of the new genus Xubida should be:
Hind wing with vein 3 from before angle, 4 and 5 from angle or stalked; 6 and 7
from upper angle.

THE IDENTITY OF ICHNEUMON COCCINELLAE SCHRANK

(HYM.).

BY R. A. CUSHMAN, Bureau of Entomology.

In 1802 Schrank described a parasite of an adult coccinellid
beetle, of which description the following is a free translation:

"Lady-bird killer 2155. Deep black; eyes green; head, front legs, and apex
of the petiolate abdomen mussel-brown. 9

Ichneumon coccinellae.

Habitat: in the already matured lady-bird.

Observat'ons. The larva emerges from an adult lady-bird through the anus,
makes a loose irregular web at the point on the leaf where it emerged, and there
assumes the pupal stage. After about three weeks the parasite emerges. The
one that I saw was a female, and its ovipositor was half as long as the petiolate
egg-shaped abdomen."

The only subsequent reference to this species under Schrank's
name is in Dalla Torre's catalog, where it is allowed to stand
under Ichneumon with an expression ot doubt as to its properly
belonging there.

In 1811 Nees described his Brae on terminates, later (1834)
erecting for it and one other species the genus Perilitus. Nees'
species was subsequently transferred by Wesmael (1835) to his
genus Mtcroctomis, and Foerster (1862) erected for it the genus
Dinocampns. In 1872 Cresson described his Euphorus scnlptns
and in 1889 Riley his Peri/itus cuiiericanits. Timberlake (1918)

242 PROC. ENT. SOC. WASH., VOL. 24, NO. 9, DEC., 1922

called attention to the synonymy of the two American species
with terminatus.

Schrank's description of the adult insect together with his
observations on the biology leave, I think, no room for doubt
that terminatus Nees is the same insect.

The synonymy is therefore as follows:

Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank).

Ichneumon coccinellae Schrank, Fauna Boica, vol. 2, part 2, 1802, p. 310, 9 •
Bracon terminatus Nees, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, vol. 5, 1811, p. 26, 9 .
Perilitus terminatus Nees, Ichn. Affin. Monog., vol. 1, 1834, p. 30, 9 cf-
Microctonus terminatus Wesmael, Nouv. Mem. Acad. Sc. Bruxelles, vol. 9, 1835,

p. 63, 9 .
Dinocampus terminatus Foerster, Verb. Naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl., vol. 19,

1862, p. 252.

Euphorus sculptus Cresson, Can. Ent., vol. 4, 1872, p. 227, 9 •
Perilitus americanus Riley, Insect Life, vol. 1, 1889, p. 338, 9 .
Perilitus terminatus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., vol. 4, Braconidae, 1898, p. 122.
Ichneumon coccinellae Dalla Torre, loc. cit., vol. 3, part 2, 1902, p. 875.
Dinocampus terminatus Timberlake, Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, 1918,

p. 401.

Actual date oj publication, December SO, 1922.

INDEX TO VOLUME 24

Address of the Retiring President, 159.

Aenoplegimorpha micator, Synonymy of, 64.

Agrilus lateralis Say, notes on, 124.

ALDRICH, J. M.: A new genus of two-winged
fly with mandible-like labella, 145.

Alexandriaria, n. gen., 60; intermedia, n. sp.,
60; Kooteniensis, n. sp., 61; suffusa, n. sp.,
60; whartoni, 59, 61.

Allocorhynchus nigrolobus, n. sp., 103; key to
American species, 103.

America, Tropical, new Pyralidae from, 127.

Andrena maderensis, n. sp., 32; portosanctana,
n. sp., 32; wollastoni, n. sp., 32.

Anoplius illinoiensis, 125.

Apion, Notes on, with description of two new
species, 82; species found in Iowa, 84; delta,
n. sp., 82; notabile, n. sp., 82; griseum and
other species injurious to beans in Mexico,
119.

Argyria antonialis, n. sp., 133; quevedella, n.
sp., 132; tenuistrigella, n. sp., 132.

Auradisa corumba, n. sp., 216; fechina, n. sp.,
214; remberta, n. sp., 216; seteris, n. sp., 215;
tresaina, n. sp., 215.

BARBER, H. G.: Two new species of Reduviidae
from the United States, 103.

BARBER, H. S., with SCHWARZ. E. A.: The spe-
cific names of two Otiorhynchid weevils of
Florida. 29.

Beans from Mexico injured by Apion, 119.

Bees, new, from the Madeira Islands, 31.

BOVING. ADAM G., and A. B. CHAMPLAIN: The
larva of the North American beetle Zenodo-
sus sanguineous Say of the family Cleridae, 9.

British Colombia, new Tipulidae from, 58.

BUCHANAN, L. L.: Notes on Apion, with de-
scriptions of two new species, 82.

BUSCK, AUGUST, and CARL HEINRICH: Life
history of Ethmia macelhosiella Busck, 1.

Callimomidae, List of phytophagous species,
39.

Calopteryx maculata, An interesting ph<.i<.
graph of. 1 17.

Calybitia, n. gen., 220; picta, n. sp., 220.

Catharylla paulella, n. sp., 131.

CAUDELL, A. N.: A diving wasp, 125.

Chalcidoidea, phytophagous, List of, 33; List of
host plants, 49.

CHAMPLAIN. A. B., with ADAM G. BOVING: The
larva of the North American beetle Zenodo-
sus sanguineus Say of the family Cleridae, 9.

Chilo alfodellus, n. sp., 143; cynedradellus, n.
sp., 143; matanzalis, n. sp., 143; truncatellus,
n. sp., 143; venatella, n. sp., 144.

Chilopsiscastrellus, n.sp., 144; dorsipunctellus,
n. sp., 145; peruanellus, n. sp.. 144.

Chionea alexandriana, n. sp., 62.

Cicadellidae, new species from the eastern and
western United States, 93.

Chloropschia brithvalda, n. sp., 236; letharda,
n. sp., 237; mannusalis, n. sp., 236.

Chlorotettix bakeri, n. sp., 97; capensis, n. sp.,
95; divergens, n. sp.. ''4; dnzieri, n. sp., 93;
excultus, n. sp., 97; fallax, n. sp., 94; lati-
frons, n. sp., 95; minimus, 96; productus, 96.

COCKERELL, T. D. A.: New Bees from the Ma-
deira Island, 31.

Crambinae, new species from tropical America,
127.

Crambusargyriplagalis, 128; damotellus, n. sp.,
130; domingellus, n. sp., 129; dukinfieldiellus,
n. sp., 131; edredellus, n. sp.. 128; elphegellus,
n. sp., 130; paucipunctellus, n. sp., 129; santi-
ageilus, n. sp., 129.

CRAMPTON, G. C.: Comparison of the first max-
illae of Apterygotan insects and Crustacea
from the standpoint of Phylogeny, 65; The
derivation of certain types of Head capsule
in Insects from Crustacean prototypes, 153.

Crustacea, the prototypes of insects, 65, 153.

Crustacea and Apterygotan Insects, Compari-
son of first maxillae. 65.

Culladia castrella, n. sp., 127; eucosmella, 128;
francescella, r. sp., 127: habanella, n sp
128.

CuSHMAN, R. A.: Identity of a hymenopterus
parasite of the Alfalfa Leaf Weevil, 64; Iden-
tity of Habrobracon brevicornis Wesmael,
121; Identity of Ichneumon coccinellae
Schrank, 241.

DsLoNG, D. M., with J. G. SANDERS: New
species of Cicadellidae from the eastern and
western United States, 93.

Diatraea fuscella, n. sp., 139; guatemala, n. sp.,
138; marionalis, n. sp., 139; postlineela, n. sp.,
138; sobrinalis, n. sp., 140; umbrialis, n. sp
139.

Diatraerupa guapilella, 137.

Dicranomyia whartoni, 61.

Dinocampus coccinellae, synonymy of, 242.

Diptera, A new genus with mandible-like la-
bella, 145.

Diptychophora pictella, n. sp., 131 ; herstanella,
n. sp., 132.

Dolichopodidae, Mandible substitutes in, 149:
A new genus with mandible-like labella, 145.

Doratoperas atrosparsellus, 145; biumbrata,
n. sp., 145; spectabilis, 145.

Encyrtidae, List of phytophagous species, 47.

English poetry of Entomology, 159.

Entomology of English poetry, 159.

Eoreuma donzella, n. sp., 136; paranella, n SD
136.

Epipaschiinae, Notes on the Neotropical, with
descriptions of new genera and speci.-s, 208.

Eromene chiriquitensis, 137.

Erupa chilopsisina, n. sp., 134; huarmi-llus,
n. sp., 134; impunctella, n. sp., 135; luceria,
136; somenella, n. sp., 1-34.

Ethmia macelhos.ella Busck. Life history < if. -1 ;
description and figure of larva, 3; of pupa, 3.

Eufernaldia panamella, n. sp., !28.

Eulophidae. List of phytophagous spec-i^ I-

EupaJopsis pavoniformis, n. sp., 106.

Eurytomidae, List of phytophagous species, 41.

KWING. H. K.: Three new species of peculiar
and injurious spider mites. 104.

FISHER, W. S.: Notes on Agrilus lateralis Say,
124.

GAHAN, A. B.: A 'ist of phytophagous Chalci-
doidea with descripti n >f t w< > new species, 33.

(lARRETT, C. B. D.: New Tipulidae from British
Columbia, ^.

Habrobracon brevicornis Wesmael, Identity i-f.
123; Comparison of with H. juglandis, 123.

Haimbachia chiriquitensis, 137; dumptalis,
n. sp.. 137; gloriella, n. sp., 137; prestonella,
n. sp., 138; quiriguella, n. sp., 137.

243

244

INDEX

Halictus wollastoni, n. sp., 31.

Harmolita phyllotachitis, n. sp., 55.

Head capsule in insects, derivation of from

crustacean prototypes, 153.
HEINRICH, CARL, with A. BUSCK: Life history

of Ethmia macelhosiella Busck, 1.
Hessian Fly, Preliminary account of two ser-

phoid parasites, 109, 115.
HILL, CHAS. C.: A preliminary account of two

Serphoid (Proctotrypoid) parasites of the

Hessian fly, 109.
HOLLAND, W. J.: Calopteryx maculata Beau-

vois. An interesting photograph, 117.
Host plants of phytophagous Chalcidoidea, 49.
Hydrophorus curvipes, 147.
Hypocharassus pruinosus, 150.
Ichneumon coccinellae, synonymy of, 241.
lesta guapelella, 137.

Insects, Derivation of head capsule from crus-
tacean prototypes, 153.
Insects and Crustacea, Comparison of first

maxillae, 65.
Jocara abachuma, n. sp., 226; agathoa, n. sp.,

228; aidana, n. sp., 227; anastasia, n. sp., 225;

ansberti, n. sp., 224; cononalis, n. sp., 231;

conrana, n. sp., 226; crinitalis, n. sp., 232;

longistriga, n. sp., 229; luciana, n. sp., 227;

marchiana, n. sp., 230; maroa, n. sp., 230;

martinia, n. sp., 235; raymonda, n. sp., 229;

theliana, n. sp., 228; thilloa, n. sp., 224:

vimina, n. sp., 231.
Lepidogma modana, n. sp. 223.
Macalla afHicta, n. sp., 235; finstanalis, n. sp.,

232; furseyalis, n. sp., 233; glastianalis, n. sp.,

233; pegalis, n. sp., 234; vulstana, n. sp., 234.
Macrochilo eambardella, n. sp., 136; herstan-

ellus, n. sp., 135; luceria, 136.
Madeira Islands, New bees from, 31.
Maxillae of Insects and Crustacea, 65.
Melanderia, n. gen., 146; curvipes, 147; mandi-

bulata, n. sp., 146.
Melanotus, External anatomy of, 12.
Melanotus communis, 12; fissilis, 12; hyslopi,

male genitalia of, 24.
Mexican beans injured by Apion, 119.
Milgithea, n. gen.. 208; melanoleuca, 209;

suramisa, n. sp., 208.

Neophorodon, n. gen., 204; rubi, n. sp., 204.
Obituary note: Dr. David Sharp, 207.
Oneida mejona, n. sp., 209.
Oxyalois ovifera, 224.
Pachnaeus litus, 30; opalus, 30.
Paranatula vicentia, n. sp., 209.
Paraphorocera senilis, Larval characters in, 86.
Paratetranychus heteronychus, n. sp., 105.
Perilampidae, List of phytophagous species, 48.
Phlepsius cottoni, n. sp., 98; planus, n. sp., 98.
Phylogeny, Comparison of first maxillae of

Apterygotan Insects and Crustacea, 65.
Phytonomus punctatus, A hymenopterous par-
asite of, 64.

Phytophaga destructor, Two Serphoid para-
sites of, 109, 115.

Phytophagous Chalcidoidea, List of, 33.
Phytoptipalpidae, new family, 107.
Phytoptipalus transitans, n. sp., 108.
Platygaster hiemalis, 109, 113; vernalis, 109,

111.
Platytes arimatheella, n sp., 133; damienella,

n. sp., 133.

Pococera baradata, n. sp., 222; fabianalis, n. sp.,
223; lamonti, n. sp.. 222; umalis, n. sp , 221;
vedastella, n. sp., 221.

Poecilogeny in Tachinid larvae, 89.

Poetry of Entomology, 159.

Proctotrypoid parasites of the Hessian fly, 109.

Psammocharid wasp, diving, 125.

Pyralidae, new species from tropical America,
127.

Reduviidae, Two new species from the United
States, 103.

Rhicnopeltella eucalypti, n. sp., 54.

SANDERS, J. G., and D. M. DEL.ONG: New
species of Cicadellidae from the eastern and
western United States, 93.

SCHAUS, W.: New species of Pyralidae of the
subfamily Crambinae from Tropical America,
127; notes on neotropical Epipaschiinae with
descriptions of new genera and species, 208.

SCHWARZ, E. A., and H. S. BARBER: The spe-
cific names of two Otiorhynchid weevils of
Florida, 29.

SHARP, DR. DAVID, Obituary note of, 207.

SNODGRASS, R. E.: Mandible substitutes in the
Dolichopodidae, 148.

Spider mites, three new species of, 104.

Stericta abnotha, n. sp., 239; canutusa, n. sp.,
238; emerantia, n. sp., 240; ildefonsa, n. sp.,
240; maidoa, n. sp., 238; nolasca, n. sp., 237;
teffealis, n. sp., 239.

Tachinid parasites, value of larval characters
in, 85.

TAKAHASHI, RIOICHI: Two new genera of Aphii-
dae, 204.

Tancoa, n. gen., 217; erlupha, n. sp., 217;
goanta, n. sp., 218; quiriguana, n. sp., 218.

Tetralopha aeilredella, n. sp., 211; agnesa,
n. sp., 213; basilissa, n. sp., 212; cuthmana,
n. sp., 212; cyrilla, n. sp., 214; iogalis, n. sp.,
213; jovita, n. sp., 214; sabbasa, n. sp., 211;
vanenga, n. sp., 210.

Thamnotettix virginianus, n. sp., 99.

Thaneroclerus sanguineus, 9.

THOMSON, W. R.: On the taxonomic value of
larval characters in Tachinid parasites, 85.

Tioga egvina, n. sp., 210.

Tipulidae, new, from British Columbia, 58.

Trichosiphonaphis, n. gen., 205; polygonifor-
mosanus, 205.

Typhlocyba inscripta, n. sp., 99.

WALTON, W. R.: Address of the Retiring Presi-
dent: The Entomology of English Poetry,
159.

Wanda agatha, n. sp.. 220; nocturna, n. sp.,
219; sadptha, n. sp., 219.

Wasp, A diving psammocharid, 125.

WICKHAM, H. F.: Weevils of the genus Apion
injurious to beans in Mexico, 118.

VAN ZWALUWENBURG, R. H.: External an-
atomy of the Elaterid genus Melanotus, with
remarks on the taxonomic value of certain
characters, 12.

Xubida, n. gen., 140; emended description, 241 ;
cayugella, n. sp., 140, dentilineella, n. sp.,
141; minorella, n. sp.. 142; narinella, n. sp.,
141; venadialis, n. sp., 142.

Zenodosus sanguineus, Description and figures
of larva, 9.

'.'

Y

595.70673 Ent,

v. 23-24
1921-22

AUTHOR

TITLE

Entomological Society of
Washington. Proceedings

BORROWER'S NAME

3 9088 00908 0276